|text|labels|keys|coord_x|coord_y|coord_z
0|The Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research station monitors the quantity and quality of water along the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. The Nature and Parks Authority (NPA) monitors water quality in rivers on behalf of the MoEP. Mekorot and local authorities monitor drinking water quality under the supervision of the Ministry of Health. The Ministry of Health monitors effluent quality prior to its use in the agricultural sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|monitors quality water ministry oceanographic|0.8468369|6.8398666|2.6035333
1|Previous chapters have discussed ways to make food systems more supportive of food security and better nutrition. Nutrition-sensitive food systems can give consumers better options, but ultimately it is consumers who choose what they eat. What consumers choose to eat influences their own nutritional outcomes and sends signals back through the food system - to retailers, processors and producers - that shape both what is produced and how sustainably it is produced.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|eat consumers food choose nutrition|4.2885537|5.341827|4.451134
2|Prescription rates appear to be higher where labour force participation is lower. There is also a possible relationship between drug use and disability. This may arise after the definition of disability was extended to include chronic conditions. Krueger (2017(47)) found that around one-fifth of the non-participating prime age males were also regularly taking opioid painkillers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|disability opioid prescription males prime|8.424404|10.101653|3.4887116
3|By contrast, the share of working-age households with a working man remained relatively stable (at 76%) over time in most countries (Panel A). Germany, nevertheless, witnessed a significant decline (by about 15 percentage points) in men’s employment participation among households during this period. A. Households with a male worker Panel. In Spain, for instance, in 1995 only 22% (25%) of households had a woman working full-time (full-year), compared to 42% (52%) in the year prior to the crisis. Dutch women are now working more weeks per year, though not more hours per week.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|households working panel year witnessed|9.124332|4.9962387|5.376121
4|Parents pay a maximum fee for kindergarten only (between 15.8% and 22.5% of total costs in 2011, depending on whether the kindergarten is public or private). Counties are responsible for upper secondary education, which they finance through taxes and block grants. Costs in this sector vary considerably from one region to another. Additional state subsidies and provisions are given to avoid regional disparities. Private kindergartens (50% of all kindergartens) are also financed by the state through the block grants to municipalities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|kindergartens kindergarten block grants state|9.333593|2.5030844|2.2411094
5|For those individuals, out-of-pocket expenses average 78% of average annual income in rural areas, even with the new insurance system. For most of the decade to 2003, the number of visits to township medical centres (hospitals) had been falling, while in urban areas a similar institution did not exist. The two new insurance-based schemes were accompanied by a strategy to orient people to existing township centres and to create new urban community health centres at the level of the neighbourhood committee.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|township centres insurance new orient|8.8726225|8.610081|1.8528881
6|It builds on the nine years of basic education (six years of primary school and three years of junior secondary school). Students entering senior secondary school can attend either a more academically oriented school or vocational school. This applies in both the Islamic and non-Islamic systems. Formal senior secondary education comprises general education (sekolah menengah atas, or SMA), vocational education (sekolah menengah kejuruan, or SMK), Islamic senior secondary schools (madrasah aliyah, or MA) and Islamic vocational education (madrasah aliyah kejuruan, or MAK). This chapter concentrates largely on the provision of academic senior secondary education, while Chapter 5 considers the vocational side. Work is under way to develop community colleges and alternative routes to further and higher education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|islamic senior secondary vocational education|8.6022415|2.5088522|2.7840765
7|In the last decade, and particularly since 2010, the number of discharges per capita has tended to decrease, and is now in line with the OECD average mentioned previously. For example, rural dwellers represent 43% of the population but only 32% of hospital attendances. In the absence of additional information, it not possible to determine whether or not this difference signals disparities in access for rural populations, and if so, whether the drivers are geographic, cultural or infrastructural. No data appear to be collected on access to care from the patient perspective, which would aid in understanding the nature of (and remedies for) barriers to access. Overall, it is not possible to determine with the available data whether patient income or socio-economic characteristics play a role in reaching the hospital gates or being admitted. Uneven access probably also stems from the inability of facilities across regions to provide the same services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|access patient determine hospital possible|9.132654|8.8796215|2.0137198
8|To respond to these new challenges PSV has been encouraged to develop strong links with business and enterprises, to cover remote areas and to cater for less affluent students. It analyses the impact of the dual sector universities in Australia, short cycle higher education in Scotland, three sub-sectors of Norway’s tertiary education and the emerging non-university higher education in Italy, as well as the vocational education and training in Spain. It discusses the issues of transition, participation and collaboration of different types ofpost-secondary education and analysis the impact of policy changes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education affluent cater impact scotland|7.9799094|2.5266733|2.5778873
9|At the same time, highly unequal countries, like South Africa and Brazil, have relatively stable proportions of the population that believe incomes should be made more equal. The shift in preferences towards redistribution in the BRICS shown in Figure 4.12 is in line with similar findings for OECD countries (OECD, forthcoming). Only in a few OECD countries has no change been found since the late 1980s. Of course, the view that “incomes should be made more (or less) equal” says little about the preferred method for achieving such a change. How these attitudes towards inequality translate into concrete government policy, such as tax and transfer schemes or public service provision, is an important part of the social contract in every country.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|incomes equal oecd brics says|6.742998|5.072058|4.5778813
10|Thus,for example, the stigma attached to welfare recipients or the poor increases their disadvantage. Similarly, dignity and recognition wrongs can cause disadvantage.54 Undervaluing women’s work is a recognition wrong that directly causes socio-economic disadvantage; hence the right to equal pay for work of equal value is an important synthesis of the first two dimensions of the right to equality: redressing disadvantage and addressing stigma and stereotyping. This step has been taken by both the CESCR and the CEDAW Committee. Reporting Guidelines”, para 29; CESCR, Ecuador, op.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|disadvantage cescr stigma recognition equal|9.641736|4.8898525|6.865656
11|It deals with educational outcomes for these groups and analyses the main programmes targeted at them. The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for Chile such as effective ways to use extra resources for disadvantaged students, the monitoring of the learning outcomes of specific student groups, and reflecting Indigenous cultures in the Chilean education system. The chapter also reviews strategies for rural education and the provision and funding of special needs education. First, it describes educational outcomes for these groups of students. Second, it considers the main programmes targeted to specific groups and analyses their strengths and challenges. Finally, the chapter provides some specific policy recommendations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|groups outcomes chapter specific analyses|10.2478485|2.242993|2.2739072
12|Groundwater has been discussed in the context of pricing and financing (OECD, 2009a and 2009b), energy (OECD, 2012b), risk management (OECD, 2013e), and broader perspectives covering climate change (OECD, 2013d and 2014a). Groundwater is also featured in the reviews of water reforms at the country level (e.g. Fuentes, 2011; OECD, 2013b). All these reports include sections, sub-sections, paragraphs, or illustrations that relate to groundwater, but they do not convey policy conclusions specifically geared towards the managers of specific types of groundwater, especially in the context of agriculture. First, a consistent observation is that groundwater is generally under-studied and there is a need for more in-depth assessment of groundwater stocks, use, and management practices.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater oecd sections context featured|0.7827311|7.414284|2.6648242
13|Some of these interlinkages and synergies are fundamental to facets of building climate change resilience and reducing inequalities. The interlinkages between climate change and other dimensions of development are also well reflected in other Goals. If the frequency and intensity of climate hazards increase, it will be harder for countries to end poverty and hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, promote sustainable agriculture and ensure healthy lives (Goals 1-3).|SDG 13 - Climate action|interlinkages climate goals facets change|1.4820222|4.935651|1.9630071
14|Those in the informal sector are often hit hardest by external shocks; lacking effective social protection coverage, they rely on the flexibility of shifting between different, if low-paid, tasks. When adversity strikes they are more isolated, with less access to networks and relationships of support. They can also be disadvantaged when it comes to emergency relief.|SDG 1 - No poverty|hardest hit isolated relief shifting|7.696253|4.8155937|4.5782666
15|Foster capacity-building at all levels of government. This implies combining investment in physical water and sanitation “hard” infrastructure with the provision of “soft’ infrastructure, which is essentially the institutions upon which water outcomes rely. The development of skills, technical expertise and knowledge and the availability of staff and time are preconditions for effective governance of water policy.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water preconditions infrastructure soft combining|1.3734158|7.140039|1.7744163
16|At federal level, the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) is the main body in charge of water planning, financing and strategic setting; there is no overarching framework for the provision of water services which, according to the Constitution, is the responsibility of municipalities with varying levels of capacity and resources. The 1992 National Water Law has gradually transferred water resource responsibilities to 13 river basin organisations, which operate as CONAGUA implementing agencies. While some progress has been achieved in better managing interdependencies across stakeholders and creating an overarching framework for water resources management, much remains to be done to overcome the scattered regulatory framework for water services. Irrigation units typically operate without a legal identity and are not organised to voice their concerns.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water conagua overarching framework operate|0.995356|7.213501|1.6996627
17|In addition to rising sea levels and global temperatures, extreme weather events are becoming more common and natural habitats such as coral reefs are declining. These changes affect people everywhere, but disproportionately harm the poorest and the most vulnerable. Concerted action is urgently needed to stem climate change and strengthen resilience to pervasive and ever-increasing climate-related hazards.|SDG 13 - Climate action|reefs coral urgently pervasive concerted|1.354312|5.096548|2.0842204
18|In contrast, when electricity firms are controlled by investment funds, rather than forming part of transnational companies, there is less opportunity for operational synergies and knowledge transfers within the enterprise. If the presence of investment funds in the sector were to expand, it could produce a business model in which ownership of the assets (by the investment funds) is separated from their management ( in the hands of the electricity firms), in a system similar to that operated by some hotel groups. In that year, it purchased 38% of EDENOR, one of the leading energy distributors in Argentina. Later it increased its interests in this country with other transmission and generating companies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|funds investment firms companies electricity|2.1521645|1.8811569|2.1039395
19|The implicit tax penalty for married women should also be removed, as the Federal Council is currently considering. More flexibility in working arrangements could further alleviate women’s cost of reconciling work and family life. For instance, facilitating flexi-time, annualised hours, job-sharing, part-time and telework options for both women and men, and creating paternity and/or consecutive, take-it-or-leave-it parental leave could facilitate transition in and out of the labour market.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|leave women reconciling paternity consecutive|9.187675|5.015013|5.7373304
20|There are many unqualified teachers in schools, as it is difficult to hire qualified teachers. One indication of the recognition of the important role of teachers in this context is Alberta’s inclusion of additional questions in the 2018 OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey pertaining to teachers’ and school leaders’ understanding of issues related to Indigenous cultures, history and working with Indigenous students, as well as on relevant professional development. The holistic approach of Indigenous peoples stresses how much these contribute to the overall well-being of children, as well as everyone else, in addition to factors such as material advantage and disadvantage. The trauma suffered by Indigenous peoples, including through the residential school system, is still acutely felt by many. Indeed, we were told that the symptoms of trauma may be increasing rather than diminishing with the passage of time, exacerbated through intergenerational relationships. Against this bigger picture, specific surveys of particular provinces and territories, and comparing Indigenous and non-Indigenous young people, can be better understood (Freeman, King and Pickett, 2016).|SDG 4 - Quality education|indigenous teachers trauma peoples acutely|10.165128|2.809102|2.657002
21|In other words, factors that might make a child more prone to experiencing deprivation in a single domain might not make that child more liable to being cumulatively deprived and vice versa. Living in a less densely populated area, for example, has little impact on children’s risks of domain deprivation (with the exception of Germany) and even predicts a lower probability of deprivation in the environment domain. Nevertheless, a child living in an intermediate or thinly populated area in either France or the UK faces higher odds of experiencing cumulative deprivation.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation domain populated experiencing child|7.086422|6.48129|5.2331905
22|Female genital mutilation is sometimes a precursor to child marriage as it is associated with a woman’s “coming of age”. Female genital mutilation may also result in a variety of reproductive health issues, including maternal and infant mortality and obstetric fistula. Pre-natal sex selection and sex selective abortions are forms of discrimination against women and are symptomatic of the devalued status of women in society. In addition, over the past 60 years, numerous provisions in international legal and policy frameworks have called for legal measures to address “harmful practices”.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mutilation genital sex legal female|9.844186|5.484239|7.2794642
23|The programme relied on strategic integration of all relevant agencies involved in delivering mental health services for this group, and identifying children's needs in the school context. In addition to training teachers, this programme also consisted of social and emotional learning programmes. Parents and community' were also involved in the learning and social aspects of the initiative.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|involved learning programme consisted relied|10.552202|8.710677|1.6061428
24|Although a wide range of public health initiatives are in place, their impact is rarely evaluated. Furthermore, a recent WHO evaluation against essential public health functions found weaknesses mechanisms for perfonnance and accountability (particularly at sub-national level) and training of the public health workforce. A good example of this is the Comision de Enlace Salud, Industriay Comercio (COESAINCO, the Commission for liaison between health, industry and commerce), established in 2012. This brings together the Ministries of Health, Economics, External Trade and the Presidency, and a number of national trade and industry bodies (including those representing the pharmaceutical sector).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health public industry liaison comision|8.723513|9.203742|2.1479566
25|These are comprehensive and contemporary in their thinking and approaches, and align the country with international agreements and the EU approximation process. They set the country on the right path towards sustainable development. The challenge facing the Government now is to complete the high-priority strategic actions set forth and, in partnership with public enterprises, public institutions, the private sector, and the public, to apply the products of those actions in day-to-day administration. Its overall goal is to increase the contribution of the forestry sector to the national economy and rural development through sustainable forest management; reliance on renewable resources; protection of the local and global environment; and the delivery of products and services for improving the quality of life of all citizens.|SDG 15 - Life on land|day actions public products approximation|1.5408912|4.6191673|3.7469916
26|Of mammals, four species are extinct at the national level and five species are critically endangered (lynx, leopard, striped hyena, red deer and wild goat). Of the two species of tur - West Caucasian tur {Capra caucasica) and East Caucasian tur (Capra cylindricomis) - the West Caucasian tur has the smallest population size and is found in only a few areas of Georgia. Among ungulates, the rarest species is the wild goat (Capra aegagrus), found only in Tusheti Protected Areas with an estimated population size of 210.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species wild west size mammals|1.4014091|5.378076|4.2377114
27|More males than females suffer and die from diarrhoea in every region except South-East Asia. Absence or inadequate provision of public toilets for women reflects - and reinforces - women's exclusion from public power and public spaces more generally. Yet many millions of people in the world lack even the most rudimentary means of obtaining safe water, while billions do not have sanitation facilities that are protected from outside contamination (UN 2015, UN 2014, UN-Women 2014, WHO and UNICEF 2014). Water and sanitation access, demand, provision, priority, health, organization and policy are gendered, even if this is manifested in different ways in different places. The gendered dimensions of the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector are increasingly reflected in public policy agendas, but concrete results have been partial and uneven. Water was generally thought of as a physical resource whose provision was determined, for the most part, by the hydrological cycle and physical infrastructure.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sanitation gendered provision water public|1.9043353|6.779369|2.5398557
28|Drawing on the sub-set of AfT data within the CRS, the OECD data show that - for all donors and for all developing countries - flows classified under TRA (the final and barely visible column on the right) are negligible compared with the other three categories, particularly those destined for ‘building productive capacity’ or ‘economic infrastructure’. As shown in Table 13.1, the negligible share of measured TRA in relation to total AfT flows is present across all major country classifications, irrespective of the year chosen in the CRS database. For 2009, TRA flows do not equal more than 0.38 per cent of the value of total AfT flows when countries are disaggregated by geographic area, income group or status as an SVE.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tra aft flows crs negligible|1.6599067|3.9528449|0.80682683
29|According to ECLAC estimates, between 2002 and 2014 poverty and extreme poverty both fell considerably in the region: the poverty rate from 44.5% to 27.8%, and the extreme poverty rate from 11.2% to 7.8%, with the steepest fall occurring in the first half of that period. However, in 2015 and again in 2016 both rates rose, representing a setback that was especially severe in the case of extreme poverty. In turn, the extreme poverty rate will likely remain at the same level as in 2017, which would push up the numbers living in this situation by around 1 million. A range of procedures and assumptions are adopted for these measurements, which gives them the specificity necessary for use in the national context, but limits their comparability between countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty extreme rate specificity measurements|6.251048|5.9217176|5.0019617
30|Following their concerns that physicians across the Japanese health system were not able to identify signs of psychological distress which could help reduce suicide, the Japanese Medical Association reports that they began sharing information and guidance on depression with all doctors, first in 2004 and then again in 2009. At present, only indicators on the rate of seclusion and restraint, and involuntary admission, are collected by providers and at a Prefectural level. Systematically collected information on the mental health care system is limited to structural indicators - facilities, staff numbers, bed numbers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|japanese collected numbers seclusion restraint|10.29559|8.860995|1.8077034
31|The benefits of this are: reduced infrastructure costs, the potential for less car use for commuting if people live near where they w'ork and preserving land for agriculture and nature. To maintain support for the plan’s objectives, the two core communes may have to compensate these losing communes, w'hich of course reduces the benefits of the strategy. Moreover, the spatial strategy seems to assume that new employers will be w illing to settle for a higher cost and more complex to develop browmfield sites in Nantes or Saint-Nazaire over greenfield sites in a rural commune.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|communes sites strategy nazaire nantes|3.8433683|5.8608823|1.7006966
32|On average, women do the greatest share of unremunerated housework and childcare in Korea, Japan, Mexico, Portugal, Turkey and Italy, where women undertake more than three-quarters of all unpaid work. Women in Turkey and Mexico spend the most time per day on unpaid work, in absolute values, at over six hours per day on average, compared with under two hours for men (OECD Gender Data Portal). The gaps are typically even larger in developing countries (OECD, 2014a), where inadequate access to time-saving infrastructure (e.g., water piped into the home) and technology (e.g., washing machines) increases the total time required for unpaid work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unpaid turkey day hours work|9.036158|4.771623|5.4789495
33|Many poor producers are unable to access government support programmes because they lack the necessary capital to contribute the required investment costs. Supporting the organisation of irrigation units and increasing investments in these structures would allow members to jointly apply for government resources and facilitate monitoring functions. The Lerma River, with a length of 750 kilometres, is originated in Mexico’s central high plateau at an altitude beyond 3 000 metres above sea level and ends in Lake Chapala, the largest tropical lake in the country. Between 2002 and 2005, the Lerma Chapala River Basin Council, in its search for a solution to the depletion and contamination of Lake Chapala, entered into a negotiation process to reach a new water allocation agreement.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lake river originated kilometres metres|1.5152384|7.3332844|1.8148512
34|While voluntary donations have a strong tradition in Israel, higher education institutions or the authorities did not seem to well-developed mechanisms to support it. Recognising that the investment in the infrastructure of fundraising can generate real rates of return, some OECD countries, for example the United Kingdom, have sought to stimulate this activity by matched funding schemes (see Box 4.4.). The matched funding scheme began in August 2008 for a three year period. Funding was available to match eligible gifts raised by English higher education institutions and directly funded further education colleges.|SDG 4 - Quality education|matched funding education donations institutions|7.536119|2.8856792|2.558482
35|This ranges from 50% in Malaysia to 80% in Singapore, 95% in Korea and up to 100% in China (though it is notable that other security, including equity, may be required by some guarantee providers in China which will affect the effective risk/reward ratio). It is also noteworthy that the tenor of these loans, when provided by commercial banks, is relatively short (commonly 1 year in China, otherwise generally 2-3 years or less), compared with the approach taken by dedicated funds such as MDV in Malaysia (over 5 years with up to 12 months’ repayment holiday). Measures to broaden the availability of skilled valuers are apparent in several markets, though the Japan Patent Office has taken a more direct approach by directing the provision of the valuation reports itself, albeit provided by private sector companies.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|china malaysia taken holiday directing|6.508227|2.8838341|2.542205
36|The Bay provides significant economic and recreational benefits to the water catchment’s population, estimated to exceed USD 33 billion annually (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010a). While total pollution levels have declined since 1985, most of the Bay’s waters are degraded and are incapable of fully supporting fishing, crabbing, or recreational activities. Algal blooms fed by nutrient pollution block sunlight from reaching underwater Bay grasses and lead to low oxygen levels in the water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|bay recreational pollution algal blooms|0.09876264|5.9118643|5.8623223
37|Meanwhile, in some countries the predominance of the growth effect in each period was different. In Honduras and Mexico, the role played by the growth effect remained the same in both periods, while in Guatemala and Uruguay, its influence was greater between 2002 and 2008 than in 1990-2002. Between 1990 and 2008, variations in the Gini coefficient correlated closely with the share of the distribution effect in reducing poverty (see figure 1.10).|SDG 1 - No poverty|effect predominance growth honduras guatemala|6.4861927|5.3842707|5.127409
38|Over the past approximately 40 years, however, there has also been increasing interest in the role it can play in supporting learning, often called “formative assessment” or “assessment for learning”. This chapter presents a brief overview of how the concept of formative assessment has developed in recent years; in particular, how the central idea has expanded from an original focus on feedback to a wider perspective on classroom practice. It presents evidence on the impact of formative assessment on learning and discusses definitional issues.|SDG 4 - Quality education|formative assessment learning presents years|9.514555|1.6207927|1.3053359
39|The forests and OWL are especially remarkable in terms of vegetation diversity. The biodiversity of Turkmenistan is not only rich but also unique due to the country’s geographical position and relief, and the specific evolution of its flora and fauna. The higher plants are currently represented by 3,140 species, of which 47 are tree species and 88 are shrubs. The 1999 Red Data Book lists 109 plant species, including 15 species of trees and bushes (Chapter 10). Plants differ in their resource significance, range of useful features and possibilities for practical use.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species plants flora turkmenistan fauna|1.3649797|5.2939014|4.2313347
40|The shift cannot be left to individual actors, it requires government support through a broad package of policy tools. This chapter explores the role of government in supporting the transition towards sustainable lifestyles, considers what is required for encouraging sustainable behaviour and details policy options such as choice editing, advertising, promoting sustainable products and increasing product information. While the industrialised countries have plateaued in their population growth, established at high levels of consumption, emerging economies, starting from a low consumption base, are on the rise, both in terms of numbers and in aspiration to join the ranks of consumerism being broadcast across western TV channels.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|sustainable broadcast consumption aspiration tv|2.191388|3.726487|2.6357388
41|The discriminatory practices of financial institutions, such as the requirement that men should sign women’s documents, must be eliminated. But formal financial institutions need to do more than merely lower the entry barriers to female micro-owners. They must improve their performance in funding the growth of female-owned businesses.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female institutions financial eliminated merely|8.922072|3.880786|6.6614513
42|Countries with indigenous people should achieve infant and under-5 mortality levels among their indigenous people that are the same as those of the general population. By 2005, countries with intermediate mortality levels should aim to achieve an infant mortality rate below 50 deaths per 1,000 and an under-5 mortality rate below 60 deaths per 1,000 births. By 2015, all countries should aim to achieve an infant mortality rate below 35 per 1,000 live births and an under-5 mortality rate below 45 per 1,000. Countries that achieve these levels earlier should strive to lower them further.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality infant achieve rate births|8.844954|8.424376|3.6330495
43|In that context, the forthcoming initiative by the Korean government to accelerate the renewal of water supply and sanitation infrastructure can contribute to the further deployment of K-SWM at local level. Efforts to minimise non-revenue water will resonate with users’ priorities and concerns when water tariffs better reflect the full cost of supplying water, including the cost of investing in and operating and maintaining the w'ater supply infrastructure, the environmental and opportunity costs of abstracting water and preventing other uses (for industry, the environment, or else). Similarly, a municipality or utility will only be able to finance K-SWM w'hen water savings compensate investment and operating costs, that is, when revenues from water tariffs tend to reflect full water supply costs. This explains why the diffusion of SWM in Korea is directly related to issues discussed in Chapter 3, and to other issues related to tariffs for water supply and sanitation services (an issue not covered in this report).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water tariffs supply costs operating|1.5766677|7.2817955|2.1433084
44|Aging infrastructure and a lack of government management capacity are leading to insufficient and inconsistent water deliveries, sometimes stalling industrial activity. Both public and private actors have begun to recognize that solving global water challenges is not a solitary endeavour. This process has resulted in notable water savings and pollution reduction, mitigating environmental and social impacts and often reducing water and related costs (i.e., energy, chemicals) to the business. An industrial facility’s exposure to risk thus depends on the ability of public water policy and management to deliver water services, to address water-related risks over the long term, to create effective allocation regimes, and to develop and enforce water quality regulations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water industrial deliveries aging endeavour|1.3534051|7.190757|2.4746835
45|This technology bank for the LDCs was officially established on 23 December 2016, through the adoption of the UN General Assembly Resolution A/71/L.52. In addition, ITU's Membership recognized the importance of ICTs for LDCs by adopting specific targets for the LDCs in its Connect 2020 Agenda (ITU, 2014). Target 2, on inclusiveness, includes specific targets on household access to ICTs, Internet use, and affordability in the LDCs. Most have been primarily based on basic, low-bandwidth mobile cellular technologies.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ldcs itu icts targets bandwidth|4.8438997|3.07506|1.7804506
46|However, this tax credit is due to expire in 2012. Wemau (2011a) estimates that up to one-fifth of the state’s power generation capacity could decide to exit the market rather than invest in the necessary upgrades, potentially driving up the price of coal by 65% and offering opportunities for renewable energy sources. It saves approximately 47 000 tons of CO2 per year and replaces annually over eight million private vehicle trips in the city of Calgary.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|replaces upgrades exit tons trips|1.378208|2.4201698|2.0278978
47|The regions with wider gender gaps in primary enrolment are not necessarily the ones with the strongest gender focus in aid to education. Country groupings are defined in the Annex II.A2. Meanwhile, only 68% of the aid to primary education targeted gender equality in Sub-Saharan Africa where, except for some countries in Southern Africa, primary school enrolment had some of the highest levels of gender disparity (see Chapter 4). There is therefore scope for DAC members to increase the gender equality focus of their aid to primary education in Sub-Saharan Africa.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender aid primary africa saharan|9.616452|4.299343|5.9502764
48|Investments in education help to reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Although the share of the people who are educated varies greatly among the Asia Pacific LDCs, for both women and men, the poorest are less likely to be educated. The gender gap is also considerable. The differences in educational attainment between the ultra poor and the subjacent poor are large, with the poorest the least educated.|SDG 1 - No poverty|educated poorest ultra poor intergenerational|8.938245|4.2735367|5.1482677
49|The focus on rice has spurred the use of policies that are targeted towards achieving self-sufficiency in at least rice, or across a number of staple products. The interest in rice by governments in the region is driven by its importance to both consumers and producers. High rates of rice consumption and the dominance of the sector in overall production (Chapter 1) mean that rice and its price are critical for incomes (for producers) and consumption (all households).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rice producers consumption spurred dominance|3.9930527|5.116823|4.2158575
50|This chapter provides the reader with a broad overview of the Chilean social and economic context, as well as the main features of the Chilean education system. The report also evaluates student learning outcomes in the country. A final section provides a snapshot of the context in which this report was prepared.|SDG 4 - Quality education|chilean context provides snapshot report|10.178241|1.9319992|2.4446194
51|Alternative basic education (ABE) facilities offer three years with an alternative curriculum as a substitute for the four years that is the regular primary first cycle. The secondary level consists of two cycles of two years each: 9—10 and 11-12. Those who complete ten years of schooling may either enter the second cycle to prepare for higher education, or enter TVET institutions to be trained for productive employment (see Figure 8.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|years enter cycle alternative tvet|8.776108|2.448837|2.818947
52|Globally, the TC/PL values remain stable for most of the OECD countries. However, in some countries the trend is decreasing. In Korea, the total capacity increased considerably at the end of the 1990s (because of its considerable nuclear programme), but the high economic growth rate led to considerable electricity consumption, resulting in an important decrease of TC/PL in 2000-2007. The electricity generated by nuclear is only slightly sensitive to the variations of the price of uranium, contrary to energy sources burning fossil fuel.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tc nuclear considerable electricity uranium|1.6894834|2.9904177|2.6951172
53|Develop a strategy to raise education quality in small primary schools. Steps should be taken to consolidate or close small schools when others nearby can provide better quality'. The MEP should ensure that the remaining small remote schools receive adequate, appropriate educational materials as well as support in establishing links with other schools to share resources, break isolation, and exchange good practices.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools small mep consolidate nearby|9.69274|1.8329968|2.2156482
54|The second wave of entrants, starting from 1986, was composed of giant consumer electronic firms attracted by generous tax incentives, soon to be followed by leaders in the disk drive and computer segments (Rasiah, 2006). Apart from protection, the state was instrumental in providing subsidies for acquiring foreign technologies, e.g. for the national car project “Proton” and its engine and gear-box technologies from Mitsubishi. It renewed and strengthened the financial incentives to export-oriented firms and complemented these with specific stimuli for higher value-added activities,2 such as tax allow'ances on firms’ training and R&D expenditures (UNIDO, 2003).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|firms incentives tax technologies unido|5.355586|3.524453|2.5381315
55|But contribution credits have become particularly important after the introduction of defined contribution systems that strengthen the link between contributions and benefits. Anna D’Addio estimates what would happen if these credits did not exist in a number of OECD and EU countries and finds that mothers’ replacement rates would decrease by 3 to 7 percentage points on average with between 3 and 15 years of career interruption (D’Addio 2012:90). Positive effects, especially for women in the lowest income groups, have also been found in estimations for Chile (Fajnzylber20i3).Anotherstudy,focused onthe United States, finds that contribution credits and minimum benefits favour women in the poorest social strata while divorce benefits are mostly oriented to women in the highest income groups (Herd 2005).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|credits contribution finds benefits women|8.593529|5.3002634|5.482334
56|In particular, these support schemes keep renewable energies to different degrees isolated from market signals. This section of the study reviews this interaction, i.e. how the different types of support schemes efficiently transfer economic and market signals in a liberalised market framework. In Europe for example, the cap-and-trade emissions trading system of the European Union, the EU ETS, cohabits with different national renewable support policies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|signals different market schemes support|1.7334887|1.7944486|1.8853139
57|A wide range of species are fanned including fish, crustaceans and molluscs, bivalves and aquatic plants (seaweed). In 2011, OECD countries produced about 6.85 million tonnes including aquatic plants of which diadromous fish (e.g. salmon) contributed 36.6% followed by molluscs (27.8%), aquatic plants (19.8%), marine fishes (8.8%), freshwater fishes (4.2%), and crustaceans (2.5%) (Source: Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service, FAO) (Table 3.1). The OECD/FAO Agriculture Outlook 2013 expects world fisheries production to expand to a total of 181 million tonnes by 2022 (which includes 15,6 million tonnes of fish for reduction to meal and oil), of which 85 million tonnes will come from aquaculture. These projections seem to be rather conservative compared to the increases that have taken place over the past two decades.|SDG 14 - Life below water|tonnes aquatic fishes molluscs crustaceans|0.46533057|6.0867825|6.640988
58|Projects aimed at reducing travel distances and thus increasing residential and employment density, accompanied by adequate mobility planning and transit supply, can be effective in decreasing the demand for transport as well as stimulating modal split toward less polluting modes. A number of empirical (mainly economic) studies confirm the positive effect of denser urban form on reducing travel distance per capita (e.g., Boamet and Sarmiento, 1999; Bento et al., As mentioned in the first section, building-related energy use accounts for approximately 24% of overall domestic energy demand, taking into account the building’s life cycle (construction, operation and demolition).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|travel reducing building demolition modal|3.7536237|4.81915|0.9964783
59|Actuarial projections allow predicting the likely evolution of the population and therefore the future number of individuals included in each cell of the model. Future health expenditure is determined by multiplying the average costs by the projected number of individuals included in each cell. More advanced cohort-based models take into account trends in disabilities as w'ell as factors influencing epidemiologic trends such as, individual behaviour and exposure to risks factors (e.g. smoking, obesity, hypertension and cholesterol).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cell trends individuals included factors|9.03941|8.731378|2.764297
60|The same is true for other cash transfer programmes around the world (Arnold, 2011; Samson et al., Many of those in extreme poverty, however, were not able to benefit from these reforms because of low levels of schooling, nutrition and health. In order to break this poverty cycle, the Oportunidades Programme was created in 1997 (under the name Progressa).|SDG 1 - No poverty|oportunidades poverty break nutrition schooling|7.177645|5.9385047|4.369459
61|Covering 30% of the electricity supply of the United States with offshore wind would thus cost an astonishing additional outlay of USD 86 billion per year. Table 4.7 reports the total cost of electricity supply on a USD/MWh basis for all scenarios analysed. Two additional tables in Appendix 4.B report the cost increase per unit of renewable production and the total cost of electricity supply, on an absolute basis (Tables 4.1B and 4.2B respectively). However, introducing large shares of renewable energy with low variable cost has also significant impacts on the optimal structure of the electricity generating mix, on resulting electricity prices and on the profitability of existing dispatchable power plants, which make up the pecuniary externalities referred to in Chapter 1.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity cost tables supply usd|1.5586603|1.8102928|2.0363865
62|Experts know from previous research that there are children who are at risk of not making a successful transition to school, and the gap between these children and their peers increases progressively. Australia’s National Early Childhood Development Strategy -Investing in the early years (Australian Government, 2009a) - also recognises the need to build a solid evidence base as one of its six reform priority areas. The results from the 2009 AEDI are now providing a wealth of information which is being used to influence early childhood initiatives at the community, state and national levels, as well as inform early childhood policy development.|SDG 4 - Quality education|childhood early children progressively recognises|9.395515|2.788649|2.2802944
63|"Female economic activities were critically examined and new light was shed on existing conceptions of traditional housework. Oxford University Press, 2007). An edited version of Ihe chapter is available al www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cwgl/globalcenler/charlotte/UN-Handbook.pdf. Targets were also set for the improvement of women's access to economic, social and cultural rights, including improvements in health, reproductive services and sanitation. The women in development approach is embodied in article 14 of the Convention, which focuses on rural women and calls on States to ensure that women ""participate in and benefit from rural development"" and also that they ""participate in the elaboration and implementation of development planning at all levels"".15 Participation is an important component of the right to development, as discussed below."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women development participate edu rural|9.537387|4.767192|7.0862913
64|In the Armenian part of the sub-basin, the river is exposed to background contamination as a result of hydrochemical processes. The increased concentrations of heavy metals (vanadium — V, Mn, Cu, Fe) already exceed the MACs for the fish in the upper part of the sub-basin. The concentrations of, for example, zinc (Zn), Fe and sulphate, decrease from upstream to the monitoring station just upstream from the border of Armenia and Azerbaijan, indicating reduced potential for transboundary impact.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|upstream concentrations basin sub cu|0.58276796|6.8204684|2.9120798
65|And it will most likely entail a series of deliberate and explicit steps incrementally induced over time. Diluting harmful social norms may require - to borrow from an old Persian saying - ‘death by a thousand cuts’; i.e. small or incremental changes being made across multiple fronts, none of which is seen as socially damaging by itself, but which over time leads to the demise of the harmful social norm and its replacement with social norms that enhance women’s and girls’ opportunities, not distract from them. These actions, illustrated in Chapter 6, will need to be carried out across a broad range of social, economic and political arenas where women’s rights are being limited.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|harmful social norms incrementally fronts|9.7515|4.8980646|7.1605425
66|Some measures to address climate variability may not be labelled as such (Agrawala et al., In particular, more decentralised and autonomous efforts are likely to be under-reported (Gingrich et al., The sectoral scope of projects seems to align well with the relative vulnerability of the sectors and the preference of the Austrian government for “no-regrets” options that would be important elements of natural hazard management even without climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|labelled al et climate austrian|1.2905699|4.761181|1.7074265
67|There is strong leadership from within and outside the UNECE managing to impose hard policy measures. It will act as the main mechanism involving developing countries in the achievement of common goals. The world sees relatively low economic growth and only a modest increase in conventional energy demand growth.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sees unece growth impose modest|1.8053613|2.7199872|2.395184
68|Up to 1% of the total subsidy will be allocated to research and technology development, capacity building and, inter alia, the financing of pilot studies and complementary projects under the rural electrification scheme. Table 25 shows the cost norms defined by the Ministry of Power for village electrification. In line with current practice under the RGGVY, the MNRE also offers a 100% capital subsidy for BPL household connections.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification subsidy alia village connections|2.2184224|1.8500226|2.5451403
69|The Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis for the European Union (EU-MODA) compares the material well-being of children across the EU member states, using data from the child material deprivation module of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2009. Embedded in the multidimensional poverty measurement literature, EU-MODA applies internationally accepted standards for the construction of indicators and dimensions of child well-being. The analysis ranges from indicator and dimension headcounts, overlaps between several dimensions, decomposition of the adjusted multidimensional deprivation headcounts, to overlaps between monetary poverty and multidimensional deprivation. This technical note describes the EU-MODA methodology in detail.|SDG 1 - No poverty|moda eu deprivation multidimensional overlaps|6.9114404|6.579278|5.221941
70|It is home to a variety of economic sectors with strong export performance, both in manufacturing (the automobile industry, food industry, information and communication technologies, or ICT, and aerospace) and services (particularly financial and professional services), and it is the headquarters for by far the largest number of large companies in Canada. It houses a range of renowned universities and research institutes, and it attracts around 40% of the immigrants who arrive in the country every year. The Toronto region also has an enviable reputation for quality of life, and has positioned itself as Canada’s main economic centre, thanks to demographic and economic growth since the 1970s-1980s.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|canada economic industry toronto headquarters|5.723523|4.078131|3.444466
71|Income-support programmes, in the form of unemployment benefits, social assistance, family benefits or housing allowances, have played an important macroeconomic role as automatic stabilisers during the recent crisis. Many OECD countries face high and often growing needs for social policies at times of shrinking fiscal space, which restrict the capacity for an effective response. In the early phases of the global financial and economic crisis, social spending — which accounts for about half of total public outlays in OECD countries - increased. Moreover, large fiscal stimulus packages were put in place in many countries often including greater resources for social measures. But in many OECD countries, a shift in the fiscal stance is now taking place to tackle unprecedented deficits and debt-to-GDP ratios. Social spending is part of many fiscal consolidation plans, and pressure on social spending is set to increase further.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fiscal social spending crisis countries|6.9623265|5.6241918|4.1223974
72|The use of gender statistics can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the gender dimensions of poverty, which in turn can significantly change priorities in policy and programme interventions (Klugman, 2002). Gender statistics can address multiple dimensions of poverty and inequality, including gender-based asset inequality, intrahousehold allocation of resources, time poverty or vulnerability to external shocks. Understanding the gendered nature of poverty will significantly improve both the equity and efficiency of poverty reduction strategies (Klugman, 2002). Gender statistics have an important role in developing and monitoring policies on the reduction of violence against women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender poverty statistics dimensions understanding|9.382363|4.694391|6.893988
73|Nitrogen application rates had increased dramatically over past decades, so that a surplus in excess of that needed by crops or grassland was transported into freshwater systems. Application rates in the subregion are now widely declining in response to the legal framework summarised above, but the time taken for pollutants to move through the hydrological cycle means that in some areas concentrations in receiving waters may still be rising, even when the source itself is diminishing. Where trend data exists, this suggests that nitrate concentrations declined between 1992 and 2008 in 30% of rivers.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|concentrations application grassland diminishing nitrate|0.7330585|6.6933913|2.9532256
74|A representative list of GRIs, open to global co-operation and of interest to new partners will be created. A report from the Group on the co-ordination of GRIs is expected. A progress report was presented in 2015.15 Among such infrastructures, ocean and sea floor observatories, including oceanography fleets of research vessels and polar research facilities (both for the Arctic and Antarctic) were specifically mentioned as examples in the broad categories of research infrastructures of global relevance. Following on from the publication of the “Report on road mapping of large infrastructures” (2008) and the “Report on establishing large international research infrastructures: Issues and options” (2010), the OECD Global Science Forum (GSF) published a “Report on International Distributed Research Infrastructures (IDRIS)” in 2013.16 This report can serve as a reference document that may be used when new initiatives to share infrastructure are being prepared. It identifies challenges, options and solutions when it comes to setting up new initiatives in which distributed infrastructures have to be integrated for better research.|SDG 14 - Life below water|infrastructures report research distributed global|3.9713972|3.6133993|2.112449
75|It can be questioned, however, whether the most talented students of the country attend these schools as disadvantaged students have more limited access to extracurricular classes to prepare for admission. Moreover, the proportion of top-performing students in international assessments remains very small while a large number are falling behind their peers in other countries. The most rapidly improving education systems in PISA show that improvements at the top and bottom of the performance scale can go hand in hand.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students hand extracurricular questioned admission|9.690076|2.16361|3.0882921
76|However, Kimball et al. ( The choice of instruments and sources of information also depends on the type of appraisal aspects and criteria that an appraisal scheme focuses on (e.g. traits, compliance, competences and outcomes). While in most countries appraisal is based on the interaction between evaluators and school leaders, e.g. through interviews, meetings and school visits, a few countries complement the information gathered this way with further, more outcomes-oriented data, such as leadership portfolios, stakeholder surveys and information on student achievement. Depending on the policy framework for appraisal and the overall allocation of responsibilities, evaluators and school leaders themselves hold greater or lesser autonomy in determining the tools to collect information.|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal evaluators information school leaders|10.002329|1.1166842|1.4919549
77|In spite of the fact that there are more female than male pensioners, the total income of female pensioners is lower than that of men (ASUB 2014: 5). In 2011, women's average pension was 1,220 Euro per month as compared with 1,744 Euro for men (ASUB 2013: 23). A more detailed review of the pay gap measured on the basis of different principles and parameters may be found in the ASUB report (2013:21).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|asub euro pensioners female men|8.503589|5.282003|5.324831
78|However, the national climate change efforts to which Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have committed themselves in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are largely insufficient, and only cover one third of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions necessary to reach this temperature goal (UNEP 2017). There is still a significant gap between 2030 emission levels and a least-cost 2°C pathway amounting to 11 GtC02e or even as much as i3.5GtC02e, taking only unconditional NDCs into account (UNEP 2017). Global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, albeit at a slower rate, and even though the Parties must increase the goals of their NDCs overtime, it is unlikely that the emissions reductions thus achieved will be sufficient (UNEP 2017).|SDG 13 - Climate action|unep ndcs emissions greenhouse reductions|1.1434956|3.5509877|1.3037633
79|"China has pushed ahead with large infrastructure projects while providing tax breaks and other relief measures for firms and consumers, which resulted in a wider fiscal deficit of about 3 per cent of GDP in 2016. With a view to supporting the building of ""a moderately prosperous sodety in all respects"", the budget emphasized spending on education, science and technology, health care, poverty alleviation, social security and employment (China, 2016). Although the country's general government debt is relatively low, there are concerns about local government debt and contingent liabilities, which are being addressed with a revised fiscal law. The overall fiscal stance is expected to remain expansionary in the near term to stabilize the economy and to invest in social and infrastructure sectors."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fiscal debt china prosperous stance|5.7064667|4.9308047|3.7502096
80|The characteristics of the markets for health insurance and health care make the expansion of health care challenging. These characteristics determine the trade-offs between various objectives and overall goals in the health sector and constitute health economics as a separate field of applied economics. The authors of this issue of the Nordic Economic Policy Review have been invited to deal with some of the main challenges in the financing and organisation of health care in a Nordic setting.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health economics nordic care characteristics|8.672696|8.887445|1.997992
81|Next, employment and welfare officers develop an individual action plan for the client through a joint interview. The client is registered for work at the PES office and is referred to vacancies once his or her job preparation is completed. The Employment Support Programme for welfare recipients (cont.)|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|client welfare vacancies employment officers|8.033377|4.527615|3.7411454
82|The aquaculture industry contributes about NZD 226 million of this value. Seafood exports have consistently ranked as New Zealand’s fourth or fifth largest export earner but dropped to eighth in 2007. Important inshore and shellfish species include spiny rock lobster, paua, and snapper. New Zealand’s most valuable capture fishery species on a weight and export value basis is hoki.|SDG 14 - Life below water|zealand species export rock nzd|0.40426782|5.9192195|6.793012
83|In addition to the excessive concentration of property, the poor functioning and resulting segmentation of labour markets bring about and reinforce the inequality of opportunities and outcomes so typical of Latin America. The increased labour-market flexibility promoted in most countries under the development model adopted in the 1980s failed to lead to faster growth in labour demand; rather, it introduced job insecurity for a high proportion of workers. Moreover, in conjunction with the increasing instability of employment, social benefits tended to be linked to employment contracts. Thus, the relatively unproductive and uncompetitive informal sector persisted, and many workers moved towards own-account work characterized by low income levels, lack of regulation and exclusion from social protection systems, in particular from social security and health care.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|labour social workers segmentation conjunction|7.5515428|5.5530305|4.446616
84|Une telle decomposition par categorie UICN n'etait jusqu’a present pas disponible. Conjugue a d'autres informations sur les aires protegees, ce nouvel indicateur permet de mieux comprendre l’ampleur et la direction des efforts de conservation deployes par les pays. Par exemple, certains pays ont etabli des aires protegees sur une part relativement importante de leur domaine maritime, tandis que d’autres doivent encore se doter de reseaux d’aires protegees dignes de ce nom. En revanche, il ne repond pas a certaines questions importantes et utiles pour Faction politique, a savoir dans quelle mesure les aires protegees preservent la biodiversite nationale ou mondiale, ou de determiner si leur gestion ou leur mise en oeuvre est efficace.|SDG 15 - Life on land|aires ou leur par les|1.3070694|7.2416134|1.503483
85|Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Marriage, Motherhood and Masculinity in the Global Economy: Reconfigurations of Personal and Economic Life, IDS Working Paper No. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Drivers of Female Labor Force Participation During India's Economic Boom, IZA Discussion Papers 6395, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|iza labor institute economic masculinity|8.617616|4.4078174|5.875056
86|Regions contribute to the budget at different levels, and it is necessary to equalise their budget income. In Kazakhstan, the disparities in regional development are the basis of the unequal revenue position of local budgets and thus determine the essential role of interbudget relations, such as subsidies and earmark transfers. Transfers to SNGs thus include funds from the equalisation of oblasts' tax revenues to reduce disparities. On the whole, general (non-earmarked) budget transfers are based on a complex system of formulas that tries to capture the difference in the cost of providing public services in each oblast, district or city.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|budget transfers disparities equalise sngs|4.5400505|5.5241623|1.8270049
87|Aquaculture can cause local eutrophication of rivers, fjords or coastal waters. The Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs (MOFI) has developed a strategy to address these issues (MOFI, 2009a). Compared to the total number of fish farmed, the number of escapes is particularly high for cod and, to a lesser extent, for trout.|SDG 14 - Life below water|coastal trout farmed eutrophication cod|0.23443392|6.069304|6.4173617
88|Utilisation of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all i isa ion physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security. They should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks (e.g. an economic or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e.g. seasonal food insecurity).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food isa sudden losing cyclical|4.3333797|5.488281|4.4969068
89|It also encourages opportunities of: (1) new innovation and technologies; (2) new business models and investment strategies; (3) remodelling of the existing housing stock. This demographic change is occurring in both the rural and urban United States. Providing appropriate health and social care services to low- and middle-income seniors in rural areas is particularly difficult. Most senior households in rural areas are in scattered single-family homes, rather than communal settings. Transport to and from health and social care services such as hospitals, senior centres or meal programmes is a key challenge, given the lower housing density and service coverage.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|senior rural housing scattered meal|9.086809|8.273197|2.5024517
90|This work is legally assigned to the State Ministry for Sustainable Development, together with verifying the consistency of Local Ecological Zoning Programmes that are reviewed by the State Ministry and its federal counterpart (Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources, SEMARNAT). However, the responsibility for licences or binding permits is that of the issuing of authority that controls such a programme, i.e. the state government for regional programmes and municipalities for municipal programmes. At this level of spatial planning, growing areas or territorial reserves to be used in the future are defined.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ministry state programmes semarnat counterpart|3.769268|5.4822035|1.7331705
91|In Germany and Portugal, the relationship between drought severity and damage to crop production is linear. In France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmaik, Austria, Hungary and Romania, damages to crop increase at a decelerating pace as drought severity increases. Interestingly, historical data show that crop production in Finland and Norway actually increases with drought severity. The dynamic of water risks determines the potential irreversibility of their impacts and the possible responses from the sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|severity drought crop increases production|1.3885071|6.858141|3.0152187
92|For instance, the coefficient of -0.03 in 2012 (Model 1 in Table A5) means that the difference of lOppt in the MIP indicator (say, between Belgium (50%) and the Czech Republic (40%) in 2011) is associated with 35% greater odds of a child being poor in 2012, all else being equal.28 Using the coefficients from the model, Figure A3 in the Annex shows a steady decrease in the predicted probability of a child being poor across the range of values of the MIP indicator. Thus, children in countries with more generous minimum income protection schemes are less likely to be poor during the crisis, but the generosity of social assistance could be picking up the effect of the overall size of the welfare state. When social spending is entered in the model, the MIP effect becomes smaller and less precisely estimated, remaining significant only in 2009 and 2012 (model 2 Table A5).|SDG 1 - No poverty|model poor indicator effect table|7.432997|6.047375|4.8417573
93|The latter offers separate products for water and sanitation, through the Safe Water and Rural Environmental Sanitation Program (SWRESP). In 2007, the amount of loans for SWRESP was USD 20 million. This initiative, supported by USAID Environmental Services Program, is to be scaled up countrywide with a target of 10 000 connections by 2009.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|program sanitation countrywide environmental usaid|1.6697888|7.0808296|2.2740073
94|Nearly 20% of employed youth were in low-paid work compared to 12% on average for the country. A high percentage of people among the elderly (34%) are still working, while only 27% receive a pension, reflecting the nascent status of the pension system. There have been significant improvements in narrowing gender gaps at all levels of education and in providing health treatment and health insurance coverage. However, as in most countries in the world, women in Viet Nam earn substantially less than men.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|pension nascent narrowing earn health|8.744792|4.7434244|5.648636
95|These real and perceived risks generally result in financing that is more costly than that which is available to more traditional generation sources.9 As the IPCC (2011) points out, to operate effectively, markets rely on timely, appropriate and truthful information. But energy markets are far from perfect; and this is especially true of markets in technological and structural transition, such as the RE market. Thus, as a result of insufficient information, underlying project risk can tend to be overrated and transaction costs can increase as compared to conventional fossil fuel technologies. Often, the viability of a specific investment is dependent upon a particular policy regime remaining in place, and this is a major risk that equity and debt (banks) investors will need to evaluate before deciding on the financing parameters for the project.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|markets financing project result risk|2.2655668|2.6053698|1.723015
96|These studies examined the increasing participation levels of Asian women in business ownership. An interesting finding of the researches in the United Kingdom (Dhaliwal, 1998 and 2007; Ram and Jones, 1998) is that Asian women are not strongly represented in self-employment because there is a tendency for some women entrepreneurs to be “invisible” and their existence unacknowledged. These “hidden” women (Dhaliwal, 1998) say it is their husband, father or brother who run the business and they are masking the extent of their role even if they are playing a pivotal role in the management of the business.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business women asian brother invisible|8.873783|3.5990548|6.2724633
97|For the case studies, national definitions of smallholder will be considered. These definitions emphasise income sources and the ability of farm households to transition either into commercially successful farm operations or out of farming altogether. Sometimes the definition includes a minimum share of farm labour that is contributed by the farmer’s family (FAO, 2014).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farm definitions commercially altogether smallholder|3.8597786|5.2205353|3.5656624
98|The existence or creation of linkages between policy areas would provide a coherent institutional architecture and enhance water policy efficiency. It would also ensure that investment plans better reflect basin priorities and that public expenditures across sectors are better aligned with water policy objectives. The potential for policy coherence at the watershed level could be improved through the systematic involvement of river basin organisations and councils; this is an area that needs to be further exploited. In particular, the Agenda foresees the creation of a Ministry of Land Use Planning for a long-term land-use planning strategy; a National Observatory of Sustainable Land Use Planning; and a National Development Planning Institute to ensure the long-term harmonisation among different sectoral and territorial development policies in Mexico. Such tools would help move from traditional ad hoc bilateral discussions between CONAGUA and other agencies (CONAFOR, SEDESOL, SAGARPA, etc.) The current institutional set-up for dealing with climate change issues might serve as an example to mobilise key institutions of the federal public administration towards policy coherence (see Box 1.10).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|planning policy coherence land basin|1.5872091|7.0273|1.6309397
99|A tailored approach may be required as basins are faced with specific challenges and are endowed with distinctive capacities. Building on institutions such as CONAGO, IMTA and ANEAS, there is ample room to collect, review and benchmark success stories, innovative mechanisms or institutional organisations in support of effective decision making, and better water policies at all levels. This is concrete implementation of the commitments related to human rights, anticorruption and democratic governance mentioned in the Pact.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pact endowed imta ample distinctive|0.99220544|7.1163735|1.5927292
100|In this sense, our analysis is best described as the initial or early impacts of the crisis on children. With this caveat, our results indicate a strong relationship between country exposure to the crisis and child outcomes, with those hardest hit showing the largest increases in child poverty. Some downward trends in well-being are observed for all countries, not just those most exposed to the crisis; this is especially true for young people’s labour market outcomes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|crisis outcomes child hardest downward|7.09305|6.082628|4.980203
101|Non-funded courses with unregulated (and much higher) fees have grown in number, although they still account for only a relatively small share of tertiary education. Between 1995 and 2006, the percentage increase in student numbers at all levels was well above the OECD average (Figure 1, Panel A). And, the share of students enrolled in all levels of education in relation to the total population is very high compared with most OECD countries (Figure 1, Panel B).|SDG 4 - Quality education|panel share unregulated figure levels|9.181113|2.3645692|3.0266736
102|Data refer to the working-age population (18-65). See Annex 2.A1 for details on the data sources. Several country patterns emerge, suggesting different challenges to address for policies. Norway, Germany, Austria, the United States and Ireland combine high sticky ceilings at the top of the income distribution with average levels of mobility at the bottom compared to other countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|sticky ceilings emerge suggesting data|7.5031466|4.8370266|4.639441
103|It has therefore been suggested that cultivating alternative sources of transport financing should be a priority. The periods on the xaxis correspond to the seven 5-year economic development plans, which were first launched in 1962 and terminated in 1997. However, more recently, the share of its total public investment devoted to transport infrastructure decreased from 8.2% to 6.6% between 2006 and 2015. Railways - and especially high-speed railways - have also gradually surfaced back as an alternative response to car-centred development and to the side effects of the latter, such as congestion and environmental degradation.4 The high-speed Korea Train eXpress (KTX), first inaugurated in 2004, handled 42.3% of total rail traffic in 2010.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|railways speed alternative transport cultivating|4.2110996|4.7322664|0.83398813
104|Country-specific variables are also included, however, so that individual effects can be detected. This effect remains and grows stronger over the medium term, since the lagged feminization variable for one period has an effect equivalent to 7.7% on the growth rate. This is considered to be a robust result given the stability of both the coefficient and the standard error in all three specifications. This provides a partial confirmation of the hypothesis that, in the presence of a pre-existing gap in labour force participation, women's entry into the workforce can help fuel growth or a recovery if an economy is in a recession or when its existing capacity is being underutilized.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|effect existing feminization detected lagged|8.840686|4.493938|5.8269024
105|In addition, “the cumulative gap between the level of finance needed and finance actually delivered is growing” (Buchner and others, 2014, p. 5). The present study is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview, but instead report on key figures to provide a broad view of the current situation. Despite still lagging far below the levels needed to limit warming to two degrees Celsius,5 climate finance flows have increased when compared to the 2013 level of $331 billion. In 2013, climate finance flows were directed almost equally to developed (OECD) and developing (non-OECD) countries, with each group receiving $164 billion and $165 billion, respectively (Buchner and others, 2014). North-South flows accounted for $34 billion in 2012 (Buchner and others, 2014). Developing countries invested $2 billion in developed countries and $10 billion in South-South cooperation (Buchner and others, 2014).|SDG 13 - Climate action|buchner billion finance flows south|1.77169|3.8922398|0.9329142
106|Disparities in regards to entrepreneurship also persist, with only 19 per cent of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) run by women (WBC 2013a). Throughout all sectors of the UK economy, women’s economic activity remains hindered and their potential untapped. Evidence demonstrates that the economy would greatly benefit by increasing gender equality throughout the workplace.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wbc economy untapped hindered demonstrates|8.987097|3.6505246|6.312761
107|Emergency services need to provide care even if annual quotas for specific services are already filled, for example, so the number of such cases can provide some indication of whether quotas are appropriately set. The origin and ultimate destination of patients can also provide an indication of whether capacity in various levels of care is adequate, both in terms of access and quality of care. In 2013, there were 3.1 practicing doctors per 1 000 population, close to the OECD average of 3.2, and a slight increase from 2000 when there were 2.9 practicing doctors per 1 000 population in Latvia.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|practicing indication doctors quotas care|9.140882|8.936844|2.0553071
108|Indeed, women remain disproportionally responsible for unpaid care work, with major potential to improve public, accessible and affordable child and/or elderly care (OECD, 2017[i)). Although women from diverse backgrounds are often at the losing end of structural gender inequality, the cultural norms and stereotypes are simultaneously creating problems for men and boys. In addition, new challenges arise; while presenting real opportunities for change, digitalisation, disruptive technologies and big data generate additional risks to expand the scale of persisting inequalities, and create new forms of divides.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|persisting disproportionally disruptive divides digitalisation|9.177829|5.029476|6.0407224
109|However, these child poverty data are available for fewer countries and for a shorter period of time than those based on the conventional floating poverty line (for most countries the 2005 “anchored” poverty rates are available from year 2005 onwards). For most countries, these data on trends in the anchored poverty rate have been available since 2005 or a year later, but some countries (Canada, France and the United Kingdom) have longer data series. Variations in anchored poverty rates are more heterogeneous across countries and for many countries larger than for the relative poverty rate (Figure 5).|SDG 1 - No poverty|anchored poverty countries available data|7.115508|6.318799|5.25283
110|The focus of this group was on people suffering from mental health disorders with substance abuse comorbidity (while dementia, intellectual disability and substance abuse alone were excluded from the scope of the analysis). With 90 million euros of funding, the commission was given three years to “initiate and support project development at all levels (medical treatment, service improvement, housing projects, legislative and organisational improvements) and to propose measures needed in order to permanently raise the standard of mental health services.” Special attention was paid to improving the coordination between mental health and social services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental substance abuse health dementia|10.394025|8.88849|1.7176231
111|Numerous grant schemes have been directed to basic research and commercialisation of R&D but in a relatively piecemeal way. Competition between the 13 Malaysian states to attract research institutions and higher education campuses is intense. The scarcity of land in Penang and the high cost of it act as a barrier to investment. According to the NCER 2007 Blueprint a number of industrial estates and technology parks remain underutilised or unutilised. Overreliance on the techpush model is making knowledge transfer more difficult. A Penang Science Council, driven by industry, has been created to ensure that Penang can implement its strategy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|penang estates malaysian blueprint research|6.837125|2.7454994|2.5172842
112|The Arctic regions of the United States (Alaska) and Canada (Northern Canada) have the highest levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on earth. The toxic health-threatening substances are transported over long distances by rivers, oceans and air currents from warmer parts of the world to the colder polar regions. They also accumulate in the fatty tissue of seals and whales which traditionally play a key role in Arctic indigenous peoples' diet and can be passed directly to infants through maternal breast milk, causing disruption of the hormone and immune systems and affecting postnatal growth. Disease patterns among American Indians and Alaska Natives are strongly associated with the adverse consequences of poverty, limited access to health services, and cultural dislocation. Inadequate education, high rates of unemployment, discrimination, and cultural differences all contribute to unhealthy lifestyles and disparities in access to health care for many indigenous peoples.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alaska arctic peoples indigenous canada|9.414915|8.414454|3.3305602
113|For example, service integration in the Netherlands helped to bring down deaths from substance abuse. The experience of the Netherlands also gives some insights into treatment approaches for heroin use, including opioid and methadone treatment use (Box 4.4). Areas of focus are addiction to nicotine, alcohol, drugs, and sedatives and tranquilisers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|netherlands treatment addiction opioid heroin|8.350679|10.189313|3.5373847
114|The issue of low noise vehicles (i.e.: electric/hybrid cars) needs to be investigated further, not least as the use of electric scooters or electric vehicles for mobility impaired persons increases. It has to be decided how to adapt infrastructure so that these vehicles can be used under conditions of appropriate safety, both for the users, if they have to share space with cars, and for pedestrians and/or bicyclists, when they have to share the space with them. The international databases that contain crash data of several European countries do usually not include data on fatalities per means of transport per age-group.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|electric vehicles cars space impaired|4.213499|5.2083025|0.06808523
115|As specified in the General Education Law, school providers have the right to establish and implement an educational project (Proyecto Educativo Institucional, PEI) and to establish plans and programmes for their schools with the involvement of the school community (see Chapter 1). Schools are therefore typically responsible for decisions directly related to the implementation of the school project, such as class size (within the regulated minimum and maximum size), student grouping, support for students with learning difficulties, school leadership arrangements, and the use of school facilities. In addition, school providers may delegate further tasks and responsibilities to schools, while retaining the final overall responsibility for the operation of their schools. For example, schools may make suggestions for staffing decisions, but the school provider will take the final decision.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school schools final establish decisions|9.87734|1.7309929|2.0286634
116|Furthermore, the students in grades 9 and 10 have a mandatory project assignment that gives the students the opportunity to complete and present an interdisciplinary project. The project assignment is assessed in a written statement based on content, the working process and the presentation of the final work. The assessment of the project assignment can be indicated in the leaving certificate.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assignment project students interdisciplinary written|9.579628|1.6636791|1.5653751
117|Given the evidence that many students in Costa Rica start school w ith weak foundation skills, especially basic reading skills, the country might also consider bringing forward the primary assessment to an earlier grade, or adding an additional assessment in the early years of primary school. Gaining a better understanding of where and how' students are starting to fall behind would enable the development of more effective supports to teachers and schools. Recognising the importance of consolidating basic skills in the early grades for later learning, many OECD countries have introduced a national assessment in the second (e.g. France, Italy), third (e.g. Germany, Sweden), or fourth grade (e.g. Chile, Korea) of primary school (OECD, 2013). One essential improvement at any grade in Costa Rica is better information on the equity of outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|grade assessment primary skills rica|10.214116|1.6300962|2.7094398
118|"In 2001-2003, the nursing education launched a campaign in Iceland which had only little effect, and educations in pedagogy have not been successful in attracting male students either. Gislason blames the unsuccessful attempts to change the educational choices of Icelandic men on the fact that prior to the economic crisis in 2008, Iceland had no considerable unemployment. Some jobs, such as those within health care, are now considered to be more ""secure"" and less vulnerable to cyclical fluctuations; Gislason therefore believes, that the crisis might be instrumental in breaking with the traditional gender segregation of the Icelandic labour market. The Icelandic labour market is also characterised by unequal pay, and this is related to place: Icelandic women are paid less than Icelandic men, and this applies to married women in particular (according to figures from Centre for Gender Equality, 2014) (see also Rafnsdottir and Omarsdottir 2010)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|icelandic iceland crisis men breaking|9.119956|4.3852243|5.880611
119|This could suggest that the high level of points attributed to GPs for mental health services successfully rendered encourages patient selection and the deliberate exclusion of more difficult cases from the data. Concerns have also been expressed that GPs are directing attention away from activity not rewarded by the QOF, and as such care delivery quality is declining in some areas (Cashin et al., The recommendation by the Primary Care QOF Indicator Advisory Committee on behalf of NICE was that these indicators be withdrawn, and that a consideration process for new indicators was considered. At present these indicators remained in the QOF framework for 2011/12, although the points value of all of the indicators was reduced.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|qof indicators gps points rendered|10.184841|9.1919155|1.8144917
120|Throughout the paper, more equity is to be interpreted as less inequality in income distribution and does not imply any judgement about the intrinsic value of a more equal distribution. In this paper, inequality is examined from a static perspective. While ultimately a comprehensive assessment would need covering inequality in life-cycle perspective as well as dynamic inequality, hence intra-generational mobility as well as inter-generational mobility, such analysis is beyond the scope of this study, not least reflecting major data limitations.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality generational mobility perspective paper|6.7500587|5.062395|4.7427034
121|The review of the evidence covers different types of hazards in different geographical areas, although it pays particular attention to the experiences associated with Hurricane Katrina in the United States of America, flooding in Bangladesh, and severe water loss and desertification in the Sahel region of Africa. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of addressing the root causes of inequalities for adaptation and building resilience to climate hazards. Relatively less attention was paid to the implications of that physical impact for the lives, livelihoods of the people who are most vulnerable and most affected. To quote Skoufias, ed. (|SDG 13 - Climate action|hazards implications attention sahel hurricane|1.5216248|5.133284|1.8879712
122|The pipeline project is intended to establish interconnecting arrangements of electricity and natural gas in ASEAN to ensure greater security and sustainability of energy supply in the region, while connecting existing and planned pipelines and regasification terminals, minimizing the environmental impact. This work is led by the ASEAN Council on Petroleum, which is comprised of the head of the national oil company in each member country. The partnership focuses on regional economic cooperation and institutional capacity-building, with the aim to promote development of energy resources (including hydropower), facilitate energy trade in the region, develop renewable and alternative energy resources and promote energy efficiency and conservation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy asean promote terminals minimizing|1.4314626|2.277086|2.479329
123|In 2009-2010 only in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago was social spending below 10% of GDP. A number of countries had been allocating more than 15% of GDP to social spending since the early 1990s; Chile, Costa Rica and the Plurinational State of Bolivia are now part of this group (see figure 17). As a ratio of GDP, El Salvador increased the macroeconomic priority of public social spending by more than 300% (from 2.9% of GDP to 13% of GDP). Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Paraguay more than doubled their macroeconomic effort between 1991-1992 and 2009-2010.|SDG 1 - No poverty|gdp spending dominican guatemala ecuador|6.4824986|5.5577426|5.078634
124|It also reflects the new development phase which the ICT sector has now entered, one in which public and private stakeholders in the ICT sector are laying the foundations for smart societies. The impact of the ICT sector on economic and societal development continues to expand as companies from adjacent sectors and industries (including the automotive, healthcare, insurance, banking and public sectors) develop products and services that rely on loT infrastructure - leaving virtually no areas of our economies and societies untouched. Industry analysts estimate that loT revenues will generate USD 1.1 trillion in revenues globally by 2025, compared to USD 166 billion in 2016 (GSMA, 2018d). This revenue opportunity is expected to be fuelled over the next three years by investments of around USD 15 billion in IT consulting and systems integration services to build and implement loT solutions (IDC, 2018).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|lot ict usd societies revenues|4.732291|3.0796614|1.9148957
125|On the other hand, it is important to note that any economy will only be able to reap the full benefits of ICT if access to energy is secured, and that energy consumption triggered by ICT may pose a challenge in particular to decoupling energy consumption and economic growth. For instance, business incentives can be based on additional revenue sources that can be tapped into by collaboration such as offering power supply to people in remote areas or developing new products and services e.g. in smart city environments. Incentives created by policy frameworks include infrastructure mapping initiatives as well as relevant directives such as the Cost Reduction Directive in the European Union.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ict energy incentives consumption secured|2.17966|2.2457328|2.3205652
126|The following policy priorities were identified to improve the effectiveness of resource use in the Slovak school system. The schools have acquired relatively great autonomy: all of them now have an elected school board with relatively strong jurisdictions; they are protected from too strong a local control through the funding system (which limits the redistributing power of their founders); they take responsibility for human resource management; and they are also encouraged to adapt the national curriculum to their own specific educational context through school education programmes. At the same time the national Ministry maintains strong regulatory powers. The move towards extended local and institutional autonomy has been paralleled with the creation and strengthening of accountability frameworks. The emerging national system of standardised student achievement measurement and the State Schools Inspectorate are key elements of the latter. In addition, the Slovak Republic has an information system which allows the monitoring of many local and institutional level processes (such as student performance, funding and human resource management) and creates opportunities to assess the impact of national policies and development interventions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|resource strong slovak national autonomy|9.574842|2.0440457|1.7442224
127|To provide context regarding developments in the agricultural market in other parts of the world, and to analyse potential food security issues, the results for four regions that represent low-income countries and are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity are also presented. They are: sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Several modelling groups with different crop, agricultural and economic specifications participate in AgMIP to compare their results.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|asia africa results agricultural food|4.2521553|5.3629446|4.212309
128|It is clear that, in terms of fisheries rebuilding, the ecosystem approach requires policy makers to take into account of the impacts of fishing on ecosystems, the impacts of ecosystems on fishing, and the interactions between fish and other species in the ecosystem. In particular, fisheries rebuilding has been the subject of several major international commitments on developing sustainable fisheries and it is universally recognized as necessary for protecting biodiversity and the health of oceans, as well being important from an economic and social perspective for many coastal communities. As such, while it is universally recognized that rebuilding and maintaining robust fisheries are desired, there are other factors considered in the management process in addition to the science advice. To that end, political commitments have been made through a series of hard (binding) and soft laws (non binding).|SDG 14 - Life below water|rebuilding fisheries universally binding recognized|-0.26711556|5.8153257|6.417954
129|The second order involves regular large (> 1,000 people), big (500-1,000), medium-sized (100-500) and small (< 100) rural communities (townships, villages and homesteads). These efforts have resulted in the formation of more than 1,500 agro-towns, based on the selection of and funding support for existing, more or less economically viable, central settlements of rural councils and homesteads of agricultural organizations. Each agro-town enjoys amenities characteristic of an urban settlement, including clubs, a library, an art school for children, internet cafes, entertainment centres, upper secondary and vocational schools, pre-university training centres and primary education schools. Intensive public investment in these settlements in the period 2007-2010 has helped to address some critical problems and develop important social and business processes and infrastructure. This involves a hierarchy of spatial (territorial) plans developed at national, oblast and local levels in accordance with the Main Directions of the State Urban Development Policy for 2011— 2015 and environmental requirements.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|agro involves settlements centres schools|4.1118703|5.377186|1.9104447
130|The details on how to enhance ambition of NDCs and review commitments is however subject to continued political contestation. In other words, after more than 20 years of contentious international negotiations on climate change, the Paris Agreement is not the final destination, but merely the start of a long process for the world to address climate change. Pertinent questions are: Why has international cooperation to address climate change been so difficult?|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change address contentious pertinent|1.1563083|3.6903226|1.3041743
131|The standards were set up by the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC) to drive care of a uniformly high quality across the country. They are applied to all hospitals (private and public, across all states), covering ten priority areas including quality governance, hospital-acquired infection, medication safety and clinical handover (see Box 2.5 for further detail). There has been broad agreement from stakeholders that the new standards are a positive move forward, promoting greater clinical involvement and more directly addressing specific quality issues than other standards.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|quality standards clinical safety uniformly|9.200455|9.527746|1.5983015
132|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. As mentioned in the competition section, opening the electricity market to independent power provision can be very helpful in promoting private investment in clean electricity generation. Keeping the energy market competitive and ensuring that the needs of end-users are met also requires careful regulation and oversight of the sector, both by a competition authority and a sector-specific regulator.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|competition electricity regulator careful market|1.9353411|1.917081|1.953361
133|Those values have been used for the 10% and 30% scenarios, without adjustment. The values for France have been drawn from the Green Net study, which reports the findings from a study performed in 2003 (Verseille, 2003). According to this study, the French transmission grid could cope with 6 GW of wind power with only minor investments.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|study values gw minor french|1.4372147|1.5643623|2.0897236
134|In Amsterdam, own-source revenues are increasingly important. For example, national operational subsidies for public transport are declining, which is placing pressure on the city to both establish a more cost-effective transit system and cover operational costs in the interim. It bears noting that water boards are in a much better fiscal situation given that they can raise taxes to cover their programme needs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|operational cover bears amsterdam interim|1.7572001|7.416922|2.2240791
135|It represents around 80 per cent of total employment in LDCs and is therefore very important for these countries (International Labour Office, 2011). Table 14 provides a detailed summary of vulnerable employment and working-poor dynamics in the LDCs for the period 2000-2018. Each of these indicators has improved since 2000, but from a relatively weak base, especially in African and Asian LDCs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ldcs employment summary dynamics office|6.5473456|4.577628|4.0630884
136|Fairness suggests that finance be mobilized in proportion to responsibilities and capabilities. The basis for this is the 1992 Rio Principles of Sustainable Development and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, especially the principles of “equity” and of “common-but-differentiated responsibilities and capabilities”. A third basis for action is the Rio Principle that environmental costs be internalized and “economic instruments” used, to make the polluter/user bear the ecological costs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|rio capabilities principles responsibilities basis|1.9609061|4.0449834|1.3707668
137|People live longer, although large disparities by gender and socioeconomic group remain. The Belgian health system performs well in saving the lives of people requiring acute care. One of the main challenges is to strengthen prevention and primary care to achieve further gains in population health and reduce health inequalities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health performs care people acute|8.939467|9.125975|2.6573615
138|Until recently, however, the issue had received relatively little attention and few countries have developed systematic policies to address it. Another option is to provide migrant women with access to entrepreneurship. It is a particularly effective pathway into the labour market. It affords the opportunity of engaging in gainful activity that is more flexible and easier to combine with childcare and other commitments, and where cultural barriers are less of an obstacle than regular employment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pathway obstacle engaging easier combine|8.872701|3.7769675|6.322874
139|The impacts of degraded environment on health have been increasingly recognized and their reduction stated as a major goal of the environmental protection policy, programmes and regulations. Monitoring of the quality of the main environmental media and infectious disease surveillance has been advanced. Professional capacity for public and environmental health has been strengthened with advanced methods for health surveillance and risk assessment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|surveillance environmental advanced health infectious|1.204583|6.66925|2.754166
140|Unique Data Collection Form - Aggregated Data). A stay of more than 24 hours is considered as a serious injury, and less is considered a minor injury. However, since 2010, the ANSV is working with the National Health Ministry to link hospital records and the Orange Form data. This linking project was started as a pilot in two of the most populated provinces of Argentina, in order to collect data based on MAIS 3.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|injury data form considered orange|9.114729|9.48402|2.0452402
141|Parties are obliged to establish early warning systems, apply and exchange best available technology and mutually assist each other. Finally, Parties shall make information about the environmental status of transboundary waters, expected scenarios and water quality objectives available to the public. Proper implementation of the Convention thus provides a good basis for the execution of these sub-regional instruments, including work on adaptation (see boxes 4 and 5 on the Rhine and the Danube). Activities regarding adaptation to climate change have started with an assessment of the state of knowledge on climate change and its expected impact on the water regime in the Rhine, published in 2009. However, as long ago as in the 1990s, important measures were being taken regarding flood risk management, increasing the basin’s adaptive capacity to respond to future expected climate changes. In the context of the implementation of the 1998 Flood Action Plan, the flood damage risk (defined as the product of damage potential (€) and the probability of flooding (per year) has been assessed.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|rhine flood expected damage climate|1.2993436|5.480135|1.8418655
142|A core group of five donors, the European Union (EU) institutions, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom (UK) and the World Bank Group, provided approximately two-thirds of total concessional financing over the 2006-2016 period. Various methodological difficulties arise in estimating donor support for ICT connectivity and e-commerce. Indeed, the OECD CRS categories only offer a partial reflection of the elements discussed in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) E-Commerce Work Programme.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|commerce group world crs estimating|4.7526226|3.2378438|2.033005
143|In this regard, it should be kept in mind that land use planning policies aiming at rather compact cities are those, which would enable and result in a high-occupancy public transport service®. In this context, establishment of effective and efficient urban transport system requires that the necessary infrastructure, including for the various public transport modes, be built so that it is reasonably resistant to the effects of extreme weather events caused by climate change. Resilient means that negative consequences of an extreme weather event can be easily restored. Compartmentalizing is about making compartments so that an infrastructure failure can be limited to a certain area.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport weather extreme occupancy restored|3.7241237|5.046083|0.9882534
144|Moving from committed minimum wage policies to a much fairer distribution of productivity gains and profits should be a point of departure. We shall see, but no doubt this is what politics and social straggles will be all about in the years to come. The ability to cope with adverse shocks is compromised by the lack of formal social protection, and vulnerabilities are compounded when individuals working informally face harassment by public authorities.|SDG 1 - No poverty|fairer departure doubt informally compromised|7.956928|4.418266|4.397918
145|With the focus of these goals to leave no one behind, addressing environmental concerns must consider inequality and exclusion between men and women—the social dimensions of sustainable development. The socially constructed differences between men and women are an important dimension of inequality and exclusion and must be tackled to achieve the SDGs. More than 60 percent of undernourished or chronically hungry people in the world live in the Asia-Pacific region. In rural and urban areas, seasonal variability, which pushes up the price of staples, forces households to spend more of their income on food.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|exclusion inequality pushes staples hungry|8.979335|4.4060106|6.6706486
146|As discussed above in relation to biogeographical regions, the Nordic countries are nested social ecological systems. The Nordic Assessment should raise awareness of shared environmental issues and contribute to the better articulation of policy across the entire region. Furthermore, this regional assessment will be relevant to the European Union's on-going efforts to map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in national territory [MAES] which is of importance for the Nordic EU countries.|SDG 15 - Life on land|nordic assessment nested articulation map|1.2146322|5.167001|4.0668097
147|However, the value of the transfer as a share of total household consumption remains very low. In beneficiary households belonging to the poorest quintile, the MB accounts for just 7 per cent of total consumption representing the inadequacy of the benefit value.26 It is no surprise therefore that the poverty reduction impact of the MB is limited. Low coverage and low transfer values limit the effectiveness of the benefit. Coverage is extremely low and more than 80 per cent of the poorest are excluded from the targeted MB.|SDG 1 - No poverty|mb low poorest transfer coverage|7.4151297|5.88128|4.4908657
148|Furthermore, some of the strongest growth has been in regions with low recharge rates as shown in Figure 7 (Burke and Villholth 2007). In OECD, surface water occupies two third of irrigated areas (OECD, 2015a). Watershed responses to reduced precipitation (including rain- and snowfall) and higher temperatures are typically amplified, due to vegetation interception and transmission loss (Arnell 2004).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|amplified strongest recharge vegetation watershed|0.91539323|7.3778048|2.9567266
149|This is largely due to, firstly, the fact that social protection in the Pacific is relatively a new field of government activity (WB, 2006a). Secondly, the formal social security system offers low coverage and the vast majority of informal sector employment is not covered under any social security measures. Thirdly, most of PICs are witnessing slow economic growth and have low social protection spending. Finally, since family, community and the traditional support systems still remain stronger, although declining, governments rely heavily upon them for social welfare services.|SDG 1 - No poverty|social witnessing security pics wb|7.17371|5.676705|4.150825
150|Globalisation has increased the global supply of low-skilled labour, affecting wages and employment prospects of workers with low qualifications. At the same time, more intense international competition for high-skilled workers has pushed up top incomes. Advances in information and communication technology (ICT) are also favouring high-skilled workers, whose task cannot be easily automated, and thereby increasing inequality (Kierzenkowski and Koske 2012). Some studies suggested technological change is a more powerful driver of inequality than globalisation (IMF, 2007; OECD, 2007a).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|skilled globalisation workers inequality koske|6.6597137|4.5918484|4.3940845
151|The Minister for Fisheries receives advice from the Marine Research Institute (MRI) and consequently issues total allowable catch (TAC) for individual stocks for the fishing year, which runs from 1 September to 31 August the following year. The size of each vessels annual catch quota for each stock is its share in the stock multiplied by the TAC of that stock. Both the permanent quota-shares and the annual catch quotas are transferable in part or total, subject to certain restrictions.|SDG 14 - Life below water|catch stock tac quota annual|-0.24218722|5.691254|6.9216027
152|Achieving women’s economic empowerment requires sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment and gender-specific perspectives must be integrated at the design stage of policy and programming. Women must have more equitable access to assets and services; infrastructure programmes should be designed to benefit the poor, both men and women, and employment opportunities must be improved while increasing recognition of women’s vast unpaid work. Innovative approaches and partnerships include increased dialogue among development actors, improved co-ordination amongst donors and support for women organising at the national and global level.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women improved organising programming holistic|9.622593|4.351001|7.0901165
153|The main measurement instrument, the Adult Mental Health Benchmarking Toolkit, presents performance indicators in a scorecard format, combining structural, process and outcome indicators. Mild-to-moderate disorders (such as depression and anxiety) are typically understood not to require highly specialised treatments delivered by psychiatrists or in inpatient settings in the vast majority of cases. Rather, they require strong primary and community care. Even though primary care is overwhelmingly the first point of call for individuals experiencing mental distress, PCPs do not always have the right skills and treatment options to effectively respond to need.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental require scorecard psychiatrists indicators|10.408696|9.040475|1.8363336
154|It thus holds implications for public investment in water-related infrastructure. User fees in the water sector and other environmentally sensitive goods and services can underpin fiscal consolidation by managing and containing demand (OECD, 2013b). Other sources of public finance are also being contemplated, e.g. property taxes, which can help ensure that those who generate future liabilities (e.g. property developers) bear some of the related costs (see Chapter 4, the financing section).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|property liabilities underpin related containing|1.6832485|7.451969|2.2274446
155|These can allow for timely tracking of deployment of clean energy infrastructure. They can also help the government track the success rate of clean energy projects, which can guide future support to clean energy technologies as well as strengthen the business case for presentation to national banks. Finally, much as for generation deployment, expansion of the network will need to be monitored and evaluated over time to guarantee that the grid is able to accommodate an increasing share of clean electricity generation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|clean deployment energy generation presentation|2.0056806|1.8505819|2.0436265
156|The HeForShe Champions are finding different and creative ways to break the cycle of harm. They are not just highlighting the problem and challenging attitudes. They are also exploring how established processes and structures can be adapted to reduce violence and to bring more women to the table when it comes to the peace and security agenda. The international community has recognized that women’s participation is vital to achieving and sustaining peace.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peace champions sustaining exploring creative|10.284985|4.912958|7.639673
157|Further effort should be focused on addressing inequalities in access to health care services - between regions, as well as between cities and rural areas - taking into account the country’s geography and low population density in health care delivery planning. Networks of facilities at all levels should be reorganised in a manner compatible with and supportive of the new service delivery models, and aligned with population trends and access patterns. For this exercise, a starting point could be the service delivery master plans developed in recent years.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|delivery reorganised service geography care|9.123674|8.828192|1.900147
158|Plastic debris can pose a risk to the marine environment, by causing physical damage in marine organisms via ingestion or entanglement and also due to potential toxic effects caused by inherent plastic constituents and complex mixture of external contaminants adsorbed onto plastic (Derraik 2002, Rochman etal. Marine litter is now recognized by a wide range of stakeholders as an environmental issue, and is included in for instance the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD 2008/56/EC) as one of the eleven qualitative descriptors which describe what the environment should look like to achieve or maintain good environmental status (GES) in the marine environment by 2020 (European Commission, 2008). However, it has also been recognized that as of today there is only a limited amount of information about the regional differences in sources, levels, composition, fate and impact of marine litter in the marine environment.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine plastic environment litter recognized|0.032802477|5.697955|5.733038
159|Women continue to suffer from unequal treatment and condescending attitudes. Women politicians do not yet enjoy the decision-making power of their male counterparts. In Iraq, for example, no women took part in negotiations to reach a compromise government after the parliamentary elections of 2010, and the Ministry of Women’s Affairs is only a state’s cabinet with no allocated budget. The judgement was followed, on 6 June that year, by three similar rulings for the benefit of other students. The judgements prevented the university from refusing to accept women students to certain departments based solely on the university's admission policy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women university judgements students judgement|9.909799|4.393211|6.9618134
160|These conditional urban developments do not include land-use zones but must provide their own infrastructure and basic services (SERPLAC Santiago, n.d.). The primary exception to restrictions on building outside of the urban boundary is found in Article 55 of the General Law of Urban Development and Construction (Ley General de Urbanismo y Construction), which allows certain land uses outside urban boundaries, including social housing, services, infrastructure and industrial uses. For example, the current system of zoning has been seen as an obstacle for new development, and zones tend to become obsolete more quickly than PRs are renewed (Peterman, 2008). Others have indicated that the zoning system limits opportunities to redevelop under-utilised areas within urban boundaries for new types of uses, such as multi-family housing (Trivelli, 2011). The pressure to develop beyond the urban boundary has contributed to the rise of conditional urban developments in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which may undermine city-wide urban development strategies (Trivelli, 2011).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban uses santiago boundary zoning|3.9141076|5.552967|1.6184226
161|The strategy was then submitted, with full stakeholder acceptance, to the Department of Water Affairs for the minister’s approval. Following this approval, implementation started in 2011 at the catchment scale, mostly through the work of five sub-catchment management fora which are currently the main platforms for stakeholder engagement. Each falls under the mandate of a specific community officer who is also responsible for public awareness (e.g. in schools and community groups).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|catchment approval stakeholder community fora|1.1278266|6.910832|1.622468
162|Even in OECD countries regarded as having strong primary care, such as the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, a large proportion of doctors continue to work as solo-practitioners. The average primary care clinic in Israel is staffed by the equivalent of 3.4 general practitioners, 2.6 nurses, 1.5 practice assistants and most have a practice manager. In recent years, the United Kingdom, Australia, France and Switzerland have changed financing or provided additional payments to general practitioners to try and prioritise such services and had limited success in driving system-wide change.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|practitioners kingdom australia practice solo|9.356658|8.8258915|1.6046268
163|It considers Level 2 in reading and mathematics to be the minimum level of proficiency required for students to participate fully in the knowledge-based society (see Definitions section). In Estonia, Finland and Japan, at least 83% of students attain Level 2 or above in both reading and mathematics, while fewer than 35% of students do so in Brazil, Colombia and Costa Rica. However, PISA also consistently shows that high performance and greater equity are not mutually exclusive (Figure 2). Indeed, being able to improve the performance of all students, regardless of background, is necessary for countries to become high-performers and to achieve the SDG 4 targets.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students reading mathematics level performance|9.731846|2.2219138|3.2246947
164|Other Russian regions have introduced a separate investment fund for renovating the electricity network. This might also be a possibility for the Agglomeration to tackle the challenge of lacking funds. However, it will not help in addressing the fundamental shortcomings of the system. Streamlining the system and creating incentives for private investments should be complementary measures. For this, it would be necessary to simplify ownership structures, ensure transparency in the distribution system, clearly attribute responsibilities for maintenance, and create a level playing field for private investors beyond concessions. Since 1991, there has been a strong focus on developing road infrastructure; this period has also witnessed the break-up and partial privatisation of the previously monolithic public transport system.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|simplify streamlining privatisation attribute private|4.319416|4.7529964|0.99252063
165|Private climate finance is expected to play an important role, both in the context of the USD 100 bn climate finance commitment, as well as more broadly, whilst also presenting an opportunity for the private sector and investors. Thus, the key requirement is to strike the right balance between investors’ appetite for risk and reward. Effectively mobilising private investments to finance climate-friendly and/or climate resilient activities therefore requires establishing enabling environments and domestic investment conditions that incentivise and align investment opportunities with the need for climate finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance private investors bn|1.9381225|3.8802228|1.2685983
166|Crustacean output rose (up 64.1% in volume and 6.2% in value) mainly because of an increase in prawn harvests. In the latter, the overall decline was due mainly to a decrease in catches of the regions’ more important species, notably tuna in the Azores and black swordfish in Madeira. At the national level, annual average prices at auctions were also found to be slightly higher in 2009 than in the previous year (up 2.7%).|SDG 14 - Life below water|mainly auctions harvests tuna catches|0.5180869|6.03484|6.7366204
167|In some cases, horizontal inter-departmental bodies enjoy a legal status in equality acts or regulation, but such co-ordination mechanisms can still suffer from ambiguous mandates (Johan, 2010). Focal points within sectoral/line ministries charged with integrating and co-ordinating gender mainstreaming initiatives, for example, may face institutional marginalisation, a lack of authority and insufficient technical expertise (Ibid). To support the implementation of this “whole-of-government” process, the law created an Inter-departmental Co-ordination Group for the federal government. This group’s members are representatives of administrations and ministers’ offices and its secretariat is the Institute for the Equality of Women and Men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|departmental inter ordination equality group|9.910821|3.9745245|7.32942
168|Although at the global level households headed by men and those headed women are almost equally likely to be multidimensionally poor—29 percent of man-headed households and 28 percent of woman-headed households are multidimensionally poor—there is considerable variation across countries and regions.16 Because the MPI is calculated at the household level rather than at the individual level, complementary research may be needed to clarify the relationship between gender and poverty. An average of 49 percent of the population in 24 countries in conflict for which the MPI is calculated lives in multidimensional poverty, and another 16 percent live in near-poverty. An average of 27 percent of people in these countries live in severe multidimensional poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|percent headed multidimensionally mpi poverty|6.6089907|6.407945|5.252958
169|This effort gained new momentum and inspiration in 1994, when 179 governments gathered in Cairo for the International Conference on Population and Development and forged a plan for sustainable development grounded in individual rights and choices and the achievement of sexual and reproductive health for all. That plan, embodied in a Programme of Action, not only re-energized the global reproductive rights movement but also positioned UNFPA as the movement's custodian.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|movement reproductive plan rights inspiration|9.386495|4.7173495|7.1661925
170|The suggestion was made that the low-income net food importing countries, who particularly need to benefit from the rebalanced trade rules, stand to lose from the removal of the status quo on farm protection. In response, Mr Bhattacharya insisted on the need to protect vulnerable consumers from price shocks, but also reminded the audience not to underestimate the potential response in low-income countries. He called for stepping up the dialogue in the Agriculture Committee.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|response mr quo stepping underestimate|4.317959|5.085747|4.2542124
171|More than 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. The agriculture sector is by far the largest user of freshwater, accounting for nearly 70 per cent of global water withdrawals. Saving just a fraction of this would significantly alleviate water stress in other sectors, particularly in arid countries where agriculture can consume as much as 90 per cent of available water resources. It would also strengthen economic development instead of constraining growth. Agricultural water savings can come in many forms, such as increasing productivity of food crops (more crop per drop), improving water management practices and technologies, implementing sustainable agricultural practices, growing fewer water-intensive crops in water-scarce regions, reducing food loss and waste, and importing food grown from water-rich countries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water stress food crops practices|1.156115|7.310082|2.9838347
172|Many of the indicators that Norway is collecting at present are, though useful, primarily process indicators, or measures of service capacity, for example registration of diagnoses or staffing numbers. With other existing indicators, for example inpatient suicides, readmission rates or waiting times for access to services, Norway is making steps towards being able to assess quality of mental health care. However, the fact that psychiatric patients are often very vulnerable, and in a large proportion of instances held involuntarily, makes measuring performance and quality of care vital and more complex (Pincus et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indicators norway diagnoses suicides staffing|10.414433|8.953388|1.775032
173|This lack of common definition represents a major challenge in establishing a MRV framework of climate finance because there is no agreed basis for measurement or methodology for tracking climate finance flows. Following Corfee-Morlot et al. Consistent with the terms of the Cancun Agreements, these may be either international public or private financing flows, and thus may be either concessional (public) or non-concessional flows (where the latter concerns private as well as some forms of public finance flows).|SDG 13 - Climate action|flows concessional finance public morlot|1.6905098|3.895375|0.8372507
174|"The Protocol also provides that a widow has the right to an equitable share in the inheritance ofthe property of her husband, and that women and men have the right to inherit, in equitable shares, their parents’ properties (art. Among other provisions, they state that the African States are obliged to ""ensure equitable and non-discriminatory access, acquisition, ownership, inheritance and control of land and housing, especially by women. This includes the obligation to take measures to modify or prohibit harmful social, cultural or other practices that prevent women and other members of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups from enjoying their rightto property, particularly in relation to housing and land” (para. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law."""|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equitable inheritance property housing right|9.307279|5.1890454|7.0729713
175|Teachers create greater connections to the broader community and to elders, and make explicit how what is being leamt influences the self, the family, the community and the land. Teachers are activators, while students become active in the design, implementation and measurement of learning experiences. Partnerships enjoy high partner equity, transparency, mutual benefit and accountability.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers community elders influences enjoy|9.243982|1.4502289|2.1053426
176|International donors increased their involvement in waste management during the last few years and this resulted in improvements in management of obsolete pesticides and expired chemicals, but management of municipal and manufacturing waste is developing slowly and old practices remain. This development reduced generated amounts of waste and in some sectors also decreased the amount of waste previously accumulated. The development of modem waste management infrastructure is still in the initial phase.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste management expired obsolete accumulated|0.53631437|3.997519|3.0414336
177|For example, among European countries, the proportion of mothers in fulltime work varies from 8% in the Netherlands to 77% in Slovenia. In addition to country-specific factors, such as public child care support (Box 4.3), there are also individual and family-specific reasons why women choose to work full- or part-time. Changes in labour markets have been powerful factors in growing female labour force participation in OECD countries, particularly the development of the services sector and the expansion of part-time work, which have enabled a greater proportion of women to work and keep working after they start to have children.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|work proportion factors specific labour|9.150523|5.1422715|5.3799753
178|Local authorities could develop some legal framework to support the purok system and unlock some resources for its functioning. Rapid and uncontrolled uibanisation resulted in a range of environmental issues in the city by the mid-2000s, including solid waste pollution due to unsorted garbage and open waste disposal. The city also suffered from lack of clean water supply and wastewater treatment system, and periodic floods, creating critical health hazards such as dengue fever and diarrhoea. The creation of a waste bank and 24 composting houses in the city were two important measures taken by the municipality, but raising public awareness was the keystone of the programme.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste city garbage composting unlock|1.2530669|6.5596056|2.6677272
179|However, the prevalence of underweight children aged 0-6 months increased from 6.9 per cent in 2005 to 8.4 per cent in 2010. In 2014, low birth weight was more common in rural areas (particularly the western region, at 6.6 per cent) than in urban areas (3.8 per cent in Ulaanbaatar). A first list of banned and limited use toxic and hazardous chemicals was approved by the Government in 1997.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent ulaanbaatar banned underweight toxic|4.6726084|5.914101|4.580528
180|This situation is further complicated by the very low collection rate of water user charges, which for household ranges between 12 per cent and 80 per cent of the bill sent by the water utility, with a nationwide average of 45 per cent (Chapter 5). The responsibility of monitoring of the drinking water quality is under the Food Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection Department under the Ministry of Agriculture, which organizes tenders for analysis of the drinking water quality for accredited laboratories. In case of emergency situation results are reported to the municipalities and in case of health risks to the public centre for diseases of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Protection (MHLSP) and even to the Cabinet of Ministers when necessary.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water cent drinking situation ministry|1.1706336|6.881659|2.631319
181|Quality reports should be based on data available from a national data warehouse (more on this below) and refer to a number of indicators such as the number of teachers with teaching competencies in the subjects they teach, results regarding academic performance and wellbeing in relation to the indicators set in the 2014 Folkeskole reform, average marks correlated for socio-economic background, transition rates to upper secondary education and inclusion rates for students with special educational needs. For monitoring purposes, the quality reports can, however, disclose information whether the municipality or individual schools meet their performance targets and how performance develops over time. The six municipalities visited by the OECD review team all reported having procedures in place to ensure the quality control of their schools. This typically involves annual meetings with school leaders to discuss student results, based on national and municipal assessments and surveys of students and/or school staff.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performance quality reports warehouse disclose|9.75137|1.8120934|1.598925
182|Since the adoption of the Rio marker system, the information on support to the environment, including climate, desertification and biodiversity has incrementally improved. A revised definition of the climate markers and a guidance table to improve scoring, have been included in the revised Converged Statistical Reporting Directives of the OECD (OECD, 2016c). Overall, the new transparency framework for climate finance and the commitment to greater transparency of financing for sustainable development (UN, 2015a; UN, 2015b) will play an important role in enabling countries to hold each other to account, and in enabling citizens and communities around the world to hold their governments to account.|SDG 13 - Climate action|revised hold enabling transparency climate|1.6291999|3.992201|0.93336546
183|At the other end of the scale, 13.8% of people working in the hospitality sector have completed some form of tertiary qualification, compared to 31.3% in the economy as a whole (Figure 6; Table A.8, Annex 4). Accommodation and Food Sen/ices Activities (ISIC Rev 4). The ILO and UNWTO (2013) recently noted that a significant proportion of service positions (around 25-30%) are supervisory or skilled occupations at managerial, professional or technical levels.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|isic rev supervisory ices hospitality|6.680613|3.8130333|3.0049486
184|Against the backdrop of a long-standing lack of official sources of reliable information on illicit drug production, trafficking and abuse among countries in the region, there have been several media and anecdotal reports regarding the widespread abuse of counterfeit Captagon tablets (containing amphetamine) among all parties engaged in armed violence in the Syrian Arab Republic. Significantly, for the first time in six years, the Afghanistan Opium Survey 2015, for which the executive summary is available, notes that there has been a decrease in the estimated total area under illicit opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, which in 2015 totalled 183,000 hectares (ha). That represents a decrease compared with 2014, when cultivation reached record levels, at 224,000 ha.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|opium illicit afghanistan cultivation ha|8.296546|10.263327|3.5796397
185|Building on the success of the PPCDAm, the government launched a similar programme to control deforestation in the Cerrado biome. In addition to strict monitoring and enforcement, further reducing deforestation will increasingly require making sustainable agriculture and forest management more attractive than illegal logging and land grabbing, and ensuring that sustainable practices provide a viable income source for traditional communities (CEPAL et al., Concessions still cover less than 1% of the eligible forest area, mainly because of red tape, high transaction costs, lack of infrastructure and land tenure conflicts. Many rural communities do not have the knowledge or means to adopt sustainable forest practices or to compete in concession processes. Much of the international finance is used through extrabudgetary funds, including the innovative Amazon Fund. Established in 2008 and managed by the BNDES in co-ordination with the MMA, the fund invests in deforestation prevention and sustainable forest use, thereby contributing to reducing GHG emissions.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest deforestation sustainable fund communities|1.7699862|4.8949127|3.5046606
186|The article concludes that further studies are required, and that assistance mechanisms are required for women who do not receive financial assistance from their migrant husbands. The article also finds that migrants' sexual and reproductive behaviour is characterized by limited access to information about risks and also requires thorough study. Scholars have consistently shown that gender influences who will go to a new location and who will stay behind (Massey, 1986; Curran, 1995; Pittin, 1984; Monsutti, 2007; Cohen and others, 2008; Resurreccion and Ha Thi Van Khanh, 2007; Ni Laoire, 2001).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|article assistance required cohen ni|8.909775|5.3570986|7.0923524
187|In both houses of legislature this figure reached 15.9%. In 2000, the Inter-Parliamentary Union recorded zero female parliamentarians for several countries, including Djibouti, Jordan, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates (UAE),5 with the highest levels of women as political representatives found in Tunisia, with 15 women (11.5%), and Iraq, with 19 (7.6%) (Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2000). By 2014, each of the countries mentioned above that did not have any women in parliament in 2000 had increased these numbers: Djibouti increased the representation of women in its legislative branch to 7 (12.7%); Jordan’s female legislative representation grew to 18 women (12%); the United Arab Emirates now has 7 women (17.5%); 1 woman (1.5%) serve as legislators in Kuwait.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women djibouti emirates kuwait parliamentary|10.526732|4.2953286|7.161455
188|Between 2005 and 2016, informality rates for women have fluctuated between a quarterly low of 56.2% and a high of 59.4%, while men’s rates have stayed in the range of 49.2% to 52%. Among informal workers, employers and wage workers tend to be better off, while own-account workers and domestic workers fare worse in terms of wages, job security, and social protection. Mexican women are far more likely to work in the second category than the first. While 48.8% of male workers (aged 15-64) in Mexico report never having paid any social security contributions in their productive lives, the figure is 64.6% among women (OECD estimates of ENIGH, 2014).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|workers women security fluctuated stayed|9.650018|4.304057|5.6868896
189|The Police Authority of Gyeonggi Province took the initiative to set up a safety committee together with the education community (Provincial Education Board), citizen associations and the media. The objective of this collaborative structure is to promote road safety control by-analysing the areas where there is a high concentration of accidents, upgrading infrastructure (Province and Regional Office of Construction Management), educating citizens and raising awareness. The committee was elected after a debate that brought together around 150 experts and representatives from the civil society.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|province committee safety educating citizen|4.1808143|5.3066263|-0.087235235
190|As water is a local resource with strong territorial characteristics, the explanation for sub-national actor involvement lies mainly in theories related to local public goods, and the need for decentralised mechanisms to achieve optimal allocation. But in practice, the implementation of such an optimal water allocation scheme varies widely across countries and rarely involves a full delegation of responsibility to lower levels of government. Water management is generally a shared responsibility across levels of government.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|optimal allocation responsibility water delegation|1.351491|7.289618|1.5306909
191|In Australia, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Mexico, Spain and Portugal, they assume a wide array of responsibilities, with the common objective of harmonising water policies at basin level. This situation was a result of sporadic water shortages in specific areas and substantial regional disparities in water resources, especially between the coastal areas, where demand is high, and the hinterland. The Water Resources Prospective and Management Scheme (SOURSE), launched in 2009, is an ambitious EUR 400 000 project to build by 2030 a strategic vision and operational framework across levels of government (including the state and the Rhone-Mediterranee-Corse water agency) and to define the terms for effective water governance at the regional level. It develops a model of public governance of water for equitable sharing of water by 2030, taking into account the economic, demographic and environmental evolution of the territory.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water governance sporadic hinterland regional|1.0194603|7.260615|1.9949526
192|The MoE and the LP regularly report to the Forest Resource Assessment programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), as well as the UNECE/FAO/Forest Europe Report on the State of Europe’s Forests. The MoE and the LP hosted a workshop in September 2014 as Poland’s contribution to the UNECE/FAO action plan on forests in a green economy. The MoE is an active participant in the United Nations Forum on Forests, held every two years at UN Headquarters in New York.|SDG 15 - Life on land|moe fao lp forests unece|1.5271447|4.664675|3.739565
193|Due to benefit ceilings, net replacement rates are lower for individuals with above-average earnings. See OECD (2007a) for full details. Across the OECD, there is significant variation in the level of support provided under the lower tier of income assistance. Due to benefit ceilings, net replacement rates are lower for individuals with above-average eamings. See OECD (2007a) for full details. In some countries, social assistance benefits are meant to prevent extreme hardship, while it is intended to minimise social exclusions elsewhere (Adema, 2006).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|ceilings replacement details lower net|7.522854|5.2098517|4.1571774
194|In 2011, programme accreditation regulations were revised to include criteria on academic and discipline relevance (Kantardjiev and Haakstad, 2017). Section 4.2 of the regulations requires higher education institutions to describe the relevance of each programme for working life and/or continued studies by outlining the skills developed in the programme and how those skills align with the labour market (Nord University, 2011). The assessment of the labour market relevance of programmes is often informed through dialogue with employers, but there are concerns about the robustness and validity of this consultation process (Kantardjiev and Haakstad, 2017). Programmes now “must be professionally updated and clearly relevant to further studies and/or work life” (Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, 2017b).|SDG 4 - Quality education|relevance programme regulations studies life|8.511964|2.634639|2.6738908
195|"For example, national accounts statistics that incorporate a gender perspective take into account both women’s and men’s contribution to all social and economic areas, including unpaid work. The word “sex"" refers to biological differences between women and men. Biological differences are fixed and unchangeable and do not vary across cultures or over time. “ Gender”, meanwhile, refers to socially-constructed differences in the attributes and opportunities associated with being female or male and to social interactions and relationships between women and men."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|differences men biological refers women|9.631833|4.560732|7.5482855
196|Setting a high r is tantamount to setting equally distributed income at the income of the poorest individuals in the sample. Thus, increases in lower incomes are given relatively more weight in producing social welfare than increases in high incomes. Setting x to around 1.5 corresponds to setting yc/' approximately equal to the median of the distribution.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|setting incomes increases corresponds income|6.7848887|5.368531|4.7440343
197|"Drawing on data from 35 advanced economies, it shows what the relative child poverty rate would be if governments did not intervene with taxes and transfers (light blue bar). It then compares this with the actual relative child poverty rate after all taxes are deducted and benefits paid (blue bar).The difference may be seen as one measure of the efforts and effectiveness of different governments in reducing relative child poverty. But some of the children and young people most at risk of poverty do not live in households; they live in institutions, in children's homes, in temporary accommodations, in hostels or hospitals, in prisons, in houses for refugees or asylum seekers, in mobile homes, or on the streets. It is also possible that some of the most at-risk children may be not represented in household surveys because they live in remote areas or in families and communities whose presence may be illegal and unregistered. Open Society Foundations, Budapest. A century later, and from a different ideological perspective, Karl Marx found himself in agreement, ""Our needs and enjoyments spring from society; we measure them, therefore by society and not by the objects of their satisfaction."|SDG 1 - No poverty|bar live poverty relative blue|7.243783|6.241806|5.2831535
198|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This section explores some of the most promising areas of intervention, such as strengthening participation and the quality of provision in early childhood education and care (ECEQ, enhancing performance at the end of compulsory education by supporting students from low socio-economic backgrounds, fostering gender equality, supporting students of immigrant background and tackling dropout in secondary education. Since young children are able to learn much more than previously assumed, education and support provided during the early years may compensate, at least partly, for deficiencies in stimulation at home or barriers such as language. Most OECD countries have therefore made an effort to increase enrolment rates before the age of 5.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education supporting early stimulation students|9.48766|2.771039|2.3739746
199|To end cultures of impunity, comprehensive reporting systems need to be created to document abuses of women’s rights and support female and civilian survivors of the war in seeking justice (Chapter 3). Following on the suggestions made in the previous section, this needs to include special training for law enforcement agencies, which play an important role in enforcing women’s rights at the community level (Chapters 3 and 13). Promoting public debates and media literacy about SCRs 1325 and 1820 (and subsequent resolutions) and about national responses to these important programmes in post-conflict societies is an essential step in raising awareness about and advocating for participatory roles of women. In post-conflict reconstruction, particularly girls and women should be publicly recognized and encouraged (and, most importantly, not discouraged!) This recommendation can be advanced by offering women opportunities to debate and analyse the language of SCRs such as 1325 in order to relate them to the specific conflicts in which they are caught (Chapter 11).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women conflict post rights civilian|10.17075|4.8989744|7.582268
200|The most important need, if not for this generation then for the next, would therefore appear to be investment in the education and skills that would enable households to command higher wages. At the same time well-defined property rights, especially with respect to land, are important for farmers to be able to cash in their assets, and exit the sector on favourable terms. However, rural policies are not fundamentally agricultural policies (nor vice versa).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|versa fundamentally command vice exit|4.087297|5.3804007|3.5415983
201|Particularly large differences between boys’ and girls’ expectations for their future are observed in some countries. In Finland, for example, boys (at 6.2%) are more than four times as likely as girls (at 1.4%) to expect a career as an engineer, scientist or architect. These findings indicate that the career paths of boys and girls are already starting to diverge before the age of 15, and well before important career choices are actually made.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|boys career girls scientist engineer|9.487594|3.6830938|5.7233305
202|In fact, early childhood education has been found to be one of the strongest determinants of a child's readiness for school, in both high-income and low-income countries. Participation in organized learning one year before the official entry age for primary school has risen steadily over the past years. At the global level, the participation rate in early childhood education was 69 per cent in 2017, up from 63 per cent in 2010. However, considerable disparities were found among countries, with rates ranging from 7 per cent to nearly 100 per cent.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cent childhood early participation school|9.379201|2.7870185|2.5487387
203|Moreover, a 1% increase in the share of agriculture in value added is associated with an increase of 0.11% in SO2 concentration. In contrast to other pollutants, the degree of fragmentation of an urban area does not appear to affect SO2 concentration. This might be due to the fact that SO2 is mainly produced by energy generation processes rather than by road transportation. In particular, this study presents evidence that urban fragmentation is correlated with higher concentrations of NO2 and PM10, when controlling for economic factors and climate conditions. Moreover, the results suggest that densely populated urban areas are associated with higher SO2 concentrations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|concentrations fragmentation concentration urban associated|3.7725859|4.9264917|1.1791482
204|Authorities also adjusted remunerations by negotiating that costs that do not increase directly with travel would not be paid if operators travelled extra. The value threshold over which vehicles are no longer eligible for the 100% subsidy is MXN 250 000 (USD 18 800) in the Federal District, MXN 350 000 (USD 26 300) in the State of Mexico and MXN 550 000 (USD 41 400) in Hidalgo. This planning instrument takes different names depending on the country. In many contexts the word “plan” is substituted by “programme”. Its contents will therefore have to be adjusted to include all the elements, in line with best practice in developing transport master plans (see Box 3.4).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mxn usd adjusted substituted travelled|4.005107|5.462563|0.9663743
205|The lack of robust evidence of the patient safety measurement in primary and ambulatory care settings can partly be explained by the fragmented nature of this setting described in the introduction. In fact, survey responses suggest that the fragmented nature of primary and ambulatory care ‘systems’ , and lack of overall system governance, are the most important barrier to implementing safety measurement and interventions (see Chapter 4). This means infonnation can rarely be linked. These technical barriers may prohibit capturing accurately the full picture of the frequency and magnitude of patient harm occurring along the patient pathway.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient ambulatory fragmented measurement safety|9.103007|9.605146|1.4198625
206|The search found 78 PES schemes were in operation, with 13 under development (Annex 2). Of these 78 schemes, 37 were focused on forest/ biodiversity, 28 were watershed-related, and 13 were water quality trading programmes. Many PES programmes are located in Latin America, but there are also numerous schemes in Europe and North America, particularly in forest/biodiversity programmes. It is unlikely that the literature review has identified all the PES schemes, which are in use in the UNECE region.|SDG 15 - Life on land|schemes pes programmes america forest|1.7691399|5.2646804|3.3874865
207|The responsibility is of course entirely mine. Even if “zero” is defined as not quite zero - for example, the World Bank is proposing it should be defined as 3% of the population in the case of income poverty (Kim, 2013; Ravallion, 2012). Global public goods are qualities that potentially affect anyone, anywhere, such as a stable climate, or freedom from infectious disease. This joint civil society/UN consultation, co-led by UNICEF and UN Women with support from the governments of Denmark and Ghana, is an open and inclusive conversation for civil society, academia, governments and the UN to discuss what the post-2015 development agenda should look like.|SDG 1 - No poverty|zero civil defined society governments|6.2090197|6.4196973|4.881829
208|Then, a Bayesian Model Averaging method is employed to select the empirical model which best identifies the determinants of the concentration of different pollutants. For each pollutant, the influence of economic sector composition, population density and factors related to internal urban composition and road transport are tested. The study does not consider factors of pollution that occur outside urban areas, such as inter-city transport or activities in rural areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|composition model transport factors urban|3.6150005|4.8401046|1.0928103
209|When caring for older relatives, women may have to reduce their income-earning work or forego promotions and training opportunities. Even so, those with intense care needs may still not receive sufficient care. It explores the contours and tensions of family caregiving and the implications these have for women's enjoyment of rights, including the right to give and receive care.5 The first part of the chapter looks at gender and other inequalities in the provision of unpaid care and domestic work within families and how these arrangements are impacted by deeply entrenched social norms, socio-economic and demographic factors and public policies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|care receive promotions forego entrenched|9.000127|5.14217|5.924593
210|On the other hand, this approach cannot reflect local conditions and leaves communities in different locations to face a range of challenges (such as limits of water availability, difficulties accessing the resource, level of equipment or infrastructure, level of economic development, etc.). To be effective, water charges need to be responsive to these differences. Subnational authorities are best placed to understand local needs and to engage relevant interlocutors.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|local leaves accessing water subnational|1.3031954|7.4285803|1.9096645
211|As an alternative, a number of water districts in the High Plains region of the United States have introduced regulations based on historically-irrigated areas, e.g. Nebraska (NE DNR and TPNRD, 2013). For example, the National Water Initiative in Australia, an agreement that all states have signed, governs groundwater law. In general, the Initiative requires a move towards economic water management and, as a result, a number of incentive-based groundwater policies have been implemented.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater initiative water nebraska ne|0.85051835|7.4853215|2.2514343
212|In terms of infrastructure development, the Department of Wastewater and Storm Water Treatment for the Paris Metropolitan Area (Syndicat Interdepartemental pour I 'Assainissement de I ’Agglomeration Parisienne, SIAAP) has put in place a strategy based on demographic changes and the expansion of damp-proofing urban surfaces. This includes investment in new infrastructure (10 watersheds and 4 tunnels) to store 1.02 million m! Meanwhile, integrated strategic planning has also been set up.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|surfaces watersheds infrastructure storm store|1.6006268|6.676022|2.2494838
213|The variation is found to be very similar if one uses the $1.25 a day poverty line. For the countries with mass poverty - to the right on the head count poverty incidence scale - the narrow confidence band indicates that poverty elasticity is fully specified by the initial level of poverty, or the initial level of income. Growth appears to be all that matters if the focus of analysis is absolute mass poverty. On the other hand, once one leaves the realm of mass poverty, even though absolute poverty remains the main focus of analysis, the confidence band widens rapidly, indicating the distributional element taking increasing significance in the change in poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty mass band confidence absolute|6.3201056|5.8250766|5.0172653
214|In 2006, 32 per cent of households with children under 16 and almost 50 per cent of unemployed mothers with children under 2 were receiving an allowance (UNICEF 2009b). Less than two per cent of families received social aid. Of all recipients of any social allowance, 95 per cent belong to the poorest 50 per cent of the population (Tahlil, 2009). For the poorest ten per cent, the different social allowances contribute between one fourth and one third to the total household income.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent allowance poorest social belong|7.5068493|5.939826|4.5755987
215|A large number of traditional players have already developed their own regulatory systems, and well-established schemes for maritime safety, pollution prevention, etc. But as emerging ocean industries have grown in importance and have spread across the globe, the challenge has become how to integrate them into existing regulatory structures. For indeed, there is no agency for ocean issues.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean regulatory globe maritime players|0.16610606|5.6498685|5.926444
216|The following sections explore the global landscape and international development interventions in more depth. Section 2.1 highlights data on gender equality and inequality. Section 2.2 explores the normative underpinnings that pledge protection of women’s rights and gender equality globally. Section 2.3 describes the major international development approaches to addressing these challenges in the past decade, from ‘women in development’ to ‘gender and development’ to ‘gender mainstreaming’, as set out in the Beijing Platform for Action. Section 2.4 highlights the post-2000 environment covering the MDGs, the emerging aid effectiveness frameworks and the politics of gender in international development. Nearly half of the world’s population, 3 billion people, lives in poverty, on less than $2.50 a day.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender section development highlights international|9.552391|4.634495|7.3437
217|The government may thus consider granting them regional significance in the near future. The data available is limited: population and employment data at the municipal level are available only for the last census years, and population data on FUAs only for 2009 and 1999. Any analysis using FUAs will thus clearly mention it.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fuas data available mention population|4.4050913|5.1490746|2.0980508
218|All other data is from CEPALSTAT database unless otherwise indicated. Women have high labour force participation rates and their work is concentrated in the agricultural sector - even more so than men's. Almost all of this work is informal, with women participating in production most often as smallholders, causal wage workers or contributing family workers (UNRISD 201 o).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unrisd workers causal smallholders work|8.749488|4.3047056|5.924678
219|Studies using occupational class or education level instead of income as socio-economic indicator find qualitatively similar results, though differences in life expectancy are significantly smaller (Palosuo et al., The TEROKA project aims to develop a knowledge base and tools to promote the attainment of the objective of the Health 2015 public health programme for reducing health inequalities. An analysis of the recent hospital reform in Norway”, in: Andresen and Gronlie (eds.), “|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health qualitatively eds occupational expectancy|9.168458|9.064006|2.6071453
220|In real terms, prices are expected to decline from the record high of 2014. The aquaculture to coarse grains price ratio is expected to be cyclical over 2015-24 and to eventually stabilise slightly lower than the historical average (1990-2014). The price ratio between aquaculture and fishmeal will remain relatively stable. Since the feed demand for fishmeal from aquaculture and livestock sectors is growing faster than supply, an increase in the fishmeal to oilseed meal price ratio is expected. The popularity of the Omega-3 fatty acids in human diets and the growth in aquaculture production have both contributed to a rise in the fish oil to oilseed price ratio since 2012, which is expected to be maintained over the medium term.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishmeal aquaculture ratio price expected|0.6591854|6.1490493|6.691698
221|It also reviews financing for green growth and how the country faces climate change-related challenges. To do this it must catalyse investment and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities (OECD 2011). Investment for green growth includes, among other things, investment in infrastructure such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, water purification and distribution systems, transport and housing, the preservation of natural resources and waste management (OECD 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|investment growth green purification catalyse|2.1690135|3.8586361|2.106085
222|To achieve this, indicators that focus on environment-related “productivity,” or its inverse, “intensity,” should be used. Such indicators include those that monitor the productivity of natural resources and materials used in agricultural production (Box 3.1). Monitoring natural resource and environmental productivity for agriculture is important because of the sector’s significant role in using natural resources, making the productivity of soil and water resources of utmost importance. It should ideally encompass all natural resources and ecosystem inputs that are used as factors of production in the economy.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|productivity natural resources used inverse|2.5597365|4.2465024|3.1729434
223|For example, the direct annual medical cost in the United States for a male diagnosed with diabetes (but with no complications) was found to be USD 2 465. However, these costs escalated when the disease advanced and complications set in. Annual costs rose by between 70% and 150% for patients with coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, hemiplegia, and amputation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|complications heart disease annual diagnosed|9.138017|9.136231|2.4749165
224|All forms of migration (labour, student, forced etc.) Regulations that enable family reunification are needed, based on human rights, equality and nondiscrimination, so that migrant women can live family lives of their choosing. Gender-responsive implementation of commitments will require recognizing the multiple roles women have in public and family life, the diversity of families in which women live, and the full range of women's rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|family women live rights reunification|9.054366|5.055953|7.080589
225|Bringing the prevalence of the problem to public notice is itself a step towards countering such abuse and empowering girls. It should be noted that sexual violence is also perpetrated against boys; to date, however, limited data are available on violence against boys or on the differential experience of girls and boys.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|boys violence girls notice empowering|10.081671|5.4573646|7.4107356
226|Box figure 3.1 presents a schematic assessment of the main technologies for utility-scale electricity generation. The contrast with developed countries is still sharper. There, only 60 per cent of generation and capacity are combustible fuel-based, as much faster deployment of nuclear and non-hydro renewables has led to a more diversified generation mix.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generation sharper diversified hydro utility|1.6206126|1.7920789|2.1373131
227|Still, this significant increase in public spending for the water sector has not solved all the challenges. For instance, properly operating and maintaining water infrastructures is less costly than rebuilding them, due to decay, once the community can no longer access the service. Furthermore, closing unlicensed wells is usually more effective than mitigating the consequences of illegal water use, and technification of irrigation systems is also costly, but fails to contribute to water policy objectives if the water saved is used to irrigate additional surfaces.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water costly irrigate solved surfaces|1.5183606|7.4518504|2.421453
228|According to the GE(1) measure of inequality in 1993, South African inequality between racial groups stood at almost 69% of its maximum possible level while maintaining the same underlying population structure and distribution of income. By 2000 this figure had fallen to about 50% and the measure stood at 48% in 2008. The change in the racial dynamics of inequality was thus most significant in the period between the democratic transition and 2000 while the changes between 2000 and 2008 w'ere more muted.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|stood racial inequality measure ere|6.456617|5.405632|4.847583
229|For instance, Becker-Blease and Sohl (2007,isj) show that women seek angel financing at rates substantially lower than that of men, but have an equal probability of receiving investment conditional on searching for funding. Differences in aspirations may also play a role. Women are more likely to be associated with less capital-intensive businesses and less aggressive growth efforts (Kanze et al., Evidence from the United States seems to suggest that this cannot be the entire explanation. Indeed, the representation of women in MBA programmes as well as advanced science and engineering degrees has been substantially higher than their representation in the entrepreneurial sectors for the past two decades. Furthermore, the under-representation of women as venture-backed entrepreneurs is not met by a similar under-representation in other highly-compensated professional fields such as medicine or law, nor in jobs with similar human-capital profiles such as investment banking or consulting.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|representation women substantially similar capital|8.957748|3.4017453|6.2081637
230|Given that the negative externalities of long-term unemployment are likely to be particularly acute for youth, youth-specific measures should be an important part of an employment strategy. In South Africa, significant institutional capacity aimed at assisting work seekers in finding employment is already in place, and this provides a good starting point for additional efforts. There are many public Labour Centres providing services related to the Unemployment Insurance Fund, the Compensation Fund, inspection and enforcement services and employment skills development services.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment youth fund services unemployment|8.074589|4.142099|3.960599
231|This argument is supported in the report by a number of case studies that illustrate that, although macro-economic policy reforms have had positive effects on agriculture in some parts of Africa, the overall impact of the reforms has been slower and less dramatic than could have been expected. The main reason for the reforms' restricted impact is that the constraints to achieving sustainable agricultural productivity and increasing yields lie both on and off the farm. Hence, in many cases, transportation, trade, and macroeconomic policies have stronger effects on farmer and trader incentives than do agricultural sector policies, a point that underscores the need for better policy coordination across ministries. Strategies should therefore focus on transforming the weak points along the food system as a whole, and avoid too narrow a focus on farming.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|reforms effects focus agricultural underscores|4.1235256|5.10203|3.8122773
232|The interest on the enterprises' loan was subsidised 50% by the commercial bank. This special loan supported the promotion of the small-scale wind turbine industry and off-grid wind power. But today, centrally planned rural electrification programmes using decentralised renewable energy applications are entirely financed either by the central government or through a cost-sharing scheme which features a financial contribution by the respective provincial government.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|loan wind turbine centrally electrification|2.2984405|1.9462765|2.5515935
233|A new website, NHS Performs (http://www.nhsperfonns.scot/), aims to improve the accessibility, frequency and range of information on hospital performance. This is discussed further in Section 2.8. The indicators have still to be tested in practice, and it is anticipated that they will be refined over time. Each Integration Authority is required to publish an annual performance report, including infonnation about the indicators, supported by local measures and contextualising data to provide a broader picture of local performance.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|performance indicators infonnation scot publish|9.198637|9.570403|1.8699162
234|International guidelines on standards are available through the recently established ISO 50001 Energy Management Systems and are also available through ISO 14 000 Environmental Management Systems, which includes suggestions for continuous improvement in energy efficiency. Developed countries with energy management system standards include Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Regional standards have also been established, such as the European Energy Management Standard (EN 16001), introduced in 2009.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|iso management energy standards established|2.0809574|2.9301786|2.3915927
235|This aquifer is shared by France and Switzerland, and a joint agreement for its management and protection was first signed in 1978. Other jointly agreed transboundary aquifers include, for example, those shared by Belgium and the Netherlands, Belgium and France, Austria and Hungary, Austria and Slovenia, and Spain and Portugal. For instance, on the basis of hydrogeological knowledge, ecological criteria and the presence of Natura 2000 sites, 34 groundwater bodies in the Scheldt River basin were identified as being in close connection with surface water. However, even for the well-established river basin commissions, addressing transboundary groundwaters is a new challenge.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|transboundary belgium austria shared basin|0.5488|7.1779575|2.6536145
236|"The role of national authorities (e.g. national authorities designated and/or accredited for climate action) and leadership is important to engage the private sector. While Norfund has been a forerunner in major RE investments in a number of developing countries, it is questionable how investments in cleaner gas technologies could be aligned with the ""well below 2 C degree pathway"". The NDF high score on criteria ""well below 2C target"" is based on the importance given in project screening criteria for identifying approaches and technologies that are aligned with low-carbon development and the importance given for up-scaling and replicability."|SDG 13 - Climate action|aligned criteria importance authorities investments|1.5156602|3.675929|1.3471657
237|Electrification of schools, however, is facing problems largely stemming from lack of information about the number of schools and their electrification status. Some municipalities fail to report the number of schools in their area or fail to provide accurate information on whether the schools are electrified or not. It is clear that this poses a major constraint for the entities in charge of the electrification of the as-yet un-electrified schools.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|schools electrification electrified fail stemming|2.337857|1.773285|2.6788564
238|Higher levels of governance at regional, national and international scales then take on a more facilita-tive role in conflict resolution and cooperative engagement across borders. Public sector funding and prioritization of water management will also be essential if the impending crises are to be met and ameliorated. Even the most contested cross-border relationships show efforts to forge agreements to routinize shared water governance issues.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance forge contested prioritization cooperative|1.142433|7.048286|1.4649891
239|In response, the government initiated six major programmes for water quality restoration, including the establishment of wastewater treatment plans and the first-ever nationwide Comprehensive Measure for Clean Water Provision (ADB, 2014). The new ministry' expanded its capacities with increased financial support and functions transferred from the MoLIT (then called the Ministry of Construction and Transport) in 1994. Water-related legislations were developed in a piecemeal fashion: in 50 years, more than 25 acts were enacted and revised by different ministries according to transitions in water policy (Table 2.1). In 1961, the enactment of the River Act - last amended in 2016 - laid the foundations for water resources policy and governance by setting a national framework for river management (see details on the objectives and scope in Box 2.1.).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water river ministry enactment fashion|1.1040336|7.0864873|1.8310188
240|Section 1.2 of this introductory chapter discusses what patient safety and patient harm mean when applied to primary and ambulatory care. This reflection is necessary because safety and harm are traditionally approached in the context of acute care. Owing to the fundamental differences between acute services and primary/ambulatory care, the definitions and concepts need to be refined for the purpose here. Chapter 2 examines the occurrence, frequency and severity of safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care. It explores different avenues for capturing patient harm in primary and ambulatory care settings, shedding light on shortcomings of methodologies, knowledge gaps and the main causes of harm. At the margin, the cost of preventing every last case of harm would approach, and eventually exceed, the costs of failure, principally because - in a system with finite resources - beneficial activity would need to be diverted, or stopped altogether, in order to remove all risk (see section 1.2).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|harm ambulatory care patient primary|9.119894|9.584205|1.4194044
241|It is highly unlikely that SDG target 9.c will be achieved within the bmeframe of 2020. In pracbce, it is virtually impossible to experience the Internet effecbvely via a 2G connecbon. Only 76% of the world's populabon lives within access of a 3G signal, and only 43% of people have access to a 4G connecbon. Thus, the majority of the connected world remains under-connected, most of them in developing countries.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|connected world signal access impossible|4.7992907|2.905328|1.4661168
242|Agricultural use of surface water declined by over 90% in the same period, largely because the irrigated area was halved following the privatisation of some irrigation projects. Other factors included lack of investment in irrigation infrastructure and relatively high water prices (Chapter 6). The process was launched in 2003, when responsibility for water management was moved from the Ministry of Agriculture to the MoE. Then the introduction of the Water Act in 2004 harmonised Slovak water legislation with the EU Water Framework Directive and introduced the river basin approach.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water irrigation privatisation halved moe|1.0929731|7.465776|2.5500243
243|Education is about developing adaptive expertise - the ability to apply learned knowledge and skills flexibly and creatively in different situations. Effective education lays the cognitive and behavioural foundations and motivations for further learning throughout life as actively inquiring rather than passively accepting citizens. Nevertheless, a well-educated population and workforce strengthens the resilience of a nation in adverse conditions and its readiness to advance in more prosperous conditions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|conditions prosperous motivations accepting lays|8.689174|2.2977123|2.4045095
244|It should be noted that this requires the presence of at least one social transfer that performs well. It also requires a political strategy to protect the reforms against protests from those middle and higher income groups that are losing their benefit entitlements. The poorer the local community, the less local funds are available for social transfers.|SDG 1 - No poverty|requires protests performs losing local|7.0197372|5.643819|4.1782665
245|The steepest falls occurred in Bolivia Brazil —over three percentage points per year— followed by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Honduras and Paraguay with annual reductions of more than two percentage points. These indicators provide a more complete view of poverty conditions by taking account not only of the percentage of people who are poor, but also measuring the shortfall between the average income of the poor and the poverty line, and how those incomes are distributed among the poor (in the case of the second index). The years considered in each country coincide with those reported in table 1.4. In other words, in addition to having reduced the proportion of the population with incomes below the poverty line, the average income of the poor also increased and the dispersion of their incomes narrowed.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poor incomes percentage poverty points|6.3659|5.6842723|5.234159
246|For a number of reasons, however, adaptation has received less attention than mitigation in the discussions centred around climate change and it is only recently that efforts directed towards adaptation are being incorporated in the global policy agenda. First, as adaptation is a public good, private provision will typically remain below socially desirable levels unless the public sector intervenes. Second, adaptation, is difficult to address as it requires actions along the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development, which depend on the specific context of each country. Finally, there are no clear metrics for assessing adaptation impacts; that is, unlike mitigation, for which there is a clearly defined metric (namely, tons of greenhouse gas emissions), assessing adaptation efforts requires a larger number of indicators closely related to wider development efforts.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation efforts assessing mitigation requires|1.2780329|4.591576|1.5622127
247|Together, the Morrill Act, the Hatch Act and the Smith-Lever Act established the three legs of the US agricultural innovation system — education, research and extension. The Bankhead-Jones Act (1935) provided increased federal funding to Land Grant Colleges, based on formulas based on states’ populations. The Act also required that such federal funds must be matched by state governments. The matching requirement encouraged farmers to get more involved in their state Land Grant programs and lobby their state legislators to support them.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|act grant state federal formulas|3.7567317|4.9841294|3.366782
248|Eligibility is categorical and independent of household income. Until 2009, the system had 38 different categories of beneficiaries and 14 types of different benefits and subsidies, most of which were paid in-kind, for example, as a direct transfer to utility companies. In 2009, 285 thousand beneficiaries received a categorical state benefit (CSB), costing more than KGS 800 million50 (Gassmann, 2010b).|SDG 1 - No poverty|categorical beneficiaries costing thousand different|7.443083|5.847478|4.3429437
249|The impact could be large. In collaboration with other companies, IBM develops and adheres to the Coalition’s Code of Conduct, of which one concern is industrial energy efficiency. It has announced that by collaborating with suppliers it would make its most energy-intensive products 25 percent more energy efficient in three years.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy collaborating coalition develops announced|2.032505|2.7045147|2.1003695
250|Women make important and growing contributions to food production, processing, marketing and retailing, and other parts of the food system. Within the household, women traditionally bear the primary responsibility for preparing meals and caring for children and other family members, although men are assuming more responsibilities for these roles in many societies. Gender differences in the rights, resources and responsibilities - particularly resources necessary for achieving food and nutrition security for and within the household and responsibilities for food provisioning and caretaking - often impede the achievement of household food and nutrition security.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food responsibilities household nutrition retailing|8.915565|4.727747|6.3908167
251|The WEPs provide guidance to businesses on how to empower women in the workplace, marketplace and community. Principle 5, in particular, calls for the implementation of enterprise development, supply chain and marketing practices that empower women. Governments are often the single largest purchaser of products and services in their countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|empower purchaser marketplace women workplace|9.714785|4.218005|7.1397076
252|Supervisors are intended to visit and supervise the functioning of schools, provide advice to schools and the authority, and perform diverse administrative and pedagogic tasks. However, administrative tasks take up most of their time. Only former school directors are eligible for the post of supervisor; ATP appointments are given only to former teachers. Applications are assessed and posts allocated in each state by the Comisidn Nacional Mixta de Escalaf6n composed of the Secretarfa de Educacidn Publica (SEP) and representatives of the National Union of Education Workers (Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educacidn or SNTE). This mechanism is, however, influenced by union and political criteria. Efforts are currently under way to change this process and make it more transparent.|SDG 4 - Quality education|nacional tasks union administrative pedagogic|9.88073|1.5254201|1.8752565
253|In nearly every country and region of the world, progress in different areas has been made towards achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment. Yet this progress has been uneven and the gains remain fragile; almost nowhere are women’s rights given the priority they deserve. At the same time, SCR 1325 signifies a landmark in the recognition of women’s contribution to the maintenance of peace and security and acknowledges their specific needs and concerns in armed conflict and its aftermath.5 The resolution acknowledges that women are not merely victims but also have agency and are involved in active peacebuilding, mainly through informal grassroots diplomacy in conflict zones. Among the initiatives that have been developed are four further Security Council resolutions6 on sexual violence in conflict, and there has been a concerted effort to develop action plans at national, regional and subregional levels to accelerate the implementation of SCR 1325.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|acknowledges conflict women progress landmark|10.182568|4.9319158|7.623758
254|While efficacy measures the effect of a therapeutic agent under controlled conditions and settings, effectiveness measures a treatment’s effect under less controlled conditions in “real world” health settings. Measuring efficacy is much easier in patients with a single disease. Therefore, it is very common for people with multiple chronic conditions to be excluded from randomised clinical trials.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|efficacy controlled conditions settings effect|9.433649|9.210623|2.1759443
255|While it gives a good overall sense of income distribution, it doesn’t show us how many people are lacking even basic resources. For that reason, inequality measures are usually supplemented with measurements of poverty. A pensioner living in a house valued at $500,000 might be considered wealthy, but if her pension brings in just $100 a week, most would consider her as having a low income. This is why it’s important to understand the difference between income and wealth.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|income doesn wealthy supplemented measurements|6.76544|5.5587754|4.8942833
256|The government’s objective is again gradually to charge industry for the cost of supplying water by 2050. The ultimate goal is to treat almost 100% of wastewater to a level enabling its unrestricted use in irrigation (i.e. without risk of over-nutrification to soil and water sources). In 2009, 92% of effluents complied with national standards.20 From 2010, new standards require effluent quality to comply with 36 parameters, including chloride concentrations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|standards effluents effluent treat supplying|1.160419|6.846354|2.6611016
257|This cost may be in economic (e.g. building new or replacing old water infrastructure), social (e.g. closing water allocations to cap demand) and/or environmental terms (e.g. deterioration of freshwater systems to reduce the risk of water shortage). Depending on the existing level of water security, incremental improvements may, in some cases, be disproportionally costly. By identifying the level of acceptability of risks, a risk-based approach fosters targeted and proportional policy responses and thus cost effectiveness.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water disproportionally fosters acceptability risk|1.3257778|7.120503|2.5950656
258|This is a relatively new conservation measure, and several councils are watching the outcome of this plot project closely.1 In addition, there are many projects on implementing new water policies in different programmes, especially in the field of synergy between water and spatial planning. These projects are part of research programmes but are executed by consortia in which ministry, provinces, municipalities and the private sector are working together on new practices. In Korea, public facilities and public residential complexes are encouraged and some municipalities voluntary recycle rainwater by using rainwater management facilities. On the one hand, the basin perspective makes it easier to integrate physical, environmental, social and economic influences on water resources. On the other hand, the decentralisation of water governance has increased the number of relevant (administrative) boundaries and organisations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|rainwater water municipalities hand facilities|1.3092775|7.05254|1.8554239
259|It will enable the international community to monitor all resources supporting the SDGs beyond ODA, including private resources that are mobilised through official means. It will also track international support for development enablers and global challenges - currently lacking in global development finance statistics. The Task Force was a response to the commitment made in AAAA to “hold open, inclusive and transparent discussions on the modernization of the ODA measurement and on the proposed measure of total official support for sustainable development”.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|oda official development modernization enablers|1.7656838|4.163039|1.136193
260|These policies will need to be synchronised and implemented in parallel with the initiatives of the Council for Human Capital. These drivers, also called “framework conditions”, are largely endogenous to the region and include agglomeration effects, sectoral specialisation, human capital, accessibility and infrastructure, innovation and institutional factors. To strengthen its regional economy, Morelos w'ill need to leverage its diverse set of assets and comparative advantages by adopting a territorial, comprehensive approach to different challenges.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|capital human endogenous morelos agglomeration|4.1169043|4.910985|2.3296993
261|It then provides an overview of OECD’s framew'ork for financing water resources management and uses this as a basis to analyse existing financing arrangements for water management in the Netherlands and identify opportunities to improve financial sustainability. Assessing total water management costs is not a trivial task because of the many different parties involved in water management (see Chapter 1), which have specific functions, responsibilities, budgets and ways of financing their expenses. This includes EUR 1 292 million of costs for w'astewater treatment by the regional water authorities and EUR 1 360 of costs for collection and discharge of rainwater and wastewater by municipalities. It also includes EUR 1 370 of expenditure by drinking water companies (which in part consists of costs related to the purification of poor quality w'ater).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water eur costs management financing|1.6234217|7.39574|2.229738
262|Germany’s RIA procedures call for identification and assessment of a series of impacts, including impacts on gender equality. To combat the lack of adequate technical expertise on GIA (a challenge for governments in many contexts) Sweden deploys “flying experts” who are seconded temporarily by various ministries and departments to aid w ith GIAs (Horsburgh, 2011). There is no legal requirement for an equality impact assessment, but the obligation of “due regard” necessitates attention to the potential impact on equality of policies and practices. In this case, the Equality and Human Rights Commission assumes responsibility for assessing compliance with the equality duties (Ibid). In other settings, including Japan, Hungary, New Zealand and Canada, GIA are expected to be included in broader social impact assessments.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality impact flying assessment impacts|9.86619|4.1128964|7.2227297
263|International tensions often result in environmental priorities being severely neglected. A telling illustration is the plight of the South China Sea. With political attention distracted by competing claims of sovereignty and construction work on vulnerable reefs, scant attention is paid to the serious deterioration of the marine ecosystem and the potential consequences for the food security of millions of people (The Economist, 2015).|SDG 14 - Life below water|attention telling scant reefs economist|0.029256726|5.6121697|6.033746
264|Leadership in particular, a key factor in school effectiveness, does not seem to figure strongly in evaluation frameworks. The Smarter Schools National Partnership “School Leadership Development Strategies” project being undertaken by AITSL aims to develop a national approach to enhance school leadership capacity. Typically a school review is followed by the formulation of recommendations for improvement which the school is supposed to implement following the preparation of an improvement plan. However, the Review Team formed the view that the degree of follow-up by school review authorities was variable, including within an educational jurisdiction, depending on the capacity of regional networks.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school leadership review improvement capacity|9.882956|1.437219|1.7611501
265|Currently, there are ongoing debates about penalising those using informal ways of discouraging women to vote (e.g. threats, loud speaker announcements) (NCSW 2012a). The presence of an active women’s network within parliament reflects a transformation in the broader political culture, although there is still a lot to be accomplished. For instance, WPC Secretary Syed Shamoon said: ‘the caucus is a watershed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|caucus speaker discouraging vote accomplished|10.4697485|4.415462|7.2302203
266|The costs associated with the continued loss of biodiversity are likely to be very significant, but their impacts (in terms of lost welfare) are not reflected in market prices. Note that the number of people lacking access to safe water is higher than the number lacking access to basic water supply. Other, more episodic, pollution cases involve aluminium (causing neurodegenerative diseases) and lead (endemic diseases of the nervous system).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lacking diseases episodic aluminium endemic|1.50478|5.635347|3.6138937
267|Buyers, especially large retailers and commercial brand owners, have embraced them. Commitments to source only fish and seafood certified as sustainable4 are increasingly included in their procurement strategies and wider corporate social responsibility policies. As a market-based mechanism designed to improve fisheries management, eco-labels and the certification process sitting behind them raise a number of issues and challenges: from broad policy questions as to how they interface with governments’ responsibilities to manage natural resources; to technical questions as how to define and develop standards related to “sustainability”; to detailed questions related on how to evaluate whether various existing certification and eco-labelling schemes are credible and robust.|SDG 14 - Life below water|questions eco certification brand embraced|0.16069207|5.791418|6.608226
268|Critics worry that projects that make significant improvements to non-motorised trips compare poorly with those that cut travel time on motorised transport. This is due to the conventional approach to CBA that relies on travel time savings as a proxy for most of the benefits associated with transport investment. This traditional focus on travel time savings often leads to prioritisation of schemes that are misaligned with increased sustainable mobility goals.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|travel motorised savings time transport|4.190883|4.924869|0.49180552
269|Similarly, other more sophisticated versions are available for surface-water groundwater interactions such as partially penetrating wells or streambed clogging (e.g. Hunt, 1999; Hunt, 2012). The Lagrange multiplier A may then be interpreted as the effective (present value) entitlement price. If the marginal damage of the externality is equivalent for all firms, this outcome can be induced with marketable entitlements that are traded on a one-to-one basis, where marginal abatement costs of all firms will equal marginal damage multiplied by A (Kuwayama and Brozovid, 2013; Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|marginal damage firms multiplied multiplier|1.2505925|7.573078|2.5243468
270|They also tend to perform better in cognitive and linguistic assessments when staff-child ratios are higher. Furthermore, academic development seems to be enhanced by higher staff-child ratios, although there are not many (recent) studies that have investigated this topic (Huntsman, 2008; Sylva et al., A limitation of the research mentioned above is that most findings are almost exclusively correlational, and there have been very few experimental studies (Huntsman, 2008). An experimental study carried out by Chetty et al. (|SDG 4 - Quality education|experimental ratios staff studies child|9.272906|2.5726714|1.9256924
271|The topic of the report is “Enabling the 21st Century Learner”. E-leaming Action Plan for Schools for the Years 2006-2010”. ( It means that we need to reinforce the IT infrastmcture, in order to develop a coherent strategy to make IT educational contents available and to offer ICT training and certification for teachers. (“ This project aims to “generalise ICT skills training and certification” and “to promote the use of ICT in teaching and management” (p. 38).|SDG 4 - Quality education|ict certification training learner contents|8.7279825|1.4383147|2.1367407
272|But there are many challenges ahead. Sufficient and regular data are currently only available for 10 of the 54 gender-specific indicators. Unless gender is mainstreamed into national statistical strategies and prioritized in regular data collection processes, gender data scarcity and gaps will persist. Without high-level commitment and political independence, statistical systems will be unable to play their critical role in the follow-up and review process.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|statistical gender regular data prioritized|9.685136|4.416071|7.927305
273|Economic growth - rising per capita output of material goods and services - has the potential to make all citizens better off materially, and to generate resources that can be used to achieve social goals and ensure that growth is maintained over the long term. Policy makers seek to improve the performance and long-term growth potential of economies, taking into account country-specific needs and circumstances, including their level of development and institutional capacities. Because progress is measured essentially at the level of an “average” individual, emphasis is placed on supply-side instruments, or policy actions that lead to increases in per capita output of goods and services over the longer term. Employment prospects, job satisfaction, health outcomes and educational opportunities matter for people’s well-being and are heavily conditioned by their socioeconomic status. The most disadvantaged often live shorter lives and find it difficult to break away from a vicious circle of educational underachievement, low skills and poor employment prospects.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|prospects term output growth capita|6.6181107|5.2043595|4.287113
274|Jt Conun J Qual Patient Saf 2014;40:99-101. The global burden of diagnostic errors in primary care. Still, conventional data sources, such as medical record reviews and reported harmful events, produce mounting evidence of the importance and frequency of diagnostic errors across several types of conditions. Studies of multiple consultations in the presentation of cancer provide a powerful predictor of speed of receiving a timely and correct diagnosis. One in five patients presenting ‘red flag symptoms’ and who recently were diagnosed with cancer had three or more consultations with primary care doctors being referred to relevant specialists. Although the majority of those patients had cancers that are considered particularly difficult to diagnose, it does reflect an avoidable delay (Lyratzopoulos et al, 2014).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diagnostic errors consultations cancer patients|9.198053|9.490073|1.9716545
275|Seventy per cent of purchased rights were given to the Park and 30% to small productive farmers who focussed on higher value activities like vine and vegetables. This mechanism triggered a shift in groundwater use and agricultural activities away from cereals, encouraged vines to be accounted for, and led to increased incentives for the enforcement of water rights. Still, the public cost of the program - estimated at 5000 M EUR for 2008-2027 -has been high and the program did not address the incentive structure of farmers pumping groundwater.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|program groundwater farmers rights activities|1.2023855|7.605004|2.598267
276|Excess mortality from schizophrenia increased by 11% from 2006 to 2011 (OECD, 2014a). Less than 1% of the Swedish population develop bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders are also found to be slightly more prevalent among women (Eliasson & Jonsson, 2008; Cullberg, 2005). Excess mortality from bipolar disorder in Sweden increased by 21% from 2006 to 2011, while 15.7% of patients with bipolar are readmitted to the same hospital within 30 days of release (OECD, 2014a). The prevalence rate of mental disorders also varies highly between age group, gender, and educational attainment, which is shown in Figure 1 below.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorder disorders excess mortality schizophrenia|10.275308|8.938171|1.9638407
277|Section 3 reviews these policies. Housing policy in OECD countries comprises a wide and complex mix of programmes. Direct provision still exists in many countries but support is decreasing and shifting to other types of providers. Changes in the sources of financing of social rental housing providers, coupled with changes in the socio-economic profile of their tenants, pose new challenges to social housing providers and policy makers.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|providers housing changes tenants rental|4.915604|5.691537|2.1575005
278|It is the first year since 2006 that no stocks managed solely by the Australian Government have been classified as subject to overfishing. The statement is the first step in fulfilling the Australian Government’s commitment to work with industry to develop a national aquaculture strategy. Parties to the agreement focused on developing foundation documents, including rules of procedure and financial regulations to help ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of non-highly migratory fish stocks in the high seas of the southern Indian Ocean.|SDG 14 - Life below water|australian stocks migratory fulfilling overfishing|0.021994563|5.9122934|6.6027184
279|Given the rise in chronic diseases like diabetes, an approach stressing prevention to address changing risk factors for health will be a key to helping reduce relatively more expensive hospital admissions in the future. Ideally, patients should have a trusted advisor to help them navigate through the complex number of available services. The purpose of gatekeeping is to strengthen the relationship between primary care providers and patients, thereby enhancing patients’ agency in selecting the most appropriate form of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients navigate selecting care ideally|9.258432|8.95268|1.6797056
280|Moreover, visitors are only liable to apply environmentally friendly behaviourtothe extent they find it convenient, and they do often settle with more symbolic choices such as the reuse of towels and choosing ecological food products (Marion and Reid, 2007; Weaver, 2012). As pointed out in Tyrvainen et al. ( And people are also less likely to engage in sustainability practices if they believe that their contribution makes no difference (Lindenberg and Steg, 2007).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|settle symbolic liable convenient visitors|1.9525145|3.8257706|2.6020942
281|It includes health services consumed at the family home and in other individual or collective residences where the individual is located on a permanent basis (e.g. prisons, convents, boarding schools). Health care received by persons residing in a health care facility (e.g. a residential long-term care facility) is to be considered as inpatient care. Greater detail within a class does not necessarily imply more detailed reporting, but rather greater clarity about the content of the aggregates. As with other classifications, the greater the detail presented, the less uncertainty there is while classifying, and the more comparable the results. Additional benefits can be found when breakdowns of the HC classes are compatible with those in other available classifications. The division into general and specialised health services for inpatient and outpatient care should be compatible as far as possible with the COFOG (UN, 1999).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care classifications compatible inpatient health|9.228553|8.914234|1.7427279
282|Some of these functions can be temporary and performed at the request of the school leader. School management has the autonomy to distribute specific, temporary functions to teachers within the school. In other countries, such “Learning Support Staff’ typically assist teachers in their instruction, provide support for students and contribute to the overall learning-related activities of schools. The most common learning support staff in Kazakhstan is laboratory assistants for subjects such as physics, chemistry, biology and computer science.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning temporary school functions staff|9.62409|1.7561023|2.0867352
283|Poor-quality health services in some cases drive persistently high child mortality, which contributes to the tendency to have more children to make up for those lost during birth, or through illness and malnutrition. And even where laws permit unmarried women or adolescents to access contraception, judgmental service providers may refuse to dispense it. A subordinate status for many women still means not knowing or fully understanding their rights, or how to claim them.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|knowing subordinate unmarried persistently refuse|9.484259|5.7972465|6.2374773
284|Recent reforms in Italy, and in particular, the recently created National Agency for Regional Healthcare (AGENAS), are instructive here. Health system managers, whether at national, state or institutional level, are rarely able to point to projects that have used data to identify areas of excellence or weakness, or that have been used as a basis for quality improvement work. Infrequent comparison and benchmarking of results is a linked problem, since even simple things such as waiting times are not measured consistently across Mexico’s sub-systems.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|benchmarking weakness used excellence waiting|8.840924|9.398048|2.091708
285|While it is rational that countries focus on the development of intra-national systems first (national or port single windows), these systems - including related laws and regulations - should be designed with cross-border exchange of electronic data and documents in mind. In fact, as the cost of developing a cross-border enabled system is not expected to be significantly higher than that of a paperless trade system designed for intra-national exchange of data and documents, less developed countries with no legacy systems may take the opportunity to leapfrog from manual systems to world-leading paperless systems. Innovations such as blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT),' as well as progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence (Al), and the development of the internet of things (loT) have enormous potential in making international supply chains more transparent and efficient.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|systems intra documents border exchange|4.1506147|2.63021|2.0964015
286|During the last few years, major increases in total fishery production have been driven by aquaculture. Major increases are occurring in freshwater spedes, which dominate production, with mariculture12 representing about 15% of the total. Prospects for aquaculture are good with production expected to grow to 52% above the average level for 2012-14 by 2024, driven by increasing domestic demand and by national policies which support the sustainable growth of the sector. Main challenges for further expansion are linked to environmental issues and potential impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Efforts to enhance the collaboration between the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture and the Ministry of Environment to address the sustainability of the sector are underway.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|aquaculture production driven ministry increases|0.38709635|6.1089497|6.5921154
287|However, for a land-based permit system, the aggregate pumping resulting after transfers will be subject to uncertainty. This may be acceptable if the expected variation in marginal externality is much larger than the expected variation in water application rates (Young, 2014). However, there is still a need to monitor and enforce limits on irrigated area for such systems to succeed.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|variation expected externality succeed pumping|1.079212|7.6970854|2.5002284
288|This perception nonetheless represents a small improvement as compared with 2002, when the proportion was 87%. In terms of absolute and relative inequality indicators, this indicator suggests that most people think in relative terms, as they perceive an improvement in distribution in keeping with the decrease in relative inequality. In terms of perceptions by socioeconomic tercile or by education level, no clear patterns of association emerged.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|relative terms improvement inequality perceive|6.710433|5.421728|4.91103
289|In the 2012/13 financial year, a total of USD 18.47 million was transferred to fisheries sector from the UK Government, which is a 79.6% decrease compared with the GFTs in 2005 (Panel C). Total number of registered vessels and total tonnage of the fleet also decreased respectively by 5.3% and 5.7% since 2007. ( Responsibility for fisheries in the United Kingdom lies with the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Scottish Ministers, Minister of the Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Executive Ministers. The principal powers governing the regulation of fisheries are set out in the Sea Fish (Conservation) Acts 1967 and 1992; the Sea Fisheries Act 1968; the Fishery Limits Act 1976; the Fisheries Act 1981; the Sea Fisheries (Shellfish) Act 1967 and the Fisheries Act 1966.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries act sea ministers total|-0.031089647|5.82537|6.808024
290|However, the roles of the public and private sectors in research funding are less clearly defined than they were before the biotechnology area and governments and their agencies now have a much more direct role in applied medical scientific research (Stevens et al., Recent studies have looked into the relevance and impact of public and private research investment (Families USA, 2008; Malinowski, 2012; Zycher, 2010) and concluded that in general terms both public and private stakeholders play a significant, complementary role in the delivery of innovative therapies. These rewards materialize from innovations which are largely generated through fundamental research projects at universities and other public research institutions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|research public private materialize therapies|5.374687|3.356966|2.2121124
291|Growth in forest biomass exceeding drain due to harvesting and natural mortality explains this removal. However, between 2000 and 2005, the Danish forests were a carbon source releasing between 1 and 2 million tonnes of CO2 each year. During that period the age distribution became skewed towards mature forests, which were eventually harvested and the cleared land was regenerated with saplings (Danish CEE 2012). This resulted in negative net increment in forest biomass and thus turned the Danish forests as a net source of carbon.|SDG 15 - Life on land|danish forests biomass net forest|1.164664|4.417665|3.868532
292|In contrast, given men’s stability in terms of employment rates, the impact of male employment at the household level was neutral overall (Annex 5.A3, Figure 5.A3.1). For instance, in the Nordic countries the total share of social transfers represents close to 20% of household income (25% in Sweden), while in Australia and the United States it constitutes 8% and 7%, respectively. The respective contributions of earnings and other income sources to overall inequality can be estimated (see OECD, 2011), and it is interesting to consider the extent to which the contributions of gender-specific income components can be estimated.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|contributions income estimated household overall|8.79288|4.672946|5.6137295
293|Evidence from a number of countries converges in that sense, showing that the worst-off have higher rates of alcohol-related problems and mortality than the better-off (Najman et al, 2007;Hemstrom 2002; Harrison and Gardiner, 1999), even for the same level of drinking (Makela and Paljarvi, 2008; Grittner et al., Hence, the gradient of inequities in alcohol related harm is not consistently in line with the gradient of inequalities in alcohol use. Lastly, alcohol consumption may have larger societal impacts in addition to its health outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol gradient al et related|9.305148|9.683616|3.5653613
294|In Finland, for example, most of the variance in performance observed is within schools rather than between them, which indicates that schools have similar achievement levels and do not select students by academic ability. Differences in the socio-economic background of schools account for a small proportion of the already-small performance differences between schools, which suggest that there is little segregation along socio-economic lines. Non OECD member economies are included for comparison.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools socio differences performance small|9.558607|2.3916407|2.8505883
295|Mapping the flow of finance to water security investments can identify the ultimate sources of capital; the level of investment and who are the different players at different stages as well as the different channels and vehicles to access investment in water security (e.g. green bonds). The study will also identify the sources of available finance in each country, to develop an assessment of financing capacity. This work could be extended to a broader range of countries. It is a well-recognised barrier to scaling up private sector investment across infrastructure sectors.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|investment different identify sources security|2.8815086|4.2356143|2.104131
296|As shown in the previous chapter, the sums involved can be considerable, reaching up to 50% of plant-level investment costs for new power generation investments, in particular for offshore wind, which suffers from the high costs of network connection. Nevertheless, the issue can be handled from an institutional point of view with existing regulatory frameworks. Building on the more technical previous chapters, this chapter looks at the adequacy of current arrangements and the necessary future evolutions in the electricity sectors of OECD countries to optimise the provision of “flexibility services” in the face of high volatility of load and large amounts of variable renewables.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|previous sums chapter optimise handled|1.7061136|1.5559047|1.8908014
297|Hoioeuer, completion rates in lower and upper secondary education remain unsatisfactory while repetition rates are very high in international comparison. Levels of student achievement have decreased in recent years but remain above the regional average. Finally, students' and schools' socio-economic status have a strong impact on student performance. It also includes a detailed description of the Uruguayan school system, including its governance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student remain unsatisfactory rates repetition|9.942581|2.042484|2.6070955
298|It is a moral imperative, it is about fairness and equity, and includes many political, social and cultural dimensions. With a special chapter on gender issues this volume of Society at a Glance Asia/Pacific illustrates the progress that many economies in the Asia/Pacific region have made towards gender equality in education and shows that girls outperform boys in some areas of education. But these gains have not yet fully spilled over to the labour market: women are most likely to work under vulnerable employment conditions, earn less than men, are less likely to make it to the top of the career ladder, and continue to bear the brunt of unpaid housework. Economic development in the Asia/Pacific is also related to the ongoing gains in educational attainment, perhaps nowhere as dramatic as in Korea, where the population is now among the highest educated in the world.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pacific asia gains brunt outperform|9.309044|4.40274|5.8471622
299|Their average scores in all three key subject areas in the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) fare relatively well compared with other OECD countries (Figure 1). The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)2 confirm that Slovenian pupils compare favourably against their peers in the participating countries, with slightly higher achievement in science than in reading and mathematics. Trends in average science, mathematics and literacy scores of fourth and eighth-grade students have been rather favourable as well, with scores on TIMSS and PIRLS assessments, particularly in science and mathematics, improving substantially.|SDG 4 - Quality education|mathematics science scores timss reading|9.722695|2.1269991|3.0863037
300|In fact, health status is consistently ranked as one of the most valued aspects in people’s lives, together with having a job, in surveys conducted in OECD countries. Health status also has instrumental value because it enhances people’s opportunities to participate in education and training programmes and in the labour market as well as to have good social relationships. At the societal level, countries with better overall health outcomes also display higher average income and wealth, higher employment rates, higher rates of participation in political activities, higher social network support and higher overall life satisfaction.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|higher health status overall rates|9.247993|9.024479|2.7897189
301|The 2009 OECD Review, regarding water quality and wastewater, explains why Greece has experienced severe delays in implementing the EU Urban Wastewater Directive and wastewater management. The report highly recommends improvement of the wastewater management, in compliance with the EU Urban Waste Water Directive, reduction of water pollution by dangerous substances and illegal discharges of wastewater, as well as better allocation, to make sure water flows to uses with the highest value. For more information, see Chapter 3 and recommendations from OECD Workshop on Improving the Information Base to Better Guide Water Resource Management Decision Making, Zaragoza, Spain, 4-7 May, 2010, www.oecd.org/water/workshop2010.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater water directive management oecd|1.2000247|6.8392115|2.3596795
302|To this end, electricity exports continued to increase steadily over the last five years, and a notable increase of 62 per cent took place in 2014. Nevertheless, actual electricity exports reached 1,552 million kWh in 2014, representing only 22 per cent of the projected electricity export potential outlined in the Programme. This may indicate that the methodology used for the forecasting of electricity export was rather optimistic and not fully aligned with the present realities of Tajikistan’s export potential. A new Ministry of Energy and Water Resources was established on the basis of the former Ministry of Energy and Industry and former Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity export ministry exports cent|1.7882811|2.0405993|2.4651291
303|"Moreover, the study showed a statistically significant decrease in time dedicated to paid work of 2 per cent on average in the case of men and 12 per cent in the case of women. Espejo 2013, as quoted by ECLAC 2016. They should explicitly recognize the role that women play as caregivers, without reinforcing patterns of discrimination or negative stereotypes (art. ’70This is problematic as the failure to understand intra-family allocation processes ""may result in the non-adoption of beneficial policies, in policies having unintended consequences, and in the loss of policy handle”."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|quoted cent case handle caregivers|9.011851|5.073702|5.857003
304|For instance, the European Progress Microfinance Facility Programme implemented in Lithuania addresses the barriers women micro-entrepreneurs face in accessing financial services. This is particularly the case of inclusive innovation policies that foster entrepreneurship among disadvantaged or underrepresented groups, such as Competitive Start Fund for Female Entrepreneurs in Ireland, as well as those that promote the development of innovative solutions for regional challenges, such as the Prototypes of Social Innovation programme in Chile. Some of these new activities may serve the needs of more disadvantaged or excluded groups, or geographical areas that were previously underserved, thus improving the well-being of these populations (OECD, 2015f).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|entrepreneurs disadvantaged innovation underserved groups|5.6922803|3.544103|2.6993353
305|International agreements and conventions: • The Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, 1981 (No. Persons with a job: Employed persons defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary) plus persons with a job in which they have worked previously and to which they have a guarantee to return to following the end of the leave. The age interval for this indicator should be the working parents (e.g., persons aged 20-49 years).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|persons job icls glossary interval|8.410652|4.54212|4.534003
306|With the overall movement towards more liberalized finance and trade among the higher income SIEOs after the AFC, however, and the increasingly competitive marketplace for global exports, this counter is less determinative. On balance, then, we put SIEOs in the profit-led growth category, primarily because of their global orientation. There is not quite a feminization of responsibility and obligation because of the persistence of traditional family structures and consequent contributions from men and extended family. Given the emphasis of many families on investments in children, higher incomes for women should be associated with more human capacities production, at least in terms of quality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|liberalized family marketplace feminization global|8.970614|4.527039|6.1659307
307|Le papier discute ensuite les choix methodologiques et les indicateurs proposes dans le cadre de mesure, en en soulignant les possibles limites. Enfin, le papier presente un portrait statistique de la qualite de I ’emploi, entre pays (OCDE et non OCDE) mais aussi par groupes sociodemographiques. Relationship between job quality and job quantity in OECD and non OECD countries. At a time where the world economy is yet to fully recover from the financial crisis, job creation remains a primary concern for policy makers in many countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|le les ocde job en|7.859623|4.320487|4.198317
308|More remains to be done to decrease waiting times for outpatient hospital appointments in other areas and the Government is committed to building a new outpatient block to provide increased capacity to cater for the demand. An ongoing exercise to improve internal efficiency in the management of outpatient services is also under way with a view to reducing waiting times. Other factors stretching health system capacity include increased immigration from workers and pensioners, tourists using the health system and changing population risk behaviours.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|outpatient waiting times cater appointments|9.142774|8.955052|2.0151253
309|The law highlights the need for all aspects of such internal evaluation systems to be transparent. Overall, there is little documentation about the teacher evaluation processes designed and implemented at the school level. The draft law was submitted to Parliament in March 2012 and is currently undergoing discussions. As the teacher advances in the career structure, he or she has access to positions with greater responsibilities within schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher evaluation law undergoing documentation|9.746071|1.5768877|1.7405342
310|Short-term funding can create a gap between expectations and the ability to deliver and prevent longer-term processes of empowerment within communities (Box 4.1). The project provided USD18 million to over 400 local development councils created to manage their community’s development needs. However, tight deadlines to disburse project funds and bureaucratic rules meant that the councils were not able to develop into robust participatory structures, and were reduced to acting as transmission mechanisms for bank-controlled funds. Given the large variation in the characteristics between and within different fragile states, it is essential that donors and programme managers conduct a thorough and fine-grained analysis of the particular local or national context where they intend to implement a programme.|SDG 1 - No poverty|councils funds deadlines project intend|5.322712|4.515794|2.5836246
311|Drop-out also fell by 3.2 per centage points more than in schools that were not part of the programme. Drop-out rates during the programme have been much lower than the national average; over 90 per cent of BRAC school graduates move into the formal system (Nath, 2009). These disadvantages were reflected in the limited impact of school fee abolition on enrolment. On one estimate, only one in six Kenyan disabled children were attending school after the abolition of fees (Mulama, 2004).|SDG 4 - Quality education|abolition drop school kenyan programme|9.464298|2.4360797|2.731248
312|There may also be distinct benefits in terms of accessing hard to reach or disadvantaged communities where the burden of health risk might also be greater. With the advent of complex health care interventions including complex drug regimens and a rise in the prevalence of multi-morbidity, patients are now more likely than before to receive multiple health care interventions across different providers at different times. To ensure patient safety and effectiveness, it is vital that care is properly co-ordinated over time.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care complex interventions health advent|9.140407|8.956564|1.8898913
313|Studies carried out in Cambodia, Ghana, Madagascar and Thailand have found that labour-intensive techniques led to two to five times more employment creation than alternative techniques (Devereux and Salomon, 2006). In the case of Senegal, an estimated 13 times more jobs were created thanks to the adoption of labour-intensive techniques, than with conventional techniques (Majeres, 2003). Obviously, the efficiency of adopting this approach rather than conventional capital-intensive approaches will depend on the nature of the assets being created.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|techniques intensive conventional created times|7.2859287|3.8948073|4.151147
314|All in all, compared to her equivalent a century earlier, the average woman in the 2000s could expect to live nearly twice as long, marry almost six years later and be literate, thanks to 6.4 years of education attainment. His level of education more than doubled from 3.64 years in the 1950s (just shy of functional literacy) to 7.64 years in the 2000s. These measures give an idea of how the institutional/legislative environment is biased against women and thus of women’s legal standing historically. The three panels presented in Figure 12.2 show gendered inheritance practices for immovables in 1920 (from the Murdock data), 1980 and 2000 (from the World Bank). Inheritance systems where daughters receive equal shares can be observed in some European countries, Brazil (likely because of the tradition of female inheritance in Portugal) and in a handful of countries in Southern Africa and Southeast Asia.15 By the 1980s substantial changes have taken place.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|inheritance years handful daughters tradition|9.316466|4.7506447|6.6624804
315|This information could potentially add strength to their voices in the policymaking process. The paper also attempts to quantify different dimensions of the contribution of the urban poor to the urban economy. The Planning Commission in India defines the number and proportion of population living below the poverty line based on the recommendations of a Taskforce on the Projection of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demands (1979). This Taskforce defines the poverty line as the cost of obtaining an all India consumption basket that meets the following caloric norms: 2,100 calories per person per day in the urban areas and 2,400 calories in the rural areas.|SDG 1 - No poverty|calories defines urban india line|6.0579705|5.9734936|4.919374
316|Unlike previous agreements, the new regulations do not stipulate the amount of time to be used for different purposes, such as teaching and preparation. Decisions about the use of teachers’ time and place of work now rest with the school leadership and teachers are expected to work differently. In 35 systems, teaching time is contractually specified.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching time teachers differently work|9.502693|1.6238209|2.7200828
317|Where a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) or multilateral treaties - such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade rules or the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - protect foreign investors from expropriations, they may seek claims in response to climate-related law and policy. Although this has not yet happened with respect to domestic climate laws, it has occurred with respect to other environmental laws10 despite the exemptions for environmental policy in most trade agreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT) Article XX11. These rules limit the ability of states to impose regulations of an internationally traded good on the basis of the process and production method (PPM) used to manufacture such good. This issue has already seen a challenge directly bearing on a country's ability to implement their NDCs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|trade rules respect ability agreement|1.491561|3.3604434|1.9064946
318|The main objective of value-based cost sharing is to reduce the purchase of health care with a low-cost effectiveness. They argue that to reap efficiency gains it is important to increase the consistency of policy settings within a system, while no system is superior to another. The cost of assessing the value of health care services and operating value-based cost sharing is, however, high and several countries have thus abandoned value-based policies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|value cost sharing based superior|8.622743|8.984432|1.7853602
319|The deprivation levels are firstly analysed for each dimension separately, followed by counting the number of deprivations experienced by each child. The multiple deprivation analysis shows the intensity of poverty and the distribution of deprivations among children, describes how the different sectoral deprivations overlap, and analyses the multidimensional deprivation incidence and severity. In particular, multidimensional deprivation ratios are used for comparing deprivation levels across the selected countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation deprivations multidimensional firstly counting|6.9663672|6.554276|5.23362
320|Many pilot programmes and experimentations at local and state levels (e.g. voluntary schemes for farmers to give up subsidies) could be shared and replicated. Mexico has significantly increased water-related public expenditures and the level of water-related investment. To ensure that future expenditures are well-targeted and cost-effective, it is necessary to ensure that initiatives are well co-ordinated between departments and levels of government; that other potential sources of financing are being accessed (including revenues from water-related services); and that incentives are correctly set for efficient water uses. The OECD has identified a number of regulatory functions that need to be properly designed and allocated to increase social inclusion and boost local development in Mexico. While there are several ways of discharging these functions across actors and places, improving the regulatory framework will be essential for the sustainable provision of water services to the population. This report highlights a number of levers that a new administration may wish to consider when setting up a cohesive and cost-effective water policy framework in Mexico.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water mexico functions expenditures related|1.7051812|7.187708|1.9263182
321|The sector plays a prominent role in the economy of particularly Finland and Sweden. The total biomass stock is expected to grow and the net annual increment is expected to remain positive in coming decades as well. Forest management practices such as fertilizing, thinning in an optimised way, lengthening rotation are clearly having a positive effect on the growth of biomass and carbon sinks in forests. However, collecting harvesting residues for bioenergy use may have negative effects on growth and carbon stock of forests.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biomass stock forests carbon positive|1.1869718|4.5016723|3.874426
322|An online process to complete all the steps for starting a business is being developed under the Better Regulations Programme. At the same time, there is a need to reduce the number of steps and procedures, which is the focus of preparation work in 2009. As noted in Chapter 2, Poland has one of the most restrictive regulations affecting entrepreneurship among OECD countries. The value-added tax (VAT) exemption level only applies to enterprises with turnover of less than PLN 50 000, which is low compared to international standards, and requires excessive compliance time compared to other EU countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|steps regulations pln compared vat|7.885819|4.3620954|3.979017
323|According to Barcelo (2008), this observed decline in natural water availability is consistent with projections according to which climatic change causes rainfall to diminish in the Mediterranean region, and in Spain especially markedly so. Rainfall is projected to fall by a further 22-34% between 1995 and 2060 in Southern river basins.3 These are, already today, identified as those being most strongly at risk of overuse of scarce resources. Moreover, these trends will be reinforced by the effects of higher temperatures on evapotranspiration.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|rainfall according evapotranspiration diminish markedly|0.83888763|7.2070384|2.8780913
324|Tax differentiation usually takes the form of a broadly revenue-neutral package of tax changes, with increases in some tax rates and reductions in others, so the overall effect on revenue is rather small. A charge is levied when the product is sold and then fully or partly refunded when the good or its container are returned after use. Such arrangements can be mandatory or instituted on an entirely voluntary basis by producers themselves, where the recovery of items is sufficiently valuable (e.g. reusable printer cartridges).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|tax revenue reusable container instituted|1.7149246|7.6089296|2.2056367
325|"In some cases, PV modules have been Page | 54 vvelded to the basic structure so as to create additional hindrances for potential thieves. By comparison, privately owned local systems are under better control, especially solar home systems, small-scale wind turbines and pico-hydropower stations, and are therefore less subject to theft and vandalism. As a consequence, the gap in service supply between urban and rural areas has been growing."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|theft systems turbines modules page|2.0495472|1.8148506|2.4804099
326|In the United States, for example, developers are offered a number of incentives to build mixed-income housing, including low-interest financing tools, density bonuses, tax abatement programmes, rehabilitation assistance, fast-tracking of plan reviews and permits, and reduced or waived fees. Emerging and middle-income families living in these units receive an extra subsidy bonus. One of the first projects to be developed through this programme, San Alberto Casas Viejas, has been set in the outskirts of Puente Alto, a municipality with among the highest concentrations of social housing in the Santiago Metropolitan Region.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing bonuses bonus santiago san|4.7422132|5.7209435|2.039665
327|This remains however a necessity in order to respond to increasingly demanding consumers who travel more and with higher expectations (Box 21). One of the RTS business development programs is Kurbits. The aim of Kurbits is to coach small businesses in the tourism and hospitality industry and support them in order to further professionalise and increase their profitability.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|order hospitality demanding necessity profitability|6.439141|3.7995534|2.8738194
328|The first is the amount spent per-poor-household on housing benefits, which shares a moderate and negative association with changes in the relative child poverty rate, all else equal. This makes sense, given that housing benefits are often tightly targeted at low-income households. The second is the spending on social assistance benefits, which is also a benefit for a disadvantaged population with no labour market income.|SDG 1 - No poverty|benefits housing tightly income moderate|7.4624257|5.8956738|4.6369467
329|In most cases, however, there are many competing demands. Government agencies and staff tend to deal with those considered the highest priority; unfortunately, gender equality initiatives are often ranked as a lower priority. While gender equality has been enshrined in many of the countries’ international commitments, this report highlights that a gender equality gap persists in domestic laws and policies across the region.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender priority enshrined persists|9.836368|4.2208133|7.320777
330|The light water (used as coolant and moderator) boils directly in the core. The steam produced is separated and dried in the upper part of the pressure vessel, and then directly transferred to the turbine. The steam is then condensed, re-heated and re-injected into the bottom part of the core. Unlike in PWRs, in BWRs the control rods are inserted from the bottom of the core.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|core steam directly dried turbine|0.98359454|1.8248097|2.110959
331|Indeed, improving women’s access to adequate training and information is vital to increase women's participation in the labour force, in quality jobs and in entrepreneurial activity. For women already in the labour force and for those who have a fledgling enterprise, improved access to on-going entrepreneurship and business management training services would accelerate women’s start-up and business growth potential. A number of institutions - such as women's enterprise centres and business incubators for women - have been established in MENA economies to overcome this gap, but few studies have identified their impact, key success factors and potential for replication. Overall, there is a need for more wide scale, targeted efforts to identify gaps and conduct targeted measures to improve support provision to women entrepreneurs.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women business enterprise targeted force|8.948977|3.372013|6.534874
332|In Canada, transfers appear to have offset the loss of market income induced by the deterioration in the employment situation of sole parents. Therefore, an important challenge for redistribution policies is to ensure that the entire population of poor children is covered by benefits and for this that eligibility criteria are adapted to the changing composition of poor families. To assess the scope of policies that would successfully promote the employment of poor parents, the next section presents some simulations of the expected effects on the child poverty rate under different employment growth scenarios.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poor employment parents simulations sole|7.395279|6.0854425|4.9077578
333|Using 60% of median income as an indicator of the cost of meeting social needs, the relative poverty rate is higher than the absolute poverty rate in six countries in the region. They are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama and Uruguay. In these countries in particular, but also regionwide, falling absolute poverty rates will make it increasingly useful to take account of these needs in order to identify the economically disadvantaged population.|SDG 1 - No poverty|absolute poverty rate needs panama|6.4279327|5.7798448|5.156628
334|Many women members are dependent on their husbands due to their lack of knowledge and experience. Fear of sexual and physical violence, corruption, economic dependency and domestic responsibilities are other factors that prevent women members of local governments in both Bangladesh and India from participating effectively. Female Union Parishad members have been able to resolve family disputes and many have also participated in shalish, with some of them presiding over the sessions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|members parishad disputes husbands resolve|10.357838|4.4707417|7.1020107
335|A large part of this shift is being driven by public policy of the individual countries acting unilaterally. Poverty eradication objectives thus pose a challenge to achieving an adequate level of international coherence in food and energy policies. A mistake of some of the earlier “overarching” development approaches was to overgeneralize and suggest what was almost a common set of policies for all countries, leaving little room for variation and customization. “|SDG 1 - No poverty|eradication acting policies overarching pose|4.3712573|5.474243|4.2135916
336|It reviews the institutional factors related to access to finance for women and the broader elements of enterprise support. The wide range of financial services required by SMEs and individuals is covered, given that non-credit products are an important entry point into the formal financial sector. Time and time again the discussion about women has centred on social issues; as a result, statistics about the scale of women’s presence in the economy have been poorly documented and under-reported, creating a chasm of opportunity to be crossed with targeted products and services.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women products financial documented centred|8.792455|3.4641645|6.3886805
337|In other cases, discrepancies may be due to different LCA databases being utilized, or arise as a result of different assumptions being made regarding material types such as steel alloys in the face of uncertainty of the exact types of materials used in each component. This creates uncertainty, which we illustrate here using a simple calculation exercise. In one study (Burger and Bauer, 2007), ferrous metal content in the 800 kW onshore wind turbine, excluding the foundation, consists of 7 per cent cast iron, 78 per cent low-alloy steel and 15 per cent high-alloy (chromium) steel, while in a second study (Martinez et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|steel cent uncertainty types lca|1.4630234|1.6694467|1.9973539
338|"All higher education institutions in the Galilee, with the exceptions of Carmel Academic College and Nazareth Academic Institution are ""budget"" institutions, meaning that they receive budget allocations from the Planning and Budget Committee (PBC). Colleges for teacher education are not under the responsibility of the PBC but the Ministry of Education.) Direct allocations to the colleges are divided into three main categories: i) block grant allocations, ii) earmarked allocations and iii) matching allocations."|SDG 4 - Quality education|allocations budget colleges academic education|7.920024|2.3727756|2.6943178
339|In most other countries, though, shares are similar, while in Denmark and Poland, top-performing girls are significantly more likely than their male peers to set their sights on a science career. Twice as many boys, on average, expect to work as engineers, scientists or architects. When it comes to a career in ICT, for example, the gap widens to 4.8% of boys and only 0.4% of girls (Figure 7.2).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|boys career girls widens engineers|9.494882|3.6698525|5.751166
340|And since 2010, the UNDP was a pioneer in launching and reporting the global MPI and in supporting national and regional MPIs. Many countries are using the MPI to measure progress towards SDG 1, and as a governance tool. Disaggregated analysis helps to achieve a crucial SDG aspiration: ensuring no one is left behind.|SDG 1 - No poverty|mpi sdg mpis aspiration launching|6.2989526|6.666188|5.178683
341|"The ministry is now planning to become more involved through the EU funded ""Implementation of Clinical Practice Guidelines in the care covered by public health insurance"" project which has started in late 2013. Most Czech guidelines are still disease and A system of internal auditing of quality and the system of monitoring of patient safety is made mandatory by law but it remains relatively unenforced. It is not clear to what extend such audit results In real improvement processes at patient care level."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient guidelines auditing care audit|9.232779|9.506711|1.6755708
342|In one example from Samoa, the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MoNRE) has produced a weekly column for the local newspaper, intended to help foster environmental awareness and engagement among young people. For its part, UNESCO has done quite a bit of work in the area of media capacity development, with programmes focused on a range of sustainable development issues such as climate change, HIV/AIDS, and the MDGs. While different countries and cultures may vary in their preferences for social media, the importance and prevalence of online activities is increasing steadily. A number of CSOs from the ten focus countries have some online presence, including Facebook pages and Twitter accounts, but in most cases there appears to be little activity on these sites.|SDG 13 - Climate action|media online newspaper facebook bit|4.826281|3.033799|1.8572305
343|In March 2019, the Committee and the Digital Economy Promotion Agency convened to launch an event, “Smart City Thailand Takeoff”, which marked the country’s first open call for smart city proposals - with the definition of the application process and qualifying criteria - as well as the announcement of a new city data platform for smart city implementation with an expected launch date by the end of the year (Smart City Thailand Office, 2019). The event also established the committee’s new targets for the upcoming years: the development of 24 total smart city plans in 2019, extending to 76 by 2022. Moreover, it was announced that the Digital Economy Promotion Agency, under the supervision of the National Smart City Committee, has initiated the establishment of a national Smart City Thailand Office in Bangkok (Digital Economy Promotion Agency, 2019). With this budget, high-speed internet services with at least 1 000 Wi-Fi hotspots are planned in 100 areas in Phuket.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|smart city thailand digital promotion|4.1011653|4.1354375|1.4686424
344|In a public questionnaire on cardiovascular risk factors in 2010, directed to adults in Costa Rica above 20 years of age, it was found that 37.8% of the population had hypertension and 42% presented high cholesterol levels (Ministry of Health, 2014a). Furthermore it was found that 50.9% of the Costa Rican population above 20 years of age had low or none engagement in physical activity. Obesity levels in Costa Rica w:ere 24.4 in 2014, which is higher than the average of 19% among OECD countries in 2013 (OECD, 2016).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|costa rica rican cholesterol hypertension|9.016749|8.871689|2.7815087
345|For example, the current spawning stock biomass of southern bluefin tuna is only 4.6% of the unfished level. Single species management only focuses on sustainability, ignoring habitat quality, biodiversity and socio-economic factors. Ecosystem-based fisheries management has been a common theme in fishery policy and management discussions worldwide (NMFS, 1999; FAO, 2003; Garcia et al., The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) has addressed this issue and established a working group in 2005 that focuses on ecosystem-based management science and its application in North Pacific countries.|SDG 14 - Life below water|management focuses ecosystem pacific north|-0.17324643|5.776151|6.510347
346|"Hot-deck imputation uses data from countries with ""similar"" characteristics, such as GNI per capita and geographic location. Europe, the CIS and the Americas have much higher Internet usage rates overall than the African, Arab States and Asia/Pacific regions. In the case of developed countries, moreover, it is worth noting that higher bandwidth available to users, lower broadband access costs in relation to GNI p.c. ("|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|gni bandwidth cis hot americas|4.8487225|2.8651636|1.5165993
347|Also, Birdsall and Londono (1997) claimed that, given asset inequality, income inequality does not improve growth outcomes (see World Bank, 2009, p. 6). On the other hand, Dollar and Kraay (2004, originally published in 2002) famously suggested that growth is, on average, distribution-neutral: “growth-enhancing policies and institutions tend to benefit the poor—and everyone else in society—equi-propordonately” (p. 30; for a similar claim, see Ravallion and Chen, 1997). Consequently, attempts to shift the income distribution are largely a diversion, and conventional policies (“private property rights, stability, and openness”, p. 57) lead to optimal outcomes both for the rich and for the poor. Although Dollar and Kraay’s and Raos arguments depart from very different ends of the policy spectrum, they suggest that significant shifts in distribution must be pursued deliberately through public policy, and that a more equal distribution of income does not necessarily impair growth performance.|SDG 1 - No poverty|distribution growth dollar income inequality|6.692408|4.9920163|4.528307
348|Warming has been the most intense and trends in the winter months. Greater increase in winter than in summer. Temperature increase in Finland is expected to be about 1.5 times higher than the global average temperature rise. Increase in annual precipitation of 10% to 25% in the period 2070-99, as compared to 1971 -2000.|SDG 13 - Climate action|winter temperature increase intense warming|1.1889125|5.236215|2.2652333
349|Public (government) school systems did not begin until considerably later than this; first primary schools, then expanding into the secondary level around the 1880s. Australian universities were first established in the middle of the nineteenth century, while early childhood education (apart from services offered by community kindergartens and private providers) is a relatively recent enhancement to Australian education offerings. In Year 12, the final year of secondary school, studies are usually directed towards attaining a state- or territory-based government-endorsed certificate that is recognised by all Australian universities and vocational education and training institutions, and by international universities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|australian universities education secondary nineteenth|9.233713|2.6432986|2.4331405
350|In 1997, in reaction to the Kyoto Protocol, the EU introduced non-mandatory targets for the RE share of total energy consumption for Member States. In 2006, the European Commission issued the Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy. This asked Member States to implement a European energy policy built on three core objectives: 0 sustainability - to actively combat climate change by promoting renewable energy sources and energy efficiency; ii) competitiveness - to improve die efficiency of the European energy grid by creating a truly competitive internal energy market; and iii) security of supply - to better co-ordinate the EU’s supply of and demand for energy widiin an international context.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy european competitive member eu|1.8469073|2.9383943|2.4122617
351|The Government of the United Kingdom and WBC have addressed women’s economic participation through a multi-layered approach to systemic and structural causes that need to be taken into account to increase gender equity in the workforce. The lack of flexible working arrangements, inadequate childcare provision and barriers to career breaks (for parental leave or other reasons) hinder the advancement of women along the leadership pipeline, all of which contribute to discriminatory practice and bias. For example, new legislation on shared parental leave and flexible working hours aim to institutionalise resources for employees to be able to accommodate career and family responsibilities (WBC 2013a).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wbc parental flexible career leave|9.369628|4.728169|6.0180683
352|Continuous urban areas enhance connectivity, reduce travel needs and car dependency, and facilitate the use of non-motorised transport modes, such as biking and walking. In addition to environmental improvements, continuous urban areas may induce energy savings, reduce maintenance costs for energy and transport systems, improve the quality of life through local services and jobs and allow efficient infrastructure investments (OECD, 2012). Overall, the findings of the study suggest that instruments aiming at increasing continuity and reducing population density are worth considering in the policy mix used to avoid further air quality degradation by the expansion of urban areas in Europe.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|continuous urban areas transport reduce|3.7411697|4.892193|1.1308813
353|Since nuclear energy has the lowest marginal (and the highest capital) costs among large conventional generating technologies, nuclear power plants should be operated at nominal power as much as possible in order to maximise the energy produced and recuperate the large investment costs. For an electrical utility with a diversified portfolio of generating plants, it is thus economically more attractive to require some flexibility from a coal, a gas-fuelled or a hydro-electrical power plant than from a nuclear unit. However, in some countries the share of nuclear energy in the electricity mix has become so important that the utilities have had to implement or improve the manoeuvring capabilities of the nuclear plants. This is the case of France (78% of nuclear electricity production) as well as Belgium and the Slovak Republic (both more than 50% of nuclear electricity production).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear plants electrical electricity power|1.1956382|1.7031573|1.8805655
354|Infrastructure relating to the building stock and urban layouts are so long-lived, that the decarbonisation issue is not usually considered as a stranded asset problem, but rather a question of how to retrofit improvements, as complete replacements for these items are hardly feasible over reasonable timescales. But within these categories are areas where manufacturers face real dilemmas. Energy distribution systems (such as gas pipelines) could be at risk, as well as choices over transportation energy systems.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|replacements timescales retrofit dilemmas decarbonisation|1.7843785|2.4887722|1.856752
355|According to Sharipova and De Soto (Chapter 7), the Tajikistan case demonstrates that the “gendered cultural and religious patriarchal traditions, suppressed during the Soviet era, have enjoyed a resurgence and had negative effects for women”. It is also clear that the rhetoric may change without much institutional change being felt on the ground. For example, especially in the aftermath of high-profile mass crimes, human rights are likely to be universally emphasized and appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks established.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rhetoric universally enjoyed patriarchal aftermath|9.75728|4.9174414|7.285071
356|Even seemingly gender-neutral policy decisions can have effects, whether intentional or not, on women’s chances of become equal participants in society. They may make it more difficult for them to find employment, secure an education, start a business, meet the needs of their family, or ensure their human rights. For example, a workplace regulation that permits both parents to take leave to care for a sick child is more likely to affect women as primary caregivers (see Chapter 17). Israel, for example, reports that several GIAs showed how sports for men and boys enjoyed greater subsidies than sports for women and girls at national and local level (Swirski, 2011). Such analysis can be conducted during the design stage of a law or regulation (ex ante) and/or during evaluations of the impacts of implemented laws, regulations and programmes (ex post).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sports ex regulation women intentional|9.73057|4.460488|7.04451
357|Astana’s Master Plan Until 2030 is composed of different sections: housing, transport, utilities and health care, but there is no cross-cutting analysis of the main urban priorities of the city and how each sector is going to help achieve them. The city akimats do not have the authority, resources and expertise for long-term strategic urban transport planning. Their role is limited to identifying the main routes for public transport, construction of additional highways, and minor adaptations of the existing public transport network to accommodate emerging popular passenger routes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport routes city akimats main|4.338528|5.302461|1.3664863
358|However, the National Collaboration for Mental Health (NSPH) is a notable and influential actor in the field of mental health care in Sweden. Although it does not directly develop national policy, its aim is to promote the development of improved psychiatric treatment via the enabling of relevant authorities to “benefit from the experiences and empowerment advocated through user participation from patients, users and relations” (NSPH). They also work to support patient voices, improve accessibility, develop mental illness prevention, spread information and influence public opinion, provide support and resources to interested organisations and cooperate with authorities and other mental health organisations on a national level.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental organisations health authorities national|10.332267|8.882387|1.7454699
359|Considering the OECD area as a whole, there was a four-quarter lag between the time when the OECD unemployment rate began to rise and the time when the relative incidence of long-term unemployment (i.e. the share of all unemployed that have been jobless for a year or longer) began to rise. However, this lag varied considerably from country to country and is probably affected by both national labour market institutions and practices, and the nature of the recessionary shock. Figure 1.8 provides information on how the incidence of long-term unemployment changed between the 4th quarters of 2007 and 2010 for the working-age population and groups defined by gender, age and educational level.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|unemployment lag began incidence rise|7.62912|4.5992746|4.219584
360|Renewable energy also offers options for energy access through decentralized applications. On-grid and off-grid renewable energy markets arc expanding, as private sector participation increases. Renewable energy technologies are also becoming more affordable and investment in renewable energy has rapidly increased to the point that when large hydropower, investment in terms of dollars and capacity supersedes conventional energy (Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/Franfurt School of Finance and Management, 2017). New economic sectors have been developed, while jobs arc being created in the manufacturing, distributing, installing, operating, and servicing renewable energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy renewable arc grid servicing|2.0105655|2.3629446|2.112056
361|The household composition also plays a major role in determining whether a family is poor or not; and how family composition and family living arrangements are taken into account in the estimation of poverty rates can make a significant difference in poverty appraisal (Box 2). For the sake of simplicity, the standard approach collects information on income at household level, and it is then attributed to each member using an equivalence scale, assuming that all individual and collective resources of household members are pooled together. The equivalence scale is assumed to reflect the relative needs of the household members (including children) and the economies of scale generated by members sharing resources.|SDG 1 - No poverty|household equivalence members scale family|7.034171|6.083282|5.308167
362|Its total population (based on TL5 data) that lives within a ten-minute walking distance from a bus stop is 81% (compared to 75% in Daejeon, second-ranked) and 19.8% within a ten-minute walking distance from a train station on average (compared with 12.2% in Busan, second-ranked). Most areas in Seoul have a balanced level of accessibility to bus stops and train stations, which is quite unique compared with other TL3 regions in Korea. A comprehensive public transport network, composed of 9 subway lines, 355 intra-city bus routes and 238 village bus routes, serves Seoul’s 25 autonomous districts (gu) (Seoul, 2016a).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bus seoul minute walking ranked|4.1284366|4.8459086|0.70741117
363|Although infant mortality and under-5 mortality rates have fallen substantially in recent decades, they have plateaued since 2000 as a result of the worsening socio-economic environment and stresses on the health care system.36 However, the 2006 Palestinian Family Health Survey indicated that immunization coverage was high, at around 97 percent. During the war in Gaza between December 2008 and January 2009, also known as Operation Cast Lead, Israeli forces damaged 38 primary health clinics, 29 ambulances and 14 of Gaza’s 27 hospitals.37 Despite the blockade, the health facilities were repaired within a year of the conflict's end.38 Relative to other conflict-ridden zones in the region, the number of physicians is favourable in Palestine: in 2007, there were 2.2 physicians per 1,000 population (1.9 in the West Bank and 2.7 in Gaza) (box 6.4). Between 450,000 and 1.5 million Somalis have died since 1991 either as a direct result of armed clashes or because of famine caused or exacerbated by the conflict.39 This is equivalent to 10-25 percent of Somalia's population in the mid-1990s. Millions have been injured and affected by disabilities, sexual violence and disease.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gaza conflict physicians health percent|8.748252|8.721311|3.273871
364|The effort to engage communities at the stage of policy implementation will benefit from the presence of existing social networks which can be effectively mobilized to disseminate information, for example, health messages (Frumkin and McMichael, 2008) and to improve monitoring of results. Sharing of information derived from climate impact assessments can be a means of influencing action and strengthening systemic resilience (see chap. The Growth Corridor integrates several stakeholders—the private sector, government and civil society —within a common platform in order to achieve the multiple objectives of increasing agricultural productivity, improving food security and protecting local livelihoods and ecosystems (United Nations, 2013, p. 100).|SDG 13 - Climate action|mobilized integrates chap disseminate corridor|1.8349313|4.810772|2.1056767
365|The members of the Fiji national team who were trained in December 2016: Kamal Krishnan Gounder, Principal Economic Planning Officer, Ministry of Economy, Epeli Waqavonovono, Economic Planning Officer, Economic Services, Ministry of Economy, Susana P. Valemei, Director Water and Sewerage, Janesh Sami, Lecturer, Fiji National University and Pita Tagicakirewa, Malaysia - High Commission of the Republic of Fiji. This wouldallowforthe implementation of water catchment management programmes for the protection of freshwater resources, as well as the education and awareness of programmes on sustainable management and use of those resources. Simultaneously, the legislative framework (SDG 12.1) would allow for the identification of new water sources (SDG 6.6) and installation of standardized treatment systems (SDG 7.3) for water renewability.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|fiji sdg officer water ministry|1.4391965|6.7678976|1.8978349
366|The English mental health care system, which operates predominantly under the National Health Service, but also under Public Health England and alongside government Local Authorities, is made up of primary and specialist care (“secondary care” and “tertiary care”), and social care. Comprehensive mental health care is also likely to include some input from social care services, both services funded and run by Public Health England and local social services run by Local Authorities. Government-funded and state-run mental health care services are sometimes supplemented by voluntary services and by private services paid for by the NHS, especially for medium and low security care (see section 3.2; section 4.3.ii).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care services health mental run|10.287597|8.966797|1.6734456
367|Designating 3.8 million ha for rice production exclusively is unlikely to be the best policy approach in a country exporting large quantities of rice. If the main objective is food security, there are more effective means of achieving it. Indeed, diversification to achieve lower risk is a measure that adds to food security and is a separate (and commendable) objective of the government. The restrictions on crop choice work against diversification.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|diversification rice objective security food|3.9804852|5.113296|4.0269723
368|While technology could allow many other individuals or firms to generate data, doing so is not straightforward. The evidence presented in this report suggests that better in-market support can improve the survival rate of exporters in destination markets. Support to new exporters is also found to significantly increase the number of national exporters in targeted markets.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|exporters markets straightforward destination support|4.8012414|3.329985|2.5810597
369|Failure to make the nature of these risks clear can result in over-investment in water-dependent enterprises and calls for compensation when entitlements need to be reduced in order to avoid compromising water quality and other environmental outcomes. For instance, it is critical to avoid any shortage in water availability for cooling nuclear power plants, as the consequences are unacceptably high. However, farmers growing low value annual crops may be willing to forego water use during times of scarcity, especially if they can recover greater value from trading their water entitlements to higher value uses than they can by using the water. Various water users also have different capacities to manage the risk of freshwater shortage, by improving efficiency, relying on alternative water sources, or adjusting the timing of their water use.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water entitlements shortage value avoid|1.161539|7.3255043|2.5344667
370|It also reproduces inequalities in people's capacity to exercise citizenship and in access to social networks and the full exercise of rights. But, most importantly, education is an end in itself and should be valued in its own right for its quality and for the enjoyment learning can bring. However, differences between countries remain sharp: the average number of years of education in the adult population ranges from 11.7 in Argentina to 5 in Guatemala.8 The information available for the Caribbean countries indicates that they tend to be in an intermediate situation relative to Latin America where average years of education are concerned. The adult population averages 8.0 years of education in Belize, 8.5 in Grenada, 9.2 and 9.3 in Trinidad andTobago, respectively, and 9.6 in Guyana, the highest value.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|education exercise adult years belize|9.362369|2.2493718|3.0109315
371|Consumption and production patterns that are more sustainable than is currently the case would result in a reduction in adverse environmental impacts and contribute towards poverty eradication without undermining the basis of human development through opportunities such as creation of new markets, green and decent jobs, and more efficient management of natural resources. Over the past several decades, economic development has enabled millions of people to get out of poverty. However, corresponding increases in the consumption of resources have led to an increase in pollution and waste, which has harmed the environment and eroded ecosystems.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|consumption eroded undermining poverty eradication|1.7552618|3.7310696|2.8665607
372|Thus, WHO total (recorded and unrecorded) estimates may significantly differ from OECD figures. In younger people, some data show increasing trends in alcohol consumption, in particular in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2011). Regarding European countries, the ESPAD study1 shows small decreases from 2003 through 2007 to 2011 in the proportion of students who consume alcohol, and it finds increases of heavy episodic drinking from 1995 to 2007 with some sign of downturn in 2011 (Hibell etal.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol episodic downturn consume sign|9.3126955|9.675647|3.552972
373|As the TOSSD framework is to be agreed by mid-2017, inputs from the international community can contribute to ensuring that TOSSD is defined in a way that, if desired, is helpful to tracking progress on climate finance commitments. The main changes relating to reporting of climate finance are that: this reporting is to cover support “mobilised” as well as provided; it is now mandatory for all “developed” countries (not just Annex II countries) to report on support; and that “other” countries providing support are also encouraged to report on this information. The Paris Agreement also indicates that developed countries are to biennially communicate indicative information, as available, on climate finance “to be provided” (Box 2). The estimation of projected financial support for a specific area can be challenging, particularly for countries with annual budget cycles.|SDG 13 - Climate action|support finance countries climate reporting|1.4106852|3.738194|0.63460934
374|This highlights the importance of informing households of the environmental implications of excessive and wasteful water consumption. In this case the environmental “norms” of the respondents are important explanations for the investment in water-saving equipment. Above all, what matters the most for investment is home ownership and water charging on a volumetric basis. Attention is also paid to the role of eco-labelling in this case.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water wasteful volumetric informing case|1.4493223|7.454565|2.6183615
375|For growth to become more inclusive, the gap between the cost of labour and productivity for some groups needs to be reduced, transitions from education to work should be facilitated, incentives to take a job ought to be strengthened and the non-employed need to be protected against the risk of falling into unemployment or inactivity traps. This calls for lowering minimum wages relative to the average wage for groups at risk of becoming unemployed, improving vocational education and training, and extending the coverage of the unemployment insurance while strengthening obligations for the unemployed. To address labour market duality risks, the gap in job protection between temporary and permanent contracts needs to be reduced.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployed unemployment job reduced gap|7.9194827|4.580428|4.211829
376|However, it is difficult to accurately calculate innovation expenditures since these types of costs are not specified in firms’ financial accounts. Moreover, countries do not collect systematic information on the sources of funding for innovation expenditures. The DAC statistical system on development activities is also not designed to capture innovation expenditures. While many development activities can include innovative approaches, including the use of innovative financing mechanisms, it does not necessarily mean that the activities supports innovation, but rather represent innovation in the delivery of development assistance.3 It is also difficult to determine the outcomes from capacity-building exercises, in particular whether the training leads to innovation in products, processes or methods.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation expenditures activities innovative difficult|5.227596|3.3823287|2.3033621
377|For example, ill health of students themselves or of other family members is an obvious reason for absence. The need to attend significant events (such as funerals) may affect some groups of students more than others. For students in remote areas, medical or other appointments in the nearest urban centre can result in an absence of several days.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students absence nearest appointments obvious|9.415726|2.5403562|2.8504705
378|Moreover, female employment in the informal sector is characterised by a predominance of unpaid care work and a vulnerable job status. However, the lack of gender-disaggregated data makes it difficult to evaluate and monitor female entrepreneurship in the MENA region. This drops to 22% during the early stage of the business life course, and the decrease continues to just 17% of established businesses. The proportion is far lower than in other emerging and developed economies. While TEA gender gaps barely exist in other emerging economies (e.g. Indonesia, Malaysia, or Brazil), the gap is significant in the six countries under review (Figure 1.8).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|emerging female economies predominance tea|8.893391|3.9036787|6.0798545
379|They have examined universities’ and tertiary education institution’s contribution to human capital and skills development; technology transfer and business innovation; social, cultural and environmental development; and regional capacity building. The review process has facilitated partnership building in cities and regions by drawing together tertiary education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them. It complements the reviews that have taken place in the strategically and economically important US-Mexico cross-border region, such as those of the Nuevo Leon, the Paso del Norte Region and most recently Southern Arizona (2011), right next to the state of Sonora.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary building arizona sonora leon|7.5806646|2.5195158|2.461434
380|In order to facilitate gender-equal parliaments, many legislatures are taking steps to introduce a range of measures to facilitate work-life balance for parliamentarians, particularly those with family and/or care obligations. There remains clear scope to enhance the framework and implementation of these initiatives. Table 6.3 provides a summary of the type of work-life balance measures that have been adopted by different parliaments across the OECD.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parliaments balance facilitate life legislatures|9.308159|4.9629974|5.8376966
381|The reforms began with a reduction in gasoline and diesel subsidies. To manage the impacts of reforms, fuels that place a disproportionate burden on the poorest were originally excluded. The reduction in subsidies to fossil fuels has been coupled with a commitment to increasing the role of renewable energy, particularly solar energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fuels subsidies reforms reduction disproportionate|1.5947654|2.6494315|2.343466
382|The government’s 2020 Vision states that by 2020, everyone will live longer, healthier lives at home, or in a homely setting. It sets out as significant challenges Scotland’s public health record, changing demography and the economic environment. The document cites as a key challenge an anticipated 25% rise in the proportion of people aged 75 and over in Scotland in the next ten years. This rise is likely to be accompanied by more chronic disease, and growing numbers of older people with complex needs such as dementia. It estimates over the next 20 years, demography alone could increase expenditure on health and social care by over 70%. The 2020 Vision reiterates die ambition of integrated health and social care, and a focus on prevention and self-management.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|demography scotland vision rise health|9.178329|8.843864|2.4543498
383|Promotion of seafood products in domestic and export markets is largely the responsibility of seafood producers. Currently, most commercial fisheries in New Zealand are represented by a CSO. Improved engagement of CSOs has allowed for greater integration of stakeholder views in the management of New Zealand’s fisheries resource.|SDG 14 - Life below water|seafood zealand fisheries cso csos|0.1794317|5.802353|6.7581773
384|Previously named the Institute of Public Health, its organizational structure and strategy were expanded to form the National Centre for Public Health in 2013. In line with the extended structure, while keeping its leading role in public health research, the National Centre for Public Health is responsible for a broad range of public health programme implementation and health promotion activities at the national level. The Centre’s work focuses on the following sectors, among others: environment, occupational health and research, venom toxicity studies, nutrition research, and health promotion and behavioural research. Family doctors at the soum level send the indicator values to the aimag health department, which sends the information to the Centre for Health Development on the first day of each month.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health centre research public promotion|8.802138|9.235149|2.3447227
385|"Technology-enhanced learning allows mode,place, time and pace of learning opportunities to be varied, and OER enables the simple adaptability of educational resources, as shown by the cases presented in this chapter. The discussion section highlights how for OER, as with other educational resources, the interaction between people, information and instruments must be considered to achieve successful outcomes. For this reason, the concept of ""inclusive"" or “universal"" design that aims to match learners’ abilities with their opportunity far learning is presented."|SDG 4 - Quality education|oer learning presented educational adaptability|8.729061|1.6559925|2.0248692
386|However, establishing a formal Health Technology Assessment system would help determine which pharmaceuticals should be covered. Several of these challenges have been present since the very inception of the system in the early 1990s. However, there is no overarching political vision that political parties across the spectrum (and different stakeholders in the health system) can subscribe to.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|political pharmaceuticals spectrum overarching health|8.680416|9.328997|2.0937605
387|Students were expected to acquire a basic body of knowledge and then specialise in a field of their choice and pursue a professional career in that area. To achieve this aim, it was considered sufficient for teachers to transmit accumulated knowledge and for students to memorise it. This approach worked when jobs were also compartmentalised, specialised and stable, allowing most people to find a job for life or at least stay in the same field. The landscape has changed dramatically in recent years, putting huge pressure on education systems to adapt to a rapidly evolving ecosystem.|SDG 4 - Quality education|field knowledge specialise students transmit|8.657583|1.7245994|1.9582484
388|This problem is particularly marked in the case of STIs, identification and management of which is chiefly organised around the low-cost route of syndromic management, which eschews expensive diagnostics in favour of broad-based treatment of symptomatic cases; as a result, there is little incentive for diagnostic technology manufacturers to invest in South Africa, and little translation of genomic research findings into clinical practice. In addition, respondents proposed that international collaboration could also play a valuable educative role. It was suggested that the insecure funding situation for genomic research and implementation can be attributed to a lack of awareness among public health agencies and policy makers, who are inclined to perceive genomics as a basic research field, and hence of limited significance for public health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|genomic research little genomics inclined|8.449598|9.295406|2.802799
389|Such integrated curriculum is believed to contribute to high-quality ECE and improved social behaviour (Table 1.2) (Bennett, 2004; Siraj-Blatchford, 2010). As an example, Sweden is considered to have high-quality ECE in part because its curriculum contents place the same value on social and cognitive learning (Sheridan et al., In some countries, the implementation of a mixed model curriculum has been found to be less effective than pure “academic” or “comprehensive” approaches.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curriculum ece contents pure believed|9.397781|2.53512|1.9824637
390|The comparison between multidimensional deprivation for children and countries' GDP per capita has shown a moderate correlation indicating some ability to predict child deprivation on the basis of a country's economic activity. In addition, there has been a modest to absent correlation between deprivation and the various monetary poverty measures emphasising that the two concepts of poverty identify (partly) different groups of people and that the two measures of poverty should therefore be used complementary to each other, especially regarding child poverty. Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurements', Journal of Public Economics, no.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty deprivation correlation multidimensional child|6.956293|6.5285006|5.17101
391|The United Kingdom’s Demonstration Test Catchments (DTC) project is a new initiative of the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) to provide a research platform from which a number of integrated ways of managing agricultural diffuse source pollution at the river catchment level can be developed. France also has launched a major research initiative by the Ministries of Agriculture and Environment, conducted through the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), to support the national Ecophyto plan that plans to achieve a 50% reduction in pesticide use by 2018. Nearly three-quarters of the UK land surface is in agricultural production and the influence of farming on water and the ecosystems it supports is significant (Table 5.1).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|initiative recherche defra environment agricultural|0.91204673|6.8150663|2.7496278
392|Rivers for which there is insufficient scientific information or have a rod catch of less than ten salmon remain closed. A scheme of rehabilitation of rivers was introduced with priority given to rivers which were below' the conservation limit in areas of SAC’s funded through the introduction of a salmon conservation component on all angling and commercial licence sales. This increase w'ould roughly equate to the reduction in exploitation as a result of the closure of the mixed stock fishery. In 2008 and 2009, many of these indices were down w'ith some significant drops, despite the continued closure of the mixed stock fishery at sea.|SDG 14 - Life below water|rivers salmon closure fishery mixed|0.018232089|6.2019677|6.606018
393|The market for cryptographic technologies is still relatively young and is continually evolving to address known challenges - new algorithms, consensus mechanisms, and methods for sharing data or validating transactions are likely to emerge as DLT matures. Significant challenges also arise regarding the lack of data transparency in current governing systems and the need to involve private and public institutions, as well as end consumers, in the infrastructure value chain. Transparent and clear processes can serve to gain the trust of investors.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|challenges continually algorithms evolving governing|4.0468025|2.5494778|2.0474322
394|Consequently, this change in behaviour caused a counter-intuitive increase in the Gini coefficient by around 0.4 percentage point (Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior, 2014a). In a lifecycle perspective the reform unambiguously raises tax payments for higher income groups and thus it should reduce income inequality. According to cross-country estimates in Causa et al. ( This reflects reform-driven increases in older worker employment rates, which benefit household incomes across the distribution, with the exception of rich households that are found to be unaffected.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|reform intuitive lifecycle interior counter|6.7683663|5.153394|4.7239575
395|This is an important research problem since changes in the prices of goods and services will affect the material wellbeing produced by any given level of income. We can, therefore, consider indicators such as rates of employment, unemployment, and labor force participation as indirect measures of regional residents’ command over goods and services. While economic participation indicators are broadly accepted, they do have a number of limitations when applied to the Arctic context.|SDG 1 - No poverty|goods indicators participation command labor|6.6226726|5.919127|4.6149254
396|On successful completion of high school education students can enrol into different institutions of higher education. This depends on the individual performance of students and different entry requirements for admission of students into different courses. A number of public institutions exist. These include the Lesotho College of Education (LCE), the National University of Lesotho (NUL) and Lerotholi Polytechnic (LP) and the newly founded university Limkokwing on 15 October, 2008.|SDG 4 - Quality education|lesotho students different university education|9.295828|2.3986385|2.5297303
397|"The current Plan requirements, introduced in 2013, include specific regional targets, and several targets are also defined through the fee schedule. ‘ Health Japan 21"" sets a target to prevent disease associated with adult life habits. Compliance to guidelines is voluntary and the impact of guideline developments on quality is not clear. This is because there is a lack of comprehensive and actionable indicators to support quality improvement."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|targets actionable guideline habits schedule|9.217881|9.294888|1.9682695
398|Policy makers should be prepared to act in anticipation of unusual conditions or conditions that are “normal” but require decisionmaking to avoid harm. Finally, even best plans and implementation efforts are beneficial but cannot be expected to prove infallible or necessarily successful. The fishery management system in the Northeast Pacific is recognized as meeting most of the “best management practices” and promoting an ecosystem-based approach to management (Witherell, 1999 and Witherell et al.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|management best conditions unusual northeast|-0.23218974|5.7890844|6.6472507
399|Federal policies - federal housing finance in particular -have facilitated the development of higher quality houses, yet have often failed to contribute to the development of better cities. Reforms to INFONAVIT’s practices thus form the basis upon which a more competitive, sustainable housing and urban development model can be built. First, like many Latin American countries, Mexico has a long history of informal or irregular housing development, and a large share of the housing stock continues to be self-built, lacking legal titles or constructed outside the formal development process. Nearly one-quarter of urban households live in informal settlements.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing development built federal informal|4.8136053|5.704795|2.1038117
400|Initially targeted on children up to 7 years of age living in families in poverty, the Child Support Grant was gradually extended to children below age 18 living in poverty. The expansion of social assistance to children in poverty highlights a new focus on addressing poverty and inequality through strengthening human development. The main conclusions point to the significant role of landmark political change in generating an expansion of anti-poverty programmes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty children expansion living landmark|7.2417817|6.260321|4.8423567
401|The aim of the model is to provide illustrative results that show how structural diversity among developing countries, and systemic differences between developed and developing countries, can affect the welfare and distributional outcomes of alternative agricultural policy interventions. Models are constructed for six countries for which the RIGA data referred to above are available; two in Africa (Ghana and Malawi), two in Asia (Bangladesh and Viet Nam) and two in Latin America (Guatemala and Nicaragua). This is because market price support for food crops harms net buyers of food, often the poorest farm and non-farm (landless) households, although the proportion of net buyers varies significantly across countries. Support for cash crops does not have this drawback; however, cash crops are often (but not always) grown by farmers with relatively high incomes, so support seldom reaches the incomes of the poorest.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|crops buyers poorest cash farm|4.1326303|5.316951|3.960766
402|These were essentially two-dimensional plans aiming at dynamic representations of urban growth and change while in fact they were more frequently static. Master plans explicitly required professionals and the citizenry alike to fit their aspirations and their desired physical forms into the patterns they set out. The plan was the context.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|plans representations alike dimensional static|3.9486845|5.3389516|1.7012033
403|Very extensive river fiood-plains, temporary Hooded grasslands and lens provide a number of services such as water storage, groundwater replenishment and support for livestock farming and biodiversity. The transboundary lakes Ohrid and Dojran are also of great socio-economic and cultural importance. Along the Adriatic and Aegean Seas an important number of coastal lagoons, salt-pans, and river delta wetlands exist in Albania, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro and Slovenia.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river ohrid replenishment grasslands plains|0.4112585|6.9727397|2.642404
404|This unit would be charged with leading development of a coordinated strategy for delivering the improvements targeted and ensuring the resources made available by government for implementing agreed measures are sufficient to achieve the results expected. Western Australia's Office of Road Safety provides a good example of this kind of lead agency for road safety (the Office was reorganised and renamed the Road Safety Commission in July 2015). This highlights the need for urgent and significant action using the holistic, safe system approach to effectively manage speeds and infrastructure improvements to protect pedestrians and cyclists, particularly in locations where there is high crash risk. The importance of enforcement is clearly understood and given priority in Korea but in many cases it seems that the intensity of enforcement effort and resources allocated to enforcement do not reach the critical level needed to realise the full potential of measures adopted. In particular, it is strongly recommended to make seatbelt wearing compulsory in rear seats on the whole road network (not only on motorways as is currently the case). The lack of regulation and enforcement of professional (in particular self-employed) drivers’ hours of service needs urgent attention.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|enforcement road safety urgent office|4.1719823|5.313096|-0.06952285
405|As for the previous group of countries, the official poverty estimates coincide in the direction of variation, although in general they report larger poverty reductions in Ecuador, Panama, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. The ECLAC figures aim to reflect the situation in the region in the most comparable manner possible, while the national figures seek to best capture the realities of each country. This leads to normal methodological differences in the many decisions that are made in the process of building poverty lines (the way the goods in staple food and non-food baskets are selected, the prices used to allocate value to these goods or the deflators used to update poverty lines, among many other factors), as well as in the definition of household income, the treatment of non-responses or the inclusion of imputed rent for the use of owner-occupied dwellings.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty lines figures goods food|6.387621|5.861635|5.168478
406|This is, however, only an expert estimate based on the number of vehicles delivering waste to disposal sites, so the reliability of these data is low. Estimates for MSW generation for the country as a whole are shown in table 8.1. The strong increase in MSW generation in recent years is most likely due to improved monitoring of vehicles delivering waste to the Balakhani disposal site than to an actual rise in MSW. However, there are agents who buy waste paper, plastic and metals from individuals.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|msw waste disposal delivering vehicles|0.36143672|4.0965376|3.1787744
407|Essential elements for such a planning instrument have been identified according to international good practice (Box 2.3). Transparency and predictability in development control mechanisms will increase the credibility of the city master plan and help to promote private investment under the plan. Viet Nam has a unique land ownership system with Land-use Rights (LURs) (Box 2.4), and development control in urban areas is based on zoning. Effective enforcement is another urgent challenge (see Chapter 4).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|control box plan predictability land|4.18169|5.3371024|1.6751229
408|This note provides a forecast on how the fish and world trade regimes will look like five years after the implementation of SDGs in 2035. Three main trends are likely to affect the supply and demand of fish and fish products. In the trade realm, these trends point to a selective and incremental incorporation of marine live and fish conservation measures in the multilateral trading system, and regional trade agreements in particular.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish trade trends realm incorporation|0.26381826|5.7676573|6.638811
409|More in-depth analysis can also help track the delivery of disbursed international climate finance to “end-users” (e.g. industry, households and sub-national governments) within a country. Such analysis can look into which domestic institutions, stakeholders, national funding entities and financial institutions are involved in the processes. The provisions of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 encourage, but do not require, the reporting of information on support received by developing countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|analysis institutions disbursed cp depth|1.4511621|3.7767823|0.72072095
410|Essentialist approaches differ in concluding whether women should be involved in leadership for either conflict or peacebuilding. While some essentialists glorify what they see as the qualities of women, others laud the essential qualities of men. These theories rarely lead to an embracing of the diversity among and between men and women. While not denying the biological differences between men and women, the field of sociology places much more emphasis on how the environment shapes men and women in the process of socialization. Human beings are not born as “men” or “women”.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men women qualities socialization embracing|10.33294|4.93443|7.656532
411|Conversely, the percentage of adolescents who were overweight or obese in 2013-14 was just under the EU average (17% compared with 18%), but it has increased by more than 50% since 2001. On a more positive note, a higher percentage of adolescents and adults in Croatia report doing regular physical activity (Figure 5). Health inequalities have been addressed in several national health policy documents, but few specific measures have been implemented so far. The CHIF contracts with health care providers for the provision of services and plays a key role in defining which health services are covered by the publicly financed system. It also oversees performance standards and price-setting for services; is responsible for the payment of sick leave compensation, maternity benefits and other allowances; and is the main provider of complementary Voluntary Health Insurance (VHI) covering user charges (termed 'supplemental insurance’ in Croatia).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health croatia adolescents insurance services|9.053707|9.169406|2.6747725
412|Adult participation in lifelong learning strongly depends on educational attainment and age. Despite a slight increase in recent years, the participation of older workers in adult programmes is modest, inhibiting their employment prospects (OECD, 2009b). Adults with low educational attainment (individuals whose highest attained degree is primary or below) show considerably less interest in adult learning activities; the difference between highly educated individuals and individuals with low educational attainment in adult education participation is the highest in the EU (IMAD, 2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|adult attainment individuals educational participation|8.7585335|2.8684955|2.9670703
413|"The Provincial Secretariat of Agriculture, Water Management, and Forestry of Vojvodina Province and the JVP ""Vode Vojvodine"" have water management responsibilities in the territory of Vojvodina Province. The new Law on Waters, harmonized with EU legislation, was passed in 2010. The Water Section is an organizational body of the Ministry comprising the following departments: the Department of Slate Administration in the Water Section; the Department of Water Policy; and the Department of River Basin Management and Flood Protection. The Ministry of Environment manages two State-owned enterprises, the Slovak Water Management Enterprise and the Water Management Construction Enterprise, as well as two Government-subsidized organizations: the Water Research Institute Bratislava and the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water management department province slovak|0.87304765|7.1205864|1.7528677
414|It covers topics such as general company information (products/services, certification, etc.), The IT Industry Barometer can help to monitor and evaluate the sector as well as provide statistical information for research and economic planning purposes. The IT Industry Barometer has already been applied by software associations in some developing and transition economies, such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. As the agency responsible for ICT sector measurement within the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, UNCTAD intends to explore this possibility with relevant stakeholders in the coming year. In order to facilitate new start-up firms in this industry as well as the upgrading and growth of software SMEs, Governments can seek to ensure a competitive general business environment, promote upgrading through quality certification, improve access to finance and establish software or technology parks.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|software industry upgrading certification ict|4.802885|3.042679|1.9058713
415|"In the Arab region, UNISDR has continued to promote the ""Making Cities Resilient"" campaign to support urban areas to become more resilient to disasters. Almost 300 cities and municipalities in the Arab region have joined the campaign (20 per cent of all cities worldwide). In Latin America and the Caribbean, the European Union is a vital partner for disaster risk reduction initiatives."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities campaign resilient arab region|3.72473|4.9528527|1.8409024
416|Communication “Europe, the world’s No. Jobs, wages and inequality: the role of non-standard work. Defining, measuring and assessing job quality and its links to labour market performance and well-being. Global Dialogue Forum on New Developments and Challenges in the Hospitality and Tourism Sector - Final report of the discussion, Geneva, 23-24 November 2010.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|hospitality geneva november defining dialogue|6.734695|3.896654|3.1182895
417|Exposure to alcohol marketing increases the likelihood of drinking initiation and adolescent’s alcohol use (Anderson et al., Evidence from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland shows that a higher exposure to online alcohol marketing increases the odds of heavy episodic drinking in adolescents (de Bruijn, 2012). Existing aggregate sources and estimates of alcohol consumption provide the most reliable information to determine broad national trends and draw country profiles of alcohol consumption.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol marketing exposure drinking increases|9.3008|9.689616|3.5452554
418|New Zealand is currently involved in negotiating FTAs with ASEAN and Australia (AANZFTA), the Gulf co-operation Council (GCC), and Malaysia. Negotiations are expected to be launched with the Republic of Korea early in 2009. The development and implementation of Fisheries plans is directed at improving the opportunities for those who utilize fisheries resources to contribute to, and participate in the management of the resource. Improvements have been made to the QMS and the majority of stocks with sustainability and management concerns will be introduced into the QMS over time.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries ftas gcc utilize gulf|0.0042668143|5.6931953|6.7752376
419|The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of ITF or OECD member countries. The work for this report was carried out in the context of the Decarbonising Transport Initiative of the International Transport Forum. The author thanks the participants of the ITF Decarbonising Passenger Transport Workshop, as well as Wei-Shiuen NG, Jari Kauppila, and Michael Kloth for their comments.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|itf transport michael passenger author|4.089487|4.8623476|0.8454396
420|Sources of energy like geothermal, tidal power, hydrogen, nuclear fusion and so forth will require a more visionary approach and even greater scientific and technological advancement. These advances, in turn, will require substantial investment which, at present, is not forthcoming from public and private sources on a large enough scale. Only by ensuring a reliable, affordable supply of energy will it be possible to chart a stable course for economic recovery and growth. Addressing energy insecurity and transforming the global energy system must therefore constitute a major priority for any long-term programme of economic and climate stabilization in advanced countries. Such a course will simultaneously address the climate challenge.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy course require sources hydrogen|1.5177091|2.7559242|2.0669825
421|The Indonesian Kerosene-to-LPG Conversion Programme has been successful in moving 30 million households away from hazardous kerosene to LPG for cooking in just five years (2007-2012). At the centre of this success has been the leadership of the Government, crosssector cooperation, results-based financing (box 1) and appropriate technical assistance. Lessons from this programme suggest that awareness among potential users about the importance of clean cooking, together with the setting of a price that is affordable to users, are critical to the successful implementation of the programme.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|lpg kerosene cooking programme successful|3.579889|5.0603228|3.9788103
422|A scoping mission took place to Stockholm on 9-10 April 2018, which included meetings with officials from the Ministry of Education and Research, the National Agency for Education, and representatives from teacher training institutions, municipalities, independent schools, unions of teachers and principals, as well as researchers (Annex A). Each section describes current, relevant policies, analyses the situation and provides Sweden with promising examples from peer-leamer countries at various policy levels: the classroom, the school (or university in some instances), the municipality, the region and the system. This is meant to emphasise the shared responsibility across all levels of the education system in integrating immigrant and refugee students. Finally, policy pointers are provided to guide Sweden on how best to respond to the current integration challenges in these four areas.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sweden education scoping pointers current|10.0372|2.689135|2.5895534
423|There, through integration of locally generated community based information, co-production of urban planning strategies and social engagement in public sector interventions, the programme achieved a dramatic decrease in crime. By improving access to public spaces, enhancing lighting and visibility, setting up social and business centres along walkways, pedestrian traffic, community surveillance and social cohesion increased. Playtime in Africa creates places for children to convene in a safe outdoor environment to play, learn and create. The initiative combines best practices from around the world and integrates them into local conditions to develop a strategy for child-focused places.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|places social community integrates outdoor|4.2349386|5.0539775|2.0141642
424|With regard to qualifications, the question of the cross-border validity of learning certificates for students has now been covered in some depth in the literature and policy recommendations made, most relevantly in the IIEP publication Certification Counts (Kirk, 2009). However, cross-border portability of teachers’ qualifications is not included in that study (although it notes that similar issues apply). Similarly, although field guides and minimum standards for education in emergencies address the question of curriculum and whether the host country or source country curriculum should be followed for students, there are no agreed international standards for teacher training curriculum content, or on related professional standards. However, these do not cover non-Commonwealth countries (as noted above, there are currently a number of Commonwealth countries sheltering refugees from non-Commonwealth countries); nor do they take into account the special circumstances of education in emergencies, where teachers may arrive without their certificates, having left home precipitously.|SDG 4 - Quality education|commonwealth curriculum emergencies certificates standards|10.044104|2.7709742|2.6896327
425|Preventive interventions also cover individuals at specific risk and those who have either no symptoms of the disease or early signs and symptoms, where early case detection will assist in reducing the potential damage by enabling a more successful intervention. Take the examples of breast and prostate cancer, where age and sex affect the risk; certain lifestyle choices increase the risks, as smoking does for lung cancer. When the symptoms correspond to an acute condition, a remission or cure (HC.l) is sought and expected. Many conditions cannot, however, be completely cured and lead to chronic conditions with some degree of functional decline. Treatment then involves recurring contacts for control as well as the patient’s personal involvement in monitoring and controlling symptoms and treatment.11 Curative care is the most frequent reason why people initially contact the health system. However, based on the specific needs of each consumer the services received typically include a basket of components that mixes preventive and rehabilitative as well as curative care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|symptoms curative preventive cancer treatment|9.411151|9.151873|2.403158
426|"This requires both top-down and bottom-up approaches, so that new standards are defined at the systemic level, training is offered by education institutions, skilled teachers can mentor others, and teachers can learn from each other, investigate in collaboration with others and exchange good practices. This makes the teaching profession more attractive, but also much more demanding. Many education systems still struggle to raise the status of the teaching career, so that teaching can be considered a ""profession"" viewed as having the same value as medicine, law or engineering (Guerriero, 2017)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching profession teachers mentor demanding|9.3065195|1.2678387|2.1398528
427|Currently there are few indicators that measure how well care co-ordination is being undertaken. Without adequate biomedical research on how best to treat a person with multiple chronic conditions, it will be difficult to create evidence-based quality metrics. As noted earlier, it is difficult to develop practice guidelines or quality metrics for people with multiple chronic conditions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|metrics chronic multiple difficult biomedical|9.23181|9.167981|1.9155719
428|Some countries have government-mandated quotas for the number of women on boards, on the basis that this is the only way of increasing participation. Others have judged that the quota system is not appropriate and that initiatives of some other type are required. Examples of such initiatives include a requirement for listed firms to publish a board diversity policy, the creation of processes for recruiting women with managerial skills, increased training, education and mentoring for women, and advertising and promotion of these positions (Deloitte, 2011).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women initiatives deloitte recruiting publish|10.247981|4.099664|6.876582
429|There were around 1 500 boats in a fishery that could sustain a fifth of that number. It decided to control the fishing effort - in effect keeping the same number of boats, but making them less efficient by reducing the number of days at sea and changing the type of gear they could use. Finally, in 2002 a federal judge ordered the government to drastically reduce fishing.|SDG 14 - Life below water|boats fishing number ordered judge|-0.17880279|5.8112826|6.801306
430|Gender gaps in unpaid work are narrowing in developed countries, but they remain starker than those in market-based work virtually everywhere. Stigma and even violence are often used to enforce stereotypes and social norms about 'appropriate' female and male behaviour. As girls and women have entered schools, workplaces, public transport and marketplaces in greater numbers, they are frequently subject to unwelcome scrutiny, harassment and even assault. Violence is also used as a way to punish nonconformity with dominant gender stereotypes, for example in relation to sexual orientation (see Box 1.5). However, the implementation of these legal provisions is rarely supported by adequate investments in services, in capacity building of service providers and in the public campaigns needed to effectively prevent violence against women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence stereotypes punish assault workplaces|10.021731|5.2155986|7.3026023
431|However, the understanding of sustainability will require revisiting the interpretation of lower mobility in view of the requirements of sustainable development and sustainable transport. Empowerment of women will have to come through enhanced accessibility to various opportunities without dependence on motorized mobility. Adverse effects are in the form of poor air quality, risk of traffic crashes, lack of activity leading to obesity and other life style related diseases. Least adverse effects on users and non-users is possible when majority city residents have to travel short distances thus reducing the exposure to air pollution as well risk from traffic crashes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|crashes traffic adverse air mobility|4.242005|5.0680413|0.4594907
432|For instance, to harness water-related knowledge, policy makers can set up water information systems whereas solving conflicts over water resources allocation requires the active involvement of those affected to identify the appropriate trade-offs and build consensus. Indeed, 73% of participants surveyed concurred that existing mechanisms for stakeholder engagement are sufficient. Opinions converged that these tools have been successful to foster inclusive decision making, both formally by making stakeholder engagement more systematic, and informally by providing channels for stakeholders to contribute freely. This result shows that all tools are in place or at hand. It is then more a question of making them effective and outcome-oriented in practice than developing new instruments (Figure 5.4).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|making stakeholder engagement tools water|1.14144|6.8959637|1.4385532
433|These gender differences exist to a large extent because women still bear the brunt of the unpaid domestic tasks, such as childcare and housework, because of shortage/high costs of childcare facilities, and because of family-unfriendly work conditions (OECD, 2012a; World Bank, 2011b). Table 3.1 shows differences in the availability, affordability and quality of childcare services across regions of the world (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012). Moreover, gender differences in the labour market can have longer-term consequences affecting women’s and men’s ability to save for both short and long-term needs (as mentioned in the previous chapter), and may especially impact women’s outcomes in retirement. Box 3.1 highlights the experience of New Zealand in addressing women’s lower outcomes in retirement.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|childcare differences women retirement brunt|9.058588|4.9825687|5.9210634
434|Established under the Climate Change Act 2008, the scheme covers emissions by firms and public bodies not already subject to the EU system or substantially covered by other agreements. It comprises reporting requirements and a carbon levy. The CRC EES is complemented by several other policies to promote energy efficiency in residential buildings.|SDG 13 - Climate action|crc levy comprises complemented residential|1.7543842|3.0663815|2.1458247
435|The lack of evidence-based policy making is a result of both the lack of analytical capacities in sector ministries, and the lack of relevant data. Limited coverage together with limited funding seriously hampers the poverty reduction impact. Nevertheless, it should not be forgotten that the situation would be even worse for the most vulnerable households if these transfers did not exist.|SDG 1 - No poverty|lack limited seriously worse analytical|7.038458|6.0066667|4.662406
436|However, buying urban and peri-urban property (housing land lots and flats) is an attractive investment for those who work abroad. Flat sales in Chisinau are growing 8% annually.64 This means that there is a growing demand for housing in the capital and in the immediate vicinities. However, the land is not yet used intensively. Chisinau, like most Moldovan cities, still has a lot of available land in developed blocks and some abandoned land lots. This non-intensive urban land use situation currently provides an opportunity for replacing, upgrading, and developing the physical infrastructure (e.g., utilities, transport), which is needed due to the growing demand for housing. With new constructions and land acquisition progressing, there is a need to have adequate spatial development plans in place.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land lots housing growing urban|4.1800857|5.4900236|1.813708
437|Girls today outperform boys in some areas of education and are less likely to drop out of school. But the glass is still only half full: women continue to earn less than men, are less likely to make it to the top of the career ladder, and are more likely to spend their final years in poverty. Making the most of the talent pool ensures that men and women have an equal chance to contribute both at home and in the workplace, thereby enhancing their well-being and that of society. Greater educational equality does not guarantee equality in the workplace, however. If high childcare costs mean that it is not economically worthwhile for women to work full-time; if workplace culture penalises women for interrupting their careers to have children; and if women continue to bear the burden of unpaid household chores, childcare and looking after ageing parents, it will be difficult for them to realise their full potential in paid work. In developing countries, if discriminatory social norms favour early marriage and limit women’s access to credit, girls’ significant gains in educational attainment may not lead to increased formal employment and entrepreneurship.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women workplace childcare likely continue|9.266511|4.660094|6.031371
438|The energy supply is apparently still keeping up with increasing energy demand. The current capacity in 2015 in Hai Phong was about 3 670 million kWh, whereas the actual demand is around 2 130 million kWh (the surplus can be sold commercially). Demand, however, is expected to increase by 13.7% (2016-20).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|kwh demand million apparently phong|1.5435649|2.5453098|2.713723
439|The SMART Housing Policy offers an incentive-based approach to encourage developers to build affordable housing that also meets elevated construction standards, and is located near transit. It provides for fee waivers as well as faster review and inspection times for developers building qualifying housing projects. It can also provide additional density, or floor/area ratio, to encourage provision of affordable housing and other community benefits, such as parking, open space and streetscapes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing developers affordable encourage waivers|4.7888613|5.6296306|2.0051026
440|Since its collateral registry came online in 2010, Ghana has registered 60,000 loans totaling approximately $14 billion. Moreover, it explicitly states that the elimination of gender discrimination in laws, customs and practices related to land and property is a guiding principle of land management. While considerable progress has been made, there is still, however, a significant gender gap when it comes to ownership and control of land.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|land registry gender collateral guiding|8.842478|3.870162|6.6661167
441|"But labour taxation was especially high on low-wage workers, with a tax wedge about six percentage points above the OECD average for minimum wage earners (Figure 3.6, Panel B). This depends on a number of factors, namely: i) the presence of a net wage floor (i.e. a binding minimum wage); ii) the extent to which workers value social protection or public services provided by taxes; iii) the relative bargaining power of employers and employees; and iv) the relative generosity of possible replacement revenues (OECD, 2008|3i|). The effects of labour taxes on labour demand are thus likely to be particularly large at low wage levels."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|wage labour taxes minimum relative|7.0692077|4.867541|4.27188
442|However, even in the absence of formal and rigorous assessments of reform, evidence of positive developments or disappointment are still available. The cases of Israel, Alberta, Canada, New Mexico, United States and South Africa illustrate positive, mixed or disappointing results. While the shortage of water remains the key issue in the water sector, and the need to manage the reservoirs between dry and wet seasons and years is the top priority for those responsible for the water sector, authorities have been given enhanced tools to cope with the challenge.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water positive disappointing wet alberta|1.110999|7.3249006|2.2177074
443|If staff experience their working conditions as more pleasant, this will result in more caring and stimulating behaviour (Huntsman, 2008; Burchinal et al., The quality of the classroom environment is found to improve with every additional adult in the room. When practitioners work together in a classroom, this provides opportunities for supervision, consultation and discussing work challenges (Goelman et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|classroom al et discussing stimulating|9.091981|2.1585724|1.8920658
444|It declined slightly thereafter, as migration for employment picked up, particularly within the European Union, and again more recently as large inflows of refugee and asylum seekers arrived. The gender composition of migrant stocks has been affected only very marginally, however, as, once again, the migration categories in which women account for the highest shares are those most likely to be a permanent movement. While men are often perceived as the principal immigrants - the first-comers who arrived as workers, students or refugees - women account for most of the spouses who either accompany or join the principal migrants later, a pattern sometimes referred to as that of “trailing wives” (Cooke, 2008). Family migration trends may thus be associated chiefly with women, even though family migrants also include minor-aged children whose gender distribution is balanced.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migration arrived principal migrants women|8.66503|5.2564793|7.031877
445|Due to the nascent status of the technology, legal frameworks and specific laws are yet to be designed and enacted. As a consequence of the physically distributed nature of blockchain networks, sometimes across national borders, the applicable laws and regulations differ for each node (West, 2018). Due to the immutable nature of decentralised registries, and the capability to transfer value by virtue of digital transactions approved by a consensus algorithm, many open questions remain in areas like service level and performance, liability, intellectual property, data privacy, and compliance.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|laws nature nascent algorithm registries|4.0476594|2.5516875|2.0614955
446|This suggests that disadvantaged children from these countries are less likely to obtain the skills necessary for today’s technology-rich and versatile labour markets and improve their socio-economic status. Considering that acquiring labour market-relevant skills and obtaining well-recognised educational qualifications have become major determinants of labour market outcomes, the lack of equity in education in these countries is worrisome. In 2012, over 85% of 15-year-olds from the most disadvantaged backgrounds in Belgium, France, Hungary, Iceland, Japan and the Netherlands reported having more than a year of pre-primary education experience (Table 1.1 and Annex Table 2.A2.1 in Chapter 2).|SDG 4 - Quality education|disadvantaged labour table skills acquiring|9.218263|2.7802074|3.0198336
447|Structural reforms are needed to boost labour demand with the EITC at least partly offsetting any negative impact on individual income. The asymmetry' in EPL between temporary' and permanent contracts needs to be reduced. Reforms of the education system need to continue to ease the transition from education to employment and to raise the productivity' of new entrants.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|reforms asymmetry epl offsetting entrants|7.594604|4.5419765|4.053097
448|The assessments of the individual transboundary surfitce and groundwaters in this subregion can be found in the Chapters 5 and 6 of Section IV (drainage basins of the Black Sea and of the Mediterranean Sea). The assessment of transboundary waters in SEE also contains assessment of a number of selected Ramsar Sites. Besides the assessed Ramsar Sites, there arc important transboundary wetland areas elsewhere in SEE, e.g., the delta of Maritsa/Evros/Meri^ River (a part of it is also a Ramsar Site), as well as important human-made wetlands, such as reservoir lakes and fish farming ponds along the Drava, Mura and smaller rivers in SEE.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ramsar transboundary sites sea assessment|0.5031027|6.9655156|2.6608708
449|The situation might improve once a minimum intake of renewable electricity is determined by the NEA (more in the Policies and Standards section). By integrating advanced information technologies into the power system, smart grids enable operators to better manage generation, transmission and storage in ways that more effectively respond to system fluctuations in demand. In turn, smart grids help in load shifting, while maintaining the reliability and stability of the power system. The most innovative aspect of smart grids is that, through the installation of smart meters, they allow consumers to participate in demand response.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|smart grids power demand nea|1.7682493|1.3377515|1.973774
450|In agriculture, technologies that enhance the labour productivity of rural women (such as better farm tools, water provision, modern energy services and household food preparation) can free their time for other activities. For example, a study from India demonstrated that women who used a groundnut decorticator were able to process around 14 times more groundnuts and used significantly less physical effort than those doing so by hand. Similarly, a new hand tool designed for making ridges for vegetable crops allowed women to double the number of rows finished in one hour (Singh, Puna Ji Gite and Agarwal, 2006). Such innovations in technology may open up opportunities for women to earn higher incomes or to use their time (and increased income) for added attention to the family.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|women hand singh finished vegetable|8.821856|4.569692|6.400322
451|The concession aimed to improve the services and operating performance of the existing municipal water utility, especially to poor areas that have little access to potable water and poor sanitary conditions, by reducing the amount of water that is unaccounted for, increasing cash collection and increasing service coverage by 30-40%. Overall, the municipality expected to increase coverage to 90% and 60% for water and sewage services, respectively, by 2013. The complaint raised the following social and environmental concerns: repeated cuts of residential water to the poor, lack of service provision to poorer neighbourhoods, lack of wastewater treatment, noncompliance with the concession contract, resulting in infringements of MIGA’s safeguard policies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water concession poor coverage service|1.3667251|7.5345025|2.2279167
452|The PPA also commissioned KEMA International in 2012 to undertake a study to quantify the power system energy losses in southern Pacific utilities, which included all the Commonwealth Pacific small states except Vanuatu (PPA and KEMA 2012). Following on from the recently completed Pacific Appliance Labelling and Standards Programme, which aimed to increase the importation and sale of more energy efficient appliances, the Pacific Efficient Lighting Strategy (PELS) is being implemented to assist in the Pacific’s transition to high efficiency and environmentally sound lighting by 2020. The projected electricity savings are over 2,100 gigawatt hours, with associated fuel import savings of about 720 million litres and emission savings of 1.9-2.0 metric ton equivalent carbon dioxide.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|pacific ppa savings lighting efficient|1.8886023|2.1897972|2.5544834
453|Since 2007 Italy has provided tax relief for energy efficiency improvements to existing buildings including the installation of double-glazed windows, thermal insulation, high-efficiency boilers and the installation of solar panels. In 2009, building owners submitted 240,000 tax credit applications. As the programme was originally expected to be terminated in 2010, the number of applications in 2010 exceeded the previous year by around 71%.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|installation applications tax boilers efficiency|2.0331688|2.644341|2.291397
454|The current state of water bodies has adverse effects on the environment (poor water quality, reduced stream flows, drying up of wetlands); adds costs to the provision of water services (as water has to be treated before it can be used); and threatens the economic viability of farming. Currently, 91.3% of the population has access to drinking water services and 89.9% has sanitation coverage. Considering the current coverage and future population growth projections, in the next 20 years Mexico will need to provide an additional 36 million inhabitants with drinking water services and 40 million with sanitation services.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water services drinking sanitation coverage|1.9023764|7.0292554|2.1081219
455|An MTA that covers the entire commuting area can co-ordinate among jurisdictions at all territorial levels and reduce negative consequences of urban sprawl. Fatal crashes between road users remain a common occurrence on city streets, whilst they have almost been eliminated in rail or air transport. A growing number of local governments are embracing Vision Zero: a vision of no one being killed or seriously injured in urban traffic to rectify this. In support of such ambitious targets, this report investigates key road safety questions in the context of selected cities in Europe and beyond.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|vision road embracing injured investigates|4.2766232|5.196417|-0.011689173
456|This process enabled the simple comparison of immigrant students relative to their native peers across the ten indicators. Figure 1.1 below provides a graphic overview of the relative performance of the two groups of students and more importantly, highlights the areas where gaps between the two groups are most significant. The mean values for immigrant students are converted as the relative values of 10.|SDG 4 - Quality education|relative immigrant students values groups|9.882627|2.5385296|3.1409514
457|"To safeguard women’s rights, traditional leaders and decision makers should receive training about women’s rights and their responsibilities to uphold these rights. In Kenya, for example, local traditional authorities have been made aware ofthe contributions women make to their communities. In one community, elders in 01 Posimoru drafted a new local constitution (known as a ""katiba”) that protects women’s property rights."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights women traditional protects elders|9.671316|4.888705|7.2996497
458|For young people, the decisions they make about what and where to study, both within and following periods of compulsory education, have become both more important and more difficult to make. The purpose of career guidance is to enable young people to make what are good education and career decisions for them now and in their future as well. In the absence of reliable and trustworthy information and support which good career guidance should provide, such decisions become more difficult, with personal and social costs often displayed in skills mismatches and unsatisfactory employment prospects. Over recent years, the significance of career guidance services has grown. Rapid economic and educational change has led to school-to-work transitions which are now longer and more complex.|SDG 4 - Quality education|career guidance decisions make difficult|8.663135|2.6402624|2.8315513
459|This approach from Wiggins and Keats (2013) was based on 31 major case studies with thousands of smallholder participants across Africa. The aim is to see the extent to which policy instruments align with major smallholders’ constraints. In order to carry out this exercise, a questionnaire was sent to the five participant countries asking questions regarding national definition of small-scale agriculture; main constraints for accessing markets identified by governments; policies aiming at solving those banders; among others3. It is important to note that not all questions were fully addressed by the countries; particularly the ones related to how effective the policies have been or which proportion of the programmes is being directed towards smallholders. National definition of small-scale agriculture.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|smallholders questions definition constraints scale|3.8692636|5.2018075|3.6669002
460|This move has taken place against the background of increasing use of ocean resources and space and the appearance of climate change impacts. There are a number of often conflicting uses which call for a more holistic approach to oceans management. While ecosystem management often emphasises biodiversity, integrated oceans management focuses more on how different users of the ocean ecosystem interact. The ocean provides inputs and services for numerous activities such as the following.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean oceans ecosystem management conflicting|0.048051655|5.730531|6.014356
461|According to estimates for 2012 co-financing represented 11% of the total budget in private-subsidised schools (Paredes et al., The recently approved Inclusion Law (Ley de Inclusion) eliminates shared funding in private-subsidised schools. The implementation of the law will be gradual and schools will be compensated financially through a new grant (see also Chapter 1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools subsidised inclusion law ley|9.554562|2.204832|2.2751865
462|It has a weak capacity to speak with one voice and present strong evidence to the two respective national governments, other than claiming that what is good for a given part of its territory is ultimately good for the country. The closest Western Scandinavia has gotten to a form of politically integrated governance body was the “Scandinavian Arena” (DSA), a cross-border political co-operation body, which also initiated the 8 Million City project and served as a steering group for the project (discussed earlier). Although the 8 Million City project allowed for a substantial amount of innovative thinking and data mining, it never managed to put together a full, coherent cost-benefit analysis covering the entire high-speed coastal rail corridor it was advocating for (Chapter 1).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|project body city good million|4.446281|4.33836|1.3834312
463|In Norway, a review of community mental health services found that GPs generally are regarded as competent, involved and accessible partners by the community mental health workers (Slettebak et al., This is a good base on which Norway should build. However, given that GPs will likely remain at the forefront of diagnosing and treating mild-to-moderate disorders, there is an on-going need to assure a high quality of care for mental disorders. The availability of training for CBT, and reimbursements for GPs delivering CBT, is an interesting development.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gps cbt mental disorders norway|10.34325|8.981906|1.7393528
464|With the exception of the city of Puebla, which has just updated its urban plan, most municipal plans in the state of Puebla are 15-30 years old. In Tlaxcala, only 4 of the stale’s 60 municipalities have updated or are conducting an update of their municipal plans. Even recent planning documents may be based on outdated or only partial data.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|puebla updated municipal plans outdated|4.024659|5.674866|1.4996563
465|In total, 3 786 adults responded. Visitors: those who had visited a Parks Canada-administered national park in the last three years; nonvisitors: those who had never visited a Parks Canada-administered national park. A survey conducted in 2012 revealed that 44% of Brazilians did not know what a protected area was; only 1% of those who had knowledge of protected areas believed that their purpose was recreation and tourism (MMA, 2012).|SDG 15 - Life on land|visited administered parks park protected|1.6050502|4.922459|4.1497245
466|A premise of this report, therefore, is that gender equality should not be addressed at the periphery, but rather as a central policy concern. Unless public policies, services, legislation and resources benefit all citizens - women as well as men - good governance cannot be fully achieved (OECD, 2010). This report, therefore, encourages governments across the region to analyse their policies and services through a gender lens to ensure that they reach out and respond to the specific needs of women and men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|report men premise periphery gender|9.760245|4.2752914|7.174423
467|If childcare eats up one wage so that there is little or no financial gain in going out to work, parents (most often mothers) are less likely to seek a job. But how people manage life at home also plays a big part in the equation. Many systems still implicitly regard childrearing as a mother’s responsibility: everywhere women are doing more unpaid work than men, regardless of whether they have full-time jobs or not.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|implicitly equation work plays mother|9.07041|5.1553226|5.693789
468|"There is no national legislation corresponding to the Good Samaritan Law principle in Sweden. The provisions states that prepacked foods labeled with ""best before date"" or ""use by date"" and which are not re-packed due to, for example, damages on the wrapping, must not be re-labeled with a later date. If prepacked foods labeled with ""best before date"" or ""use by date"" is treated in a way that extends its life it is allowed to relabel with a later date. If the foodstuff is deep frozen this must be done before the foodstuff is transferred to a premise that sells the foodstuff directly to consumers."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|date foods later best sells|4.1858463|5.170983|4.5097156
469|The WGSSF agreed, however, that a wide range of fishing activities fell within these length and gear parameters, including some activity with very high fishing effort (GFCM, 2017). It was therefore concluded that a more refined characterization of SSF was needed in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Box 10). In certain countries, there is still a need for complete and up-to-date fleet registers for the small-scale subsector. Furthermore, in many cases, SSF may lack dedicated infrastructure, and catches are landed at numerous remote landings sites along the coast, including informal sites such as beaches, hindering regular data collection and record keeping.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ssf sites fishing gfcm beaches|-0.027944041|5.8044972|6.627874
470|"This chapter assesses UNDP’s contribution to results in GEWE in the four focus areas and seeks to answer the following evaluation question: ""Has UNDP contributed to development results in gender equality and women's empowerment?” Taken together, the results produced by the two frameworks helped create a more comprehensive perspective on the quality of gender results, their level of effectiveness and the type of change to which UNDP contributed.111 The team experimented with this approach to establish meaningful aggregate-level trends of UNDP’s contributions to GEWE results. They reflect the fact that working towards GEWE requires more than simply targeting women (or men) or ensuring that a certain number of women benefit from a programme. The frameworks aim at making visible the quality and content issues that are too often absent in accountability and reporting systems and also to capture the level of effectiveness of gender results as well as the type of gender change."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gewe undp results gender contributed|10.008649|3.9186869|7.9134326
471|Income poverty has fallen slightly in the aggregate but it persists at acute levels for the African and Coloured racial groups. Poverty in urban areas has increased. There have been continual improvements in non-monetary well-being (for example, access to piped water, electricity and formal housing) over the entire post-Apartheid period up to 2008.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|coloured piped persists apartheid racial|6.3516808|5.6592283|4.86015
472|In oyster, preliminary work on the exposure of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to microplastics indicated effects on reproduction (Sussarellu et al. Green crabs (Carcinus maenas) were observed to ingest microplastics under control conditions (Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Watts et al. Such intake was observed through contaminated food (mussels artificially contaminated with microplastics), thereby suggesting the possibility of microplastic trophic transfer.|SDG 14 - Life below water|contaminated observed artificially trophic nelson|0.03258406|5.7244716|5.726115
473|This is enshrined in the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Its intent is to promote the co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximise economic and social welfare equitably without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. Integrated water management involves institutions and their efficacy (Kjaer, 2004).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|management water integrated enshrined iwrm|1.1767436|7.111146|1.9980241
474|The way in which the poverty gap index is calculated takes into account the difference between the mean income of the poor sector of the population and the poverty line (weighted by the percentage of poor people), while the poverty gap squared also takes into consideration the way in which income is distributed among the poor. This indicates that, in addition to the decrease in the poverty rate in those countries, there was also a further improvement in the poverty' gap and in income distribution among the poor. The discrepancy is due basically to the fact that the price deflator used by tire Institute to adjust the indigence line —which reflects the variation in the prices of the specific products that make up the basic consumption basket— rose less than the deflator used by ECLAC, which reflects changes in food inflation and is therefore composed differently. The discrepancy is due to minor methodological differences related to the calculation of aggregate income and the value of the lines used. The Dominican Republic w'as the only countries in which the supplementary' indicators pointed to a divergence from the trend in the poverty rate, but this is not surprising, given how small the changes were (see box 1.3 and figure 1.2).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty deflator discrepancy poor gap|6.378319|5.8891187|5.2343006
475|Many of these are the result of EU legislation. The following section describes each major plan in turn including its major objectives and tools to realise them and monitor progress over time. This includes the national, provincial and municipal structural visions along with other collaborative spatial plans such as the joint regional plans of North Holland, Utrecht, Flevoland (Gebiedsagenda) and the economic agenda for the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. Following this, Amsterdam’s land-use plans are discussed, which give the greatest level of detail for specific kinds of land uses.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|amsterdam plans following visions major|3.9964163|5.4629407|1.6199131
476|Operational integration and scheduling should facilitate transfer with minimum time wasted between modes. Such intermodal transfer facilities ensure easy transfer between urban transport modes, including active modes such as walking and cycling. Such intermodal transit stations need to be accessible via walkways, cycle paths and parking facilities for bicycles available nearby.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|modes transfer facilities bicycles wasted|4.1561446|4.9441557|0.72722185
477|No conveyance facilities are involved in the Feather River service area and no pumping is required. Hence, the contracting districts in that area are charged only for capital repayment and operations, maintenance, and rehabilitation. Substantial conveyance and pumping are required in delivering water to coastal and southern portions of the state. Irrigators would also be required to pay the operation, maintenance, and capital replacement costs of their local water agencies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pumping required maintenance capital area|1.2139299|7.5045214|2.1270087
478|"While many provide for gender equality, some specifically recognize women’s land, housing and property rights. 402).The 2008 Constitution of Ecuador, as amended in 2011, provides that ""the State shall guarantee equal rights and equal opportunity to men and women in access to property and decision-making in the management of their common marital estate"" (art. In Brazil, the 1988 Constitution and Law 8629 of 1993 state that both women and men, regardless of their marital status, can be allocated property rights or concessions under the agrarian reform, either individually or jointly."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|property marital constitution rights equal|9.263574|4.985865|7.195427
479|The chapter also reviews the coherence and consistency of the teacher evaluation framework and the operation of professional development for teachers. Among other things, it analyses the size of the teaching workforce; how teachers are prepared and improve their skills while in the profession (e.g. initial preparation, professional development); how teachers are recruited and distributed across individual schools; how teacher resources and teaching time are allocated to students so that they optimally respond to improvement priorities (e.g. class size, teacher-student ratios, use of teachers’ time); and how teachers are incentivised to perform at a high level (e.g. teacher appraisal, recognition and compensation). This law, whose gradual application starts in 2016 and whose full application is expected by 2026, establishes significant modifications to the management of the teaching workforce in Chile. It is planned that all teachers in all publicly-subsidised schools will gradually become part of the System for Teacher Professional Development.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers teacher professional teaching workforce|9.782113|1.4235978|2.4038572
480|And in spite of the absence of a competition law, investors do not appear to complain about having to compete against well-established domestic incumbents - a complaint heard in many other countries in the region, such as the Philippines (OECD, 2016). This is also attested by investor surveys and interviews conducted as part of this review where concerns were raised about weak public institutions and policy uncertainty. Cambodia is ranked 135th out of 190 countries in 2018 in the World Bank’s Doing Business indicators, slipping three notches from the previous edition.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|complaint heard edition spite investor|5.3855734|4.7297626|3.8462687
481|Nevertheless, the Japanese are far more likely than others (79%) to say that the risk of nuclear terrorist acts is high. This ambivalence is one element that explains the current status quo in Japan concerning nuclear energy. Indeed, a survey in early March 2010 by Gallup underlines this fact: 62% said they favoured nuclear energy as one way to meet national electricity needs. Thus, public support for nuclear energy in the United States is strong: more than six out of ten adults favour the building of new nuclear power plants.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear energy gallup quo underlines|0.9973058|1.7676386|1.8272161
482|At the same time, however, transport networks need to be developed in ways which minimize unacceptable adverse impacts. To date the rapid urbanization of Asian cities has, for the most part, resulted in cities that are heavily congested, are poor in urban amenity, suffer high levels of air pollution, emit substantial amounts of C02, inefficiently use scarce land resources, and present unequal access to opportunities for their residents. In the case of road congestion, the degraded amenity particularly affects and decreases the use of other, lower polluting road users, namely public transport, cycling and walking.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road cities transport unacceptable emit|4.136357|4.858692|0.8000865
483|Today, there are 18 hunting farms (four more licences have been issued to fishing farms) but they do not operate effectively and only some of them have approved extraction quotas. It is thought that the trout has been affected the most. However, detailed study of this issue has not been carried out recently. Illegal fishing on the migration routes of species such as sturgeon, together with the dams constructed along those routes, is also a big problem for the survival of these species.|SDG 15 - Life on land|routes farms fishing species sturgeon|0.21037434|6.070571|6.604099
484|In Latin America and the Caribbean, several points on figure 1.16 show a convergence between the direction of changes in GDP and in life satisfaction. But there are counter-intuitive situations, such as satisfaction rising when per capita GDP is falling, or increases in GDP while life satisfaction is declining. The classification, from the World Values Survey, defines income brackets as appropriate for the realities of each country.|SDG 1 - No poverty|satisfaction gdp life intuitive brackets|7.3466425|5.236204|5.005625
485|The indicator might be difficult to interpret in countries in which the reduced access to sick leave entitlements is compensated through a higher hourly pay. However, the following variables may be used: • Target population: WSTATOR = 1 or 2 • Disaggregation: NACE3D, ISC04D, FTPT, TEMP, STAPRO The variables HWUSUAL, YSTARTWK and MSTARTWK may also be useful for identifying the entitled workers. Nevertheless, some workers may not be entitled to paid sick leave, such as temporary workers, part-time workers or workers in special statuses.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers sick entitled variables leave|8.144322|4.795809|4.474071
486|Eligibility to register is conditional on annual income from the business being less than BRL 60 000 (around USD 33 000), but above a monthly minimum wage of BRL 622 (USD 340). In 2011, one full year after it was introduced, a total of 1.9 million micro-entrepreneurs formalised via MEI’s online portal. Around 46% of newly formalised entrepreneurs are women. To encourage people to register, SEBRAE (the Brazilian support service for micro and small enterprises) campaigns and delivers capacity-building programmes, often targeting women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|brl formalised register micro entrepreneurs|8.791924|3.5303848|6.3928504
487|This is equivalent to all expenditure on basin management and flood protection plus one third of all expenditure on policy and regulation. According to the User- and Polluter-Pays principles, users of retail water services should pay for the full cost of urban bulk water supply services and wastewater treatment. In Mexico, however, they only pay about two-thirds of the cost of urban bulk water supply (since CONAGUA collects MXN 2 billion to provide services on which it spends MXN 3 billion) and only half of the cost of wastewater treatment (following the share of user’s contributions to the water supply and sanitation sub-sector).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|mxn bulk water supply user|1.7768596|7.3947673|2.007003
488|It has provisions on the mediation, arbitration, application and acceptance of labour disputes, on hearings and awards, etc. The law enhances protection for the lawful rights and interests of the two parties to the employment relationship through lawful procedure and guarantees that the Employment Contract Law will be implemented effectively. The 1994 Labour Law included some regulations on the minimum wage, although they were very simple. In January 2004, the enactment of the Minimum Wage Regulations indicated the overall implementation of a minimum wage system in China’s labour markets. According to this regulation, minimum wage standards refer to the lowest remuneration paid to employees by employers on the premise that employees provide regular work during official working hours the working hours agreed by their labour contract with employers.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|minimum wage labour law contract|7.9696817|4.5290446|4.4570665
489|A more in depth analysis of volume activity suggests that health spending differentials between Italy and other European countries arise from differences in the delivery of non-acute health services (Sassi, 2013). While differences in the volume of hospital services appeared limited between countries, the analy sis strongly points to the fact that community, long term care and preventive services are underdeveloped in Italy compared to other European countries. As demonstrated by Figure 1.5, Italy had one of the lowest number of healthy life years at age 65 in 2011, with nearly seven years free of disability for women and about eight for men (compared to 9.5 years for women and men on average across OECD countries).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|italy volume years services countries|8.953866|9.094215|2.5256786
490|As a result, government investment in reforms and targeted assistance to increase access to public procurement can benefit women and their communities. Women lack information about government procurement guidelines, regulations and procedures. The relatively small size of their businesses hinders their ability to access large procurement contracts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|procurement hinders access government women|9.6196995|4.0107484|7.1361504
491|For example, pressure to participate in early marriage or forced marriage is often endorsed by female heads of households, who are often single mothers, as a way to uphold traditional values. This practice can be an important factor in restricting women’s chances for completing a high level of education and developing professional skills in the labour market. Over the last few decades, the MENA region has witnessed a series of demographic and cultural changes that have levelled a substantive impact on the progress of women in the region. A mixture of high fertility rates with a decreasing mortality rate have resulted in an increase in the population aged 15-64.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage uphold mixture restricting region|9.34507|5.275926|6.090752
492|Long considered the traditional domain of shipping, shipbuilding, fishing, and- since the 1960s - offshore oil and gas, new activities are emerging: offshore wind, tidal and wave energy, offshore aquaculture, seabed mining, marine biotechnology, etc. These are fast-developing and reshaping and diversifying the maritime economy, while at the same time becoming increasingly interconnected both with one another and with traditional maritime sectors. At the same time, the world has witnessed a serious decline in the health of its oceans. In spite of long-standing efforts by a range of international organisations, regulatory regimes at global and regional level have found it difficult to adjust to these new circumstances and effectively integrate issues arising from the growing presence of emerging ocean industries.|SDG 14 - Life below water|offshore maritime emerging traditional reshaping|0.17743067|5.71691|5.972004
493|This serves as a key lesson for Commonwealth countries, indicating that despite constitutional, legislative and/or electoral reforms, political parties have to endorse these reforms and implement the required changes before women can actively participate in politics, leadership and decision-making roles. Recognising the resistance to change in specific political architectures has resulted in the imposition of fines and rewards by legislation on political parties to ensure implementation. Capacity building initiatives - Gender awareness training programmes should be established within educational and political institutions, and provided to women candidates to connect political aspirants to opportunities for leadership.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|political leadership parties reforms imposition|10.400191|4.390135|7.242378
494|"However private forest owner can apply for state subsidies for harvesting of energywood from young forest stands, EUR7/m3. The support system is called KEMERA-""Fund for sustainable forest management'-scheme which is targeted to fund forest improvement operations and conservation of valuable biotopes. Within the same fund, subsidies used to be provided to chipping of energywood but this stopped in the end of 2012."|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest fund subsidies stopped owner|1.7139242|4.7310266|3.4836335
495|The lack of readily identifiable and realisable value in the assets created via expenditure on innovation increases the risk that such investments could become “short-termist” and cyclical, especially among resource-constrained SMEs, which are likely to be juggling many conflicting priorities. A recent study shows that 40% of SME applicants at the European Patent Office applied for a patent in order to facilitate securing external finance, compared with 15% of applications from large firms (de Rassenfosse, 2012). In France, SMEs rely more on internal funds for their R&D expenditure than large enterprises, according to data from BPI France.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|patent smes france expenditure identifiable|5.327025|3.3656209|2.5241153
496|As they are not detailed lessons plans, the resources require (and assume) strong teacher agency and autonomy. They are addressed to expert teachers who can design their learning environment and lessons. However, as was experienced in the field, pedagogical resources are not sufficient for most teachers and have to be supplemented by other learning resources.|SDG 4 - Quality education|lessons resources teachers learning supplemented|9.1671|1.3762552|1.9231837
497|The Regionalverband emphasises its greater closeness to municipalities and better knowledge of details, claiming priority of regional over state planning. A Mediation Committee has been created to consolidate differing views. The Mediation Committee consists of ten members, appointed in equal number by the Regional Assembly and the Regionalverband.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mediation committee claiming regional consolidate|3.8256829|5.411261|1.7185327
498|The non-poor population is divided into the vulnerable (persons whose per capita income is above the poverty' line but less than 1.5 times this threshold) and the non-vulnerable. Persons living in indigence are evenly divided between urban and rural areas; nearly three of every four non-indigent poor persons live in urban areas (see figure 2). Minors (aged 17 or under) make up 51% of the indigent population and 45% of the non-indigent poor. Inotherwoids, practically half of those living in poverty are children.|SDG 1 - No poverty|indigent persons non divided poor|7.104127|6.197941|5.2777357
499|Generally, this is an elected position, and it requires a high degree of backing from the individual’s party. Women are slowly reaching for the top. Several countries -Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Zambia - have had women (albeit few and on the margins) participate in the race for the presidency. This trend is not limited to the larger parties, but also occurs in smaller parties.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parties backing presidency margins zambia|10.54396|4.36973|7.1888433
500|There could be closer examination of care quality for specific procedures, for example open heart surgery, and also for specific disciplines which are known to be vulnerable to inequities in quality and coverage, for example old age psychiatry. Denmark’s unique patient identifiers could be used most fruitfully to further understanding of care quality across population groups. Indeed, Denmark is the only Nordic country for which alcohol consumption decreased between 1980 and 2010 (OECD, 2012b).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|denmark quality psychiatry specific surgery|9.184136|9.31664|2.2452247
501|The next level of accountability rests with the school. Again, the level of trust that the larger community extends to its schools seems to engender a strong sense of collective responsibility for the success of every student. While every comprehensive school in Finland reports to a municipal authority, authorities vary widely in the quality and degree of oversight that they provide. They are responsible for hiring the principal, typically on a six- or seven-year contract, but the day-to-day responsibility for managing the schools is left to the professionals, as is the responsibility for assuring student progress. But that is not the case, because American schools, at least in the cities and most suburbs, get much more direction from the local district central office than is typically the case in other countries. In that sense, the United States may have traded one form of centralised bureaucracy for another.|SDG 4 - Quality education|responsibility schools sense day typically|9.578281|1.9790099|2.0770419
502|"Business R&D is therefore particularly relevant to such upgrading and to encouraging innovation, and thus to development. In developing countries, by contrast, firms' involvement in formal innovation is mixed. While firms are heavily engaged in innovation activities in some developing countries - such as China, the Republic of Korea and Singapore - the share of business R&D to total R&D expenditure in developing regions is far below the world average of 65.9 per cent: 38.3 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa, 35.2 per cent in Asia-Pacific and 32.2 per cent in Latin America in 2011. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2016). While there were 1,098 researchers per 1 millbn inhabitants in 2014 gbbally, the corresponding figures for LDCs and sub-Saharan Africa were 63.4 and 87.9 per 1 million, respectively. A related indicator is the share of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) graduates in tertiary education."""|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cent innovation saharan developing firms|5.422152|3.3260443|2.3310738
503|"Ecosystems"" marginal contribution to the final service is valued. In ecosystem accounting a distinction is made between replacement cost (of a particular ecosystem service) and restoration cost (of an ecosystem asset and its bundle of ecosystem services). Values can either be transferred using unit value transfer methods or more advanced function-based transfers (e.g. based on meta-analysis of the literature)."|SDG 15 - Life on land|ecosystem service meta cost restoration|1.7377064|5.362103|3.609881
504|While it may have a negative effect if road density translates into shorter and more efficient transport, it could also have a positive effect if it induces greater use of private vehicles resulting in more emissions. Consequently, this transport variable could be a proxy of connectivity efficiency or alternatively capture the level of car use. A second proxy for transportation intensity is Road access, an indicator of the connectivity of an urban area.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|proxy connectivity road effect transport|4.1190753|4.9927306|0.7734357
505|What is an effective and efficient urban transport system? It is one that can satisfy the numerous and diverse requirements of the metropolitan mobility, including minimizing travelling time between various locations, while at the same time internalises externalities to positively affect the well-being and the quality of life of the citizens of that area. This requires that the appropriate authorities transform the available land and financial resources, both limited capital inputs, into relevant transport infrastructure and networks to provide, what is considered, the right combination between the various motorized individual or collective/public and non-motorized transport modes, as well as easy transfers between them to meet the mobility demand (figure 1.1.).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|motorized transport mobility various minimizing|4.1367154|4.901795|0.69958955
506|The programme also provided additional funding for primary care, through increasing GP contracts with nurses, and allowing a second nurse to be hired by GPs. An advisory telephone service connecting patients to a doctor at their GP surgery was also introduced from 2011. Additionally, some exemptions from co-payments were introduced for low-income groups, although these have since been repealed. It found that overall it had a favourable impact on efficiency of health care services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gp introduced doctor telephone surgery|8.774714|8.926828|1.6354873
507|Challenges such as the cost of fuel and poor state of roads result in delays, which present a significant problem for effective treatment. Unless the trends change, dozens of countries will miss the mark by a wide margin (see Figures 1.5 and 1.6). South Asia will not achieve the neonatal target until 2049 and sub-Saharan Africa will reach it after mid-century.84 The average annual rate of reduction in neonatal mortality required for India to reach the target is almost double the current level.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|neonatal reach target miss mark|8.813789|8.441594|3.632116
508|Finally, the SUSENAS panel consumption data were used to estimate a food demand system to be used for simulating food insecurity' risks. To our knowledge, this is the first estimated demand system available for Indonesia. First, section 3.1 looks at Indonesia’s evolving food security status in a regional context, while section 3.2 provides more details of food production and consumption within the country for a benchmark year, 2010. Two main sources of data are used:1 the production balance sheets and the food security indicators of FAO (2013) and the SUSENAS data base.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food indonesia used data section|4.2728786|5.4928756|4.4837933
509|It has yet to be decided if indicators that identify co-benefits such as health improvements, reduced local air pollution, increased enterprise creation and poverty reduction are to be included (GCF, 2013). For example, Article 3.3 of the Convention indicates that “policies and measures to deal with climate change should be cost-effective” (UNFCCC, 1992). More recently, decision 1/CP.|SDG 13 - Climate action|gcf cp decided enterprise deal|1.4048524|4.4486403|1.4736941
510|"Parents are free to choose and are guaranteed access to a school of their choice within reasonable distance from their home. In principle, funding “follows the student”, which lays the foundation for potentially strong competition among schools to attract students. At the same time, the Flemish authorities are encouraging school collaboration through the promotion and funding of collaborative partnerships (""school associations”) between schools in the same geographical area."|SDG 4 - Quality education|school funding schools lays flemish|9.469759|2.3443325|2.3006098
511|Given that the Russian Federation plans to further reduce export taxes on energy and increase taxes on extraction, the export tax unification process will remain a sensitive issue for Belarus. Overall, from 1991 to 2015, the six EaP economies have all grown in real terms (World Bank, 2017) and developed a large services sector that contributes to over half of the value added in each of the countries (Figure 1.7). Meanwhile, the six countries’ economic performance is sensitive to fluctuations in international markets (especially in the case of Azerbaijan, the only exporter of energy commodities in the region) and regional linkages.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sensitive taxes export eap exporter|1.5166774|2.648624|2.374578
512|This close interrelationship makes assessment an important tool to signal and clarify the key goals that students are expected to achieve. However, if assessment only covers a small fraction of the valued curriculum goals, then the impact of assessment on teaching and learning can be restrictive (Harlen, 2007). Danish research indicates that the national goals seem to be implemented only to a limited degree at the school level (Normann Andersen and Strpmbaek Pedersen, 2012; Skolens Rejsehold, 2010). Research based on case studies published in 2008 found that a trend could be observed towards a more uniform, low-trust model between the school authorities (central and local) and schools, related to detailed standards for student achievement and a strict testing system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|goals assessment andersen research school|9.664284|1.7718847|1.4707639
513|The company lacked the necessary technical expertise to develop electronic components for their products, but through the Innovation Voucher programme of the United Kingdom the company hired the University of Hertfordshire to develop the electronic locking mechanism. Their collaboration continued and the partner designed the actual lock and took the concept to market. The lock is currently being launched to the mass market (University of Hertfordshire, 2013).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|lock electronic company university develop|5.7961707|3.279785|2.4880173
514|Since 1995, income transfers to individual fanners by some emerging and developing countries have been increasing, driven in part by rising levels of development and incomes within these countries, and for some, a push towards policies aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in particular agricultural products. In developed countries, a mix of refonns and changes in world food prices has played a role in the changes observed in the total levels of support. In 1995, the eight emerging economies for which the OECD collects information on agricultural policies accounted for just under 5% of the total measured PSE (OECD and emerging economies).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|emerging economies changes fanners agricultural|3.953276|5.1892776|3.863568
515|It discusses the need to develop skills in order to meet current and foreseen shortages in emerging areas, as well as these institutions’ modes and mechanisms of engagement to promote regional development. The chapter also explores the preconditions necessary for the successful promotion of local engagement in relation to these institutions. It concludes with recommendations for national and sub-national agencies as well as higher education institutions themselves.|SDG 4 - Quality education|institutions engagement preconditions foreseen explores|7.6288295|2.5118964|2.475378
516|This investment must be accompanied by policies that respond to the diversity of young people in the region. Failing to invest in youth can trigger substantial costs, including poor labour market outcomes, social discontent, and crime and violence, as well as poor participation in political and civil society. Public policies must ensure basic conditions and securities to underpin the development of youth capacities and potential. Socio-economic classes are defined using the World Bank classification: “Extreme poor” = youth belonging to households with a daily per capita income lower than USD 2.50. “|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth poor discontent underpin failing|7.1057634|6.470648|5.103145
517|The deprivation of women in terms of quality of work is three times that of men, and wage rates of women are significantly lower. There has also been a decline in real wages of regular informal workers since 1999-2000. La situation relative a l”emploi des femmes n’a jamais ete stable; le pic de I’emploi survient plus tard dans la vie,et done les gains possibles suite a une augmentation de salaire sont de courteduree.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|emploi la vie suite augmentation|8.835103|4.498216|5.750546
518|This system also uses machine-learning algorithms to predict precisely when trucks will arrive and leave pit-stops, and at which petrol stations drivers should refuel. This system is helping to cut down travel time by more than half, by eliminating the need for rest breaks which a single driver would require. The main benefits come from cargo and shipment tracking, because it increases operational efficiency, enables real-time adjustments and makes logistics systems more secure.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cargo shipment pit petrol algorithms|4.292294|4.8695617|0.5275214
519|Although both kinds of benefits are frequently regulated through labour law and collective agreements, they are nevertheless included under the dimension Income and benefits from employment. This is also justified by the fact that there might be a trade-off between direct wages and salaries and non-wage pecuniary benefits, for example, in countries in which employees can choose an increased salary in lieu of entitlements to paid leave. According to the ILO Holidays with Pay Convention (No. The indicators currently measure both the entitlement of leave and the leave actually taken.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|leave benefits pecuniary holidays lieu|7.876895|4.815066|4.3366976
520|Project Finance NewsWire, Discussion with four project finance bankers, moderated by Rohit Chadhry, Chadboume & Parke, pp. Investment Monitor 2Q 2010, vol. Policy instrument design to reduce financing costs in renewable energy technology projects, ECOFYS, Utrecht. Restructuring a green grid: Legal challenges to accommodate new renewable energy infrastructure. Environmental Law, 39, 977-1014.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable moderated finance project energy|2.2838917|2.7170475|1.7694366
521|"In the reservoirs of the Dnieper cascade, a decrease in mean annual cesium-137 and strontium-90 concentrations is observed. According to the classification of water resources adopted in Belarus, 76.1% of water in the basin is classified as ""relatively clean"", 19.7% as ""moderately polluted"", 1.4% as ""polluted"" and 2.8% as ""dirty"". Main pollutants are nutrients (nitrogen compounds), organic substances (including phenols) and heavy metals."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|polluted compounds moderately belarus metals|0.53727126|6.827406|2.8080528
522|Disparities of coverage across social groups and health services suggest paying greater attention to co-ordination between statutory and complementary insurance provision. Ongoing reforms to improve prevention and co-ordination among care providers are steps in the right direction. However, progress in the development of capitation-based payment schemes, which can reduce the incentives to increase the number of medical acts and encourage health professionals to spend more time with their patients, and performance-based payment schemes in primary care need to be stepped up to respond to the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and curb supplier-induced demand and social disparities in access to care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disparities payment care ordination schemes|8.594053|8.863143|1.8642889
523|There are no special schools for pupils with learning difficulties, so students from units are integrated in the mainstream if they can manage without help and their behaviour is not a problem.185 An academic study in 2006 examined teachers' attitudes to disabled pupils and their perceived knowledge of inclusive education. The respondents were the mainstream and special education teachers in the public primary and secondary schools. Data from a questionnaire were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages. The main finding was that in general teachers have positive attitudes towards inclusive education. They agreed that inclusive education enhances social interaction and inclusion among the students and thus minimises negative stereotypes about special needs students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|inclusive special pupils teachers mainstream|10.28916|2.4356024|2.0258071
524|However, in many regions and countries, economic growth has not been inclusive enough to provide employment and income-earning opportunities for the poor. For instance, in developing regions, children living in rural areas are almost twice as likely to be underweight than children in urban households (ibid.). Therefore, economic growth should generate demand for the assets controlled by the poor (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012b), in particular the rural poor.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|poor regions underweight rural children|4.785109|5.516536|4.150668
525|However, indicators alone will fail to provide adequate insight into, and understanding of, the context in which adaptation is taking place. Although the evaluations of adaptation projects and programmes face a number of challenges and uncertainties, they can help to identify what approaches to adaptation are effective in achieving agreed objectives. Further, they can contribute to a better understanding of the conditions required for the adaptation measures to succeed.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation understanding insight succeed uncertainties|1.1576817|4.7743487|1.399024
526|A common, enforced standard has two advantages. One, as discussed above, is the greater credibility of an international standard than of purely national codes. The other is that a common standard guards against a race-to-the-bottom in which international firms attempt to play off competing LDC governments. Yet to date LDCs have attracted very little foreign equity into their firms.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|standard firms common purely credibility|4.91542|4.2807775|3.4170086
527|The third sector (religious, charitable and other non-governmental bodies) also plays an important role in providing some aspects of health and social care. The national junta (committee) for social protection dates back to 1845 and uses income from its national lottery' to fund a variety of health promotion programmes, palliative care programmes, drug and alcohol treatment programmes and support for disabled people and the elderly, amongst other things. This is particularly true of die hospital sector.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|programmes palliative charitable dates care|8.621072|8.698185|2.1940408
528|The complexity of the concept, and need for education, as well as product development, are being addressed by several projects and initiatives, and partly funded by the European Union. However, as also stressed by Yli-Viikari, it is important to apply a holistic approach towards Green Care; improving the conditions for enterprises is important, but the public sector, as well as the so called third-sector i.e. the civic society, will continue to have an important role to play. In the Middle Ages, the town of Trondheim, Norway, was the end destination of the most important pilgrim route of Northern Europe. The sacred remains of the Norwegian king Olav II Haraldsson attracted pilgrims from both continental Europe and northern regions to the Cathedral of Nidaros, today still one of the main landmarks of Trondheim (Rumanggy).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|important northern europe king continental|4.464344|4.2774224|1.4781526
529|Energy sector regulation is controlled by the Public Utilities Commission (PUC). However, no large-scale sites have yet been exploited, with the planned Amaila Falls project remaining under review (GEA 2015b; The Economist 2013). Solar is seen to be a viable option to bring cheaper electricity to Guyana’s hinterland.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hinterland economist guyana exploited cheaper|1.8347476|2.2357304|2.217717
530|Suddenly the tables are turned, with Country B now getting 80 per cent of the stock and Country A only 20 per cent. This may take some time to discover, at any rate with a sufficient degree of certainty. Country B would most likely consider itself entitled to a greater catch of fish, and A might be reluctant to recognize its present eroded position.|SDG 14 - Life below water|country suddenly discover cent eroded|0.15891097|5.661507|6.7442694
531|Different household characteristics are important to different degrees in different countries. Hence living in a large family, with a lone parent or in a household with low educational attainment is disadvantageous to a similar degree. Children living with a lone parent may be living in multigenerational households or there may be a policy to mitigate hardship for single parents, thus reducing the risk for a child who lives in a lone parent household.|SDG 1 - No poverty|lone parent living household different|7.401061|5.9875574|5.2714825
532|A multifaceted approach is required. Examples include reform of family codes to foster equality in marriage and inheritance and legislation that criminalises domestic violence. However, they often face challenges of visibility and authority in effectively pursuing coherent approaches to advancing gender equality across policy areas and tiers of government. The responsibility of government agencies for appropriately addressing issues of gender inequality and mainstreaming gender into policies and programmes was formalised in the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality tiers formalised multifaceted|9.719098|4.765142|7.485995
533|In the case of school leaders, they play dual leadership roles—an external one in which their partners are school owners; and an internal one in which they lead the instructional programme of their schools (the internal role of school leader is treated in the section on school improvement). A possible response could eventually be the consolidation of smaller municipalities as Finland has already done, but this is beyond the scope of this report, or a rationalisation of schooling responsibilities. In the current governance structure, it calls for the Directorate to ensure that every municipal and county education official and the school leaders of all 1 200 lower secondary schools have the capacity to work together to deliver the country’s agenda.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school internal leaders schools instructional|9.733975|1.6991329|1.8696368
534|Institutions that teach educators should also be asked to regularly revise their programmes to make them current and relevant to the schools their graduates work in, as well as to ensure their programmes to reflect national education priorities. At present, there is no national framework that guarantees the outcomes or quality of these courses. Teacher educators are not required to take responsibility for the preparation of their students either. Practice or in-service teaching, as well as induction programmes, are currently serendipitous rather than the norm. The proposed programmes for practice teaching and induction must be centred in pedagogy and strongly linked to high-quality' teacher preparation in terms of knowledge, skills and professional practice.|SDG 4 - Quality education|induction programmes educators practice preparation|9.4184|1.2307408|2.196473
535|The reduction of infant mortality has been slower in India, the Russian Federation and the United States. Significant differences are also evident in infant mortality rates among various racial groups in the United States, with African-American women more likely to give birth to high-risk, low birth-weight infants (NCHS, 2011). Data for 1970 are not available for Israel and South Africa. Other factors such as better nutrition, sanitation and housing also play a role, particularly in countries with developing economies. There are also notable differences in life expectancy between OECD countries with similar incomes per capita, such as Japan and Denmark.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infant birth mortality differences infants|8.8543005|8.425645|3.5872576
536|It has to be noted that rape in Nepal is still largely not considered as violence against women but rather as something for which women are to be blamed.49 Thus, people do not want to marry a returnee who has certainly been Arabi le bhyayeko (already used by an Arab). On top of this, they are also putting their efforts into advising prospective migrants on safe migration and preventing trafficking and exploitation. Janaki decided to migrate to escape domestic violence, after she was forced into marriage when she was only 13 years old.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence prospective escape migrate marry|9.091906|5.385708|7.0353217
537|In Thailand all programmes are designed at the national level and the national level also decides on the target groups for employment policy. Viet Nam has allocated greater powers at the regional level (64 regional offices each serving roughly 1.3 million people), but has no offices at the local/sub-regional level. In Myanmar local offices (77 at township level) have no freedom to input into programme design, manage budgets or define target groups, but performance targets are negotiated locally and the offices have the ability to collaborate with other agencies.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|offices level regional target township|4.11362|5.016162|1.6755538
538|Baseload nuclear plants have de facto been replaced by both renewable energy as well as medium- and peak-load providers. In all scenarios analysed, however, the introduction of renewable energy is accompanied by an increase of the capacity of both peak- and medium-load plants in the optimal generating mix. Those phenomena are more pronounced at higher penetration levels. For instance, the introduction of a low marginal cost technology would displace baseload technology exactly on a one-to-one basis.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|baseload peak load introduction medium|1.3328632|1.4545035|1.8501041
539|Similarly, the use of cluster and supply chain development policies is limited and the idea of using US-style “challenge funding” to encourage the attainment of specific social and technological goals (Hicks, 2016) is not applied. Finally, there appears to be little use of regulations or norms as ways to stimulate innovation. Adopting the third-generation “societal challenge” approach discussed previously would necessitate the use of some of these demand-side instruments in the context of a common programme affecting demand as well as supply. Leaving that possibility aside, however, there is clearly space to explore innovation policy opportunities on the demand side in order to complement the weight of existing activity on the supply side.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|demand supply challenge use innovation|5.3529096|3.5638409|2.6277654
540|These models may include formal business-to-consumer services (commercial car-sharing, micro-transit, bicycle and scooter sharing), peer-to-peer models for sharing the use of cars or that enable the sourcing of rides, platform-based business models that connect passengers and drivers (or goods and carriers) and hybrid models that combine aspects of some or all of those approaches (Shaheen et al., This is especially true for transport authorities that are operating or contracting/procuring services from relatively stable and established public transport operators. Analogue bicycle-sharing systems have been around for decades but the arrival of IT-enabled, automated bicycle-sharing systems has led to massive growth.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sharing bicycle models peer transport|4.211796|4.9321055|0.4141639
541|Current, successful teachers in the ITE programme recommend even more support and in-service training for former students (now teachers) because many graduates find it too difficult to influence unequal structures and practices relating to diversity and intercultural norms in their schools. Other ways to improve include creating a more diverse student body within the ITE programme (as most students are native Finnish), and advocating for ITE content in mainstream teacher education at Oulu University (Alasuutari and Jokikokko, 2010[i62i). Otherwise past cohorts may hold on to different approaches and, crucially, new and current teachers could fail to adapt to a continuously changing environment (Van Driel, Darmody and Kerzil, 2016, p. 71(i67j). Continuous professional development programmes include support for student teachers in the transition to the teaching workforce as well as providing opportunities to practice and learn about new strategies to manage diversity once they are in the profession.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers diversity student current intercultural|9.478863|1.6068418|2.128808
542|Yet they are typical of the incremental cost of irrigation water in regions where farmers must pump groundwater from substantial depths, purchase water in market transactions, or obtain surface water from the State Water Project. Demand for water has increased substantially over time, with increasing development of major cities including Phoenix and Tucson. The federally funded Central Arizona Project was constructed in part to relieve pressure on aquifers serving those cities by delivering surface water from the Colorado River. In conjunction with development of the Central Arizona Project, the state passed a Groundwater Management Act in 19S0 that requires urban areas to achieve “safe-yield” management of aquifers by 2025 (Bolin et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water arizona aquifers project surface|0.80329496|7.632482|2.7760928
543|Shifts in political leadership in the late 1990s—including the victory of a socialist opposition party and the ascendance to the throne of King Mohamed VI—enhanced support for political liberalization and gender equality, enabling women's demands to be heard. Women's rights advocates responded to this challenge by establishing alliances with other change-oriented forces, engaging in public awareness campaigns and framing their claims in ways that appealed to Islamic precepts as well as to universal human rights principles. The reformed 2004 law remains faithful to Islamic values and traditions while giving women significantly more rights. In particular, it introduces women's right to autonomous decision-making by abolishing the notion of male guardianship and the wife's duty of obedience; establishes equal rights and responsibilities in the family; and equalizes and expands women's and men's rights to initiate divorce.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights women islamic guardianship political|9.80692|4.8779373|7.280103
544|The OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defines effectiveness in the context of development co-operation as “the extent to which the development intervention’s objectives were achieved, or are expected to be achieved” (OECD, 2010a). However, there is no common set of widely accepted criteria against which effectiveness can be measured and upon which to form an understanding of what constitutes as “effective international climate finance” (Ellis, Caruso and Ockenden, 2013; Brown et al., Reaching a common view is inherently difficult, due to the number of providers and range of channels operating across the climate and development finance communities; the diversity of recipient countries each with different needs, priorities and development agendas; and an increasing selection of instruments used to mobilise climate finance (e.g. grants, loans, export credits and guarantees).|SDG 13 - Climate action|development finance climate achieved effectiveness|1.7783589|4.189631|1.245508
545|The CRGE’s goal is to increase economic growth so as to leap from least-developed to middle-income country status, whilst at the same time reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing climate resilience. The CRGE has two components: a Green Economy Strategy (GES), which mainly addresses mitigation and was launched in 2011; and a Climate Resilience Strategy (CRS), which focuses on adaptation and is currently being developed with a focus on agriculture, forestry and land use. The content of this study concentrates on the GES and the current debate in Ethiopia on its implementation, together with recommendations suggested by the authors, having reflected on the content of the GES and the workshop deliberations. The relationship between the GES and the future CRS is also touched upon.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ges crge crs content resilience|1.8894889|4.4229927|2.2875502
546|In some cases, the linkage between groundwater recharge and geophysical conditions could be complicated by land use change. For example, in the West African semiarid belt, clearing savannah for cropland modified soil properties and infiltration capacities, which substantially increased groundwater recharge (Leblanc et al. While surface water rights are often predetermined and access involves engagement with other institutions, groundwater can in many cases be accessed by simply drilling a well - something under direct control of the farmer. Both of these factors have contributed to rapid growth in groundwater withdrawals in many regions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater recharge cases drilling predetermined|0.73623806|7.463508|2.8996267
547|This may also force the use of still costly energy sources. In particular, investments in additional fossil fuel pow'er plants will be needed to complement the intermittent energy production from RES. These investments will have to be supported as they may not be profitable in the long run. Contrary to RES, fossil fuel power plants do not have priority access to the electricity grid and would only sell their production at the margin when RES will not be sufficient to satisfy demand.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|res fossil plants fuel investments|1.6677239|2.1490304|2.0281086
548|The need to involve the patient - both in their care and in incident reporting - resonates strongly and is consistent with the responses on measuring harm. The popularity of incentives to encourage team-based care is interesting. It suggests a potential move towards alternative remuneration models (population-based or bundled payments). It also suggests that a breakdown in integrated care can be seen as a safety lapse - therefore adding weight to avoidable hospitalisations as a safety issue (Section 3.2.2).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care suggests safety bundled hospitalisations|9.029909|9.416647|1.4968998
549|In Portugal, the Regional Health Authorities and the Central Administration for the Health System produce annual reports showing the results achieved by FHU and traditional primary health care centres. Invariably, FHU achieve better access to care, and clinical performance and higher efficiency. For example, recent data from 2013 show that hypertensive patients and diabetics are better controlled by USF than traditional health care centres. Nonetheless, in Portugal as in other voluntary P4P schemes, the influence of self-selection should not be discounted.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health portugal care centres traditional|9.085473|9.315209|1.9927562
550|The PoU reflects the level of undernourishment from the point of energy intake in calories for measuring regular food access, whereas the Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity (PoSFI), as an experience-based measure, allows for the measurement of the severity of the food insecurity condition at household and individual levels. Therefore, in addition to the PoU, indicators of prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity (PoMSFI) are used and collected through surveys, as per FIES methodology. According to the latest estimates in 2015-2017,2.1 percent of the total population in the ECA region has been exposed to food insecurity at a severe level (PoSFI). This prevalence in the ECA region is much lower than the world average, which was 9.2 percent during the same period. This coincides with a gradual increase in the PoU (Figure 2). More in-depth studies will be needed to investigate the causes of the recent increase observed.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity food eca prevalence severe|4.3846908|5.693664|4.6842217
551|For example, the financial element involved in forcing a daughter to marry young may loom even larger for parents who are poor. Poor young people have less exposure to technology through which they could get critical information. Extreme poverty can also drive young girls into sex work (UNAIDS, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|young unaids daughter forcing poor|9.315111|5.3997445|6.2072005
552|These results were related to shifts in power and changes in norms, often in relation to traditional practices. An example is the establishment of villages free of female genital mutilation. Transformative outcomes generally emerge from a change process that has several stages, moving from awareness raising, to attitude change, to change in behaviour and rules, often accompanied by institutionalization of a new norm (as described in the Gender@Work framework). In such cases, UNDP was one actor among many that contributed to the end result.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|change attitude mutilation genital actor|10.009048|3.9921422|7.883241
553|Ermisch and Francesconi (2000) find that less than one-fifth of cohabitations survive more than five years. Cohabitation before marriage has also been argued to raise the risk of divorce, although the increased risk is small compared to other factors such as age at first marriage (Berrington and Diamond, 2000. There is also some evidence that there is negative selection in having a child outside of marriage (Ermisch, 2005). However, Goodman and Greaves (2010) find that while children in the United Kingdom do better on average at ages three and five if born to married parents, when controls for differences in other observed characteristics are conducted, these differences disappear. This, they suggest, implies that those children whose parents married in response to financial incentives saw no gain in educational outcomes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|marriage married parents differences cohabitation|9.36654|5.332813|6.138929
554|Annual growth declined to a moderate 5.8 percent during the period 2001-2016, although double-digit growth still occurred in a small number of individual countries, particularly in Africa from 2006 to 2010. In 2017, the United Nations General Assembly discussed the topic of the effects of climate change on oceans during the eighteenth UN Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea. Oceans Action Day has been part of the official programme of the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since COP 22 in 2016. At COP 23, the presiding Government of Fiji not only supported this event, but also launched the Oceans Pathway Partnership to support the inclusion of oceans in the official negotiations on climate.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oceans cop climate official nations|0.03762172|5.5520277|5.967725
555|The Safer City Streets initiative has brought together road safety experts working in cities since its launch at the UN Habitat III conference in 2016. The scope of the initiative includes data collection, with the development and maintenance of a city-level database on mobility and road safety statistics. This work also benefits from the guidance and support of the ITF's International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group (IRTAD), who organised the pilot stage and established the methodological framework.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|safety road initiative city itf|4.227464|5.2243423|-0.016441014
556|In addition, they may have a more comprehensive view of the policies that have been enacted over the long term, which may be difficult to perceive at the school level. Despite the importance of the government’s role in ensuring equitable educational opportunities and outcomes, many government ministries and departments work within silos, implementing fragmented policies and services and frequently revising public policies as a result of changes in govemment. This can become a barrier to lifelong learning opportunities and continued support for all (Froy and Giguere, 2010; OECD, 2012b). To ensure continued support from one stage in life to another, policy makers, local authorities and schools can collaborate on a joint strategy and action plan for achieving a common goal in a coherent manner.|SDG 4 - Quality education|continued policies govemment revising opportunities|9.471997|2.226804|2.0735252
557|There is an interesting technical side-argument here regarding the de-optimisation of the residual system. If VREs had to earn their revenue on the market rather than receive fixed remuneration, the revenue they would earn would be lower than the average of all the prices during the 8 760 hours of the year. This is because VRE production is self-correlated and concentrated during a limited number of hours of the year during which processes are particularly low, precisely because of high VRE production. Since this effect is precisely proportional to the variability of the VREs, the negative externality of system de-optimisation would, in fact, be directly internalised through the price system (see NEA, 2012a). However, as long as VRE receive fixed FITs, which protect them against this effect, the system de-optimisation due to over-deployment of VREs, from the point of view of economic efficiency, continues to impose an uninternalised social cost or “technical externality” on the electricity system. While they can impose highly unwelcome impacts on certain parties, e.g. traditional utilities, which may raise issues from a distributional or political point of view, they do not as such constitute social costs and rationales for public intervention.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|vres optimisation vre externality precisely|1.7104723|1.9606748|1.844786
558|Declining oil revenue and a further cut in corporate income tax rates constrained revenue collection. For South-East Asia, total tax revenues as a share of GDP ranged between 12.4% in Indonesia and 19.6% in Thailand in 2013.20 While the “optimum” tax-to-GDP ratio would depend on a number of factors - such as a country’s preference for public goods, the availability of non-tax revenues and the structural characteristics of the economy - by all accounts, there seems to be room for increasing tax revenues in a number of countries. For instance, it was found in a study that Indonesia’s potential tax-to-GDP ratio is approximately 4-5 percentage points higher than the actual level (ESCAP, 2014a).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tax revenues gdp indonesia ratio|6.477765|4.9118724|4.158873
559|"In schools with a privileged socio-economic intake, disadvantaged students tend to do better than expected (but by a smaller margin compared to other OECD countries) and advantaged students tend to do better than expected (within a similar margin of other OECD countries) (Table 11.5.11 in PISA 2009 Results, Volume II). Most of the students who perform poorly in PISA share a challenging socio-economic background and yet some of Iheir socio-economically disadvantaged peers excel in PISA and beat the odds working against them. These students show that overcoming socio-economic barriers to achievement is possible. While the prevalence of resilience is not the same across educational systems, it is possible to identify substantial numbers of resilient students in practically all OECD countries."""|SDG 4 - Quality education|students socio pisa margin disadvantaged|9.7170105|2.2390828|3.082463
560|The resulting picture of the strains and stresses weighing on the ocean environment provides an important context for the subsequent chapters, which assess the future development of a range of key ocean-based industries. It provides seafood, which is the primary source of animal protein in the diets of approximately 1 billion people (mostly in developing countries), and it accounts for at least 15% of the protein eaten by 60% of the planet’s human population (FAO, 2014). Seafood products account for 10% of total agricultural food exports and 1% of world merchandise trade in terms of their value.|SDG 14 - Life below water|seafood protein ocean provides weighing|0.42840496|6.0614624|6.511958
561|Support groups appear to be popular with individuals with mental disorders, and with their carers; Meyer et al. ( Approaches that blend peer support and therapeutic approaches from eMental health are also beginning to emerge. Although individuals with mild-to-moderate disorders are much less likely to self-identify as mental health service users, and therefore less likely to seek help from such groups, the support offered by such groups - for example informally, or through an online forum - can be valuable (Box 2.4). Many OECD countries have sought to expand treatments for mild-to-moderate disorders using psychological behavioural therapies. Psychological therapies have come to be well-recognised as an important tool for increasing treatment availability, improving recovery rates, offering choice and quality of treatment, and closing the treatment gap for common mental disorders.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorders mental therapies mild treatment|10.409132|8.850712|1.6558666
562|Use of satellite remote sensing is to some degree a means of compensating for reduced in situ monitoring, but still requires ground truth observations for validation. The challenge is how to sustain the monitoring beyond the life of the projects. For instance, there is regular joint water quality monitoring between the Russian Federation and China and the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|monitoring federation russian truth situ|0.5434256|6.9161854|2.615384
563|Therefore, the use of IUCN assessment criteria promises considerable added value for future editions of the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. Research and monitoring staff patrol their reserves on an ad hoc basis and record observations on biodiversity, based on a methodological handbook. Their records (usually in tabular format) are compiled in the annual Nature Chronicles of each State reserve, and are also used to estimate the abundance of key species (typically as individuals per km of linear survey or per unit area). Results are reported reguarly to the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna.|SDG 15 - Life on land|promises editions iucn handbook flora|1.4052637|5.2652874|4.2031155
564|In order to promote systematic development of transit centres, the Multi-Modal Transit Center Development Master Plan is established every five years. The plan incorporates development strategies of multi-modal transit centres at national, regional and local levels. Efforts for wider adoption of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In the past, the ITS were largely confined to road and car traffic management, and thus opportunities to improve inter-sectoral synergies through these technologies have been lost. The ITS Master Plan lays the groundwork for sectoral ITS plans as w'ell as local ITS plans, which altogether aim to facilitate all-inclusive smart traffic management. Through a five-year national plan, efforts to develop advanced traffic technologies will be made at the national level.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transit plan traffic modal master|4.0746274|5.140246|0.7133502
565|The first component of the 2008 ASEAN Integrated Food Security (AIFS) Framework is labelled Emergency/Shortage Relief and focuses on stability, including food assistance programmes, diversification and the ASEAN Plus Three (ASEAN+3) Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR). A portfolio of measures to deal with risks should include policies that are effective and efficient across different scenarios of food security threats. In essence, this means managing a whole set of threats in order to stabilise food security whilst at the same time not compromising efforts to improve chronic levels of food insecurity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|asean food threats security emergency|4.2103314|5.3352966|4.2427955
566|This has been acknowledged by the committees in the attention paid to women’s reproductive health, abortion, contraception, early marriage and teenage pregnancy. Thus it is recognized that control over their own reproduction is centra I to women's ability to participate on equal terms in society. Thus the Reporting Guidelines on article 6, the right to life, require States to provide information on birth rates and pregnancy and childbirth-related deaths of women, as well as measures taken to help women prevent unwanted pregnancies and to ensure they do not have to undergo life threatening clandestine abortions (ICCPR 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pregnancy women life abortions teenage|9.462288|5.7591624|6.3076835
567|The driving force behind this increase will be a combination of rising incomes and urbanisation, interlinked with the expansion of fish production, and improved distribution channels. However, the pace of this increase will slow in particular in the second half of the outlook period, when fish starts to become more expensive in comparison with meat. Overall, per capita apparent fish food consumption will increase by 0.5% p.a. Apparent fish consumption will remain static or decreasing in Japan (-5%, from 52.8 kg to 49.9 kg), in Canada (-7%), in selected Latin American countries and in Africa (-5%), in particular in Sub-Saharan Africa.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish apparent kg increase africa|0.5363104|6.094819|6.6536083
568|The RPSNP has an important impact on reducing poverty, while subsidies tend to benefit the better-off. Overall, the fiscal system is too small to facilitate significant redistribution between income groups. However, identifying “net” social protection spending - i.e. spending which is financed through taxation rather than individual contributions or loans -somewhat reduces the size of the burden.|SDG 1 - No poverty|spending redistribution somewhat taxation reduces|7.0789523|5.709855|4.1867805
569|However, to the authors' knowledge, it has not been shown how this approach could be implemented at a scale commensurate with CSP. Water is required for mirror washing, steam cycle maintenance and often cooling. Air cooling is technologically feasible but lowers the plant efficiency and increases capital costs by roughly 10 per cent (USDOE, 2009,2012). The trend is toward more freshwater-efficient cooling technologies for CSP and other thermo-electric generation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cooling csp technologically washing steam|1.1960036|1.8594958|2.3860507
570|Over a ten-year period they closed special schools and put the resources into mainstream. It recognises, however, that individuals are not always treated as equals and that young people with disabilities experience discrimination and disadvantage. The Council believes that segregated special education is a major factor causing discrimination.|SDG 4 - Quality education|discrimination special equals segregated recognises|10.300111|2.442574|2.0220554
571|The SSPs are being used alongside the RCPs to analyse feedback between climate change and factors such as world population growth, economic development and technological progress. They are based on storylines for possible futures which present different challenges to adaptation and mitigation (O'Neill etal., Sustainable development proceeds at a high pace, inequalities narrow, technological change is rapid and environmentally friendly, including lower carbon energy sources and high productivity of land.|SDG 13 - Climate action|technological futures proceeds change narrow|1.4250512|4.4206014|1.655055
572|City akimats are mainly accountable for the rational use of land, construction permits and the provision of land for different uses in the city. However, in practice, land-use allocation is sometimes separated from their jurisdiction because it is also the responsibility of the territorial branches of the Committee for Land Management under the Ministry of Agriculture. This duplication of tasks by local government and by representatives of the central government presents many difficulties for land-use management.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land use city akimats rational|4.004956|5.6202693|1.8260266
573|On-site feeding, on the other hand, can be less expensive and may result in a stronger impact in terms of cognitive capacities of recipients, but their targeting performance may be poor (Bundy et al., Evidence from Cambodia (see Box 4) seems to indicate that on-site feeding supports school enrolment of the youngest children, while take home rations have a stronger impact on attendance. School Feeding in Cambodia1 Context: With 30 per cent of its population living below the poverty line, Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in south-east Asia. Education in the country is characterized by low quality and a weak system of infrastructure.|SDG 1 - No poverty|feeding cambodia site stronger youngest|4.574837|5.6638927|4.5081654
574|While cannabis is the drug most abused by both men and women in terms of annual prevalence, cocaine is the second most frequent drug of abuse for men, whereas for women cannabis is followed closely by the misuse of tranquillizers, with cocaine coming a distant third. Experts in South America perceive an increase in cocaine use in the region, which is considered to be driven by increased abuse in Brazil. The rise in abuse of smokable cocaine has been receiving particular attention from national authorities, with the annual prevalence of “crack” cocaine being estimated at 0.7 per cent in 2014.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cocaine abuse cannabis drug prevalence|8.314839|10.245036|3.5793624
575|Compared to a regular database approach, blockchain provides transparency and security through distribution of data and validation by independent parties. The technology also enables companies to control their data and decide which information is shared with which partner and competitor (e.g. pricing terms). Currently, shipping companies and ports are actively pursuing blockchain solutions for their logistics data in order to improve visibility and reduce fraud (Miller, 2018).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain data companies validation shipping|4.038313|2.5419517|2.064456
576|An earlier survey (Encuesta de Satisfaction al Usuario 2012-2013) found that users ranked hospital and outpatient care as “satisfactory.” Issues of geographical distribution as well as number and speciality of physicians have been persistent challenges in Costa Rica, and despite several work force planning initiatives, ensuring adequate supply of workforce remains challenging. However, the incentive has been insufficient to attract doctors to more distant localities, and is particularly problematic for specialists such as anaesthesiologists and ophthalmologists.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|speciality satisfactory distant localities ranked|9.016308|8.689982|2.6143885
577|Its most important export by value is crustaceans and the United States is the largest export market. The value of exports and imports rose steadily between 2011 and 2013, whereas the quantity of both exports and imports fell during the same period (Panel B). The provision of infrastructure and unemployment insurance accounted for 51.5% of the total support (Panel C). In 2012, there were 18 740 registered vessels in Canada (Panel D).|SDG 14 - Life below water|panel imports exports export crustaceans|0.47714385|5.902533|6.80395
578|The perception of risk level has generally increased, i.e. farmers tend to estimate the same risks as more important than previously. New Zealand farmers distinguish risks that generate threats and those that generate opportunities, with the dividing line between the two likely being the ability of the farmer to manage the risk. As this ability may change in the long run, their perception of risk as an opportunity or threat may also change with time.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|perception risk generate ability farmers|3.3074002|5.6646733|3.8500323
579|The reform programme called for increased investment by the private sector, but the firms in question did not always expand capacity at the expected rate, and, in many cases in later years, there was a reduction in total investment in energy infrastructure. The public enterprises, which all countries have preserved to a greater or lesser extent, with the single exception of Chile, have become a tool of energy policy that is very useful on several fronts. In some countries, these firms play a social role by distributing electricity in rural and remote areas that are of no interest to private investors.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|firms fronts preserved investment distributing|2.163769|2.1971493|2.2165632
580|This distinction is important when it comes to translating the impacts of links into policy. Therefore, we summarily document the geographic scale of the various links in the tables below. We illustrate this potential for trans-boundary effects in Table 1, as an example. For example, depending on how it is designed and implemented, protection of coastal and marine areas could benefit or hinder access to marine resources for small-scale fishing communities.|SDG 14 - Life below water|links marine scale translating trans|0.04034285|5.56909|6.136716
581|The expected increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and high flow rates caused by climate change may cause re-suspension of pollutants stored in sediments. It is a serious concern, causing aquatic biodiversity loss in rivers, lakes and wetlands, hampering human use of the water (e.g. drinking water, recreation, fishing, swimming) and it can also affect human health (see below and Chapter 4 on biodiversity). Eutrophicating pollution originates from point sources (urban wastewater systems) and diffuse sources (mainly runoff from agricultural land). Each issue is discussed below.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|biodiversity sources swimming hampering originates|0.8185804|6.6550136|2.9342315
582|Policy makers therefore need to carefully consider their own particular economic structures when considering the distributional effects of their policies. However, in general, all policies including direct regulation will have some distributional impact which can often be regressive. For example, Sutherland (2006) argues that appliance energy efficiency standards usually affect market choices by removing the low-end and less energy-efficient units from the market. Comparatively wealthy consumers apparently purchase about the same appliances as they would in the absence of energy efficiency standards, and hence suffer minimal losses.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|distributional energy standards appliance efficiency|2.111217|2.487417|2.534603
583|In most countries governments are significant energy users, and government operations present significant opportunities for efficiency improvements. By procuring energy efficiency services from the private sector, governments can help build capacity and critical mass within this important service sector. This is a win-win option, since energy use is major public sector expense.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|win energy sector efficiency governments|2.1113427|2.6274586|2.3811228
584|Concentrations of population and economic activity in urban areas are additional complicating factors. Among the important issues facing cities, this chapter discusses the challenges related to air pollution and how to respond to them through smart city policies. Air pollution can damage human capital and create other non-health costs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|air pollution concentrations discusses facing|3.5752702|4.7838426|1.115886
585|Furthermore, large income disparities can hold back economic growth by weakening aggregate demand (United Nations, 2013). The widening of income gaps between employees with differing education levels in the 1980s and 1990s was something of a surprise, considering the expected labour supply and demand trends. On the one hand, the expansion of education systems increased the supply of better qualified personnel. On the other, it was expected that liberalizing economic reforms would benefit the sectors that mainly used more plentiful factors of production, especially low- and medium-skilled labour. The outcome of these processes would have been to boost the wages of the low- and medium-skilled workers. Of the multiple factors that could have contributed to this trend, it was not possible to identify any single key cause, it being considered that a series of interactions are likely to be responsible (Fishlow and Parker, 1999).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|skilled medium factors expected surprise|7.1952667|4.4665623|4.271108
586|These programmes also reveal the need to extend education and health services to those sectors of society and geographical areas which are currently deprived of them, by revitalizing the public supply of some of those services and associating them with conditionalities and promoting cooperation and coordination among the public bodies involved. The correct functioning of conditional transfer programmes depends on each country’s achievements in terms of universalizing basic social services, and also on close collaboration between programme leaders and the education, health-care and nutrition sectors. It is not possible to cover all the areas of concern in this report, but the main ones will be examined below. Achieving the goals of conditional transfer programmes requires good coordination between the ministries responsible for the various social sectors, as well as close collaboration between central government and decentralized or local authorities.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|sectors conditional coordination programmes collaboration|7.745051|5.998218|4.2660537
587|A Global Environment Facility project in India found that more communication was needed among private sector players (steel re-rolling mills, domestic equipment manufacturers, trade and industry associations and others) for uptake of industrial energy-efficiency technologies (Verbeken 2009). Agreements were established with local institutions hosting the project training courses, which could then offer the courses beyond the project’s lifespan. The networks helped participating South African firms identify more than 5 million rand in energy-efficiency investments, with a payback of less than a year (Spalding-Fecher 2003).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|project courses lifespan efficiency payback|2.257675|2.6678221|2.2269852
588|The result shows that the lower productivity of female-owned enterprises is due, in large part, to the fact that they are smaller, less capital intensive, and in sectors characterised by lower average productivity. Enterprises owned by women tend to make lower profits (around 4% less), even controlling for their size, capital intensity, age, and sector of activity (column 3). The women-owned companies included in ORBIS were slightly less likely (1.2% less) to experience an increase in the number of their employees between 2005 and 2009 (column 4).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|owned column lower enterprises productivity|9.075905|3.8279717|6.154007
589|These strategies establish the general direction that the United Kingdom takes in skills development, setting targets and introducing new policies and agencies to assist in achieving these targets. For instance, the Leitch Review (2006), which was tasked by British Government to address the UK’s long-term skill needs, cast a vision for the United Kingdom to become a “world leader in skills” by 2020, and established targets to enhance educational attainment. The Leitch Review also recommended the creation of a commission to co-ordinate skill needs assessment work and skill policy more generally, leading to the introduction of the UK Commission of Employment and Skills (UKCES) which replaced the former Sector Skills Development Agency (SSDA) and the National Employment Panel (OECD, 2015).|SDG 4 - Quality education|skill skills targets uk kingdom|8.6486025|2.7565627|2.5809422
590|Innovative solutions in providing trade credit are therefore essential for MSMEs to participate in international trade and underpin MSMEs' ability to benefit from all the opportunities discussed previously in this chapter. These include internet-enabled services such as web-search or communication services, digital intermediation services such as distributional services, travel services or P2P transactions. Measures that hinder cross-border data flows may therefore hinder the expansion of digital trade. These include, for instance, local data and server requirements, restrictions on payment methods, or requirements to give access to commercial source code or encryption keys as a prerequisite to enter a market (Ciuriak and Ptashkina, 2018a; European Parliament, 2017).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|services msmes hinder trade digital|4.609057|3.0338871|2.2570224
591|Some of these increases may be attributable to the intensification of case finding efforts in the National Cancer Registry, the ageing of the population and improved diagnostics (i.e. introduction of new medical equipment, knowledge and increased diagnostic tests). The national breast cancer programme provides free mammography for women between 50 and 69 years of age every two years; the response rate was low, only 42.4% in 2016. A programme for early detection of colorectal cancer for people aged 50 to 69 began in 2013 on a pilot basis in one district; there are plans to expand it nationally. According to EHIS data, more than 90% of people in Cyprus aged 50-74 have never been screened for colorectal cancer.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer colorectal aged screened diagnostics|9.184293|9.565103|2.6142893
592|The consequence was a widening of the gap between women in poor families and those in middle- to high-income ones. For their part, women in lower-income sectors might stay at home and care for their children, participate in community arrangements to secure food and services for them, or join the labour market and secure child care (Faur, 2011). However, it also seems to be important to consider the evolution of female labour force participation, fertility patterns and the increasing probability that a woman will have her first baby at an older age. The ideal estimation would be a double selection model covering the probability of being in the labour force and of being a mother and taking account of sample selection as well as the endogeneity of the choice to become a mother.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mother probability secure selection labour|9.172224|5.345034|5.741922
593|The agenda embraces key economic sectors such as energy, agriculture and transport. It can offer opportunities for decoupling economic growth and social development from environmental degradation, thus strengthening the sustainability and resilience of a society. It can further help to seize new development opportunities that can contribute to growth and poverty alleviation. A coherent SCP policy agenda can support a triple dividend of greater wellbeing, increased competitiveness, and environmental integrity (CSIRO and IGES 2012).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|agenda scp embraces seize opportunities|1.8830646|3.6123931|2.3490155
594|Of this total, 16.3%, or one in six children and adolescents, is living in extreme poverty, understood as at least one severe deprivation. The scourge of extreme poverty thus affects more than 28.3 million individuals. In the countries with the highest overall child poverty (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia), on average 72% of children were living in poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty extreme living children nicaragua|7.1362205|6.241494|5.2303
595|The location of a school is one of the factors that influence the distribution of staff with different levels of experience and qualifications. In the United States, for example, urban school districts serving disadvantaged populations face particular teacher shortages, although there is great variation between districts (Papay et al., This often results in abelow-average share of experienced and highly-trained teachers (Monk, 2007(m]; Gagnon and Mattingly, 2012[n4]), and curriculum areas being covered by one teacher and teachers with little subject-specific training.|SDG 4 - Quality education|districts teacher teachers school serving|9.602683|1.6772771|2.6214952
596|A new' feature will be added in order to enable all transaction prices to be recorded in the cadastral database. A link is also being built between the cadastral database and the taxation database in order to develop a more comprehensive and fairer taxation system, with an expected improvement of property tax revenues. The power to regulate the use of land usually lies in the smallest unit of government (e.g. municipalities through building and zoning codes) and local governments carry the legal responsibility for preparing urban land-use plans. In contrast, transport planning tends to controlled by higher levels of government (e.g. state governments and MPOs in the United States).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|database taxation fairer governments order|3.8504002|5.5638056|1.5903689
597|Norway raised this issue during the twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Salvador, Brazil in 2010. The report is to be finalised early 2011. Furthermore, as OECD has pointed out several times, Norway would like to focus on the link between flags of convenience and tax havens in order to achieve greater transparency relating to ownership and control of fishing vessels.|SDG 14 - Life below water|norway finalised convenience congress crime|-0.06832461|5.8176203|6.916474
598|Moreover, an increase in the age of the household head decreases the chances of being financially vulnerable. Being married and living with the spouse is also negatively associated with the probability' of financial vulnerability. Our results also highlight that, even after controlling for traditional household and regional characteristics, there is clear evidence that an increase in the size of monthly debt repayment raises household’s financial vulnerability, and an increase in the net-worth of the household decreases financial vulnerability. Lastly, regional characteristics such as living in an urban locality do not seem to have an impact on households’ financial vulnerability once we take into account the net w'orth of the household. First, as far as we know, this is one of the earliest studies which empirically investigates the subject of household financial vulnerability using an unsupervised machine learning technique. Most of the existing analyses are based on aggregate data and cross country analysis which have some significant shortcomings due to their inability to account for differences in distributions (Christelis et al.,|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|vulnerability household financial decreases increase|7.2478113|5.761013|5.2147336
599|In 1993-1994, those below the vulnerability line had constituted 81.9 per cent of the population. If other households experienced poverty or vulnerability in the interim, a large majority of the population lives in poverty or in its shadow. After all, the gap between the income that defines the extremely poor and that defining the vulnerable, Rs 11 per day, is approximately equivalent to the price of any of the following: a ticket in a municipal car park, half a litre of bottled water, a bus ride or a mini-sized snack from a street food vendor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|vulnerability ticket shadow rs litre|6.239775|5.8435225|5.020887
600|In the Plurinational State of Bolivia, the percentage of indigenous people is twice as high in the first quintile as in the fifth (76% against 36%). In the countries analysed, over half the indigenous population is in the first two income quintiles. The exception is the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where the indigenous population is particularly large and fairly evenly spread across quintiles. A particularly striking case is Ecuador, where 48% of the indigenous population is in the first quintile. This is because under the first of these systems, having the possibility of securing more seats, parties try to include candidates from different social sectors to reach a wider electorate.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|indigenous quintiles plurinational quintile bolivia|6.7861896|5.529433|5.1772146
601|Lack of access to housing and housing instability are often associated with social exclusion, risks to the health, poor educational outcomes as well as with poor access to mainstream health, social work and housing services (OECD, 2014a). The quality of housing and its surroundings are also linked to health, education and child-development outcomes and to general well-being (Newman and Holupka, 2014). Good-quality affordable housing can help the elderly remain healthy and independent, facilitating the delivery of services needed.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing health outcomes surroundings poor|4.924373|5.693371|2.174109
602|In many cases, these illegal structures have since gained community buy-in and have been turned into official skateparks sanctioned by municipalities, thus changing their temporary land uses into permanent features of the urban landscape. Though initially an unsanctioned experiment, their uses were proven to be beneficial and were eventually accepted. Embracing experimentation through temporary land uses (cont.) It provides costs estimates for different kinds of projects and access to data and maps of vacant land so that potential areas can be identified and linked up to other vacant sites.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|vacant uses land temporary embracing|3.9095368|5.3821373|1.687188
603|Development co-operation can play an important role in building trust, facilitating knowledge sharing and accelerating learning from experience across countries and regions, as well as the development, climate change and finance communities. The findings of this report provide initial insights on the pre-conditions enabling effective climate finance in the context of development co-operation. Going forward, there may be a need for new considerations and additional pre-conditions or principles that go beyond the insights from this research. In particular, the increasing role of private climate finance and South-South and triangular' co-operation in scaling up climate finance to meet global needs, as well as specific objectives of international climate funds may require a broader set of pre-conditions for effectiveness.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance pre operation insights|1.8786038|4.1144814|1.1260232
604|"Similarly, the anticipated capacity of 11.8 GW from renewable electricity sources (wind, small hydro, biomass, waste and solar) will not meet the original target of 14 GW. It does not however present scenarios aiming for deep C02 reductions. The policy envisages C02 emissions for India in 2031/32 to be between Page | 46 5.5 Gt C02 and 3.9 Gt C02, compared to 1.34 Gt in 2007, while the BLUE Map Scenario in ETP2010 (IEA, 2010a) limits the C02 emission increase to 2.2 Gt in 2030."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gt gw envisages page blue|1.2011989|2.7441466|2.0471685
605|This paper concludes with methods for accelerating standards deployment in public and personal health. Yet they do not fully assure the deployments because of insufficient or mismatching requirements between ICT providers and nearby users. In particular, this issue poses an obstacle for quick launch of e-health services in emerging nations. Such countries also tend to require a service launch that is more agile than standards’ publication.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|launch standards assure accelerating quick|8.935736|9.521986|1.8007929
606|Landslides and landslips are also great threats in the region. The local farmers led the process themselves with support from CIAT-CIRAD2 at first, which was then continued by CIPRES. Researchers and farmers work together to develop stronger and better food plants that are better suited and resistant to droughts, pests and diseases, with good plant size, greater yield, better quality of final product in term of taste, nutritional qualities and forage for animals. The work has been done with local varieties of maize, beans, sorghum and millet that were gathered and introduced into different agroecological conditions at different elevations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|better farmers millet sorghum landslides|3.4455028|5.412926|4.0007834
607|Energy poverty both signifies and drives overall poverty. More than 95% of the world population without electricity lives in Sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia. In Sub-Saharan Africa, two-thirds of the population (620 million people) does not have access to electricity (IEA 2015a). Lack of electricity is generally most prevalent in rural areas.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity saharan sub africa drives|2.232737|1.9608258|2.657191
608|Finally, it can help improve quality of life in reducing transport costs (both in time and money), given quicker and/or shorter journeys. To support this, the Chilean government is buying some land for subsidised housing in more central locations to try to reduce segregation and improve the social mix (OECD, 2012b). The main subsidy for vulnerable groups (DS49) includes a viable-location component, if the subsidised house is located close to infrastructure and public transport facilities, and close to health and education services.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|subsidised close transport quicker journeys|4.7955866|5.7423015|2.07198
609|Arogya World used a public-private partnership to fund and operationalize the programme; the partners other than Nokia and Emory University included Johnson & Johnson and Aetna. At least 5 crore people in India live with diabetes. Diabetes kills 10 lakh Indians each year. High blood sugar for long periods harms the body.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|johnson diabetes indians harms blood|9.157188|9.213316|2.5304613
610|Overall, OECD (2006) and European Commission (2009) estimate that changes in demography alone will boost public health-care spending in Poland by 0.9% of GDP between 2005 and 2050 and by 1.3% between 2007 and 2060, respectively. The impact of demography on long-term care spending is estimated at 1.9% and 0.7% of GDP, respectively. As for the impact of income gains, an average annual increase of 1.5% in GDP per capita over 40 years would result in a rise in health-care spending of only 0.4% (0.9%) of GDP based on an income elasticity of 1.1 (1.2).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gdp demography spending care respectively|8.895904|8.795461|2.505752
611|Eveiy six months, the units meet with each other to ensure co-ordination and a report on the work of the units is prepared annually. Community-based associations, the Family Affairs Bureau under the Ministry of Social Security, equal opportunities units in ministries, committees concerned with women in professional associations and trade unions all handle complaints relating to discrimination against women. The Ombudsman’s Office serves as a link between the NCW and Egyptian women who have encountered any form of discrimination or unequal opportunities by identify ing through first-hand experience the actual problems facing women. Lebanon has a legislative commission that addresses gender equality as well as social rights/children’s rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|units women associations discrimination rights|9.900376|4.2115374|7.3118954
612|It is not clear why the dummy variables included in earlier models to represent the organisation of the health system directly were not retained. Therefore, there would be an expansion of morbidity over time with increasing life expectancy. Regression output, while shown for all prior models, is not shown for this last model. The reasons why this final model was chosen are not discussed.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|models shown model dummy retained|9.078938|8.7135|2.909396
613|Pesaran and Smith (1995) show that, under slope heterogeneity, GMM (and simple Least Square Dummy Variable) dynamic fixed effect estimates of the speed of convergence are usually affected by a downward heterogeneity bias. Accordingly, Arnold et al (2011) rather looked at an error correction (ECM) version of equation A3.8, using Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators which allow the speed of convergence to the steady state differ across countries. This is a realistic approach, as both exogenous (i.e. Solow) and endogenous (i.e. Uzawa-Lucas) growth models imply that the speed of convergence to the steady state differs across countries because of cross-country heterogeneity in population growth, technical change and progressiveness of the income tax. Moreover, the approach permits to discriminate between growth theories by glancing at the estimated parameters. In fact, for plausible values of the parameters, the Solow model implies a much slower speed of convergence to the steady state than that implied by the Lucas model (the paper concludes that the estimated speed of convergence is compatible with endogenous growth theories). As mentioned, this empirical approach could not be taken in the case of present analysis due to the lack of time series variation in inequality data.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|convergence speed heterogeneity steady theories|6.5694957|5.164518|4.9169254
614|Agricultural processing in Bangladesh accounts for a relatively large share of RNF self-employment income (21 per cent), in contrast to the more dominant manufacturing sector, which represents 31 per cent of RNF wage employment income (chart 26F). The authors identify rurality via the domicile of the household, and not the location of the job. Participation is defined as the receipt of any household income (negative or positive) by any household member from that income-generating activity. All the charts are based on the mean of shares which is defined as the income shares calculated for each household, and then the mean of the household shares of each type of income is calculated.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|household income shares calculated mean|4.67273|5.418922|3.927352
615|Similarly, another study in Bangladesh finds that the emigration of men is positively associated with women's decisionmaking capacity and the education of girls in migrant families (Hadi, 2001). Moreover, remittances have also been linked to increased female agency within family structures and a change in perceptions of gender roles. Women who receive remittances have more and better control of resources (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). Economic remittances may also be used to give women better access to health care, allow them to start their own business and keep girls in education for longer (Antman, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|remittances girls women reeves better|8.817263|5.170118|6.8531785
616|While 25-50% of groundwater is used for drinking purposes, less than 25% is used for irrigation, industry, thermal spa and livestock. Wastewater is collected and treated in the largest settlement (Dim-itrovgrad), while in rural areas septic tanks are mainly used. Communal waste disposal and agriculture activities may locally put groundwater quality at a risk. There is a need for establishing systematic quantity and quality monitoring.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater used septic tanks communal|0.6515923|7.1012425|2.8237658
617|However, the review team came across instances where parents appear to pay out of pocket for some textbooks, according to reports of some of the schools visited, in regions where supposedly the coverage of free textbooks is about 100%. In 2008, rules for the preparation, review and publication of textbooks, teaching materials and manuals were introduced, and over one thousand textbooks were deemed non-compliant with the new standards (Singh, 2012). The formula that has been proposed is the result of a long development process, which has included a piloting phase and consultations with national experts (Sange-SFK, 2012) and international ones (see, for example, UNICEF, 2012). Its final form (as piloted) is the result of the own analytical effort by the Ministry of Education and Science and its subordinated institutions, and so reflects the needs and sensitivities of Kazakh education leaders.|SDG 4 - Quality education|textbooks review singh manuals piloting|9.331061|2.080487|2.1169488
618|The electricity sector is the biggest user of fuel, followed by the transport sector (Figure 9.3). The average residential electricity tariff in 2013 was US$0.28 (Figure 9.5). Artificially low tariffs due to the subsidies, and lack of bill payment enforcement has resulted in a culture of very high electricity use.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity artificially figure sector biggest|1.954722|2.0942771|2.2265403
619|The present study demonstrates that the urban poor of Bangladesh are at a significant disadvantage in terms of access to basic public and primary health services. Although 60 per cent of the slum dwellers interviewed had access to water at a reasonable distance from their homes, access was quite limited in terms of the number of households per source of water. In a good number of cases (47 per cent), one source was shared by 76-110 households.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|access source households cent terms|1.9820955|6.875481|2.6928844
620|This strategy includes engaging women’s rights and other gender equality advocates, as well as increasing know'ledge and awareness about GRB within the broader population. More than ever, new realities impose new ways of doing things. In order to design responsive policies, achieve the full empowerment of every member of society and obtain strategic insight on key challenges and issues, governments across the globe - in OECD and non-OECD countries - must work to deepen citizens’ engagement in policy making (both men and women), and involve business, civil society and other stakeholders.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|society grb deepen globe realities|9.797047|4.145082|7.319578
621|The planned consolidation in the municipal sector will provide opportunities for better co-ordination between larger municipalities and the National Health Insurance. It is worrying that the increase in inputs is not reflected in an increase in the volume of health services produced. However, similar trends have been observed in other countries and may, to some extent, reflect difficulties in measuring inputs and outputs and adjusting for quality improvements in health care (Hardie et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|inputs health worrying adjusting increase|8.745128|8.697418|1.7756325
622|In addition from one species to the other only little of the knowledge and techniques are transferable. In other words bringing a new species under human control requires major laboratory efforts and starting fresh for each species. Species such as trout and salmon are mature in production, while some species with great potential such as the Bluefin tuna and the eel have not yet seen full control of the reproduction circle.|SDG 14 - Life below water|species control bluefin trout tuna|-0.040035486|5.951961|6.577689
623|Children below age 18 represent 52% of the total population of these countries.6 The countries included in the analysis have experienced a large population growth over the last decades, and the trend is expected to continue. Population projections show a doubling of the African population between 2015 and 2050, predicting that 37% of all children under 18 will be found on the African continent by 2050 (UNICEF, 2014). On the one hand the results show the total deprivation of all children in the selected sub-Saharan African countries, while on the other hand the findings function as a comparison of children's deprivation levels between countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|african children population deprivation hand|7.0657606|6.5818415|5.154089
624|Many of the recommendations made in that chapter are directly applicable to screening and preventive health care. Currently, only health care activities are documented, for reimbursement purposes. Extending this to include blood pressure, blood sugar and other clinical measurements will allow more informative assessment of the success of secondary preventive efforts.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|blood preventive informative reimbursement care|9.284013|9.515403|2.4583616
625|Transdermal patches are used for chronic pain, whereas transmucosal dosage is used for breakthrough cancer pain. Based on the study findings, eight strategies were found to have a high impact on preventing the diversion of prescription opioids in opioid dependence treatment programmes. Those measures included: (a) supervising consumption among those patients most likely to misuse or divert, while providing extended take-home medications only for patients when their dosage and social situation are stable and who accept abuse deterrent formulations; and (b) restricting take-home formulations that could put children at risk through unintentional exposure.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pain patients home supervising opioids|8.3919735|10.175858|3.519047
626|The results present several clear opportunities for green growth and call for urgent policy actions. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This is further exacerbated by land-use plans and zoning ordinances of some LGUs being outdated and needing revision to bridge the gap between what is planned and what is built.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|needing outdated lgus exacerbated bridge|8.056839|3.0898929|1.5387808
627|Although the variability of supply of some renewable generation creates certain challenges in operation, solutions for these concerns are and can be addressed. As electricity systems expand and increase in complexity, increased engagement of companies with experience in large-scale deployment and operation will be needed. The private sector rightly looks to governments to establish policies (such as alternative tariff structures) that address social equity considerations associated with universal access to electricity, as situations may arise in which the consumer's ability to pay is a challenge. This report focuses on personal transport due to its great diversity at a regional level, rather than the more globally homogenous nature of freight transport.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|operation electricity transport homogenous rightly|1.8215355|1.873805|2.0184932
628|Washington, DC, World Bank: 60-66; available at: www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/esmap/energy_report2000/ch7.pdf. Favorable tailwind; initiate on China High Speed (Buy), Goldwind, October 23; available at: www.e696.com/articles.aspx?id=1057653&gateid=011203. Socio-economic impacts of rural electrification in Bhutan. London, The Royal Institute of International Affairs and Earthscan.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|www aspx worldbank royal id|2.1394622|1.858888|2.5399168
629|Where currents flowing from the open ocean come up against narrow continental shelves, nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor water can be brought up into coastal waters and produce hypoxic zones (zones with low levels of dissolved oxygen) or even dead zones (zones with insufficient oxygen to support life, also called anoxic zones). Examples of this effect are found on the western coasts of America north and south of the equator, the western coast of sub-Saharan Africa and the western coast of the Indian subcontinent. Increases in the flow of some ocean currents may intensify this effect (chaps. Some greenhouse gases, especially chlorofluoro-carbons, have an impact on the ozone layer in the stratosphere.|SDG 14 - Life below water|zones oxygen western currents coast|0.0777203|6.0137506|5.941472
630|This could be interpreted as suggesting that decisions to enter or leave the labour force tend to be more permanent under these circumstances. No significant relations could be found with the other variables. The difference on the lagged coefficient would imply that a 10 percentage points increase in the share long-term unemployment could lead to a decline in participation 0.6 percentage point lower in the healthiest state than in the least healthy state. This could be linked to the impact of housing prices on mobility, if displaced workers tend to stay where housing costs are low' rather than moving to look for job opportunities in more expensive states.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|housing tend percentage state lagged|7.6332498|4.5525093|4.2716246
631|The legislation should recognise such diversity and provide for both individual and customary rights. Finally, a special court for agrarian conflicts could be set up as an independent institution to solve the rising number of land conflicts. Significant efforts have been made to accelerate licensing procedures, but there remains scope for further improvement. The Indonesian Investment Co-ordinating Board (Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal, BKPM) licensing authority should be strengthened and cover sectoral licenses currently administered by other institutions.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|licensing conflicts modal agrarian indonesian|3.353276|5.058637|3.7201574
632|Finally, when handed directly to energy supplying firms, subsidies can discourage innovation, technological upgrading and cost effectiveness, and may even compromise the overall quality of service. If perverse subsidies are not removed, subsidies for RETs may be needed to level the playing field and encourage their utilization. However, they must provide an encouragement, not an end, for both users and suppliers. In sum, subsidies must effectively reach the intended beneficiaries, encourage the provision of least-cost services (e.g. avoid covering operating costs), and, overall, be cost-effective, that is, achieve maximum social benefits for each unit spent (Barnes and Halpern, 2000). For instance, in some rural areas, the greatest challenge for farmers can be that the payment cycle for electricity (connections and monthly bills) does not match the income cycle (once or twice a year, after the harvest). Simply adapting the modalities of payment to the profile of agricultural users could make the difference.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidies cost payment cycle encourage|2.1862333|2.2115803|2.4618578
633|This chapter outlines the impact of Thailand's switch from a content-based curriculum to a modern standards-based approach in 2001 and its revision in 2008. This should be better communicated to schools and education staff supported in the implementation of curriculum reform. The content of each discipline or subject is traditionally described in terms of skills, knowledge and attitudes. More recently, other elements such as cross-curriculum themes, key competencies and values have been added to this simple subject-based paradigm.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curriculum content subject based communicated|8.905663|1.5927049|2.3591821
634|Some data linkage of the registers, including to mortality, is already underway, with significant potential for extension. Use of standardised electronic records and data linkage would also reduce the burden on primary care staff of recording duplicative data in multiple quality registers. Enhancing, standardising and streamlining the information architecture to support improvements in health care quality and coordination, including in primary care, should also be a priority. In addition to tackling some of the practical issues entailed, leadership and a culture change in primary care will also be needed to overcome resistance to data collection by promoting the potential of benchmarking data for quality improvement and supporting patients.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|data registers linkage care primary|9.115249|9.606278|1.8212152
635|With funding from UNICEF, the FAO contracted the authors to write the review. The authors are grateful for the constructive and thoughtful input provided by staff from both these organizations. Children are particularly vulnerable - 66 million children go to school hungry, one in four are stunted, and nearly half of deaths of children under five are attributable to poor nutrition [2]. As concerning as these numbers are, by focusing narrowly on anthropometric consequences of malnutrition rather than on child food insecurity more holistically, we probably underestimate the extent to which children are negatively impacted by food-related hardships. Child food insecurity is related to hunger and malnutrition, but it also includes experiences of worry, stigma, and shame related to food challenges.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food children malnutrition insecurity authors|4.5565896|5.805751|4.6866355
636|A functional primary care system where a family physician serves as the co-ordinating hub for complex patient care, ensuring that medicines and treatment regimens are properly reviewed over time will help ensure that complex care needs arising from chronic disease are catered for. A good example of a community programme in Korea today is the Gwang Myeong registration project which focuses on diabetes and hypertension management (see Box 3.1 below). This pilot project is run by the Gyeonggi Provincial Government and involves collaboration between the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Korean Centre for Disease Control, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Gwang Myeong metropolitan health centre, provincial medical care institutions and pharmacies, and the hypertension/diabetes mellitus control centre.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|provincial hypertension centre care diabetes|9.247762|9.050108|1.8741442
637|Campaigning and raising awareness among young men and women, parents, teachers and employers about gender-stereotypical attitudes towards academic performances and the likely consequences of overall educational choices for employment and entrepreneurship opportunities, career progression and earnings. Encouraging more women who have completed STEM studies to pursue professional careers in these areas, for example by means of career counselling, adult education, internships, apprenticeships and targeted financial support. Designing tax-benefit systems so that both parents have broadly similar financial incentives to work. Securing availability of and access to affordable good-quality early childhood education and care as well as affordable long-term care for other dependants, including for example disabled children or elderly relatives.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|affordable career parents performances internships|9.246302|3.5337563|5.9554324
638|Surface water markets can also be used to replace groundwater markets especially in times of scarcity. During California's 2014 drought, for instance, some farmers bought surface water pumped from aquifers of neighbouring farmers (Sommer, 2014). Agriculture water conservation and irrigation efficiency programs often rely on fiscal instruments to redirect economic incentives towards lower intensive use of groundwater. Figure 4.4 shows that eight of the 21 responding countries report having subsidies for water conservation programs and nine have subsidies for irrigation efficiency.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water programs surface groundwater conservation|1.1207122|7.5326557|2.6450303
639|If current trends continue to 2030 then key risks for poverty will include the rising number of single-adult households, living in a single-earner households, rising work poverty resulting mainly from low hours of work but exacerbated by low pay, and increased transitory poverty as work becomes less secure. Increasingly fluid family structures will also increase vulnerability to poverty, with more people moving in and out of poverty as a result of family-related events (including divorce or separation). If current trends continue then women’s employment rates will rise and the pay gap will fall to 2030.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty rising work trends single|7.3455524|5.7461233|4.966884
640|Sanitation coverage in urban areas is almost the same as drinking water coverage. Urban areas have mostly combined sewage and storm water collection networks that discharge into nearby surface water bodies. Because of poor maintenance of wastewater sewers and small pipe dimensions, leaks from these sewers often carry the risk of polluting the drinking water network. In rural areas, only a small proportion of the areas with piped water supply is equipped with sewer networks.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water areas drinking networks coverage|1.55179|6.8624043|2.6073828
641|For example, residents have voluntarily been enforcing a car-free day per month on a few selected streets in the neighbourhood. This raises a number of issues, such as congestion, the risk of road accidents, a lack of parking space and potential loss in quality of life due to congestion. Suwon is gradually expanding its subway network to provide its citizens with alternative modes of transport.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|congestion subway voluntarily enforcing streets|3.931551|4.8155584|0.75092447
642|The importance of long-term habitat isolation has also been shown for fungi and lichens on forest remnants in Northern Sweden, where the newly isolated forest remnants had higher species richness for lichens but not for wood-dwelling fungi compared to long-isolated forest remnants [Berglund & Jonsson 2004), indicating that lichens on newly isolated forest remnants may suffer future local extinctions whereas the fungi seem to have already adapted to the recent isolation. Hence, the landscape distribution of key habitat elements and the history of forest exploitation, as well as the amounts of such habitat elements, are important determinants for the long-term survival of forest biodiversity. However, the value of the forest for biodiversity also varies with site-specific factors linked to climate, productivity or specific terrain or substrate features.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest fungi isolated habitat isolation|1.1818179|4.751145|3.9622345
643|"Farmers benefit directly: they earn higher incomes and can use the extra production to enhance their own household food consumption. In a second round of benefits, productivity growth enables farmers to hire additional workers and buy other goods and services, creating ""multiplier effects"" that can ripple throughout the economy, stimulating overall economic growth and reducing poverty (Hayami etal., Growth in agriculture reduces 1 dollar-a-day headcount poverty more than three times faster than growth in non-agricultural sectors (Christiaensen, Demery and Kuhl, 2011). For example, relatively strong, sustained per capita income growth of 2.5 percent per year for 20 years (a total of approximately 65 percent increase in income), would reduce the prevalence of underweight among children in developing countries by only 27 percent (Fladdad et al.,"|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|growth percent farmers underweight multiplier|4.3796363|5.4164124|4.0478096
644|Monitoring jekonomicheskoj situacii v Rossii: tendencii i vyzovy social'no-jekonomicheskogo razvitija [Monitoring of the economic situation in Russia: tendencies and challenges of socioeconomic development]. Social networks, gender, and immigrant incorporation: resources and constraints. American Sociological Review, vol.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|monitoring sociological incorporation russia vol|8.80048|5.118137|7.009156
645|Based on the new Basic Plan, a new farm income support payment was launched for rice farmers as a single year pilot programme in 2010. The payments are designed to bridge the gap between the actual average producer price and a reference level of nation-wide production cost. In this counter-cyclical scheme the reference producer price is set as the national average producer price of the past three years. This pilot programme is expected to continue in 2011, extending this new income support payments for upland crops such as wheat, barley and soybean.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|producer price pilot reference payments|3.802664|5.085236|3.9632728
646|In practice, it could be defined as coverage for the whole population for a certain set of health services and goods, although the nature of these goods and services varies across countries. The WHO and the World Bank have proposed options to measure and assess health care coverage in a given country and to measure progress towards “universal coverage” (See Box 1). They suggest that two types of measures can be used to assess progress towards universal coverage. Financial protection can be measured by looking at the proportion of people facing very high (‘catastrophic’) health expenditure (defined as a percentage of household spending), and by looking at the proportion of the population who fall into poverty due to health spending.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage health looking universal assess|8.594167|8.724552|2.3482382
647|An inspiring example of such a strategy can be found in Greenpoint, Brooklyn (Curran and Hamilton, 2012; Box 5.14). The plan aimed to promote mixed-use development projects, increase green spaces, reduce water spending and tailor public spending to specific areas of the city in need of development. The plan paid particular attention to the development of open spaces and the creation of integrated connections between spaces.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spaces spending plan development tailor|3.6641877|4.930904|1.8664943
648|Health-related quality of life scores were significantly lower for respondents with ADEs compared with other respondents. Consequently, productivity loss due to long term sickness and disability increased for people who had suffered ADEs compared to other respondents. If the patients are of working age, the worsened health caused by harm may prevent them from participating in the workforce resulting in lost productive life years. Beyond the negative impact on self-esteem and personal economic loss from reduced income, the flow on effects include higher support and care needs, increased welfare dependency and loss of taxation revenue.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|respondents ades loss life compared|9.395122|8.952468|2.7430353
649|Among children and adolescents up to the age of 14, the poverty rate increased by almost 3 percentage points, while poverty among those aged over 65 fell by 2 percentage points, owing, among other things, to the expansion of non-contributory pension systems in the region (ECLAC, 2018a). Thus, the ratio between children and young people living in poverty and older people in the same situation rose from 2.5 to 3.0, and in the case of extreme poverty the ratio jumped from 2.6 to 3.7. The femininity index of poverty is calculated as the ratio between the poverty rate of women of working age (20-59 years) and the poverty rate of men of the same age group. It is useful because it demonstrates the extent to which women are either overrepresented or underrepresented among the total population living in poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty ratio age rate points|7.5789666|5.7304707|5.338783
650|The aim is to improve reproductive and maternal and child health; end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and neglected tropical diseases; reduce non-communicable and environmental diseases; achieve universal health coverage; and ensure universal access to safe, affordable and effective medicines and vaccines. Towards that end, world leaders committed to support research and development, increase health financing, and strengthen the capacity of all countries to reduce and manage health risks. Almost all maternal deaths occur in low-resource settings and can be prevented, including by expanding access to appropriate sexual and reproductive health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health maternal reproductive diseases universal|8.675801|8.496157|3.561785
651|Women's rights advocates and autonomous feminist organizations have a critical role to play here in bringing women's concerns into the policy-making process and holding decisionmakers and service providers to account. Innovations in electoral systems and affirmative action measures have come about both as a result of pressure from women's movements and through the influence of global declarations and resolutions. Women's involvement in politics can also have a positive 'role-modelling' effect by encouraging other women to seek public office.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women declarations affirmative feminist role|10.230933|4.602793|7.3170805
652|In Switzerland, around 15% of the entire cohort graduate through the professional education and training system, through professional college qualifications and industry-led federal exams (Fazekas and Field, 2013b). In Sweden, the numbers enrolled in higher VET programmes trebled between 2001 and 2011, while in Romania enrolments in “post-high school” grew from 44 000 in 2005/06 to 70 000 in 2010/11 (Ministry of Education and Research Sweden, 2013; NCDTVET Romania, 2013). All of the programmes mentioned here are substantial one-two-year post-secondary vocational programmes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|romania programmes sweden post professional|8.524414|2.6836212|2.8155937
653|Riders noted that the service was attractive because it was less expensive than alternatives. Survey evidence six months into the pilot found that riders used the service instead of a car trip (~30%), a bus trip (~30%) or a ride service (in this case, Uber - ~22%) (Marshall, 2017; Shaheen et al., Following on the demise of Kutsuplus, the closure of Bridj, which had been highlighted as one of the more innovative start-ups in the ride-service and public transport field, underscores the difficulty that app-enabled on-demand micro-bus shared ride services face at present.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ride service riders trip bus|4.2591524|4.873277|0.45976016
654|One of the biggest obstacles immigrants face when looking for work is that their qualifications and foreign work experience may not be fully recognised in the host country. As a result, many immigrant workers hold jobs for which they are over-qualified. On average, men have higher scores on the numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments scales than women, but the gap is not large and is further reduced when other characteristics, such as educational attainment and socio-economic status, are taken into account. In literacy, the gap in proficiency in favour of men is even narrower.|SDG 4 - Quality education|gap men narrower numeracy host|8.925645|4.1017885|6.0855985
655|Firms that are either exporters or foreign owned are typically more frequent ICT users. Basic use of ICT is needed to support skills for internal management such as training, cost calculation, product design and enterprise administration. At this level, both computers and smartphones may serve as a basis.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ict smartphones computers calculation exporters|4.8745384|2.955071|1.9568145
656|Extreme events will also carry the potential to disrupt transportation flows to rural areas. The patterns of demand will change and, given current capacities, increasing demand in the summer could strain transmission lines, due to spikes in demand for electricity to power air-conditioning equipment. On the other hand, to the extent that winters will become warmer, heat energy demand can be expected to decrease.|SDG 13 - Climate action|demand warmer disrupt conditioning spikes|1.69659|1.5316107|1.9711635
657|In the absence of either such extreme scarcity payments or capacity payments, producers run up against the “missing money”-problem, which means that they are unable to finance their fixed costs. In practice, however, the capacity market option seems largely preferable to the VOLL option as it is far less uncertain and avoids the issue of barriers to entry - any market participant, for instance, would need to be able to play the whole merit curve, which implies a costly portfolio of means of generation - and thus persistent structural underinvestment with persistent price spikes. In the long run, the latter would create serious doubts about the viability of liberalised electricity markets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|persistent option run payments means|1.7687533|1.7395974|1.7938111
658|Both face complex challenges, where long-standing problems must be confronted alongside emerging concerns. In particular, Peru is experiencing worsening rates of non-communicable diseases - alongside a persistently high rate of infectious disease. The health system, meanwhile, is simultaneously grappling with how to assure basic access - universal health coverage has still not been achieved, for instance - whilst prioritising efficiency and value for money, and improving quality of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alongside assure prioritising persistently confronted|8.533957|8.89062|2.6778648
659|The scope of such an organisation is defined by the areas of specialisation of the local HEIs that provide the resources and the local industrial structure. Although their focus is mainly on the respective territories where they are located, in particular for the background work mentioned above, they should be networked to multiply the opportunities of matching supply and competence needs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|heis networked multiply specialisation local|5.25152|3.6630948|2.5760455
660|For the rest of the deprivations, no substantial differences linked to the level of multidimensional poverty were found. As can be seen, the contributions of the different deprivations to the adjusted headcount ratio remained fairly stable in both periods under review. The most marked change was the drop of 20 percentage points in the contribution of income-based deprivation to total poverty in Argentina between 2005 and 2012.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivations poverty headcount fairly marked|6.6728787|6.329295|5.203885
661|With the introduction of FSC standards in the country, the concept of high conservation value forest (HCVF) has been introduced. Based on FSC certification reports of four certified forest companies, there are 75,530 ha (i.e. around 2.5 per cent of total forest cover) of HCVF forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina (FAO, 2015). According to the annual report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry, productive forestlands that are suitable for afforestation amount to about 166,192.5 ha - the area under the forest can be increased because a large proportion of these areas has poor production potential but could be afforested by using appropriate tree species in accordance with natural and ecological conditions.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest fsc ha afforestation tree|1.3406193|4.6630554|4.091594
662|Segregation can also occur at the school-level through schools circumventing mandated school choice practices by mainly advertising to certain groups of high-achieving students, as well as building schools in areas that are typically homogenous and high-achieving (Bohlmark, Holmlund and Lindahl, 2015(21]). Furthermore, many researchers conclude that “school choosers [students or parents/guardians] select schools on the basis of race, ethnicity, and class in addition to rational, objective measures of school quality” (Voyer, 2018[3ii), with immigr ant parents tending to choose schools for different reasons than native parents. Evidence on the criteria indicates that parents from a lower-income background prefer schools that are close to where they live (Allen, 2007,32]; Reay and Allen, 1997,33]).|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools parents allen school achieving|9.955353|2.4098926|2.6318877
663|Yet, market developments indicate that blockchain technology is gradually moving towards more business-related use cases. Prominent examples of big enterprises experimenting and developing blockchain applications include Microsoft, Goldman Sachs, and Maersk. Companies are also increasingly joining consortia in order to explore the potential of DLT.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain sachs experimenting consortia joining|4.048175|2.534121|2.0687673
664|The region has a basin management plan {piano di bacino) but it is not effectively integrated with other planning instruments. This is particularly urgent given the Lagoon’s highly polluted sediment, which is at times sufficiently polluted to be designated as toxic waste under national legislation (and thus subject to special removal and disposal procedures). The Lagoon sediment is nonetheless an important resource for morphological reconstruction {e.g. salt marshes) and littoral regeneration {e.g. creation of parks along the coastal zone). However, no integrated policy governs water quality concerns stemming from dredging for navigation purposes, which stirs up sediment and re-introduces it into the water column.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sediment lagoon polluted integrated di|0.642799|6.8296924|2.5787928
665|The role of private health insurance is negligible. Primary care is financed largely through capitation with adjustments for age and rural location, plus a smaller share of fee-for-service and performance-related payments for specific prioritised areas of care, in particular chronic diseases. Outpatient care is financed through case payment and fee-for-service for diagnostic tests, while inpatient care is largely financed through case-based payment (DRGs).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|financed care fee payment largely|8.660413|8.876148|1.8434752
666|These events signal the need for responses by all stakeholders which address their concerns. For the most part, solutions addressing these issues are not new, but add greater clarity for appropriate policy responses. These include greater priority for productivity growth and improving resilience to shocks, implementing appropriate policies to address volatility and to mitigate its consequences. Finally, the international community needs responsible forums in which enhanced policy development and international coordination can work to address the policy challenge of securing the sustainable growth in the global food system which will be needed to feed the world in the years to come.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|address responses appropriate policy greater|3.9852586|5.3094616|4.054447
667|The state welfare system was substantially reformed after the end of Apartheid. Until then, the system was mainly dominated by means-tested, non-contributory old-age and disability pensions with conditions attached to the size of the benefit as well as eligibility that favoured the white population. The reform aimed at changing this and, twenty years later, the picture has been reversed, with the majority of grant beneficiaries being black Africans.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|africans apartheid reformed favoured reversed|7.487993|5.6244216|4.3320103
668|"Given the disparate and differentiated impact violence has on women and different groups of women, there is a need for specific measures of redress to meet their specific needs and priorities. According to the Special Rapporteur, the focus of reparations should be on fairness towards the victims of human rights violations and on ""repairing"" the damage done, not only on returning the women to the circumstances they were in before they suffered the violence. Since the violence women experience is a continuum of structural and systemic discrimination women face in peacetime, during conflict and post-conflict, its structural and systemic causes need to be addressed by reparations aiming to transform these conditions. Complex reparations schemes, such as those providing a variety of benefits, can better address the needs of female beneficiaries and have transformative potential, both in practical, material terms and in terms of boosting their self-confidence and esteem."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women violence systemic conflict structural|9.830368|5.087296|7.5302343
669|Irrigation charges are likewise very low but this is part of more general problems in this sector. Institutional weaknesses, compounded by chronic mismanagement and under-investment have resulted in the major degradation of irrigation and drainage infrastructure. However, the environmental damage is estimated according to methodologies dating back to the Soviet era.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation dating era compounded drainage|1.0609442|7.361433|2.803296
670|Despite these obstacles, no company decided to withdraw from the region, with the partial exception of EDF (which maintained just a single generating plant in Brazil). This situation has now changed, however, and in recent years these companies have announced ambitious investment projects in the region, generally targeting the organic growth of the markets in which they were already present — except for Argentina, where transnationals operating in the country (Enel, Duke Energy and AES) have not announced any expansion plans. The projects in question cover transmission, distribution, and generating businesses alike, and include a substantial increase in renewable energy projects (apart from hydroelectric power plants). This means that Latin American assets are now extremely important for the firms in question, since they are in markets with growth prospects offering generally high returns.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|announced projects generating question generally|2.101084|1.8445271|2.2056959
671|Gender gaps in financial inclusion are largest in South Asia and in the Middle East and North Africa region (Klapper, 2012). Enabling women to build up savings in accounts registered in their name attracts more entrepreneurs; conversely, access constraints curtail the business growth of female-owned micro-enterprises. Dupas and Robinson (2009) show that female market vendors in rural Kenya increased their daily investments by between 38 and 56% when they were provided with interest-free bank accounts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|accounts female curtail robinson vendors|8.822948|3.6152997|6.4679704
672|Most of these fall under the category' of 10-24 m length vessel. Around 84% (78 stocks) were classified as not overfished, while 16 stocks were classified as overfished or subject to overfishing. The remaining stocks were classified as uncertain. The number of stocks assessed in any given year is determined based on the importance of that stock to the current or past economic conditions of the fishery.|SDG 14 - Life below water|stocks classified overfished overfishing vessel|-0.07165502|5.918158|6.7466774
673|The addition of significant amount of renewable energy reduces the electrical capacity running at high load factors and increases the value of flexible production: a higher proportion of conventional stations is required to operate only at times when the production from renewables is below average. In those conditions, plants with relatively low capital costs will be favoured over those with low operating costs. First, the optimal generation mix of dispatchable technologies that satisfies at the lowest cost for a given electricity demand, represented by the annual load duration curve, is derived. The same methodology is then applied to the same electricity market after the integration of a given amount of renewable energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load renewable electricity given production|1.5867357|1.4717984|1.8606586
674|Mental health nurses must work with psychiatrists and GPs to provide services like monitoring a patient’s mental state, managing their medication and improving links to other health professionals and clinical service providers. A minimum of two patients must be seen per session, and evaluations seem to suggest that the programme has been quite succesful. Increased and/or improved training and continuing professional development (CPD) and use of evidence-based guidelines in primary care have the potential to be a cost-effective way to narrow some of the treatment gap for common disorders, and improve quality of care. In some OECD countries mental health training is included as part of their continuing professional development training.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental continuing training professional health|10.304174|8.873051|1.667928
675|Moreover, all persons with disabilities should have the right to access inclusive education with adequate individualised support to enable them to take part. Article 24 pays special attention to the situation of children who are blind, deaf and deafblind. The world's largest and smallest, richest and poorest countries make up the Commonwealth and are home to two billion citizens of all faiths and ethnicities, over half of whom are 25 years old or under. Member countries span six continents and oceans from Africa (19) to Asia (8), the Americas (2), the Caribbean (12), Europe (3) and the South Pacific (10).|SDG 4 - Quality education|individualised continents blind span americas|10.344619|2.5039105|2.0353248
676|The difference is more pronounced for pension-age than working-age women as a result of lower labour market participation of women, especially in the past (and thus less pension rights), and their longer life expectancy (OECD, 2008a). In-work poverty is especially pronounced in households with a sole worker and much less so for households with two or more workers. In most countries, the poverty incidence in households with children is higher than in childless ones.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|pronounced households pension childless age|7.668217|5.64047|5.0665836
677|Most of these schemes are targeted at specific groups of women, such as youth, elderly/widows, unemployed and low income women, often in disadvantaged areas. Female entrepreneurs in micro-enterprises are another primary recipient category. In India, the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) organises financial literacy training for female entrepreneurs. A growing body of impact evaluations shows that such programmes can be successful in raising women’s financial literacy and inclusion (see OECD, 2013b for a full review). However, evidence from the OECD International Network on Financial Education (INFE) stock-tacking exercise also shows that policy awareness about the need to address gender differences in financial literacy remains low in many countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|literacy financial women entrepreneurs female|8.69949|3.580593|6.0808535
678|I have found (this syndrome)to be as substantial a bottleneck to development in Africa as inadequate infrastructure or bad governance and it has added an extra weight to the work of those who want to enable individuals and communities to better their circumstances. This Policy Guidance Note considers the causal relationship between empowerment and pro-poor growth. It identifies eight domains of empowerment within three spheres: the economic (markets, decent employment and productive assets); the political (political representation and collective action); and the social (human capabilities, critical awareness and inclusion) and describes what donors can do to support and strengthen empowerment in those domains. Suggestions for how donors should workfor optimal effect include key messages for development co-operation.|SDG 1 - No poverty|empowerment domains donors political syndrome|5.47281|4.5810513|2.676984
679|Early retirement for labour market reasons: periodic payments to older workers who retire before reaching the legal/standard retirement age due to unemployment or to job reduction caused by economic measures such as the restructuring of an industrial sector or of a business. These payments normally cease when the beneficiary becomes entitled to an old age pension. Data to be considered to calculate the indicator are either the annual average or the total value for December of a given year (especially when using administrative record data). The option retained for the numerator should be consistent with data used for the denominator.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|retirement payments data numerator denominator|8.00814|5.2923117|4.486908
680|It is financed 25% by the federal level, 25% by the state level, and 50% by the private sector. Morelos was the first state to apply for the programme. A beneficiary, a gazelle employing 130 people, received training paid for by Prosoft, and was then certified by IBM on open software technologies after 12 months of full time courses. A strong point of the programme is its high additionality.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|additionality state programme employing morelos|6.0352497|3.197016|2.8699207
681|The issue of inequality has continued to dominate the post-Apartheid landscape. There are two indicators of the post-Apartheid political economy that have attracted special attention in this regard. The first is whether the evolving post-Apartheid economy and especially the policy efforts of the post-Apartheid government have been able to lower inherited inequality. The second is the related question of whether the blunt racial footprint would start to fade under more subtle post-Apartheid socio-economic dynamics.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|apartheid post inequality economy inherited|6.4761343|5.4111204|4.8142424
682|In 2015, to assess students' preparedness for this, PISA carried out the world's first international assessment of collaborative problem-solving skills, defined as the capacity of students to solve problems by pooling their knowledge, skills and efforts with others. The same holds across countries: top-performing countries in PISA (such as Japan, Korea and Singapore in Asia, Estonia and Finland in Europe, and Canada in North America) also come out on top in the PISA assessment of collaborative problem solving. There are countries where students do much better in collaborative problem solving than one would predict from their performance in the PISA science, reading and mathematics assessments.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa solving collaborative problem students|9.705463|2.0433168|3.016521
683|"So far, social dimensions of climate change have been more clearly linked to the concept of adaptation to climate change rather than to mitigating its effects.77 Adaptation is considered most effective when it “offer|s) development benefits in the relatively near term, as well as reductions in vulnerability over the longer term. At the more progressive and eco-social end of the spectrum are approaches that address power relations and institutions to varying degrees. What have been referred to as embedded liberalism and alter-globalization are alternative pathways to the predominant market-liberal approach80 (chapter 4). Embedded liberalism focuses on strengthening institutions and rebuilding states’ regulatory capacity to correct social and environmental injustice from within the system, for example, via progressive taxation, comprehensive social policy and business regulation."|SDG 13 - Climate action|embedded progressive social adaptation injustice|1.4715786|4.815667|1.9392718
684|There are benefits, too, for health professionals and policy makers, as shown in the figure below. Another stated priority is the efficient exchange of information and co-operation between all purchasers and practitioners. The information is then intended to follow the citizen through the health and social care sectors.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|purchasers citizen information practitioners health|8.71777|9.152114|1.8330525
685|Recycling alone is a single measure and cannot fulfil the overall goal of achieving sufficient services in a society while minimizing levels of environmental impact from material/resources consumption. Moreover, as a first priority, alternatives emphasizing reduction are preferable to either recycling or resource circulation. The Japanese Junkan Shakai plan, launched at national and local community levels, stresses community-based recovery, repair by craftsmen, use of eco-bags and mottainai (meaning “waste not” in Japanese), embodying a simple life decoupled from material affluence and emphasizing spirituality. The experience gained in establishing an international standard for the concept and application of product-based CF, or business-site-based GHG accounting, may contribute to monitoring and evaluation of progress and the comparison of the extent of resource circulation and related sustainability.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|emphasizing circulation japanese recycling material|0.55644745|3.9468522|3.0452769
686|Effluent charges for surface water generate CZK 300 million per year for the State Environmental Fund, while effluent charges for groundwater generate CZK 2 million for the municipalities. The rate of cost recovery is 100% when only operating costs are included, but drops to 10-20% when renewal and new investment costs are included. This is partly driven by the failure to account for the full depreciation of the infrastructure assets. Costs for WRM amount to 3-7% of the water bill.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|effluent charges costs generate included|1.5946403|7.6044126|2.3862796
687|Agreements and arrangements vary in terms of geographic coverage — covering all waters shared by contracting parties or only specific basins — as well as in terms of scope. Examples include the joint commissions that have been set up between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary, Croatia and Montenegro, Serbia and Romania, Serbia and Hungary and Romania and Hungary. The Lake Ohrid Watershed Committee was established in 2005.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|croatia hungary serbia romania ohrid|0.68654037|7.0959086|1.8563248
688|The reason for these difficulties is primarily the multitude of other factors that come into play over greater spatial scales and time horizons, a problem particularly acute for funds whose objectives are longer-term, transformational impacts. For example, some funds’ objectives are focussed on bringing down the costs of low-carbon technologies, demonstrating their technological or financial viability, or introducing them into new markets (e.g. CIF, 2012a). These programmes or funds focus on transforming the economics of low-carbon technologies at different scales, with a view towards transformational shifts in investment patterns from carbon-intensive production and consumption to low-carbon, climate-resilient investments.|SDG 13 - Climate action|carbon transformational funds scales low|1.7512195|3.263578|1.6328213
689|When investigated further, it was found that 82 of these 283 schools were not actually participants in the programme. The researchers therefore suggested that some schools have started their own school development programme in AfL, despite not being formally involved in the initial Directorate project. These schools thus believed they were part of the official DET programme (Vibe, 2012).|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools programme det afl investigated|9.719691|1.6034592|1.25409
690|The same process is used to estimate Medicaid beneficiaries with the exception that time until death is not included. All other health spending grows with the change in the population in each age and sex group multiplied by GDP per capita and ECG. Estimates of growth in GDP per capita each year over the projection period come from CBOLT in a separate macroeconomic framework (CBO, 2009). The projection of ECG begins with estimation of historical ECG for the three main components of health spending (Medicare, Medicaid and '‘all other” health expenditures) and for overall spending on health care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicaid projection spending health capita|8.883975|8.714836|2.6678643
691|In some Lander, assessment of several subjects may still be entirely processed by teachers, but the trend clearly moves away from decentralised testing. School principals are the ones who issue the certificates. However, after completion of upper secondary' education, students who want to proceed with education are requested to pass the Juken, which is the higher education entrance exam. Most education systems have divided responsibilities for assessment in upper secondary education between central agencies and schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education upper secondary assessment entrance|9.521527|1.9305959|1.5920175
692|This is partly because students in general programmes are more likely to continue education after they graduate from secondary school. This gap is particularly large in countries where the training offered is of poor quality and is badly monitored (OECD, 2014c). For VET students, this is the case for learning at work, problem-solving and self-organising skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|badly students organising graduate solving|8.524488|2.7576187|2.7843373
693|First, that social protection be scaled up to cover a larger proportion of the population against a broader range of risks. Second, that domestic sources finance a greater proportion of spending. This latter objective reflects the fact that donor support for social protection - as for Ethiopia as a whole - is declining relative to other sources of revenue as the country nears its goal of achieving middle-income status.|SDG 1 - No poverty|proportion sources protection scaled social|7.017991|5.840262|4.133678
694|Further, despite support for agricultural modernisation and economic diversification, the transformation of rural areas has proceeded slowly in many cases. Rural residents account for a large share of the population (approximately 40%) and the well-being of rural residents is critical to the growth and prosperity of the country. Poverty is the highest in rural areas and the highest among agricultural households and as such, there is a clear need for rural policies to support economic diversification and employment in order to help raise rural dwellers’ quality of life. Further, Poland has a polycentric settlement pattern with small and medium-sized cities dispersed throughout its territory.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|rural diversification residents highest polycentric|4.3285565|5.1911635|2.9388418
695|These results suggest that ASEAN countries need to shift their production structures towards the manufacture of greener products for the region's rapidly expanding consumer markets. This could be achieved by greater use of market-based instruments and better regulation at national and regional levels. Because carbon emissions transcend national boundaries through international trade flows, observing trends at the regional level is critical.|SDG 13 - Climate action|observing greener manufacture regional asean|1.6030444|3.2424748|2.2941926
696|They have developed limited networks of care providers only for specific expenditures that have a low statutory reimbursement rate, notably optical care, dentures and hearing aids (HCAAM, 2013). Indeed, they cannot contract with GPs (Pierron, 2016). As recommended by the OECD (OECD, 2000; Imai et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|optical hearing reimbursement care gps|8.81307|8.908807|1.5860233
697|In particular, the recent changes in the permit issuing system have created considerable confusion among regulated entities and regulators alike. Currently, water resource management legislation contains numerous contradictory provisions, a fact which adversely impacts the status and quality of the water bodies. The 1996 Law on Environmental Protection provides for the establishment of environmental quality (including water quality) norms. It considered groundwater as part of mineral resources, regulated all aspects of groundwater use, and contained certain provisions on groundwater protection.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater regulated provisions quality water|1.0145208|6.9971776|2.1768832
698|Examples of RP techniques are the hedonic regression technique and the travel cost method. The former can be used to estimate the value of clean water by examining how property prices depend on proximity to clean water (everything else equal), whereas the travel cost method mainly has been used to estimate recreation values, such as access to kayaking, fishing, etc. Examples of the SP techniques are contingent valuation and discrete choice experiments: based on hypothetical scenarios they are able to elicit individual WTP for a large range of goods and services like access to safe water, better tasting water, secure access to water, and recreational values.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water techniques travel method estimate|1.4823258|7.547211|2.4883294
699|This requires programmes that target behavioural and equipment specification modifications. Interruptible service riders, time-of-use rates and energy efficiency education are some of the tools that may be considered. There is a real need to educate the population about the individual’s role in sustainable development, renewable energy and energy efficiency.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency riders educate modifications|2.1494586|2.773017|2.3498619
700|So far, traditional definitions of social protection do not make specific reference to children. An exception is the Asian Development Bank, whose definition includes child-protection among the policy responses to address poverty and vulnerability in the region (Kamerman and Gabel, 2006). Social protection has, in fact, a cross-sectoral nature and its activities may complement core elements of child protection, especially the preventive and protective functions (i.e. by addressing the underlying causes of violence or exploitation), therefore mutually reinforcing each other (Blank et al.,|SDG 1 - No poverty|protection child protective reinforcing mutually|7.256452|6.135628|4.534658
701|Where formal mechanisms for national co-ordination are often not yet established, the majority of donors and supporters working in country cite a lack of national co-ordination between the Environment, Finance and Planning Ministries. In such cases, a lack of clarity exists regarding who has the role to oversee climate change funding (UNDP, 2010). Interviewees revealed a range of barriers for why this may be the case, such as the time taken between the formulation, agreement and implementation of roles, and the formulation of plans in isolation and prior to the establishment of a coordination mechanism leading to a fragmentation of domestic climate action.|SDG 13 - Climate action|formulation ordination interviewees lack supporters|1.6457508|4.249929|1.3425784
702|Recognising that different climate interventions will involve a range of objectives, the selected indicators are categorised as being oriented towards mobilisation of resources, climate-specific results, and broader development benefits.14 The section then concludes by highlighting some key issues, their implications, and emerging options and tools for assessing the results of climate interventions. For example, the effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve the climate-resilience of infrastructure so that it can withstand a 1-in-100-year event may only be able to be determined after a significant time lag. There may also be a significant time lag between interventions such as capacity building, training, education, and the their effects.|SDG 13 - Climate action|interventions climate lag withstand results|1.519812|4.6927934|1.5293788
703|The importance of infrastructure and connectivity is recognized by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 9, on industry, innovation and infrastructure. The chapter looks at fixed- and mobile- broadband prices, and the affordability of services in developed and developing regions. In addition to addressing supply-side barriers, it examines demand-side barriers outside the ICT ecosystem, including broader socio-economic inequalities, digital and analogue skills, and the availability of relevant local content. The steep rise in mobile-cellular subscriptions worldwide, which began early in this century, is tailing off as the global penetration rate approaches 100 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. At the same time, there has been a gradual decline in the penetration rate for fixed-telephone subscriptions, owing to the tendency for new users to prefer mobile over fixed lines.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|subscriptions mobile fixed penetration barriers|4.8564987|2.8709145|1.5554109
704|According to a study by UNICEF, on average, 85% of a school budget is spent on wages, 8% on non-instruction related expenses (e.g. school meals, medicines, other goods and services, communication, transport, rent, business travel, judicial decisions), 5% on communal expenses, and 1% on students at risk (UNICEF, 2012). Payroll expenses account for 79% of urban school budgets and 93% of rural ones (UNICEF, 2012). On average, 99.6% of their budget is dedicated to salaries (Sange-SFK, 2012). However, the report notes that departures from these average values are very common and can be considerable.|SDG 4 - Quality education|expenses unicef school average budget|9.174463|2.0405116|2.689465
705|The analysis of social networks can contribute to the concrete implementation of these policies, by precisely identifying which actors are best able to disseminate new practices within their network. In commerce, women form a group whose social capital must be promoted. The example of the rice sector shows that women's education, work experience and income levels are significantly lower than men. The analysis also shows that the centrality of women within networks is lower than that of men regardless of the measure adopted, which is explained by their relegation to low-paying segments of the value chain.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|networks women shows centrality men|9.200147|4.1094427|6.641638
706|"Table 3.1 and Box 3.3 present examples of existing water restriction rules, depending on the initial water allocation system already in place for ""normal"" circumstances. The two mechanisms can be put in place together. Typically, priority rules generally concern different water users and uses, such as agriculture, industry, and tourism, while a proportional reduction of rights are applied within the agricultural or irrigation sector. Another common mechanism to manage temporary water shortages is to forbid irrigation for a certain time period, i.e. a time quota, which can be considered an imperfect proxy for a reduction of water rights based on quantities. Such administrative pricing formulas are seldom used in practice, for different reasons: difficulty of practical implementation, unintended redistributive effects; uncertainty in the outcome in terms of reduction of water demand due to unknown price elasticity of water demand, etc. Such block-rate tariffs, when based on individual water consumptions, cannot be considered as restriction mechanisms stricto sensu, since they are not based on aggregate water supply."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water restriction reduction rules irrigation|1.1654363|7.6098275|2.2724612
707|These factors are also highly connected to the student’s background, be it past experiences in education (e.g. participation in pre-primary education) or family related factors (e.g. living with one or two parents, SES, parental engagement), hi addition school structure and size as well as certain types of school practices (e.g. a highly bureaucratic and impersonal environment) influence the process of disengagement. In combination w'ith a set of systemic factors (e.g. the use of year repetition or the lack of apprenticeship places), all the above mentioned factors have an impact on the dropout rate as well as an impact on each other. This requires a close cooperation between educational authorities and many other parts of government such as social and labour services, health services and justice system in some countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|factors highly hi ses bureaucratic|9.331584|2.4470112|2.8789244
708|"In some countries these goods are (partially) provided by the state blurring the concept of the ""market price"" implicitly used in setting the monetary poverty line. It makes a big difference whether water, sanitation, health and education have to be paid by households ""at competitive market prices"" or at prevailing prices that may or may not be reduced by public subsidies. The application of Rowntree's definition may be relatively straightforward for ""food, shelter and clothing"" but much more difficult for ""other necessities"" such as water, sanitation, health and education for which markets may be missing or incomplete (see also Thorbecke, 2008; Bourguignon and Chakravarty, 2003; Tsui, 2002). Equivalence scales are widely - but not always - used and often disputed."|SDG 1 - No poverty|sanitation disputed necessities prices bourguignon|6.478792|6.373953|5.074029
709|The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has developed a rice variety that can survive under freshwater for two weeks.49 Such seed varieties can help famers adapt to climate change and its negative impacts, while also improving food security. Policies that address these challenges, such as improving information flows through agricultural extension services in developing countries, could help their agricultural sectors adapt to climate change. First, damage from climate-related disasters is often concentrated in the agricultural sector.|SDG 13 - Climate action|agricultural adapt rice climate improving|3.313451|5.4152527|4.007521
710|Increasing the demand for agricultural products through increased tourism may thus provide many additional income opportunities for poorer people, especially in rural areas. This is particularly likely among international tourists; while domestic and continental African tourists may be more interested in opportunities such as shopping tourism, international tourists more often travel to Africa for holiday purposes and so are likely more interested in experiencing new cultures, activities and environments (see chapter 4). As tourism brings its market directly into rural areas and communities, it offers opportunities to communities that are traditionally disconnected from the economic opportunities that cities create.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourists opportunities tourism interested communities|6.2812023|3.914599|2.8835962
711|This north-south transfer is already testing the capacity of existing grids to the limit and any expansion of wind capacity will require additional investments in internal transmission. In general, grid reinforcement and extensions benefits all the players of the electricity market, although at different levels. When adding significant amounts of new capacity, it is therefore difficult to allocate those costs among different market participants. In most studies, however, the reinforcement costs have been determined as the additional investments in the transmission grid after the integration of a given amount of renewable energy, in comparison with those required for an “equivalent” system without renewables.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|reinforcement transmission capacity grid investments|1.7994882|1.5461105|1.9735205
712|As such, nuclear power plants are important contributors to grid restoration in the event of blackouts. In particular, NPPs require more time to start up and cannot vary the cycle length much. Also, in many OECD countries flexible operation of NPPs is limited or not authorised by national safety authorities; NPPs can therefore offer only limited flexibility capabilities to the TSO. The inertia of wind turbines is quite low, while solar PV has no inertia.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|inertia limited authorised contributors turbines|1.251093|1.3960502|1.8637674
713|"For example, a regular criticism of energy efficiency improvements relates to the much misused ""rebound effect"", in which energy efficiency does not deliver the full expected savings. Thorough evaluation of the multiple benefits of energy efficiency beyond energy savings might allow part of the rebound effect to be appreciated as a positive result for other social and economic sectors. Better evaluation of wider socioeconomic outcomes of energy efficiency policy may equally help policy makers design policy to mitigate the less wanted outcomes."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency rebound savings evaluation|2.040078|2.7028718|2.5785031
714|In response, many countries have started sustainable initiatives to improve the access to mental health care in general, as well as to specialist care and psychotherapy, for example Australia and the United Kingdom. But this is not the full story. Not only are many people with a mental disorder not seeking treatment or not able to access mental health services, but among those who do, a very high proportion receive inadequate treatment.6 Kessler et al. (|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental treatment disorder story care|10.356595|8.852607|1.7417915
715|"Therefore, the at-risk-of-poverty rate on NUTS 1 (""Lander"") and NUTS 2 levels (plus additional regional breakdowns) is not based on SILC data, but rather on information produced by the ""Mikrozensus (labour force survey)""—an annual household survey that samples 1.0% of the total population. The at-risk-of-poverty rate only reflects current income; situational needs, wealth status, and actual housing costs are not considered. In Germany, the most claimed social assistance for this group is the so-called unemployment benefit II (based on Book II of the Social Code, known as the ""Hartz IV"" Act)."|SDG 1 - No poverty|nuts ii survey rate risk|7.0289917|6.020271|4.71184
716|"Changes in women's position are measured by three indicators: women's decision-making capacity; girls' education; and the practice of dowry. Findings show that male out-migration not only raise the standard of living of their left-behind kin through the injection of remittances, but also ""modify their social behaviour through the diffusion of secular ideas into the traditional values of the sending communities."" Moreover, Hadi (2001) also shows that households with female migrant members are more concerned with the education of daughters. In Uttar Pradesh Paris et al. ("|SDG 5 - Gender equality|kin injection dowry modify daughters|8.780352|5.2575893|7.0289702
717|Section 3 focuses on efficiency and sustainability, again making recommendations for strengthening these dimensions of performance. Since the end of the civil war in 1948, the military was abolished and stronger focus was given to investment in education, population health, and culture. At the same time, sustained and ambitious policies around environmental protection and biodiversity have led to major gains in conservation: Costa Rica has managed to substantially reverse deforestation, the only tropical country in the world to have done so.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|military abolished tropical reverse war|1.6506174|4.6971483|3.4015338
718|For land in paddy production, it is a fixed change per ha that varies by region and method of irrigation (motor, gravity or combination). Funding from central and local government to IDMCs has been increased to offset the fall in ISF revenue, which previously covered about half their costs (Baker et al., While the exemption applied to the ISF, farmers are still responsible for supporting the management of the tertiary and field canals under the responsibility of WUG through the provision of labour, in-kind contributions and finance.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|gravity canals paddy exemption motor|1.696674|7.1171694|2.677095
719|However, if most people are potentially entrepreneurial risk-takers, when and where property rights are well guaranteed, then they will not be constrained by lack of access to credit; one would then expect to find a lack of people willing to work, as most people would want to start their own businesses. In reality, close to 75 per cent of the working-age population in developed countries are employees, not employers (entrepreneurs). The creation of stable and decent jobs through appropriate policies and institutional support is far more likely to contribute to poverty reduction, as recognized by the Millennium Development Goals. The welfare reform consensus of the mid-1980s converged on the notion that mandated work and job training could best alleviate poverty. Neoliberals are keen on making welfare contingent on work, and want to discipline welfare clients, while liberal welfare reformers want to deliver more training, health care and childcare to the underprivileged. However, almost everyone seems to think that the best way to proceed is with programmes targeted at the poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|welfare want people work best|7.003503|5.821341|4.5147276
720|Mosaic restoration may be easier to undertake as it allows a greater range of land uses, whilst restoring areas to closed-canopy forest is likely to remove more C02 per unit of area. Depending on ecosystem type, and whether the result is a natural forest or a plantation, areas converted to forest are estimated to remove between about 1 and 35 tCO; per ha per year in above- and below-ground biomass (from default data in IPCC (2006)7). The IPCC states with high confidence that increased atmospheric CO; will lead to increased terrestrial carbon uptake (Ciais et at, 2013), and a recent review suggests that the largest increase has been in woody biomass within savanna (included in some national forest definitions) and non-forest ecosystems (Liu et at, 2015). Carbon sink figures for existing forests are not included in the technical potential for reduced deforestation given here, as a result of the uncertainty surrounding how carbon sinks and their capacity to absorb C02 will change in the changing climate (Bellassen and Luyssaert, 2014).|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest carbon remove ipcc biomass|1.2389938|4.381569|3.8315275
721|The different levels of water tariffs across cities (Figure 3.13) suggest that there is scope for increasing tariffs and the derived revenue in many municipalities. But there is also scope for increasing revenue (as well as the incentive effects of water pricing) from enhancing billing and collection of water tariffs. In 2010, water operators collected 81% of the MXN 35.5 billion billed to their clients (CONAGUA, 2011c), down from a peak of 89% in 2008. This means that MXN 6.7 billion were not collected. In ten Mexican states, water operators collect 95% or above of the amounts billed (see Figure 3.15).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tariffs water mxn operators collected|1.7017889|7.4812675|2.1608255
722|A majority (72%) say they are willing to pay more for water, and a minority (43%) would do the same for petrol or for road use. When asked about what the government should do to make citizens behave more responsibly, the majority are in favour of stiffer penalties for environmental offences (85%) and better information (81%), while a minority want petrol to be more expensive (26%, while 60% are calling for a “green tax reform”) (Ministry of the Environment, 2007). Mass mailings are used to send flyers to all households and businesses. Environmental NGOs have long been active in this area, and their education efforts are now being augmented by the schools and other public and private organisations. There are currently more than 20 institutions involved in environmental education in various settings (school and extracurricular instruction, adult education, leisure activities and public information services). The communes, the Water and Forests Administration and local chambers of commerce have set up conservation centres, outreach institutions, self-guiding nature trails and information points (around 100 nationwide).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|petrol minority environmental information majority|2.2580345|4.3140154|2.1202638
723|"This was twice the rate of population growth, but somewhat less than the rate of GDP growth, which increased by an estimated factor of 19, at constant prices, over the twentieth century (De Long, 1998). These statistics therefore present long-run evidence of ""relative decoupling"" of material extraction from GDP. However, such relative resource decoupling does not entail an absolute reduction in resources used. Indeed, according to this more recent data, since 2000 material extraction appears to have grown at a faster rate than GDP - suggesting the possibility of ""recoupling"" if this trend persists."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|decoupling gdp extraction rate material|1.6776401|3.3377132|2.9810438
724|Large increases are also seen at the secondary, teacher education, TVET and higher education levels, with annual growth rates of 17 per cent, 26.2 per cent, 16.1 per cent and 20.1 per cent respectively (see Table 8.6). For example, UIS (2011) estimates that in order to achieve universal primary education (UPE) with good quality by 2015, Ethiopia would still need to increase its teaching workforce by a total recruitment of 231,900 between 2009 and 2015 (see Table 8.7). We used the CTRP, as recognised by the international community as a benchmark in managing the recruitment of migrant teachers, to identify key questions to consider. We first attempted to determine the migrant teacher flow, and then the extent to which Ethiopia’s teacher recruitment practices align with the standards proposed in the CTRP, before finally researching the government’s longer-term plans for teacher development in the country.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher recruitment cent migrant ethiopia|9.783213|1.9111453|2.6846156
725|As it has been outlined above, these renewable energy sources play a critical role for sustainable energy access via mini-grid, micro-grid and off-grid solutions. In developed counties, renewable energy sources help to achieve ambitious targets set out as regards limiting the global temperature increase to 2°C. As they introduce new challenges into managing power grids, ICT is an essential enablerforthe share of renewable energy sources to grow worldwide.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid renewable energy sources mini|2.027402|1.8787537|2.310307
726|In Pakistan, for example, Balochistan in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are the predominantly tribal areas. Unfortunately, the majority of infant deaths were caused by preventable causes such as diarrhoea, respiratory infection, tetanus and others.3 Thus, improving living conditions and access to health services would result in rapid improvements for child health in these regions. This is indeed a shocking figure when the national maternal mortality rate has declined from 400 per 100,000 in 2004-2005 to 276 in 2006-2007.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tribal federally diarrhoea preventable frontier|8.828647|8.401191|3.635338
727|Demographic events are not likely to bear much weight because of their rarer occurrence in a short observation period. To our knowledge, ours is the first longitudinal analysis of the effects of household-level events on child poverty transitions in the enlarged EU during the economic crisis and the ensuing period of slow recovery and austerity. It is a four-year rotational panel with one-fourth of the sample replaced every year.|SDG 1 - No poverty|events enlarged ensuing period austerity|7.173965|6.339768|5.2081494
728|An absolute poverty line refers to a set standard of what households should be able to have in order to meet their basic (mostly food) needs. A relative poverty line is defined in relation to the overall distribution of income or consumption in a country. For example, the main poverty line used in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union is a relative poverty measure based on “economic distance,” a level of income usually set at 50 or 60 per cent of the median household income. However, as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, conflicts, shocks such as recurrent droughts and rapid urbanization, many older persons in sub-Saharan Africa have become primary sources of support for their families and/or caregivers for grandchildren because prime-age adults have fallen ill, died or migrated.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty line income relative migrated|6.399339|6.154092|5.062276
729|Compared to the older, rudimentary programmes introduced in the region in the past, CCTs are better funded by the State and assure a greater coverage of the vulnerable population (Cornia and Martorano, 2010). Indeed, flagship programmes such as Bolsa Familia in Brazil and Oportunidades in Mexico now cover about 25 per cent of the population and cost on average less than 0.5 per cent of GDP (ERD, 2010). Most of the existing CCTs in the region require households to fulfill conditions linked to both educational attainment by children and regular health check-ups (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). A more recent development of CCTs in the region is represented by the Red Solidaria in El Salvador, which - as well as offering transfers in exchange for education and health facility attendance - also provides a supply-side component to strengthen access to basic services, including investments in electricity, water, sanitation and other infrastructures (Britto, 2007).|SDG 1 - No poverty|ccts region flagship assure cent|7.351608|6.106975|4.3164864
730|Moreover, efforts have been reported by the Bahraini officials to strengthen public awareness on women’s rights and risks of violence against women. The new Constitution adopted in 2014 affirms the state's commitment to protect women against all forms of violence. A law is in the process of being approved.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence women constitution officials approved|10.031226|4.9561286|7.3820047
731|Overall, women are still less likely than men to be in the workforce across the OECD although their educational attainment tends to be higher. Equal access to quality and senior jobs and levels of pay remains uneven. Women still hold the majority of part-time jobs and work for lower pay. Important strides have been made in recent years towards enhancing pay transparency; such efforts are slowly bearing fruit.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pay jobs strides bearing fruit|9.158545|4.203947|5.830112
732|The percentage of 15-year-old students who attended early childhood education (ISCED 0) for less titan two years are added into brackets next to the country's name. Low performers may be able to use basic or everyday scientific knowledge to recognise or identify aspects of familiar or simple scientific phenomena. However, they also often confuse key features of a scientific investigation, apply incorrect scientific information and mix personal beliefs with scientific facts in support of a decision.|SDG 4 - Quality education|scientific brackets facts everyday phenomena|9.429965|2.626785|2.724168
733|"This is based on multiple lines of evidence, including on observations already made in recent decades and on the projections of a range of different global climate models about future effects. So even if global warming is contained within the range of 1,5°C to 2°C, there will be very significant health and socioeconomic effects due to increasing average temperatures. In addition, and significantly for understanding and reducing risk, humanity now faces the current reality and the future prospect of more-extreme and much higher frequency ""natural"" hazards - extremes of cold to heat-waves, longer and more sustained drought, more intense and more frequent storm events, heavier rainfall and more flooding."|SDG 13 - Climate action|range heavier effects future humanity|1.295029|5.005203|2.146142
734|Where energy supply is unreliable, firms are more concerned with availability than with efficiency. Similarly, small and medium-size industrial firms find it much harder to get a loan than do larger firms. And while the barriers to energy efficiency are also present in developed countries, they are more formidable in developing countries. What are the appropriate roles of the public and private sectors?|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|firms efficiency unreliable energy harder|2.1618881|2.4972568|2.322349
735|With the support of Espaco Feminista and other partners, women and community leaders are building their capacity and claiming space in the land regularization, making policymakers understand the real meaning of gender equality and women’s empowerment. The committee comprises different institutions and community leaders. Together, they are monitoring the regularization through regular meetings.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|leaders community claiming comprises meaning|9.767115|4.4086056|7.23496
736|It is important therefore that the reforms are structured to foster co-ordination rather than fragment care further. Such policies do not of themselves facilitate co-ordination, and can present real or perceived barriers to integration. Choice and competition in primary care, and the resulting loss of a geographical responsibility for population health, have the potential to exacerbate fragmentation of care and impede the ability of local agencies to work together to provide seamless health and social care in the most cost-effective way - especially in urban areas with a multiplicity of providers. The risks of fragmentation and poor care co-ordination are greatest for older people, complex and frail patients, and people with mental health problems; these are also the groups least able to navigate the system and exercise informed choice, hence they can be disenfranchised from the reform process.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care ordination fragmentation choice health|9.196065|8.7863245|1.8185389
737|Most OECD countries now use a curriculum in early childhood services, especially as children grow older, that is to say, that some structuring and orientation of children’s experience towards educational aims is generally accepted. Currently, there is little pedagogical direction for younger children, although many neurological developments take place prior to age of three or four (OECD, 2006). Curricula are influenced by many factors, including society’s values, content standards, research findings, community expectations, and culture and language.|SDG 4 - Quality education|children structuring orientation accepted say|9.36166|2.729666|2.2041886
738|In addition, discounts are given to families and children while senior citizens, persons with a disability and children under six travel for free. Therefore, subsidies need to be designed in such a way that they are also affordable for public budgets while providing sufficient resources for long-term development of the public transport operator. Support for the informal transport sector requires only minor investments to improve aspects such as safety, accountability, driver conditions, and integration with the formal sector. The cycle rickshaw is a low cost and environmentally sustainable mode of transport for short trips. Able to integrate easily into other transport systems, the rickshaw can provide point-to-point service at a price within reach of low income earners. This recognition highlights and reiterates the view that road safety in many countries of the region is an important development issue, considering its magnitude and the gravity of the negative impacts of road accidents on the economy, public health and general welfare of the people, particularly the poor.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport road safety point public|4.260174|5.106821|0.34439072
739|Low levels of taxation hurt poor people, and poor women in particular, because they prevent the establishment of development programmes which can counteract market-generated inequalities. Where fiscal reform has involved cuts in social expenditures, or the imposition of user fees on services and utilities, women have often had to compensate by increasing the amount of time taken to care for children, the sick and older persons at home to save money, walking longer distances in search of health care or queuing for longer periods for water (Razavi, 2007). In Zambia, for example, the abolition of marketing boards and the privatization of extension services and rural credit under structural adjustment affected women farmers more than men. Local market cooperatives used to be one of the few sources of credit and extension services for women farmers (Evers and Walters, 2000).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women extension credit services longer|8.92663|4.7966638|6.196154
740|Many rivers are of high ecological sensitivity and of international importance for their conservation value. Perversely, population density is highest in these areas of lowest rainfall and so demand is greatest where resources are the scarcest. This has led to many rivers, particularly chalk (limestone baseflow-fed) streams of iconic environmental and fisheries value, being damaged or threatened by unsustainable abstraction.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|rivers value damaged fed sensitivity|0.96292543|6.766179|2.4603093
741|In addition, household surveys tend to be a rich source of additional social and demographic characteristics of workers which can allow the calculation of the indicator for specific subpopulation groups of employees. Worker coverage of establishment surveys is often limited to paid workers in medium to large establishments, and thus often excludes those engaged in microenterprises. They may exclude establishments in certain industries (e.g., agriculture), as well as workers remunerated predominately by a share of the profits (i.e., salaried directors and managers) and those paid on a commission basis without a retainer (i.e., outworkers, subcontracted workers).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers establishments surveys paid remunerated|7.9108424|4.9018784|4.5727615
742|Continued litter production - with decomposition rates being constant - can lead to continued accumulation of soil carbon and woody debris. Decomposition rates may even decline as the forest ages (cf Wardle et al. A handful of eddy covariance studies, including some of old-growth forests (Table 5.3], consistently show net carbon accumulation of the studied old-growth forest ecosystems.|SDG 15 - Life on land|decomposition accumulation continued forest old|1.1573753|4.385304|3.8433058
743|Relatively little, though, is known about health care quality and outcomes in Mexico, significantly obscuring a full picture of health system performance. Given the real problems in Mexico with fragmentation of services, and different levels of access, the lack of comparability across sub-systems is a particular problem, even if efforts to develop comparable indicators are underway. The next four chapters set out in detail where change is needed and how it can be achieved.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mexico underway comparability chapters fragmentation|8.65306|8.917588|2.363083
744|To the extent the gap is attributable to observable skills differences, closing it would require a holistic approach, including through policies to tackle gender gap in the education system and labour market. In addition, more general policy levers associated with social policy (i.e. parental leave) can have positive implications for female entrepreneurship. These can include gender bias on the investors’ side, unintended effects of policies but also personal traits and preferences that cannot be accounted for with available data.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gap observable traits levers gender|9.023785|3.5512002|6.1838946
745|In the Asian and Pacific region, almost 87 per cent of children 1 year of age or younger are immunized against measles. However, this aggregate masks differences between subregions. East and North-East Asia (98.7 per cent), and North and Central Asia (96.7 per cent) have close to a 100 per cent immunization rate. South and South-West Asia has the lowest rate (78.5 per cent), followed by the Pacific (81.7 per cent).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent asia pacific north east|8.676167|8.788698|3.345795
746|For example, food price increases are generally beneficial for the agro-rural poor who at the very least will see their earning opportunities expand and negative for the urban poor who spend a very large proportion of their income on food and are directly made worse off by any increase in price. Moreover, the winners and losers are not always distinct groups and some people could win in some ways and lose in others. But when the poor are at the losing end of integration, they are less capable of coping with adjustment, and the effects can be long lasting, particularly when family investments in health and education are affected.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poor price winners food losers|6.946411|5.8516135|5.0088296
747|Entrepreneurial activities are still hampered by constraints which can be gender specific, such as cultural norms or restricted access to finance for women. Although the sources of finance are the same for men and women, women often tend to face higher barriers to access finance. The main reasons for this gender gap are associated with differences in the sector of activity and the age and size of female-owned businesses. However, other possible explanations include lack of managerial experience, women’s weaker credit history, and a smaller business size.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|finance women size hampered explanations|8.845021|3.5486698|6.2950535
748|Nordic flood risk governance needs revision; instead of modifying channels even more, ecosystems in catchments can be restored to increase their retention capacity, thus reducing future flood risks further downstream. Such retentive restoration actions can be located to uplands and riparian zones, as well as in stream channels. Along seashores, restoration should aim for increasing storm surge protection.|SDG 15 - Life on land|restoration channels flood modifying restored|0.99871206|6.6252074|2.3016827
749|When we find female experts to interview we try to circulate the contacts among the staff and in that way increase the share of women in the news. Many women say that their expertise doesn't fully cover the interview topic and they often suggest a male colleague instead of agreeing to be interviewed themselves.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|interview agreeing doesn contacts interviewed|10.081066|4.4418406|7.705068
750|For the individual countries or the region as a whole to be considered highly wheat secure, it would need to demonstrate both high production as well as high economic capacities. From the assessment, it seems that no single country in the region has achieved this combination and, as such, the countries that exhibit either high production capacity to secure wheat locally or high economic capacity to import wheat are categorized as less secure, while the remaining countries (low production and economic capacities) are considered to be insecure. With the combined natural and economic resources available to the region, it is believed that the region as a whole has the potential to become highly wheat secure, provided that coordinated regional policies are adopted and translated into higher levels of cooperation between countries of the region.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|wheat secure region high economic|4.190794|5.167074|4.110887
751|This is notably the case for Indonesia pledging an increase from USD 17 million in 2016 to USD 150 million in 2020. The Netherlands indicated a prospect of spending EUR 237 million per year for the period 2016-2020, more than doubling the EUR 100 million of 2015. This is significantly above the IEA countries public-sector energy RD&D data, totalling USD 13 billion on average per year over the recent years.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|million usd eur totalling prospect|2.0088973|3.1501238|1.8317423
752|Land tenure is the relationship, whether legally or customarily defined, among people, individuals and groups, with respect to land. According to general comment No. Regardless of the type of tenure, all persons should possess a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction, harassment and other threats. In rural communities, ownership of land determines both social status and the way in which control is exercised over a household's resources and income.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|tenure land exercised comment determines|9.204614|5.1279206|7.164394
753|Universal access to health insurance was achieved in a very short time span through multiple insurance funds, which were consolidated into a single fund in 2000. This has created a strong institutional framework. This helps explain the rapid growth of health care spending per capita at an average rate of 8% per year since 2002, faster than any other OECD country and more than double the OECD average of 3.6% per year over the same period. Today, Korea is one of the most competitive markets for health care amongst OECD countries with a growing hospital sector. Health care is dominated by private providers and there is little regulation on the scope of practice for hospitals and ambulatory care. The government barely intervenes to influence the location of services compared to other OECD countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health oecd insurance barely|9.165132|8.909127|1.9573534
754|The Conference of the Parties has mandated the Subsidiary Body for Science and Technological Advice (SBSTA) to develop modalities by November 2018 for accounting of financial resources provided and mobilised through public interventions (Decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 58). In the coming years SBSTA and the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement will develop the modalities, procedures and guidelines to enable greater transparency of both climate action and support. This will include tracking the USD 100 billion / year commitment and the additional resources that will be needed to fulfil the ambition of the Paris Agreement.|SDG 13 - Climate action|modalities paris agreement develop subsidiary|1.3449012|3.689724|0.799219
755|Until recently, the degree to which growth was pro-poor was measured exclusively by its incidence in income (or consumption) poverty, following measurement techniques proposed by Ravallion and Chen (2003), or using the average elasticities approach adopted in Table 4.1. They found the correlation between growth and non income-related MDGs, to be zero. Certainly, sub-Saharan Africa, which has many poor and struggling countries, performed relatively badly.|SDG 1 - No poverty|badly poor elasticities chen ravallion|6.2856326|5.7364893|5.0484104
756|Germany's government, for example, developed policies that promote grid integration and market access for solar energy. In addition to the technical capacity to enable trade across the network, policies need to provides incentives for homeowners to invest in the infrastructure - by giving them the opportunity, for example, to offset their initial investment by selling the excess electricity they produce. In addition to grid integration policies and technologies, governments must offer financial and tax incentives to develop the solar energy infrastructure and help counter the initial cost of these systems.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid solar initial policies integration|1.9421746|2.016997|2.0971322
757|Some cultural practices like FGM, early marriages, polygamy and multiple sexual partners also make women in this community more vulnerable to the infection. The provision of HIV testing, treatment and care services is made difficult by the harsh terrain, long distances to facilities and low literacy levels. Most of these areas are served by faith-based organizations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|polygamy fgm faith terrain harsh|9.183218|8.24489|3.606355
758|Compact, mixed-use cities with high quality infrastructure, combined with policy measures that facilitate inclusion of all stakeholders in decision-making processes, along with charging the true social cost of using private motorized vehicles to secure an increased modal share of sustainable modes—are components of sound strategies for achieving of sustainable urban mobility in cities. For example, the improvement of rural accessibility in Viet Nam has been associated with significant poverty reduction (UNECE, 2012). Nevertheless, significant challenges still exist.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities motorized modal sustainable significant|4.233952|4.9853225|1.2642301
759|But beyond central government, a great sense of responsibility should be strengthened at the state, basin and municipal level for an effective implementation of water policy. Successful structural reforms and strategies are long processes to prepare, adopt and implement; and they often take several attempts. Complex changes like those required in Brazil’s water sector will inevitably take years. Circumstances at all levels can change during the reform implementation period, and water reform can only be successful if it has the flexibility to adapt to shifting circumstances.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|circumstances successful water reform implementation|1.1025499|7.392275|1.5037211
760|Although alcohol abuse has a major impact on the mortality pattern of northern regions in general, it has had a particularly significant impact on indigenous peoples, with levels of alcohol use atypically high among women. For instance, in the Berezovo region of the Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, in 1996-1999, out of 362 deaths among indigenous peoples excluding infants, one third were associated with alcohol, while the rate of alcohol-related deaths was 15 per cent in non-indigenous population. Alcohol-related deaths in women were five times higher among the indigenous peoples than among Russian northerners.565 In the Chukchi autonomous district, alcohol caused 42 per cent of indigenous women's deaths, white alcohol caused 19 per cent of deaths of non-indigenous women.566 Even when it does not end in human losses, alcohol consumption leads to economic losses which directly or indirectly decrease life quality. The rate of death resulting from external causes among indigenous northerners is more than twice the Russian average.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol indigenous deaths peoples autonomous|9.264871|9.547249|3.488617
761|"Alternatives to this, such as sharing resources instead of owning them, or simplifying our lifestyles by choosing to have less money but more free time, are therefore seen as a sacrifice. Marketing wisdom tells us that ""you can't sell sacrifice""- and so policy makers fear alienating citizens with policies that tackle consumption patterns and levels. However, community level sustainability initiatives and alternative movements offer inspiration for redefining the ""good life"" to include well-being, community engagement, fairness, equity and sustainability. Opportunities are being missed, for example for product-sharing schemes or promoting closed loop systems that would reduce overall reliance on virgin resources, or for promoting alternatives to intensive consumption that could increase well-being, such as community food-growing schemes."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|alternatives community sharing promoting schemes|2.1169016|3.816014|2.541548
762|African activists and women’s movements - e.g. Action for Development in Uganda, the National Women’s Lobby Group in Zambia, the National Committee on the Status of Women in Kenya, and the Women of Zimbabwe Arise as well as Forum Mulher in Mozambique - have played key roles in the local, national and international networks promoting a collective voice. The influence of women’s movements has been a factor in the transformation of national constitutions in several countries. This has resulted in more gender-equitable access to civil law (generally understood as a better vehicle for women’s political participation), the protection of women’s rights and the realization of their citizenship.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women movements national constitutions lobby|9.993048|4.6211424|7.2440386
763|In China and the United States, water demands are concentrated in limited parts of the country, in general where agriculture needs to be irrigated or where economic development is occurring. This trend is explained largely by the rapid increase in irrigation development stimulated by food demand in the 1970s and by the continued growth of agriculture-based economies (WWAP, 2009). In the 1980s, some countries stabilised their abstractions through more efficient irrigation techniques, the decline of water intensive industries (e.g. mining, steel), increased use of cleaner production technologies and reduced losses in pipe networks. Trends since 1990 indicate a more general stabilisation of water abstractions and a relative decoupling between water use and GDP growth in the OECD area (Figure B.2).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|abstractions water irrigation stabilised pipe|1.1674572|7.3831844|3.0383554
764|A common practice in the valuation of resources has been to compare estimates of their consumptive and non-consumptive uses (UNEP 2006). Yet, where it has been adopted, it has often demanded trade-offs in exchange for compliance on the part of users to discard consumptive, presumably more materially beneficial uses, to less attractive but ecologically more sustainable activities with assumed long-term gains such as social benefits (improved income). Numerous examples of ecotourism projects are found in the region.|SDG 15 - Life on land|consumptive uses materially discard ecotourism|1.9928273|5.116233|3.4689338
765|Taking the receipt persistence perspective implies that every member of a family should be represented in the data set. The distinction between recipient and claimant is complicated by the fact that a person may become a claimant or stop being a claimant separately from whether or not the person’s family is in receipt. For example, consider a lone mother who is a benefit claimant (and in receipt) in year t. At t+l, she re-partners with a man and it is he who is now the benefit claimant (and family head).|SDG 1 - No poverty|receipt family person benefit lone|7.629416|5.343683|4.460571
766|Confronted with the demands of a knowledge society, this is a challenge for the development of the education sector (Jensen, 2012). For example, the government cannot simply order courses from consultants and have teachers or school leaders passively absorb this knowledge and change their practice in accordance with the governments’ intention. As with education more generally, in professional development the learner is a creative individual who engages in the learning processes in ways we cannot foresee (Lillejord, 2003).|SDG 4 - Quality education|knowledge jensen engages learner consultants|8.758074|1.7860471|2.0322218
767|In addition, because inclusionary housing policies rely on private developers to provide affordable housing units, the requirements need to be appealing to developers and not constrain development. This often means that the thresholds for qualify ing income levels are set high and can exclude the lowest income households. Leaving housing decisions to developers creates a risk that such a policy reinforces patterns of exclusion rather than mitigating them (Cameron, 2003; Meda, 2009). For example, Denver’s Inclusionary Housing Ordinance was initially designed to address urban sprawl and strenuous commuting costs for lower and middle-income workers.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|developers housing income ordinance ing|4.749523|5.6366687|2.0505388
768|The purpose of this chapter is to assess whether the current education system in Greece gives youth a good start in the labour market. Sections 2 to 4 focus on reducing school failure. Section 5 addresses the main challenges faced by tertiary education, and the final two sections review students’ work and young workers’ participation in on-the-job training.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sections addresses education greece gives|8.1484375|4.0333567|3.8298497
769|As participants had a large degree of freedom to design their strategies, the variability allows several preliminary lessons to be drawn. After discussing the professional development measures implemented by teams participating in the project, it highlights the main lessons from the teacher professional development plans implemented by the country teams to support participating teachers to foster their students' creativity and critical thinking. At a minimum, teams were required to introduce the project materials, objectives and suggested pedagogical approaches to teachers by organising a one-day induction training session at the beginning of the project.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teams project lessons participating professional|9.194841|1.4029267|1.7353094
770|In particular, it is important to build socio-cultural and political support for women's participation within security system institutions amongst the general public and within particular institutions such as the police and the armed forces. This can be done through education, training and awareness-raising as well as promoting women role models. Increasing the balance of women and men at all levels of an institution increases operational effectiveness and ensures diversity of opinions and approaches; however, male and female personnel with gender expertise are still necessary to ensure the full integration of gender issues. Preventing and adequately responding to these violations will improve the work environment, increase public trust and enhance the accessibility and delivery of security and justice services. Gender-responsive codes of conduct, sexual harassment policies and/or policies on sexual exploitation and abuse are essential.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender sexual women security institutions|10.177422|4.779653|7.493438
771|The section “Policy implementation gaps”, seeks to further develop the policy issues that are associated with the globalisation process in the harvesting sector. This follows from the fact that fleet measurement (length, tonnage, type of vessel, fishing gear used) can vary substantially and small vessels are often not registered. In addition, on a global scale, fleet statistics have been collected by the FAO but have not been updated for some time. Hence, in the following, careful interpretation of figures is required. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 provide an overview of the number and distribution of the world’s fleets and fishers. Asia accounts for upwards of 85% of all craft.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fleet upwards craft fleets gear|0.22593935|5.6992884|6.8731775
772|The expected climate changes could cause greater damage through forest fires and natural disasters in the coming decades. It is expected that climate change will result in the shifting of certain vegetation zones (forest types), in terms of both latitude and altitude. In some areas, an increased drying of trees may be expected, as a result of stress and attacks of pests and plant diseases, as well as slower natural regeneration. This has led to a high occurrence of forest fires as the forest areas were very susceptible to fire in such conditions. Some tree species, such as lowland beech forest, are at particular risk due to low rainfall in the northeast of the country. Conifers are prone to pest outbreaks in hot temperatures.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest fires expected natural drying|1.2289519|4.844799|3.6656506
773|Based on responses for the OECD Health Systems Characteristics Surveys (2008 and 2012), the largest number of P4P programmes are found in primary care, but P4P are also spreading to specialists and acute hospitals. Between the 2008 and 2012 Health Systems Characteristics Surveys, three P4P schemes were introduced in primary care (Korea, Mexico, Netherlands), three to specialist care (France, Korea, Netherlands), and seven to acute care (Australia, France, Korea, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Sweden) (OECD Health Systems Characteristics Survey, 2012; OECD, 2014; Paris et al., Beyond this, performance-based payment is also being introduced in more diverse care settings, for example long-term care in the United States (CMS, 2015) and public health and prevention outside of GP practices such as for delivery of vaccination services or smoking cessation in pharmacies in the United Kingdom (see Box 2.1). Pharmacy services and their payment arrangements are also evolving in Australia.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care korea characteristics acute health|8.892979|9.404746|1.9023049
774|The first, the Republic of Korea Temporary Workers Programme, is a government-to-gov-ernment initiative. Timor-Leste is the 15th Asian country to join the Korean Employment Permit System for youth ages 18-35. In 2009-2015, this programme enabled 1,886 young Timorese, 5 percent of whom were women, to work in Korea (Wigglesworth and Fonseca 2016).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|korea leste timor programme gov|8.1665325|4.025064|4.0535617
775|During the 6th meeting of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics held at the Dead Sea in March 2012, the results of a global review of the gender statistics programmes in UN countries were presented. The global review was developed by the UN Statistics Division in consultation with the regional commissions, and finalised by a task team of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics. Results reveal that 68% of the 128 responding countries already have a gender statistics focal point in the national statistical office; 37% have a co-ordinating body for gender statistics at the national level. In addition, gender statistics are governed by statistics or gender-related laws, regulation or national action plans in an overwhelming majority of the countries (86%), but only 15% of those countries have specific legislation requiring the national statistical system to conduct specialised gender-based surveys.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|statistics gender expert national statistical|9.655229|4.44349|7.9712524
776|The argument may be less applicable for rural areas in Central Asia. In all four countries for which we have data, the working poor make up a significant share of the total poor. Although children in families with working parents are usually better off, especially if the parent is highly educated, the share of the working poor remains significant due to low wages in many sectors, especially in agriculture and the public sector. The salaries are not sufficient to lift families out of poverty (Baschieri and Falkingham, 2007). In Uzbekistan, 50 per cent of the poor are either working in the public sector, are low-paid employees or self-employed (UNICEF 2009a). In Kyrgyzstan, 70 per cent of the poor are living in a household where the head is employed (World Bank, forthcoming).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poor working employed families especially|6.754501|5.9091644|5.0573583
777|In particular, a large literature documents the existence of a deep divide, within the formal sector, between jobs offering permanent contracts and those offering fixed-term contracts. The distinction is especially relevant from a job quality perspective since fixed-term jobs tend to be, on average, second best jobs characterised by lower earnings quality, higher labour market risk (due to both higher risk of joblessness and to lower unemployment benefit coverage) and lower quality of the working environment (OECD, 2014, Chapter 3). Furthermore, these forms of fixed-term employment are quite widespread in emerging economies, notably in Latin American countries and China.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fixed jobs offering term lower|7.8832316|4.400086|4.3102474
778|Access to basic health care, expanded health education, the availability of simple cost-effective remedies, and the reappraisal of primary health-care services, including reproductive health-care services to facilitate the proper use of women’s time, should be provided. Governments should ensure community participation in health policy planning, especially with respect to the long-term care of the elderly, those with disabilities and those infected with HIV and other endemic diseases. Such participation should also be promoted in child-survival and maternal health programmes, breast-feeding support programmes, programmes for the early detection and treatment of cancer of the reproductive system, and programmes for the prevention of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health programmes care hiv reproductive|9.467354|5.976354|6.1269073
779|With the devolution of political power and the shift towards financial federalism, health care planning, the organisation of health care supply and the development of quality strategies are to a large extent the responsibility of the regions through regional health departments. Beyond its legislative role, the regional level has also executive functions carried out through the regional Department of Health. Based on the Patto per la Salute, the Piano Sanitario Nazionale and on regional health needs, regional governments develop their own regional health plans which are also three-year plans.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|regional health plans devolution care|8.969832|8.759685|2.0664668
780|Many countries have reported the involvement of ministries with cross-cutting influence, such as ministries of planning or finance, and the mainstreaming of the SDGs 11 targets into sectoral/line ministries, as well as the integration of SDG targets within the country's development plans and other relevant urban strategies. Countries have also reported efforts to engage several partners including civil society, academia and private sector, in shaping policies and plans to implement the urban related SDGs. In some countries and for several targets, efforts are still at an early stage, and others are completely stalled.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ministries targets sdgs reported plans|3.293526|4.8805337|1.5429748
781|In Denmark, the central recommendation of a recent expert committee is to cut funding for general counselling and skills enhancement programmes, while introducing new incentives for training in a company, and increasing mentoring and bridge-building measures that support people into and during training and work (Ekspertgruppen, 2014). However, this is only part of the story. What happens to unemployed workers and other population groups with labour market barriers not only depends on their motivation to look for work and the qualifications and skills they possess, it also depends on the demand that exists for those skills and qualifications. Employment opportunities for unemployed workers, in particular, depend to a considerable extent on the health of the economy.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|qualifications skills unemployed depends workers|7.985108|4.459905|3.817166
782|A larger share of climate-related development flows targeting the private sector is going towards climate change mitigation activities (i.e. those that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions) compared to adaptation activities. Mitigation activities comprise just under 80% of climate-related development finance supporting private sector engagement in 2013, while 11% targets adaptation, and a further 12% targets both mitigation and adaptation. This is roughly in line with the findings of other studies.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mitigation adaptation activities climate targets|1.8032858|4.0878344|1.4106326
783|The consumers' decision node contains the choice of buying goods made of virgin or recycled plastics as well as the choice of sorting the waste for recycling, leaving it in the household mixed residual waste or even illegally dispose it, for instance, placing it next to an over-filled recycling container or burning it in the open fire. Finally, the reprocessors convert waste plastics to e.g. pellets that can be used as raw material in the manufacturing of new goods and sell it to domestic or foreign manufacturers of plastics.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|plastics waste recycling choice goods|0.54023874|3.904381|3.0693104
784|Although efforts have been made to address these barriers, they are still far from being resolved. In a very broad way, programmes to address constraints faced by smallholders are: fertiliser subsidies; investments in agricultural infrastructure, particularly irrigation; the provision of various credit programmes with subsidised interest rate; advice and market information provided through extension services; the development of partnership between farmers and traders/processors and the creation of farmer organisations; and technology development and dissemination. Some of these programmes are described briefly below.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|programmes address resolved processors briefly|3.799435|5.168167|3.622233
785|They also have access to the School Completion Programme and Home School Community Liaison Services ofTusla, the Child and Family Agency that has a statutory remit in relation to school attendance, participation and retention, and school-community liaison services. Primary schools in areas with the highest concentrations of pupils at risk of educational disadvantage, in particular, receive sufficient staff to reduce class size to below 20 students. Secondary schools in the School Support Programme are provided with greater access to career-guidance professionals and enhanced curricular choices (through staffing and funding support for the Junior Certificate School Programme and the Leaving Certificate Applied Programme).|SDG 4 - Quality education|school liaison programme certificate schools|9.630112|2.2405264|2.2236297
786|In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, apprenticeship contracts are of limited duration. Spain, the country with the highest share of temporary work in youth employment before the crisis, illustrates this point well. Indeed, during the recent recession, the decline in temporary youth employment in Spain accounted for 67% of the total decline in youth employment (Figure 5.7), highlighting the drawbacks of the labour market duality generated by promoting employment growth through temporary employment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment temporary youth spain decline|8.07777|4.0290184|4.0375276
787|This indicates that dam or multi-regional water is supplied at a tariff level that is cheaper than the full supply cost. Both tariffs increased by 4.9% in 2013, and by 4.8% in 2016. At the same time, Consumer price index increased by 27.5%. Change in dam and multi-regional water tariffs has been restrained by the government’s price stabilisation policy (which applies to public utility charges) (MoLIT and K-water, 2016).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|dam multi tariffs water price|1.6435177|7.7074275|2.314237
788|As previously indicated, multilateral development banks issue an annual report on the climate finance that they provide and mobilise. The IDFC also issues an annual report on “green finance”. As the MDBs (as well as all other entities that have been accredited under the Adaptation Fund and GEF) are all accredited entities of the GCF, it may be that future guidance from the COP to the GCF could be transmitted by the GCF to encourage its accredited entities to report specific information and/or in a specific manner.|SDG 13 - Climate action|gcf accredited entities report annual|1.7464429|3.81519|1.113444
789|These include recommendations pertaining to greater vertical and horizontal co-ordination (multi-level and integrated governance), long-term planning; and integration of broader ecological and economic development considerations into water governance. Deviation of the main rivers that used to flow into the Lagoon between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries drastically changed the sediment budget of the Lagoon and ended the risk of it ever silting up altogether. The main human interventions over the past century have disturbed the preexisting situation of the Lagoon, which was closer to a stable (albeit dynamic) equilibrium between land and marine forces.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lagoon governance main centuries deviation|0.92260885|6.9044333|2.288381
790|It argues that norms affecting women's and men’s private arrangements have a strong impact on women's participation in public life. The chapter contains four main sections: family law, physical integrity, nationality and access to justice. Each section highlights respective international benchmarks, trends in domestic legislation and compliance gaps in the MENA region, ln the area of family law and nationality, the chapter provides an overview of the remaining legal discriminations which continue to hamper women’s equality with men. With regard to access to justice and gender-based violence, many countries recognise the outstanding issues and aim to address the remaining gaps through national reform agendas. Yet, further action is needed to enable equal access to justice and to eliminate violence against women, which appears to be on the rise following the recent uprisings in some countries in the region.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|justice nationality women remaining access|9.803085|5.022856|7.2970805
791|It is especially relevant for reducing pollution from agriculture (UNESCO, 2016). There has been, however, no systematic analysis of the impacts of buffer strips across European farms on water quality. Nutrient loads to European rivers have decreased due to a suite of nutrient reduction measures required under the EU Nitrates Directive and other policy actions, and it is difficult to isolate the contribution of riparian buffers alone.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|nutrient european suite isolate nitrates|0.83228993|6.6817207|2.805811
792|Ongoing issues that will need to be addressed in the continued development and rollout of EVs include designing battery leasing operations, reducing the lifecycle emissions of new e-mobility technologies (e.g. EV batteries), automating e-mobility options, and adapting EV designs for shared use. With respect to transit, several measures will be particularly effective in mitigating emissions increases and should therefore be prioritised. Specifically, cities should focus on accelerating transit-oriented development, encouraging mass transit, walking, and cycling, and enabling next generation passenger vehicles (e.g. shared, EV-AV connected) and next-generation freight transport.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ev transit shared mobility generation|3.9393425|4.70111|0.68347514
793|"For example, the OECD CRS dataset does not include all donor countries; it is limited to the assistance committed by OECD member states and thus exclude assistance from countries such as China. Numerous issues have been raised in terms of how projects are designated (""tagged"") as supporting climate change adaptation and/or mitigation (Caravani, Nakhooda and Terpstra, 2014; Michaelowa and Michaelowa, 2011)."|SDG 13 - Climate action|assistance dataset crs exclude designated|1.5213459|4.105571|0.92039096
794|Finally, a decomposition exercise shows that composition effects are able to explain a very limited amount of the observed cross-country differences in wage inequality. This suggests that economic institutions, by shaping the way personal characteristics are rewarded in the labour market, are the main determinants of wage inequality. Aprfes la presentation de statistiques descriptives sur le degre de dispersion des distributions des niveaux de competence et des revenus, le document montre que la correlation internationale entre ces deux dimensions d’inegalite est ties faible et, le cas echeant, negative.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|le des la wage inequality|7.0841427|4.7837963|4.6476007
795|Some policies, including for green investment, are pro-growth. Hence, concerns related to fiscal balance, inequality or growth should not be used as an excuse to delay policy action on climate change. On current trends and policies, greenhouse gas emissions over the next 50 years will cause damaging changes in the world’s climate.|SDG 13 - Climate action|damaging climate delay growth policies|1.465013|3.5093997|2.0628946
796|This would limit the additionality of climate finance and could potentially mean public climate finance displacing (crowding out) the private sector. Similarly, targeting climate finance on negative or low-cost mitigation activities, such as energy-efficiency measures, could crowd out the private sector unless the intervention is targeted at overcoming specific market failures. Identifying lessons learned is a key aspect of public climate finance interventions, and much effort has gone into identifying these lessons.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate lessons identifying displacing|1.8272446|4.035337|1.2859966
797|"This transfer is complemented with the public provision of food, shelter and other items by government agencies. The Emergency Grant has been activated on several occasions, including the flooding and landslides in 2012 that struck eight of Ecuador's provinces (Manabi, Guayas, El Oro, Los Rios, Esmeraldas, Azuay, Cotopaxi and Loja), with a total of 109,532 people affected. Of that number, 47,221 were eligible to receive the grant (SNGR, 2012). According to Rofman, Apella and Vezza (2013, p. 10), ""the most common factor in the reforms (..) is the search for ways to expand coverage"", particularly for older adults that did not have a working life as formal workers making regular contributions to the pension system."|SDG 13 - Climate action|grant occasions struck activated landslides|7.498535|6.0900254|4.318229
798|Quality of mental health care services needs to include not just the quality of specialist services, but also quality of primary care services, and quality of services supplied by other sectors, for example housing or employment services. However, there is often an inability to avoid choosing indicators for quality benchmarking that reflect the data source that is available rather than optimal measures of quality of care, which has perpetuated reliance on inpatient orientated indicators, rather than reflecting the shift in the care delivery patterns. It is crucial that once optimal quality measures have been agreed upon, there is a commitment to work towards collecting these data. The establishment of registers and regular assessment of people with SMI in primary care can help to reduce the burden of physical illness and improve the quality of care (Holt et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|quality care services optimal perpetuated|10.306928|9.091504|1.8493484
799|This will require better and more systematic funding of these activities. In order to harmonise Georgia’s environmental legislation with the EU Directives the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MENRP) has drafted a new Framework Law on Water Resources Management. The draft law aims to encapsulate all aspects of integrated water resources management. The WFD also includes the systematic use of economic instruments, including water pricing, to recover the cost of water services provided to households, industry, and farmers.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water systematic resources law harmonise|0.95100784|7.1544065|2.04257
800|The second NFI show's that these areas have increased to 1,692,700 ha in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1,525,800 ha in Republika Srpska from 2006 to 2009 (table 12.1). Of these forests, 1,028,700 ha or approximately 39.4 per cent can be classified as forests that are productive (table 12.1). This increase of forests is linked to the change of methodology in the forest inventory from taxation to a statistical approach, and to the fact that the forest area has increased due to natural regeneration and natural reforestation in the abandoned land.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ha forests forest natural table|1.3725111|4.707114|4.0781574
801|The declaration was endorsed by 160 governments (United Nations, 1995) and incorporated into many national constitutions (e.g. Canada, Egypt, Germany, India, the Russian Federation, South Africa and Hirkey) and other legal and policy provisions. Defining gender equality and gender mainstreaming Gender equality describes the absence of obvious or hidden disparities among individuals based on gender. Disparities can include discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence (Wikigender). It encompasses the ability to anticipate the potentially differential impact of policy actions on women and men as well as the ability to design policy actions that are not “gender-blind” but “gender-sensitive”.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender disparities ability actions equality|9.720502|4.365091|7.1857233
802|In most of this paper, comparisons between vocational and academic education are made at the same level of educational attainment, hence outcomes of treatment 1 (3) are compared to those of treatment 2 (4). Depending on the research question being investigated, other comparisons are possible and may deliver a different picture than the one presented here. In this paper, we assume that the assignment of individuals to the treatments listed above is explained by parental education, country of birth, the number of books in the house at age 16 as well as the pupil/teacher ratio in primary school and the proportion of residents in rural areas at the age of selection. We discuss in the report how plausible this assumption is in the context of the data being used.|SDG 4 - Quality education|comparisons paper treatment pupil age|9.302344|2.6084433|3.012032
803|It was developed in early 2013 in response to data indicating that only 3% of the standard guaranteed start-up loans were allocated for women’s enterprises. The first two years of the pilot project (2013-15) will support women entrepreneurs in helping them access non-financial business development services (following the EBRD Business Advisory Services [BAS] model5) in order to improve their performance. The targeted beneficiaries are women entrepreneurs who already have an established business that has been in operation for at least two years, have a discernible competitive advantage and credible track record over recent years, are financially and commercially viable and have the management and financial resources to follow through on any business advice and take effective action.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business entrepreneurs years women bas|8.871539|3.3425274|6.4776397
804|It also recognises the critical need for all stakeholders in the energy sector to better co-ordinate their efforts and for a more holistic approach to addressing the energy challenges of the region rather than assuming that renewable energy is a panacea. For this to occur, the FAESP highlights that the appropriate capacity, and policy and regulatory frameworks, need to be in place to reduce the dependency on imported petroleum products, while increasing reliance on local renewable energy resources. The FAESP also recognises the need for the energy resources to be accessible and used productively and efficiently.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy recognises need renewable productively|1.5352496|2.4568083|2.2843838
805|The choice of indicators has closely followed some of the health measures considered by the Framework on Health Statistics developed by the Inter-Secretariat on Health Statistics (Box 5.1), though this framework is not yet wide-spread and would benefit from further use and development. The chapter does not deal with indicators of health input (e.g. health expenditure), output (e.g. number of interventions) or drivers (e.g. life style behaviour). The role of risk factors, such as smoking and alcohol use, is also not explicitly considered oris considered only to a limited extent (e.g. obesity).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health considered statistics indicators framework|9.225301|9.188663|2.8850684
806|Alternative working arrangements can ease the problem and improve urban transportation systems. Large numbers of workers in cities strain both road capacity and the limits of public transportation systems. Flexible working arrangements (FWAs) are not widely used in many countries in the region, but could be used to either reduce demand or to shift demand from peak hours.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transportation arrangements working demand strain|4.188825|5.0134954|0.63113487
807|Consequently, the divide between purely private and public provision in this segment is often blurred. Rural electrification schemes with an emphasis on cost recovery and commercial viability have proved neither necessarily affordable for most poor households nor sustainable. Private-sector interest in poorer and more remote areas is by no means guaranteed, and the emphasis on productive uses has generally been limited (Bhattacharyya, 2012).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emphasis purely private divide segment|2.2793028|1.8314128|2.6274774
808|Although youth unemployment is linked to developments in the business cycle, there has been a structural change in the composition of youth unemployment in the past decade, which has been driven by the continuous increase in tertiary education enrolment rates, leading to a decrease in youth labour force participation. Workers with low qualifications are less demanded in the labour market, hence also contributing to high youth unemployment rates. The Employment Office will be in charge of implementing the programme, which entails: smoother mechanisms for young people with low or no qualifications to return to formal education; better career guidance; improved provision of information about local labour market conditions; and facilitation of participation in active labour market policies (ALMPs) involving workplace training (see below).|SDG 4 - Quality education|youth unemployment labour qualifications market|8.118498|4.164935|3.9000893
809|World Bank (2004) for India’s 2000 data. The OECD experience is, however, not representative of the world as a whole. The table charts the changes in Gini coefficient for a sample of developing countries for which income or consumption distributional data are available from the World Bank’s PovcalNet database.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|world bank charts distributional gini|6.5845966|5.140597|4.876492
810|This section outlines the similarities and differences between existing views and principles, as well as other issues identified as important for climate finance by the development, climate, and private sector communities. Thus, international climate finance often involves a broad range of stakeholder communities and types of financial flows. These communities have differing motivations and views on what aspects of climate finance are important, and what makes climate finance effective. These views have been expressed in agreements, principles, or other texts (Figure 1).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate views finance communities principles|1.8482715|4.094987|1.0199608
811|Teachers as learning facilitators, who need professional learning for their new role, and to support students to build their own knowledge. Student autonomy becomes a pivotal factor for learning and wellbeing from early childhood throughout secondary education. Teaching and learning are social and collaborative, activities promote discussion and the co-creation of solutions, and classroom layout enhances collaboration. Predesigned learning units are used as guidance by every teacher built around specific, real world and complex tasks (problems, projects, questions, situations).|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning facilitators layout pivotal enhances|9.061263|1.5854901|1.9082408
812|It currently funds 100 000 female entrepreneurs who have completed a training programme specifically designed for women. They should be accompanied by sustained support for not-for-profit lending institutions from governments and donors. Institutions and mechanisms, such as credit registers, which ease access to lender and borrower information, should be strengthened.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|borrower lender institutions registers ease|8.736833|3.3980434|6.3607264
813|The IPCC SRI.5 projects that, based on Member States’ current NDCs, the climate system is heading off track into the territory of 2.9°C to 3.4°C warming.317 If this happens, it would take future hydrometeorological hazard extremes well outside the known range of current experience and alter the loss and damage equations and fragility curves of almost all known human and natural systems, placing them at unknown levels of risk. This would render current strategies for CCA and DRR, in most countries, virtually obsolete. It also means that it is no longer sufficient to address adaptation in isolation from development planning, and that sustainable socioeconomic development, by definition, must include mitigation of global warming.|SDG 13 - Climate action|warming current known hydrometeorological heading|1.2427508|4.1787734|1.7593175
814|Efforts on reducing the capital costs of nuclear power, through incremental improvements at the industrial level, as well as through innovation through new research and development, are thus an indispensable part of credible strategies to decarbonise the power sector. This chapter has reviewed the discussion of this relationship in the various editions of the report. It is beyond the scope of the present study to determine the “correct” discount factor. The relationship of the discount factor to concerns regarding “sustainability” must however be discussed elsewhere and, ideally, before the next edition of Projected Costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|discount relationship factor power editions|1.1647028|1.7553746|1.7314047
815|Moreover, this reallocation stimulus was simple, and its transactions costs low. In fact, managing an effective mechanism to monitor compliance by the many farmers in the Zhang He basin (who own only a small fraction of the total cultivated land) would have been impossible. One of their greatest advantages is that they reduce dependence on direct abstraction of freshwater supplies and are therefore especially fit for areas where significant political, economic and environmental barriers to procuring new sources of water supplies exist (see Box 4.4 for an illustration in Southern California). The area is under great water stress and is vulnerable to severe droughts.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|supplies zhang reallocation illustration cultivated|0.99194795|7.4898934|2.6260169
816|Generally, the operational schedule of an NPP is known significantly in advance by the TSO, thus easing the planning and scheduling for the whole electrical production system. Also, nuclear power plants are extremely reliable, with a very small unexpected outage rate (typically less than 0.5 trips per reactor-year in France) which reduces significantly the needs for balancing and the associated costs. In most cases, the nuclear system is able to continue producing power at a reduced level and feed the onsite electric support system.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear significantly power npp easing|1.1576219|1.40902|1.8567212
817|Parents, particularly those with higher education and higher income, seek tutoring to prepare primary students for the national examination to improve their chances of entering top schools. Schools in Turkey tend to be homogenous in both student socio-economic background and academic performance, indicating low levels of social and academic inclusion. Nonetheless, 42% of 15-year-olds from low socio-economic backgrounds performed better than predicted (compared to the OECD average of 30.8%). Targeted policies should aim to systematically support and strengthen schools' capacity to address the impact of low socio-economic background on performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|socio schools background academic low|9.524388|2.480668|2.898835
818|Les problemes de sante mentale legers a moderes constituent la majeure partie des cas, et ces troubles sont en augmentation depuis plusieurs decennies. Pour autant, les autorites suedoises reconnaissent la maladie mentale comme un sujet national primordial. La Suede a aussi ete un pays precurseur dans la desinstitutionalisation et la mise en place de programmes officiels de prevention contre le suicide.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|la les en cas mise|9.1038265|5.9780083|4.8160357
819|The presence of calcareous substrates allows a wide distribution of the mussel date Lithophaga lithophaga, often illegally fished and commercially exploited, leading to extensive barrens. It shows that the wider biocenosis in the Adriatic Sea are the biocenosis characteristics of the circalittoral. Coastal and offshore muddy bottoms host sponges, soft corals, sea pens and ascidians, in addition to a rich infauna.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sea fished illegally adriatic commercially|0.048030216|5.9735813|5.88551
820|Estimations show that this could comprise a total potential of 13,000 GWh. The most attractive industrial hydropower potentials are located along the western edge of Greenland’s ice cap, between 62 and 68 degrees north. In this region the vast interior contains a potential for each reservoir of somewhere between 600-2,500 GWh per year.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gwh potential potentials interior edge|1.4252217|2.0190969|2.4678688
821|Prices for water supply have been lowest for households and highest for business consumers. Price gaps have been narrowed through the application of a strict price-setting methodology by the national authorities. In 2004, in an attempt to reform price-setting, benchmarking was proposed as a way to help improve the performance of public utilities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|price setting narrowed benchmarking strict|1.530797|7.606608|2.4245775
822|Moreover the upward trend in the Chinese data reflects that rather than a nagging and persistent problem, relative poverty may be a growing problem in the country. Clearly more and more people are being excluded from the customary activities of Chinese society, despite the fact that fewer run the risk of starving than ever before. Figure 9 and Figure 10 demonstrate the evolution of these three groups of poor in China and Brazil, respectively.|SDG 1 - No poverty|chinese problem figure upward customary|6.113171|5.812989|4.8736176
823|Improved childcare and education has helped reduce the long-term consequences of poverty for children growing up and the gap in attainment between poor and better-off children has narrowed. The economic performance of countries has been volatile and by 2030 inequality and poverty have grown with both levels and durations of unemployment remaining high. Poor economic growth has meant that state spending is under further pressure and there have been substantial cuts in government spending. Benefit levels are now low but expenditure on social security remains high because of the large numbers of families without work.|SDG 1 - No poverty|spending poor durations narrowed children|7.456939|6.076025|4.878095
824|The most common approach to adaptation in developed countries has been to integrate it into all planning and budgeting processes, aiming to align adaptation duties with existing ministerial responsibilities. The NAP process intends to facilitate a similar approach in developing countries. Bilateral financial commitments for adaptation-related interventions by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) averaged USD 9.3 billion per year between 2010 and 2012 (OECD, 2014). This support illustrates the mainstreamed nature of many adaptation interventions with general development objectives. Monitoring and evaluation are two separate but closely linked processes.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation interventions processes approach nap|1.1784539|4.6720924|1.3382978
825|Further, mid-term evaluations have been found to be very useful in helping countries to re-focus work plans and budgets (Luhtala, 2012; UNDP, 2013). Other countries are establishing climate change progress reports (e.g. South Africa, which plans to do this yearly, including a section on monitoring adaptation, DEA 2016 forthcoming). Some countries have also identified monitoring and evaluation indicators (e.g. Comoros - PAG-PNA, 2014), even though they do not yet have a NAP or other national strategic framework in place.|SDG 13 - Climate action|comoros plans dea monitoring nap|1.168021|4.760161|1.4029565
826|The coefficients presented in the figure are from separate regressions which include controls for age, gender, level of education and level of parental education. The striped bars indicate coefficients which are not statistically significant (at 10% level). The coefficients are estimated from a linear probability model of an overqualification dummy based on the normative measure of mismatch.|SDG 4 - Quality education|coefficients level dummy bars normative|7.1408167|5.777545|5.4016466
827|Financial institutions themselves have little experience in evaluating the risks associated with innovative green project proposals. First, they need to develop their legal and regulatory frameworks. Second, they need to put in place clean energy policies and programmes. Third, they will have to invest in training programmes to expand their capabilities to implement policies and regulations for green growth.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|green programmes need policies evaluating|2.356908|3.603594|1.8045214
828|In this regard, many initiatives have been started to assist those countries in tackling e-waste, develop ad hoc legislation, and raise awareness. In countries such Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Bulgaria, collection and recycling are mainly led by the private sector. In the recent years, the collection rate in those countries has risen to approximately 46% of the estimated e-waste generated in 2016.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|collection waste countries bulgaria tackling|0.5117184|3.9131489|3.0444415
829|The accelerated development of RES requires anticipating investments in infrastructure, in particular for the adaptation and the extension of the electrical grid. On the one hand, this will encourage innovation and the development of more advanced technologies in particular because the government will reinforce support to energy research, and thus this may create a “first mover” advantage for Germany. On the other hand, as the technological progress may take time to appear and to adapt to specific needs, anticipating investment also risks deterring the use of more advanced and more efficient technologies (IEA, 2007).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|advanced hand technologies mover particular|1.937016|2.4819524|2.0444572
830|The mechanisms involved are far more complex than is suggested by the argument that travel times increase with traffic volumes, as used in the basic rationale for charges. Charges are always an approximation to the theoretical ideal, so that decisions must be made on what approximation is best. Experience demonstrates that analytical approaches using disaggregated network models are more likely to produce an efficient result than prices based only on common sense.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|approximation charges argument ideal demonstrates|4.291226|4.823792|0.57843286
831|Non-concessional loans were the form most used to deliver climate finance to the EECCA countries in 2013 and 2014 and provided by MDBs. Bilateral channels are the main providers of grants and concessional loans through technical assistance, capital investments and co-financing to projects supported by non-concessional loans from MDBs. Bilateral donors also provide financing through multilateral donors (e.g. voluntary contributions to climate funds).|SDG 13 - Climate action|concessional loans mdbs bilateral donors|1.8937448|4.036524|1.2113383
832|Building on the latter, the first two high-level champions to be appointed from the COP presidencies of France and Morocco launched the Global Climate Action Agenda (GCAA) and the Road Map for Global Climate Action, which led to the creation of the Marrakesh Partnership for Global Climate Action at COP 22 in 2016. The Marrakesh Partnership for Global Climate Action, focusing on immediate climate action until 2020, supports the implementation of the Paris Agreement by facilitating and catalysing collaboration between governments and non-state actors and by raising ambitions overtime. The work programme of the Partnership for 2017-2018, which covers the seven thematic areas of Land Use, Oceans and Coastal Zones, Water, Human Settlements, Transport, Energy and Industry, includes a number of activities, including establishing a Climate Action Collaboration Forum and organizing high-level round tables on interaction between selected SDGs and climate action. This is designed to support achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|action climate partnership global cop|1.567203|4.2257795|1.5877289
833|In addition, only 15% of adults (25-64 year-olds) possess good ICT and problem solving-skills - the lowest rare among OECD countries participating in the OECD Survey of Adult Skills. In order to better promote the development of its human capital and reduce skill mismatches in the labour market, Poland should continue its efforts to strengthen adult learning. Between 2010 and 2012 GDP grew faster than educational expenditure, resulting in a slight decrease in the share (0.3 percentage points while the OECD average remained stable over the same period).|SDG 4 - Quality education|adult oecd skills mismatches possess|8.928398|2.7797232|3.0856907
834|Taking the opportunity of available technology and smartphones, UN-Habitat's Global Public Space Programme uses an open source application (KoboToolbox) to collect public space-related data on the neighbourhood, but also at the citywide level. This data collection process follows a few basic steps. First, a map of all the open spaces is prepared, in which satellite images are used to identify the open public spaces, markets, and public facilities. Thereafter, local data collectors are trained on the use of the open source application for data collection. Each assessment is then uploaded onto the server to be further analysed.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|open data spaces public space|4.0365357|5.0374713|1.6662352
835|This would actually involve means testing of all social programmes by targeting the poorest 20%. Significant savings, however, are also possible through other options, which fall below the initial target of 1.5% of GDP, but have the advantage of avoiding a significant deterioration in poverty. Targeting the poorest 20% for social programmes, if disability pensions are excluded, would generate GDP savings of up to 1.2%, with a neutral effect on the poverty rate. If the poorest 25% are targeted, this would generate savings of up to 1.3% of GDP, with a neutral effect on poverty. Targeting the poorest 20% with extended unemployment assistance, would cost 0.2% of GDP but with the significant effect of reducing the poverty rate by 1.3 percentage points. Targeting the poorest 30% for family benefits would save 0.4% of GDP and reduce the poverty rate by 0.1 percentage points.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|poorest gdp targeting poverty savings|7.521201|5.8354845|4.449178
836|Simple measures include ensuring that design codes consider pedestrian and cyclist safety and convenience as well as destination accessibility. Other initiatives include the establishment of public bike sharing schemes, which originated largely in Europe and the Americas, and are becoming more popular in the region. There has been particularly strong growth in China; a large-scale system in Huangzhou has 66 000 bicycles and 2 435 stations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bicycles bike convenience originated americas|4.16373|5.023042|0.46530432
837|Based on data available for direct and indirect expenditures and contributions, and employment and cruise versus land-based tourists, only three SIDS meet this requirement: Jamaica, Maldives and Mauritius. All three are well-researched destinations, where the tourism industry is monitored regularly by government ministries. Data are available from the national statistics office or tourism department; this is used here to emphasise examples of good practice. In some cases, tourism contributes more than 40 per cent of GDP, rising to 45.5 per cent in Aruba and 47.4 per cent in Maldives. These figures relate to total contribution to GDP and include direct and indirect contributions (Figure 1.1). Induced contributions are not included.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|maldives contributions tourism cent indirect|6.4145503|3.8886817|2.9503453
838|In 1996 the final version of Te Whaariki, the New Zealand national curriculum for children ups to age 5, was launched following a wide consultation process between the curriculum developers, early childhood practitioners, and representatives of the Maori community. It has four overall principles: empowerment, holistic development, family and community, and relationships. Five strands shape the outcomes for children: belonging, well-being, exploration, communication and contribution. Hie curriculum addresses culture and customs in a way that seeks to embrace the diversity of its population.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curriculum hie community te maori|9.907409|2.487771|2.153623
839|Women in countries within the more developed regions fared better, comprising in most cases 20 to 45 per cent of the candidates. In only four countries — Belgium, Costa Rica, Iceland and Rwanda —were candidates distributed roughly evenly by sex. Available data in Africa display a low proportion of female candidates for the lower or single house of parliament — lower than 20 per cent, with the exception of Burundi and Rwanda. The proportion is under 10 per cent in 3 of the 4 countries with available data in Oceania; this low proportion of female electoral candidates in the region parallels the limited representation of women in their parliaments as seen in the earlier section.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|candidates proportion rwanda cent female|10.576552|4.293454|7.1482234
840|In the case of the public sector, this theory holds that adoption of an innovation among government departments and agencies may grow slowly and gradually in the beginning. The adoption will then have a period of rapid growth that will taper off and become stable and eventually decline (Rogers, 1995). The Bass model, however, suggests other representations (Robert-Ribes and Wing, 2004). This is because innovations are seen to be communicated across space and through time.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|adoption representations robert communicated slowly|5.2594934|3.3261244|2.4562724
841|The following review does not provide a detailed account and discussion of the methods adopted in each study, but it is safe to say that all of the main findings of the review are supported by at least one econometrically sound analysis supporting the causal nature of the links assessed (e.g. for wage penalties associated with obesity and smoking; wage differentials for people with different levels of alcohol consumption, employment gaps for the obese, heavy drinkers and smokers; etc.). It focused on how risk factors and chronic diseases affect employment, wages, labour productivity and early exit from the labour market. It also provides an insight into the value of production potentially lost from illness and from adverse labour market outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|labour wage review smokers drinkers|9.414505|9.00757|2.792886
842|"These include social and cultural norms, gender stereotypes, lack of access to decision-making and unequal access to resources. Other problems arise from a lack of access to education or training, which significantly constrain business opportunities. Further obstacles for women entrepreneurs include limited access to finance and ICT and a lack of market information — as well as burdensome regulations and administrative procedures.'"""|SDG 5 - Gender equality|access lack burdensome constrain include|8.783312|3.6919334|6.364388
843|In demonstrating the significance placed on this protocol, the ministers for each of the sectors, including the Prime Minister as Minister for National Security and Legal Affairs, publicly signed the protocol into force on 16 May 2011 (OAS 2014). The protocol provides a set of guidelines for responders (health, judiciary and police) to guide their interventions, especially for proper management of cases of domestic and sexual violence. The protocol has identified the role of the Ombudsman as key to ensuring accountability of duty bearers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|protocol minister responders judiciary demonstrating|10.032574|4.5218554|7.527428
844|If the benefits delivered by technologies were measured, this would have been a cost-effectiveness analysis. Impacts of Advances in Medical Technology in Australia. The key conclusion is that an ageing population and climate change present significant long-term risks for the economy and the sustainability of government finances, particularly in the health sector.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|finances conclusion advances delivered ageing|8.851235|8.821938|2.5984342
845|As of 2013, 9 700 students attended 14 operative schools in Astana (2), Aktobe, Atyrau, Karaganda, Kokshetau, Kyzylorda, Pavlodar, Semey, Shymkent (2), Taraz, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Uralsk. The NIS cater to about 1108 students from rural areas in a boarding arrangement. As of 2013, the selection process includes tests in mathematics, languages (Kazakh, Russian and English) and the ability to study mathematics and science (quantitative reasoning and spatial thinking).|SDG 4 - Quality education|mathematics kyzylorda nis shymkent boarding|9.537992|2.0236986|2.3535697
846|This chapter maps out current trends in the composition of legislatures across the OECD while exploring remaining barriers to women running for elected office and equal access to leadership positions in legislatures. It also provides an overview of strategies, initiatives and mechanisms across the OECD to help political institutions become more gender sensitive and thus encourage women's political representation and access to leadership. Finally, the chapter assesses tools and frameworks to mainstream gender in the work of legislatures, including law-making and oversight.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|legislatures leadership political chapter gender|10.322422|4.334923|7.2380056
847|Although they are generally open to and compulsory for formal employees only - in part because employers contribute to them as well - the system, much like defined-contribution pensions, could be opened to informal workers on a voluntary basis, at least. Conversely, unemployment insurance pools risk across workers and firms, and therefore has a redistributive role. The objective of unemployment benefits - whether in the form of UISAs or traditional unemployment insurance - is more akin to consumption smoothing than poverty reduction.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|unemployment insurance smoothing akin workers|7.873737|4.954236|4.0773454
848|Where such support existed, it was fragmented with no real collaboration across higher education institutions in the region. The Higher Education Innovation Fund (HEIF) model in the UK could serve as a source of inspiration (see Chapter 5). A strategy with emphasis on endogenous development of traditional industry that is engaged in R&D would better serve the region.|SDG 4 - Quality education|serve inspiration region existed endogenous|7.4967465|2.5703347|2.5062833
849|Essentially, the same applies to technology transfer (chap. For example, the cost of photovoltaics produced in Japan had halved between 1973 and 1976, but none of this improvement is evident in observed prices because it occurred prior to the installation of any demonstration units, thus cumulative installed capacity was zero. Such RD&D expenditures are a small factor in the cost improvements of technologies that have already advanced to the stage where they have found commercial niche markets and are candidates for pervasive diffusion.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|halved niche cost chap rd|2.040583|2.5717711|1.9002426
850|The 2012 Australian Census of Women in Leadership shows found that the percentage of women on the boards of companies on the ASX 2002 is only 12.3 per cent (Australian Government 2012). Furthermore, the number of women holding senior manager positions within ASX 200 companies is only 9.7 per cent (Australian Government 2012). Women are better represented within the public sector and as of 2014 constitute 57.9 per cent of that workforce. Nonetheless, even within this sector the number of women decreases with higher seniority levels - only 33.2 per cent of women are in Senior Executive Service (SES) Band 3 positions compared to 41.6 per cent in SES Band 1 positions (DPMC [no date]).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent women australian positions band|10.291191|4.031099|6.8369665
851|But even here it has taken 16 years for the HEV (Toyota Prius) to get to its current levels of sales (about 3m cars a year globally). The explicit terms of the contract are just an outline, as there are implicit terms and understandings which determine the behaviour of the parties. The potential for returns from such new markets have motivated Renault-Nissan to invest more than €4 billion in developing market-ready electric vehicles, and other car-makers have followed this logic in developing electric vehicles as part of their own investment strategy. In a similar vein, the Paris-based network of shared-use station-based electric cars (Autolib) has been fully financed by the Bollore group which specialises in battery technology and vehicle-based IT systems (Case Study 5).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|electric cars vehicles based specialises|2.3279085|2.647727|1.83725
852|Job growth from energy efficiency retrofits ranges from low- to high-skilled jobs, some of which will require training. In the case of residential retrofit projects, for instance, most tasks will involve the installation of insulation and window replacement, both of which tend to be more labour-intensive than the heating/ventilation/air conditioning (HVAC) or electrical work likely to occur on retrofit projects in large commercial buildings (Schrock, 2009; Schrock and Sundquist, 2009). Insulation jobs are relatively low-skilled, while window replacement jobs involve semi-skilled carpentry experience. Regardless, on-the-job training may suffice, as formal credentials in carpentry are usually not required.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|schrock retrofit skilled insulation window|8.020583|3.0520177|3.0073106
853|Some governments have been particularly active in developing and using these risk mitigants to mobilise greater sustainable energy investment and these examples can potentially be applied to other national contexts. The Danish export credit agency EKF is a particular example of an institution that is using their guarantees to encourage institutional investor participation in sustainable energy finance. Green investment banks and other public financial institutions are also actively working to reduce risk by providing guarantees, loan loss reserves, seeding funds and acting as cornerstone investors.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|guarantees using cornerstone sustainable risk|2.3115373|3.183122|1.6501126
854|In addition, the potential impact of technological development on CO2 abatement cost is huge: OECD simulations show that the cost of climate change mitigation could be halved (from 4% of world GDP to 2% in 2050) if renewable technologies would be made competitive in the electricity and non-electricity sectors (OECD, 201 If). Given the ambitious targets both in terms of emission reduction and RES deployment and their associated costs, eco-innovation is required in many areas in Germany (Box 4). In particular, technological development and increased efficiency of the grid management can both play a central role in the adaptation to higher RES supply. It will determine at which cost and under what conditions investments will be done, which will be crucial not least from a cost-efficiency point of view', but also for public acceptance.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cost res technological electricity efficiency|1.4716859|2.7033517|2.1205087
855|Investment in solar power surpassed those made in wind in the country. The Philippines and Pakistan experienced a decrease of about 50 per cent in new investment in renewable energy in 2016, as compared to 2015.6S In Thailand, investment in solar power increased slightly, helping the country keep a top spot in terms of investment among developing countries in the region (Frankfurt School/FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre, 2017). Although renewables still hold a relatively small share of installed capacity, the dominant role of renewables in new capacity additions is evident. Despite the recent decline in investment figures, felling capital costs resulting from more capacity being installed per dollar spent resulted in a record high installation in 2016.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investment installed renewables capacity solar|1.6209333|1.8686035|2.4852865
856|Between 1970 and 1980, technical assistance and financial support for national and regional marine science projects came from UN organizations such as the IOC, UNESCO, FAO, and World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Developed countries, such as the US, Norway, UK, Canada and France provided technical assistance and opportunities for undergraduate and postgraduate training through bilateral programmes. The Norwegian Government provided the R/V Fridtjof Nansen to the Mozambique Government, and later to other governments, to conduct fisheries and oceanographic surveys in Mozambican waters in 1977-1978. These commonly aimed to investigate the priorities and needs for capacity-building in the marine sciences and included visits to Kenya, Madagascar, Somalia and Tanzania.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine assistance technical oceanographic wmo|-0.06581912|5.6217117|6.2184563
857|Falling student numbers result in declines in educational efficiency as student/teacher ratios fall and facilities are underused. Declining enrolments threaten the quality of student programmes as course offerings and instructor numbers decline. Falling student numbers exacerbate a pre-existing problem of scale facing Lithuanian public university institutions, which are numerous (14) and small.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student numbers falling offerings lithuanian|9.174077|2.3603735|2.9744136
858|There is a large potential and need for energy connectivity and for large markets through cross-border infrastructure and energy trade, including oil and gas pipelines and electricity grids; such regional and subregional cooperation is crucial for ensuring reliable, efficient and safe transportation of energy resources, thus increasing energy security. Further improve the investment climate in Asia and the Pacific using public-private partnerships for implementation of cross-border energy infrastructure. Invite all regional and subregional organizations to work collectively on addressing the challenges in the energy sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy subregional border cross infrastructure|1.609887|2.3076801|2.2489552
859|While many countries have made progress towards closing these gaps, no country in the world has fully closed the gap between men and women. As a testament to its central importance, SDG 5 was singled out by the United Nations General Assembly when it adopted the SDGs. They seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals and complete what they did not achieve. They seek to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|seek achieve realize closing closed|9.259127|4.38496|7.282326
860|These programmes commonly allow parents to report several school preferences to a central enrolment point, which public authorities then try to respect as much as possible while maintaining a balanced distribution of students. The allocation mechanisms vary across countries and their effectiveness depends on the capacity to match parents’ preference for quality schools with a consistent application of priority criteria benefiting disadvantaged students (OECD, 2015(22]). The student allocation mechanism also requires a certain degree of centralisation in order to prevent inefficiencies related to handling multiple registrations, as well as delays on assignment and higher administrative costs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|allocation parents centralisation students assignment|9.716042|2.3248374|2.577358
861|This initiative, which includes a trans-Asian energy system, will help to ensure both the near- and long-term energy security of the Region. It will connect producers and consumers of energy resources and facilitate new markets for clean and efficient energy technologies. Its goal is to shift development to a low carbon path while ensuring universal access to energy within a predictable time frame. Rapid economic growth of the Region translates to rising energy demands, both to sustain the large and growing production economy as well as to support direct energy consumption.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy region trans predictable translates|1.5152273|2.399613|2.4645998
862|Table II.3 also shows that only seven sub-Saharan African countries had poverty rates below 25 per cent in 2005,5 up from two (Cote d’Ivoire and Gabon) in 1981. In general, countries with extremely high poverty levels also trail behind in respect of a number of demographic and social indicators such as life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, and childrens school enrolment and completion rates. Although these declines are encouraging, they still leave a large proportion of the total population living in extreme poverty, and all 19 countries face major challenges in meeting the 2015 Millennium Development Goal target.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty gabon cote ivoire rates|6.1350126|5.886962|4.8800826
863|In 2010, taking into account the hours worked by teachers, student-teacher ratios were 22.1, 18.6, 14.4 and 21.7 in the municipal, private subsidised, private non-subsidised, and delegated administration sectors respectively. Interestingly, while in the municipal sector the student-teacher ratio increased from 16.8 in 2004, it decreased significantly in the private subsidised sector from 30.0 in the same year (Ministry of Education, forthcoming). The latter is a teacher education institution mostly dedicated to training primary school teachers that ceased to exist in 1974.|SDG 4 - Quality education|subsidised teacher private municipal student|9.499448|1.5295676|2.4333768
864|These disciplines could restrict policy space for trade, finance, technology and social and industrial development in exchange— hopefully—for greater flows of technology and finance consistent with the global community’s shared goal of eradicating poverty. The task of retooling global development has never been more urgent.|SDG 1 - No poverty|technology finance eradicating global restrict|5.707215|4.89738|4.2104683
865|This is confirmed by the available data (Figure 4.9), which show that women are more likely to work informally than men in almost all countries although these differences are not large. Informal firms are typically less productive and provide workers with fewer opportunities for human capital accumulation (La Porta and Shleifer, 2008,2014). This represents an additional drag on female earnings and on their opportunities for career advancement. Moreover, recent OECD work shows that informal jobs are typically of lower quality than formal ones, with detrimental effects on workers’ well-being. It also shows that female workers find it more difficult than men to move into a formal job, if they start their career in an informal job (OECD, 2015b, Chapter 5).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|informal workers career typically formal|8.419743|4.2235227|5.219296
866|Supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), CBIT has approved three capacity-building projects in Costa Rica, Kenya and South Africa as of November 2016 (GEF, 2016). Although none of the projects approved to date are focused on adaptation, the successful deployment of the CBIT could eventually contribute to building adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems at the national level, given many Parties expressed their aim to do so in their NDCs. It took nearly six years and consultations with 450 people from governmental departments, sectoral agencies at Federal and Lander level and from scientific and private institutions to agree on the final 102 indicators (German Federal Environment Agency, 2015). The TAMD framework, aiming to help governments “to demonstrate if climate finance has been well spent and that the climate vulnerability of communities has been reduced” (Craft and Fischer, 2016) was formally launched in 2015. Global projects on behalf of BMZ were conducted in Cambodia (in collaboration with IIED), Bolivia (at the state level only), Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Togo and South Africa.|SDG 13 - Climate action|gef projects approved federal adaptation|1.4623231|4.3438406|1.3733904
867|Nevertheless, the possibility of large scale animal disease outbreaks, such as foot and mouth (FMD) and BSE diseases, are viewed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of New Zealand2 among risks with the largest potential production and revenue loss. A study on the macroeconomic impacts of an FMD outbreak estimated possible damage at up to NZD 6 billion in the first year and NZD 10 billion after two years from losses in export volumes, and price and exchange rate shocks. This study by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand and Treasury underscores the fact that possible disease outbreaks are perceived as a threat with serious macro-economic implications (RB, 2003).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|nzd outbreaks disease billion possible|3.3297675|5.591764|3.9110806
868|The average household size is also highly correlated with the youth dependency ratio - the number of young people under 15 years of age relative to the population of working age. The youth dependency ratio reflects changes in demographic structure, but is less relevant than the average household size for the assessment of the poverty risk at household level. For this reason and to limit collinearity problems, only the average household size variable is included in the selected model specifications.|SDG 1 - No poverty|household size dependency ratio average|7.210296|6.143983|5.237076
869|Several countries have revised their textbooks to remove stereotypes and bias so that children of both sexes are free to explore their interests and perceive the labour market as open to their contribution. However, schools in many education systems appear ill-equipped to ease pupils smoothly into further education and training or the labour market. Nor do they seem well positioned to ensure that girls consider careers in all fields, including computing, mathematics, physics, engineering, manufacturing and construction.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|physics textbooks computing sexes positioned|9.524641|3.6747928|5.7154236
870|Moreover, as previously mentioned, an earlier ratification of the CEDAW is expected to be positively correlated with gender equality. Finally, greater access to education constitutes a way to move away from gender discrimination. Hence, looking at the effect of migration on gender inequality raises endogeneity issues.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender ratification endogeneity cedaw constitutes|8.661247|5.2093124|7.068805
871|Improving energy efficiency is an important part of any energy conservation strategy. The main difference between energy conservation and energy efficiency is that reducing energy demand is the primary goal of energy conservation while improved energy efficiency aims to reduce the energy consumed in delivering a given energy service. A discussion on which is better - energy conservation or energy efficiency - is not relevant for this report.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy conservation efficiency consumed delivering|2.1385663|2.676955|2.6015103
872|It can also comprise the assessment of the context and the identification of potential implementation difficulties. Ex post gender analysis: Gender analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of a legislation/regulation/policy/programme after it has been introduced or completed. The ex post gender analysis aims at examining whether the objectives of a legislation/regulation/policy/programme have been achieved. It also examines the long-lasting effects of a legislation/regulation/policy/programme on women and men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|regulation legislation ex analysis programme|9.800579|4.102747|7.4881415
873|The forest sector already displays many green characteristics. However, the sector should become more “green”; indeed take the lead in certain respects. The Rovaniemi Action Plan for the Forest Sector in a Green Economy suggests a wide range of activities by all parts of the forest sector, to be undertaken on a voluntary basis through ad hoc partnerships.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest green sector displays respects|1.6129855|4.6333957|3.710512
874|More generally, however, inequalities in health status and inputs reflect, among other factors, the levels of income and education that individuals and families command. Simply put, health inequalities are both manifestations and determinants of existing inequalities in various other economic and social dimensions. Inequity in health is shaped by social structure and by processes that need to be changed. “|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|inequalities health manifestations inequity command|9.216595|9.12702|2.899408
875|Some OECD countries, such as Canada and the United States, have traditionally restricted regulations on land use, prohibiting mixed land use to avoid the negative externalities of differences in land use. Such zoning still makes sense in many places, although land-use regulations should be better co-ordinated to increase access on foot to local services and jobs. Deregulating zoning and introducing form-based zoning can be a way to revive urban centres, as can establishing mixed-use zones that allow both business and residential uses. This helps to reduce travel time to jobs and services, and to improve access on foot or by public transit for older people.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|zoning foot land use mixed|3.9626687|5.4784756|1.655089
876|"As stated by Ms Rionge, resilience or ""having a strong backbone that can handle challenges is the key to successful entrepreneurship"". In South Africa, up until the 1990s, legislation prohibited women from working underground. This changed in 2002 when the South African Mining Charter introduced quotas urging mining companies to employ a 10 per cent female staff quota (Mining.com 2014)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mining south ms backbone underground|10.059136|4.107086|6.745674
877|As the result of trials for harmonization, the joint initiative on standards developing organization (SDO) global health informatics standardization [6] was established among six SDOs: ISO/TC 215[7], HL7 [8], CEN/TC 251 [9], CDISC [10], IHTSDO [11] and GS1 healthcare [12] to address and resolve long-term accumulated issues concerning gaps, overlaps, and counterproductive efforts. The ITU and World Health Organization (WHO) are strengthening coordination in technical areas for e-health standardization and uses of e-health protocols [17]. They also have gaps, overlapping, and counterproductive efforts, even in the case of joint collaboration groups.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|counterproductive tc standardization health organization|8.943693|9.552573|1.7346706
878|Current priorities include health promotion and prevention, environmental health and the impact of migration. Tobacco and alcohol taxes are used to fund the national institute that tackles alcoholism and drug dependency, as well as funding CONAPAM (see above). The national strategy against non-communicable disease and obesity defines several targets, including a 12% reduction the prevalence of smoking, a 15% reduction in salt intake and a 2% reduction in childhood obesity levels before 2021.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|reduction obesity salt communicable tobacco|9.177256|9.415741|2.9936218
879|From this analysis, the level of ODA targeting climate change adaptation and/or mitigation as a principal objective was USD 15.2 billion in 2013-2014 (60% of the total), representing 18% of bilateral ODA, reflecting projects that primarily focus on climate change and representing what can be considered a “lower bound” of climate-related ODA (Figure 4). For the remaining 40% (USD 10.4 billion), climate change considerations are a significant objective, indicating the mainstreaming of climate objectives into development co-operation portfolios. Based on 2013-2014 figures, the majority of climate-related development finance targets mitigation (75%, including projects that target both mitigation and adaptation), while adaptation lags behind with 37% of the resources. Meanwhile, 12% of climate- related development finance is flowing to projects that target both adaptation and mitigation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate mitigation oda adaptation representing|1.5571172|4.0622993|1.260252
880|This can be explained by rising demand for housing that cannot be satisfied. In the case of indigenous people, the relative deprivation gap increased from 1.7 to 1.8 times the national level between 2006 and 2010, while the ratio for the Afro-Ecuadorian population decreased from 1.3 to 1.1 over the same period. The first identifies whether individuals have health insurance (public or private), and they are defined as deprived if they have none.|SDG 1 - No poverty|afro satisfied identifies deprived explained|6.603014|5.875234|5.0274434
881|The centre was instrumental in the development of the Moroccan climate change policy and national green investment plan and supported the elaboration of Morocco’s NDC (GIZ, 2016). Similarly, the donor-supported NDC Partnership, launched at COP 22, supports countries in the implementation of their NDCs through the facilitation of technical assistance; global knowledge platforms; and improved coordination and engagement with the private sector. A survey of DAC members in 2015 illustrated that a number of development providers are encouraging partnerships between private sector actors in their own countries with private sector actors in partner countries as a way of pursuing development outcomes and promoting their domestic private sector activities abroad (e.g. Sweden’s Swedpartnership, Finland’s Finnpartnership) (OECD, 2016a).|SDG 13 - Climate action|private ndc sector supported actors|2.024567|4.1375422|1.3440311
882|Furthermore, the potential role of interconnections and demand response cannot be easily integrated in the indicator. Note that interconnections either can supply power to meet peak load or add additional demand to the existing peak load. Different definitions of peak generation and demand introduce some subjectivity in the determination of the indicator value.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|peak interconnections demand load indicator|1.5573331|1.3327515|1.8841383
883|Penang was the site of the European and Chinese capital in the rubber and tin trade. Revenue farm networks of Penang, i.e. opium trade links, stretched as far as Saigon, Hong Kong and China. At the apogee of the British period, Penang had become a regional educational hub for Islamic, English and Chinese education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|penang chinese opium trade rubber|7.022476|2.6011107|2.4825451
884|With broadband wireless networks and powerful new phones, consumers now have access anytime, anywhere, to increasingly sophisticated online applications and services. For example, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP5) has played a key role in ensuring international standards for LTE. For Internet access, transport protocols, voice and video compression, home networking, and myriad other aspects of information and communications technology, hundreds of ITU standards allow systems to work - locally and globally.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|standards wireless lte compression myriad|4.836941|2.8739705|1.5076469
885|According to responses received, 30 developing countries said they have a digital-related strategy. Out of this group, nearly all countries (29) said that they also have another type of strategy running in parallel, including national ICT development, e-government, e-commerce, telecommunications and broadband strategies (See figure 3 below).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|said strategy telecommunications commerce running|4.846678|3.044382|1.9013654
886|While in South Africa labour force participation rates of men and women have been slowly converging, in 2011 there was still more than a 7 percentage point gender gap. Furthermore, as argued by De Brauw and Russel (2014), women’s labour market experience might also be affected by possible time outside the labour market due to childrearing or other domestic tasks (the responsibilities for which often fall disproportionately on women, see Blau and Kahn, 2013).1 Therefore, in the analysis in this chapter, women’s labour market experience is adjusted downwards by four years (see De Brauw and Russell, 2014). They may receive commission in return for the work or service they perform.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labour women market experience converging|9.219058|4.362729|5.844073
887|Moreover, a need for additional agricultural land for bioenergy production - at the expense of naturally vegetated land - will increase water demand and affect hydrological cycles (Berndes, 2002; Rowe et al., Similarly, climate policies aimed at reducing the use of fossil fuels provide an incentive to increase the amount of hydro, w'ind and solar power, which may lead to increased land use, e.g. from flooded areas behind dams. Thus, both “renewable” power and large scale bioenergy production have substantial land claims and affect both water and energy, and thus interact within the land-water-energy nexus (Ringler et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|land bioenergy affect water power|1.202368|6.9773545|2.9010358
888|Conversely, a speed reduction of the recirculation pump would decrease the coolant flow, thus increasing coolant temperature and the core void fraction. The overall result is a decrease in core reactivity. The main advantage of this method is that the power distribution in the core is not changed, contrary to the case of regulation with control rods.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|core decrease void pump fraction|1.2499387|2.2087548|2.1688163
889|"The disincentives for individuals to invest in education and training that are created by Ihe general design of the tax system can be mitigated with targeted tax concessions. In most OECD countries, employers may fully deduct the costs of employer-sponsored training for income-tax purposes in the year the costs are incurred. Such ""expensing"" is similar to business expenditure on intangibles, such as advertising and R&D, but more generous than investment in buildings and machinery where tax relief is spread over time, in line with the assumed rale of depreciation of assets."|SDG 4 - Quality education|tax intangibles training sponsored disincentives|7.570607|4.0183682|3.5302749
890|Civic pressure alone is not enough, however; there must also be receptivity on the part of the state for change to happen. Analysis reveals that there is a powerful association between the character of the state-religion relationship and the degree of gender equality in family law. In countries where the state plays an active role in upholding religious practices, doctrines and institutions, family law tends to discriminate against women. In contexts where political and ecclesiastical institutions are more separated, family law tends to be more egalitarian.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|law family tends state institutions|9.705975|5.0519457|7.2165923
891|Each municipality must ensure that the development (expansion and densification) established by its PRC can be effectively supplied with the necessary public services (i.e. sanitation, transportation, energy infrastructure and other services). The plan is developed and approved by the Municipal Council (Consejo Municipal) after a process of public consultation with the community, including public hearings in those neighbourhoods that might be the most affected by the plan, and with the municipality’s Council of Civil Society Organisations (Consejo Comunal de Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil). After the local government approves the Plan, it must be approved by MINVU’s SEREMI in the region.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|consejo plan municipality approved council|3.8695006|5.4369907|1.776234
892|The GEF has announced new climate finance commitments of US$3 billion from across its focal areas, with at least US$300 million being dedicated to coastal and marine issues over the next four years. Another US$250 million will flow through the GEF's Sustainable Forest Management/REDD+ Incentive Mechanism, which will mobilize US$750 million in grants from other focal areas to tackle the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, while supporting the role of forests in national and local sustainable development plans. Some US$45 million will address the key global drivers of deforestation by expanding the supply of sustainably managed commodities, while more than US$116 million will help to improve food security, strengthen resilience and enhance carbon sequestration in sub-Saharan Africa (Box 26). The US$116 million programme seeks to safeguard ecosystem services by promoting the integrated management of natural resources through projects in 12 countries. The projects will help smallholders to become more resilient to climate change by improving soil health and access to drought-tolerant crop varieties, adjusting planting periods and cropping portfolios, and enhancing on-farm agrobiodiversity.|SDG 13 - Climate action|million focal gef deforestation drivers|1.7339462|4.6356754|3.2270634
893|It is important to highlight that these apply predominately with climate-related aid in mind. There is limited understanding of how the aid effectiveness principles relate to private climate finance mobilised through development finance - and the degree to which private climate finance mobilised by public sector efforts is accountable. For instance, mainstreaming climate change considerations into national development plans may involve introducing carbon-pricing mechanisms that can help to level the playing field between fossil fuel and low-carbon investments (e.g. Morden, 2013 and GoSA, 2013). Capacity development (i.e. strengthening the enabling environments and national capacities to effectively manage climate finance, as well as the international co-operation and partnerships needed to support country ownership) is critical, as outlined in the Busan Partnership for Action on Climate Finance and Development Effectiveness10 (2011).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance mobilised aid development|1.9274641|4.061925|1.4149001
894|For a household with two adults and two children, the threshold level of income guaranteed by the RSI has dropped from 62% of the poverty line in 2009 to 46% in 2013. The changes have hardly affected the incidence of poverty, since most of the affected incomes below the poverty line. However, the reforms have made the poor poorer.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty affected line hardly guaranteed|6.400819|5.8518157|4.9955173
895|The proactive government policies include: automatic stabilizers that sustain household consumption amid shocks, such as unemployment benefits for workers and agricultural price support and insurance for small farms'1; active macroeconomic policies to restore confidence, such as targeted cash transfers and bank deposit insurances; building and maintaining ample fiscal space; and structural and medium-term policies, such as a shift towards countercyclical fiscal policies and deepening domestic financial markets.' Panel B in figure C shows the positive impact on GDP for each country through the application of proactive fiscal and financial policies. The magnitude of the output loss arising from policy uncertainty in the advanced economies can be moderated by an average of 75%. This reduction in the adverse impact of policy uncertainty can offer significant relief to citizens in terms of preserving jobs.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|policies fiscal proactive uncertainty moderated|5.647214|4.979157|3.7656155
896|Only groundwater abstraction was charged since the goal of this policy was to increase the price of groundwater so that surface water would be used instead. The tax was administered by the Ministry of Finance and the Central Environmental Tax Unit. The system also raised complaints from water-intensive industries since the groundwater tax was different for industries supplied by water companies and for those with selfextraction, hence raising competitiveness issues.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater tax industries water complaints|1.5004973|7.5960255|2.2996042
897|According to WHO calculations, in the same year, one in ten households in Greece experienced catastrophic out-of-pocket spending,8 rising to nearly one in three for the poorest households. Physicians’ density in 2014 varied from 2.9 per 1000 population in Western Macedonia and Central Greece to 8.6 per 1000 in Attica (ELSTAT, 2016) (Figure 14). One innovative project co-financed by the EU, the National Telemedicine Network, harnesses the power of telemedicine to reach patients living in remote areas (Figure 15).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|telemedicine greece households figure macedonia|8.9830265|8.974403|2.054515
898|In the wake of the amendments, the 2012 elections saw women win more than one-third of seats in both houses for the first time in Mexico’s history. In 2014, wider-ranging debate on electoral reform led to the revision of Article 41 of the Constitution, which now requires parties to enforce gender parity among their election nominees. The remaining 200 representatives are elected using the proportional representation system through closed party lists in five districts of 40 seats each.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|seats wake win electoral amendments|10.330752|4.191278|6.538818
899|With a few exceptions for some countries in some years, Central and Eastern European countries have experienced steady improvements in life expectancy at birth in both genders since 2005 (Figure 5.1). Life expectancy in males showed greater variation between countries than in females, although the convergence between countries over time has also been greater in males. Life expectancy trends in the remaining EU countries also showed improvements since 2005, but with some erratic changes in recent years (Figure 5.2).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy males life countries showed|9.104638|8.663292|3.3321574
900|The methodology for the assessment relied on desk research reviewing OECD publications, research papers, and national and subnational smart city strategies obtained through government websites. At the national level, the assessment considered not only explicit or dedicated national smart city strategies but also national development plans and strategies, since in many countries elements of smart city strategies are incorporated into the broader framework of these plans and strategies. It found that all of the countries studied have included an element of smart city development in their national development plans and strategies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|strategies smart city national plans|4.089958|4.1441493|1.4750468
901|The study also focused on the importance of cultural heritage as a factor attracting people to stay in the region. According to the study, about 60% of the tourists visited Raros because ofthetown's cultural heritage. In addition, around 40% of guests attending conferences stayed in Raros due to the cultural heritage of the town.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|heritage cultural study stayed visited|4.3798375|4.83219|1.9927002
902|In addition to steps planned by the Norwegian Government, minimum mental health service provision guidelines for municipalities, as well as established patient pathways from primary care, may strengthen access to appropriate specialist services - such as CBT or other talking therapies - for mild-to-moderate disorders across the country. The systematic recording of waiting times for patients following a referral to psychological therapies, published alongside Norway’s existing data on waiting times and referral to depression services, may be a further way of effectively appraising unmet need and disparities across the country. For these individuals, good co-ordination of care, good follow-up in the community following hospitalisations, appropriate long-term support, and sensitivity to patient requests and treatment needs are important parts of securing high-quality care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|therapies referral waiting patient care|10.364102|8.929943|1.7399133
903|The system covers many common nationwide trade skills, in a large variety of industrial sectors. Since its introduction in FY 1959, about 4 million people have become certified skilled workers, and every year there are about 200 000 additional applicants for skills certification (MHLW, 2006; and 2007). These figures suggest, however, that only about 5% of the current workforce is certified.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|certified mhlw fy skills applicants|8.403476|2.7406394|2.7716157
904|Over the same period, this was faster than the average annual growth of coal (1.6 per cent), crude oil (1.5 per cent) and natural gas (1.2 per cent). The growth of modern renewables from 1990 to 2008 was much slower than historical expansions of coal, at 5 per cent per year from 1850 to 1870; oil extraction, at 8 per cent per year from 1880 to 1900; and natural gas production, at 8 per cent per year from 1920 to 1940. Modern renewables (half of which was wind power) accounted for 3 per cent of global electricity production in 2008. Solutions that do not build on the prevailing prime movers and existing energy infrastructure will require decades to make significant dents in the primary energy mix.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cent modern renewables coal year|1.4346871|2.0832677|2.3349466
905|In fact, the United Nations Law of the Sea was a point of discussion during the historic first meeting ofthe Forum in 1971.'Through the Forum, the Pacific region already has a collaborative and integrated ocean management system in place. It strengthens the Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Policy, particularly through stronger provisions in the areas of coordination, resourcing and implementation. It also aspires to protect, manage and sustain the cultural and natural integrity of the ocean for present and future generations of the broader global community.5 At its heart is a desire to build pride, leadership, learning and cooperation across the ocean environment.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean forum pacific resourcing strengthens|0.15744941|5.5521164|5.945632
906|The key is to integrate their use across donor programmes as a systematic and consistent approach. However, this also means that there are multiple entry points and that, although empowerment doesn’t happen overnight, supporting empowerment in one domain - economic, social or political - will have positive effects in the others. Putting in place, and operating, the management mechanisms and processes that will allow a programme or project to be delivered in a way that empowers people takes time and may delay the delivery of physical programme outputs.|SDG 1 - No poverty|empowerment doesn programme delay happen|5.4105363|4.510655|2.6380403
907|The uptake of GHG emissions through forestry and land-use changes was 36.3 MT in 2007, accounting for about 5.8% of total gross emissions. In 2007, energy-related C02 was responsible for 518.7 MT, about 84% of total gross emissions. Average annual growth of energy-related C02 was 4.6% between 1990 and 2007.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mt emissions gross total related|1.2740033|2.9815102|2.2953777
908|Prices should also incentivise behaviour in line with policy objectives promoting the use of public and non-motorised transport. Efficient parking pricing is a highly effective tool. In San Francisco, smart parking meters with real-time fare adjustments have increased the effectiveness of variable-rate on-street parking pricing.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|parking pricing francisco motorised fare|4.0288787|4.7257385|0.61396194
909|Clearer visions and strategies for de facto gender equality as defined by international standards would facilitate improvements for gender equality objectives, including the CEDAW, MENA countries can build on the existing strategies to expand them to include the civic, political and economic rights of women more prominently. Indeed, the institutional history of social rights within OECD countries demonstrates that while rights associated w ith women initially were upheld in relation to maternal functions and reproductive roles, these protections later expanded to include protections for equality in public life and economic opportunities. Effective implementation is critical to ensure that gender strategies go beyond declarative statements and are translated into concrete actions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|protections equality strategies rights gender|9.712211|4.583126|7.2463655
910|In various states and territories in Australia, Belgium (French Community), in various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile (Performance Appraisal) and New Zealand, for example, it is at the discretion of school leaders and evaluators to select instruments and tools to gather information depending on the chosen appraisal aspects and criteria and/or individually defined performance objectives. The instruments and sources of information used to gather evidence about a school leader’s performance may also differ between leadership positions, school principals and deputy school principals. While the costs and efforts required need to be weighed with the benefits of using multiple sources of information, it is essential to gather a feasible amount of accurate, valid, reliable and useful information (Glasman and Glasman, 2010). Such meetings between appraiser and appraisee may simply rely on a checklist that examines whether an appraisal aspect has been demonstrated (Lashway, 2003).|SDG 4 - Quality education|gather appraisal school information performance|9.971953|1.133189|1.5098931
911|In some cases, the poorest households may not be able to afford access to water services. Evidence in OECD countries suggests that affordability of water charges for low-income households is a politically sensitive issue. A variety of approaches have been deployed for this purpose; most involve either direct support from the public budget (e.g. additional direct income support for consumption and/or subsidised connection fees) or cross-subsidisation through the tariff structure (e.g. increasing-block water tariffs, where those who use only a small amount of water pay very little for it while higher levels of consumption are subject to higher tariffs). A balance must be struck between economic/ environmental efficiency and equity objectives.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water tariffs direct consumption subsidisation|1.5158321|7.518781|2.367269
912|Germany has not seen the same sharp increases in housing prices as the United Kingdom, where housing affordability is a major public concern. Low housing supply elasticities, due to restrictive land use, have been argued to be one of the major reasons for decreasing affordability of housing, especially in economically vibrant areas of the United Kingdom (White and Allmendinger, 2003). Moreover, there are additional challenges to uiban containment strategies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing affordability kingdom vibrant major|4.82927|5.6658077|2.1358461
913|Poverty among those with three years or fewer of education is 66% higher than the average for the general population, while it is 34% and 15% higher among those with four to six years and seven to nine years of education, respectively. As for employment type, poverty rates are 90% higher among the unemployed, 23% higher among inactive persons and 18% higher among self-employed workers than in the total population. Poverty rates among wage workers are on average 41 % below those of the general population, further evidence of the crucial role of employment in staving off poverty and indigence. Although poverty fell between 2005 and 2012, some 28% of the population continue to suffer from simultaneous deprivations in different dimensions of well-being.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty higher population years workers|6.571345|6.0483637|5.0103216
914|However, the hospital result is in contrast with the results for the pharmaceutical indicators, where there is no evidence of lower consumption in high expenditure cut countries. This would indicate that the high expenditure cut countries have been able to protect the volumes of pharmaceutical consumed. This paper has provided an overview of the recent literature that examines the links between economic downturns and health outcomes and health care use. It has also summarised some of the main policy instruments that OECD countries have used to reform their health systems and reduce health expenditures.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pharmaceutical health cut expenditure downturns|8.665044|9.119027|2.4149973
915|Borko et Putnam 1995) Concerning the impact of teacher education on student outcomes, it is possible to subdivide this issue into three sub-questions. What is the impact of teacher education on student outcomes? This empirical study is based on data from 50 State-surveys of policies, taken from the 1990-1993 Schools and Staffing survey and the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). It shows evidence that the policies used in the different American States to promote teacher quality (especially those regarding teacher education requirement and certification, as well as continuing training) can be positively related to better student achievements.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher student education outcomes staffing|9.551838|1.594845|2.3827589
916|In 1950-1955,54.2 per cent of older persons (aged 60 years or over) lived in countries where the remaining life expectancy at age 60 was less than 15 years. In 2010-2015 that fraction had been reduced to only 2.1 per cent ofthe population of older persons. Conversely, before the period 2005-2010, no country had a life expectancy at age 60 that was higher than 25 years. Changes from 1950-1955 to 2010-2015 in the distribution of the world’s older population by the level of remaining life expectancy at age 60 are depicted in figure 5.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy older life age remaining|9.127785|8.652283|3.23963
917|An ethnic group generally shares a common sense of identity and common characteristics such as language, religion, tribe, nationality, race or a combination thereof. In other cases, indigenous peoples became minorities as a result of the settlement and colonization of their native territories by other peoples. Those distinctions have important political and practical implications.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|peoples common distinctions thereof nationality|10.202706|2.9311972|2.7391093
918|After the first frequency drop, units serving areas from 1 to 5 will increase their output under signal from TSO, provided that the grid connections have enough transport capacity to bear additional load. For instance, the construction of a new large nuclear plant may require increasing spinning reserves, which would not be needed if several smaller units are built instead. Thus, spinning reserves are potentially a differentiating factor between large reactors and SMRs and could favour the choice of smaller reactors.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|spinning reactors reserves units smaller|1.2611725|1.3328041|1.8535433
919|Creating avenues for safe and successful migration both within a country and beyond its borders constitutes an important means of improving economic outcomes for youth facing widespread unemployment and poor job quality. Likewise, for developed economies experiencing a decline in the share of the working-age population, immigration provides an important means of sustaining employment-driven growth and supporting existing social safety nets. For large migrant-sending countries, workers' remittances from abroad provide an important source of household income and government revenue. Naturally, however, this comes with frictions and risks on both sides.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|important means avenues sides sending|5.9915895|4.296414|3.8502338
920|As for the size of the shocks, it appears to be relevant to retain the trend in the annual average temperature in each country over the last few decades. A complementary proxy of this shock measurement can also be found in a decreasing trend of the average rainfall level. Vulnerability to rainfall and temperature shocks has, again, two main components, corresponding to the previous distinction between exposure and shocks.|SDG 13 - Climate action|shocks rainfall temperature trend average|1.2677858|5.270305|2.2919748
921|School inspections are much better established as an evaluation practice than school self-evaluation, which is not widespread and systematic across the system. Also, student assessment is perceived more as test and measurement rather than learning. The Review Team also formed the impression that there is not enough reflection on the use of results from evaluation activities and the concept of feedback is not yet fully ingrained among school agents.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation school impression inspections reflection|9.844291|1.727191|1.4896618
922|For example, the current practice of issuing construction permits in the absence of a land use plan contributes to encroachment in forests and should be reformed. Forests cover 9 million ha, or 29% of the territory, on a par with the OECD average. The body known as State Forests - Lasy Panstwowe (LP) administers public forests, which currently account for 77% of all forests, by area (Table 4.1).|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests lp reformed issuing par|1.523769|4.8030844|4.0694203
923|It brings together a group of local business owners and women from different walks of life to create a national network that strengthens women’s status in a growing economy. Also a partner in Global Entrepreneurship Week-Lebanon. Women’s groups are tightly linked to the state and are permitted to cooperate only with international women’s organisations that have been sanctioned by the government.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women tightly cooperate strengthens permitted|9.068256|3.4222677|6.63706
924|Based on the assumption that aptitudes are equally distributed across the genders, educating more boys than girls, it is argued, causes “selection bias” and lowers the average quality of those educated. The result is an inefficient allocation of labour, with negative effects on economy-wide labour productivity and growth. On the other hand, gender equality in education has been shown to lower fertility rates and enhance children’s well-being.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|genders educating lowers labour inefficient|9.401946|4.520758|5.911249
925|In Finland several health stations or centres have started to use a depression nurse model. A survey conducted in 2008 in all Finnish health centres indicated that 78% of all health centres had a depression or psychiatric nurse and 61% of centres had adopted a uniform practice for the screening of depression (Partanen et al., Mental health nurses are playing an increasing role in the delivery of mental health primary care services and some countries such as Australia have introduced financial incentives to support and develop this role (Happell et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|depression centres health nurse mental|10.301272|8.964488|1.762883
926|In addition, at the level of plants and units, there is no evidence of any differences in the speed of energy technology change across a wide range of technologies since the nineteenth century (Wilson, forthcoming). Policy has typically focused on technology as the main lever for reducing emissions and it is indeed a powerful driver. Future energy technology change will be as important for determining future greenhouse gas emissions levels as long-term demographic and economic developments over the course of the twenty-first century (Roehrl and Riahi, 2000). Figure 11.4 illustrates the contributions of energy technologies to greenhouse gas emissions reductions, under a high-emissions baseline scenario, required for stabilization at a concentration of 550 ppmv CO e by 2100.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emissions technology greenhouse century energy|1.547761|2.8243022|2.1141129
927|Before 1994 Eskom was responsible for the electrification of the country. Eskom held a state-supported monopoly and would electrify an area upon instruction from the government or connect a consumer if the consumer would pay. There was systematic neglect of full service delivery to the Coloured, Black and Asian communities. In 1994, after the first free election was held, it was estimated that approximately 6 million households (Department of Energy, 2009b) were without electricity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|held consumer coloured neglect monopoly|2.2176433|1.8657049|2.5161602
928|These usually include multiple criteria, each of which requires an understanding of the context of the proposed action. For example, the Cancun Adaptation Framework (established in 2010 at COP 16) invites all Parties to plan, prioritise and implement adaptation actions (UNFCCC, 2010). Parties agreed at COP 17 in Durban that adaptation planning is a “continuous, progressive and iterative process” (UNFCCC, 2011).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation cop unfccc parties cancun|1.0905894|4.8164864|1.536378
929|"China's energy consumption and carbon emissions will continue to rise. These aspects are shown as the baseline scenario in figure 1.8. Under this ""innovative, inclusive and sustainable growth” scenario, China is pursuing holistic structural reform, which helps the country to sustain relatively high rates of economic growth even as the labour force shrinks and capital accumulation slows, while it realizes shared and green development."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|scenario china slows growth accumulation|1.9479139|3.2218835|2.5322304
930|For a detailed discussion, see OECD, 2016a.) However, as in OECD countries, gender pay gaps in emerging economies are only partially attributable to observed differences in worker and job characteristics (Chapter 12). Attitudes, social conventions and institutions and discrimination probably play an important role in pay differentials between men and women, though they are hard to measure. And when female workers are employed full time they typically spend a much larger share of their time on additional housework (including childcare) than men who are full-time workers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|time pay workers men housework|9.115173|4.3374047|5.81254
931|In addition, as many as 40 countries or areas had less than 10 per cent female representation (see Statistical Annex). Seven women held this position in the parliaments of Africa (all sub-Saharan), four in Asia (two in Southern Asia and two in Central Asia) and six in Latin America and the Caribbean (of which 4 in the Caribbean). The proportion of female candidates for lower or single house of parliament tended to be low in countries within the less developed regions, being predominantly in the range of zero to 30 per cent in the last elections (table 5.3).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|asia caribbean female cent parliaments|10.570411|4.312283|7.137684
932|A focus on health outcomes started in 1992 with the government strategy “Health of the Nation” (Department of Health, 1992a), which built on the earlier WHO document, “Health for All by the Year 2000”. Mental illness was included as a key part of this strategy, which set targets to reduce morbidity and mortality due to mental illness, and was followed by implementation strategies in the Mental Illness Key Area Handbooks (Department of Health, 1993; Department of Health, 1994; see also Jenkins, 1994). “ Building Bridges” (Department of Health, 1995) set out the vision for inter-sector liaison around mental health and “The Spectrum of Care” (Department of Health, 1996) set out the range of services and interventions envisaged as part of local services for mentally ill people. The Quality Outcomes Framework (QoF) was introduced in 2004 alongside PbR, as a performance management and incentive payment scheme for General Practitioners (GPs) in England, and includes mental health care indicators (see section 5.2).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health department mental illness set|10.2085085|9.133245|1.8201485
933|But it has been difficult to sustain these gains and to translate them into an adequate standard of living. Economic policies have either undermined women's social gains or failed to support them through improved labour market opportunities. Gender gaps are narrowing in some domains, but entrenched and growing wealth inequalities mean that poorer women are being left behind. To sustain and amplify women's hard-won gains requires a different set of economic and social policies, as the following chapters will elaborate.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gains sustain women won elaborate|9.070276|4.6779113|6.2358146
934|"Rather, major concerns have centred on food insecurity in the presence of trade surpluses, and how to invigorate agriculture to promote growth and employment in populous rural communities, where unlike the experience of most countries, the size of average land holdings continues to decline. A range of supply side programmes such as input subsidies for fertilisers, irrigation, electricity and farm credit, coupled with investments in irrigation, are designed to encourage higher yields and production. A range of market support prices are set to cover costs and improve farmer returns. High food subsidies help poor consumers: in September 2013, India enacted a new National Food Security Act (NFSA), which is now implementing the most ambitious “right to food"" programme yet to be applied in history, covering over 800 million people and providing 60 kg of food grain per person each year at prices that are about 10% of current retail prices for food grains."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food prices irrigation subsidies range|4.2125034|5.3570194|4.304581
935|This implies that African countries and development partners need to invest more resources in gathering data and refining the methodologies to establish baselines and monitor progress. Data and metadata for this indicator are available, and latest data for the majority of African countries are from 2014. For Africa, the proportion of the urban population living in slums declined to about 34 per cent in 2014, from 37.5 per cent in 2010 - a 3.6 per cent. The decline in the proportion of people living in slums can be attributed to the slum redevelopment and affordable housing programmes that several countries in the developing regions, including in Africa, have rolled out in the past years.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|slums cent african data proportion|4.5393186|5.1377983|2.312935
936|"The enactment of legislation banning female genital mutilation has, in some instances, resulted in communities changing from practicing one type of female genital mutilation to another type so as to avoid punishment,9 or in lowering the age of girls subjected to female genital mutilation so as to hide the practice from the authorities more easily or to minimize the resistance of the girls themselves.10 These experiences have reinforced the importance of ensuring that legislation is drafted with all possible risks, backlashes and misuses taken into consideration, and of consistently monitoring the impact of legislation. They are interconnected with each other, as well as with other forms of violence and discrimination against women. Forced marriages result in sexual violence in many cases, particularly since many countries exempt marital rape from being a punishable offence. In a number of countries, victims/survivors of rape are forced to marry the perpetrator of the violence as this is seen to restore the family’s “honour” which was deemed to be tarnished by the woman being considered to have engaged in pre-marital or extra-marital “sexual relations""."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mutilation genital marital legislation violence|9.839274|5.473058|7.3658423
937|Overall, the policy instrument mix in Mexico is largely dominated by the use of subsidy programmes, many of which also serve poverty alleviation goals. The mix tends to focus more heavily on conservation and sustainable use of forestry resources. Mexico has 174 federal protected areas covering, in all, 25.4 million ha, or 12.9% of the national territory, in 2010.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mix mexico alleviation dominated use|1.8092601|5.460064|3.3206267
938|A different example is furnished by the Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology (Greece), which initiated a research collaboration with the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN); the aim is to create a business incubator to diffuse CERN’s existing technologies to the region’s private sector. The main purpose of innovation vouchers is to build linkages between SMEs and public research institutions, which will: i) stimulate knowledge transfer directly between public research and business; and ii) act as a catalyst for the formation of longer-term, more in-depth relationships (OECD, 2010d). Voucher programmes have been implemented in many countries, including Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. While the outcomes of collaborations also vary, there are many examples of successful collaborations that have led to the introduction of new or improved products, services or processes by SMEs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|collaborations research smes business voucher|5.577345|3.3913147|2.5102637
939|They are often implemented in a non-transparent manner, with little consultation, and add to the cost of importing. For example, every shipment of fresh food of plant origin must be tested for chemical content in Indonesia before being released; imports of chicken leg quarters from the USA are still banned for halal reasons since trade was halted in 2000; importers of animal products require import approval for shipments; and ports of entry are being reduced in number. This is done to ensure an adequate supply of these products on the domestic market. Exports of coffee, rubber, manioc (to the EU) and bananas and pineapple (to Japan) are controlled to meet international obligations or to maximise returns from the market.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|products shipment bananas leg shipments|4.0589185|4.7413487|4.13038
940|Within the Africa region, the general trend is highly diverse, with notable progress between 2000 and 2012 recorded in Ghana (net increase of 38.6 per cent), Rwanda (26.9 per cent), Morocco (25.7 per cent) and the United Republic of Tanzania (22.5 per cent); slight stagnation in others; and severe declines in Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Mali and Niger. Subregional differences are shown in figure 3.7, with North and Southern Africa having higher schooling rates than the other sub-regions, and Central Africa scoring significant lower for women - a dramatically low 2.5 years of schooling for girls and the widest gender gap (almost two years). This has been a critical factor in arriving at close to universal primary education enrolment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent africa schooling arriving cote|9.646325|4.2446413|5.7668266
941|The approval process for local-level planning instruments (e.g. PLADECO, PRC) is not structured to accommodate an integrated urban programme, as it evaluates projects individually. This leads to a possibility of approving initiatives that are more aligned to national or regional priorities than those that are critical to meeting local needs. In this sense, Antofagasta’s planning is at risk of being captured by the approval process.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|approval planning antofagasta approving process|3.9120948|5.501364|1.6114393
942|"Thus, in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by 2030 and the gender gap not longer exists. Thus, in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by 2030 and the gender gap not longer exists. Testing the Speed of Convergence on a Panel of OECD Countries"", Research in Economics, Vol."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|exists assumed scenario observed reach|9.067776|4.273663|5.6741343
943|The ISO also updated the Committee on its technical specification about requirements and guidelines for the quantification and communication of greenhouse gas footprints. China, the European Union. Mexico, New Zealand, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei and the United States - shared experiences on their domestic efforts to promote legally harvested timber and combat illegal logging.|SDG 13 - Climate action|taipei footprints quantification iso harvested|1.263686|3.6717784|1.3081931
944|Therefore, tackling one factor in isolation from the others is highly unlikely to have the desired effect of reducing violence. On the contrary, it could be counterproductive and ultimately escalate violence. Despite significant improvements in a number of areas, the labour market gaps confronting young people in the LAC region continue to be wider than those in OECD countries and those of adults. Furthermore, progress has been uneven across countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|violence counterproductive confronting lac tackling|9.688818|5.124438|6.993771
945|Relatively, increase in agricultural land has impacted forests in a severe manner when forest land has been cleared, for example, for plantation or agro-industrial estates. Agricultural expansion may not always occur on forest land. It is important to note that in the case of Cambodia the conversion of forest land for ELCs since 1990, including mining, has had a significant impact on forests.|SDG 15 - Life on land|land forest forests estates plantation|1.5852629|4.550899|4.093768
946|However, although indicating that water is not scarce, this is an average consideration; furthermore, there are differences between WSS companies. Water losses are generally high to very high in most of the utilities. With regard to water quality, anthropogenic water uses/functions are safeguarded with the sound functioning of aquatic ecosystems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water wss anthropogenic aquatic indicating|1.3241944|7.2280936|2.5615237
947|In addition, the due diligence obligation of States to prosecute, punish and compensate for human rights violations committed by non-State actors has also become a well-recognized international norm. States should ensure that women victims of human rights violations have access to immediate means of redress and reparation, that perpetrators are prosecuted and punished, and that mechanisms for this are accessible to women. The obligation to provide adequate reparations includes ensuring the rights of women to access both criminal and civil remedies and the establishment of effective protection, support and rehabilitation services for survivors of violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violations obligation rights women punished|9.802613|5.20704|7.5731077
948|The group described as developed middle class and above encompasses workers in developing countries who are equivalent to the lower end of the middle class in the United States and who are able to afford most international consumer goods (Kapsos and Bourmpoula, 2013). Based on the data presented, there is little evidence of a large or substantial employed middle class in the LDCs, which may have negative implications for wider economic growth, investment and employment generation. However, other evidence suggests that in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, over the past 20 years the middle class has been growing quite rapidly (African Development Bank, 2011; Ravallion, 2009a). The ODC sample comprises 32 developing countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|class middle evidence ravallion developing|6.055153|4.7282763|4.263234
949|Both of these new sectors were again based on natural resources. The bauxite mineral deposits were dug out of the soil in the hills of central Jamaica, and the hotels on the north coast of the island offered holiday-makers sun, sand and sea. Both were high-energy consumers, with the mining sector accounting for almost half of the national consumption of imported petroleum in some years. Government incentives stimulated investment in capital-intensive, import-dependent production of consumer goods. In the era of cheap energy, little attention was paid to the energy intensity of the production processes, especially because of the rapid growth of the domestic market for both basic consumption goods and luxury items for high-income households.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|energy goods holiday consumption luxury|1.6650367|2.6283443|2.5424836
950|However, substantial climate-related finance appears to flow from non-DAC member countries such as the Russian Federation (Government of Russian Federation, 2015). Moreover, as of 2014, the Chinese Export-Import Bank provided about 46% of Tajikistan’s total external public debt as loans, although this was not limited to climate-related projects (World Bank, 2015). Further, about 80% of foreign direct investment flows to Azerbaijan were intended for the oil and gas sector in 2014; the OECD DAC CRS database shows the largest amounts of climate-related development finance in the country in 2013 and 2014 were committed to the waste management and road transport sectors.|SDG 13 - Climate action|dac federation russian related climate|1.7493255|4.0488343|0.9585929
951|Municipalities thus often formulate structure plans to show the consistency of land-use policy in the municipality . Land-use planning falls mostly into the jurisdiction of local governments since it is place-based by definition and context-specific (OECD, 2017, forthcoming). Monotowns and cities of oblast significance, for example, face very different problems.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|monotowns land oblast formulate jurisdiction|3.9470172|5.6015515|1.6930548
952|This was reasonably participatory, and in line with Ethiopian government normal practice. However, there has not yet been much outreach of the CRGE’s plans, and so the CRGE is not yet fully internalised among the many stakeholders who need to understand it: they understand the GTP better. Nevertheless, further consultation is planned as CRGE implementation proceeds. Each local community will formulate its own work programmes and by-laws to guide and govern the actions of its members towards greater climate resilience.|SDG 13 - Climate action|crge understand internalised reasonably govern|1.8521972|4.4546638|2.2461758
953|Even where long-term savings outweigh initial investments, end users may fail to choose energy-efficient options because of financial constraints. Projects and programmes aimed at facilitating financial support therefore play a key role in removing barriers to EE investment, in particular in developing countries.51 Energy savings resulting from EE investment by end users reduce the need for new investment in energy supply capacity. Whereas most supply-side investments would be made by a small group of actors, mainly large energy producers and distributors, the additional investment in end-use sectors will have to be made by a large number of small investors. The IEA therefore emphasizes that shifting investment from the supply side to the end user requires viable financing frameworks (IEA, 2006).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investment end energy ee supply|2.2402887|2.875679|1.8850416
954|Across the OECD, countries spend 0.02% to 0.4% of GDP on PES and administration and another 0.1% to 1.7% of GDP on other ALMPs. Ideally, evaluations cover various aspects of the implementation of new policies and programmes and help to understand what effects the policies and programmes had, for whom and why. Performance management and programme evaluations allow the continuous improvement of policies and programmes, or the termination of unsuccessful ones, demonstrate accountability and justify government expenditure on PES and ALMPs. This also requires a strategic view, giving due weight to qualitative outcomes and broader and longer-term considerations.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|almps pes evaluations programmes policies|9.493557|1.9320024|1.6366993
955|Schools and local authorities (rayons) have little flexibility to invest more in human resources (by increasing staffing levels or raising teacher salaries) if these are more acutely needed, or alternatively to invest in physical resources (school buildings, school equipment such as smart boards), if the existing ones are insufficient or outdated. Overall, local and regional governments have very little spending discretion as norms determine how resources should be allocated and intergovernmental transfers have a very limited equalisation effect. Another issue of concern is the lack of consultation with stakeholders, which means that education strategies might not fully reflect the rich diversity of the country. The amount devoted to school education, 2.1% of GDP, is considerably below the OECD average of 3.6%, although the latter also encompasses post-secondary non-tertiary expenditures.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school invest resources little acutely|9.371495|2.1310399|2.4991415
956|However, such back-up power increases the overall costs of the systems. Other types of hybrids are also possible, such as photovoltaic-wind hybrid systems, which take advantage of the varying availability of the solar resource and the wind resource, allowing each renewable resource to supplement the other, and increasing the overall capacity factor. This includes, for instance, the introduction of off-grid solar PV products that are much smaller than the traditional 20-50 watt solar PV systems (sometimes called “pico-PV”).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|pv solar resource systems wind|1.6435258|1.638313|2.075521
957|Between 2007 and 2013, the Czech authorities observed an increasing prevalence of high-risk methamphetamine abuse, including by injection. In 2014, an increase in amphetamine abuse was reported by Germany while stable or decreasing trends in amphetamine abuse were reported by Cyprus, Finland, Portugal and the United Kingdom. It is estimated that some 1.8 million Western and Central European young adults between 15 and 34 years of age have used “ecstasy” in the past year.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|abuse amphetamine reported injection methamphetamine|8.332075|10.227427|3.5564363
958|Climate risk screening is now applied to all IDA projects, and will be extended to other World Bank operations in early 2017. The Bank's 2016 Climate Change Action Plan recognizes climate change as a threat to its core mission of poverty reduction, and makes a commitment to moving from early screening to ex-ante planning with a climate lens, in support of countries' INDC/NDC implementation (World Bank, 2016). A key challenge, and one which will be exacerbated by expected increases in climate variability, is the inability of both farmers and financiers to fully manage the impacts of seasonality on cash flows. This requires not only a significant increase in the amount of capital available but also longer maturities (of 5 to 7 years) and more flexible repayment schedules that are adjusted to cash flows.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate screening bank cash flows|1.6840216|3.958802|1.1310034
959|Indeed, many multilateral development banks, bilateral agencies and NGOs are now mandated to achieve climate change co-benefits while contributing to the core organisational mandates of poverty reduction and broader development outcomes. Some institutions go further still, for example, AFD mainstreams climate change mitigation into its operations by measuring the carbon footprint of its whole development finance portfolio (AFD, 2012)12. All recipients and some supporters and providers consider aligning climate finance behind priorities outlined in national climate change action plans as an important principle for effectiveness.|SDG 13 - Climate action|afd climate change finance development|1.6971563|4.1733437|1.1817157
960|The project includes investments in infrastructure, sector reform, and training to strengthen airport operations and management capacity, as well as project support. While the project is still ongoing, some challenges have already risen. For example, procurement and contract management require daily on-site technical support to resolve issues, ensure progress and enhance institutional capacity. Local circumstances, such as adverse weather, can also delay the construction schedule (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 12).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|project airport capacity story resolve|4.333602|4.5204086|1.1796378
961|Recent research indicates that less than 3% of all active agricultural holdings obtain income from sources other than agricultural production (an increase from 2.5% in 2006). There are approximately 1.1 million economic entities in rural areas that are not associated with agricultural activity (REGON). On the one hand, there are many successful examples of rural businesses in Poland and, as will be discussed, a wide range of supports are available for both new and established businesses (see Box 2.7 for examples of rural entrepreneurship in eastern Poland).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|agricultural rural poland businesses examples|4.221459|5.1554675|3.377602
962|This is also true for standards, which risk becoming obsolete if they fail to keep up with technological progress and more general energy-efficiency trends. A first step in addressing this concern is initiating and harmonizing efforts to obtain energy-intensity data. Once data are collected, country energy performance can be assessed and explained, and cross-country comparisons made - to know where progress is considerable and where it is not.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy progress obsolete country data|1.9438654|2.87292|2.420323
963|These models are all PPPs involving an academic-industrial consortium pursuing collaborative research, typically over seven to ten years. The level of subsidy is typically high in order to encourage fundamental research, involving PhD education that strengthens the role of the collaboration in human capital formation. Evidence from international evaluations about these programmes are strongly positive, but also point to the importance of a balanced governance power between the academic and industrial stakeholders to guarantee successful outcomes.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|involving academic typically industrial phd|5.7588196|3.2645545|2.3807583
964|The report found that lesson learning in CTF mitigation-interventions was “weak to non-existent,” slightly stronger performance for their adaptation activities, and mixed performance for their forestry and pilot programmes. It is therefore important to maximise the impact and effectiveness of climate finance. However, much of the focus to date has been on tracking the quantity of climate finance flows rather than the quality, or effectiveness, of this finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance effectiveness performance ctf existent|1.8148187|4.227105|1.2101989
965|Life expectancy at birth increased rapidly by four years from 70.5 years in 2000 to 74.5 years in 2014 (Figure 1.2) and by more than 20 years since 1970. Infant mortality has decreased from 56.3 to 13.6 per 1 000 population since 1990, which is below the average in Latin America. Child mortality decreased in a similar fashion from 79.7 to 17.5, also below the regional average. In line with the Latin American region as a whole, Peru has considerably narrowed the gap to the average of OECD countries in tenns of main health indicators, with Peru developing even faster than most of its neighbours.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|years peru decreased mortality average|8.84272|8.449595|3.5070734
966|This implies that the level of tax for a litre of diesel should be higher than that for a litre of gasoline, to reflect relative environmental costs. Diesel vehicles also tend to travel further per litre of fuel than gasoline vehicles, as they are often more fuel efficient. This means that social costs such as congestion, noise, accidents and infrastructure wear are also higher on a per litre basis for diesel than gasoline. In the energy sector, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that the sources of around 80% of possible cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 2035 under an energy scenario consistent with international climate goals are already in place or under construction, leaving little room for additional polluting facilities (IEA, 2012).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|litre gasoline diesel iea vehicles|1.743539|3.0675812|2.4259586
967|In the Gaza Strip, the deficit has been estimated at 16-42 MCM/yr (Table 3). Tel Aviv-Yafo in Israel.59 and most of the Gaza Strip (Figure 3). In the Egyptian town of Rafah. Most dramatically, in the Gaza Strip water levels have been dropping at rates of up to 1 m/yr and water levels in many areas now lie near or below sea level. In the northern Gaza Strip, groundwater levels have dropped by about 5 m in the period 1969-2007, while a drop of over 15 m was observed in the Rafah area in the southern Gaza Strip, with a clear acceleration from 1998 onward [Figure 5).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|gaza strip yr levels onward|0.70900935|7.5308356|2.8857653
968|Estonia provides a positive experience on how to use payment methods to promote preventive care by primary care doctors (IMF, 2010). Also “sin” taxes (e.g. on alcohol and tobacco) change relative prices. They are the most intrusive form of government intervention as it encroaches on people’s choices.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care tobacco imf preventive doctors|8.720873|8.894664|2.205685
969|The IUDF is expected to contribute to strengthening rural-urban linkages, and promote urban resilience and urban safety. These goals inform the priority objectives of nice policy levers: i) integrated uiban planning and management; ii) integrated transport and mobility; iii) integrated sustainable human settlements; iv) integrated uiban infrastructure; v) efficient land governance and management; vi) inclusive economic development; vii) empowered active communities; viii) effective uiban governance; and ix) sustainable finances. The current urban legislative framework in Viet Nam, despite its considerable extent (e.g., laws, plans, strategies and programmes) (Table 2.2), has a very similar caveat as the current urban policy frameworks.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|uiban urban integrated governance current|4.121932|5.070784|1.6572578
970|Both maternity leaves and parental and paternity leave are considerably longer in Europe and in English-speaking countries, except for the United States, which lags behind even by comparison with the poorer Latin American countries. The socioeconomic status and gender of domestic workers, the great majority of whom are women, are inevitably intertwined, so the way in which the State addresses their labour conditions indicates the value it affords to the two types of equity. Any measure that improves conditions for domestic workers promotes both dimensions of equity. Yet, in the medium and long term, formalizing domestic workers’ labour conditions can foster collective efforts towards more institutionalized sequential and defamilializing measures.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|workers domestic conditions equity intertwined|9.053419|5.1524663|5.655284
971|However, precise estimations of the size and nature of the energy efficiency gap of the food chain have not yet been calculated. In many cases, the implementation of these approaches is a “win-win” situation for the producer, as the energy cost reductions achieved through implementation quickly repay the capital investment that is required. In the majority' of cases, a payback time of five years or less can be achieved and, for a significant proportion of the technologies, the payback is three years or less (Golaszew'ski et al., Moreover, important efficiency gains can be achieved w'ithout capital investment, by introducing procedural and behavioural changes.3 Reducing food waste, for example, provides high potential for energy savings through resource efficiency and offers an important untapped energy-efficiency potential which policy could address (Mehlhart et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|efficiency payback achieved win energy|2.1276753|2.694474|2.541174
972|Guidelines for schools could be provided as part of a practical toolkit for all aspects of school evaluation (Chapter 3). At the same time, as pointed out in the sections on challenges, there are concerns about the lack of systematic teacher appraisal practices at the local level. Teachers in Denmark are entirely dependent on local capacity and willingness to benefit from appraisal and feedback to improve their practice.|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal toolkit local pointed willingness|9.766825|1.4676263|1.4717919
973|To cover these, 87% of the population have voluntary health insurance and there is help for those who cannot afford it. Out-of-pocket payments are low overall, but the share of private expenditure is high compared to the EU average. However, despite the strong primary care system, there is a lack of coordination and integration across levels and sectors, causing discontinuity of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|discontinuity care causing pocket afford|8.6207075|8.725475|2.2380407
974|South African women formed a Parliamentary Women's Group (PWG) soon after the 1994 elections. The name itself is significant: opposition parties did not want the body to be called a caucus, as their male colleagues would see this as 'selling out' party interests. According to Xingwana, this played an important role in the early days as women sought to navigate new corridors of power. However the PWG soon broke up into women's caucuses within parties.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|soon women parties caucus navigate|10.399025|4.4309125|7.2077427
975|This is in recognition of the impact the socio-economic background of students has on their academic achievement. A range of compensatory educational programmes such as the Community Teachers Programme, the Teacher + Teacher Programme, the Tutorials Project and the Educational Commitment Programme provide schools with greater opportunities to offer the necessary support for students with greater needs. However, there are three aspects which require further reflection. This might reduce the transparency of funding to schools while increasing the complexity of resource distribution. Second, other policy issues such as student repetition and teacher deployment to individual schools have not received enough attention in terms of the inequities they introduce in the system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher schools programme educational greater|9.629993|1.997298|2.111765
976|They are also encouraged to work towards ensuring effective enforcement of the legal framework in order to ensure equality and non-discrimination among all citizens, notably in view of changing social attitudes, and to challenge discriminatory social norms and practices. Under these laws, which are based to varying degrees on religion, women do not share the same rights as men to pursue a profession, engage in travel or head a family. This affects economic outcomes and the application of egalitarian employment and entrepreneurship provisions. Discussions at the national and international levels testily to the fact that the personal status laws influence social values.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|laws social egalitarian religion degrees|9.402894|4.524053|6.7863297
977|Positioning and functioning of organisations such as HAS (Haute Autorite de Sante) in France and NICE (National Institute for Clinical Excellence) in the United Kingdom could provide inspiration. The reconsideration of HTA is especially relevant in relation to the functioning of SSI and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Institute of Turkey when it comes to decisions on quality and safety of products and services related to access to the Turkish market and reimbursement via the health insurance funds. For more than 20 years specific health-care services, often from private providers have been seeking ISO certification or accreditation by foreign accreditors in the health-care field such as the Joint Commission International, the international branch of the US Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Health-care services. The Baskent University Network is an example of a private entity that has been successful in the application of both ISO standards and JCI accreditation over a period of 20 years in what is now a network of 12 hospitals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|accreditation iso health functioning joint|9.206015|9.410264|1.8715992
978|Other work can also be performed and referrals are easier, as is emergency transport. Wherever childbirth takes place, it is essential that the person who helps has the core competencies for safe delivery, the necessary equipment and supplies, and the option to refer to a functioning facility offering emergency obstetric and newborn care. However, the current coverage of care in the first hours and days after birth in most developing countries is low.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|emergency obstetric newborn referrals childbirth|8.838397|8.16659|3.8441386
979|This was done by comparing the survey entries for income with figures from an estimate of household income and spending taken from each country's System of National Accounts (SNA), prepared for this purpose using official information. In most countries, household income included the imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. The period 2002-2008 was also characterized by a reduction in the total number of poor and indigent persons (41 million and 26 million, respectively).|SDG 1 - No poverty|income sna million entries indigent|6.675473|5.653673|4.9761662
980|Yet decades after the fall of the Soviet Union, significant backlashes to women’s equality and power have occurred. Dedicated funds are not regularly set aside to perform gender assessment at the design stage or to monitor and evaluate outcomes. In addition women are being slotted into gender-stereotypical and lower-paying career paths in universities and are leaving high-earning careers, such as engineering. This has the potential to increase the wage gap in the region, further deepening segmentation of an already gender-segmented labour market and decreasing women’s economic productivity, financial sustainability and autonomy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender women deepening segmented segmentation|9.300557|3.7878985|5.9574385
981|Further extending the green purchasing requirements to local governments would enhance the effectiveness of the policy, in particular since a large share of public expenditure is invested locally. In expanding its green purchasing policy, the government should make sure that it targets goods and services with the highest potential environmental returns. This outcome was achieved with minor increases in public expenditure. Since the introduction of the green public procurement policy, the market shares of eco-friendly products widely used in the public administration have substantially increased (Figure 9). According to MOE’s estimates, the national government’s green purchasing policy resulted in a reduction of C02 emissions by 89 500 tonnes in 2006, which is equivalent to the amount of C02 emitted by a town of 42 000 inhabitants. The financial implications of Japan’s green public procurement policy and the overall costs to the Japanese economy of achieving such emission reductions should be assessed and compared with the costs of alternative policy measures.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|green purchasing policy public procurement|1.859896|3.750951|2.2231276
982|There are unique capacities required relating to environmental management and governance in the sector, and unique elements of the enabling environment. But the practical CDE tools that can help build capacity have relevance across sectors, and the energy sector in particular can be expected to benefit from the overarching CDE guidance currently under development. Most importantly, this includes increased focus on sustainable energy sources of relevance to the majority of the population, and increased focus on efficiency of energy use.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|relevance unique energy focus increased|1.8721721|2.8698318|2.1252367
983|Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary teachers have a common salary scale but a different salary scale exists for upper secondary education (the rationale for this differentiation relates to the level of initial qualifications required, i.e. bachelor’s or master’s degree). In addition, a great number of salary scales coexist for upper technical and vocational secondary education. Teachers in management functions have separate salary scales.|SDG 4 - Quality education|salary secondary scales upper teachers|9.539631|1.3632288|2.5827935
984|Open and expansive data will also serve to estimate population changes and density variations at intracity levels. These registries inform land consumption rates relevant to this indicator. For example, the e-Government Domain, within the Regulatory Programme Development Area at UN/CEFACT, is developing two white papers aimed at reviewing both the technical applications of Blockchain to UN/CEFACT deliverables on data exchange, and another on use-cases in a wide variety of areas of application in which this technology could provide opportunities for efficient, effective and trusted systems. Several countries, such as The Netherlands, India, Kenya and Switzerland have already begun piloting blockchain-based land registry systems, which are expected to have a significant impact on promoting inclusive and integrated urbanization through the principles of immutability of records and system decentralization. Participatory, transparent, accountable urban planning and management, and the creation of an enabling environment, are important steps in assessing how national and local governments involve people, communities and organizations in implementing, monitoring, and evaluating SDGs policies and programmes such as urban planning.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|blockchain decentralization planning registries piloting|4.051128|2.5977993|2.0510662
985|In addition, housing vulnerability of applicants is currently not taken into account. Finally, the maximum housing price is quite high (2 000 UF, or more than 90 000 USD in the case of middle-income families) which makes applying attractive for better-off families (OECD, 2012b). The government has recently revised the system, criteria and reliability of the means proxy test (Ficha de Proteccion Social). In addition, the new DS49 subsidy (i.e. the main subsidy for vulnerable groups), includes different (and some additional) variables for eligibility,20 which will likely better target subsidy allocation to the most vulnerable segments.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|subsidy housing vulnerable families proteccion|5.014105|5.76564|2.270155
986|It then uses this to identify measures to reduce vulnerability of its agricultural systems (GoB, 2010). In addition, information on good practices and lessons learned relating to assessing climate impacts and vulnerability has been developed by UNFCCC (e.g. UNFCCC, 2009). Information on impacts and vulnerability was included in many countries’ INDCs, but often in quite a summarised manner, e.g. outlining the key environmental vulnerabilities of a country.|SDG 13 - Climate action|vulnerability unfccc impacts outlining summarised|1.2832485|4.7913456|1.6730067
987|Developed by Industry Skills Councils or enterprises, each package is a set of nationally-endorsed standards, qualifications and guidelines used to recognise and assess the skills and knowledge people need to perform effectively in the workplace. The packages prescribe outcomes required by the workplace, not training or education. They are generally reviewed and resubmitted for endorsement every three years; however, within the three years, changes may occur under a continuous improvement process. Additionally, in the ECEC sector, national training packages have been developed for Certificate III, Diploma and Advanced Diploma in Children’s Services through the Community Services and Health Industry Skills Council.|SDG 4 - Quality education|diploma packages skills workplace industry|8.792547|2.7740607|2.267698
988|In Burundi, for example, 2 per cent or less of women above statutory pension age are in receipt of a pension compared to 7 per cent of men. The largest gender gaps in coverage, however, are found in Egypt and Jordan, where 62 per cent and 82 per cent of men, respectively, receive a pension compared to only 8 per cent and 12 per cent of women. While some European countries have achieved high coverage rates among women, their benefits levels are often only a fraction of those of men. In addition, key pension design features systematically penalize women, further reinforcing their socio-economic disadvantage in old age.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent pension women men coverage|8.427575|5.397054|5.2753515
989|Engaging teachers as co-designers in the implementation of technology-enhanced learning activities results in the greatest integration of technology-rich activities in teachers’ practices compared with them being re-designers or simply executors of designed activities (Cviko, McKenney and Voogt, 2014). This gives agency to teachers as learners and fosters the development of professional learning communities (Lieberman, Campbell and Yashkina, 2015). In order to understand how TEPIs develop, the SITES-M2 study collected information about wider school, regional and national level contexts (Kozma, 2003).|SDG 4 - Quality education|designers teachers activities technology campbell|8.885058|1.4417014|1.855667
990|"Enrolment in post-secondary' career and technical education has also been rising. This part of the system is highly decentralised and has strengths in its diversity and flexibility in meeting the needs (OECD, 2015|4oi). This is probably particularly appropriate for students who are less suited to continuing in formal education but would benefit from acquiring additional skills to enhance their employability. There are three conditions that help boost the effectiveness of work-based learning."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|acquiring employability suited strengths decentralised|8.415209|2.5346887|2.5865173
991|Wide and persistent gaps in STI capacities, multiple digital divides and insufficient investments in STI limit the discovery, development, dissemination and absorption of technologies that could accelerate the achievement of the SDGs. Alongside resource mobilization, a scaled up and accelerated application of policies is needed to enhance innovation systems for sustainable development and spread the economic, social and environmental benefits of frontier technologies.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|sti technologies absorption discovery divides|4.9456444|3.4218366|2.1887774
992|Therefore, in many cases it is desirable that a third-party ensures the independence of the assessment and its results. It can help to map out the different views held by different stakeholders at the start of a process and identify potential challenges that the process may face (e.g. divergent perspectives regarding flood defence measures between land planners, property owners and government authorities or regarding water resource allocation betw'een farmers, industries and environmentalists). Water governance systems are dynamic, and therefore engagement initiatives need to remain adaptive enough to cope with unforeseen circumstances and changes.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|regarding unforeseen betw een divergent|1.1048677|6.8905215|1.4295954
993|Because the big companies usually put more into the shared fund, they were also traditionally the ones that made most of the decisions. This was partly because employees from the large companies were in many cases specialists, while the owners and employees of smaller businesses were usually generalists, so they did not feel as well qualified as the others to know what works and what does not. The Academy also finds that the way in which courses and processes are presented makes all the difference.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employees usually companies academy finds|8.778737|2.1007397|2.202485
994|In addition, the government has taken some measures to promote efforts by employers to foster good mental health, for instance a guideline on good mental health maintenance and promotion, and a plan to begin the implementation of the Revised Industrial Safety and Health Act in 2015 so that employers are obliged to undertake stress checks and interviews/coaching in order to prevent poor employee mental health. Given the harmful impact that untreated mild-to-moderate disorders can have on employee productivity, employers and insurers in Japan should follow other OECD countries and provide (a greater range) of preventative interventions and services for mild-to-moderate disorders, going beyond information sharing and employment raising. Elderly populations are at risk from disorders such as depression just as the working-age population are, and untreated mental disorders may harmfully impact upon the physical health of older individuals. Elderly populations may be less likely to seek help due to generational stigma, isolation, or poor availability of appropriate services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorders mental untreated health employers|10.216636|8.781117|1.9365581
995|Jane Chapman, independent risk adviser to the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust, conducted a comprehensive governance and risk assessment of Big White Wall. The assessment showed BWW carries an overall low risk for users given the safeguards in place. This could indicate different directions that countries are taking in the development, and prioritisations, in their mental health systems. In Norway, where there is a perceived shortage of psychologists, and in particular nurses and psychologists in schools, the Ministry of Health and Care Services has been directly funding an increase in psychologists to work in municipalities, and this direct funding is due to be allocated to psychologists in schools also.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychologists risk funding assessment wall|10.3821335|8.900134|1.7328268
996|Thus, countries need to look for the underlying factors behind the causes of child mortality (Save the Children, 2009). The direct causes may be pneumonia and diarrhoea, and intermediate causes mental health, health services, etc. There are several contributing factors, e.g., better understanding of the needs of children, improved health care seeking behaviour, and better attention to adequate food and nutrition.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|causes health factors pneumonia better|8.774158|8.443617|3.5949187
997|Data for Belgium refers to the Flanders region, and United Kingdom data include England and Northern Ireland only. To improve skills match in the labour market, the Estonian government has developed a skills forecasting system called OSKA. This new system uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods - interviews with experts in different sectors, surveys of employers, data on salaries, the ages of current workers in different jobs - to identify occupations where labour shortages are likely in coming years. So far, studies of five sectors of the economy have been published, with 15 more to follow in the coming years.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|coming data sectors flanders skills|7.996047|3.6098402|3.400142
998|In addition, different ways of regulating production and organizing labour must be found in order to provide equitable working conditions for women and men and make productive activities compatible with their rights and duties as caregivers (ECLAC, 2007, pp. The drive to create effective conditions of equal opportunities for women did not initially focus enough on the sexual division of labour within the home. The failure to recognize the social responsibility of care resulted in unequal gender relationships in terms of the social identity of caregivers, which is why use of the term dates back to the conceptualization of the status of women (Daly and Lewis, 2000). The point is to ensure not just that care is more readily available —which in itself is essential— but also that the responsibility, the duty, the task and the necessary resources for the purpose are universal, and that people are recognized as holders of this right, which must be satisfied, among other options, with support from the social security systems of each State and from employers (Pautassi, 2007).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|caregivers responsibility women social daly|8.993692|5.1639714|5.93935
999|Combined with suitable opening hours and schedules, these services could also support working mothers and fathers. Conversely, without adequate responses to the tensions between work and family responsibilities, socioeconomic and gender inequalities will continue to deepen and work against equity and development in the region. Section II sets forth an analytical framework to examine these changes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|deepen schedules forth tensions opening|9.060893|5.0879807|5.843995
1000|Because investment is both the binding constraint and the mechanism for social reproduction on the demand side in our framework, we do not give further details on savings dynamics. But there might be some interesting gender dynamics to consider at some point in the future. Erturk and Cagatay (1995) propose that increases in the intensity of women's unpaid work in the household raises savings rates.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|dynamics savings propose constraint reproduction|8.924446|4.71736|5.9419026
1001|The study carries out a comparative analysis of how chronic diseases and related risk factors may impact labour market outcomes in 14 OECD countries. Two sorts of survey data were available for the analysis: longitudinal health and retirement surveys of people aged 50+, and longitudinal employment surveys of the general population. Both population groups are of interest for the study.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|longitudinal surveys study sorts analysis|9.392522|9.021314|2.7223427
1002|In Guatemala, a study showed that children who had received nutritional supplements before reaching the age of 3 earned hourly wages as adults that were 46 per cent higher (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012b). The international community can provide assistance to developing countries in designing such plans in a cost-effective time-bound manner so as to realize the right to food, as well as stimulate rural development, agricultural production and poverty alleviation. Support should also be offered to help integrate the social protection floor plan within the national agricultural strategies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agricultural supplements food realize hourly|4.591117|5.628607|4.3972836
1003|This report provides policy guidance that can help governments achieve this goal, organised around four main areas (i) the choice and design of policy instruments; (ii) how to combine them into an effective policy mix that covers the whole of the product lifecycle; (iii) integrating resource efficiency into cross-cutting and sectoral policies; and (iv) strengthening of data and analysis to support policy development and evaluation. While the focus is mostly on the measures that governments can take at the domestic level, the report concludes by identifying a number of areas where international co-operation, including in the G7 framework, could make an important contribution in moving this agenda forward. To do this without simply displacing environmental burdens across the lifecycle of products or from one environmental medium to another requires the application of policy mixes that create a coherent set of incentives.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|lifecycle policy displacing governments report|1.5433476|3.569985|2.3677225
1004|Attainment is higher in technical postsecondary education, and Canada has the highest attainment rate in tertiary education among OECD countries. Compared to the other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills, adults (16-65 years-old) performed at the average in literacy and below the average in numeracy. Unemployment is below the OECD average.|SDG 4 - Quality education|attainment average postsecondary numeracy performed|9.046008|2.7328699|3.1912565
1005|Dorsett (2006) evaluated this programme. He finds that the subsidised employment option is more effective at increasing young people’s chances of exiting unemployment and securing unsubsidised employment after the programme than the other available options (notably education / training or temporary public employment). In terms of improving the employment probabilities of unemployed youths, they find the largest long-term employment impact for participants in wage subsidies (10 to 20 percentage-point increases in the employment probability over 60 months) followed by job search assistance.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment probabilities youths programme securing|7.9471517|4.5275636|3.9162843
1006|Men can divorce unilaterally by repudiating their wife before a notary civil servant without having to justify their decision, while women have to go to courts and can only file for divorce on a number of specific grounds. These grounds are specified in the family codes and require women to provide evidence that they have suffered a prejudice from their husband. Judicial procedures may take years while repudiation before a civil servant takes only a few minutes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|divorce grounds civil file wife|9.405699|5.267234|6.8962493
1007|They may be kept artificially low for political reasons, which results in power utilities not recovering the full costs of production, meaning that there are insufficient funds to cover operation and maintenance expenses and the capital costs of replacing ageing infrastructure. Tariffs that are subsidised can foster a culture of overconsumption, which can lead to payment difficulties for consumers, especially when high oil prices result in higher tariffs. There is also a lack of standards and certification to ensure that only robust renewable energy equipment is installed in the Pacific.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tariffs artificially recovering costs replacing|1.804518|1.8571271|2.0640106
1008|Ecosysiem services are the benefils people obtain from ecosystems. However, this large-scale exploitation has resulted in a 75% decline in demersal2 fish resources since 1982 (Gascuel et al., The identification of ecological corridors between MPAs, and the pooling of countries' conservation efforts, resulted in the establishment of a regional network of MPAs in West Africa in 2007. Today the network includes 23 MPAs.|SDG 14 - Life below water|mpas resulted network corridors pooling|0.1311706|5.4974694|6.006998
1009|Paraguay was most successful in reducing poverty, by 4.5 percentage points per year from 49.6% to 40.7% between 2011 and 2013, while indigence also fell at almost the same annual rate over the period, from 28.0% to 19.2%. In El Salvador poverty fell by 4.4 percentage points between 2012 and 2013 (from 45.3% to 40.9%) and indigence contracted by 1.0 percentage point (from 13.5% to 12.5%) over the same period. Poverty in Peru decreased by 1.9 percentage points (from 25.8% to 23.9%), and extreme poverty fell by 1.3 points (6.0% to 4.7%). In Chile, meanwhile, poverty decreased by 1.6 percentage points per year, from 10.9% in 2011 to 7.8% in 2013, while extreme poverty fell at an annual rate of 0.3 percentage points per year, from 3.1 % in 2011 to 2.5% in 2013. Ecuador also saw poverty contract at a rate of 0.9 percentage points per year between 2011 and 2013 (from 35.4% in 2011 to 33.6% in 2013), while extreme poverty fell by 1.0 percentage points per year (from 13.9% in 2011 to 12.0% in 2013). The remaining countries (Costa Rica and Uruguay) saw less significant reductions, of around 0.3 percentage points or less, in both poverty and indigence (see figure I.2).|SDG 1 - No poverty|points percentage poverty fell indigence|6.4794183|5.647838|5.271194
1010|If so, how does the government ensure that it can accommodate an increase in renewable-energy based electricity generation ? In addition to reducing costs of generation, wholesale markets increase the flexibility of the electricity network and allow for a more cost-efficient allocation of power generation. Indeed whereas renewable-energy-based electricity generation is subject to fluctuations (including dependence on weather and time of day), demand must always be satisfied.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generation electricity renewable satisfied wholesale|1.8055818|1.6524959|1.9195393
1011|Female youth unemployment is a critical issue in Algeria: 37.4% of women, compared to 18.6% of men aged 16-24, were unemployed in 2010. Unemployment is particularly widespread among female university graduates: 33.6% of women holding a university degree were unemployed in 2010 compared to 11.1% of men. Data shows that the unemployment rate of female graduates is significantly higher, independently of their chosen field of study, which may be ascribed to a supposed “gender-biased” choice. No major gender differences exist with respect to the length of unemployment: in 2011, 74.8% of unemployed men and 71.3% of unemployed women were facing long-term unemployment, defined as unemployment for 12 or more months (Office national des statistiques, 2012a).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unemployment unemployed female men graduates|8.743103|4.084273|5.234303
1012|The book explains how to transform the global energy economy over the coming decades. A BLUE Scenario was developed to explore the energy and technology implications of reducing global energy-related C02 emissions to 50% of the 2005 levels by 2050. If fully implemented, the BLUE Scenario could limit the long-term global mean temperature rise to between 2.0°C and 3.0°C.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|blue global scenario energy book|1.3228534|2.8721282|2.0223546
1013|Lifelong learning can also play an important part in helping adults to define and shape their own identities by exploring their past biographies and framing their aspirations. The priorities for action set at Confintea VI in Belem, Brazil in 2009 provide an indication of key global policy trends. Learning itself can take place in so many different ways and it has become common to recognise a distinction between Formal, Non-Formal and Informal Learning. These distinctions are used widely in policy and there have been some bold attempts to offer formal recognition for the outcomes of informal and non-formal learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|formal learning informal distinctions bold|8.476929|2.4411001|2.391793
1014|Except for Botswana, this reflects the fact that where Commonwealth African countries have been willing to adopt TSMs (see Chapter 4) they have been more willing to do so at the local level (often seen as ‘community affairs’ rather than ‘real politics’) than at the national level. However, because they are appointed, ministers are a litmus test of political will. This is one area in which Heads of State who are committed to gender equality have the power to bring about change in a relatively short time span. There is no direct correlation between levels of women in parliament and cabinet.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|willing botswana span appointed cabinet|10.481494|4.3481455|7.2000265
1015|This helped regions to see the objective in more concrete and achievable terms. For example, one region found that if 34 at-risk Indigenous students attained the QCE, the gap would be closed. Central office efforts also included workshops and leadership sessions for school leaders and regional staff to focus on why improvements were needed and how these might be realised.|SDG 4 - Quality education|achievable realised sessions attained closed|9.809596|2.2612593|2.4940264
1016|On the other hand, Argentina (the second most successful country in reducing child poverty) saw the fertility rate for the youngest poor mothers decline less than for all mothers. In Panama, which ranked fourth in reducing child poverty, the fertility rate among poor mothers rose; this was the only case among 16 countries. For the countries that were least successful at decreasing the child poverty rate (Colombia, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico and Paraguay), the simple average decrease was 27%. These calculations did not include Panama among the countries with the largest drops in the child poverty rate because the fertility rate among poor mothers aged 15-24 in Panama increased.|SDG 1 - No poverty|mothers panama rate fertility child|6.655735|5.8525286|5.293806
1017|How the city accommodates its increasing physical development needs will help determine the success of urban green growth. Getting a city right as it urbanises will be dramatically easier and cheaper than fixing things later. The risk of locking in the urban form should be addressed at the centre of urban green growth policy making.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban green city locking growth|3.3558493|4.690794|1.901976
1018|Tourism provides many wage and salaried positions, and thus could assist the many vulnerable workers in Africa (ILO, 2012a). It is distinct from the vulnerable work indicator, which focuses only and specifically on own-account workers and contributing family work. Public policy can play an important role in promoting better working conditions.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|vulnerable workers salaried work distinct|6.6023235|3.9039311|3.07673
1019|See Section 3.2 for additional information on the LCOE methodology. For consistency, direct and indirect O&M cost increase was not accounted for. Peak-power plants such as reservoir-hydro, oil- and gas-fuelled thermal plants are regularly exploited in this mode, operating only when electricity prices are sufficiently high.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plants lcoe fuelled reservoir exploited|1.4204016|1.8086367|1.8485546
1020|Heat and electricity tariff-setting is based on a global good practice using rate-of-return methodology. Every sector - heat, electricity and gas distribution - has high investment needs, and therefore, attracting capital with a fair return is necessary. For example, in 2015, ANRE approved transport and internal distribution costs of natural gas at MDL 1 551.00 per 1 000 m3, as compared with MDL 616.92 per 1 000 m3 in 2011. This threefold increase in the costs of transport and internal distribution in the span of four years is significant (inflation in the period was only 27.12%) and suggests that in 2011, transport and internal distribution costs were set at a level that did not allow for proper cost recovery and an appropriate rate of return.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|distribution internal return transport heat|1.6023434|2.4645858|1.9286187
1021|This combination represents an opportunity for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous students to become familiar with Indigenous traditions and at the same time encourages a mutual learning process among teachers. Although incipient, there is also an effort to increase the level of awareness about interculturalism among the general population. While the PEIB programme exists since 1996, it was not until 2009 that the Chilean government explicitly established the principle of interculturalism and protection of Indigenous language and culture through the General Education Law, and incorporated Indigenous language into the curriculum.|SDG 4 - Quality education|indigenous language incipient general familiar|10.180376|2.4471285|2.5039277
1022|Some underage women migrants also migrated to escape early marriage. The present study shows that migrant women’s transnational subjectivities are also in a complex process of emancipation, whereby the exposure (for the first time - alone) to a challenging and new reality has helped them overcome entrenched fears and taboos, such as freedom of mobility and segregation during menstruation. Financial independence has often resulted in a means for bargaining for their right to basic assets (e.g.. land) and to play a greater role in the management ofthe household and -at times-also in their communities. The voices of Nepalese migrant women bear witness to the complex layers of emancipation and oppression that should not be simplified but rather further investigated and understood as a set of lived contradictions at several levels. Everyone Is Leaving - Who Will Sow Ourfields? The Effects of Migration from Khotang District to the Gulf and Malaysia.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|emancipation migrant complex women contradictions|8.869651|5.306182|7.068063
1023|Such activities do not directly reduce people’s vulnerability, but train them to adapt to the current climate, to consider future climate change in their decision making and to be prepared for extreme events. Climate change research also supports risk reduction by supplying information that is necessary to understand where training, policy and risk reduction activities are most needed. Finally, coordination activities ensure that there is a dialogue between stakeholders, that research is disseminated and that community of practice is strengthened. Climate change affects each of these sectors differently, calling for tailored adaptation responses. Across the sectors, it is relevant to consider appropriate policy measures, education, training and awareness raising needs, possible research gaps and co-ordination measures. Table 6 provides a few examples of sectoral activities sensitive to climate change as well as related enabling activities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|activities climate change research consider|1.4295257|4.861456|1.6151463
1024|The few existing studies yield mixed results partly due to differences in the structure and quality of VET across countries. Data comparability across countries, the breath of countries involved, and the almost unique presence of information on assessed skills, training, earnings and employment makes this survey especially valuable to study the different facets of VET as compared to more academic education. Focusing mainly but not exclusively on upper secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education, we assume that individuals are exposed to four alternative treatments: 1.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vet secondary facets countries treatments|8.5596285|2.7353582|2.836726
1025|It is also an important winter roosting place for many birds, especially geese. The construction of the Nove Mlyny reservoirs on the Dyje River (1976-1989), intended to provide flood retention and a possibility to enhance low flow during droughts, changed the character of the river below the reservoir, and, besides other changes, reduced spring floods of the neighbouring flood-plain. The most negative impact of river regulation works is nowadays the dredging of the riverbed, causing disconnection of the river-floodplain system, decrease of the water table, and potentially threatening groundwater sources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river flood floodplain plain nowadays|0.7614482|6.981097|2.680362
1026|However, the city's master plan did not accommodate these trends. Car traffic intensity caused significant environmental, safety and economic consequences and required effective solutions. The aim is to strengthen the capacity of local authorities, NGOs and other stakeholders in planning for sustainable urban mobility in Polotsk, and to increase the role of the public and NGOs in adoption, implementation and evaluation of collaborative decisions on urban mobility planning in the city.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ngos mobility city planning urban|4.186866|5.1016636|0.84186673
1027|Its energy intensity is also significantly higher than other countries in the Energy Community. This in part reflects its large industrial base, but is also due to the prevalence of outdated and inefficient production technologies as well as the existence of shadow economy (about 40% of GDP in 2016, as reported by the Ministry of Social Policy). Historically, low energy prices, especially for natural gas, have allowed for the development of inefficient technologies and production processes.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|inefficient energy technologies shadow outdated|1.637671|2.6656475|2.574381
1028|Europe & Central Asia Knowledge Brief, Vol. For example, there is ample scope for improving diet to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. In this context, the Finnish experience (in North Karelia) indicates the sizeable potential benefits that can be achieved from changing diet and other risk factors. As regards substance abuse, taxes on tobacco and alcohol have been increasing but -on the basis of available international data - remain below European standards (Figure 3.17).26 There is evidence that low prices of these products encourage higher consumption of tobacco and spirits (Treisman, 2008). Limiting the influence of producer lobbies would help increase policy coherence and lower substance abuse over the longer haul. Traffic deaths could also be reduced through simple measures to reduce vehicle speed via radars, increased fines from traffic violations and simple speed bumps may be cost-effective policies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|substance tobacco diet abuse speed|9.156821|9.406055|3.0979254
1029|Countries where the immunization rate against measles is below 80 per cent are Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu. In several other countries, however, efforts continue to strengthen routine services in order to ensure consistently high coverage. It is estimated that about 77 million children under 5 years of age are underweight in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific and are therefore at risk. These babies are at a higher risk of suffering breathing difficulties, having feeding problems, having lower immunity to infections and having problems maintaining their body temperature. In 2011, almost 15 million babies were born preterm worldwide, which represents more than 1 in 10 babies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|babies having problems million measles|8.724269|8.696202|3.4257767
1030|Until December 2006, the same variation was applied to both lines. As of 2007, however, the indigence line has been adjusted to reflect changes in the foodstuffs component of the CPI, whereas the part of the poverty line that corresponds to non-food spending is adjusted to reflect changes in that component of the CPI. From 2007 onwards, therefore, the differential between the indigence and poverty lines is no longer constant. In line with its usual practice, ECLAC made corrections to account for a lack of response to some income-related questions (in the case of wage-earners, self-employed workers and retirees) and for probable biases that stem from underreporting.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cpi indigence line adjusted lines|6.3874316|5.927689|5.1610174
1031|Developmental scales were used for tracking changes in six areas: the motor, emotional, social, communication, creativity and functional skills needed for independence. An ecological curriculum using resources from the community was adopted. It is a process or a journey - every journey begins with a first step. An inclusive education programme that does not work with families will not achieve very much.|SDG 4 - Quality education|journey creativity motor begins developmental|9.883176|2.5102909|2.0000947
1032|City Akimats prefer to w'ork with their own statistics rather than with official figures. Job-seekers moving to Almaty, for example, often encounter difficulty finding housing and work legally, so they take refuge in micro-districts on the outskirts of the city where they are not officially registered, do not own property and have limited access to public services (Makhmutova, 2012). In the absence of the cities’ readiness to accept and accommodate new residents, they join informal economic sectors.24 By settling in cheaper peripheral areas around large cities, migrants contribute to urban sprawl. Since land and property prices are high, they usually occupy rural land and build individual houses from the cheapest accessible local materials (e.g. clay) with poor amenities (furnace heating and no central sewage system), and are vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquake and flooding.25 Migrants living in unauthorised housing such as former dachas?6 have no valid address and thus no official status. Not all migrants are highly educated, but they are highly motivated and entrepreneurial. They bring a diversity of skills and competencies to the urban economy necessary for development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|migrants official property housing highly|4.6610217|5.209304|2.2728388
1033|Climate change is closely linked to issues of social justice. Adopting an eco-social approach can promote transformative change by addressing distributional consequences of climate change policies (such as price adjustments, economic restructuring and employment changes) and by tackling the root causes of unsustainable development. Active citizenship, social movements and collective action are central elements in catalysing transformative change that addresses power asymmetries and inequalities. Integrating social dimensions more consistently into green economy approaches can also support climate change adaptation efforts as it will lead to improved adaptive capacities and more equitable participation in the transformation process.|SDG 13 - Climate action|change transformative social climate catalysing|1.4748044|4.8163366|1.9515296
1034|The city-region of Amsterdam then changed from a form of mandatory co-operation into the voluntary partnership of 15 municipalities that it is today whose primary function is the provision of regional transportation, excluding rail (Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, 2012). The group has created a tool (Trans form City) that integrates stoiytelling, data-sharing, co-creation, participatory' democracy, crowdsourcing and crowdfunding. The project aims to engage citizens, businesses, organisations and the government directly in order to exchange information and ideas and collectively plan and change their city or neighbourhood.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city form integrates trans amsterdam|3.9995656|5.334173|1.3309855
1035|To this end, universal health coverage was strengthened in 2016 in order to simplify and unify administrative management. The local organisation of statutory insurance remains fragmented, though payments to providers for the different statutory schemes were unified in 2016 (Auvigne et al., Some statutory schemes have their own networks for revenue collection and may combine the management of health insurance and other social security spending (e.g. occupational risks, pensions and some family benefits).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|statutory schemes insurance simplify unified|8.472317|8.615877|2.1714437
1036|This process, however, has not developed and deepened enough. The state plan is outdated; the state agency lost qualified staff and struggles to promote water reforms; the legislation for collecting water charges was approved but has not been implemented yet due to the drought and administrative burdens; river basin committees have lost connections with the State Water Resources Council; some segments of civil society are mobilised but water users are not fully active. Past attempts to implement the State Water Resources Management System failed, leaving behind harsh recriminations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water state lost struggles harsh|0.9878449|7.369942|1.8075399
1037|Inefficient targeting can increase inequality when higher producer prices or subsidised cereals are not received by the intended beneficiaries. Buffer stock programmes that pair producer price support objectives with the objective of providing lower prices to consumers often achieve only one goal at the expense of the other. Schemes that raise prices for producers frequently lead to higher consumer prices, which is in conflict with the food security objective of the scheme. When large amounts of grains are acquired to build or replenish public stocks, world supplies can be decreased and hence world market prices potentially increased.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|prices producer objective world grains|3.852739|5.0462894|4.0450845
1038|Therefore, the activities of MSMEs have been identified to negatively impact the environment and could erode their long term economic development. Though progress has been made, there is still a need for more sensitisation and support mechanisms to ensure compliance and commitment to environmental standards. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) together with the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) as lead executing agency implemented the Promotion of Green Economic Development (ProGED) project.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|economic executing development msmes erode|2.2717083|4.1420593|2.1234982
1039|The Convention covers women’s right to equality and non-discrimination in the areas of employment and economic life, as well as in civil matters, such as the conclusion of contracts and administration of property. It also requires States parties to ensure the same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property. It includes, inter alia, a specific provision on fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value for women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|administration property equal disposition alia|9.68864|4.941614|7.1069503
1040|Accreditation should be made mandatory for all initial teacher education programmes in public and private universities as a step towards ensuring new teachers are well-prepared and qualified. A national examination should be introduced to recruit candidates to the teaching profession on the basis of more direct measures of teaching aptitude. A formal induction and probation period would help to ensure that beginner teachers are supported and those with potential remain in the profession. Establish a framework for teacher appraisal.|SDG 4 - Quality education|profession teacher teaching teachers aptitude|9.588416|1.2003759|2.2553937
1041|"This largely preventable, but life-shattering medical condition affecting primarily the poorest and most marginalized women and girls has rightly been described as “a stark reflection of inequality at its worst"".161 Its persistence in many developing countries reflects chronic health inequities and health-care system constraints, coupled with broader human rights violations facing women and girls, such as poverty, socioeconomic and gender inequalities, early marriage, early childbearing, and lack of schooling. Millions of women and girls need fistula treatment, but the lack of availability or access to services by skilled obstetric fistula surgeons prevents them from receiving it. In a bid to galvanize momentum to eliminate this medical injury, in October 2014, the report of the Secretary-General, supporting efforts to end obstetric fistula, was released with recommendations that could be implemented, primarily at the national level, to intensify these efforts, within a human rights-based approach."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|obstetric girls primarily medical women|9.513688|5.729218|6.245832
1042|In those areas, those who can afford cars, who find them a more convenient option to low-frequency, inflexible bus services and who can safely operate them have already largely abandoned bus services - even if these services may feed into higher frequency and better quality public transport networks. Those bus users who remain are often captive users who have few alternatives. In these contexts, ride services can be (and have been) seen as a way to deliver the same trips as those delivered by some bus services but at lower overall costs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bus services frequency users safely|4.265981|4.915324|0.424251
1043|Its medical doctors are also recruited from abroad (because there is no medical school in Luxembourg) and are ageing. Although Luxembourg residents tend to come back after professional education and training abroad, this creates a strong dependency on neighbouring countries and competition for scarce health professionals. Cost-containment measures focused on capping hospital expenditure by introducing global hospital budgets, substituting pharmaceuticals with less expensive alternatives and temporary freezing of service providers' tariffs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|abroad luxembourg hospital medical substituting|8.732666|9.17647|2.1538181
1044|Note that this is not a suggestion for a new co-ordinating structure, but rather a novel approach to co-ordinating and improving decision-making amongst existing players. A synthetic study of experiences with business models, with a mandate to examine those that best support integrated watershed management, would be appropriate. It is relevant to note here that each business model has costs and benefits, and that a broad range of variables (including the cost of regulatory and oversight requirements, accountability and management synergies) need to be considered in addition to financial issues. The scenario whereby infrastructure investment planning is led on a project-financing basis, and ease of financing becomes the over-riding criterion, should however be avoided.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ordinating note financing business novel|3.5529723|4.086907|1.9612256
1045|Capacity support should focus on strengthening the skills of borrowers and lenders in identifying and implementing investments that enhance climate resilience and, where possible, contribute to emission reductions. Capacity support to lenders would focus on enhancing their understanding of risks in the agriculture sectors and developing customized agricultural financial products and services to support investments. However, by taking advantage of the trend towards mobile financial services, climate finance can support and further strengthen the development and roll-out of those services that address the needs of smallholders and SMEs for climate-smart investments in remote areas. International climate finance can be used strategically to leverage domestic public funds and private sector financing, as well as additional international public resources.|SDG 13 - Climate action|lenders climate investments support services|1.8861672|4.0256543|1.3695873
1046|"In Europe, grid-level costs for wind onshore represent about 20-65% of the total electricity generation cost for dispatchable technologies, while even higher values are observed for solar and wind offshore; on average, grid-level integration costs for renewables account for about 50% of the total electricity production cost.21 As an illustration of the relation between plant-level and grid-level system costs, Figure 4.9 shows the total costs for the six technologies in the United Kingdom. This analysis, however, does not fully account for other important aspects associated with the introduction of the new technology into the electricity system. The reference system is a mix of conventional dispatchable technology such as gas (CCGT), coal and nuclear based on the respective shares in the national energy mix. The ""new” electricity system is constituted by variable renewable sources, at 10% or 30% penetration level, while the residual electrical load is covered by dispatchable technologies."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|dispatchable electricity grid level costs|1.4112266|1.524358|1.8675926
1047|The intention was to deal with consideration of cross-cutting issues, such as climate change, in a single process rather than using specific stand-alone impact tests. This tool has the potential to reduce administrative burdens from impact assessment and increase consideration of climate change beyond those currently undertaking assessment. As was the case with the Climate Impact Test, it is set to be applied both to new regulations and in cases of substantive revision to existing ones.|SDG 13 - Climate action|consideration impact climate assessment intention|1.301204|4.7757783|1.6047993
1048|It may be restricted to specific uses or by-pass governments altogether; it may be tied to imports of goods and services from donor countries that limit its effect on the domestic economy; and significant amounts of donor funds could serve as a disincentive for governments to increase the effectiveness of their tax systems for mobilizing domestic resources. Current institutions of global economic governance are characterized by unequal power relationships that determine the space within which national governments can act, and not all players have an equal voice.141 Indeed, most existing institutions of global governance—for instance, the IMF, the World Bank, the G20, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization—exhibit clear power dynamics.142 Women's representation in the top decisionmaking bodies of these governance institutions is at best low and in some cases negligible (see Figure 4.8). Representation of women is, of course, no guarantee that issues of gender equality will be taken up in policy discussions and decision-making processes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|governance donor governments representation institutions|9.832797|4.2330236|7.1802897
1049|However, the 2010 legislation on the Mandatory Health Insurance system appears to have strengthened the role of the insurance system. This, in turn, may have contributed to the recent falls in mortality and lengthening of average lifetimes. However, given the rather short time since the introduction of these programmes, it is probably too early to judge the final outcome. Surveys (conducted by the Levada Center) show that the share of the population indicating that quality of health care provision had improved during the past year went up from 11 % in 2002 to 20% in 2008 (Table 3.3).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurance lifetimes judge center went|8.705858|8.716121|2.2429843
1050|Healthcare services in many cases need to proactively break down barriers that marginalize adolescents and youth, such as through free and confidential services, specially trained counsellors, and the dissemination of information through new technology or in places where youth may congregate. One priority would be programmes to meet young peoples contraception needs, since unintended and early pregnancy can derail education and possibilities to move into the paid workforce. Among other international commitments, this aligns with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|youth confidential proactively specially counsellors|9.590231|5.733846|6.2937384
1051|Meanwhile, women managers in Mexico represented 36% of total managerial employment in 2016, slightly above the OECD average of 32%. Unlike many other OECD countries, Mexico has not established a policy to enhance women's participation in corporate leadership. However, in 2017, a sub-index measuring the participation of women on boards was introduced in the Mexican Stock Exchange's Sustainability Index.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|index mexico women participation managerial|9.967524|4.166507|5.968998
1052|During 2013 and 2014, the reference period of the household data used in this analysis, PES registration was not required for claimants of incapacity pensions in Estonia, though it was possible to register as unemployed on a voluntary basis. In January 2016, before the introduction of the Work Ability reform, only 13% of those who were registered unemployed were disabled (this had increased to 17% by August 2016 as more services for those with work-related disabilities started to be introduced as part of the Work Ability reform). As there are far more claimants of disability benefits than of unemployment benefits (see Figure 7), relatively few members of Group A would have been registered as unemployed in 2014. Work-related training is likely to be a key area of ALMPs for Group A. In general, low-skilled individuals have much lower employment rates in Estonia and the proportion of people who are under-skilled for their job is higher than the average for OECD countries (Figure 24). The proportion who are over-skilled is relatively low.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployed claimants skilled work estonia|7.9375043|4.636985|4.037755
1053|In parallel, country-wide collections of the most important wild relatives of crop plants are being made, irrespective of any immediate danger they may face. This is necessary for an adequate representation of these species in the seedbank (MoEP, 2008, 2010a). The largest and most active are at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University.|SDG 15 - Life on land|university collections tel danger irrespective|1.6238422|5.3972077|4.0667896
1054|In this context, productive use is not merely additional to domestic use, but often complementary, as it helps smooth the time profile of electricity consumption: while the peak period for domestic use is the evening (for lighting and entertainment), productive use occurs primarily during the day. Accordingly, the expansion of productive uses of energy may also be conducive to supporting the penetration of variable renewable technologies, especially in the case of solar energy. In line with box 6.1, tackling supply-side constraints within a context of strong demand growth and investment dynamism is thus a key factor in successful development strategies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|productive use context domestic evening|1.7748817|1.8141696|2.1710672
1055|Finally, it is important that policy instruments adopted across the innovation system are mutually consistent. In this respect, there is a need to adjust the performance-based funding system used at universities in a way that does not discourage industry-science collaboration. These programmes have been Finland’s biggest arena for industry-science collaboration. Budget cuts and the refocusing of much of Tekes’ start-ups and entrepreneurship support have resulted in the disappearance of most of this effort.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|collaboration science tekes industry disappearance|5.5881114|3.276661|2.4257715
1056|The defining characteristics of urban settlements (demographic size, density and socio-economic diversity) render them particularlydynamicspaces. Economics of scale in production, large markets for labour and goods, and the ease of information flows in urban environments enhance productivity and innovation. As the primary spatial interface between citizens and government, cities can stimulate vibrant political engagement. Moreover, the density and diversity of cities can encourage the emergence of progressive values and institutions that promote social cohesion.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|density diversity cities vibrant render|4.1883354|5.1490393|1.8189647
1057|In particular, surface water interactions with groundwater, and the diffusion of pollutants at the regional level, are not always perfectly known. They do not explicitly cover risks to ecosystem resilience, subsuming them instead in the others. For example, flood control and water storage may rely on flood plains, wetlands or groundwater recharge, and water quality and wastewater treatment affect freshwater system resilience. A fourth subsection will discuss partnerships as a mechanism for implementing rural-urban co-operation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|flood groundwater resilience water subsection|0.92226946|7.240855|2.4922953
1058|Where available, outcome data show that all ATAPS services are producing significant clinical improvement for consumers. Update on the achievements of Tier 1 and Tier 2 ATAPS”, Centre for Health Policy, Programs and Economics, available at iuiuio.ataps-mds.com, accessed 4 September 2013. Evidence from Australia, for example, suggests that 64% of people experience their first episode of mental illness before turning 21, and 25% before the age of 12.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tier available turning com achievements|10.372356|8.915798|1.7697903
1059|Poverty will rise among households depending on remittances7 and those employed in sectors such as construction (World Bank 2010b). These direct effects are followed by second order effects when families may be forced to reduce their investments in health and education as a response to lower purchasing power. An economic shock may also lead to social unrest, disrupt community and inter-ethnic relations or even bring down fragile governments (World Bank 2010b; Slay 2011).|SDG 1 - No poverty|bank effects disrupt unrest world|7.1226344|5.77724|4.885259
1060|It envisages the ambitious target of reduction of energy intensity by 50 per cent by 2030. The Comprehensive State Energy Conservation Programme until 2010provides for the enhancement of energy efficiency and competitiveness of national economy, the optimization of state energy balance through decrease of imported fossil fuels (natural gas) and their replacement with alternative sources of energy and secondary energy sources. It is responsible for development and implementation of the national policy in the area of energy efficiency, energy conservation, and development of alternative energy sources.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy sources conservation alternative efficiency|1.7799472|2.5973074|2.4175022
1061|We need a shift in this thinking. Essential services such as health care and education require infrastructure. For communities and businesses to operate and thrive, they need access to goods and markets. Infrastructure must respond to societal needs, but it also should be evaluated for its long-term outcome, including the resources required to ensure longevity. Reliable forms of energy, the availability of potable water, education, safety and security, social and economic services—all of these are made possible through resilient infrastructure.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure potable thrive longevity need|3.7786233|4.0451503|1.9753834
1062|Instead of streaming students into ability groups, teacher teams apply within-class differentiation, alternating between basic teaching for the whole class and add-on content for highly motivated students or extra support for less-motivated students. Generally, there are three teachers working with the group in the humanities, natural sciences and a vocational field, with at least one of the three having experience in teaching students with special education needs. As a result, there is less misconduct in classes, and low achievers have improved their academic performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students motivated class teaching streaming|9.74953|1.953858|2.1455274
1063|Majority of cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean allocate less than 15 per cent of land to streets in the city cores and less than 10 per cent in the suburbs. Out of 40 cities analysed from these regions, 7 cities allocated more than 20 per cent of land to street in their city core. Regionally, sub-Saharan African cities have less space allocated to open public spaces (43 per cent).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities cent allocated city suburbs|4.4327393|4.9758954|2.0078604
1064|The plan is carried out by the National Water Committee under the authority of the Minister for Environment. Policies to reduce the impact on water resources of agricultural contamination are also carried out in collaboration with agencies dependent on the Ministry of Environment (ONEMA, water agencies, deconcentrated services of the ministry of environment, etc.) In addition, the New Start for Fresh Water policy is jointly led by the Ministry for the Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, which enables these two departments to co-ordinate the interface between water and agricultural policies at the central government level.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ministry water environment carried agencies|1.0605108|7.0343227|1.7312317
1065|In particular, provinces with lower utilisation rates have a higher expenditure per patient day and visit. This negative association is suggestive of under-utilised capacity in some provinces, and is consistent with evidence elsewhere (see Adam et al 2008 for further discussion on patient caseload and cost curves). They both show a negative association between expenditure per person (uninsured) and utilisation rates.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|utilisation provinces patient association expenditure|8.740876|8.887036|2.1582236
1066|The second component is the Environmental Planning and Management Information System (SIPGA), which covers policy responses. However, further efforts are needed to fully integrate the various elements and to ensure the quality and coverage of the component parts. At the national level, the Institute for Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) is in charge of coordinating the efforts of the various actors involved in its implementation (which include other research institutes, the National Parks Authority and ANLA).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|component various meteorology efforts hydrology|1.1850233|6.6974463|1.5980663
1067|Drinking water companies charge a user fee for the services provided, which partly depend on the amount of water used. Within these regions, there is no explicit cross-subsidisation between urban and rural areas, because payments are mainly based on the use of water services. Although, since part of the levies (of regional water authorities) are related to property values, urban areas (with typically higher property values) and higher income groups might contribute relatively more.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water property values subsidisation levies|1.5378568|7.5660987|2.3125675
1068|In 2014, Bhutan witnessed the highest number of drug cases ever registered by the authorities (644 cases). The great majority (90 per cent) were related to the possession of controlled substances. Cannabis, which in addition to being cultivated also grew in the wild, was the most common drug of abuse.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug cases possession bhutan cannabis|8.311609|10.241812|3.5599563
1069|It has been considered as a model for other countries who are interested in standards-based certification systems for teachers (Harris and MacKenzie, 2007; Ingvarson and Hattie, 2008). Nearly all states in the United States allow teachers to take the NBPTS examination as a mechanism for increasing their salary, by tying National Board Certification to higher salaries. As of October 2012, the National Board had certified 97 000 teachers nationwide, and more than 6 000 became National Board certified in 2011. The Certification is good for ten years and then the teacher must reapply.|SDG 4 - Quality education|certification board certified teachers national|9.49812|1.3569162|2.2924707
1070|Moreover, depending on the policy domain and audience, one (set of) indicators could be more pertinent: indicators reflecting neighbourhood conditions and access to services are relevant from an urban planning perspective whilst issues of financial strain, housing problems and income poverty are more closely linked to social (protection) policy. In sum, there are strong grounds on which to analyze the different domains of child poverty in conjunction with each other to get a comprehensive and diversified picture. This paper takes a microperspective to analyze the degree of overlap across indicators of both monetary and multidimensional child poverty, thereby combining the debates on child poverty and those on overlap of poverty. This requirement is fulfilled by the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty analyze overlap child indicators|7.0448494|6.597144|5.238609
1071|To reduce the probability of severe climate change impacts and costs occurring, global GHG emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades. The United States agreed to a global political agreement to reduce GHG emissions that was acknowledged at Copenhagen (COP 15) in December 2009 and negotiations are continuing to work towards binding emissions-reduction commitments by all countries. In view of the scale of emission reductions called for, it is vital that the United States adopt a cost effective and comprehensive climate change policy. The current Administration is endeavouring to put such a policy package in place.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions ghg reduce united states|1.260816|3.5015712|1.6257781
1072|High food and fuel prices threaten the sustainability of existing social protection programmes from two sides. The costs of food assistance and energy subsidies increase, while at the same time government revenues from taxes and tariffs decrease (Ortiz et al. High consumer prices erode the value of cash transfers thereby further reducing the already meager impact of these programmes (Ortiz et al. 2011).The systems are characterized by large exclusion errors and in some countries sizeable inclusion errors.|SDG 1 - No poverty|errors prices erode sides food|4.210178|4.9977593|4.2037573
1073|It strives to include a diverse number of voices and views in the policy-making process. While inclusive policy making enhances transparency, accountability and public participation and builds civic capacity, it also offers a way for governments to improve their policy performance by working with citizens, civil society organisations, businesses and other stakeholders to deliver concrete improvements in policy outcomes and the quality of public services. Building awareness and understanding among policy makers of the potentially different effects of policy choices on men and women is key to inclusive policy making in various domains.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|policy making inclusive voices enhances|9.79381|4.1393933|7.2762785
1074|Policies to encourage municipality mergers should strengthen the primary care sector. Reforms in the organisation of the hospital sector and emergencies should also improve quality of care and efficiency. Concentration of activity in health centres of sufficient size would generate higher volumes of care conducive to optimal medical practice and economies of scale. Larger health centres can afford more advanced medical equipment, recruit staff more easily and build a stronger medical knowledge base.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medical care centres mergers recruit|8.90501|8.767168|1.806177
1075|The fact that some indigenous groups consider education a luxury presents a challenge for teachers. To cater for the needs of the children, teachers use the alternative basic education system which responds to the special needs and constraints of pastoral life. The system provides flexible school hours, which allows pastoralist children to fulfil their household responsibility for herding cattle towards water and pastures while still having time for school (Sewunet, 2014). Further, there is continuous enrolment throughout the year as a means of encouraging children to attend school, as well as campaigns aimed at convincing parents to send their children to school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school children teachers pastoral convincing|10.065939|2.5128956|2.374581
1076|The second - the major teaching practice - happens mostly in special Teacher Training Schools governed by the universities, which have similar curricula and practices as normal public schools. Some student teachers also practice in a network of selected Field Schools (normal public schools). Primary-school teacher-education students devote approximately 15% of their intended study time to practice teaching in schools. In subject teacher education, practice teaching comprises about one-third of the curriculum.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools practice teacher teaching normal|9.508542|1.2512304|2.355451
1077|They conclude that reducing worklessness (and promoting work by raising the number of two-earner families) is unlikely to be sufficient to reduce child poverty. Instead, reducing work poverty is also likely to be a central plank of any policy strategy to reduce child poverty, in particular as policies “of encouraging employment [are] likely to be a pre-requisite for public and political support for more effective redistribution to the poor”. For single parents, a third and potentially important source of income is child support. Across OECD member countries, however, obligations for child support and the effectiveness of its collection vary widely.|SDG 1 - No poverty|child poverty support reducing requisite|7.5424547|5.8803735|4.8910294
1078|There is a trend towards introducing greater accountability for quality and efficiency in provider payment systems, which generally requires a combination of fee-for-service, pay-for-performance and capitated payments. The optimal combination of these systems, however, needs be decided by the authorities on practical grounds. There are welcome steps taken to align outpatient and homogenous disease group (HDG) points so that therapeutically equivalent treatments are rewarded equally regardless of the setting in which health services are offered.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|combination homogenous rewarded systems welcome|8.730017|8.940796|1.6504978
1079|At lower secondary stage (Years 8 tolO), teachers award marks for each subject twice a year. In upper secondary school, teachers conduct continuous assessment, and students sit cnd-of-ycar examinations (UNESCO. The central authority on evaluation advises that assessment should be used as an instrument for managing learning, and not as a tool for selection. There is an increasing emphasis on assessment of skills rather than knowledge and facts (UNESCO, 2007).|SDG 4 - Quality education|unesco assessment secondary teachers sit|9.6180525|1.7245681|1.41167
1080|The second option is to predict a macro-variable gender differences using only individual-levels factors xt to estimate equation 2 for each country separately. It allows for country-specific variation in the gender happiness gap, considered as a societal effect that could vary according to the country and its definition of gender roles. It assumes the gender happiness gap being related to sociological construction rather than a biological effect associated with sex differences that would have involved a similar difference across countries. In particular, the collection of information on gender-based discrimination in social institutions is recent, and as such the SIGI is only available in one wave, thus limiting our empirical study to a cross-country analysis.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender happiness country gap differences|9.22665|4.558278|6.7276897
1081|Such statistics are, however, difficult to compare due to different national concepts of collecting and processing information (Fuller et al., The information in this sub-section is based on a questionnaire sent by the OECD to member countries during the course of 2014 to identify effective strategies among countries for improving skills governance and turning qualitative and quantitative information on skills needs into relevant action for policy. The questionnaire was developed in co-operation with the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP), the European Training Foundation (ETF) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The questionnaire was distributed to governments (Ministry of Labour and Ministry of Education) as well as to social partners (employer organisations and trade union confederations).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|questionnaire information ministry european cedefop|8.49807|2.917041|2.7679346
1082|These include: the poor development of skills in the schools that supply students; limited study options in tertiary education that are not always well aligned with the needs of the labour market; uncertainty about the value of credentials; limited collaboration between universities and firms; limited career guidance services; and the scarcity of public funds for research and teaching activities. This negatively affects their performance in university. The vast majority of students enrolled in 3-year programmes -71% in the north of the country and above 80% in the south - report that they want to complete a 5-year programme (Almalaurea, 2015).|SDG 4 - Quality education|limited credentials students year aligned|9.052317|2.485862|3.0675118
1083|"Indeed, (almost) anything can be learnt in different ways. This may involve changing the tasks proposed to students, but not necessarily a change in the subjects or domains learnt. Reviewing countries' curricula to see whether creativity and critical thinking were an objective, and how they were translated into practice, led to the realisation that most curriculum documents embrace creativity and critical thinking as learning outcomes and competences students should acquire, this typically remains in the ""aspirational"" or introductory part of the curriculum. Typically, the more practical description of the curriculum exclusively focuses on a closed problem with one correct solution, technical skills, and leaves little, if any, room to a phrasing that would allow teachers to consider that giving students opportunities to develop their creativity or critical thinking in the process would be possible."|SDG 4 - Quality education|creativity thinking curriculum learnt critical|8.957755|1.452517|1.7072543
1084|The Executive Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan plays an important role in the definition of education strategies and in the development of key initiatives while the Ministry of Education and Science concentrates on the design of policies to implement education strategies. Regions (oblasts) and districts (rayons) are responsible for the delivery of education services in schools. Primary and secondary education is compulsory in Kazakhstan and students are entitled to attend a public school free of charge.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education kazakhstan strategies concentrates oblasts|9.456428|1.9322178|2.3911352
1085|Furthermore, such a standard for emissions can avoid a large increase in electricity prices in the early stage of its introduction, which would otherwise be necessary to trigger low carbon investments. The associated argument against this approach is that, it may be less effective at reducing electricity demand than a carbon price. Although it is not clear whether this proposal would create a more stable investment framework and will be applied in the United States (see Box 3), electricity sector mechanisms may be an interesting instrument. They can address the price uncertainty associated with industrial demand of quotas in an economy-wide cap and trade mechanism.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity carbon associated price demand|1.4671516|2.8073895|1.8369693
1086|A multivariate analysis of determinants of relative income mobility of the society as a whole, conducted for this review, highlighted characteristics that increased the chances of moving up at least one income decile or decreased the chances of moving down at least one dedle. These induded: living in an urban area, having many household members of working age and/ or increasing the share of workers among household members, the number of members with a second job relative to all working household members, a household head having an upper secondary diploma or occupation as a high-level or mid-level professional, the household head being economically active in the initial period, and the household head becoming economically active after not working in 2004. Factors with a robust positive impact on moving up a dedle or more induded the initial share of agricultural income over total income and moving from low to medium manufacturing. The multivariate analysis produced interesting findings concerning the drivers of downward income mobility.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|household moving head members multivariate|6.828882|5.5365586|4.819343
1087|If a limited number of competing generating units are sufficient to serve it, market power can be an issue. Indeed, the experience of PJM, where a new capacity market was introduced in 1997 to fix several problems, shows that fine-tuning capacity markets is a difficult and lengthy process. Based on the experience of some existing capacity markets, there is a concern that the power plants triggered by capacity markets may not flexible enough.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|capacity markets experience fix power|1.7545239|1.6810763|1.8189999
1088|The project promotes LTE construction and operation, implements the national strategy and upgrades the IT industry. During the construction period, it indirectly boosted national economic growth by nearly CNY 300 billion and created about 500 000 jobs. The project laid 1 028 km of optical cable along the pipelines, through the five provinces, which feature complex topography and are subject to severe environmental constraints.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|construction cny topography optical cable|4.5531406|3.193274|1.6353568
1089|The total benefit estimate was approximately 1.4 million Euros (2010) per year and about 7.2 million Euros (2010) for the five year period of the fictional and regional Small Water Fund. The estimated total value exceeded manifold the total budget targeted to restoration. Furthermore, respondents' previous experience of the outcomes and benefits of restoration measures may explain their high willingness to pay in specific watersheds (Box figure 2).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|euros restoration total million watersheds|1.6237671|7.2586164|2.3163953
1090|However, such indicators have limitations that also need to be taken into account. In some cases, the number of actors may seem larger if the ministry is in charge of more than one area of competence. For instance, in Mexico, the situation appears less complicated, since only two ministries (SEMARNAT - Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, and the Ministry of Health) and two deconcentrated bodies of SEMARNAT (CONAGUA and PROFEPA) are in charge of water policy making.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|semarnat ministry charge conagua complicated|1.248333|7.1628604|1.5256054
1091|Fair and inclusive policies in early childhood education and care (ECEC) contribute to an equitable education system. Day care and pre-primary education are available, and more than half of all 4-year-olds attend. From 2001, pre-primary education was made available for 6-year-olds to prepare them for first grade of basic education; it is free and voluntary, and almost all 6-year-olds attend (98%).|SDG 4 - Quality education|olds education attend year pre|9.3697195|2.821799|2.0263524
1092|In parallel to this process, which has seen a very large number of small-scale natural habitats disappear in the farmland landscape, the diversity of the farming activities on the individual farms has decreased significantly as well, resulting in much more specialized farms. As an example, the number of farms raising pigs has decreased from 120,000 in 1970 to 4,600 in 2011 and the average number of pigs per farm has increased from 70 to 2800 in the same period. At the same time, there has been an increasing tendency to keep livestock inside all year around.|SDG 15 - Life on land|farms pigs decreased number disappear|2.0580907|5.277726|4.0935287
1093|This can be done by estimating proportional hazard rates by using the Kaplan-Meier estimator which estimates the survival function (the probability that someone will “survive in a specified status” beyond a certain time, even when the sample is censored and biased, Denisova, 2011). However, these are not unconditional probabilities that can be used to depict the general chances of moving in and out of poverty; these are conditional hazard rates indicating, for example, what the chances are of someone exiting poverty, if he/she has been in poverty for, say, two years, given a set of specified characteristics (e.g. household characteristics, labour market status of adults, eligibility to public transfers, human capital characteristics, but also region and time). These conditional probability functions can be estimated both regarding relative and absolute poverty lines.|SDG 1 - No poverty|characteristics poverty hazard chances specified|6.9029284|6.320616|5.123682
1094|Regardless of the type of summary measure selected, it will be important to harmonise the underlying national data if internationally comparable data are to be produced. A concise picture of health performance requires developing better measures of progress in health care to understand how and why the quality of care varies across patients’ needs for care. The OECD has begun to address these data gaps through the OECD Health Care Quality Indicators Project (OECD, 2010c).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care data health oecd harmonise|9.188389|9.498168|2.1234303
1095|At the state level, women held an average of 25.6% of seats in the unicameral congresses in 2013, which rose to 38% in 2016. Quotas are also symbolically important in that they help alter negative perceptions of women in power and increase their electability. In bodies which have not taken special temporary measures or affirmative action - which include the executive, the 13 state governments still to adopt parity requirements in their municipal councils, and the judiciary- wide gender gaps persist in women’s representation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women affirmative state judiciary alter|10.568442|4.192951|6.919151
1096|These assets may be threatened by continued lack of investment in the public transport infrastructure necessary to accommodate sustainable growth. Without a carbon tax, carbon emissions trading programme or strong renewable power mandates backed-up by significant and sustained federal investment, the region may not be able to capitalise on the potential for green job growth. Pacific Rim cities like San Diego, California, Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, British Columbia are all potential competitors for investment capital and positioning in the green space and have formed innovation hubs and industry and research partnerships to foster green cluster development. The Metropolitan Plan for Sydney 2036 describes a new approach to infrastructure planning that is promising. However, LGAs, working in collaboration with other agencies such as RDA-Sydney, should consider forming a coalition to press for investment in a few key projects around which consensus can be built. The coalition might be called something like Move Sydney Green and it might focus on getting an identifiable light-rail extension, clean freight rail corridor and renewable power project constructed.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sydney green coalition investment rail|3.1215103|4.1674457|1.8833817
1097|"However, instead of bringing together far-flung networks and integrated (if virtual) urban expanses, ICTs instead splinter physical space into highly unequal, fragmented environments. The new feature is the juxtaposition of high-income enclaves with slums. Medellin, Colombia is segregated between the affluent South and the poor North, whereas in Mogadishu the polarization works the other way round.62 Inequality is more visible under a spatial than any other (e.g. income) perspective and the contrast of the “citadel"" with the “ghetto""63 can generate mistrust, alienation, tension or unrest. Today, videos carry the voices of local stakeholders to planning offices and federal agencies, giving them a reach, which would not have possible without the use of technology."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|instead videos mistrust affluent unrest|4.442018|5.211162|2.1924567
1098|In doing so, it funds the early deployment of these technologies and allows these products and services and the businesses that produce them to become viable to larger markets. In particular, KfW in Germany offers programmes that provide particularly favourable refinancing schemes for municipal investment especially in structurally weak areas. These range from investments in infrastructure - including the development of industrial parks, road construction and sewerage networks - to investments in building refurbishment to improve energy efficiency and in the expansion of renewable energies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investments structurally kfw energies sewerage|2.0471914|2.4993713|2.0225406
1099|The OECD has conducted extensive research into how women’s paid employment positively affects macro-level outcomes like economic growth, socioeconomic equality, and fertility rates (OECD; 2012, 2015a). But bargaining theory’ suggests the stakes are just as high at home for individual women, their partners, and their children. Germany has a gender wage gap that is slightly wider than the OECD average, though the gap has narrowed since the year 2000.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|oecd gap stakes narrowed macro|9.1742935|4.429323|5.8332953
1100|Policy recommendations to improve health outcomes and system (cont.) This indicator summarises the number of years expected to be lived in “full health” and is produced by the World Health Organization. Potential years of life lost is a measure of premature mortality, calculated as the number of years lost before the age of 70. The indicator is also adjusted by excluding death that can be attributed to “external causes”, such as land transport accidents, accidental falls, assaults and suicides.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|lost years indicator health accidental|9.130839|8.749191|3.0561576
1101|Not unlike in other countries in the region and around the w'orld, a 2009 UAE study involving 980 UAE residents shows that 77% would report rape attacks to the police; how'ever, the majority of national w'omen would refrain from doing so. When asked about what discourages them, 55% of the interviewed female nationals claimed concern about family honour or their own reputation, and 49% of female national respondents feared being judged by society or unjustly accused of immoral behaviour. This exposes a deep-rooted fear among women that dealing with law enforcement authorities can lead to trouble.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|uae female orld honour nationals|10.02275|5.4993653|7.453821
1102|Who gets to learn mathematics, and the nature of the mathematics that is learned, have an impact on education systems, social cohesion and productivity. Education systems that fail to provide the same opportunities to all students can end up reinforcing, rather than beginning to dismantle, social inequalities. When education is no longer a pathway to individual fulfilment and social mobility, talent is wasted and feelings of injustice grow. Failing disadvantaged youth at school can also pave the way for a wide range of social problems later on, including poverty, poor health and crime (Schoenfeld, 2002; OECD, 2012).|SDG 4 - Quality education|social mathematics education pave injustice|9.479829|2.1870077|2.789482
1103|It is, therefore, recommended that functional regulations and plans that favour land and housing affordability, energy consumption, the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and the overall increase in productivity values through economies of scale and agglomeration be adopted. To scale up the measurement of this indicator, there is a need to provide capacity-building to NSOs and to make accessible the appropriate technology. This should include local authorities that are responsible for the preparation of urban plans, regulatory mechanisms and land control, and the need they have to prepare evidence-based plans and policies. Several Expert Group Meetings (EGMs) have been held to promote the harmonization of the different elements of the methodologies and input data.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|plans scale land harmonization agglomeration|3.6160958|4.9648566|1.6019217
1104|Activities on demining forestland are progressing very slowly in relation to actual needs. Forests and forestland are not included among the priorities in the demining plans. Forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina comprise a large diversity of types, ranging from coastal Mediterranean forest to mountain forest.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests forest progressing mountain mediterranean|1.3617439|4.7262917|4.047621
1105|Funding for upper secondary education and VET is provided based on the number of students in each school and the unit costs per student. Universities receive funding from the state and also do external fundraising. With the Ministry of Education and Culture, the university agrees on operational and qualitative targets which provide the basis for the resources needed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|funding vet qualitative education operational|9.248285|2.277198|2.2574818
1106|Vanuatu has capitalised on its renewable energy to some extent, with a wind farm and solar PV system connected to the Port Vila grid, and a hydro power station that serves Luganville, as well as use of coconut oil for generators. The key energy sector policy document is the Updated National Energy Road Map (NERM) 2016-2030, which has five energy sector priorities and associated targets: increasing access to electricity, reducing reliance on petroleum products, affordable energy services, a secure energy supply, and mitigating against climate change through renewable energy and energy efficiency (Radio NZ 2016). Vanuatu’s NDC outlines a target of increasing the electricity generated by renewable energy from about 25 to 100 per cent by 2030. The government’s updated NERM also has a target of increasing the proportion of the population with access to electricity to 100 per cent by 2030.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy vanuatu renewable electricity updated|1.766597|2.303695|2.5810816
1107|The results are registered in the individual folder of the Digital Mosaic, to which parents also have access. Inquiry-based learning: Time and the activities are organised around inquiry using different modalities such as the “World Reading”, “Individual Research”, “Projects” and ‘Workshops”. Participative management: The students, parents, educators and staff decide on the most important issues, especially through the weekly “circle” in which every participant has equal rights to listen and to be heard.|SDG 4 - Quality education|inquiry parents individual participant heard|9.276002|2.0109227|1.8691767
1108|This means that everybody has to do what one can to halt climate emissions, no less. The real test will be when the NDCs are renewed every five years, after a global stocktaking and evaluation of the actions taken. A true success, and overcoming the collective actions dilemma, would be if the future NDCs together imply more ambitious climate policies for the planet, closing the gap to meet the two degrees objective.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ndcs actions halt planet overcoming|1.1424603|3.554946|1.2055998
1109|The odds of starting prenatal care early are also higher among women who are in a living-in arrangements than unmarried mothers. Formally married women, however, are no different from unmarried women as far as the timing of prenatal care is concerned. Rural women are less likely to comply with the recommended timing of prenatal care visits compared with urban women. Reduced odds of early initiation of prenatal care are likewise noted among higher order births compared with first births.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|prenatal unmarried women odds care|9.286704|5.6326413|5.877593
1110|Adaptations include changing to less carnivorous species, genetic improvements, feed source diversification, better formulation, quality control and management. These could also include capture fisheries and could assist riparian and coastal communities in general (Lorenzen, 2007). Short cycle aquaculture may also be valuable, using new species or strains and new technologies or management practices to fit into differently defined seasonal opportunities.|SDG 14 - Life below water|species adaptations riparian include management|0.24799745|6.134966|6.437721
1111|Beating the Blues is a computerised CBT course for mild depression, whilst FearFighter is a computerised CBT course specifically for panic and phobias. In addition, in Scotland “Living Life to the Full Interactive”, a computerised CBT course for mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety supervised by a GP or qualified therapist, is widely accessible to all Scottish citizens who score a set “mood score” on a standardised test. These programmes have been clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, leading to positive recommendations from the government for large scale roll-out.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cbt course mild depression score|10.388606|8.887428|1.7243418
1112|Thirty-seven of them said that the cost of broadband subscription, slow internet connection speeds, data protection and e-signatures were the biggest difficulties encountered. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) data indicates that many more countries actually have e-strategies than reported these strategies in the M&E exercise. As part of its efforts to promote connectivity, the ITU launched the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) process.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|itu strategies wsis subscription thirty|4.770027|3.1005132|1.7595147
1113|Although educational attainment has increased markedly over the past two decades and there have recently been signs of improving education quality, scores on standardised tests for secondary students remain appreciably below the OECD average, and opportunities for further education and training for the existing workforce are limited. The low skill level of the Chilean workforce has become a barrier to faster productivity growth, as workers often do not have the capacities to absorb and adapt the technologies needed to catch up with high-income OECD countries at the technological frontier. In the area of secondary education, higher-qualified individuals could be attracted into the teaching profession by reviewing the remuneration system and by defining teacher career paths with attractive opportunities for promotion.|SDG 4 - Quality education|workforce education secondary opportunities frontier|9.852671|1.6808333|2.5762098
1114|This is despite a growing interest in the subject over recent years among researchers and policy makers, especially in the areas of sustainable development, health, safety and access. Another related field of research is architectural theory (Larsson, 2006); this will be explored in greater detail below. An educational space designed only for girls or women would differ from that designed for boys or men, and space would therefore be utilised differently. There are many examples of sex-segregated educational institutions that are designed to meet the supposed different gender needs of students (Boxes 1 and 2).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|designed space educational architectural boxes|9.753494|4.397361|6.906979
1115|The number of specialist outpatient consultations is 319 per lOOOenrolees within SP, for example, compared to 338 and 620 per 1 000 enrolees within IMSS and ISSSTE respectively. While some of these differences may reflect unequal need (such as ISSSTE’s slightly older population), others cannot be justified in this way. The number of prescriptions that could not be fully dispensed by a pharmacist due to lack of stock is 33% within SP compared to 14% within IMSS according to survey data (although the SS institutes’ own figures suggest higher rates of dispensed prescriptions). Both of these figures are amongst the highest in the OECD. Out-of-pocket spending has not fallen significantly across the past decade, despite efforts to achieve universal health coverage through the SP reform.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|sp prescriptions figures enrolees compared|8.533082|9.189945|2.1113985
1116|As this chapter argues, improvements in these areas have the potential to raise medium-term prospects significantly both for sustained agricultural growth, but also for economic development more widely. The South and Centre-West regions of the country have higher rainfall, better soils and more developed infrastructure. Farms in these regions use purchased inputs more intensively and are equipped with higher technologies. Central Brazil contains substantial areas of degraded grassland with potential for crop production. Most of Brazil’s grains, oilseeds and other export crops are produced in the South and Centre-West regions, although soybean production is increasing in the MaToPiBa region, containing the states of Maranhao, Tocantins, Piaui and Bahia.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|regions west centre brazil south|3.6171944|4.899396|3.8985648
1117|Knowledge domains can strongly influence teachers and teaching, even when the aim is to develop transversal knowledge and competences. In non-native language learning, pedagogy should provide both input to the learner and the opportunity to create output, including through task-based and project-based learning, and connecting teaching to other contexts within the school, district or wider world. In the socio-emotional domain, pedagogies include active and performance-based approaches that engage students’ personal feelings and their relationships through role-playing, collaborative-based pedagogies, gaming, case study work, and social problem-solving. Obvious though it may seem, some of the most important contextual factors are represented by schools and education systems themselves.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogies based teaching knowledge learning|8.817938|1.5361003|1.7961261
1118|As a non-Annex I party, the country has no commitments to reduce GHG emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. Since 2005, the most important developments in the Republic of Moldova regarding climate change are the preparation of the Second National Communication, the negotiations since 2010 of an Association Agreement with the EU that contains a chapter on climate change and the country’s ratification of the Energy Community Treaty4 in 2010. This general trend conceals the fact that total GHG emissions started increasing in 2000. Recent data up to 2010 contained in the country’s draft 2013 national inventory report show that total GHG emissions grew by more than 20 per cent in the decade 2000- 2010.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ghg emissions country ratification total|1.3619838|3.3477852|1.9044517
1119|Such problems make it difficult for expenditure to be subjected to proper political scrutiny, and for researchers to undertake statistical evaluations based on administrative data. Labour market and related programmes financed by the Employment Insurance System with a FY 2008 budget of over JPY 1 billion (cont.) Case Study Germany”, in D. Paparella and L. Savino (eds.),|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jpy fy scrutiny subjected eds|7.832172|4.798409|3.9259953
1120|Promotion and the reliable supply and distribution of high-quality condoms should become integral components of all reproductive health-care services. All relevant international organizations, especially the World Health Organization, should significantly increase their procurement. Governments and the international community should provide all means to reduce the spread and the rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS infection.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|condoms infection international integral health|8.432547|8.818446|3.361934
1121|This is referred to as “Authentic Mixed-Method Assessment”, which involves analysis of all the pieces of available assessment evidence when measuring deep learning design, conditions and outcomes. This disagreement is expressed most sharply in the following two extracts, the one emphasising the importance of praise, the other emphasising the need to avoid excessive praise. The important aspect of a KIP class is to encourage students and to praise the different skills held by the students, as an important and necessary part of the group ” (network leader and practitioner).|SDG 4 - Quality education|emphasising assessment disagreement authentic pieces|9.533786|1.637944|1.3088213
1122|Only around 65% of those who enter a tertiary programme go on to graduate, while the OECD and EU19 averages are 69% and 71%, respectively. Besides, tertiary education students take almost seven years on average to complete their studies at the undergraduate level, among the longest in the OECD (Figure 9). The length of pre-Bologna degree programmes only partially accounts for the excessively long duration of studies.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary studies longest excessively undergraduate|8.997858|2.5563776|3.109897
1123|Yet, about 800 million people suffer from hunger and malnutrition. This “paradox” - which His Holiness Pope Francis I called “intolerable” when he addressed the delegates of the FAO Conference at the Vatican on 20 June 2013 - is caused by multiple factors. As of now, policies to confront hunger have been based principally on centrally led and short-term relief approaches, with a focus mainly on increasing food production through sectoral policies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|hunger paradox delegates confront principally|4.4605937|5.6667686|4.556416
1124|For example, as highlighted in Chapter 2, the gender pay gap often increases once education is accounted for. Context specific factors - not only women and men's varying levels of education, but also related to types of employment, hours worked, and institutional and policy environments - can also make cross-country comparisons of the unadjusted pay gap difficult. Household surveys usually include questions for women about decision-making at the household level, which provide valuable insights into women's voice and agency in their daily lives. Women's political participation, however, is currently measured using the percentage of women in national parliaments, which does not reveal anything about the impact of women's representation on policy or about women's decision-making in other spaces, including in local governments or civil society organizations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women pay decision gap making|9.457862|4.4325924|6.272349
1125|Its study, published in August 2012, concluded with the need to increase aquifer recharge. The recharge would be covered by co-operative funds, collected from fees paid by groundwater users depending on the amount of their contribution to the recharge. The Agricultural Groundwater Revolution: Opportunities and Threats to Development, CABI, Oxford; Sophocleous, M. (2010), “Review: Groundwater management practices, challenges, and innovations in the High Plains Aquifer, USA - Lessons and recommended actions”, Hydrogeology Journal, Vol.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|recharge groundwater aquifer plains oxford|0.74355954|7.481403|2.8644419
1126|Indeed, by allowing trades between urban and rural areas, water markets give access to water resources to users who might have been excluded from them in the event of a drought. In other words, the allocation flexibility embedded in water markets allows them to respond effectively and rapidly to severe supply shocks, such as those caused by droughts (Chong and Sunding, 2006). This welfare-enhancing reallocation is not always possible under a prior tradeless appropriation regime or traditional queuing-allocation system. These adaptive management arrangements allow temporary water transfers that are contingent on water availability and may help mitigate risks related to water scarcity or competition to access the water needed by cities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water allocation markets appropriation reallocation|1.24039|7.5548143|2.4336486
1127|The SDGs themselves recognize the important role that ICTs can play for economic development. The presence of reliable infrastructure remains critical to creating the conditions for e-commerce to thrive, but despite the increasing availability of the Internet and widespread mobile coverage, around four billion people remain offline. Internet access costs, combined with network reliability and quality of service, continue to be a major issue in many developing countries and represent an important barrier to their ability to engage in e-commerce. Trade policy can play an important role here.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|commerce internet important play thrive|4.7525835|3.0549304|2.069919
1128|Of all children who are poor and deprived at the same time, 31% are in Sikasso, 19% in Segou, 18% in Koulikoro, and 16% in Mopti. Even though Bamako has a population share of 15%, its proportion of poor and deprived is only 1%. For instance, early marriage, early pregnancy and female genital mutilation are relevant to the well-being of the girl child.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprived early poor mutilation genital|6.967991|6.3330407|5.2412663
1129|The aftermath of the crisis saw large increases in unemployment rates across the United States. In comparison with previous expansions, subsequent job creation has been more concentrated in the larger urban areas (Brainard, 2017[is]). Furthermore, labour force participation is stronger in the larger metropolitan areas as well.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|larger expansions aftermath areas saw|7.66696|4.498511|4.260483
1130|In addition, they serve to ensure that group-specific interests are represented and advanced in public policy and other decision-making arenas. For example, women's voice is important in decisions over public spending priorities to ensure adequate provision of services, infrastructure and social security to guarantee their physical integrity and reproductive rights. The provision of better services for women enhances their power and agency within their intimate relations by reducing their dependence on other household members and giving them a stronger 'fall-back' position in case of conflicts or relationship breakdown. Women in decision-making positions must be able to articulate and act on issues that concern different groups of women, especially those who are disadvantaged.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women decision provision making ensure|10.043423|4.5386524|7.038129
1131|Moreover, the domains of early learning are less differentiated than the outcomes that can be observed in older children and adults (National Research Council, 2008(i3j). The undifferentiated nature of skills in early childhood is due, in part, to the fact that early learning occurs across domains with gains in one domain contributing to gains in other domains (Demtriou, Merrell and Tymms, 2017[i53i). This ongoing cycle of reinforcement across domains means that early learning must be assessed using a whole-child approach, recognising the overlapping nature of outcomes for young children.|SDG 4 - Quality education|domains early learning gains nature|9.392657|2.8257403|2.355047
1132|It guided and gave coherence to the reconstruction of severely affected localities. Projects are financed through various sectoral sources (primarily from the MINVU and MOP) and the FNDR. There were 138 strategic urban plans carried out: 111 urban renewal plans (Planes de Regeneracion Urbana, PRU) of small- and medium-sized cities, and Sustainable Reconstruction Plans (Planes de Reconstruccion Sustentable, PRES) in major urban centres.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|reconstruction plans urban mop minvu|3.8396535|5.200318|1.7525657
1133|The first key element to build vertical integration is to rely on a strong information system to ensure information sharing between providers and across levels of care. Interoperability of information systems is essential to connect health care professionals and services to co-ordinate patient care (see Lesson 10). Norway’s information system was not established to support information sharing between primary care, municipalities and hospitals. In particular, information on the quality of primary care at local level was nearly total absent at the outset of the Co-ordination Reform. In light of this, payment systems should reward multidisciplinary care and chronic disease management, which as mentioned previously are core components of integrated care. In Norway, appropriate incentives were implemented until 2015 as a means of encouraging health services to embrace integration and to promote high-quality and patient-centred care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care information patient norway sharing|9.045007|9.052304|1.7363037
1134|The remaining one third of this funding was allocated to universities and applied sectoral science and research institutes through the MES, and organizations of central ministries and agencies (e.g. scientific research institutes under the Agrarian University) (Table 3.1). Universities and HEIs have additional (own) funds for science (extra-budgetary funds). The state budget for R&D currently amounts to around 0.1% of GDP, which is low compared to peer economies and means there should be a long term policy aspiration to increase R&D expenditure as a share of GDP (as per SDG indicator 9.5.1). An expert council was in charge of the project evaluations.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|institutes universities science funds gdp|5.5403943|3.280569|2.4342785
1135|In contrast, producers of export-competing commodities such as natural rubber, coffee, cashew nuts and tea are implicitly taxed in that are paid prices for their outputs that are lower than international prices. Rice has moved from being a commodity with little support, to being highly taxed, to receiving support, to seeing this fall back to a low level again. This reflects the challenge of trying to support producers while protecting consumers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|taxed producers support prices cashew|4.041223|4.8334928|4.2124453
1136|Finally, water boundaries cut across places in terms of cities (i.e. when concerning more municipalities in a metropolitan area) or hinterland (i.e. the surrounding environment, rural areas and watersheds, which sustain the major bulk of water demand from cities and where the actual sources of water are often located). Particular emphasis is put on the most prominent governance mechanisms that can foster effectiveness, efficiency and inclusiveness of urban water governance building on the OECD Principles on Water Governance (OECD, 2015c). They relate to vertical and horizontal coordination across policies, dedicated metropolitan arrangements and rural-urban partnerships (co-ordination across places), and stakeholder engagement (co-ordination across people).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water governance metropolitan places ordination|1.0714626|6.9792957|1.5842314
1137|They also express how the gender contracts are locally constructed. On other occasions, the specific contract is less explicit (Stenbacka and Forsberg 2013; 14). When young women choose to relocate it is based on a combination of own will, capacity and dreams and also on what is perceived as possible and obvious on the basis of, for instance, local (gender) traditions and gender perceptions. In other words, perceptions of how young men and women, respectively, ought/can/are expected to behave - in other words, on the basis of the local and regional gender contracts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender perceptions words contracts basis|9.34865|4.8073993|6.7756734
1138|"Moreover, ""in the context of water scarcity, vulnerability will depend on the incidence of climatic variability as well as on a person’s or community’s resilience and adaptive capacity to this stressor, as adaptive capacity is intrinsically linked to social structures, such as gender, class, caste and ethnicity"" (Miletto et al., Nevertheless, persons with some kind of physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment are disproportionately represented among those who lack access to safe drinking water and sanitation (HRC, 2010). Water and sanitation facilities may not be designed to meet the needs of persons with disabilities."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|adaptive sanitation persons water intrinsically|1.7910695|6.876702|2.552233
1139|Geneva: International Telecommunication Union; 2015 (http://www. Cole-Lewis H, Kershaw T. Text messaging as a tool for behavior change in disease prevention and management. Epidemiol Rev 2010;32:56-69. Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment: WHO global report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005 (http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/full_report.pdf, accessed 1 August 2015).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|geneva http www int messaging|8.917427|9.145008|2.6874826
1140|However, the ratio varies widely across OECD countries. It is much lower than the OECD average in the Nordic and many Continental European countries, but reaches around 10 to 1 in Italy, Japan, Korea, Portugal and the United Kingdom, between 13 andl6 to 1 in Greece, Israel, Turkey and the United States, and between 27 and 30 to 1 in Mexico and Chile (see Annex Table A 1.2). A more synthetic indicator, which takes into account the whole distribution, is the Gini coefficient.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|united synthetic continental reaches gini|6.6768227|5.14606|4.906857
1141|Transport and storage projects attracted the majority of these funds (55%), followed by projects in energy generation and supply (41.6%). Information and telecommunication projects attracted relatively little concessional financing (3.4%). Asia was the main beneficiary, with USD 69.4 billion, followed by Africa (USD 55.4 billion).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|attracted projects followed usd billion|3.9344294|3.6262186|1.9431282
1142|The strong significance of this variable may be attributable to events during the latter years of the period, when the feminization rate climbed steeply during the upswing in growth that began in mid-2007. However this happened when women’s average wage was dropping, as was the male labour force participation rate. It can thus be inferred that, since growth was occurring while mean wages were declining, the demand-side effect was less strong than the effect of the reduction in the cost of labour in a benefit-led economy. This may have implications in terms of a reduction in the wages offered to prospective workers, which has also been seen in sectors subject to rapid feminization.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|feminization wages strong effect reduction|8.839377|4.538288|5.7613215
1143|Students who reported that they expect to work as college, university, higher education or pre-primary teachers, or as pre-primary or primary associate teachers are excluded. First, the question on career expectations has more missing values than other questions in PISA. Second, the predictive value of students' reports on their future career can differ across countries, because of differences in the degree to which students are required to make choices at an early age to enter specific careers, and the existence of flexible pathways in the education system and labour market.|SDG 4 - Quality education|primary students career pre teachers|9.581617|1.7027857|2.9238396
1144|This Strategy demonstrates the important high-level commitment of the Government towards gender equality. The chapter aims to assess to what extent the design of this Strategy allowed for effective and impactful implementation of gender equality objectives in Kazakhstan. It focuses on the alignment of gender equality objectives with broader strategic planning of the Government to ensure that gender equality does not remain at the periphery of the government action.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender government objectives strategy|9.523727|4.1383076|7.4714985
1145|The targets of the goal on food security reflect a rights-based approach by proposing to end hunger and ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round; and by ending all forms of malnutrition by the year 2030. By viewing the issue of food security from a wider angle, this SDG identifies food production as an important complementary element for achieving food security. In that regard, two targets are proposed aimed at the following: (a) doubling agricultural productivity and the incomes of small-scale food producers; and (b) ensuring sustainable food production systems and implementing resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food security production targets productivity|4.1896963|5.4377656|4.3265753
1146|First, the Guide recommends the replacement wage over the opportunity cost. Internationally, the latter approach is discounted as it can lead to counterintuitive results, for instance, that an hour spent looking after a child is more valuable when carried out by a lawyer compared to a secretary. Arguably, the skills required for these occupations have little bearing in the care of children, or other forms of household work.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|discounted arguably recommends bearing hour|9.032402|5.1020713|5.586345
1147|Mini-grids capable of sustaining semi-industrial and industrial activity at a lower cost have high upfront costs, and uncertainties arising from inadequate policy frameworks are an important constraint to private investors’ access to commercial finance (ESMAP, 2017; IRENA, 2016b; Berthdlemy and Bdguerie, 2016; Beguerie and Palliere, 2016; GMG MDP, 2017). The African LDCs and Haiti as a group have the highest proportion of countries with a dedicated sector regulator. Where there are regulatory bodies, their powers may be limited or shared with a supervisory ministry.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|industrial supervisory mini upfront haiti|2.0778906|1.8916444|2.0191922
1148|What advantages does it have for the students to work with different teaching strategies? It is important to identify our strengths and weaknesses in order to improve our teaching work. What information do you use to evaluate your teaching practices? In our pedagogical work we encounter students that find it hard to participate in class.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching work students encounter strengths|8.912324|1.3907738|1.8204216
1149|Evidence suggests that current choice systems tend to favour the most resourceful parents and children. Under a new policy proposal, every guardian would be required to choose a school for their child to attend. In the National Strategy for Knowledge and Equal Opportunities Report (Nationell strategi for kunskap och likvardighet), the Swedish School Commission (Skolkommission) recognises that the term ‘compulsory’ may be too strong, explaining that guardians should never be forced to submit an application to a school; in the case a guardian does not submit an application, a school placement would be decided upon.|SDG 4 - Quality education|guardian school submit application guardians|9.955491|2.5988946|2.4421468
1150|The practice of using different forms of media campaigns and censoring unfavourable stereotypes of women in mass media is also common in OECD and other countries. This type of campaign can target demographic groups that are not part of the education system. For example, in France, the Ministry of Women’s Rights recently sponsored the “Festival International des Tres Courts”, a short-film festival in which a specific prize was awarded to films promoting awareness and understanding of women’s rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|media women prize rights sponsored|10.040305|4.90758|7.382505
1151|These measures led to a high share of the generics market, in terms of value and volume. Latvia has begun to strengthen its health infonnation infrastructure in recent years with the introduction of an eHealth system and eHealth portal started in 2016. The availability and use of health information should increase further in the years ahead.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ehealth infonnation generics portal years|8.926851|9.305679|2.015793
1152|Yet recent years witnessed an increase in the activity of non-contracted physicians providing ambulatory care along with their steadily rising numbers. As the fees of non-contracted GPs and specialists are largely unregulated and only partly covered by social health insurance (see Section 4), access to ambulatory care is increasingly based on ability to pay rather than medical need. This may also contribute to disparities between Lander as well as between urban and rural areas.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|contracted ambulatory unregulated lander non|8.910224|8.914316|1.7150115
1153|Calculation of the latter will require use of a hydrological model and will therefore need to be done outside the CGE model. Given the differing characteristics of water supplied from surface and ground sources, and in the absence of a more elaborate model of conjunctive use, it is appealing to treat these two sources of water as imperfect substitutes in the irrigation production function, as proposed by Sue-Wing and Lanzi (2014). The common interest shared by this community is the quantity (and sometimes quality) of water resource.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|model water sources appealing elaborate|1.018447|7.4743834|2.8523462
1154|Moreover, gross fixed investment growth slowed sharply in 2012 due to softer domestic demand and the base effect of higher growth in 2010 and 2011. Civil war in neighbouring Syria led to an influx of refugees to Turkey. Moreover, political instability in other neighbouring countries in the Middle East is also having adverse impact on the Turkish economy.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|neighbouring influx syria turkish slowed|5.6351805|4.709043|3.8308127
1155|However, some of the countries studied in this report have already bypassed the Finnish benchmark. Hence, for these countries the scale-up potential could not be realized (see below for further information). Eurostat data (2015) regarding buildings heat consumption (residential, services, and unspecified other) was used to estimate the share of biofuel in total heat consumption.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|heat consumption realized eurostat benchmark|1.7264311|2.8222413|2.7146714
1156|When students are educated away from their home, there often is a lack of connection between the school and the home and between the school and the culture of the home community. Across North America, boarding or residential schools contributed to language and culture loss for several generations of Indigenous students. First, parents in communities without a school may choose to move to a different community with a school rather than sending their child away.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school home away culture community|10.134251|2.8237376|2.8268185
1157|At the time of the internship, Anna Gromada was completing her master's degree in International Development at the Institut d'fctudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). The paper is part of the work undertaken by the OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools (School Resources Review) and includes revisions in light of the discussion of an earlier version [EDU/EDPC/SR(20l4)3l at the first meeting of the Group of National Experts on School Resources (14-15 May 2014). The Review provides analysis and policy advice to help governments and schools achieve effectiveness and efficiency objectives in education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|review effectiveness schools internship edu|9.438314|2.1679976|2.2024457
1158|Some studies suggest that forests and trees can provide around 20 percent of income for rural households in developing countries, and that income from forests is proportionately more important for the livelihoods of the poorest households. The proportion of people relying on woodfuel varies, from 63 percent in Africa to 38 percent in Asia and 16 percent in Latin America. Globally, 840 million people collect woodfuel and charcoal for their own use.|SDG 15 - Life on land|percent forests charcoal proportionately households|1.4920669|4.579322|3.877164
1159|How many more infants are likely to die in Africa as a result of the global financial crisis? Involuntary job loss as a risk factor for subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke: findings from the Health and Retirement Survey. The effect of recurrent involuntary job loss on the depressive symptoms of older US workers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|involuntary loss job depressive myocardial|8.735752|8.509245|3.715567
1160|Germany, the EU and Switzerland, also major providers of climate-related development finance, have committed to finance a relatively large number of projects, notably on adaptation for water resource management, agriculture and forestry, but also on mitigation. Bilateral donors also provide climate-related development finance through MDBs and climate funds, whose amount is included in the figures on the multilateral channels. The channels to deliver climate finance have also become more diverse than ever.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate channels mdbs related|1.9200779|4.000318|1.3899325
1161|Initiatives to establish such forums need to be supported by national and international actors (Chapter 5). Particularly state actors must be convinced of the need to value, not sabotage and repress, women’s organizations’ intentions to participate in public debates on politically sensitive yet existential issues (Chapter 11). Such women-only spaces are important ways to build bridges between women from different identity groups, collect information about the types and effectiveness of current programmes and set priorities and strategies for addressing violence against, and the political marginalization of, women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women actors convinced chapter marginalization|10.235628|4.7231407|7.4467616
1162|Incentives have been introduced to encourage admission of patients directly to mental health care facilities, in an effort to reduce this delay. Prefectures develop Regional Medical Care Plans including for mental health for the region, provide guidance and supervise health care providers. Prefectures also have a central role in the administration of the Mental Health and Welfare Law, and are responsible for locating the two designated psychiatrists required to sign off on an involuntary admission, and are responsible for locating a hospital place for these involuntary admissions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|locating mental involuntary admission health|10.206504|8.929491|1.6377412
1163|In addition to womens low rate of employment there is significant labour market gender segregation, with a high percentage of women employed in low wage sectors (NCPE 2014a). Maltese women are also more likely to interrupt their careers for childbearing, which generally leads them to drop out of the workforce. The situation has left Malta lagging behind when it comes to women pursuing lifelong careers (Mizzi 2013).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|careers women childbearing malta womens|9.092717|4.272946|5.8867393
1164|The group’s call for action was influenced by growing recognition of the need to prepare for the effects of climate change, as well as developments at the EU level such as the Green Paper on Adaptation, and international moves such as negotiations related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The development of a national strategy was included in the Austrian government programme for 2008-13. The scientific community intensively supported the creation of the strategy with projects to develop improved climate projections and better understand impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation. In recognition of the cross-cutting nature of adaptation policies, the development of the strategy entailed a wide-ranging process of stakeholder engagement and consultation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation strategy recognition climate entailed|1.2854441|4.527664|1.5949395
1165|A study of FE colleges in the United Kingdom (Basic Skills Agency, 1997) found that there was a stigma attached to poor basic skills, which then became a deterrent to taking up basic skills support. It drew on data from 19 FE colleges on withdrawal, retention, completion and achievement, as well as demographic and student characteristics and basic skills provision within each college. The study follow ed up these students - less than half of them received literacy and numeracy support, while the majority did not get any additional support with basic skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|basic skills colleges support study|8.691303|2.6031756|2.913699
1166|Education plays an important role in ensuring that women and men have the same opportunities in their personal and professional lives, through formal schooling, shaping attitudes and transforming behaviours. Medical and technological innovations, work-life balance measures, accessibility of family planning and legal safeguards have improved the role of women in public life. Nowadays, women in OECD countries can choose what to study, which job to take as well as whether or not to have children.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women life nowadays role safeguards|9.526974|4.903579|6.166037
1167|Since the focus in this report is on children. Figure 8.1 reports on the situation of adolescents aged 15-19. Turkey's young people are worst affected, with 1 in 5 in this category. Cyprus has cut its rate by more than half, and Turkey has also made massive strides, though it still has the highest rate among all OECD countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|turkey strides rate cyprus massive|9.498258|2.92027|2.9313867
1168|Table 5.3 shows the variations in the poverty headcount ratios for the whole population and the older population (persons aged 65 years or over) using the aforementioned definition across 34 OECD countries. On average, older persons show higher poverty incidence (15.1 per cent) than the total population (11.1 per cent). Also, the incidence of poverty among older persons is higher in the developing countries of OECD (26.2 per cent) than in the developed countries of OECD (13.2 per cent).|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent persons older incidence poverty|7.645001|5.573138|4.7471557
1169|Table 4.3 thus shows that the combination of direct health impacts and climate change risks weigh heavily on the attractiveness of fossil fuels, in particular coal. While biomass is carbon-neutral if it is harvested sustainably, it can have significant health impacts due to local and regional particulate emissions. While such estimates provide indications of orders of magnitude rather than precise measurements of impacts, they nevertheless contribute to a more balanced view of the impacts of different power generation technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|impacts weigh orders particulate harvested|1.3166503|2.6086133|2.2883558
1170|In contrast, decisions taken today on infrastructure such as transport, power generation and buildings could lock economies deeper into greenhouse gas-intensive systems, technologies and innovation and make them vulnerable to a changing climate. Scaling-up finance for long-term investment in infrastructure. Shifting investments towards low-caibon alternatives.|SDG 13 - Climate action|infrastructure lock deeper scaling alternatives|1.877656|3.308622|1.7469535
1171|While concentration in school is often linked to residential and housing policies, it is sometimes reinforced by the structure of the education system. Policy options to integrate rather than segregate migrant students include effective management of school choice, rethinking of ability grouping practices and ensuring high curricular standards in all schools. Additional resource inputs can be necessary to bring their schools up to parity and finance additional programmes to address the particular linguistic and other needs of immigrant students. Research indicates that funding for equity will be most effective at the earliest levels of education, and that both universal programmes for low socio-economic status (SES) students and targeted measures for immigrant students are necessary.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students immigrant necessary additional earliest|9.935516|2.5578432|2.6662693
1172|Another WFD daughter directive focuses on groundwater.5 The Bathing Water Directive6aims to protect the health of the public using Europe’s inland and coastal bathing waters. The Flood Risk Management Directive' aims at improving Rood prevention and Rood damage reduction in river basins. In particular, the requirement to develop and publish, by December 2009, River Basin Management Plans (RBMP), and to establish programmes of measures by the same date, has been a strong driver for this approach.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|bathing directive river daughter publish|0.8337179|6.9564323|1.8811147
1173|As an example, the substitution of fossil fuels by renewables and the corresponding global market for renewable power equipment offer opportunities, but also risks, for national or regional trade balances. In the case of the European Union (EU), for instance, there is a trade deficit with China in solar components, China being the largest producer of solar panels with 65% of the global production, 90% of exports of which 80% serve the EU market. Counting the trade benefit coming from export of solar equipment to non-EU countries, such as Japan and the United States, the resulting trade deficit for the EU has been EUR 21 billion in 2010, falling to 9 billion in 2012. Unlike trade in solar components, the EU has a sustained trade surplus in components for wind power, amounting to EUR 2.5 billion in 2012. One could therefore look more closely for one country where renewable energy innovation policy was particularly strong.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|trade eu solar components billion|1.5444716|2.1826272|1.9882345
1174|One possible reason could be that Canada’s development co-operation strategy includes measures to design programmes specifically aimed at reducing gender equality gaps. This approach helps planners to introduce these objectives into policy dialogue and to include them in the design phase of programmes. The gender marker (cont.)|SDG 5 - Gender equality|design marker planners programmes gender|9.918898|4.1484423|7.430975
1175|It sets out the overall “roadmap” for the three years ahead, with a focus on the school’s key priorities and action plans. It is conceived as a living document that all school staff will use as a reference point in evaluating, developing and improving their work. It is the duty of each school’s Board of Governors to ensure that training and development needs that are identified through PRSD are reflected in the SDP and that corresponding opportunities for professional development are made available to all teaching staff. For example, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Israel, Korea and Poland have established appraisal processes specifically designed to make promotion decisions and Chile, Korea and Mexico have developed explicit reward schemes to compensate high-performing teachers through rewards or one-off salary increases.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school staff korea governors roadmap|9.821553|1.2643688|1.5321164
1176|Even in the past, this expectation was often unfounded, and it is now entirely outmoded, as technical progress increases and changes the demand for higher level skills. Despite this, in many countries opportunities for graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes to deepen and update their skills remain limited. This is worrying, because more than anything else, the lack of such opportunities deters young people from pursuing an initial vocational route, sometimes in favour of less suitable career paths.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational worrying skills opportunities deepen|8.572452|2.7233105|2.9127283
1177|Depending on the location, dynamics of temperature and precipitation changes differ. Melting of the permafrost area is expected to have effects on bridge and road constructions as well as buildings. To adapt to climate change in the water sector, Mongolia prioritizes the formulation and stabilization of a water resources management policy. The Tobol and the Ishim/Esil are transboundary tributaries of the Irtysh/Ertis.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|constructions tributaries melting stabilization mongolia|0.55785316|6.9934464|2.5923536
1178|At the same time, a relatively high network of public transport stations is not a guarantee for a higher demand. A right number of stations should be such that on one hand would allow the citizens to find a station in a vicinity of their work, living, shopping or recreation places and, on the other hand, would not delay the transfers due to too frequent stops of the public transport modes. These ai measured per square kilometer compared to per 1000 popi much as 175 times (Brussels versus Oslo).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|stations hand ai transport brussels|4.3071494|4.925177|0.5787945
1179|Italy's National Observatory on Good Practices for Patient Safety promotes sharing and learning from adverse events (cont.) Learning from these workshops is consolidated, and emerges as national recommendations applicable across the country, made publicly available on the Observatory's portal. The next step, regional implementation of these recommendations, is supported by AGENAS, the national authority tasked with supporting R&AP to improve health care quality.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|observatory recommendations national learning emerges|9.20832|9.546397|1.6050891
1180|For natural gas, the Baseline and the BLUE Map Scenarios show quite similar natural gas infrastructure needs, of maximum gas use by 2050 of 180 bcm in total and 100 bcm in power generation. About 30 bcm would be delivered from existing fields, 50 bcm from new fields and 100 bcm from LNG imports. This would imply an almost tenfold increase of LNG imports between 2008 and 2050, or six new, very large 10 Mt/year LNG regasification facilities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|bcm lng gas fields imports|1.2002771|2.3634326|2.3524978
1181|Occupational segregation by gender, discrimination, women’s multiple roles as workers, mothers and wives, lack of access to information networks and to capital account for much of women’s disadvantage vis-a-vis men (Zhou and Logan, 1989; Gilbertson, 1995). Cultural factors play also an important role to foster this tendency. In general, women are expected (and expect also themselves) to earn wages in ways that do not conflict with their family obligations. Depending on cultural values, the welfare of the family and community may have more priority than individual achievement (Dhaliwal, 1998 and 2007; Low, 2003; Zhou and Logan, 1989).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|vis cultural women family wives|8.961276|4.4347963|6.0698657
1182|These suggest that community services may be struggling to provide adequate care. This chapter explores the extent to which current arrangements are aligned with this ambition and what more needs to be done, particularly in terms of quality monitoring and improvement, to achieve it. The chapter argues that work should start now to professionalise and define a speciality of primary care, based upon a clear, consensual vision of how the speciality will be different in knowledge, skills, roles and responsibilities from current community generalists. Strengthening of the information infrastructure, possible reforms to payment systems, and close attention to primary care specialists’ role in co-ordinating care will also be needed. Section 2.4 describes the challenges, including a super-ageing society that primary care would be expected to address and Section 2.5 considers the extent to which current arrangements are well placed to meet these challenges. Sections 2.6 and 2.7 describe the steps that Japan should take to develop a distinct and specialist primary care workforce and embed quality monitoring and improvement from the start.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care speciality primary current arrangements|9.511982|8.875123|1.6530544
1183|As to private hospitals, publicly funded patients accessing care in private hospitals must make significant out-of-pocket contributions to meet the costs not covered by public insurance. Turkey has an opportunity to use the rich data infrastructure and coding processes already in place to shift to case-mix adjustment relatively rapidly, thereby appropriately remunerating complexity of care. This should be accompanied by monitoring of quality of care for example to ensure that any expansion in numbers treated is clinically appropriate and to reduce unwarranted variation in medical practice across providers or geographical regions. This would have the further advantage of helping the Ministry of Health move fully and expeditiously in the aspired direction of focusing on quality governance of the health system and relinquishing responsibility over operations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals care coding private quality|9.163914|9.380952|1.7271211
1184|In tandem, this would reduce stress on groundwater resources from both a water quality and water quantity perspective. However, as a result of growing population and the demarcation of interstate borders that constrained mobility, the practice was replaced by continuous intensive agriculture. Under the framework of the project of reviving hima land management practices, efforts were pursued to empower local communities by transferring management rights to them. Results also demonstrated an increase in economic growth (e.g. through the cultivation of indigenous plants of economic value) and conservation of natural resources in the Zarqa River Basin. Capacity-building workshops were conducted to exchange information on lessons learned and challenges, as well as awareness campaigns to promote the issues at stake.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|interstate tandem stake transferring empower|1.0061562|7.434246|2.3265114
1185|About 70 per cent were documented migrants, and the majority recurred to an agent. The top occupation (94 per cent) was domestic work, with the rest employed in factories. About 63 per cent of the migrant women perceived their economic situation to be poor, 27 per cent reported hard but acceptable conditions and only 9 per cent said that their economic situation had been fair before the migration process.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent situation agent factories documented|8.679751|5.215022|6.9986362
1186|Similar to the pattern observed for the children in the first age group, the children in Sikasso (and Koulikoro - in this case) experience monetary poverty relatively more often than multidimensional deprivation. Capturing the regional differences, Sikasso, Mopti and Segou have the highest levels of combined deprivation and monetary poverty. Koulikoro and Tombouctou still have a large proportion of vulnerable children.|SDG 1 - No poverty|monetary children deprivation capturing poverty|6.989203|6.449877|5.2043066
1187|Routes, transfer stations, schedules and ticketing are poorly co-ordinated and integrated in the Agglomeration. Changing this and developing a long-term perspective for system improvements will necessitate political, economic and organisational measures (Solodkij and Gorev, 2013). An integrated and efficient transport system will need to be built on clear rules and close co-ordination among different stakeholders of the system.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|integrated necessitate schedules agglomeration organisational|4.1906333|4.9684863|0.7630136
1188|The city acquires land, prepares it for construction and use, and then sells the land to private developers. The role that the city takes on in this regard is not statutorily defined. The sale takes the form of leasehold: Amsterdam owns the majority of land in the city, and retains ownership after (re)development. Moreover, the increased value of existing property caused by investment in green and infrastructure flows in part to the municipality in the form of property tax.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city land takes property form|4.043346|5.5302143|1.6815084
1189|Evidence from national and international programmes shows that while efficient components might yield minor gains, systems optimization can yield much larger gains (20-30 percent), with payback periods of less than two years (ECLAC 2010; Garcia et al. Energy management systems can help firms develop an energy use baseline, actively manage energy costs and document savings for internal and external use (such as greenhouse gas emission credits). A good energy management system is vital for identifying opportunities for sustainable energy savings (Worrell 2011). A successful energy management system starts with a strong organizational commitment. A study of Turkey’s textile sector suggests that implementing an energy management system company-wide is the best approach (Ozturk 2005). Energy management systems involve costs in wages, consultancy and other fees, so their cost effectiveness varies with the firm’s size and energy intensity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy management yield systems savings|2.1024184|2.6449199|2.375994
1190|Only one respondent offered any insight into this situation, observing that the main barrier to promoting genomics for infectious disease control in Luxembourg is the fact that responsibility for controlling infectious disease in the Grand Duchy rests exclusively with the Laboratoire National de Sante; it would appear that, in this instance at least, institutional separation of infectious disease control from other elements of the healthcare and biomedical research system may seriously impede innovation in this area. Two respondents suggested that international collaboration might help to overcome such barriers, but offered no specific recommendations for how to achieve this. These include the National Institute of Genomic Medicine, established in 2004, where high-throughput technology has been adopted to support research on-going in laboratories around the country, as well as programmes supported by the Foundation Carlos Slim for Health and the Mexican Association of Medical Schools.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infectious disease offered control genomic|8.44401|9.353137|2.812606
1191|All these features compromise their pension entitlements in pension systems that link benefits to paid work, contributions and earnings. This paper deals with the challenges and constraints that pension systems face to be gender equitable and the policy alternatives to address these challenges. The economic protection of women in later life depends on several factors that intersect,including pension system rules, labour market conditions and family arrangements over the past and present. This paperfocuses on pension system rules and how they interact with other social and labour market conditions over women’s life courses to reproduce or mitigate gender inequalities in old age.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pension rules life challenges conditions|8.437546|5.445756|5.3094587
1192|Such Parties would need to provide the information needed to track progress towards each of these goals and measures as outlined in Figure 3 and Table 6. The global stocktake will consider, among other things, the overall effect of Parties’ NDCs. For some types of NDC, estimating expected future GHG emissions is difficult and may depend heavily on external factors such as GDP or population growth. The Paris Agreement encourages developing country Parties to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances. As more Parties do this, it should become easier to gain a clearer picture of future expected GHG emissions levels and associated global average temperature rise. Article 13 of the Paris Agreement also stipulates that other Parties providing support should report information on support provided and mobilised, and that developing country Parties should report information on support needs and support received.|SDG 13 - Climate action|parties support ghg paris information|1.2223891|3.609583|1.0116682
1193|"The GGEO is not simply a matter of 'add women to the environment and stir'; instead it makes use of gender-based assessment frameworks along with the traditional environmental assessment approach of the Drivers-Pressures-State-lmpacts-Responses (DPSIR) methodology, thus requiring new questions and new methods. Using a gender-specific approach to examine these complex linkages (which may be referred to as the ""gender-and-environment nexus"") is therefore an appropriate way to investigate the dynamic relationships between environmental change and gender equality, as well as between impacts on sustainablity and the realization of women's rights and empowerment (Leach 2015, Seager 2014). The push for gender equality is shaping environmental understanding, but notions of gender equality are also shaped by environmental imperatives including equal access to, and sharing of, the benefits of the use and protection of ecosystems and natural resources (UN 2014, MEA 2005)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender environmental equality leach assessment|9.243118|4.311021|7.2429504
1194|The economic crisis has halted a iong-term gradual decline in both inequality and poverty and the number of poor households is rising, with children and youths being particularly affected. Unemployment is one of the principal reasons why household incomes declined. The tax and benefit system alleviates both inequality and poverty significantly.|SDG 1 - No poverty|inequality youths poverty gradual principal|7.2188897|5.8230824|4.885763
1195|Brisbane: School of Population Health, University of Queensland. The first version of this model was developed to study the impact of type 2 diabetes on the Australian population including health, health expenditures and broader economic impacts, such as changes in employment and productivity. The model was used to test the potential future impact of various policy interventions to reduce the future burden of diabetes for the purpose of improved decision-making regarding population health investment, work-force participation and productivity.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diabetes health population model productivity|9.188373|8.937035|2.6971045
1196|Usually, its protective status is repeatedly extended, but not alw'ays. Instead, the nature preserve was w'ithdraw'n in 2003, due to the adverse results of intensive anthropogenic pressure on its broad-leaved forests, and the need for territorial development of a cattle-breeding complex. Most recently, according to some sources, the protective status of almost all nature preserves in Tajikistan (12 out of 13, the exception being Nurek) expired in 2013, and was not immediately extended.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protective extended nature status expired|1.4460466|5.2057123|4.098648
1197|This third level has been the economic growth engine especially in Finland and Sweden for the past six decades, but is now decreasing in importance due to the ongoing large-scale restructuring of the industry (new pulp and paper facilities being built in the global south rather than north) and digitalization of societies worldwide. One increasingly important business level is renewable energy that is produced from the residues of levels 2, 3 and 4. Both solid biomass (e.g. wood chips and pellets) and liquids (e.g. bio-oil) are used as raw material for bioenergy. This level breaks the confines of traditional industry sectors and makes them part of a larger biobusiness sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|level industry pulp residues bioenergy|1.5450656|3.0167491|2.9336572
1198|Harmful and degrading practices, such as dowry-related violence or so-called honour crimes, also continue, without systematic monitoring, punishment or redress, despite advances in legislation prohibiting them. Examples of such violence can be rape/sexual assault, sexual harassment, violence within institutions, violence against women migrant workers, witchcraft-or sorcery-related violence or killings (A/66/215 and A/HRC/1 1/2). Although in the majority of cases younger women are at higher risk of witchcraft-related violence, in some parts of Africa older women are more vulnerable to sorcery-related femicide owing to their economic dependence on others or the property rights that they hold (A/HRC/20/16). This type of violence can include gender-based violence during conflict, disappearance or extrajudicial killings, custodial violence, violence against refugees and internally displaced women, or women from indigenous or minority groups (A/66/215).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence killings hrc women related|9.927686|5.434669|7.3876743
1199|According to the report “Assessment Schemes for Teachers’ ICT Competence -A Policy Analysis”12 (May 2005), several curricula exist to become a teacher (depending on education level and specialisation in a given subject or a range of subjects). Moreover, in certain initial teacher education curricula, ICT has been included as a compulsory subject. The country report dedicated to Hungary specifies that ICT is included in initial teacher education as a subject called Computer Sciences. Each individual institution determines the structure and the curricula of the courses.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curricula ict subject teacher initial|8.731106|1.4464461|2.1997151
1200|In fact, inequalities increase the higher up the pay scale they go. The result is that, while in OECD countries women earn on average 16% less than men, female top-earners are paid 21% less than their male counterparts. The so-called “glass ceiling” exists: women are disadvantaged when it comes to decision-making responsibilities and senior management positions; by the time they get to the boardroom, there is only one of them for every 10 men. The Norwegian experience shows that quotas can be effective in improving the gender balance at board level.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men glass ceiling earners counterparts|9.639133|4.1868496|6.228012
1201|Efforts in this area have already been started by Norway, and 17 ACT teams are now in place in Norway, two of which are Flexible Assertive Community Treatment (F-ACTs) teams. Indeed, an evaluation report on the impact of the implementation of ACT teams in Norway is expected in 2014, and should provide a valuable insight into strengths and weaknesses of this important service. This amounts to around 138 involuntary admitted persons per 100 000 adult inhabitants, and about 198 involuntary admissions per 100 000 adult inhabitants.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|teams involuntary norway inhabitants adult|10.41748|8.981201|1.6585354
1202|The survey underlines the willingness of the private financial sector to receive training in energy efficiency. Results moreover underlined the importance for private financial institutions to get more insights and pre-emptive information into the evolution of regulatory issues. The creation of EEFAN would be useful in both instances.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|underlined underlines financial private instances|2.336012|2.9491878|1.9016548
1203|The report cites as examples the Division of Industry and Community Network (BJIM), the Division of Research and Community Network which, while originally established mainly for industrial training placement and to enhance students4 employment opportunities, is now actively taking part in community engagement and outreach programmes (NHERI, 2010). Prior to its designation as an APEX university, student selections were done centrally and a centralised process continues for all non-APEX higher education institutions. Course placements at higher education are made to reflect the demographic profile of the country and are based on academic marks.|SDG 4 - Quality education|apex community division network placements|7.675263|2.5895407|2.5579772
1204|The global vision connects all generation and load together to get a higher overall social welfare, with the lowest overall energy cost. Given that this will smooth daily, seasonal and annual load curves, the role for baseload technologies such as nuclear energy will be considerably enhanced (see Figure 6.5 which is for expositional purposes only; in practice, the ability of smart grids to smooth the annual load curve would be somewhat more modest). In the local decentralised setting, smart grids can enable local demand-supply balancing including nuclear power. Employing large baseload facilities at continuous output as such might be less obvious in this setting.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load baseload smooth grids smart|1.4181443|1.3510389|1.8754103
1205|A situation room at the Water Resources Operations Centre manages dams operated by K-water nationwide: the Centre forecasts rainfall in the basins of 58 dams and weirs nationwide, gathers and manages data from more than 500 hydrometric stations as well as controls and manages floods, water supply and hydropower generation of multipurpose dams, water supply dams and weirs. In addition, the Centre develops technologies of integrated water management based on ICT and exports these technologies abroad. Several cities are pilot-testing applications for domestic water users, including smart water meters that monitor water quality in real-time.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|dams water manages centre nationwide|1.1021245|7.06121|2.1471908
1206|In the process of preparing the 2014 Folkeskole reform, stakeholders acknowledged that better learning outcomes for all students should be possible without using more of society’s resources on compulsory education. The present evidence does not indicate any reduction in student achievement since the introduction of the reform, but the full impact of the changes will need to be monitored over the years to come. The impression of the OECD review team is, however, that the Danish school system has been able to implement a reform with clear and high ambitions for improved student performance without a major increase in overall spending.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reform student impression folkeskole ambitions|9.77153|1.779263|1.6292742
1207|In the period to 2020, global coal demand experiences strong growth but then slows rapidly, with the level of global demand remaining broadly flat for much of the rest of the period, before then flirting tentatively with decline as 2035 approaches. The share of coal in the global energy mix peaks soon at 28%, and then declines gradually to 24% by 2035. Non-OECD countries account for all of the growth and China, the world’s largest consumer of coal, will be pivotal in determining the evolution of global coal markets. The flexibility of natural gas as a fuel, together with its greater environmental and energy security attributes, makes it an attractive fuel in a number of countries and sectors.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|coal global fuel slows period|1.2490777|2.5040195|2.298193
1208|Additionally, they attribute success to greater co-operation between municipalities within Finland. The programme consists of a variety of waste management strategies. Overall, the programme’s emphasis and strategies focus on the 3Rs initiative (reduction, reuse and recycling) with the central goal of changing consumption and production patterns and traditional practices of waste management throughout the country. Changing consumption and production patterns and traditional practices of waste management throughout the country is a central objective.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste management changing patterns traditional|0.53293306|3.984415|3.0559556
1209|These induced effects are also significant. First, input-output tables represent static models reflecting the interrelationship between economic sectors at a certain point in time. Since those interactions may change, the matrices may lead us to overestimate or underestimate the impact of network construction. For example, if the electronic equipment industry is outsourcing jobs overseas at a fast pace, the employment impact of broadband deployment will diminish over time and part of the potentially counter-cyclical investment will “leak” overseas.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|overseas leak overestimate outsourcing underestimate|4.885732|2.956043|2.156884
1210|Most notably the booming shale oil and shale gas production has substantially increased the scope of fossil fuel resources. Shale gas and oil production require hydraulic fracturing (fracking) which consumes a lot of water and large quantities of water are needed for releasing and processing bitumen. At the global level, there is way less w'ater used for fossil fuel extraction than for power generation (IEA, 2016), but this part of the nexus can be crucial for many reasons. Therefore, the w'ater intensity will be pushed up and in the absence of water regulation it might significantly increase water w ithdrawals and consumption from the fossil fuel sector, although IEA (2016) argues that water consumption may not have to increase.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|shale fossil water fuel ater|1.3054655|6.9513865|2.899054
1211|To strengthen assurance for quality of care ongoing focus should not only be on the numbers of professionals, but also on their professional profiles and the quality of their performance in practice. Various steps have been taken to strengthen the position of citizens/patients with focus on complaint handling. It would be advisable for Turkey to have more infonnation on performance of health-care services accessible in the public domain, and capturing the experiences of health-care users systematically could be more broadly embedded. Further work on specific registries can be anticipated. Optimising the use of administrative data is a priority; particular attention is needed to enhance data-sharing between the Ministry of Health and SSI. A coherent policy on how to strengthen the Turkish information infrastructure to facilitate the use of quality indicators, addressing topics such as data-linkage, secondary use of data from Electronic Health Records and assurance of privacy and data security is advisable.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|advisable data strengthen assurance health|9.031499|9.556469|1.8239102
1212|In middle-income Latin American and transition economies, social insurance systems which are mature, albeit limited in coverage, ensure coverage at the top of income distribution. In other regions, coverage for the better off is achieved mostly through private expenditure and self-insurance in the form of savings. These innovative instruments need to be complemented by more traditional transfers and support for those of working age who are unable to work and for the elderly, for whom employment generation and conditions aiming at improving human capital make less sense.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|coverage insurance mature albeit aiming|7.6195073|5.820274|4.1818223
1213|There are 12 institutions in the Netherlands that offer heroin and/or methadone treatment for long-term addicts. A quarter of opium addicts live in social isolation and has multiple interrelated psychological issues (Loth, 2009). These sustained substance-dependent patients remain a vulnerable group.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|opium interrelated heroin substance isolation|8.336355|10.195295|3.546557
1214|A recent Danish study made an initial estimate of the levels of climate finance they mobilised through both bilateral and multilateral public climate finance channels (Mostert et al., However, due to the pilot and preliminary nature of these studies, the results have not been used by countries in the context of the biennial reports to the UNFCCC - with the exception of France. More generally, only four countries (Canada, Finland, and Japan in addition to France) have included quantified estimates of total private climate finance mobilised in their second biennial reports (BR2), and a fifth (Sweden) has included some quantified examples. With the aim of ensuring synergies and a convergence of approaches with the climate finance community, this work is being conducted in close collaboration with the Research Collaborative on Tracking Private Climate Finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate quantified biennial mobilised|1.6791551|3.783899|0.84567857
1215|"For example, Ferreira and Gignoux (2014, p. 232), in a study of inequality of educational opportunity using PISA data, argue that: ""Because 15 year-olds may conceivably affect the choice of school they attend, the class they are assigned to, and thus the teachers they interact with, all school characteristic variables, for example, are included in [effort]."" This is a bold leap to make, even when considering children of this age. The extent to which (a) children realistically have choices about this matter, and (b) are empowered to make these types of decisions independently of parents and other adults will vary according to context. Additionally, our analysis includes children from 8 years of age upwards, and the above argument is even less likely to apply to younger age groups."|SDG 4 - Quality education|age children realistically upwards bold|9.57389|2.3742478|2.9466496
1216|Cogeneration, which enables up to 85 per cent of the energy input to be converted into useful energy (much more than combined cycle power generation, the efficiency of which is close to 50 per cent), is still much below its potential, because the legal framework hindered self-generation (i.e. typically by the users themselves, such as solar panels in households) and the rates applied to large consumers of high voltage that were often subsidized. One third was used for domestic and rural activities in a fairly sustainable way, while the remainder was used for industrial purposes. While the overall chain of transformations and uses of wood in Brazil is poorly understood, it is clear that the overall efficiency of biomass is very low.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generation efficiency cogeneration overall cent|1.6106648|2.6247635|2.8304222
1217|Patient annual OOP spending is capped to SEK 2 200 (USD 250). Co-payment is increased to 20% for off-patent drugs with cheaper (generic) alternatives. Scotland: no co-payment. The standard benefit in 2014 has a USD 310 deductible and 25% coinsurance up to an initial coverage limit of $2,850 in total drug costs, followed by a coverage gap.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payment coverage usd oop sek|8.467268|9.045905|2.0919461
1218|Types of services include - among others - physician services, durable medical equipment, laboratory' tests, and outpatient hospital services. Each expenditure category is projected on the basis of recent past trends in growth per enrolee, along with applicable legislated limits on payment updates. To project future SMI part D21 costs, historical per capita spending for beneficiaries in private prescription dmg plans, low'-income beneficiaries, and beneficiaries in employer-sponsored retiree health plans is used as a projection base.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|beneficiaries services plans legislated updates|8.578763|9.174273|2.0205529
1219|The National Food Security Act specifies that 54.93 Mt of food grains will be distributed through the Public Distribution System (PDS) to all 35 Indian states per year. Additional allocations will have to be made by the government under other welfare schemes (8 Mt), buffer stocks (5 Mt) and the open market sale scheme (5 Mt). The total procurement will be approximately 70 Mt, which is 7 Mt higher than the amount procured during 2011-12 (Chand and Birthal, 2011). The central government will also be responsible for allocating food grains from the central pool to the different states, providing transportation and storage facilities. The state governments, on the other hand, will be implementing and monitoring the Food Security Act. India's National Food Security Act, 2013 (cont.)|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|mt food act grains security|4.218271|5.3283973|4.280583
1220|Annex III will apply, mutalis mutandis, to the establishment of this total allowable catch or total allowable fishing effort by the Commission. To give effect to this paragraph, such measures may be adopted, in accordance with the principles of compatibility outlined in Article 4, by the Commission for the high seas and the coastal State Contracting Party or Parties concerned for the areas under national jurisdiction; and by the Commission, with the consent of the coastal State Contracting Party' or Parties concerned, for measures that will apply throughout the range of the fishery resource. The measures shall become binding on the members of the Commission in accordance with Article 17 paragraph 1. Such measures shall not be open to the objection procedure in Article 17 paragraph 2 but may be the subject of dispute settlement procedures under this Convention.|SDG 14 - Life below water|paragraph commission article allowable measures|-0.10772063|5.7328715|6.7430844
1221|Plant-level costs are, of course, those costs that come most naturally to mind when thinking about the costs of electricity provision. The “bricks, mortar and steel” to build the plant, the fuel and the manpower to run it are easily comprehensible cost items. The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) publish a survey of the plant-level costs in OECD countries every five years in the Projected Costs of Generating Electricity (see IEA/NEA, 2010 and IEA/NEA, 2015; IEA/NEA, 2020 is currently in preparation). While concrete work reveals also a number of difficulties in assessing plant-level costs, e.g. which discount rate to use to reflect the cost of capital, at least the basic concepts are well understood. Plant-level costs of production are financial and economic realities that are straightforwardly monetised and integrated into the decision-making processes of private and public actors. In an interconnected electricity system, each plant interacts with all other plants, on both physical and economic levels.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plant nea costs iea electricity|1.2702527|1.7277634|1.7631034
1222|Developing countries, including CDDCs, will need to find ways to effectively and efficiently align mitigation and adaptation actions specified in their NDCs with their ongoing development programmes towards achievement of the SDGs, as well as their strategies to diversify, industrialize and modernize their economies. This chapter looks at strategies and technologies that could help CDDCs address these challenges, and at enabling conditions for their successful implementation. A range of new technologies, practices and strategies can help improve the resilience of commodity sectors to the impacts of climate change and strengthen their contribution to sustainable development, as discussed below.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cddcs strategies technologies help diversify|1.1871333|3.4702044|1.2636442
1223|"One of the first tasks of the Commission on the Status of Women was to write the 1952 Convention on the Political Rights of Women.24 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women builds on previous conventions and its article 7 concerns women's access to decision-making in political and public life. Article 7 guarantees the right of women to vote in all elections and public referendums and to be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies, the right to participate in the formulation of government policy and its implementation, to hold public office and perform all public functions at all levels of government, and the right to participate in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or associations concerned with the public and political life of the country. Article 8 requires State parties to ""take all appropriate measures to ensure to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations."""|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women article participate public right|9.956631|4.696346|7.262102
1224|There is limited evidence of positive incentives to encourage faculty members to engage in regional development and the integration of research, service and teaching. University affiliation can have advantages by extending programmes to a region while maintaining quality controls through the university’s faculty. But affiliation can also result in diminished responsiveness to regional needs, especially when university faculties, already facing several budget constraints, resist diverting resources from the main campus to branches. The CHE process for review and approval of new academic programmes applies primarily national criteria to: i) ensure compliance with national quality standards, ii) encourage colleges to develop distinctive academic programmes that will attract students nationwide, iii) develop nationally recognised centres of excellence (e.g. in educating students with special needs) and iv) avoid unnecessary programme duplication.|SDG 4 - Quality education|affiliation faculty university academic programmes|7.652546|2.532158|2.5314312
1225|Research analysing the material well-being and monetary poverty simultaneously has found strong, but far from complete, correlation between the two (e.g., Perry, 2002; Roelen and Notten, 2011; Roelen et al, 2011; Bradshaw et al., The identification of the monetary poor individuals and those who are deprived of the basic goods and services necessary for their survival and development can lead to better understanding of the situation people are faced with, and therefore to better targeted and more effective policy responses. Similarly, it has been recognised that it is necessary to make a distinction between household poverty and child poverty, acknowledging that children may experience poverty differently to adults and that people's needs differ depending on their age.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty monetary necessary bradshaw acknowledging|7.033117|6.5395927|5.1245894
1226|Higher proportions of staff with low-level qualifications were related with less favourable child outcomes in the socio-emotional domain (social relationships with their peers and co-operation). There is no simple relationship between the level of education of staff and classroom quality or learning outcomes. They studied the relationship between child outcomes and staff qualifications and found no, or contradictory, associations between the two.|SDG 4 - Quality education|staff outcomes qualifications relationship child|9.237125|2.632675|1.885621
1227|Unlike in many other countries the gross quantity of available water appears to be ample1 and water-saving is not an overriding priority for most users and use sectors, though shortages recur in some Eastern regions of the country. There is also a sizeable non-consumptive abstraction of water for hydropower at a number of plants on the Kura River and its tributaries, and for cooling in the thermal power station at Gardabani. Although largely non-consumptive, these operations in the power sector do have an impact on river flow, hydro morphology and the transport of sediments, which affect w'ater use elsewhere. Irrigation demand has also fallen due to the collapse of some large-scale operations; the total area of irrigated land fell from 370 000 ha in 1990 to 167 000 in 2003, and has fallen further since then.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|consumptive fallen operations river water|0.90356785|7.2681565|2.7859552
1228|Scenarios unambiguously predict that tropical areas are at higher risk of climate hazards. According to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN) (Chen and others, 2015),10 for example, countries at the highest risk of climate change are concentrated in Africa and South and South-East Asia, where the capacity to prevent (or even cope with) most negative impacts is poor (figure 1.1). While some high-income countries (Italy, Japan and the United States of America) exhibit relatively high risk levels owing to their high exposure to climate hazards, they possess greater capacity (resources) to manage those risks.|SDG 13 - Climate action|hazards risk climate high south|1.3253158|5.046184|2.0934248
1229|In 2008, the Government of Rwanda (GoR) embarked on a nationwide roll-out of fibre optic as a backbone infrastructure for broadband. This optic fibre connected different parts of the country and provided high-capacity cross-border links with onward connectivity to submarine cables. The network is currently over 90% population coverage.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|fibre submarine cables embarked onward|4.7681913|3.0026095|1.5091077
1230|At the end of the disqualification, a driver must not drive until they have obtained an alcohol interlock licence. A driver may then only drive vehicles fitted with an approved alcohol interlock. An alcohol interlock is a device fitted to a vehicle that requires a driver to provide an alcohol free breath sample before the vehicle will start.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|alcohol driver fitted drive vehicle|4.4513054|5.1624904|-0.06156576
1231|It was developed in the late 1960s in medical education to facilitate learning basic science concepts in the context of clinical cases (Box 2). It is today used in most medical schools in the United States and in many other countries around the world (Wood, 2008). Moreover, PBL has been successfully adapted across various disciplines in higher education, including natural sciences, social sciences, or humanities. Schools of architecture, business, law, engineering, forestry, police science, social work, education and many other professional fields have picked up PBL (Ball and Pelco, 2006; Camp, 1996).|SDG 4 - Quality education|pbl sciences science medical education|9.331223|9.14391|1.4925559
1232|Effort should be made to support the sharing of expertise and practices at the local level. In this regard, it will be important to establish strong public health institutions with national influence to develop strategic policy objectives and assess policy options. This need for strong public health institutions is heightened in Switzerland where cantons are of varying sizes and hence have varying capacities for policy development. Health information systems are currently limited and information on key indicators is too often left to the initiative of willing parties or health service providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health varying policy strong cantons|8.890063|9.276405|2.1708794
1233|They involve several public entities such as the Ministry of Energy and Mines in Algeria, the Supreme Council of Energy in Egypt and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in Jordan, etc. ( An initial assessment of the current power generation capacity in the region, focusing on the contribution of renewable sources to electricity generation. The strategy also lists the several international and regional initiatives that were launched to help develop renewable energy projects in the Mediterranean region.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy generation renewable ministry mines|1.6262861|2.4133947|2.4779427
1234|For example, the typical compounded efficiency of the energy chain from crude oil at the well to useful transport services is about 2 per cent only (assuming single occupancy of a passenger car with five seats). While in this case, the efficiency of transforming primary to final energy is as high as 93 per cent (including transport, refining and distribution), the efficiency of transforming final to useful energy efficiency is only about 10 per cent (that is, the result of 20 per cent engine efficiency and 50 per cent efficiency of drivetrain and car). Full occupancy of the car would increase the compounded efficiency from 2 to 10 per cent.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|efficiency cent car occupancy compounded|1.8952526|2.6585429|2.5224192
1235|Brazil is no exception, and the process of reforming water institutions cannot be isolated from the broader institutional change that the country has gone through over the last three decades, especially in terms of the new relationship between civil society and public authorities following the country’s return to democracy. This discredit triggered calls from citizens for more direct participation, which has influenced public policies since then. At the time, greater emphasis on bottom-up approaches and citizens’ engagement contrasted with the more important role of representative democracy as well as higher trust in public authorities that prevailed in more stabilised democracies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|democracy citizens public authorities stabilised|1.1731769|7.290828|1.5399156
1236|Consistent with a pattern found, on average, across the OECD, the mathematics and science scores of the highest-performing boys (the top decile) exceed that of girls. Policy makers across OECD member countries have employed a range of instruments to improve student achievement - including smaller class sizes, increased school autonomy, changes to teacher training and recruitment, or stringent accountability requirements for teachers, school leaders, or school founders (Hanushek, Piopiunik and Wiederhold, 2016). Given the current state of primary and lower secondary schooling in Lithuania -marked by small classes, wide school autonomy, and the reluctance on the part of educators and families to introduce assessment-based accountability arrangements - the most promising policy options for improvement in learning appear to be the amount and quality of instruction time.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school autonomy accountability hanushek reluctance|9.632629|1.9982576|2.470769
1237|Few sociological and qualitative studies, however, have shed light on the relevance of gender norms in driving migration decisions. Diner (1983) is one of the first attempts to include discriminatory social norms into the possible explanations of women's international migration. Studying the Irish diaspora to the United States in the late nineteenth century, she finds that most of the migrants were women in search for better opportunities. Since the famine of those years made impossible for families to give dowry to each daughter, marriage was only possible for one daughter.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|daughter norms migration possible sociological|8.695587|5.280572|7.0709996
1238|Nevertheless, these households are also affected by higher energy tariffs as they will have to pay higher prices for alternative energy sources, such as gas bottles, kerosene and possibly even firewood. Many reports have been produced recently on the impact of the food and fuel price crisis and the subsequent global economic crisis on poverty and child well-being. However, so far there is little evidence on the impact of the recent crises on child well-being and vulnerability.|SDG 1 - No poverty|crisis bottles child kerosene firewood|7.029236|5.9459157|4.993265
1239|However, a central concern is that much of the plan has yet to be implemented, and that while on paper women appear to be equal to men, in practice inequality remains. Women need training to be able to perform well in the positions they occupy and to make a difference. Women are also still discriminated against - for example, while women are present within the military and serve alongside men, they face abuse and ill treatment (Kagumire 2010). Furthermore, despite their presence in the formal institutions of governance, much like in Rwanda they remain underrepresented in formal peace negotiations (Binder et al.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women formal discriminated men underrepresented|10.41286|4.7116327|7.416893
1240|While women and men alike are victims and perpetuators of violence, evidence from IFES’ research suggest that women are four times more likely to be victims of violence in comparison to their male counterparts (Ibid). Varying forms of violence against women during the electoral cycle are reported in the COG reports, but with the only clear incident of political violence recorded being that of Nigeria in the 2015 elections. During the 2015 general election in Nigeria, women (and men alike) in the north-eastern states of Nigeria faced increased security concerns because of the terror threat posed by Boko Haram.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|nigeria violence alike victims women|10.03054|5.329501|7.4334564
1241|However, when adaptation options are combined, the gains for farmers are significant. For example, the authors found that changing crops, when combined with water conservation strategies, delivers the largest gains of any of the adaptation options. The study concludes that, while adaptation to climate change based upon a portfolio of strategies is superior to single-option strategies, finding the right combination of interventions requires experimentation with different options to iterate the optimal course of action. The study also sheds light on the need to remove the structural barriers encountered by some groups when they attempted to access the full range of strategies, either because of poor socioeconomic status or weak access to financial resources, or owing to an absence of knowledge attributable to low levels of education or lack of information.|SDG 13 - Climate action|strategies options adaptation gains combined|1.6286024|5.0337257|2.2625241
1242|Section 5 gives consideration of care for other adults in the household and finds that in most countries partnered men are less likely to be involved in care than partnered women. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under tire terms of international law. Yet, as the previous chapter shows, men do a lot more paid work than women on average. This chapter draws on time use data to demonstrate that, when it comes to unpaid work, w'omen - particularly mothers - do considerably more time than men and fathers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|partnered men chapter tire omen|9.059602|4.905127|5.588497
1243|The roundwood harvesting in Finland fluctuated a lot due to the changes in international forest-product market situation over past few decades (Statistics Finland 2012). This is because the mineral soils have been a sink, but the organic soils have been a source due to drainage of peatland. Organic soils have released more CO2 than what mineral soils removed in most years between 1990 and 2010. It is projected that forest soils will become, and the forest biomass will remain a sink with increasing rates of removal for 2013-2020.|SDG 15 - Life on land|soils sink forest mineral organic|1.1520039|4.4743233|3.904646
1244|This is not a common practice, however, particularly in rural areas. With a limited inheritance, women can end up without sufficient assets or resources to support themselves. For example, if a wife has no personal assets, she may find herself destitute and deprived of the marital home unless she has minor children in her care. This altered control over assets within families and increased parental investments in daughters.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|assets altered wife daughters marital|9.212791|5.2036047|7.04597
1245|The European Commission Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) champions channelling climate finance through a range of traditional and innovative modalities, such as budget support and sectoral support. Further, the Commission is experimenting with the use of off-budget national climate funds (NCFs) (GCCA, 2012). In some cases, providers and supporters are creating intermediary funds, designated to be replaced by domestically owned funds with time, or handed over to a domestic management authority once operational. In other cases, national funds have been created with the specific function of channelling sectoral climate finance, for example, the Indonesian Climate Change Trust Fund and the Indonesian forest fund for REDD+ (CFA and PWC, 2010).|SDG 13 - Climate action|funds climate channelling indonesian sectoral|1.8337994|3.78917|1.2143766
1246|It is therefore evident that current patterns of consumption and production are environmentally unsustainable and socially inequitable. Economic growth, human development and wellbeing would need to be substantially decoupled from resource use and environmental impact (UNEP, 2011). Achieving gains in decoupling will not happen spontaneously, but will require well designed public policies that enable economic restructuring toward sustainable consumption and production and resource efficiency.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|resource decoupled consumption inequitable decoupling|1.7275816|3.5659342|2.675721
1247|According to the latest PISA 2015 results, students’ socio-economic backgrounds have a varying degree of influence on their performance in science, reading and mathematics. In such countries as Austria, Chile, Belgium, France, Germany, Singapore and Switzerland, socio-economic backgrounds exercise a particularly strong influence on students’ performance, since students from disadvantaged backgrounds in these countries are very likely to not perform as well in PISA assessments as their peers from advantaged backgrounds. On the other hand, in Macao (China), Hong Kong (China), Japan, Finland, Estonia, Korea and Canada, the socio-economic background of students has a much weaker influence on their performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|backgrounds students influence socio performance|9.813788|2.136802|3.0532238
1248|This chapter also addresses concerns about the outcomes of compact city policies and presents ways for policy makers to handle this complex issue. While it appears clear that compact city policies can be expected to play a role in meeting this goal in today’s urban contexts (Chapter 1), an important question for policy makers is: how, and to what extent, can compact city policies be expected contribute to urban sustainability? While there is some evidence concerning energy consumption and the reduction of carbon emissions, there is extensive debate over whether compact city policies have solid, positive effects on environmental quality.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|compact city policies makers expected|3.794823|4.973359|1.3284609
1249|As Andrew Garrad, chairman of the British energy consulting firm Garrad Hassan, has recently noted, in the past, the main objective was to develop “bigger and bigger” turbines in order to extract ever more power from the available wind resources. Today, however, the emphasis is increasingly on “better and better”. A case in point is Dongfang’s cooperation agreement with the Finnish company, The Switch, from early 2008.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|bigger chairman andrew extract better|2.2446837|1.917702|1.9201509
1250|To reach this common understanding, an ongoing dialogue is required with a broad range of stakeholders, giving equal weight to different discourses, while at the same time valuing the professional expertise of key stakeholders. The current search for new consultation methods and platforms to make this possible is a promising way forward. The framework is currently being discussed with a broad group of 700 to 800 stakeholders and experts. The process started with a widespread request among stakeholders for ideas on ‘good education’. After an initial analysis, the Inspectorate has begun a dialogue about a draft framework, both through an online questionnaire and focus groups.|SDG 4 - Quality education|stakeholders dialogue broad valuing framework|9.472042|1.549103|1.7937518
1251|Educational attainment in Chile has considerably improved in recent years. Lower secondary education is now virtually universal and there has been progress in retaining students in upper secondary education even if about 20% of a cohort does not reach the final year of upper secondary education. Student learning outcomes in Chile are considerably below the OECD average but there has been considerable progress in the last decade.|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary considerably upper chile education|10.085905|1.9516652|2.5317075
1252|Therefore, the main place of settlement is on the coast. The northern system provides electricity to approximately go%of the population and most of the islands inthe northern part ofthe Faroe Islands. The southern system provides electricity to Suduroy, where approximately 10% ofthe population lives. A few smaller islands are not supplied with electricity through either of the two main grids.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|islands ofthe electricity northern approximately|1.9453242|1.9002278|2.3507392
1253|As central agencies seem to define missions and objectives but do not invest the necessary means to achieve them, little co-ordination is possible between these policy areas. In addition, intensive competition between different ministries is common in water, energy and agricultural policy co-ordination in several LAC countries. In Chile, water policies in the agricultural sector are designed by two separate ministries with different interests: the Ministry of Public Works, through its Office of Water Infrastructure (dams, irrigation, etc.) Lastly, unclear allocation of roles and a lack of institutional incentives for co-operation are also cited as common concerns for both water-energy and water-agricultural policy coherence.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water agricultural ministries ordination policy|1.3017473|7.1865196|1.506342
1254|Recent efforts to enhance primary care capacity through the development of multidisciplinary primary care units that complement the activities by traditional ambulatory care physicians working in solo practices can play a positive role in addressing these challenges. Public spending on health and long-term care is expected to increase considerably over the coming decades while, at the same time, ageing will reduce the share of the population of working-age needed to finance this public spending. The reform set a limit on nominal public health spending growth of 4.5% in 2012 and was gradually reduced to 3.6% in 2016, aiming to bring it in line with projected annual average GDP growth.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care spending public solo primary|9.058776|8.670287|2.4343104
1255|Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. New England Journal ofMedicine ;355:2725-2732. 25-Year summary of US malpractice claims for diagnostic errors 1986-2010: an analysis from the National Practitioner Data Bank. Lost productive life years caused by chronic conditions in Australians aged 45-64 years, 2010-2030.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|australians reactions analysis practitioner prospective|9.057565|9.610227|1.6023818
1256|The decisions of individuals and households have aggregate consequences for urban sprawl, congestion and air pollution, among other things. Tourism entails large-scale, short-term human mobility, often towards metropolitan areas. Tourism has significant economic impacts, generating 1 in 11 jobs worldwide and accounting for 7 per cent of exports globally.18 The tourism industry attracts large numbers of migrant workers in hospitality and related services. Available from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/ pdf/10.18111/9789284418145; and UNWTO, “International tourist arrivals up 4% reach a record 1.2 billion in 2015”, 18 January 2016.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tourism attracts arrivals hospitality sprawl|6.4174075|3.9089403|2.9860582
1257|The law mandates an end to overfishing, promotes market-based management, strengthens the role of science, improves data on recreational fisheries, and includes new measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and to reduce bycatch in global fisheries. Alaskan pollock, menhaden, cod, flatfish, Pacific salmon and hake are the six most important species in terms of volume, while crabs, scallops, shrimp, salmon, and lobster are highest in teims of gross value. The quantity of edible imports was 2.449 million tonnes, 1.542 million tonnes more than the quantity imported in 2011. About 95% of the transfers in 2011 were spent on general services. (|SDG 14 - Life below water|salmon tonnes quantity fisheries million|0.260862|5.8096447|6.7665067
1258|While the growth effect predominated in practically all tf appreciable decline in poverty, the contribution of the distribution effect was over 25% in six others. In order to supplement the characterization of income poverty in Latin America, updated results are presented for some population groups that are relevant to the poverty analysis. Poverty rates among children under the age of 15 may be between 1.1 and 2.0 times higher than for the total population,4 with the most notable differences recorded in countries with lower poverty levels.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty effect characterization practically supplement|6.463331|5.506614|5.2295213
1259|This will require a review of party constitutions and re-alignment of womens leagues, so that they can play more active roles to enhance womens engagement within the parties -beyond ‘dancing’ for party leaders. Hence political parties need to field women candidates across the board - at the presidential, legislature and local government levels. Incentives for political parties to comply will come from the laws that require them to nominate and field women candidates.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parties womens candidates party field|10.459936|4.422279|7.221122
1260|Following the example of the Netherlands, Sweden could establish knowledge-centres for mixed schools in municipalities aimed to help change preferences and misconceptions of foreigners through tours of the local schools organised by municipalities. These tours would provide parents with the opportunity to discuss enrolment options, learn more about the schools in their area and help them make informed decisions for their children. For example, the ‘first-come-first-serve’ principle discriminates against newly arrived students because newly immigrated parents do not have the ability, as native parents do, to put their children on a school’s waiting list many years in advance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|parents newly schools municipalities foreigners|9.963996|2.657529|2.5726166
1261|From its beginnings in the 1970s as the Council for Equality between Men and Women, it functioned as an executive commission but with a small staff of between five and eight employees. It was relocated from the Prime Minister’s Office to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, farther removed from central decision making, but received statutory responsibility for proposing gender equality reforms. This facilitated more successful intervention in prostitution debates, job training and political representation (World Bank, 2012). Chile’s National Service for Women, SERNAM, benefitted from a Chair with ministerial status. In this case, the gender institution’s leadership, along with a sector-specific approach to gender mainstreaming, improved its capacity to influence inter-sectoral dialogue with line ministries and the national gender institution advocated successfully for legislation on domestic violence and gender discrimination, including childcare for seasonal day workers and maternity leave for domestic employees.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender institution employees equality functioned|9.956555|4.2210536|7.306878
1262|From this analysis the Two Mayors' initiative decided to focus on three key areas for future growth: a) the manufacture of green products for construction and retrofitting; b) renewable energy; and c) green transportation options. Against each priority area a sub-committee was tasked with leading a more detailed plan to deliver against the ambitions of the initiative. Green MSP as the leading initiative to help retain, grow and attr act green manufacturing businesses and jobs in the Minneapolis Saint Paul region.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|green initiative leading paul mayors|2.93398|4.2216306|1.9850746
1263|The surveys include a range of questions on issues such as school finance, strategic management, professional development and collaboration with communities. Each round of surveys also picks up particularly timely and relevant topics. For example, the 2010 survey in primary schools focused on the introduction of National Standards and the 2009 survey in secondary schools had a focus on the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA). These reports gather evaluative evidence on specific education issues and serve to inform policy and practice.|SDG 4 - Quality education|surveys survey evaluative schools issues|9.694327|1.9021581|1.6922659
1264|The notion of “affordability” is more problematic as it indicates a normative notion of the price level. To the extent that energy supply security pertains to trade between different nation states, insisting on “affordable prices” and thus, implicitly, on certain distributional arrangements can undermine the very objective it is trying to achieve. However affordability can take the meaning, not of low prices, but also of effectively managed price changes.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|notion affordability price prices implicitly|1.5375619|1.9228115|1.7816123
1265|The courses last from a few days up to 1-3 years. Some folk high schools provide Swedish tuition for immigrants as well as, among other courses, second-chance education where students can obtain the equivalent qualifications to the compulsory school leaving certificate and the upper secondary school leaving certificate. Liberal adult education receives government grants with the aim to develop activities that contribute to strengthening democracy and people participation. Besides these general guidelines the state does not steer their activities and folk high schools can design their own courses and profiles.|SDG 4 - Quality education|courses folk certificate leaving schools|10.013183|2.656075|2.570279
1266|In the IMTA setting, seawater is recycled and up to 30% of the wild kelp, Ecklonia maxima, consumed by abalone is replaced by Ulva lactuca grown on site in the recirculation system. The overall commercial gain from using an IMTA approach was estimated at between USD 1.1 and 3.0 million per year, including a significant increase in farm profits (USD 200 000 to 700 000). The environmental benefits included the reduction of nitrogen discharges into adjacent coastal waters by 3.7 to 5.0 tonnes per year, the reduction in harvesting of wild kelp beds by 2.2 to 6.6 hectares per year, and the reduction of C02 emissions (reduced pumping needs) by 290 to 350 tonnes per year.|SDG 14 - Life below water|imta year wild reduction tonnes|0.3433249|6.157103|6.2743416
1267|Some assets are those that individuals and households accumulate and own, such as livestock, tools, houses, stores, equipment, capital and land. Equitable distribution of these assets, even more than income, is critical if economic growth is to produce poverty reduction (Horrell, 2008). Decent Work and empowerment for pro-poor growth).|SDG 1 - No poverty|assets accumulate growth houses decent|6.1938214|5.3050313|4.4126344
1268|The SEE average score for this indicator w'as 1.8 (Figure 12.12), suggesting that all SEE economies have much work to do to facilitate optimal cross-border trade in electricity. The SEE CAO continues to develop rules to harmonise cross-border capacity calculations in electricity and is working with NRAs to determine the cause of lack of consistency and irregularities in some of the measures calculated. The WB6 initiative is relatively new but is already seen as an important policy driver for the economies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|border cross economies electricity harmonise|1.4759454|2.2221725|2.0947359
1269|In such cases, technical and vocational education and training institutions may have to take difficult decisions within a context of uncertainty - and it would be inadvisable to postpone such decisions. On-the-job adult learning or informal learning outside the workplace is especially relevant for SMEs, which are less likely to participate in formal training courses. It has not proven easy to replicate successful apprenticeship systems, such as those in German-speaking countries, in countries that lack the relevant historical and institutional arrangements. Current technological change entails the additional difficulty of identifying the appropriate companies to work with.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|decisions relevant postpone learning replicate|8.329767|2.8013155|2.8369365
1270|How to improve the relevance and quality of education? How to strengthen and diversify the existing industries and improve the absorptive capacity of the SME-based economy? There is a need to balance the current strong focus on talent attraction with nurturing talent at home and by improving the access of new immigrants to tertiary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|talent nurturing absorptive attraction improve|8.684283|2.2536294|2.5055406
1271|Learning is social and collaboration must be in place to develop all the skills students need for the 21st century. In Lumiar pedagogy, the voice of the student is essential for designing the learning path. At the deepest levels of learning, students seek out and form partnerships towards the direct development of ideas or solution of problems; take ownership of their learning both inside and outside classroom walls and directly contribute to the learning of others; partner in the design, implementation and measurement of their own and others’ learning; and leverage and create powerful digital technologies that directly deepen every' aspect of the teaching and learning process. Learners have some say over the nature of their final product, if not the method by w'hich they develop these.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning directly develop walls students|8.735892|1.6578004|1.9468354
1272|This period covers the rise of the second wave of feminism in New Zealand in the 1970s and 1980s; the transformation of women's political activism from outside to inside the political process and institutions; the decline of feminist activism during the height of neo-liberalism in the 1990s; and finally the emergence of women in political leadership roles in the 2000 to 2008 period.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|activism political period feminist inside|10.445999|4.524616|7.262555
1273|Third, public grants to research programmes should be extended to priority sectors other than the E&E and biotech industry. In Penang, collaborative research programmes should draw together the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Universiti Malaysia Perlis and other regional higher education institutions. Collaborative programmes taking advantage of complementarities between Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Universiti Teknologi MARA (engineering) and Universiti Teknologi Petronas could tap the interdisciplinary innovation potential of the region.|SDG 4 - Quality education|universiti malaysia collaborative programmes biotech|6.9034376|2.7170725|2.5102205
1274|Different cathode and anode materials can be used for these cells which allows for designing a wide range of differently behaving cells. There are high energy density types, e.g. LiCo02, as well as high power density types, e.g. Li-titanate, available. Electric vehicles possess batteries and can deliver services by delivering power back to the grid, the process known as vehicle to grid (V2G).This bidirectional energy flow can be used for peak-shaving, frequency control, emergency back-up.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cells density grid types power|1.7991953|1.6444936|2.07364
1275|This is a positive development. Yet such rights - and particularly women’s rights - are unlikely to be rigorously enforced by law enforcement agencies, as the institutions and personnel that are meant to safeguard human rights are in reality very difficult to change, especially in traditional societies where women have not previously enjoyed social and political equality (Chapter 3). They become aware of their political rights and the responsibilities they can and should shoulder in post-conflict settings (Chapter 3). Post-war constitutions and laws should thus provide for formal gender equality and the legal underpinning for assuring women’s right and duty to participate in the political life of society. Modest and sometimes symbolic steps taken to increase women’s access and participation should translate into more significant and visible decision-making roles.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights political women post equality|9.91668|4.771839|7.3340454
1276|However, the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or the IEA, nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the CCXG. Rather, they are Secretariat information papers intended to inform Member countries, as well as the UNFCCC audience. As OECD member countries, Korea, Mexico, Chile, and Israel are also members of the CCXG.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ccxg papers views intended member|1.222009|4.067887|1.1590114
1277|The agricultural sector went into a profound debt crisis in the second half of the 1990s and resources were withdrawn massively from production. By the early 2000s, about 19 million hectares on which crops had been grown a decade earlier were no longer used, and livestock inventories in the former collective farm sector fell to 20% of their level in 1990. Agricultural output more than halved during the 1990s, a decline that has still not been fully reversed, even though it bottomed out at the end of that decade. These reforms accelerated in the next decade after a large-scale financial rehabilitation that also included bankruptcies of a large number of former state farms.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|decade agricultural halved inventories withdrawn|3.9271522|5.222212|4.036156
1278|Though Sub-Saharan Africa is seen to make absolute progress towards gender equality over the period, the gap between it and the leading regions has increased. ( As explained in the introduction, over the past 20 years researchers and policy-makers have started to pay more attention to gender equality as one of the core drivers of economic development. Tertilt (2005), for example, concludes that enforcing a ban on polygyny decreases fertility by 40%, increases the savings rate by 70%, and increases output per capita by 170%.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality increases enforcing gender ban|9.333985|4.551577|6.90413
1279|While South Africa had an Office on the Status of Women in the President's Office, it had a Joint Committee on the Quality of Life and Status of Women in parliament. With the creation of a stand-alone ministry, there is now a portfolio committee on Women, Children and People with Disabilities. The reasons they cited boiled down to demystifying the institution, feeling valued, feeling that they knew and felt strongly about issues such as gender and the plight of women in rural areas, as well as the fact that they had proprietary knowledge (Mtintso 1995; 1999a).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|feeling women office committee status|10.254357|4.3632708|7.2588806
1280|The authors would also like to express their gratitude to all members of the Innocenti Report Card 12 Advisory Board. We do so by providing a descriptive overview of the evolution in a series of child well-being indicators over time (2007/8-2012/31) in 32 countries (the EU-28 plus Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey). The focus is on key child and adolescent outcome indicators that are expected to have been affected by the crisis and its related real-economy effects in the short and medium-term, including child monetary poverty and material deprivation, subjective well-being, and transition to adulthood (including education and employment). We compare countries' performance and rank them according to the change they experienced in these indicators over the period under analysis.|SDG 1 - No poverty|child indicators innocenti rank descriptive|7.19175|6.3782525|5.158573
1281|Mortality from several forms of cancer (e.g. colorectal cancer and breast cancer) and diabetes increased between 2005 and 2014, reflecting the impact of population ageing and lifestyle factors. People with the lowest level of education are more than twice as likely to live with asthma, hypertension and diabetes than those with higher education. ‘ A substantial gap exists in self-rated health by socioeconomic status: 71% of people in the highest income quintile reported to be in good health in 2015 compared with just 53% of people in the lowest income quintile.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer quintile diabetes lowest people|9.269415|9.249854|2.9632533
1282|The subsequent modifications to TERM-H20 aimed to improve on this performance by separating irrigated and dry land activities and allowing for greater factor mobility between them (Glyn Wittwer 2012). With demand rising for both resources and increasing challenges from climate change, water scarcity can threaten the long-term viability of energy projects and hinder development”. At least two-thirds indicate that water is a substantive risk to business operations.”|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|modifications term threaten hinder substantive|1.3363571|7.1067142|2.5026531
1283|Countries will therefore see their export baskets develop and reflect these changes. The current evidence points to the fact that technological change has been mainly routine-biased, which means it reduces the demand for employment in routine activities. Manual and complex tasks, on the other hand, have benefitted from innovation. However, the evidence collected in WTO (2017d) also points to the fact that digital technologies increasingly touch upon a wider set of activities and push demand towards high-skilled labour. In addition, by substituting labour to some extent, digital technologies are also considered to be capital-biased, as the discussion surrounding the falling labour income share in the 2017 report shows. As a result, high-skilled digital-intensive products are mainly exported by economies that have high levels of capital and educational attainment.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital routine biased skilled labour|4.879512|3.149917|2.4662416
1284|The estimated 11-million population of Cairo, a megacity, is projected to grow at an annual rate of at least two per cent until at least 2020. Whatever the political and religious overtones of these upheavals, at their root lay the failure of political leaders to cater adequately for the needs of their large, young and mostly urban-based populations. Hie imperative for new governments will remain the provision of responsive urban governance and affordable housing alternatives for large numbers of hitherto marginalized urban youth.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban political hie hitherto cater|4.258261|5.1867766|1.9765445
1285|Particular attention has been given to the mental health of children and young people, but still there are no signs of a rapidly deteriorating situation. Yet, compared to surveys before the economic collapse in 2008 the happiness score has slightly declined. Thus, in the Health and Wellbeing Study conducted by the National Public Health Institute, the score was 7.9 in the year 2007 compared to 7.8 in 2009, a statistically significant decline (Dora Gudrun Gudmundsdottir, personal communication).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|score health compared happiness deteriorating|7.515369|5.497936|5.102852
1286|While quotas compensate for actual barriers that prevent women from their fair share of the political seats, it has been argued that they contradict the principles of equal opportunity since women are given preference over men.17 It has also been observed that quotas are hard to apply in single winner systems, where each party nominates a single candidate per district. Furthermore, the re-election of parliament members restricts the rate of member turnover at each election, which makes gender quotas difficult to comply with. A glance at the number of female Heads of State or Government reveals that these positions remain elusive for women. Notable developments in both developing and developed countries include the election of female Heads of State or Government in Iceland in 2009, in Haiti and the Republic of Moldova in 2008, Argentina, India and Ukraine in 2007, Chile in 2006 and Germany and Liberia in 2005.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|election quotas heads single women|10.497827|4.1725397|6.9211755
1287|Wetlands are highly valued habitats for biodiversity and their loss is of international significance. However, for some types of seminatural agricultural habitats (farm woodland and fallow land) the area has increased or remained stable for a number of countries. Depending on the degree of sealing, it reduces or completely prevents natural soil functions and ecosystem services on the area concerned. This excludes woodland or forest predominantly under agricultural or urban land use and used only for recreation purposes.|SDG 15 - Life on land|woodland habitats fallow area agricultural|1.6207472|5.198275|4.0507436
1288|From that low level, remittances gradually increased again in the calendar year 2011. By contrast, although Samoan remittances peaked at 367 million Samoan tala in 2008-09, in the next two years the totals were 345 million and 369 million. In other words, Tongan remittances fell after the crisis but Samoan remittances were more or less stable. That is probably a function, firstly, of Samoan remittances being more likely to come from New Zealand rather than the United States (and particularly the west coast) so that the rebound was also slower (see Figure 6.2).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|samoan remittances million tongan peaked|5.8854675|4.416267|3.8875303
1289|The youth unemployment rate stood at 19.1% in Indonesia and 17% in the Philippines, substantially higher than the average unemployment rate. At the same time, as many as one in four youth were neither in education nor employment in Indonesia and the Philippines, with the share much higher among young women in the case of Indonesia. According to an ILO report,13 public social security expenditure, including health expenditure, as a percentage of GDP was 8.4% for the world on average and 5.3% for Asia and the Pacific. Thailand established a universal health-care scheme in 2002, and introduced pensions for the informal sector in 2011.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|indonesia philippines youth expenditure unemployment|7.7562304|5.434962|4.472409
1290|Several explanations can be put forward for the high incidence of part-time work among women. First, there is a pronounced lack of all-day childcare and out-of-school-hours care supply, and unsubsidised care is very expensive (the highest in the OECD). As an example, children typically go home at lunch-time since school cafeterias are rare, making it difficult for a parent or a caregiver not to be home at that time.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|time home caregiver school explanations|9.129267|4.992969|5.4959455
1291|More connected stakeholders are better able to mobilise their resources (financial, human) and bring multiple and diverse perspectives to solve water problems. The level of connection between stakeholders can vary from place to place, and such differences can help understand questions related to the diffusion of information, trust, consensus-building and solidarity. The closer stakeholders are, either through interactions in person (e.g. via regular meetings) or through regular communication channels (e.g. online discussion platform), the more likely information will flow easily among them.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|stakeholders regular place solidarity solve|1.1715045|6.9547596|1.4358674
1292|It concluded that female miners presented the highest body concentrations of mercury. However, female miners were not the only contaminated population, as women not engaged in mining but living in the mining area also presented high mercury concentrations. This incident has raised serious concern among the local population regarding the potential health effects that might result from this environmental contamination.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mercury concentrations mining presented female|0.8477224|6.677552|3.0897462
1293|Interestingly, the association between the concentration of immigrants in a school and academic performance was similar across students with and without an immigrant background (Table 7.9, available on line). In Australia students in the former group were four percentage points more likely to report feeling like they belong at school. The difference was wider when comparing students who attend schools where fewer than one in 10 students has an immigrant background and students who attend schools where more than one in two students is an immigrant student. In Austria, Denmark, France and Switzerland, this difference amounted to more than five percentage points.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students immigrant attend background difference|9.861045|2.5710638|3.098568
1294|No common rules of operation, studies for corridor planning or evaluation procedures for BRT exist for the ZMVM as a whole. Knowledge sharing w'ould have let the experience of Metrobus guide Mexibus (which was implemented after Metrobus had several corridors in operation). For Metrobus, conditions negotiated with incumbent operators were progressively modified to avoid barriers for tariff integration and fleet optimisation across Metrobus lines (Flores-Dewey and Zegras, 2012).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metrobus operation zmvm flores optimisation|4.112575|5.15982|0.835978
1295|Progress on policy development is monitored twice a year through a full round consultation with the government. As a result, participating development co-operation practitioners reported that good co-ordination, a large country programme and well-defined national priorities on climate change are pre-conditions that enable effective climate finance in Vietnam. It is chaired by a permanent secretary and co-chaired by a donor on a rotating basis.|SDG 13 - Climate action|chaired vietnam climate secretary practitioners|1.9484435|4.248976|1.2042017
1296|Consumers that are not covered by the central municipal water supply systems depend on their owrn local water supply systems, or on individual wells. Reasons for this are damage caused during the war, very old infrastmcture dating back more than 25 years and a lack of proper maintenance. A weak monitoring system, in combination with inadequate local authority capacity, including a weak financial situation (municipalities and water utilities), and the inappropriate pricing of water, has resulted in major losses in the network (see table 7.2 for FBiH) and a steady deterioration in drinking water quality, especially in the dry season.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water weak dating supply inappropriate|1.3860703|7.2591233|2.5302963
1297|Among institutions there are colleges, academies, polytechnics and universities of applied science. Different expressions in different languages add to the ramifications. While the vocabulary may be understood by insiders familiar with local systems, it will often be obscure to prospective students or employers, undermining the value of the programmes, particularly across national boundaries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ramifications polytechnics familiar prospective undermining|7.8680434|2.4956536|2.5220332
1298|If $2 per day (2005 PPP) is used as a benchmark, the number of poor in the Asian and Pacific region decreased from 2.4 billion in 1990 to an estimated 1.6 billion in 2011. About 900 million people living between $1.25 and $2 per day remain critically vulnerable to extreme poverty. At present, estimates show that about 40 per cent of the population of the region lives on less than $2 per day.|SDG 1 - No poverty|day billion region critically benchmark|6.065563|5.8817225|4.87711
1299|This diversity could lead to some differences in the care provided across regions. The MHSD declared the need for developing the system of unified medical standards or protocols at the national level in 2008. Such measures should take into account existing international “best practice” treatment protocols adapted to the circumstances of the Russian Federation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|protocols unified declared adapted federation|9.190511|9.47014|1.6183136
1300|About 70% of them have reported at least one trade policy targeting women's economic empowerment. Overall, in four years, almost half of the WTO membership has implemented trade policies in support of women (at least one). It simply provides examples of trade policies as reported by WTO members themselves.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|trade wto reported membership policies|9.172267|3.9655254|6.5318203
1301|The result could be social unrest, sexual violence, and increased trafficking of girls and young women. An enabling legal and policy environment has long been identified as critical to improving women’s economic and social outcomes (OECD, 2010a; World Bank, 2011). For example, Tunisia introduced changes to its personal status law in 1993, establishing a minimum age of marriage and assigning men and women mutual obligations - the first country to introduce such reforms in the Middle East and North African region.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women unrest assigning trafficking tunisia|9.663265|4.934437|7.0515256
1302|The plans count on local support for their implementation. Their challenges are passed on to the STI community (including universities, research groups and technological development centres), who through the same virtual platform propose different solutions that are creative and adaptable to low-cost technologies. Solutions are then selected in regional committees in which the communities with prioritised problems participate. This participatory and collaborative process fosters an atmosphere of trust, and ensures that implemented STI solutions have been accepted by all parties.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|solutions sti adaptable fosters virtual|5.021914|3.5216827|2.1696327
1303|It also provides some comparative analysis between the EECCA region and other regions of the world. Such questions aim to help countries better understand their levels of readiness and potential areas for improvement. This analysis is based on the literature review of existing readiness programmes implemented by several development co-operation agencies, international organisations and financial institutions. Summaries of the country-level analyses of climate-related development finance in the 11 EECCA countries between 2011 and 2015; these summaries draw key findings from individual country-level reports on all the 11 EECCA countries. The 11 individual country-level reports are available on the OECD website: www. Each report also analyses the country’s targets and priority sectors/areas in its climate actions based on the submitted INDC and other relevant policy documents.|SDG 13 - Climate action|eecca summaries readiness country analyses|1.7566422|3.9280744|1.2528785
1304|The “Camboriu payments for watershed service” was created in 2013 to remediate the large water losses for municipal water supply and the high sediment loading, which were being experienced in the watershed (Practice No. Outcomes expected by 2030 include the conservation of around 3 900 ha conserved/protected and the restoration of 300 ha, which will improve the quality of the water in the watershed and consequently the municipal water supply. In the Pipiripau watershed (Brazil) (Practice No.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|watershed water ha municipal practice|1.1179485|7.123789|2.0085802
1305|However, for a firm spending more than 1% of its gross sales on R&D, the double deduction scheme gave no incentive for increasing R&D spending, since the firm already enjoyed tax exemption as a result of its high-tech status. Similarly, for a firm that undertook investments in a manner qualifying as strategic, the double deduction scheme was redundant, and thus an ineffective incentive for increasing R&D spending in firms (WB, 2007). Efforts to diversify production activities and increase training and R&D activities and seek greater market penetration into higher value added activities were strengthened with the Human Resource Development Act and the creation of the HRD Fund (HRDF). The HRDF was operational in 1993 and manufacturing firms with an employment size of 50 or more were required to pay 1% of their payroll to the HRD council, which they could then reclaim for approved training expenses.|SDG 4 - Quality education|firm deduction spending double activities|5.762755|3.2423275|2.5434039
1306|Public policy and funding are necessary to provide an efficient, well-networked infrastructure for scientific capabilities to meet public needs, and many countries include support for the infrastructure underpinning innovation in their stimulus packages. More recent examples include ICTs (Inetworked computing and the Internet in particular). Many have seen ICTs as the reason for the acceleration in productivity in the United States and other OECD countries since the mid-1990s. Biotechnologies, and more recently nanotechnologies, are viewed as emerging GPTs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|icts networked underpinning infrastructure acceleration|4.9013906|3.2268367|2.1268644
1307|For example, average annual precipitation varies considerably between the west (2 500 mm) and the east (500 mm). Figure 5.1 shows the considerable variation from year to year in the extent of flooding, with particularly severe floods having occurred in 2002 and 2005. There is no clear trend over the period shown.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mm year precipitation flooding occurred|1.1554619|5.6784086|2.304858
1308|Chapter 2 reviews the specific characteristics of aquifers, and the main issues they currently face and will face in the future. Chapter 3 reviews groundwater management policies based on a 2014 OECD country survey. Chapter 4 reports the policies in place in OECD countries, and the final chapter identifies gaps and proposes potential improvements for agriculture groundwater policies. On the discharge side, natural uses and flows operating both vertically and horizontally in aquifers increase the complexity of the picture.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|chapter aquifers reviews groundwater policies|0.7220727|7.429828|2.7993944
1309|In technical-professional programmes, the number of subject-teachers were 6 959 and 14 263 for the same year, in lower and upper secondary education respectively (reflecting growths of 60.5% and 89.3% since 2006) (see Table 5.A.1 in Annex 5.A). According to the latest Teacher Census, organised in 2007 and which provides the most rigorous information about teachers, there were 36 851 staff involved in direct teaching in public schools maintained by ANEP (45.1% in early childhood, pre-primary and primary education; 39.0% in general programmes of secondary education; and 18.0% on technical-professional programmes of secondary education) (see Table 5.A.2 in Annex 5.A). According to the latest Teacher Census, the proportion of females in 2007 in public schools maintained by ANEP reached 93.2% in early childhood, pre-primary and primary education, 73.5% in general programmes of secondary education and 56.8% in technical-professional programmes of secondary education (see Table 5.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary education programmes anep primary|9.520898|1.6891953|2.4843674
1310|Overall, strengthening competition in the health care sector, if accompanied by appropriate regulation, has the potential of increasing the sector’s resilience to shocks by lowering spending pressures. Effective regulation seems to be paramount as market forces - if unchecked - are likely to result in overprovision of health care services, especially in periods of economic bonanzas, and reduction in coverage and services - at least for some part of the population - during recessions. Regulated competition can also better align health care service characteristics with patient preferences, allows for the setting and enforcing quality-of-care standards, promotes access to care (with, for instance, means-tested subsidised insurance premiums) and strengthens incentives to achieve efficiency gains. Well-regulated systems can yield cost savings and help ensure an adequate level of care, but getting the regulatory setting right has proved to be challenging.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care regulated competition regulation setting|8.545686|8.936175|1.7429788
1311|Population growth will increase the demand for food, which will, in turn, exert pressure on the agriculture sector to increase productivity. This situation will be further exacerbated by changing consumption and dietary patterns with increasing preference for quality, food safety and convenience foods. Asian countries will experience increasing urbanization and rising middle-class incomes, which will have a huge impact on the region's future food consumption patterns.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food patterns consumption convenience increasing|3.9710615|5.318226|4.2365017
1312|The SEIA can only require mitigation, repair or compensation for environmental damage. The Environmental Evaluation Service does not have the mandate to consider the larger urban system in assessing a project’s environmental impact (SEA, 2012). The result is case-by-case treatment of environmental externalities that does not consider how each effort at mitigation, repair or compensation may undermine or contribute to an urban area’s overall environmental quality. One mechanism that has been developed is the Urban Transport System Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto al Sistema de Transporte Urbano/EISTU), which sets conditions to mitigate a development’s potential impact on roadways and parking for large projects (SST, n.d.).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|environmental repair compensation urban impact|3.290571|5.064303|1.3217771
1313|"In addition to continuously updating their own knowledge of the subjects they teach, teachers are expected to work with multicultural classes, integrate students with special needs, be ""assessment literate"", work and plan in teams, assume some leadership roles and provide professional advice to parents, among other tasks. This chapter defines some of the knowledge, skills and character attributes required for effective teaching, including content and pedagogic knowledge, communication and organisational skills, and self-efficacy and motivation. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law."|SDG 4 - Quality education|knowledge pedagogic multicultural skills efficacy|9.400873|1.5563029|2.1780152
1314|Recommended actions in sphere (2) and then (3) are conditional on the efforts undertaken at the hotspot location and may become secondary if hotspot level risks are well managed. Source: Author’s own work. As for most regions, water risk hotspots require well-functioning generic water policies (OECD, 2016a).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hotspot hotspots sphere author generic|1.3007015|6.983746|2.7009232
1315|That may also contribute to the fact that, only about one in ten reforms across OECD countries are followed by any attempt to evaluate their impact (OECD, 2015). And it is not only difficult to co-ordinate policy development across levels of governments, but it is also hard to link the perspectives of different government departments. However, if education is to be developed over a lifetime, then a broad range of policy fields need to be involved, including education, family, employment, industrial and economic development, migration and integration, social welfare and public finance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ordinate lifetime attempt perspectives education|8.960489|2.3309362|2.285916
1316|It shows the variety of practices adopted by OECD countries for multi-level co-ordination of water policies and capacity-building at sub-national level. The chapter gives an overview of governance mechanisms currently used by OECD countries to bridge previously identified gaps (Chapter 3). A specific focus is then made on a series of instruments fostering horizontal co-ordination across ministries, horizontal co-ordination across local actors and vertical co-ordination between levels of government.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ordination horizontal chapter bridge vertical|1.2984924|7.148293|1.498399
1317|As a result, both the trade and current account deficits increased in 2012. Large current account deficits, despite the slowdown in economic growth, are symptomatic of demand-supply imbalances and a pointer to the urgent need to resolve supply bottlenecks. However, capital flows have been adequate to cover the current account deficit thus far.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|deficits account current supply bottlenecks|5.624765|4.8526983|3.7090957
1318|Key reforms include an Organizational Performance Indicators Framework, Medium-Term Expenditure Framework, Bottom-Up Budgeting, Performance-Informed Budgeting, and Two-tier Budgeting approaches. In contrast to the national-level, the link is weak between the local health budget and strategic plans and targets in the MTPDP as well as the Department of Health (DOH) national health objectives in the budget formulation process for health at the local government unit (LGU) level. There are several reasons for this. One is that each of the more than 1 700 provinces, cities and municipalities has fiscal autonomy, and yet most are highly dependent on their formula-driven internal revenue shares from the national government.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|budgeting health budget national lgu|8.701937|8.793699|1.834903
1319|These shorter terms action plans provide opportunity to adjust and refine interventions from the results of monitoring and review of performance. Some examples from different jurisdictions are shown in the boxes below. Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications, Stockholm, May 2009. Realistically we understand that it is not practical to achieve zero serious injuries on our roads by the year 2020, but we do not accept any death or serious injury as inevitable.”|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|refine realistically boxes stockholm inevitable|4.2540064|5.2454596|-0.081199095
1320|It comprises a prohibition on direct discharges to groundwater, and (to cover indirect discharges) a requirement to monitor groundwater bodies so as to detect changes in chemical composition, and to reverse any antropogenically induced upward pollution trend. The presumption in relation to groundwater is that it should not be polluted at all. For this reason, setting chemical quality standards are not seen as the best approach, as it would give the impression of an allowed level of pollution to which EU member states can fill up. Avery few such standards have been established at EU level for particular issues (nitrates, pesticides and biocides).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater discharges chemical pollution eu|0.70808786|6.758362|2.496399
1321|There was insufficient public investment in the improvement of infrastructure in order to restore good services. Water charges were raised before service delivery was improved - charges were raised by a factor of 12 at a time when the condition of infrastructure and water supply remained very poor. Also, the organisation of the client based collapsed with the demise of the AAs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|raised charges collapsed infrastructure client|1.4631934|7.452399|2.3627903
1322|The main key to proliferation is concern about forest certification among consumers of timber and paper products. The annual average volume of emissions resulting from the reduction of forest and land-use change was 1.6 Gt of carbon ± 0.8 Gt of carbon, which is thought to be mainly due to deforestation of tropical forests. Furthermore, net capture by land ecosystems was estimated at 0.7 Gt of carbon ± 0.8 Gt of carbon, but this was considered mainly the result of an increase in forest stock in the Northern Hemisphere (Kobayashi, 2005: 30).|SDG 15 - Life on land|gt carbon forest mainly land|1.3651232|4.5077543|3.8561854
1323|The generic term in use is Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines (TCAM). As defined by WHO, “Traditional medicine” is an amorphous concept that comprises a range of long-standing and still-evolving practices based on diverse beliefs and theories. These services involve medical knowledge systems, developed over centuries within various societies before or during the development of modern medicine. “|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicine traditional centuries theories beliefs|9.466875|8.490728|3.0476348
1324|Transgenic farm animals would be particularly valuable and therefore would be kept in carefully controlled environments. Aquacultured fish, by contrast, are naturally mobile and breed easily with wild species. The AEBC report recommends that transgenic fish should not be raised in offshore pens owing to the high probability of escape. The Pew Initiative study points out that the impact of escaped aquaculture fish. Scientists agree that the possible impacts on non-target species should be monitored and compared with the effects of other current agricultural practices such as chemical pesticide use (GM Science Review Panel).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|transgenic fish species gm pesticide|0.381293|6.034612|6.3059382
1325|A microeconometric decomposition exercise presented by ECLAC (2011) notes that income per adult, and specifically earnings, were the main factor in the fall in inequality. The demographic factor was found to have had a modest effect on inequality, as the dependency ratio fell fairly evenly across all income levels. On the basis of an analysis of four middle-income countries in the region (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Peru), Lopez-Calva and Lustig (2010) conclude that two main factors account for the easing inequality in the countries: a narrowing of the wage gap between high-skilled and low-skilled workers and, to a lesser extent, an increase in government transfers to the lowest-income households.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality income skilled factor lopez|6.76943|5.1008015|4.7034717
1326|"See Berger and Szretter (2002). The women in this segment of the workforce are also employed under more flexible conditions, although not generally under the modality of ""on call"" workers (as is the case with men), and their employment also exhibits a greater degree of elasticity. Since unpaid domestic work generates a ""savings"" for the economy, the feminization of the workforce can have a negative effect if that savings is reduced (by paying for domestic work via private services or public services funded out of the government budget, since part of the value that domestic and care work transfers to the economy at no cost will no longer be channeled into the economic circuit but will instead increase the total wage bill)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|domestic savings workforce work circuit|8.975099|4.7623715|5.874105
1327|Developing policy proposals on collective ministerial responsibility could serve the public interest, so that it is possible to work across institutional lines to develop the best possible policy. To promote sustainable and inclusive urban development, Kazakhstan needs to improve the efficiency of data collection at the city level and provide reliable quantitative analysis of urban issues. This leaves SNGs with few internal financial resources and a lack of incentives to develop their own tax base. The most important taxes go to the central government’s budget and are distributed to regional governments.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|develop possible sngs urban leaves|4.4712677|5.4961715|1.8257781
1328|The policies resulted in considerably higher female labour force participation. West German policy makers had to contend with pressure to maintain East Germany’s ECEC infrastructure and support its traditionally higher female labour market attachment, which helped pave the way for the radical parental leave reform of 2007. The changing family policy discourse was driven not only by changes in attitudes, but also by persistently low fertility rates and the desire to keep highly educated women in the labour force.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|labour force female pave discourse|9.26829|5.253823|5.3136187
1329|Despite the environment of fiscal austerity, the new Government is also committed to providing finance to assist developing countries manage climate change, including £1.5 billion as its share of fast-start financing of US$30 billion in 2010-2012 promised in the Copenhagen Accord. The United Kingdom’s total commitment to international climate-change finance over the spending review period is £2.9 billion. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office’s three strategic priorities include promoting sustainable growth. Policies rely heavily on tradable quota markets, a form of quantity-based instrument (such as the Renewables Obligation (RO)), although there are also primarily price-based instruments (such as the Climate-Change Levy (CCL)).|SDG 13 - Climate action|billion climate change ro finance|1.7265903|3.8745081|1.2588814
1330|In particular, spending on children and families is running at well below the OECD average in Greece, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. And in all of these countries the lack of priority for children in national budgets shows through in the correspondingly small reductions in relative child poverty that each achieves. Both have strengths and weaknesses. Taken together, they offer two different but complementary measures and offer the best currently available comparative picture of child poverty in the world’s wealthiest nations.|SDG 1 - No poverty|offer child correspondingly wealthiest achieves|7.295682|6.2719483|5.1340055
1331|In extreme cases, some native-born Swedish parents register their children for school soon after they are bom, resulting in long waiting lists that stretch years into the future (Bohlmark, Holmlund and Lindahl, 2015(21]). From lack of language skills to reduced social and professional networks of new arrivals, migrant parents face difficult challenges in utilising school-choice to their child’s benefit (Bohlmark, Holmlund and Lindahl, 2015[2ij). However, immigrant parents may make well-infomied choices of choosing a school in a segregated area because of its location or the presence of a large immigrant community which can help their children to feel a sense of belonging but can further segregation (Lund, 2015(37]). Segregation can also be intensified through the actions of both school actors and results in self-sorting of students who would like to be in schools with peers similar to themselves (Erixon Arreman, 2014(38]; Holm, 2013(39]).|SDG 4 - Quality education|school parents segregation immigrant stretch|9.977603|2.6667283|2.6458979
1332|While the group as a whole recoups a considerable portion of their tax payments in the form of cash benefits, the rest goes towards financing other public expenditures, such as publicly provided services, current transfers to the elderly and own future pension entitlements. The extent of interpersonal redistribution is evident from looking at how much is paid and received by different income groups. The poorest 20% are net benefit recipients in almost all countries, with cash transfers adding up to around two thirds of market income on average.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|cash transfers interpersonal income portion|7.382918|5.7139115|4.4194613
1333|The Bahrain Development Bank27 has specialised in SMEs since 1992, and provides them with various conventional and Islamic bank loans; the bank also offers a financial education programme to its customers. Through this initiative,31 the number of loans to women grew by 55% and the number of bank deposit accounts held by women by 17% (December 2012). At the same time, we are also demonstrating that there is a considerable commercial advantage in providing women with concrete means to access financing for their businesses.” (|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bank loans women deposit bahrain|8.66143|3.397934|6.381738
1334|Also included in this set of measures would be characteristics such as pain or fatigue. This set of measures includes factors that either increase or decrease the risk of developing pathologies and diseases and that therefore affect functional levels and general measures of health. Specific examples are diet and nutrition, smoking and physical activity. To capture this, infant mortality rates are also presented here. However, since these refer to a very narrow age group, they cannot be considered as a measure expressing the health status of the population as a whole.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|measures expressing fatigue set pain|9.293852|9.080984|2.8513236
1335|With the exception of the Cook Islands, Nauru, and Tuvalu, most of PICs show below average coverage, varying between 22 per cent in Fiji to 1 per cent in PNG (table 3). The social protection expenditure going to the poor is quite insignificant within the Pacific region. The value is much lower in the Pacific region (11 per cent) when compared to the 23 per cent in Asia (Baulch and others, 2008).|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent pacific pics nauru png|6.1810346|5.643738|4.37684
1336|South and South-West Asia remains completely dependent upon imports of fossil fuels, except for the Islamic Republic of Iran which is a net exporter of such fuels. The subregion has much to gain from regional cooperation in energy supply and consumption. Widening access to clean and efficient energy, including grid-connected/decentralized power, is a key component of development efforts currently being pursued in the subregion.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|subregion fuels south decentralized exporter|1.5127726|2.226244|2.4645538
1337|Developing countries have added new large-scale, dry-process capacity to meet demand, thereby reducing the share of smaller, less efficient kilns. Higher energy prices have also encouraged cement producers in developed countries to invest in new more efficient plants or retrofits to improve energy efficiency. In 2006, Japan and India were the most efficient clinker producers (Figure 14). The Japanese method of calculating net energy consumption per tonne of clinker yields a value 2.94 GJ/t clinker for 2006.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|efficient energy producers cement calculating|1.5711548|2.5671074|2.5675533
1338|This would create a less burdensome and costly assessment framework, while preserving useful information. Consolidation is important, both to achieve greater efficiency, and to ensure that students are provided with a high quality education. The OECD School Resources Review for Lithuania (Shewbridge et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|burdensome preserving lithuania consolidation costly|9.792774|1.922781|2.150251
1339|A new national social protection strategy was approved in 2016; however, it does not have a strong focus on urban areas. For example, instead of door-to-door visits to identify and register eligible households, the programme was advertised in the mass media and applicants had to queue at recruitment offices. Initially, payments were the same for rural and urban beneficiaries, but an urban-adjusted benefit was introduced in 2009. Urban beneficiaries were also given bank cards and collected their cash from ATMs.|SDG 1 - No poverty|urban door beneficiaries cards applicants|7.076253|5.9414806|4.1527667
1340|These results are partial, and it is recommended to extend farm-level risk analysis to other farm types and larger samples. Other forms of diversification, in addition to the output diversification, could be analysed, such as spreading production across locations and diversifying trade across overseas markets. There are inevitable trade-offs between specialisation to reduce costs and diversification to reduce income variability. The choice of a particular strategy will depend on individual farm business features and farmer risk preferences.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|diversification farm trade reduce risk|3.4674995|5.5255117|3.925082
1341|The NHDS could be revised to include informal settlement and upgrading of existing housing stocks both in its objectives and subsequent implementation measures. Furthermore, overall housing objectives could be re-oriented to focus not only on the quantitative targets but also on the provision of adequate and accessible housing. Although wide spread slums do not exist in Viet Nam, there is reference to “vertical slums,” which are multifloor buildings which are divided into small living spaces and rented to the low income market. Given the financial constraint in the public sector, incremental upgrading and maintenance of the existing housing stock by individuals could be encouraged.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing slums upgrading objectives existing|4.4451323|5.142487|2.2325308
1342|Capacity can also be shared between the two levels of government. For example, lessons learnt from innovative water policy approaches piloted at the sub-national level are sometimes transferred to the central level; peer-to-peer capacity exchange between levels of government may also result in knowledge transfer. The local level should have the resources to manage water responsibilities, but in reality this level may lack the organisational, technical, procedural, networking or infrastructure capacity.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|peer level capacity piloted learnt|1.3545358|7.1659966|1.5364431
1343|This could entail guidelines for schools on cultural celebrations which are applied consistently across schools. Guidelines could also address how to engage parents more and how to build effective relationships between schools and communities. These policy pointers could be beneficial for whole-school communities and entail limited costs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|entail schools guidelines communities pointers|9.773416|2.4132996|2.215656
1344|The nature and quantity of data collected must also be relevant and applicable to decision making at the various levels of the health system. Accurate, representative and timely data are thereby central to the assessment and improvement of the quality of care delivered to the population. The study reviews the Peruvian health infonnation system in terms of how it measures up in delivering the requisite data to meet both national policy purposes and allow international benchmarking in the areas of health care resources, activities, expenditure and quality. The report recommends improvements in data sources and methods to extend coverage and strengthen comparability in the development of international indicators.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|data health peruvian requisite infonnation|8.740541|8.9826765|2.3668745
1345|Such cultural change takes time, and while the central level can establish policies, plans and programmes, central-level institutions have to provide a behavioural example and embody the practice. Meanwhile, the local level must also be an active player in encouraging a transformation to more open and inclusive government. A report undertaken for SUBDERE and the Ministry of Foreign Relations focusing on the status of citizen participation at the sub-national level17 was highly critical of Antofagasta’s approach, characterising it as narrow, paternalistic and traditional, with little recognition of social or community actors in the management of local development; citizens taking a passive role; and CSOs facing capacity challenges. The report also indicated no systematic identification was made of needs or programme design in areas of interest to citizens and civic organisations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|citizens level central antofagasta player|3.8067198|5.3496103|1.9116966
1346|In other words, the poverty-reducing effect of economic growth is weaker in Brazil than it is in other countries with similar income levels. It is therefore essential to gauge how much weight should be given to each of these strategies, both at the regional and state levels. The persistence of poverty dynamics in Brazil can be examined and estimated by drawing on pooled data and applying ordinary least squares (OLS) based on the within-group method and the generalized method of moments (system GMM), a dynamic panel model estimated using the two-step generalized method of moments or two-step GMM developed by Blundell-Bond (1998).|SDG 1 - No poverty|gmm method moments generalized step|6.332427|5.5292244|5.1024427
1347|The comprehensive study financed by the European Commission on the financing of grid extensions for renewables known as GreenNet-Incentives provides in its “Action Plan” a summary of the arguments (EC, 2009). This is a crucial issue in connection with renewable energy, especially offshore wind. Load factors can be very favourable, for instance, far off the coast, the only issue being that transportation costs will become quickly prohibitive as the distance from consumption centres increases.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|issue prohibitive extensions offshore ec|1.7975159|1.7241484|1.9470553
1348|Calculations not reported here confirm that, in all of the countries analysed, the extent of re-ranking is greatest at the bottom of the income distribution. They find remarkably stable inequality aversion for Ireland over the 1987-2005 period, and large changes for the United Kingdom (becoming less egalitarian during the Thatcher government and more inequality-averse during New Labour). In the context of policy evaluation, the usefulness of such an approach is, however, limited, as it assumes that actual tax and transfer systems in each year are “optimal” and therefore cannot be improved upon by definition.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality averse usefulness aversion remarkably|7.0116816|5.1511703|4.3726516
1349|Governments could consider having such food distribution systems managed by civil society groups or local enterprises formed by groups of small farmers. Moreover, when it comes to food security, a comprehensive social protection system can also play a vital role. Guaranteed employment for food insecure groups is a major means for ensuring economic access to food. Public employment guarantee schemes, such as food-for-work or cash-for-work schemes, not only ensure a minimum level of food consumption is met, but also help people avoid resorting to damage coping mechanisms that involves asset sales and indebtedness.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food groups schemes coping employment|4.4449086|5.4701247|4.2806587
1350|In three OECD countries - Australia, Denmark and Estonia - they were less than 75% of the national average equivalent household disposable income. Figure 2.4 shows that during retirement they rely heavily on public pensions in the form of earnings-related or resource-tested benefits which account for an average of nearly 59% of their incomes in the 34 OECD countries. At the top end of the scale are Austria, Belgium, Finland, Hungary, and Luxembourg where public pensions make up 80% or more of elderly people’s retirement income.|SDG 1 - No poverty|retirement pensions average income disposable|7.7358494|5.5071197|4.554832
1351|In this framework, marginal utilisation costs are, by construction, higher than average utilisation costs. Higher drops are featured for solar PV, for which the value factor decreases more dramatically, reaching about 60% of baseload costs at a penetration level of 15% (Hirth, 2015b). Recent quantitative analysis at the NEA also confirms such trends (NEA, forthcoming): in a highly flexible system, the value factor for wind onshore reaches about 80% and 70% of baseload at 30% and 40% penetration level. Solar PV reaches 60% of baseload price at 12.5% penetration and the value sharply drops at only 30% when a 20% penetration level is reached.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|penetration baseload nea drops reaches|1.454572|1.7068144|1.9691035
1352|Direct redistribution has also been occurring in all Nordic countries for many years locally and regionally as this study has documented, and it is currently a wide-spread activity in most countries. The main reason behind redistribution has been social security, where charity organisations have contributed to better life conditions for low-income people through serving of meals and delivering food bags. The new dimension of food redistribution in the last few years is that preventing food waste has been a positive side-effect for the society. It is not known to what extent the regions involved in the survey are representative for the situations in each of the Nordic countries. It can be expected to have a higher importance in larger cities and urban areas than in smaller cities and rural areas, but this need to be more deeply studied in a following-up study. Some results are available from the networks of food banks, as they have to register the amount of food being received from donators (FEBA 2014].|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food redistribution nordic cities study|4.342698|5.2329717|4.61069
1353|It is therefore best to see inequality indices as complementary to each other and analyze the findings together. While not so noticeable over short periods, a comparison with the early 2000s reveals a clear downtrend in inequality. This movement has been a hallmark of the development process in Latin America over the past 10 years. There was no worsening of distribution.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality analyze noticeable worsening reveals|6.609506|5.266788|4.9219074
1354|Tertiary education sector accounts for over 5% of Victoria’s GDP and educational services are Victoria’s strongest export, worth more than AUD 5.4 billion (Australian dollar), surpassing tourism and automotive sectors. The state is a magnet for immigration, attracting 178 638 international student enrolments in 2009 which represents 31% of the total for Australia - albeit that the overwhelming majority of these students come to Melbourne. The overseas student fee revenue represents a growing proportion of university budgets, ranging from 12% in Victoria University to 26% in RMIT.|SDG 4 - Quality education|victoria represents university student magnet|8.382848|2.4832072|2.6910903
1355|"Concluding Observations Republic of Korea Fifteenth and Sixteenth Combined Periodic Report.” 2011.""Concluding Observations Maldives Fifth thru Twelfth Periodic Report."" He notes that inheritance laws discriminate against women in many countries, but that discriminatory social and cultural norms prevail even where these are removed. He gives the following example:'Where a sister could inherit land on an equal basis with her brothers,she may accept a lump-sum payment in lieu of her portion of the land in order to maintain good relations with her brothers’. The Special Rapporteur on the right to housing has also identified the lack of equality in inheritance laws, customs and traditions that lead to harsh impacts on women’s housing rights (HRC 2011a, para. Inequality in relation to marital property has the same effect (ibid, paras."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|concluding inheritance periodic observations laws|9.306001|5.0890217|7.0865765
1356|International, regional and subregional organizations can also contribute by coordinating efforts on developing methodologies, collecting data and providing technical assistance to improve migration data, including those required to monitor migrationrelevant Sustainable Development Goal indicators and the implementation of the global compact on migration. As an increasing number of people live in cities, well-managed urbanization can help cities to reap the benefits of agglomeration while minimizing environmental degradation and other adverse impacts of urban growth. Urban planning is critical for the sustainable development of an urban infrastructure for providing access for all, especially the urban poor, to essential services, including safe water and sanitation, health care, education and adequate housing.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban migration cities providing minimizing|4.0898952|5.0795054|1.7910044
1357|In Africa, the situation is expected to be extremely tense, involving a variety of risks such as groundwater depletion, brakes on growth in certain sectors and the destruction of ecosystems. In 2003, the G8 summit in Evian adopted a global action plan for water.1 An international consensus on official development assistance has also taken shape within the framework of various multi-stakeholder meetings on effective aid hosted by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in Paris in 2005, Accra in 2008 and Busan in 2011.2 This consensus enshrines four principles of particular relevance to the water sector: ownership of development priorities by the beneficiary countries; a focus on results; development partnerships open to all; and transparency and mutual accountability. Forty per cent of this assistance was allocated to the poorest countries, with close to one-third of the resources going to Africa.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|assistance consensus development africa accra|1.0183079|6.969148|1.8309298
1358|For the children of age 5 to 17 years, the total is 0.39 when using the same threshold, varying between 0.11 in Gabon to 0.62 in Ethiopia (see Annex 5). The highest multidimensional deprivation levels are found at the centre of the continent (Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Niger, and Central African Republic, ranging between 0.64 and 0.48), followed by a stretch of countries with high levels of deprivation in the East (Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya, ranging from 0.49 to 0.37), and Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Togo in West Africa (0.40 - 0.35). The largest contributions come from Ethiopia (20%), Nigeria (17%) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (13%).|SDG 1 - No poverty|congo republic democratic ethiopia ranging|6.9604106|6.502628|5.2121725
1359|The gap in labour force participation rates between women with and without dependent children is relatively large in Mexico: 25- to 54-year-old mothers are about 8 percentage points less likely to be in paid work than comparably-aged women without dependent children. Mexico’s motherhood labour force participation gap is larger than most countries in the OECD, including Chile (4 percentage points) and Colombia (about 3 percentage points). In contrast, fathers with dependent children are more likely to work than men without dependent children in Mexico. Mexico offers 12 weeks of paid maternity leave, well below international best practice.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|dependent mexico children points percentage|9.705234|4.4356236|5.67552
1360|However, waste volume is minimized at source in less developed countries by local scavenging and recycling. Applicability or affordability with regards to decision-making on indicator systems appears to be central to choosing a set of indicators for the assessment, appraisal, comparison or monitoring of sustainability in nations or regions. Cycle economy research or sustainability research units have been established in universities or area-wide joint centres in China. Korea’s Advanced Research Institute of Science and Technology has developed a variety of environmental technologies for integrated waste management.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|research sustainability waste minimized applicability|0.56516004|3.902449|3.0884442
1361|"Such underbudgeting practice results in underfunding, which leads to the ultimate failure of the whole document. The ability to provide adequate financing from the state budget is still low, which makes the implementation of strategic documents heavily dependent on the availability of external funding support. The State Institution for Forestry and Hunting, the State Institution ""Scientific-Research Institute for Forestry'"" and the State Institution of Specially Protected Natural Areas were taken from the Committee on Environmental Protection towards the Forestry Agency. The NBBC currently displays on its website an online database ""Flora, fauna and protected areas""."|SDG 15 - Life on land|institution forestry state protected specially|1.6017253|5.2170258|3.865519
1362|This has reportedly led to instances where donor aid was redirected towards an increase in international reserves or not disbursed at all, despite the existence of domestic needs and the ability of the Government to absorb it.s This example illustrates incoherence between national development objectives and international policy agendas. Using the new international poverty line of $1.25 per person per day in 2005 purchasing power parities (PPPs), as defined by the World Bank, 1.4 billion people, representing about 26 per cent of the developing world’s population, lived in poverty in 2005 (see figure II.1; and box II.2 for a discussion of the thorny issue of defining poverty). There are, however, large regional variations in the poverty trends (see figures II.2 and II.3).|SDG 1 - No poverty|ii poverty international redirected disbursed|6.2609534|6.037553|4.714275
1363|Under this programme, capacity was auctioned to the best bidder in each of the technologies (biomass, minihydroelectric, and wind power) and this guaranteed the entrepreneur a long-term return to justify the investment. Although the programme initially had difficulties in attracting projects, these were overcome and the targets set for installed capacity are now close to being attained. In these auctions, wind power enterprises have benefited from the shortage of gas in Brazil, which makes thermal plants uncompetitive, and the fact that the auction reserves a quota for power plants that could come on stream within three years, a period that is too short for the large hydroelectric plants.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plants power wind auctions auction|1.8620453|2.044229|2.1894438
1364|The primary need is for investments in public goods that can support agricultural and rural development, such as agricultural research and rural infrastructure. Raising rural incomes is central to the near-term target of the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG1), which calls for the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, with specific targets that include halving between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day. Income growth is essential for sustained poverty reduction in developing countries, although the distribution of income (and income growth) matters too. And while food security has many facets, most of the world’s hungry are chronically hungry and they are chronically hungry because they are poor.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|hungry chronically rural income facets|4.8941035|5.785845|4.462031
1365|Supplementary data was collected on all the countries that had women in parliament for the time period between 1907 and 1945 from various online electoral archives. Using the data on the percentage of women in parliament, the equivalent male value can easily be derived, and these two results were expressed as a ratio of women to men. This is done by employing the composite index of gender equality created by Dilli et al. (|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parliament women electoral employing composite|10.363851|4.2830353|7.0255723
1366|These approaches offer many advantages - they are flexible and adaptable, self-paced and learner directed and can be completed at a time, pace and place that suits the individual trainee. For their part, participants generally only require a computer or laptop and internet connection in order to access such programmes, plus any course fees, if applicable. E-learning courses can be offered at a lower cost than other more labour intensive training methods and recent developments in e-learning are seeing some educational institutes move from fee-based to free open-access courses. These courses are standalone, or can be combined with in-country seminars, as is the case for example in Egypt to develop managerial skills in the hospitality sector. Cornell will also offer a massive open online course in Introduction to Global Hospitality Management from early 2015. The course has been designed to inform current hospitality professionals seeking to advance, as well as individuals interested in the industry.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|hospitality courses course open offer|8.014527|2.6255827|2.6203756
1367|Models designed to estimate the elasticity of poverty reduction must incorporate income inequality as an explanatory variable to prevent changes in income distribution being subsumed into growth elasticity. Similar results were found in Brazil by Barros, Henriques and Mendonga (2001). These authors emphasized that inequality in income distribution was responsible for economic growth being less efficient than it might be for poverty reduction purposes. In other words, the effect of growth on poverty reduction was smaller in Brazil than in other countries with the same income level.|SDG 1 - No poverty|elasticity income reduction poverty growth|6.252103|5.526748|5.0079236
1368|Adrenal androgens influence sex-differentiated behavioural changes. Specifically, it examines how members build accounts of social action, while doing that action (Attewell, 1974). Gender is a multilevel system of difference and inequality which involves cultural beliefs, distributions of resources, patterns of behaviour, organizational practices, and selves and identities. (|SDG 5 - Gender equality|action identities distributions organizational beliefs|9.762426|4.608514|7.436255
1369|This includes incubator services to support entrepreneurial ideas and innovative companies. Together with the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology, SPIRIT operates an entrepreneurial skills programme to promote creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation among young people. This programme has been customised for use in various sectors including tourism. It is used in the context of the ILO toolkit on poverty reduction through tourism, which is oriented towards SMEs and local communities in rural areas and includes case studies, training sessions and best practices. The toolkit aims to assist developing countries to create a sustainable tourism industry and businesses based on decent employment (Box 25).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|toolkit tourism entrepreneurial includes customised|6.4506817|3.7394524|2.881557
1370|The shipping industry carries approximately 90% of global trade; and the tourism industry, of which marine and coastal tourism is a major part, represents 5% of global GDP. More than 500 million people are engaged in ocean-related livelihoods (UNDP-GEF, 2012). These services include the regulation of atmospheric and marine carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, the provision of oxygen, the hydrothermal convection cycle, the hydrological cycle and coastal protection. Oceans, for example, have absorbed one-third of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (Bijma et al.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|dioxide coastal marine cycle tourism|0.1490122|5.838868|5.9598904
1371|In these programmes, children are often exposed to an ECEC setting with trained or accredited staff, explicit pedagogical goals and a regulatory framework recognised by the relevant national authorities, even before the age of 3. In other countries with similar enrolment rates, such as Luxembourg and the Netherlands, different standards are often set for different ECEC settings or for different age groups of children (see more details in Table B2.4).|SDG 4 - Quality education|ecec different age accredited children|9.307126|2.8067565|1.9051964
1372|Turkmenistan receives the smallest amount of climate-related development finance among the EECCA countries, which is delivered through the Global Environment Facility (for energy and agriculture sectors). Such large-scale projects have affected the compositions of support committed to these countries in 2013 and 2014 (see Figure 2.8 for data by country). Multilateral funds dedicated to climate action are also active in many EECCA countries. These include the Climate Investment Funds (e.g. district heating energy efficiency and renewable energy plants in Ukraine, adaptation programmes for rural areas and energy sector in Tajikistan) and funds operated by the Global Environment Facility (e.g. a variety of capacity building programmes in addition to capital investments).|SDG 13 - Climate action|eecca funds energy facility climate|1.8999891|3.8406136|1.2512515
1373|Wherever possible, future evolution of the volume of services and their relative costs were estimated separately. It is worth noting that population aging is expected to have a much greater cost pressure on social care expenditures than on health care expenditures. The increase in the volume of activities is then adjusted for changes in activity rates which accounts for quality improvements (e.g. reducing waiting times and guaranteeing specific treatments); the availability of new medical technologies; and productivity improvements (in particular the use of information and communication technology to increase effectiveness). Future unit costs were obtained by multiplying the reference year costs by a cost adjustment factor which accounts for variation in health specific prices.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|costs expenditures volume accounts improvements|9.013735|8.732309|2.5700874
1374|These goals are a shared vision of humanity that provides the missing piece of the globalisation puzzle, the glue that can counter the centrifugal forces in the age of accelerations.2 The extent to which those goals will be realised will depend in no small part on what happens in today's classrooms. It is educators who hold the key to ensuring that the underlying principles of the Sustainable Development Goals become a real social contract with citizens. So we need to be thinking about their future in order to shape what primary school pupils are learning today.|SDG 4 - Quality education|goals today piece humanity educators|8.715123|2.5882797|2.0166838
1375|A shared understanding of the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 and how the existing system could evolve, will help to lay the groundwork for this task, together with agreement on the priorities and timeline for related work to be undertaken by the APA and other UNFCCC bodies. Coherence will be needed between the different sets of modalities, procedures and guidelines for mitigation, finance and other forms of support. To achieve the aims of the Paris Agreement, the transparency arrangements will also need to be workable and efficient from a practical point of view.|SDG 13 - Climate action|agreement transparency paris apa timeline|1.1964753|3.6263828|0.82776725
1376|As in most OECD countries, university hospitals are generally the destination of last resort for the patients with the complex needs. University hospitals generally house the most highly trained specialists, in part through their ability to offer a combination of challenging clinical practice and the opportunity to undertake research. Without adjustments to reflect the more complex patients that they see, Turkey’s university hospitals are likely to face the more extreme cases where the operational cost of a service is greater than that reimbursed by die SSI’s flat package rates.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals university patients complex generally|9.190797|9.148544|1.7798944
1377|They can contribute to the growing interconnections between cities through sustained global communications, institutional linkages and the exchange of resources among migrants, homelands and wider diasporas. Migrants as builders of resilience: Migrants also play an important role in building the resilience of home and host communities through the exchange of resources and support. Migrants and their networks can contribute to managing risk for the community at large.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|migrants exchange resilience contribute interconnections|4.5708227|5.233342|2.2630932
1378|Of the new jobs created via investments in the childcare and preschool sector, 73 per cent would go to women, compared to roughly 6 percent of the new jobs created via expenditures on public infrastructure and housing construction. The authors find that those jobs are more effective at reaching disadvantaged workers, and people from poor households with lower educational attainment. Thus, women are more likely to get these jobs, and amongst women who are employed, more disadvantaged women benefit the most. In terms of efficiency per dollar spent, social infrastructure spending is likely to have a larger job multiplier and greater effect on gender employment gaps.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|jobs women disadvantaged created infrastructure|9.075478|4.8455524|5.886548
1379|Finally, once users have decided to do the transaction and they have the proper information to do so, the bank has to attend the procedure to transfer rights in its three modalities, from start to finish. These are the two regions with the most significant problems related to the availability of water, degree of water stress and over drafted aquifers. At the end of 2010, a total of 13 Water Banks had been established in Mexico, one for every river basin council. In many cases, as opposed to what would be expected, transactions decrease. This might indicate that before the establishment of water banks, many transaction where accepted under irregular circumstances, and that the new process has lowered this possibility.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water transaction banks finish drafted|1.6556302|7.324441|1.8952776
1380|The difference was as large as 26 percentage points in Switzerland. A school’s learning environment does not uniquely involve school climate; it includes any interactions among members of the school community. Parental involvement can help create a socially connected school where students, teachers, parents and principals work together to create a positive learning environment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school create learning environment socially|9.5624485|2.230475|2.4657812
1381|It is 25.1% for women and 48.7% for young people aged 15-24.9 Unemployment plays a major role in social discontent, so tackling unemployment, and especially youth unemployment, is a key priority for the Libyan authorities. A job-creating private sector and economic diversification will be needed to absorb the influx of new labour force entrants and improve labour market indicators. Currently, the private sector is not large or strong enough to play the job creation role required, and the oil sector, although a major contributor to GDP, is not a major employer, accounting for only 2% of employment (43 000 workers) (IMF, 2013).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment major sector job discontent|8.548716|4.091749|5.1259155
1382|These impacts are likely to exacerbate gender and other social inequalities that are already acute today. Working now to reduce or eliminate such inequalities is thus a key anticipatory strategy for addressing climate change as well as contributing to development and the fullest exercise of human rights. Without halting the rise in global emissions of greenhouse gases and then rapidly reducing them, adaptation to climate change will become an endless—and maybe an impossible—challenge.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|inequalities maybe gases climate exacerbate|1.515927|4.8250113|1.9833714
1383|It will also provide insights into the manner in which events and other disruptions impact street traffic. These principles cover a much broader set of data than released by Uber through its Movement platform and, for instance, while it may be analogous to some of the data that taxis may have to provide in New York City, it represents a broad expansion of data requests in relation to ride services. This, NACTO states, is necessary in order to enable cities to better carry out data-driven planning and policy decisions, and to help them redesign streets to meet modern needs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|data redesign uber taxis analogous|4.157731|5.055707|0.28510454
1384|It is common to see increasing returns to human capital in a well-functioning labour market (Acemoglu, 2002). Although the trend to rapid economic growth could enlarge the income gaps between well-educated and less well-educated workers, policies cannot be proposed to stop that trend. Returns to human capital explain about one-seventh of total income inequality among urban households in both years, and is the largest contributor to income inequality in 2001 and the third-largest in 2005 (Table 3.8). The best policy here should be to equalise the opportunities for human capital accumulation, rather than to undermine returns to human capital. On the one hand, the unemployed and those laid off can find work and earn money in the informal sector. This employment effect could reduce overall income inequality by increasing the incomes of low-income groups.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|returns capital income human inequality|6.7517123|4.9918056|4.518673
1385|Until the entry into force of the amendment, the Paragraph 6 Decision will remain a valid legal basis for the facilitated export of drugs to countries in need. It is important to note that from a substantive point of view, the Paragraph 6 Decision and the TRIPS Amendment Decision are essentially the same. For each of the remaining Members, the Paragraph 6 Decision will continue to apply until each of those Members ratifies the amendment. For an overview of Members that have so far accepted the amendment, see http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/amendment_e.htm.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|amendment paragraph decision members htm|8.256813|9.863254|2.865548
1386|This trend suggests that the demand for tertiary-educated individuals has kept up with the increasing supply from higher educational institutions in most OECD countries. This report finds that countries have been advancing at different rates in providing quality education and skills development opportunities to disadvantaged individuals. These inequalities result in veiy different life outcomes for adults.|SDG 4 - Quality education|individuals veiy advancing different kept|8.918541|2.6497726|2.9997308
1387|All stabilization scenarios indicate that a huge share of emissions reductions, in the range of 60-80 per cent, would come from changes in energy systems. It has been found that this will require different sets of mitigation options across regions, with varying shares of renewable energy, nuclear energy, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), biomass and hydrogen and other advanced energy carriers. In a way, it is a prerequisite for increasing shares of zero-carbon energy systems. However, it would be wrong to overestimate its contribution, even in advanced economies (Barker, Dagoumas and Rubin, 2009).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy shares advanced carbon overestimate|1.3736968|2.9278011|2.0035393
1388|Singapore provides an entitlement of 100 hours of professional development per year to teachers to keep up with the rapid changes occurring in the world and to be able to improve their practice. And Singapore, like other countries, is improving its performance-appraisal system, making sure that each teacher is appraised by a whole group of people every year against 16 different competencies.0 Teachers who do outstanding work receive a bonus from the school's bonus pool. The high quality of teachers in those countries appears to be a function of the policies that determine the pool from which teachers are initially drawn, their compensation, the status of teachers, the high standards of entering university-level teacher-preparation programmes, the quality of their initial preparation, and the attention given to the quality of their preparation following their initial induction. But the fact is that many of the countries with the strongest student performance also have the strongest teachers' unions, beginning with Japan and Finland.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers preparation bonus strongest pool|9.721905|1.3150885|1.6194994
1389|However, there are typical factors generally improving treatment access and treatment adequacy, which have been promoted by guidelines from the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom. No specialist” includes general practitioner, pharmacist, nurse, social worker or “someone else”. Similar successful initiatives have been undertaken by the Australian Government (“Better Access” initiative, “Access to Allied Psychological Services” initiative, see above; e.g. Harris et al., In most of the countries participating in the current project, a majority of psychiatric inpatients will be discharged within one week from the psychiatric clinic.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychiatric access initiative treatment allied|10.284726|8.838108|1.6606697
1390|This percentage accounts for 20 per cent of all outer island households and 30 per cent of the households on the South Tarawa (ILO, 2006b: 45). Similarly, remittances from abroad in Kiribati, Tuvalu and Vanuatu are limited, but in recent years remittances are on the rise in these countries due to labour migration to New Zealand under the “Recognised Seasonal Employer” (RSE) Scheme. There is also evidence of “reverse remittances”, where families send money from their home countries to relatives living abroad to help them cope with growing hardship (ADB, 2010b: 9). These “local remittances” are quite common in the Solomon Islands.|SDG 1 - No poverty|remittances abroad households outer cent|5.908918|4.375719|3.854872
1391|In terms of interpreting the results, the assumption is that if UNDP is conducting transformative GEWE programming, a similar number and concentration of changes would be present in each quadrant. This chapter contains text boxes that describe programmes with multiple dimensions of the Gender@Work change quadrants. It is important to note that the focus area findings are illustrative of UNDP’s gender results but do not represent a comprehensive assessment of all gender-oriented activities undertaken during the period, which is beyond the scope of this exercise.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|undp gender quadrant gewe boxes|9.995037|3.9376566|7.9095254
1392|Detailed information on the dynamics of SA benefit receipt is crucial for the design of effective social safety nets. Recipient numbers provide insights on the coverage of last-resort benefits and their role in reducing poverty or as automatic stabilizers in times of economic crisis. Benefit transition rates indicate whether variations in receipt rates over time are driven primarily by changes in inflows or outflows, and thus possibly whether policies to reduce benefit receipt work better when they focus on reducing entries or promoting exits. Other central policy parameters, such as benefit levels and the design of activation measures, should depend on who receives benefits and for how long. This section - as the remainder of the document - focuses on the dynamics of SA benefit receipt taking a longitudinal perspective.|SDG 1 - No poverty|receipt benefit sa dynamics design|7.6119833|5.358023|4.240761
1393|Although 9 per cent sounds like a small minority, in absolute numbers it amounts to millions of children across the world, and the numbers are rising rapidly due to population growth and urbanization. An exclusive focus on income poverty could lead to inadequate policy focus on the multiple deprivations that are experienced by almost half of urban children in developing countries. One in four rural children under 18 experience extreme monetary poverty (UNICEF and World Bank 2016) and 8 out of 10 rural children under five do not have their basic needs met (Rutstein et al.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children numbers focus rural world|7.169468|6.3491325|5.1318436
1394|The PCP identifies the main opportunities and constraints for advanced industrialisation and uses this analysis to design and develop a holistic programme for enhancing the host country's industrial development. Moreover, the PCP facilitates the mobilisation and coordination of public and private investment to support large-scale industrial projects for prioritised industrial sectors. In 2019, new PCPs will be formulated for Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Rwanda and Zambia. This sector is thus the engine of growth for transitioning from a low- to a medium-income stage. As regards inclusive development, the emergence of labour-intensive industries in the early stages of industrialisation generates a large number of formal jobs that women and youth can perform. However, overall female employment in manufacturing industries tends to fall during the transition towards medium- and high-tech industries (UNIDO, 2017a).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|industries industrialisation industrial medium transitioning|9.090427|3.7416515|6.262252
1395|Any reform will produce some losers. It is important to clarify the negative short-term economic and social effects and how (if at all) they will be mitigated. Time and effort invested up front will help ensure successful implementation. Some formulas allocate rights to fishing firms for an indefinite period. Others allocate fixed individual rights for a set period and adjust the volume according to annual stock variability, either re-issuing rights as they expire or buying back surplus rights and issuing additional rights. When it comes to “sequential” fisheries (i.e. fisheries that target the same stock at different times, different places and different growth stages), institutional arrangements to maximise the overall use of the resource (e.g. in French crab fisheries) combining several management tools (in particular access regulation and technical measures) can be useful.|SDG 14 - Life below water|rights issuing fisheries allocate stock|-0.17809239|5.724501|6.7966175
1396|Mortality indicators such as suicide and premature mortality provide important information on mental health status and the interplay of mental and physical health, but more specific indicators are necessary to reflect the quality of mental health care. Measuring and improving the quality of mental health care is a key challenge not least given the need to capture complex care pathways and encompass a range of outcomes. Numerous ongoing and completed projects seek to measure and benchmark the quality and outcomes of mental health care at an international level in spite of the many challenges faced by such endeavors.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health care mortality quality|10.395706|9.012759|1.8578038
1397|Unchecked construction has contributed to chaotic urban sprawl and invaded agricultural production areas and forests. The distribution of public services has thus been affected and areas with environmental value damaged and agricultural land reduced. The quality of housing and appropriate transport connections to urban centres and jobs can be taken as an indicator of population well-being.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|agricultural urban sprawl damaged areas|4.1301346|5.149713|1.6695464
1398|Agricultural productivity growth was associated with reductions in the prevalence of child malnutrition in most countries, including India, during the period of rapid adoption of Green Revolution technologies and up until the early 1990s. Since 1992, however, agricultural growth has not been associated with improved nutrition among children in many Indian states (Headey, 2011). These include economic inequality, gender inequality. However, the phenomenon remains largely unexplained and additional research is needed (Deaton and Dr&ze, 2009; Headey, 2011).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|inequality associated agricultural unexplained dr|4.3881965|5.604009|4.478032
1399|The reduction of emissions from stock breeding follows die decrease in the number of livestock. The overall emission reduction in the sector has amounted to 69.6 per cent since 1988 (figure 5.3). In 2011, the agriculture sector contributed 9.3 per cent of Bulgaria’s total GHG emissions (without LULUCF). Another driver for the emission reduction was the decline in the use of fertilizers.|SDG 13 - Climate action|reduction emission emissions cent fertilizers|1.6317823|4.4399242|3.1302645
1400|Such positions define who should provide care, for whom it should be provided, who should bear which costs, and what institutions, economic structures, gender norms and public policies should intervene in their design and implementation.118 Actors adopting a social justice perspective take a rights-based approach to care provision. They emphasize gender, class and race inequalities in care provision and in who benefits from care. They point out that these inequalities hinder women’s enjoyment of their human rights119 and deepen already existing inequalities among care receivers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|care inequalities provision deepen intervene|9.008212|5.1865087|5.95492
1401|For example, the US state of Tennessee has passed a bill, which recognises that blockchain data and smart contracts have legal effects (De, 2018). Yet, a global coverage of this recognition will be a key success factor for blockchain-based networks. With the introduction of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the question of blockchain technology’s compatibility with GDPR arose (Toth, 2018). The “EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum” created a dedicated working group for “blockchain and the GDPR” and launched a report end of 2018 stating that compliance can be achieved by blockchain initiatives but further investigations and rulings axe needed (EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum, 2018).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain observatory forum eu arose|4.0672135|2.573281|2.0607264
1402|E-health services evolve to satisfy those interested in selfmanaged healthcare, such as chronic disease management, in a well-managed ICT environment. The other use is managing personal health conditions at home via the Internet. These developments are triggered by efficient record management, such as electronic health records (EHRs) management accepted in hospitals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|management health triggered satisfy evolve|9.007318|9.55957|1.6418401
1403|Finally, although women are more satisfied with their lives than men, they are more likely to experience negative emotions. Despite progress in mainstreaming gender perspectives in the collection and dissemination of national statistics, gender data and indicators are still insufficient or lack cross-country comparability in a number of critical well-being areas. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|satisfied gender dissemination comparability data|9.475305|4.0539117|6.602095
1404|Official open unemployment rates are generally low in these countries. For example, the unemployment rate was 6% in Pakistan and 4.5% in Sri Lanka in 2011. Therefore, in South Asia far more important is the persistence of low productivity and low paying jobs, which are mostly found in the agricultural and urban informal sectors.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|low unemployment lanka sri persistence|7.680916|4.3336296|4.351647
1405|They allow assessing the implications of higher levels of medical-care spending and higher governmental health expenditures on economic growth; and identify what are the long-run determinants of medical spending growth. For example, a CGE model could be used to estimate the extent to w'hich increases in medical spending are driven by capital investment in health technologies. The CMS Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model represents the U.S. economy as being composed of two markets, health and non-health products, for which aggregate demand and supply are modelled (see annex 1.21).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medical spending health model cms|8.883118|8.690293|2.6895993
1406|While 40% of first-generation immigrant students complete upper secondary education, completion rates for second-generation immigrants increase to align to the national average (57% for the whole population). It found that a decline in motivation at this level may be triggered by external factors and lack of incentives, as well as by how schools respond to students' needs. Also, students from smaller municipalities seem to show weaker average skills in national and international assessments than those from larger municipalities. Over 2004-12, participation of 1-5 year-olds increased from 72% to 90%.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students municipalities generation triggered average|9.786676|2.5124004|3.1064825
1407|Following an overview of the world’s urban landscape, Chapter 2 looks at the status of children in urban settings through the lens of international human rights instruments and development goals. Chapter 3 examines some of the phenomena shaping the lives of children in urban areas, from their reasons for coming to the city and their experience of migration to the challenges posed by economic shocks, violence and acute disaster risk. Many cities have been able to contain or banish diseases that were widespread only a generation ago.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban chapter phenomena posed children|4.3352623|5.1639433|2.0076811
1408|Between 2000 and 2015, participation in the first year of preschool (Interactive II, age 4) increased dramatically from 7% to 63%, and that of the second year from 83% to 90%. The new curriculum gives special emphasis to early literacy skills which are critical both to success in learning and for developing a child's self-confidence and social interaction. Just 20% of 4-year-olds from the poorest households have access to preschool provision, compared to 80% of their wealthier peers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|preschool year interactive wealthier dramatically|9.476527|2.8328035|2.4250348
1409|This implies that the decrease of forest biomass sink in Sweden is more than compensated by the increase in Finland and Norway together. Similarly, the CO2 emissions from forest soil in Finland are more than offset by forest soil sink in Sweden and Norway combined. The sink size fluctuated over 1990 and 2000s especially in Sweden and Finland due to the fluctuating level of use of HWPs in longer lasting purposes such as construction and furniture with a dip in Sweden in 2008. For Norway, net removal in 1990-2010 is adapted from Norwegian CPA (2012) and in 2011-2020 is Indufor's estimate.|SDG 15 - Life on land|sink sweden finland norway forest|1.1439629|4.43354|3.872658
1410|This function can be implemented by using theipvsadm command. We measured AC power, that is, the output of the inverter, but not DC power, that of the battery, so that these data can be referred to in a different experimental environment, such as using commercial AC power for power supply. We compared energy-proportional control to the conventional method in which all web servers are always active, in Figure 9. The results show that there are no differences between these two methods in terms of response times.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power ac servers using battery|1.9350998|1.4907917|2.1307073
1411|This may have a negative impact on the family dynamics with intra-familial conflicts and abuse as a consequence. Such experiences may have impact on the later health of the young. For example, a study conducted among Icelandic adolescents who were 14-15 years old shows that lifetime experience of intra-familial conflicts may increase the risk for depression, anxiety, anger and self-esteem (Gunnlaugsson, Kristjansson, Einarsdottir and Sigfusdottir, 2011). Thus, in light of the current crisis it is important to monitor closely the future development of the health situation of children and keep a close eye on known risk factors that may negatively impact on later adult health of the young. Governmental policy responses are crucial for how the economic recession will affect household functioning, and children's experiences of poverty. The burden can be alleviated through, e.g., fiscal stimulus, social protection and polices that address the labour market and support to families (Harper, Jones, McKay, and Espey, 2009).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|familial intra conflicts impact later|7.2708654|6.289231|5.0831556
1412|It took a century to boost their thermal efficiency to around 20 percent in a successive stream of innovations. It took another century again to reach the current steam turbine efficiency of 40 percent. The initial costs of steam engines in the mid-eighteenth century amounted to a phenomenal US$ 12,000 per kW (in 2003$) (Crafts, 2004) in an economy a factor of 130 smaller than today with per capita incomes around US$1,500 (in 2003).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|century steam took percent efficiency|1.7222916|2.1320202|2.4705417
1413|This paper set out to provide a conceptual understanding of the gender socialization process during adolescence, its influences and outcomes, and practical suggestions on how to use this knowledge in the design of policies and programmes to improve gender equality. First, theoretical contributions from psychology, sociology and biology were reviewed to situate the gender socialization process during adolescence in a broader context of multi-level influences. Second, a socio-ecological framework was introduced to bring together the main factors that influence the gender socialization process and its outcomes. Third, knowledge on howto influence the gender socialization process and its outcomes was summarized in order to provide practical recommendations for policies and programmes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|socialization gender process adolescence influences|9.950931|4.6404157|7.0758452
1414|It also aims to reduce the number of Europeans without adequate reading, writing, numeracy and digital skills. At the same time, the Agenda seeks to help highly qualified young people find work that suits their potential and aspirations, make it easier for employers to recruit employees with the right profiles and to equip people with the skills and attitudes to start their own businesses (EC, 2016b). These programmes receive fewer resources than general education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|suits equip skills writing recruit|9.2226305|2.699394|2.2694235
1415|Payments systems linked to performance need to have accurate quality metrics that encourage physicians to offer services to all patients, including those whose health is complicated by multiple conditions. In many cases the physician performance metrics do not include adequate adjustment for patients with multiple chronic conditions. Most existing quality metrics have the tendency to encourage clinicians to avoid medically complex patients. More refined performance measures would account for patients with multiple chronic conditions and thereby strengthen the capacity of performance-based payment systems to support care for those with multiple conditions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|metrics patients multiple performance conditions|8.793978|9.098747|1.6799558
1416|This is also the case of several mid-sized FUAs (Taraz, Uralsk, Atyrau, Aktau and Aktobe).10 In contrast, in the other two metropolitan areas of Kazakhstan (Astana and Shymkent), the city cores grew' more rapidly than the commuting zone between 1999 and 2009. In OECD countries, suburbanisation has been particularly strong in large metropolitan areas (of more than 1.5 million people). Figure 1.10 shows the contributions of commuting zones and city cores to overall FUA growth during the 1999-2009 period. Beyond Astana, the fastest-growing cities are in the southern and western areas of the country.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cores astana commuting metropolitan areas|4.443275|5.3800516|1.8529942
1417|In 2009, Portugal launched the Electric Mobility Plan to encourage large-scale use of electric vehicles by 2020. The increase in the share of electric vehicles in the fleet and the achievement of the expected reduction in oil imports will largely depend on timely development of the electricity network and metering infrastructure, as well as on further growth of renewable electricity production. Under the EU burden-sharing agreement to meet the EU Kyoto Protocol target, Portugal is committed to limit its GHG emissions to an average increase of 27% in 2008-12 compared with 1990 levels.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electric portugal vehicles eu electricity|1.5469433|2.9249485|2.4889894
1418|Additional reforms could also improve access to complementary insurance for low-income households and their health in the medium term (CNAMTS, 2016a), notably by promoting the use of existing administrative data on income and other social spending to determine and verify access to ACS vouchers. Indeed, past experiments have shown that eligible households, mostly long-term unemployed and retirees, may be difficult to reach through information campaigns (Guthmuller et al., The sustainability of the ACS scheme could be improved in part by reviewing the eligibility conditions (Cour des comptes, 2015).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|households retirees vouchers experiments verify|7.735343|5.72651|4.0685444
1419|Innovation-led growth has contributed substantially to improving income and well-being across all groups in society. Their objective is to provide all segments of society with equal opportunities to successfully participate in and benefit from innovation. While most of these policies can be broadly classified by inclusiveness type (Box 3), in some cases they simultaneously address social, industrial and/or territorial inclusiveness challenges. For example, Ireland’s Competitive Start Fund for Female Entrepreneurs aims to promote the integration of an underrepresented group -women- in entrepreneurship activities (“social inclusiveness”) and to address critical financial barriers faced by start-ups (“industrial inclusiveness”).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|inclusiveness start industrial society innovation|5.7107177|3.5406065|2.726544
1420|Intended countries of destination for the cocaine seized included Australia, Italy and Spain, while Colombia is mentioned as country of origin. There is evidence that the area of opium poppy cultivation has been increasing and appears to have reached a five-year high in Colombia, which had detected 387 ha of cultivation in 2014. Heroin manufactured in South America is primarily destined for the United States but is also trafficked for consumption within the region. Various countries in South America have reported seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in 2014, including amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ecstasy”-type substances, as well as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|amphetamine cultivation colombia america type|8.300822|10.269|3.5768783
1421|These capacity building trainings and workshops are often aimed at faculty, students, and other researchers and public servants in developing countries. For the puipose of this analysis, it is assumed that these trainings contribute towards enhancing countries’ STI capacity. However, it is likely that the inclusion of all development finance channelled through universities over-estimates the amount of development finance supporting STI. Providers are required to include text descriptions of the activities when reporting to the CRS; however, in practice this information has been difficult to use for analytical purposes because of the differences in quality of the descriptions.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|trainings descriptions sti finance servants|4.9369845|3.4173636|2.1572874
1422|For instance, the OECD Climate Fund Inventory lists 91 climate funding sources, and contains detailed information on their focal areas, region(s) of activity and application procedures.54 The UNFCCC Climate Finance Data Portal contains data on resources that have been provided to fund adaptation and mitigation activities in developing countries.55 The Climate Funds Update is an independent website that provides data on currently 23 multilateral climate finance sources, including pledged amounts to these sources.56 Developed countries provided a total of $33.6 billion in climate finance through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2016. As figure 4.2 highlights, the focus of these funds has been for mitigation in developing countries, which accounted for 72 per cent of the total, compared with only 15 per cent for adaptation activities. The Clean Technology Fund (CTF), the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF), the Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR), the Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program (SREP), as well as a series of funds targeting reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), such as the Forest Investment Program (FIP), support GHG mitigation activities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate fund mitigation funds sources|1.8409562|3.7088966|1.3689972
1423|To fully address all needs and challenges for children in urban settings, urban planning must simultaneously address the different scales of possible spatial intervention. However, it actually covets good design for all. In this sense, applying universal design helps create buildings, tools, spaces and learning or communication systems that are useful and usable for everyone. Universal design accommodates diverse literacy skills, and promotes designs that are safe and easy to use.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|design universal address usable urban|4.2104716|5.1564574|1.9044623
1424|For manufacturing companies to understand the market opportunities and the needs of the wind industry, the states of Michigan or Ohio provide technical assistance to companies to retool their operations to become wind energy suppliers. For example, The Ohio Energy Office is financing a collaborative project, led by the Great Lakes Wind Network (GLWN) and Ohio’s Edison Technology Center, to identify suitable companies for retrofitting of their facilities to produce wind energy components (AWEA, 2010). Strengthening the regional wind energy supply chain in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region may require both informing firms about this new business opportunity and connecting these firms with those managing the supply chain. One study has identified particularly strong opportunities for local gear and drive train manufacturers to penetrate the wind turbine component parts market (CMC/JARC, 2009).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind energy companies chain firms|2.289808|1.9696815|1.9184719
1425|A UNESCO biosphere reserve (Repetek State Biosphere Reserve) was designated in 1978. The State reserves have a strict protection regime and exclude natural resource use by local inhabitants, with very few exceptions. All have management authorities, which report to the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna under MoNP.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biosphere reserve protection state flora|1.5014876|5.095074|4.122907
1426|This means there are fewer women in the parliament in Denmark than in the rest of the Nordics. According to data from 139 countries compiled by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (2016), Denmark ranks 21st based on the proportion of women in parliament. As of 28th November 2016, nine of the 22 ministers in the Danish government are women (40.9%; Statsministeriet 2016). The purpose of the Equal Treatment Act is to prevent discrimination based on gender (Ministry of Employment 2002), and the purpose of the Gender Equality Act is to promote equality between men and women, including equal influence and opportunities in all spheres of the society (Ministry of Social Affairs 2000).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women parliament purpose denmark act|10.295463|4.1518297|7.1934457
1427|Also, international benchmarks of student performance provided by international student surveys such as PISA and TIMSS have been influential in driving policy development at the system level. In addition, NCESE (whose services, as of 2015, were integrated in IAC) also conducts surveys to assess societal views of education which include the collection of views and perspectives from principals, teachers, parents, students and potential employers. By contrast, there is no framework to evaluate the work of rayons’ and oblasts’ Departments of Education even if the monitoring of their work can be followed on the basis of student learning outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student views surveys timss iac|9.682414|1.9307897|1.7143402
1428|Similarly, driving can be more dangerous than cycling for some demographics (Feleke et al., Longitudinal or even experimental studies would be key to strengthen this observation, which is based on cross-sectional data alone. Nevertheless, this finding suggests that an overall decrease in fatalities is possible in cities planning for a modal shift towards cycling.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cycling demographics modal sectional experimental|4.237296|5.1971316|0.046932004
1429|The employment of older workers was about as cyclical as overall employment in past recessions, so it is a notable departure from historical patterns that employment has increased for this group this time. This novel development may reflect, at least in part, labour supply responses in some countries to sometimes large losses in retirement savings consequent to the financial crisis (Coile and Levine, 2009; Gustman et al., Employment losses were also above-average for medium-skilled workers and men, groups whose employment had previously been about as cyclical as overall employment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment cyclical losses workers overall|7.923268|4.980366|4.3778353
1430|In some states, there is scope to increase tariff levels and change tariff structures to enhance efficient uses of water, allocate water where it creates most value, and at least cover the operation and maintenance costs. Setting Mexican water policies on a sustainable financial path will contribute to commitments 6 and 65 of the Pact, and will facilitate the implementation of commitments 50, 51 and 52. There is a need to identify and clearly allocate the responsibilities at each level of government; strengthen enforcement and compliance; and sharpen focus on the capacity and financial sustainability of utilities, the efficiency and quality of service provision, and the responsiveness to users. Commitment 52 of the Pact, to approve a new law on drinking water and sanitation, provides the opportunity and the political momentum to define responsibilities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pact allocate water tariff commitments|1.6848816|7.145009|1.8597221
1431|The intensity of total child poverty also fell sharply across the region during the period in question. The biggest decreases were observed among children and adolescents with at least two deprivations and at least three deprivations in 2000 (more than a 15-percentage-point drop in both cases). While the decline is much smaller among children with at least five deprivations (from 3.4% in 2000 to 1.1% in 2011 in total child poverty) who, by definition, suffer an appalling violation of their rights (see figure II.4.B), it does point to positive outcomes in tackling multidimensional child poverty over the decade: not only did its incidence decrease, but the percentage of children and adolescents with the largest number of deprivations also decreased.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivations child adolescents children poverty|7.1565356|6.4205194|5.2108173
1432|"Article 24 states that ""indigenous individuals have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health"" and that ""states shall take the necessary steps with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of this right"".467 ""Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and to maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals. Article 8 of this law entitles indigenous people to free medical care in state and municipal health care facilities within the framework of the Programme of state guarantees for mandatory health insurance.48' As described above, the legal framework is comprehensive and includes specific provisions for indigenous peoples' access to health services. The first framework focus is on the core elements of the right to health; the second on the core elements of health care access; and the third on the determinants of indigenous health."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indigenous health right peoples framework|9.6411495|8.219703|3.3070498
1433|Assessment criteria and methods are defined by each school and reflected in the respective School Education Programme (SEP). There are no externally-based national final examinations at the end of basic (and compulsory) education (but some regions make available to their secondary schools standardised tests developed by private companies, to be used as entry examinations). By contrast, externally-based exit examinations are mandatory at the end of secondary education. These refer to the school-leaving examination and the final examination to obtain the apprenticeship certificate.|SDG 4 - Quality education|examinations externally examination school final|9.609075|1.897714|1.5232563
1434|There is empirical evidence, for example, that labour-intensive manufacturing activities tend to be concentrated in countries with low labour costs while high-tech industries are more likely to emerge in wealthy countries with access to a high-skilled workforce. This, inter alia, provides an explanation for the changing pattern of manufacturing employment across the world (UNIDO, 2017a). It shows the use of industrial robots as part of the recent trend of automation across industries, and indicates that increasing automation within certain industries plays a special role in the transformation of industrial development patterns through technological innovations.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|industries automation manufacturing industrial robots|4.954997|3.0739157|2.5832908
1435|To some extent, it may bring w'orking-time legislation closer to practice, as undeclared overtime appears to be common in Lithuania. But this may come at the cost of work quality and work/life balance for employees and so changes in working-time practices should be monitored closely following the reform. In the 2002 Labour Code, workers with specific problems or characteristics, such as health issues testified by a health institution, disability, mothers of young children, workers aged less than 18, and carers of a sick family member could request part-time work. This is still the case in new labour code, but all workers with job tenure of less than three years are also entitled to request part-time for a temporary period of less than a year, which the employer can refuse only for valid reasons.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|request time workers code work|8.361944|4.6105013|4.6387477
1436|With additional high-speed backhaul infrastructure in place, it should make it cheaper to extend mobile broadband coverage into more rural zones. This in turn should increase demand resulting in lower mobile broadband prices. Integrated report for the year ended 31 December 2016. Figure for Rwanda from RURA. Statistics and Tariff Information in Telecom, Media and Postal Service as of the Fourth Quarter 2016.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband mobile telecom ended cheaper|4.866381|2.8969243|1.4586301
1437|It arose from calls from women’s rights scholars and activists, as well as the women’s and feminist movements, to address the power and patriarchy that lie at the root of discrimination and inequality. This introduced a need to broaden and deepen the development focus beyond women, to address gender roles and relations, differential access to resources and control of them, and ultimately the power imbalance between men and women. In doing so it opened an opportunity to question how traditional social roles, norms and expectations formed the basis for inequality in the private and public spheres, as ensconced in unequal institutions—whether in families, communities, schools, the professional sphere, politics or beyond.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women roles address inequality power|9.667415|4.696704|7.09613
1438|Some of these shortcomings are addressed by the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), which is discussed at the end of this chapter. It is important to put in place harmonised instruments that measure other types of skills, which are critical for innovation and economic growth but also for living a good life in general (e.g. social and emotional skills1; Almlund et al., For the moment, these exist at national level only. They inform about the competencies that help individuals undertake a broad range of the activities needed to live in modern societies. These include reading, writing and numeracy as well as the skills needed to use digital technology and access and interpret information in a knowledge-based society.|SDG 4 - Quality education|competencies needed skills piaac interpret|8.73022|2.8153787|2.8495712
1439|Ethiopia's first sectoral resilience strategy, which focuses on agriculture, revealed that 38 of 41 priority climate resilience options are already being carried out to some extent. This indicates that most early resilience efforts will concentrate on scaling-up and enhancing the resilience of existing measures, rather than crafting new ones. As Ethiopia's future climate conditions are highly uncertain, it will be crucial to adopt an iterative and flexible approach to building resilience. At present, Ethiopia primarily relies on disaster response financing from official development assistance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|resilience ethiopia iterative concentrate climate|1.6651226|4.6759853|2.0667543
1440|While developed countries have substantial resources available to spend on addressing water issues, developing countries often have far fewer resources, and as a result, water stress can be a much greater problem. In Africa, for example, despite abundant water resources at the continental scale, only 4% of the total available freshwater supply is currently accessed for human use (UN, 2007), thereby creating water stress problems in many African countries. Consequently, worldwide assessments of water resources can be misleading and measures of water stress need to be undertaken at a regional scale which accounts for both demand and supply of water, as well as the level of economic development.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water stress resources scale misleading|1.1741982|7.282274|2.942581
1441|The absence of targeted policies to foster the growth potential of women’s enterprises is a critical policy gap. In non-MENA countries, women's entrepreneurship often falls under the umbrella of SME policy. While such policies may have a rather important impact, as this is the segment where women entrepreneurs are mostly represented, it needs to be stressed that this inclusion may also perpetuate and reinforce existing stereotypes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women perpetuate umbrella stressed sme|8.94044|3.4954963|6.3979006
1442|Additionally, renewable energy depends on variable wind, sun and exogenous conditions that are intermittent and more difficult to schedule than conventional fossil fuels. Given the limited and still developing electricity storage technology' at utility scale, it is economical to integrate intermittent renewables into larger, flexible electricity systems. The fossil fuel-based generation can be backed down when renewables are available, and with an electricity grid system that covers large geographical areas, the available average renewable resources would be easier to schedule.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|intermittent schedule electricity renewables fossil|1.6938926|1.5350757|2.0298765
1443|The Mediterranean region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which presents the Adriatic (Mediterranean) Sea Basin, is composed of Neretva, Trebisnjica and Cetina River Basins, and of the narrow coastal zone around Neum Municipality. Neretva and Trebisnjica River Basins have an area of 10,100 km2 or 81.4 per cent of the total Adriatic Sea catchment area, w'hile Cetina River Basin in Bosnia and Herzegovina has an area of 2,310 km2 or 18.6 per cent of the total Adriatic Sea catchment area. The Eastern Adriatic Sea, including its Bosnia and Herzegovina part, is a shallow transitive area with a great number of typical pelagic and benthic species adapted to the high salinity.|SDG 14 - Life below water|adriatic herzegovina sea bosnia area|0.41873202|7.0026174|2.6953535
1444|Within their regions, PRDU aim to co-ordinate urban development, setting out the roles of urban centres, their spatial and functional relationships, connectivity and growth targets. It should also include guidelines for the allocation of national roads, highways, railways, airports, seaports and international borders; definition of settlements that may require priority treatment; the equipping and requirements of health infrastructure, energy and telecommunications. The MINVU SEREMI are responsible for developing the PRDU, which is then approved by the region’s Intendente and the Regional Council.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|seremi minvu equipping highways urban|3.8723319|5.419956|1.7382137
1445|If microfinance institutions extend lending to the very poor in these circumstances then they can help break the power and hold of moneylenders and landlords. Unfortunately, however, most microfinance institutions have been found wanting when it comes to lending to the very poor. Nonetheless, it seems that microfinance has made a significant dent in the informal usurious credit markets by undermining usury and debt bondage in some agrarian societies.|SDG 1 - No poverty|microfinance lending landlords institutions agrarian|8.299767|3.3350363|6.1907263
1446|Maps could be updated over the air, and C-ITS could enable dynamic ISA systems in which the speed limits were adjusted according to the prevailing conditions, just as they currently are in Smart Motorway management. So dynamic speed management could be extended to all roads, without any need for the expensive installation of variable message signs. The communications technology for this could be based on existing mobile phone networks.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|speed dynamic isa message maps|4.2887487|5.0909896|0.101520754
1447|Through the identification of areas of improvement, appraisal results can, furthermore, feed into the preparation of individual development plans and/or inform the professional development opportunities a school leader takes part in. In all of these three appraisal frameworks, appraisal is based on and systematically tied to professional development plans that are embedded within wider school goals. In Ontario, Canada, and Victoria, Australia, school leader appraisal is also firmly grounded within a wider system of professional development for school leaders (see Box 7.3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal school professional leader development|9.967205|1.1396607|1.5122707
1448|Among the valuable early warning activities supported at the country level were participatory risk mapping in Indonesia, integrated flood risk management in the Philippines, and community resilience in Viet Nam. Its original mission was to support tsunami early warning systems in Indian Ocean and South-East Asian countries. In 2010, following an independent review, the member States and ESCAP expanded the thematic scope of the Trust Fund to include overall disaster and climate preparedness, while retaining a focus on end-to-end early warning for coastal hazards.|SDG 13 - Climate action|warning early end tsunami retaining|1.5052807|5.2057443|1.7155035
1449|The PES traditionally provides labour market information services and vacancy notification services for employed registered jobseekers, and further in-work support measures are discussed in Section 3. In the 1980s and 1990s, policy reforms were largely focused on recipients of unemployment benefits. In some countries the traditional model, where the labour exchange held lists of local vacant jobs and sent unemployed people to apply for them, was no longer operating effectively, and reforms introduced a new emphasis on independent job search. In other cases, ALMPs had already been expanded and diversified in response to higher unemployment, but reforms put less emphasis on the volume of places created and more on the obligations for the long-term unemployed to participate in specific programmes.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|reforms unemployed emphasis unemployment vacancy|7.969035|4.528009|3.8401098
1450|Since renewable generation disposes of the lowest marginal costs and generation follows demand, it replaces other baseload generation at times of high output. Consequently, the average load factor of baseload plants will decrease, which decreases income if they cannot compensate for this tendency with higher prices at times of low output. If income decreases, investments in new generation facilities will be postponed or cancelled. Therefore, the average load factor of baseload plants (= electricity generation/maximum possible generation) may be an important indicator for future investments. Thirdly, procedures, time and cost to obtain construction permits, inspections and network connections give an impression of the ability to realise new investments. Up to now, in network planning reserves are usually determined on the basis of deterministic “n-1” and “n-2” requirements, which require network operators to transport the power along a different route in case a contingency occurs (even when certain network components are not available due to planned outages, i.e. “n-2”).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generation baseload network investments decreases|1.4805262|1.5244548|1.8890657
1451|Supporting practices that are accessible for all, while increasing quality of life and livelihood opportunities along the supply chain, would need to become a priority of learning programmes. While some interesting examples of such practices emerge in various corners of the globe there is still a need for more systematic actions engaging economically or socially underprivileged communities as part of the supply chain. Their inclusion in the supply chain may require the development of new business models that not only deal with the question of what kind of a product or service is a priority for the poor, but also how to satisfy their consumption needs while facilitating their livelihood options. Numerous examples exist where corporations have engaged with vulnerable communities to provide essential products and services, accompanied by learning and training opportunities for both the companies own staff and members of the community.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|chain livelihood supply priority examples|2.398456|4.086337|2.5946622
1452|The lack of comprehensive accreditation programmes for primary' care is a major weakness in the Czech Republic, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway and Sweden. Norway, for example, only carries out planned, risk-based audits in primary care. By contrast, Australia, England and Portugal pursue another path by extending accreditation to the primary and community care sector. In particular, England’s approach to health service accreditation is at the forefront of OECD efforts, and is a model for other health care systems to emulate (see Case Study 11). It is unusually comprehensive as it accredits all providers of primary and social care (OECD, 2016a).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|accreditation care primary england norway|9.34681|9.202065|1.6882548
1453|Such correlations are, of course, an indication that further research is required on the importance of labour in the manufacturing and operating costs of renewables. As shown in this table, most of the positions (46% of the occupations identified) require an apprenticeship, generally available through craft unions; 31% of the positions require graduation from high school; and 23% require some form of college degree, and 7% require an engineering degree. While not comparable to the operation of NPPs (it would be comparable to a module fabrication factory for a small modular reactor (SMR), however there is little publicly available information on the organisation of an SMR factory; see EPI, 2010: p. 28), the number of engineers required to produce wind turbines is far below the number required to produce and operate nuclear reactors, although it is similar to the number of engineers required to operate a waste management facility (NEA, forthcoming: p. 79).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|require required factory engineers positions|2.2067642|1.9568642|1.9116263
1454|On the other hand, some men may accept this increased position of women in the household and decrease IPV in order to keep her satisfied in the marriage. The items in the far-left box represent different elements of the program design that can influence its impact, such as the size, frequency and duration of transfers, and the targeting criteria, including the particular vulnerability and poverty profiles of the beneficiary population and whether or not women are explicit recipients of the transfer. We hypothesize that the specific pathways or causal mechanisms that become operative in any instance may be a function of: 1) the design features of the CT itself; and 2) how a woman's partner reacts to the transfer; and 3) the context of the CT program, including underlying contextual factors such as the gender regimes, social norms, and local laws and policies. In the following sections, we explain stylized versions of each pathway, relying where necessary on a broader evidence base than the CT and IPV literature, and analyse the degree to which data from the review either supports or refutes the hypothesised pathway.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ct ipv pathway program transfer|8.925609|5.215945|6.2360225
1455|The project is focused on forest rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management, contributing to climate change mitigation, institutional capacity building for forest management, and resource mobilization. The expected outputs of the project include some 6,000 ha of newly planted forest, and as much as 60,000 ha of rehabilitated forest. The project feasibility study started in October 2015.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest project ha rehabilitated planted|1.5039834|4.8352|3.8968272
1456|Partnerships among the governments, civil society and private sector should be enhanced to promote gender equality. The NGO-IRENE/Asia-Pacific, as a network having effectively operated for five years, should be encouraged to strengthen its role as a platform to coordinate and assist both regional and national NGOs to move further toward gender equality and help the implementation of Goal 3 as well as other MDGs. The stereotypical attitudes and behavior toward women and girls should be changed, and men should be encouraged to bear equal responsibilities with women in areas such as domestic and caring work;|SDG 5 - Gender equality|encouraged equality behavior gender ngo|9.898664|4.377684|7.302671
1457|This is in crucially short supply for SMEs in developing countries. On average, 38% of small businesses in low income countries rate access to finance as a major constraint on their operations, compared with only 14% of small businesses in high income countries.37 In other estimates, of the 360 million to 440 million formal and informal micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in developing countries about half are unserved or underserved by the formal finance sector,38 especially by banks that dominate the sector today. This signals a relatively significant demand by SMEs and a financing gap. About 20% of MSMEs in developing countries use cash-on-delivery services as a means of payment for their e-commerce transactions, whereas in developed economies the use of cash payments is negligible.41 As for bank lending, although access to it is difficult for SMEs, those that manage to obtain finance do so mostly through banks.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|smes msmes finance small countries|8.592641|3.405578|6.3089085
1458|A third of the 15 BDS organisations offering entrepreneurship training report that up to 75% of their beneficiaries are women, but another third estimate that women make up less than 30% or fewer of these trainees (Figure 2.1.). On the other hand, a majority of the organisations offering management consultancy services estimate that fewer than 20% of their clients are women. Similarly, in about 40% of BDS organisations, women represent less than 20% of clients receiving advisory/counseling services.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bds organisations clients women offering|9.008545|3.3037703|6.615211
1459|However, average female representation was still below 15 per cent in Northern Africa (10 per cent), Eastern and Western Asia (14 and 9 per cent, respectively) and Oceania7 (3 per cent). The highest proportion in the world was registered by Rwanda in its 2008 elections. The first country ever to have achieved a gender balance in national parliament, Rwanda’s achievement (56 per cent) is a marked increase over the 17 per cent representation of women in 1995,10 and can be attributed partly to focused and coordinated efforts to address the issue of gender balance during post-conflict reconstruction, and might also be associated with the fact that the majority of survivors of the preceding conflict were women. In fact, a number of post-conflict countries rank high with regard to women’s participation in both lower and upper chambers of legislative bodies (see Statistical Annex). This development stems from the country's shift towards merit and political competency from an association with tribal ties and expediency. That all four hold PhDs, have a formidable reputation for professionalism and now represent 54% of eligible voters points to a radical shift in opinion across Kuwait's society.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent conflict rwanda representation shift|10.530071|4.4523144|7.282348
1460|"They specify the requirements of the lead firm (at the buying end of the chain) for supplier firms to ensure systemic chain competitiveness. They are industry specific or relevant across a range of sectors, such as IS09000 on quality and IS014000 on environmental management. They include food safety and energy efficiency, and those set by international bodies include the EU ""farm-to-fork"" food standards and vehicle emission standards. They include labour standards, organic standards and Fairtrade certification."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|standards chain include food buying|2.9241545|3.6196163|2.6418552
1461|There are national committees for GEF and for biodiversity, to enable communication, cooperation and collaboration among the NFPs of these and other areas. The committees meet regularly to discuss projects of national importance, provide follow up, and discuss national reporting on biodiversity. The agenda of the committees recently expanded to include the country’s NBSAP. The effectiveness of these committees is reasonable.|SDG 15 - Life on land|committees discuss biodiversity national nfps|1.6893868|5.235815|3.7585962
1462|Target 5.4 not only recognizes and values unpaid care and domestic work* but also indicates the ways in which this recognition should take place, namely: “through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies’’.4 Unpaid care and domestic work, therefore, must be recognized, reduced and redistributed by means of care policies (see also box 3.3). Providing for the care needs of children frequently makes women—the main unpaid care providers—both income and time poor,9 and can carry long-term labour market penalties if they interrupt their employment careers in order to provide care (box 3.1). What are the innovations that can arise when a “care lens” informs social policies?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|care unpaid policies box domestic|8.939942|5.3017077|5.815825
1463|Results also point to the fact that symptoms and work functioning are two different areas, with betterment of work functioning lagging substantially behind symptoms’ improvement. This is significantly less than the 10 to 15-fold risk for serious and severe mental disorders; however, due to the much higher prevalence of mild and moderate disorders in the general population their overall impact is likely to exceed the burden stemming from severe mental illness. This was already found more than twenty years ago by Broadhead et al. ( Again, due to their high prevalence, the milder forms of depression accounted for a much higher amount of total disability days.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|symptoms disorders functioning prevalence severe|10.191128|8.79133|2.1355257
1464|Together with the reduction of subsidies for public transport, this has resulted in deteriorating service quality and a dysfunctional, fragmented transport market and system. Today, the city of Krasnoyarsk alone counts almost 100 private transport businesses, in addition to several municipal public transport companies, operating buses on various routes in the city (Krasnoyarsk, 2013b). Such factors are not unique to Krasnoyarsk, but they have a particular impact on congestion there because it is a regional transport hub in its own right and it straddles a major river.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport city deteriorating counts buses|4.356994|4.8846254|0.6392775
1465|Higher energy consumption, rising greenhouse gas emissions, road congestion and deteriorating water quality are the negative externalities that have come with urban growth. The City of Chicago has declared its ambition to become the most environmentally friendly city in the US, and has grown into a model for green buildings and infrastructure. The Chicago Tri-State metro-region is home to important and growing green clusters, particularly in the professional energy services.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|chicago green city deteriorating tri|2.9070954|3.5003145|1.9667938
1466|Indicolors of Ironsport efficiency in 37 global cities: V.A.: Institute for Science and Technology Policy. A Risk-Based Method for Modeling Traffic Fatalities. Risk Ar 5 Dumbaugh and Roe. They found that area crash rates decline significantly with increasing bus stop density, percentage of public transport-km travelled relative to total vehide-kms travelled, and walking, biking, and public transport-commute mode share. Their modelling indicates that a strategic transport plan that encourages use of alternative modes tends to reduce total, severe, and property damage collisions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|travelled transport modeling ar commute|4.2159195|5.169943|0.105157964
1467|While senior managers lead many gender units, some are not allocated large enough budgets to operate to plan. Nor do government departments assign them the same mandates, authority or functions. Mexico is, however, stepping up efforts to establish a unified approach to defining the functions of gender units as advisory units that help FPA departments incorporate the gender perspective into their activity.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|units departments functions gender fpa|10.128375|4.1055627|6.391252
1468|The Ukrainian part of the basin of the San River is characterized by a high content of organic substances, ammonia, sulfate, total iron and petroleum compounds. In recent years, in the Shklo River (in the San sub-basin, crossing the border) there is a steady tendency for quality to deteriorate, with increase in nutrients concentration, associated with an increase in discharges of untreated sewage. The town of Yavorov in Ukraine has virtually no working sewage treatment plant.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|san sewage basin river ukrainian|0.60488|6.7936926|2.8625593
1469|Average gas-fired generation efficiencies in the region improved from 37% in 1990 to 49% in 2014, the highest globally. Electricity transmission and distribution losses declined from 8.2% in 1990 to 7.2% in 2014 (8.9% globally), the least among all world regions, while natural gas transmission and distribution losses fell from 1.2% to 0.6%. The reasons for this outcome include strong support mechanisms. In addition, the increased application of more flexible market-based support mechanisms such as auctions, the overall decrease of installation costs, and increased awareness of the feasibility of renewable energy projects across most of the region all contributed.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|transmission globally losses gas mechanisms|1.4386295|1.9882731|2.3745494
1470|This underlines the importance of balanced rural development in order to create opportunities outside as well as within agriculture - and ensure that labour is “pulled” rather than “pushed” out of the sector. Attracting private investment in agriculture relies on a wide set of policies that go beyond agricultural policy, including macro-economic and sectoral policies. A coherent policy framework is an essential component of an attractive investment environment for all investors, be they domestic or foreign, small or large.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|pulled agriculture underlines investment pushed|3.9847867|5.2777414|3.5996811
1471|For example, all agree that scaled-up climate finance is needed, that both public and private sources can play a key role, and that the (self-) sustainability of a project and transparency is important. However, different communities may naturally place greater emphasis on different aspects of effectiveness. These differences in emphasis and priority could make distilling a common definition of climate finance effectiveness challenging, and whilst common and clear understanding is important, it is not clear that a single definition is necessary.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emphasis definition effectiveness clear common|1.8244145|4.1503572|1.1441407
1472|For preventive activity such as the general health check, however, they are paid an additional fee, incentivising them to offer this service. This focuses on improving health and reducing health inequalities across four priority areas: investing in a life-course approach, tackling the major non-communicable and communicable diseases, strengthening health systems and creating resilient communities. Most of the content around tackling non-communicable diseases, however, focuses on implementation of existing declarations and strategies such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control or the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|communicable health tackling focuses diseases|9.196889|9.223402|2.8004615
1473|A 2005 analysis found similar substitution among agricultural outputs in Spain (Custa etal., This economic behavior has implications for choices in which surface water versus groundwater infrastructure could each be improved or restored. For example, irrigators will invest $1000 today in a water conserving land improvement like drip irrigation if net farm income increases by more than $1000 over time, in present value terms. If not, irrigators will avoid making the investment. A range of resource allocation management decisions faced by farm managers can be addressed by applying one or more of these budgeting economic principles.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigators farm behavior drip conserving|1.246819|7.572652|2.6310542
1474|At the same time new jurisdiction or wider jurisdiction is given to other bodies, thereby increasing their involvement in the licensing process. It should be pointed out that municipalities are currently responsible for licensing establishments that process fisheries and aquaculture products. The General Directorate for Fisheries and Aquaculture is no longer responsible for licensing industrial activity. This breakdown is much the same as in previous years. Facilities for preparing and conserving fresh and frozen fish are still most numerous, followed by those for producing dried and salted products.|SDG 14 - Life below water|licensing jurisdiction aquaculture fisheries responsible|0.064282365|5.8746796|6.728648
1475|Estimated environmental benefits yield up to 11 million tonnes of saved C02 during the 20-year lifespan ofthe plants (GET FiT, 2017). The program has already delivered 30 MWs of commissioned capacity, with 86 MW in construction, which created 1,500 jobs in 2016. The scale ofthe impact is amplified, because through USD 104 million in Premiums GET FiT has leveraged an estimated USD 428 million of investments (GET FiT, 2017). Strategically, NDF's focus is on being catalytic, supporting innovation and private sector development, project development and piloting of high-risk interventions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fit ofthe million usd estimated|1.692587|3.6730795|1.415607
1476|In practice, several schemes are hybrids. There are also regulations mandating specific actions, such as labelling requirements for energy efficiency. One unusual aspect of the UK policy framework is that, since 2008, it has been underpinned by a Climate Change Act, which gave statutory force to domestic carbon-reduction budgets. The Act also set up an independent body, the Committee on Climate Change, with statutory responsibilities to propose appropriate carbon budgets, assess progress towards the statutory long-term emission reduction targets and give advice to government on climate-change policies in general, covering both mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. Originally intended to support nuclear electricity generation, the NFFO and SRO were expanded in 1990 to include renewables.|SDG 13 - Climate action|statutory climate change budgets act|1.4639213|3.3015897|1.8796722
1477|This has happened in Croatia, which has switched to a summer peaking system11 in recent years to respond to the growth in tourism and accompanying demand for air conditioning. While the six SEE economies typically have significant hydropower generation capacity, the increasing extremes of weather associated with climate change may render these electricity systems vulnerable in prolonged periods of very dry weather, especially as they are likely to coincide with heavy demand for air conditioning during the summer months. The second factor is the need to replace the large proportion of the generation capacity that is due to retire in the next ten years, while simultaneously building an energy system that allows the economies of the region to comply with their sustainability obligations under the Paris Agreement by investing in new clean energy technologies. No data available for Kosovo. One of their roles is to ensure a stable and predictable regulatory environment so that investors are confident that they will be subject to the consistent application of rules and regulations, including for example the licencing and permit granting procedures undertaken by regulators.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|conditioning summer weather air generation|1.582004|2.0672696|2.0769167
1478|Individuals, groups or co-operatives are eligible to access this program with maximum credit amount of IDR 500 million (USD 55 000) per customer. For agribusiness, the eligible fields range from production inputs to the procurement of agricultural tools and machineries, on-farm activities, and processing and marketing of the agricultural products. Only 16% of the credit taken out through KUR is used for agribusiness activities.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agribusiness eligible credit idr agricultural|3.8814886|4.9883423|3.7322578
1479|An alternative view, however, favoured by the United States and the Australian Law Commission, is to hold that patent incentives to medical treatments are too important to exclude them from eligibility. Instead, while broadly allowing the patentability of medical tools and techniques to encourage investment in R&D, the United States has adopted a narrow exception to shield medical practitioners (and, for example, the hospital employing them) from patent infringement when carrying out “pure medical methods”. Integra sued Merck for patent infringement.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medical patent infringement united states|8.321138|9.623072|2.4608376
1480|This project consisted in upgrading infrastructure, providing housing improvement loans and building capacity in four selected cities which led to the upgrading of 295 low-income areas, benefiting 2.5 million people. This demonstrated the benefits of a more flexible approach to informality, and of trying to enable people to stay in their homes through upgrading. Following the success of the project, the government upscaled it in 2009 into the National Urban Upgrading Programme to 2020. The programme covers 95 cities of Class IV and above, which has reached 90 000 households, servicing unplanned housing areas and providing financial assistance for housing improvement and tenure regularisation (World Bank, 2015b).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|upgrading housing improvement cities providing|4.540832|5.486634|1.9613599
1481|Even if school leader appraisal results successfully feed into a school leader’s professional development, opportunities for professional development may fail to support school leaders in the improvement of their leadership practices and behaviours and the development of their pedagogical leadership. School leaders in various OECD countries have often reported a feeling of inadequate preparation for their roles, a lack of continuous feedback on their performance, and a lack of opportunities for professional development (Pont et al., To give an example, the management of resources needs to be sufficiently aligned with pedagogical purposes to improve teaching and learning. However, school leaders in many contexts often lack adequate training opportunities to enable them to do so (Pont et al., The Czech Republic, for instance, passed new legislation in 2012 that changed the regulations for the dismissal of head teachers. While school organising bodies could previously only dismiss head teachers in the case of gross violations or their failure to fulfil their legal obligations, school organising bodies now decide on head teachers’ reappointment after a term of six years, as informed by the appraisal process (HE [Institute for Information on Education], 2011).|SDG 4 - Quality education|school head pont leaders professional|9.872785|1.2126063|1.694397
1482|In 2003-08, Brazil accounted for over 70% of the global new terrestrial area placed under environmental protection. The National System of Protected Areas (SNUC), established in 2000, laid the groundwork for this remarkable expansion of official protected areas, or “conservation units” as they are known in the country. It consolidated the pre-existing highly fragmented assortment of federal, state, municipal and private protected areas into one consistent framework.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected areas laid terrestrial consolidated|1.6384574|4.879042|4.1343455
1483|The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) framework launched in 2015 creates opportunities for advancing energy efficiency, deploying renewable and alternative energy, and ensuring individual and regional energy security. Both resources must be developed aggressively to enhance energy security and reduce the environmental impact of energy use in the region. Energy efficiency and conservation is viewed as one of the most effective ways to meet the growing demand in terms of energy supply security and to reduce the environmental impacts of development. Energy efficiency and conservation can contribute to economic savings, energy security and climate change mitigation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy security efficiency conservation aggressively|1.4349538|2.2808285|2.5173547
1484|This provides an opportunity to streamline the main marine programmes and improve coherence with policies in other sectors. For example, the exemption of fisheries from the fuel tax can encourage large-scale fisheries. At the same time, a variety of grants are provided to fishers for the protection and sustainable use of fish stocks.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries streamline exemption fishers coherence|-0.19207506|5.6130185|6.6779943
1485|The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement was signed in 2005 by eight US states and two Canadian provinces, to regulate and promote co-operation as regards diversions and water withdrawals in this vast and complex hydrological system. In Australia, the federal government has no competency to manage rivers under the Constitution, but has recently been referred powers by the state governments to assume some responsibilities for the Murray-Darling River basin (Box 4.20).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin river darling murray competency|0.94873184|7.2225666|1.7519375
1486|If large portions of these customary lands are leased to private holders, it affects food security and all subsistence activities for those who have previously relied on these natural resources. The dispossessed then squat in urban areas close to the capital. Twenty-one per cent of the participants did unpaid voluntary work in a church or NGO. Only 30 per cent had regular wage employment, and the majority of these were men. Twenty-five per cent said they had a bank account, and 25 per cent said there was a bank near their home. These last considerations are very important logistically when deciding whether or not social protection interventions should be cash transfers.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent said bank leased deciding|6.8034916|5.8285575|4.486611
1487|At the same time, clean transport such as rail systems, ferries, E-jeepneys and shared-bike schemes need to be encouraged with the supporting infrastructure. Current consumption pattern still follows a linear trend with the end fixated on disposal as opposed to a circular consumption pattern where resources are continuously reused. The “no separation, no collection” policy encouraging waste segregation is a laudable strategy but suffers from a number of implementation challenges which urgently needs to be addressed.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|pattern consumption reused bike suffers|0.5073765|3.9808958|3.06903
1488|In parallel, the company has rolled out a WiMAX network. Several other Internet service providers have also rolled out their own wireless infrastructure, which improved overall wireless networking that raised the Internet profile of the country. Given the widespread penetration of wireless technologies throughout the LDCs, LTE is the logical next step and provides a solid platform for the data-intensive applications that could hugely impact social and economic development in the world's most vulnerable nations.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|wireless rolled internet lte logical|4.859527|2.7993093|1.4246697
1489|Several studies point to the importance of family engagement in monitoring service quality practices (Edwards et al., Research has indicated that family involvement in early education has a great influence on children’s learning and development. Hidalgo, Epstein and Siu (2002) found evidence that family involvement is highly important in helping children succeed in education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|family involvement children succeed education|9.272221|2.6174307|2.0049133
1490|Price vs. Non-Price Conservation Programs”, A Pioneer Institute White Paper, No. In 2010, this amounted to EUR 154 million, of which 140 were earmarked for flood prevention. Compare with EUR 1 300 million, secured to cover the costs of natural disasters. It reviews empirical evidence on the actual performance of economic policy instruments for the management of water resources. The interim report builds on over 30 case studies, in Europe and in selected non European countries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|eur price million secured interim|1.4999602|7.200408|2.5647004
1491|Without oversight and accountability mechanisms w ith adequate authority, gender equality work can stall once mechanisms are established and may fade from the legislative agenda. The presence of sound accountability and oversight that involves reporting to the highest possible level of government maximises the opportunity for gender mainstreaming initiatives to be successful and sustainable, and for gender equality to remain a legislative priority. This requires sound policy co-ordination (vertical and horizontal) and collaboration mechanisms, which are also noted as important enablers for gender mainstreaming.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender mechanisms oversight sound legislative|9.9165945|4.124103|7.3717613
1492|There are the IPLOS registry, HELFO database, KOSTRA system and registries covering different diseases, health outcomes and professional areas. In primary care, some broad indicators are collected such as prescribing patterns, hospital admissions for chronic conditions, but little is known about the quality of care. At the same time, Norway has no information infrastructure at local or at national level to systematically collect a dataset that would allow GPs, patients and authorities to benchmark quality and performance against peers or against national guidelines.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|registries prescribing registry dataset care|9.267053|9.5285015|1.9489884
1493|Substitution of occupational care (which is partly financed by employers) or private care (with large co-payments) for public care reduces costs for municipalities. User choice, which has so far been very limited in the public system, is thereby expanded at a limited cost for public finances. However, the system produces incentives for cost-shifting between activities financed through different channels, which lead to sub-optimal decisions regarding the provision of care and large inequalities in access between socio-economic groups with different coverage and financial resources, and regions with varying health care supply.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care financed public limited cost|8.742281|8.674662|1.9254249
1494|In 2015 Nepal was hit by a devastating earthquake and in 2017 by severe floods. Fuelwood accounts for 85 percent of household energy and for the vast majority of harvested wood. Forests and trees also play a key role in watershed protection and climate resilience and are important for biodiversity and agricultural landscape management.|SDG 15 - Life on land|fuelwood devastating earthquake harvested watershed|1.3085343|4.6717973|3.6703494
1495|The lesson its leaders have drawn is that a high income doesn't compensate for shortcomings in education. But that isn't the case. For example, one in four 15-year-olds in the United States does not successfully complete even the most basic tasks in PISA. So even high-income OECD countries would gain significantly if all of their students left school with at least basic knowledge and skills. For this group of countries, the average future GDP would be 3.5% higher than it would be without this improvement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|basic doesn lesson shortcomings compensate|9.231347|2.3440533|3.013882
1496|But as countries adopt more energy efficiency technologies and energy conservation measures their energy intensity tends to fall (as it has in the US over the past 20 years). It is reasonable that as a country develops its economy it will need to supply more energy to its citizens to raise their standards of living. In this regard countries with very large populations have much further to go to deliver economic growth; China and India may have moved far up the development scale in recent decades, but they still have very low consumption of energy per capita.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy develops moved reasonable adopt|1.7157755|2.7199762|2.637823
1497|Australia to 2050: future challenges. The model breaks down total health expenditure into several subcomponents, corresponding to a combination of financing agents and functions. Depending on the nature of the subcomponents, CIHI employs various forecasting techniques, ranging from the use of provisional public budgets to pure extrapolation of past trends.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|provisional employs pure breaks forecasting|8.857713|8.671802|2.6512208
1498|In Mexico, social security covers more than half the population. Second, those not covered by health insurance have open access to a public provider network, financed out of general taxation. This appears to be the case particularly in India, where the public health infrastructure is underdeveloped, and, given that health expenditures are decentralised at the state/local level, very inequitably shared across states and regions (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2007). But lack of physical access in some regions is observed in many countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|health regions underdeveloped access decentralised|8.6115055|8.710287|2.4911618
1499|Consequently, the optimal level of subsidies for R&D on low-carbon technologies depends on the magnitude of knowledge spillovers from these technologies, relative to the spillovers generated by other technologies, in particular the fossil technologies they replace. It also needs to cover not only the public sector, but also the private one. The intellectual property argument, while valid in some cases, should not impede the development of standardised mechanisms to collect, compile and publish urgently needed global data on budgets for energy technology innovation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|technologies spillovers urgently publish impede|1.9163826|2.890831|1.8838353
1500|"Similarly, a study by the Commonwealth Fund of care management programmes that spanned care settings and engaged interdisciplinary teams across the continuum of care found that multifaceted, boundary-spanning approaches were associated with reduced hospital use and readmissions (McCarthy et al., The reforms undertaken to date clearly reflect this. Moreover, the strengthening of primary care continues to be supported by the State Health Development Programme of the Republic of Kazakhstan ""Densaulyk"" for 2016 - 2019. Key measures envisaged include reducing the size of patient lists for generalists, from the current 2 200 to 1 500, and the increased delegation of tasks to nurses."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care spanning delegation interdisciplinary continuum|9.120349|8.888281|1.8144833
1501|For information, our national poverty rate (44 per cent), based on the latest available household survey (2003) and calculated with a per capita equivalence scale for the whole population, is very close to the official one (46.4 per cent) (World Development Indicators 2009). Numbers in parentheses refer to the base-year values. As already discussed above, the lower rates in Cameroon might be at least partly due to the better quality of data used to calculate hunger rates. However, the simulated changes still give some rough basis for discussion. In terms of BaU hunger rates, figures for Cameroon are broadly in line with those for monetary poverty rates. On the other hand, Burkina Faso and, to a greater extent, Ghana show a trend in hunger rates to some extent different from that discussed above for monetary poverty (figure 12).|SDG 1 - No poverty|hunger rates cameroon monetary poverty|6.3150144|6.0352397|4.9968023
1502|All over South Asia, the ideal of purdah (seclusion of women) - which assigns a symbolic capital of honour and respectability to the control over women's realms of action30 - has hampered women’s mobility. Only in recent years have India (e.g., Kerala) and Nepal witnessed a feminization of international migration, linked to a global demand for domestic workers reproducing the traditional gendered division of labour.3’ The Government of Nepal issued temporary bans on women's labour migration in 2012 and 2015. This last ban was eventually lifted in 2016.32 Yet, as compared to other countries in the region (see Table 3-1), in Nepal there are fewer age restrictions, and in 2012 women officially accou nted for 13 per cent ofthe total absentee population.33 This figure certainly underestimates the magnitude of female migration, as it does not account for cross-border migration to India, and restrictive provisions on the mobility of women migrants often increase undocumented migration.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migration nepal women mobility india|8.829941|5.300154|7.0204153
1503|First of all, employment opportunities, despite their expansion, may not be sufficient to employ all those who are willing to work. Second, certain segments of the population may not be, for various reasons, in a position to take part in the labour force and thus benefit from employment expansion and wage income. Third, even the employed may experience the need for extra protection when wages are too low, which creates the problem of the “working poor”. While most of these programmes were launched and used as ex post measures to help affected people cope with economic downturns, in more recent years, they have been increasingly used ex ante as measures to reduce the exposure of the poor to insecurity.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ex expansion poor downturns measures|7.623965|4.842437|3.9192593
1504|While efforts are under way to develop common strategies to tackle priority issues such as local air pollution, national environmental authorities are often unaware of the state of environmental management in the ever-growing number of municipalities (from 147 in 1995 to 211 at present). The adoption of the Balanced Regional Development Act in 2000 encouraged better co-operation among Regional Development Agencies (RDAs), Councils of Regions, and associations of municipalities and towns. However, oversight by the national government is still insufficient to ensure that environmental requirements are implemented consistently.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|environmental municipalities unaware regional oversight|3.4530468|5.04643|1.588894
1505|"We first present the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) as measure for social institutions (III.l) as well as our data and estimation model (III.2). We start our empirical analysis by estimating the impact of the SIGI (and its five sub-indices) on women's labour market participation (III.3) to see whether social institutions generally affect women's activity patterns. Then, to test our hypothesis that social discrimination against women leads to an overrepresentation of women in ""bad jobs"" and an underrepresentation of women in ""good jobs"", we estimate the impact of the SIGI and its sub-indices on the gender segregation by sectors (III.4) and on the gender segregation by working status (III.5). The five components of the SIGI — ownership rights, civil liberties, son preference, family code and physical integrity each measure one dimension of the underlying concept."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|iii sigi women indices segregation|9.222697|4.590688|6.802271
1506|However, their combined value could be strengthened if the RSAs were more effective and there were more opportunities to share good practice across the higher education system. However, there is limited use of this practice, and no institutional plans to use it beyond a few key fields where it is well-established (Frplich etal., This type of arrangement may be constrained by the appointment and promotion regulations for teaching and research academic posts, such as the requirements of a certain minimum qualification to teach and the role of research in career progression should social partners personnel wish to stay long-term in the academic profession.|SDG 4 - Quality education|academic practice research appointment posts|8.631669|2.300315|2.6106305
1507|In Australia, HoNOS is mandated as a standard outcome measure for all patients using in or outpatient mental health care. It is expected that all patients should have the HoNOS completed at least twice (Jacobs, 2009). In 2006, the Dutch Government introduced a competing insurance market for health care including mental health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental patients health care mandated|10.374235|9.008532|1.8033609
1508|The number of oncologists has also been increased in France and Korea. In Norway, due to the growing demand for cancer care, the number of radiotherapists has been increasing in the past five years, and the number of training positions at hospitals has been also boosted for oncologists and pathologists. Similarly, to cope with an expected shortage, in Singapore more radiologists have been trained in recent years, and the numbers of other medical specialists, including medical surgical oncologists, have also increased since the early 2000s. For example, Canada developed a certification programme in oncology for registered nurses, and the Netherlands also utilises nurse practitioners in oncology. Hungary is trying to use its professionals more efficiently, and primary care personnel (i.e. nurses and midwives) are now doing smear-taking, which was traditionally done by gynaecologists. This is undertaken not only to tackle the shortage of doctors in cancer care but also to reduce costs related to cancer care delivery.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer care nurses shortage number|9.268252|9.260659|2.0779757
1509|The tariff collection rate fell to 86%, and user charge revenues covered just 40% of water production costs. Tariffs were increased only once in April 2008. The tariff for domestic customers was increased from UAH 2.94 to UAH 4.66 per m3 (respectively 0,38 EUR/m3 and 0,60 EUR/m3) whilst the tariff for public organisations was increased to UAH 5.93 per m and for other customers to UAH 8.61 per m3. At the same time, the lease agreement did not contain requirements to invest into the development of utility infrastructure facilities. For instance, in the Russian Federation some PPPs were cancelled after municipal elections. Possible solutions entail consolidating utilities at regional level or pooling services to invite one operator in a larger area.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tariff customers eur increased cancelled|1.6632991|7.4960423|2.2561395
1510|Policies to promote a “girl-friendly” school environment, such as hiring more female teachers has also proven to have a positive impact on girls’ attendance. The evaluation of a randomised programme in India found that hiring additional female teachers increased girls’ attendance by 50% (Glewwe and Kremer, 2006). This is true especially in rural areas and for married girls.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls hiring attendance female teachers|9.4673195|4.2424145|5.8737683
1511|The World Values Survey, for example, found that a majority of respondents from Arab countries believed that men should be given priority in hiring in times of economic hardship, presumably due to their traditional role as bread-winners.210 Legal frameworks in most Arab countries that require employers to bear the costs of maternity leave (discussed in more detail below) may also act as strong disincentives to the hiring of young women. Only a handful of Arab countries currently meet the international standard of ensuring a minimum of 14 weeks of maternity leave,213 and the duration of maternity leave established by the law falls below this mark in most Arab States (see Table 12). The challenges faced by women who are contending with short maternity leave are further compounded by the limited availability and costly nature of early child care and education services in the region, which leave many women with limited options to care for their children until they reach primary school age.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|maternity leave arab hiring women|9.135652|5.0171595|5.9469423
1512|The existing appraisal system is not used as a genuine development opportunity; over 98% of teachers receive an “excellent” or “very good” rating, despite clear evidence of knowledge gaps. The low level of teaching knowledge in core subjects points to serious weaknesses in the initial selection and preparation of teachers. Just 19 out of 259 initial teaching programmes are quality-assured through accreditation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|initial teaching teachers knowledge assured|9.811669|1.2352725|1.510486
1513|More precisely 41% of the firms kept all of their apprentices while 38% kept more than two thirds of them. Among respondents, slightly more than 36% said that they would like to have more apprentices in the future and 16% the same amount. Only 12% said that they did not want apprentices in the future. In line with previous OECD findings (OECD/ILO, 2017(22]), the vast majority of respondents stated that apprenticeships contribute to maintain and improve skills levels of the firm.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|apprentices kept said respondents future|8.436239|2.745325|2.8784106
1514|It stipulates: /) developing an overarching framework of qualifications for the European Higher Education Area, notably comparable degrees organised in a three-cycle structure and a common definition of learning outcomes in this three-cycle structure; ii) a common quality assurance system; iii) the recognition of foreign degrees and other higher education qualifications. Graduate studies lead to a Specializacija (one to two years after earning an undergraduate degree in the Pre-Bologna system and does not exist in the new system), Magisterij (equivalent to the Master of Science degree in the pre-Bologna system and earned after one to two years in the new system) and Doktorat degrees (Doctor of Science). There are three main ways for continuing education and training. First, for adults who failed to or did not complete their upper secondary education, it is possible to continue vocational and Matura preparation courses, allowing them to obtain upper secondary school certificates.|SDG 4 - Quality education|degrees education qualifications cycle upper|8.644244|2.574867|2.6360672
1515|Its approach to urban planning is a natural outgrowth of this view. The lesson is clear: where the political interests of national governments are at odds with the objectives and efforts of city authorities, urban development is retarded. Where national governments offer support and autonomy to local authorities, rapid and significant change is possible.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|authorities governments urban odds lesson|3.9536343|5.302239|1.7241645
1516|In addition, indigenous lands cover about 13% of the territory, mostly in the Amazon region. Brazil thus has already exceeded the Aichi target of protecting at least 17% of its terrestrial and inland water areas by 2020. The Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) programme, launched in 2002, has been at the heart of this progress. One of the world’s largest tropical forest conservation programmes, it created more than 500 000 km2 of federal and state-level protected areas in the biome, including along the so-called “deforestation arc” and in areas expecting road infrastructure development. The ARPA programme complemented the PPCDAm in reducing deforestation in the region (Figure 3) and, in turn, greatly contributed to the achievement of Brazil’s climate change goals (see also Sections 1 and 4). More efforts thus are needed in areas outside the Amazon biome if Brazil is to meet its ambitious targets of protecting at least 30% of the Amazon and 17% of the other terrestrial biomes by 2020.|SDG 15 - Life on land|amazon biome areas brazil terrestrial|1.6733395|4.848002|3.9998991
1517|The implication is that, more than elsewhere in the OECD, German women work short paid hours per week. For the United States, the full-time equivalent is calculated from usual working hours for dependent employees only. For Korea, data reflect actual rather than usual weekly working hours. Most men work full-time.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hours usual working implication weekly|8.991357|4.8399625|5.212864
1518|Although public hospitals are nominally evenly spread across the country. Current efforts to give better access to medicines are complicated by concerns that the low prices of some medicines compared to other EU countries may lead to parallel exports, undermining access within Romania In response, the Ministry of Health has obtained EU approval to stop parallel exports of vaccines for a limited period (2017). There is also some anecdotal evidence that cost is creating a major obstacle to access for certain new treatments. Reforms are expected to reduce pharmaceutical expenditure as well as to improve overall health system funding.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicines parallel exports access eu|8.467416|9.376573|2.2663407
1519|If looking at the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), onshore wind has the highest abatement potential: 12% of net GHG emissions in 2030 in Estonia, 14% in Latvia and 16% in Lithuania. In relative terms, these percentages are the highest abatement potential in the studied countries. Hence, the big amounts in absolute terms do not necessarily mean high potential in relative terms and vice versa. As can be seen, the highest abatement potential is derived from the buildings and household sector: together these would amount to about 67 Mt C02eq.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|abatement potential highest lithuania latvia|1.500828|1.8671088|2.2217035
1520|In sum, the gap is a result of gender differences in key strategic choices: women’s choice of industry, their preferred size of business, the level of risk they are willing to accept, and the hours they can devote to their business. Further analysis of the reasons behind these different approaches can help policies to target specific market failures and the stereotypes that affect women more than men. A mix of general policies for SMEs and instruments explicitly targeting women can be effective in prompting interest and entry into entrepreneurship. The Small Business Administration (SBA) in the United States has explicitly explored a mix of general gender-mainstreamed programmes and women-specific policies and has continuously experimented with new ones.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business women explicitly mix policies|8.962837|3.5304928|6.3748245
1521|Many high-income countries have already implemented the Kyoto Protocol by implementing low-cost emission reduction strategies. As low-income countries in an early stage of industrial development are still at the beginning of establishing their industrial activities, they are key players for reaching a global emission-per capita convergence target. One essential factor for reaching this global goal of emission reduction is technology transfer from developed to developing countries.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|emission reaching industrial reduction global|1.5389785|3.238834|2.0513177
1522|Moreover, the indicators should be developed which support the monitoring of the Global Goals for Sustainable Development (SDGs) adopted in 2015 by the UN General Assembly. This will ensure more accurate assessment of sustainable development progress and, if necessary, lead to adjustment of urban development policy. For example, a private construction practice of building several houses on six-acre (rural areas) and four-acre (urban areas) plots exists. It is essential to monitor this process and update development density and infrastructure indicators.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|development indicators sustainable urban plots|3.6377087|4.829145|1.6580113
1523|Schools with a specific educational orientation are allowed to hold entry tests. A survey found that the two most important criteria used by parents when choosing a school for their children were the distance from home and the quality of the teachers (NCESE, 2013). This hides considerable variations across oblasts and cities: from 9.9 students in primary education in North Kazakhstan to 25.6 students in primary education in Almaty City. The average class size in small-class schools (8.4 students) more than halves that of other schools (20.8 students) (see Table 4.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|students schools class hides primary|9.531193|1.8679652|2.5950022
1524|There are two types of public stocks that can influence prices, namely buffer stocks and social safety net stocks (dependent on their size and operation). Emergency stocks have no impact on prices since they are only released to respond to humanitarian emergencies and the stocks held are usually not sufficiently large so that acquisition or disposal of stocks has any significant price effects on markets. Buffer stock programmes influence prices directly as they aim to stabilise prices and/or alter the level of producer and consumer prices. Social safety net stock schemes aim to assist the impoverished and chronically food insecure by distributing food at subsidised prices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|stocks prices buffer stock aim|3.9239736|4.9816|4.1225877
1525|The following sections analyse progress made in four key policy areas underpinning the transition to green growth. Section 4 discusses Japan’s use of environmentally related taxes, other market-based instruments and subsidies to create market signals that could encourage more environmentally friendly decisions. Section 5 presents the evolution of public and private expenditure to control and abate pollution. Section 6 presents the trends on environment- and climate-related innovation activity through patent counts, and assesses the role of public policy in determining such trends.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|section environmentally presents trends underpinning|2.009528|3.4918437|2.208487
1526|As of 24 June 2016.161 INDCs had been submitted, covering 188 out of 197 UNFCCC parties (parties are the 193 UN member states, Palestine. Cook Islands and the European Union, which submitted a single INDC on behalf of its member states). To date, only seven parties have not yet submitted an INDC: the Democratic Republic of Korea, Libya. Palestine, Syria, Timor Leste and Uzbekistan.|SDG 13 - Climate action|submitted palestine indc parties member|1.245694|3.6888394|1.1369723
1527|"The term ""gender"" refers to socially constructed identities, attributes and roles for women and men and society's social and cultural meaning for these biological differences resulting in hierarchical relationships between women and men and in the distribution of power and rights favouring men and disadvantaging women. The Politics of Rights: Dilemmas for Feminist Praxis; D. Tsikata, ""Announcing a new dawn prematurely? London, Zed Books, 2007), p. 214. Oxford and Portland, Oregon, Hart, 2005), pp."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men women prematurely dilemmas rights|9.86204|4.7379837|7.3511634
1528|By improving the understanding of what climate finance is, and tracking its flows, it can help countries integrate and mainstream climate change considerations into fiscal policy, expenditure planning and programming and to align national climate policies with development policies and budgets. The information and analysis from CPIERs can also provide a useful basis for a more open and transparent discussion on climate-related activities and finance. To date, CPEIRs have been carried out in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal, Thailand, Samoa and Indonesia.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance samoa policies programming|1.5965061|3.885565|0.7276421
1529|Some other European countries show similar patterns but, in most of them, the gender gap in working hours is much narrower. In all European countries - except, to a certain extent, the Netherlands (see Box 5.3 in Chapter 5) - and in the United States, working full-time is the norm among men of all ages. When it comes to women, though, the picture is much more mixed, as examination of the variety of working arrangements for men and women in selected OECD countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|working european men narrower norm|9.091782|4.7770004|5.38995
1530|As the strategy was only approved in 2012, it is too early to assess its implementation. However, the process of its development has demonstrated some clear strengths, as well as challenges that will need to be overcome in order to achieve the strategy’s objectives. Climate change observations, future scenarios and a qualitative vulnerability assessment provided a sound basis for adaptation planning. A status-quo report about ongoing adaptation initiatives highlighted gaps.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation strategy quo strengths observations|1.2540401|4.8480644|1.5329121
1531|This can be achieved through a variety of measures, such as improved forecasting, more rapid scheduling, ancillary services and demand response and storage. Greater focus must be placed on building national technical capabilities in Asia and the Pacific for more sophisticated grid management. More attention must also be directed towards establishing institutional arrangements and coordination between grid balancing authority areas, including cross-border coordination. Through multilateral market integration, unevenly distributed regional renewable energy could be delivered more broadly, while wider balancing areas can be created to enable an increased uptake of renewables.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|balancing coordination grid ancillary scheduling|1.710151|1.8167362|2.3393214
1532|Although developing countries initially appeared to be shielded from the sudden stop in private capital flows that characterised the financial crisis from October 2008, they were later affected as the financial crisis spread to the real economy. In developed countries, household incomes are also stretched and consideration will need to be given for people on low income or with special needs who face increases in the cost of their utility bills and other costs in general. According to OECD (2009a), the allocation of public funds to WSS can be justified for a number of reasons, including to promote the consumption of merit goods (whose value consumers may not fully realise, such as household sanitation and hygiene) or to compensate for market failures, by rewarding WSS providers for supplying public goods (public health) and external benefits (such as avoidance of groundwater pollution).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wss goods crisis public household|1.8070104|7.040271|2.6345966
1533|They also come with challenges as to the definitions used and purpose and scope of the analysis, for which there are differences between the development and STI communities. The approach taken in this paper is to assess STI financing based on individual development activities using the CRS as the main data source. As such, the analysis conforms by the available information on the purpose and implementation of development activities and the structure and definitions of the CRS. However, the CRS is neither designed nor tailored to identify development activities according to official STI definitions, such as the definitions of R&D and innovation as described in section 2. The description field in the CRS provide valuable information about the specificities of development activities.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|crs definitions sti activities development|5.0123515|3.480117|2.1453164
1534|Will blockchain technologies become widely accepted? If so, for which uses? When making investment decisions, TIPOs have to assess the likelihood that specific technologies or tools will continue to be used over time. While they will be able to find guidance and information, they will have to take risks as to the timing of investments and the selection of technologies.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|technologies blockchain timing accepted likelihood|4.037291|2.5351791|2.0809004
1535|In the Caribbean, countries have begun playing an increasing role as secondary distribution points for cocaine shipments to Europe.26 Impunity, corruption and weak institutions undermine drug control efforts and the rule of law in the region, despite attempts to reform law enforcement and judicial systems. Drug trafficking activities are often carried out under the protection of local gangs (maras) operating in border areas, especially in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. There are indications that links have been established between drug cartels and criminal organizations operating in the region. Drug trafficking has become a major security threat and is contributing to an increase in drug abuse in the sub-region.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug trafficking region operating law|8.286708|10.268363|3.5789275
1536|In this respect, the case of Ghana shows that rapid decline in household income poverty and caloric undernourishment can be insufficient to address malnutrition (Leach, 2015:89). Enduring malnutrition is generally linked to either ineffective utilisation of food due to poor health and environmental conditions (e.g. absence of clean water and sanitation), or to the unequal distribution of power within the household. Those who prepare and serve a meal are often the last to eat (SWAC/OECD, 2016).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|malnutrition leach enduring household caloric|4.462915|5.784365|4.633762
1537|Many of the proposals made with a view to improving both surveys in general3 and multidimensional measurements of poverty0 would not necessarily incur greater costs and could bring significant benefits for poverty measurement and for public policymaking. The dimension of health, which is conspicuous by its absence from this index, is a salient example. The only indicator which is widely available in surveys is access to health insurance, and that fails to take account of effective use of services or health outcomes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|surveys health salient incur fails|6.5346026|6.4878697|5.0854692
1538|In England, for example, initial teacher training programmes have been described as too generic and theoretical, and insufficiently related to the professional and occupational expertise of college lecturers (Lingfield, 2012). In contrast to secondary school initial teacher training, where trainees are grouped by subject, programmes for teachers in (often vocational) further education cater for a huge diversity of trainees and subject and occupational areas. Programmes designed to teach how to go about conveying practical and vocational skills are rarely available.|SDG 4 - Quality education|trainees occupational programmes vocational initial|9.512232|1.214894|2.337485
1539|Whereas the employment rate for people not experiencing any type of mental health disorder was nearly 80%, for those suffering from a moderate disorder that number dropped to approximately 75%. The percentage plunged even further for individuals experiencing severe mental health disorders, to a 45% employment rate (OECD, 2012a). A difference in the level of income can also be noted.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorder experiencing mental rate employment|10.2747965|8.802834|2.0111086
1540|In Brazil, Peru and Uruguay (data for urban areas), the poverty rate fell by at least three percentage points; in Costa Rica and Paraguay it declined by more than two points; and in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Panama it dropped by around one percentage point. Only in Mexico did the situation worsen, as the poverty rate rose by 3.1 percentage points between 2006 and 2008, reflecting the first effects of the economic crisis that began late in 2008 (see figure 1.2). For their part, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico and Panama posted increases of between 1.4 and 2.5 percentage points, while Costa Rica and Uruguay recorded slight increases. In Colombia, indigence increased by 2.7 percentage points between 2005 and 2008, which is the equivalent of a 0.9-point annual increase. Because ECLAC has not finished processing the new surveys, the data for 2008 have been preliminarily estimated by applying the percentage variations implied in the figures officially published by the country for 2005 (as estimated by ECLAC). All countries in the region reported poverty rates that, for the first time, were lower than those of 2002.|SDG 1 - No poverty|percentage points venezuela bolivarian panama|6.4396305|5.675306|5.1902533
1541|In contrast, North America, with 25 percent of events, experienced 7 percent of fatalities/ Similarly, the solutions employed to address climate change, whether technology-based or not, have differing impacts for different groups of people. Social issues cannot be disassociated from their ecological context and environmental repercussions. The chapter thus explores the role and scope of eco-social policies in addressing climate change and other forms of large-scale environmental degradation in conjunction with social justice issues, drawing on different country and city examples from the Global North and the Global South.|SDG 13 - Climate action|percent north social issues repercussions|1.464794|4.812563|1.9461626
1542|Careers New Zealand provides career support and guidance services for individuals and schools, and schools employ specialist career advisers. Still, a slightly smaller share of 25-34 year-olds in New Zealand (80%) has attained upper secondary education compared to the OECD average of 82% (see Figure 2). The government indicates lower and Pasifika students’ academic performance and completion rates in NCEA level 3. Completing this level can help prepare youth for employment or further learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|career zealand schools advisers completing|9.344836|2.6661503|2.717077
1543|Agreements to do so can be reached at the bilateral, regional or multilateral levels. The pursuit of food self-sufficiency to mitigate international risks is a costly policy that undermines the function of the international trading system, making markets thinner, more volatile and therefore riskier than if countries were to adopt open trade policies. In the face of both international and domestic risks, such as that of a failed harvest, a country which uses trade barriers to promote self-sufficiency because of the fear of trade interruptions may find itself exposed to greater potential losses than if it had remained open to international trade. At the national level, some developing countries may be vulnerable to imported instability, notably if their consumption is centred around just one or two food staples, and if their imports are sourced from just one or two countries. These risks can be mitigated by promoting more diversified diets (something that happens naturally to a degree as incomes rise) and by diversifying trading partners.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|trade sufficiency international risks trading|4.450646|4.99312|4.2271347
1544|The economical benefit resulting from the reduction of variable cost can be estimated at EUR 72 million if nuclear production were replaced by coal, and EUR 245 million if replaced by gas.20 This corresponds to a yearly benefit of EUR 0.07 and EUR 0.25/MWh, respectively. However, this last consideration applies only to a situation in which nuclear energy is often at margins and is therefore peculiar to countries with a large share of nuclear power. Table 3.6 summarises the results for the 2007-2009 period.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|eur nuclear replaced benefit million|1.2250274|1.8097801|1.789751
1545|In conducting these benefit-cost assessments, the focus should be on final environmental “outcomes” (e.g. expected or actual improvements of water risks) and on the impacts of these outcomes (e.g. in terms of changes in health conditions) - rather than on intermediate “outputs” (e.g. the sharing of water volumes among stakeholders). The idea is to quantify how much the public-at-large value changes in water security. This quantification can facilitate analysis and policy-making in situations where some water impacts pull in opposite directions (e.g. risk-risk trade-offs); it can also make it possible to compare the (private) costs and (public) benefits of a given target for water risk.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water risk impacts outcomes changes|1.3785678|7.249862|2.563076
1546|This better captures the active involvement of the educator in their own learning (Stoll et al., As Easton (2008, p. 756) argues that “it is clearer today than ever that educators need to learn, and that’s why professional learning has replaced professional development. Educators must be knowledgeable and wise.|SDG 4 - Quality education|educators professional knowledgeable learning wise|9.167913|1.478568|1.849965
1547|The learning environment recognises the learners as its core participants, encourages their active engagement and develops in them an understanding of their own activity as learners. The learning environment is founded on the social nature of learning and actively encourages well-organised co-operative learning. The learning professionals within the learning environment are highly attuned to the learners' motivations and the key role of emotions in achievement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning learners encourages environment motivations|8.844432|1.6190022|1.875663
1548|Climate change impacts agriculture in many ways, with changes in temperature, precipitation and climatic variability affecting the timing and length of growing seasons and yields and thereby exacerbating land degradation and contributing to water scarcity (Agrawala and Fankhauser, eds., As a proxy, the remotely sensed NDVI, which has been shown to be related to biophysical variables that control vegetation productivity and land/ atmosphere fluxes, is also used to estimate vegetation change (Bai and others, 2008). For instance, it is estimated that, in Southern Africa, yields could fall by up to 50 per cent between 2000 and 2020 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007b); and that, by 2080, 600 million additional people could be at risk of hunger as a direct consequence of climate change (United Nations Development Programme, 2007, overview, p. 9). They also impact land-surface albedo so as to engender adverse weather patterns (University of East Anglia, Overseas Development Group, 2006).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|vegetation change yields land climate|1.5987788|5.1212454|2.4413447
1549|"Several types of cash transfers are covered: housing benefits, unemployment and incapacity benefits, family and parental leave benefits, and pension benefits. Two different sets of measures are used to capture social cash transfers - a series of measures of aggregate social spending per capita on each type of cash transfer, and a series of measures of social cash transfer payment rates, measured as the average payment rate for a two-parent family. Moreover, the estimates are based on two indicators of child poverty: the relative poverty rate calculated on the basis of a ""floating""poverty line, i. e. which changes annually but therefore ignores the upward or downward variations in living standards that are absorbed by the annual variations of the poverty line. To take this into account, the estimates are also made using a poverty rate obtained with the 2005 poverty line and kept constant over the years (after adjusting for changes in price levels)."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty cash benefits line rate|7.4608507|5.922031|4.577178
1550|Dotted lines indicate 95 per cent confidence intervals for market and net Gini coefficients. Global market and net/disposable inequality indices are computed as population-weighted averages of within-country Gini indices as defined in the SWIID database. See figure 1 for an illustration of the difference between market and disposable/ net income.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|net indices gini disposable market|6.694188|5.1483064|4.8745184
1551|Government spending on health care and utilisation rates are very low. Because of the low coverage of public health care programmes, health care expenditure is mostly privately financed, with out-of-pocket payments accounting for the bulk of it. In 2009, the government introduced the requirement to spend 5 and 10% of central and local government budgets, respectively, on health care (excluding wages and salaries).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health government privately low|8.623075|8.744395|2.0647216
1552|However, the diversity of adaptation priorities and plans, as well as of possible criteria to monitor progress, may make it difficult to assess overall progress at a national and a global level in a complete and consistent manner (see, e.g. AC, 2014). The Paris Agreement only states that “(e) ach Party should also provide information related to climate change impacts and adaptation under Article 7, as appropriate”. The CMA currently plans to undertake the first global stocktake in 2023 and every five years thereafter (Article 14.2).|SDG 13 - Climate action|article adaptation plans progress ac|1.1283362|4.495782|1.3261412
1553|All of the 25 countries assessed experienced growth in capital formation in ‘Other machinery and equipment ’ category, but only 9 did so with a reduction in GHG emissions. The 9 nations achieving green growth in this sector included both western and eastern European countries. The OECD estimates that less than 1% of pension funds’ assets globally are allocated directly to infrastructure investment, let alone to clean energy projects.27 Likewise, insurance companies’ direct allocations to infrastructure projects remain in the billions of dollars, compared with total industry assets of around $19.3 trillion.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|assets projects infrastructure billions let|2.3703177|3.1558692|1.70909
1554|However, as the share of renewables increases, baseload plants such as coal-fired and nuclear power plants are increasingly called upon to contribute to the flexibility of the electrical system: this trend will continue in the future. However these options are frequently still more expensive than traditional back-up by dispatchable power plants. Chapter 5 discusses how these various options can be combined in order to arrive at a least-cost provision of flexibility.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plants flexibility options power arrive|1.4875466|1.5528045|1.8499602
1555|Responsibility for balancing urban and green areas at the regional level is left to the provincial authorities. To this end, the central government has abolished the national landscape policy and reduced the number of nature management regimes. The government also strengthened the cohesion between the various modes of transport and between spatial development and mobility.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|abolished government modes balancing cohesion|3.6459208|5.081294|1.7567688
1556|"Furthermore, in all five countries, agricultural policies are normally embedded in a broader national strategy of social and economic inclusion and poverty reduction. The budgetary allocations spent on small-scale farmers in this table only consider agricultural programmes that are part of the PSE calculations. An estimation on how much of each programme is directed to small-scale agriculture cannot be obtained. """|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|scale agricultural small pse normally|3.8920186|5.2546277|3.6918266
1557|Further, the paper attempts to bring forth various debates associated with no-stakes standardised tests and it summarises empirical evidence on the effects of testing on teaching and learning outcomes. Standardised testing is often used in OECD countries as a means to assess students, teachers and schools; however across countries substantial differences exist in test purpose, design, implementation and use of test results (Kellaghan et al., The term standardised test refers to tests that are designed externally and aim to create conditions, questions, scoring procedures and interpretations that are consistent across schools (Popham, 1999; Wang et al, 2006).|SDG 4 - Quality education|standardised test tests testing schools|9.736379|1.7477057|1.3318427
1558|The new biofuel sustainability criteria in the US and the EU could thus drive the development of second-generation biofuel production in the long-term. However, they do not currently provide sufficient certainty to producers in order to invest into second-generation biofuel production. This is particularly true when it comes to second-generation biofuels, which require more advanced feedstock logistics and highly skilled labour.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|biofuel generation second feedstock production|1.5243841|3.0598707|2.9223864
1559|Therefore, the proportion of patients re-admitted to hospital within 30 days has been used and collected by the OECD as an indicator of the lack of proper management of mental health conditions outside of hospital (OECD, 2013a). Whilst there are some limitations with regards to this data, including the small number of countries able to distinguish between “planned” and “unplanned” re-admissions to hospital, this can be a useful indicator (OECD, 2013b). Unplanned re-admissions to the same hospital for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Norway are quite high.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital unplanned admissions indicator oecd|10.299634|8.9372225|1.9181106
1560|Most of the values have been derived from national reports or international studies. However, the NEA developed its own method based on a Monte Carlo analysis of the reported production from variable renewables during 2011 in France to estimate capacity credits when no other detailed studies were available. The assumed unplanned outage rate is of 3% for nuclear and gas power plants and 3.8% for hard coal power plants.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plants studies power unplanned nea|1.2058847|1.7256715|1.8719548
1561|"The Committee has applied this principle to State parties' failure to prevent and protect victims from gender-based violence, such as rape, domestic violence, female genital mutilation and trafficking. According to the Special Rapporteur, the powerlessness of the victim and the purpose of the act are the most decisive elements to determine whether an act amounts to torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. The Special Rapporteur has further pointed out that, given the particular vulnerability of women with disabilities, forced abortions and sterilizations of these women if they are the result of a lawful process by which decisions are made by their ""legal guardians"" against their will, may also constitute torture or ill-treatment. Violence in the name of honour, sexual violence and harassment, as well as slavery-like practices often of a sexual nature, domestic violence (in the form of intimate partner violence), female genital mutilation and human trafficking can also constitute gender-based torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, according to the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/7/3)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence torture rapporteur degrading mutilation|9.810063|5.471711|7.469976
1562|In these systems, health care is mainly provided by the public sector and financed through taxation. Two distinctive features of the Finnish system are a high degree of decentralisation and a parallel system of funding combining taxation and national health insurance (Figure 2.4). Excluding occupational and student health care as well as dental care. Gross health investments, occupational and student health care and therapeutic appliances.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care occupational taxation student|8.758368|8.848404|2.0893784
1563|In addition, the government made maternal health and family planning priorities within an expanding health budget, and health spending per capita doubled between 1995 and 2011. During roughly the same period, antenatal care coverage increased five-fold. The number of births assisted by skilled attendants doubled between 2006 and 2011, to 36 per cent of the total.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|doubled health assisted fold births|8.834926|8.2652445|3.7244847
1564|Once all 90 sites are fully established, HeadSpace centres aim to help up to 72 000 young people each year, and HeadSpace services should be accessible to almost every young Australian. This has resulted in better reported mental and physical health and reduced psychological distress (Muir et al., Approximately half of the clients surveyed also considered that HeadSpace had a positive impact on their willingness to be in education or employment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|young distress surveyed willingness clients|10.510601|8.7681875|1.6098762
1565|Wide areas were closed for production by sanitary authorities. An extremely high concentration of toxins in harvested fish and cultivated mussels months after the outbreak resulted in a series of modifications in sanitary' control and surveillance processes. The ‘Transfers to SECTOR' numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sanitary outbreak modifications harvested cultivated|0.41602328|6.0809064|6.590881
1566|In 2013, nearly half of a million women and girls under age 20 became mothers, equal to almost one in five births in Mexico. Teenagers with lower socioeconomic status and/or indigenous backgrounds are far more likely to become adolescent mothers than better-educated, wealthier, and non-indigenous teenagers (Ward et al., The percentage of households headed by women was 29% in 2014, a share that has steadily risen from 13.5% in 1976 (INEGI, 2015). These are largely single mothers. For both men and women, Mexico lags behind the OECD average in many chronic health outcomes, such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|teenagers mothers indigenous mexico women|9.748413|4.3383865|5.6488347
1567|In Honduras and Mexico, the poverty rate rose by between 2% and 3% a year (see table I.2). The poverty gap indicator weights the percentage of poor by the average gap between their incomes and the poverty line; thus, it considers how poor the poor are. The squared poverty gap or poverty severity index shows something similar, while also considering how this income is distributed among the poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty poor gap squared weights|6.3967686|5.7705617|5.1849165
1568|This is significant since it can take more than five years to develop, permit and construct a new renewable energy plant. Even where policies survive attempts at legislative intervention, agency and/or court rulings can significantly alter a policy’s applicability and implementation. Table 2 (adapted from Szabo et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|applicability survive alter construct permit|1.8912667|2.3369565|2.027302
1569|Source: Portuguese Environment Agency. The CECAC recently launched an innovative emissions monitoring and forecasting website (www.cumprirquioto.pt). Monitoring indicates that the implementation of some measures has outperformed expectations, for example in the case of the promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources and the reduction of electricity consumption by about 1000 GWh by 2010 (Table 5.6). The vehicle scrapping incentive programme has also been more successful than anticipated.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity pt monitoring scrapping gwh|1.6649927|3.0379183|2.217364
1570|Not only fish stocks are at risk. Harmful fishing practices can adversely impact aquatic environments and harm non-targeted species. This adverse impact to the overall marine environment is troubling for many reasons, but it also ultimately reduces the capacity of the ocean to produce the fish sought after by fishers.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish impact adversely aquatic harm|0.03132102|5.9632316|6.4716306
1571|The great majority of countries also centrally regulate the total working time of teachers, which averages 39 hours a week. On average, teaching time constitutes 44% of a teacher’s total working time. In 18 education systems, teachers’ obligatory time of availability at school is contractually specified either in addition to or instead of teachers’ teaching time and/or working time.|SDG 4 - Quality education|time teachers working teaching obligatory|9.440487|1.5479105|2.8649333
1572|This chapter therefore focuses on those linkages where maximum benefit can be derived in terms of water for people, for a healthy environment and for the economy. This reflects the integrated, indivisible and interlinked nature of all SDGs. Water and sanitation have a particular role to play in the 2030 Agenda, because of their centrality to each of the three dimensions that cut across all SDGs (society, economy and environment).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sdgs centrality economy environment interlinked|1.6539625|6.7194977|2.2147331
1573|Buildings' energy accounts for one-quarter of greenhouse gas emissions, and if today's context continues, this share is predicted to rise. The low-carbon transition can be accomplished through energy-efficiency measures, behavioural interventions and incorporating carbon sinks such as urban parks. Cities and their energy systems should be resilient to natural and human threats.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|energy carbon sinks accomplished incorporating|3.346162|4.584325|1.7258708
1574|It contains more than 400 islands, hundreds of rivers and lakes and, during the dry season, white sand beaches. In the early 1980s, an ecological station was established to strictly protect the area and allow access only for scientific purposes. In recognition of the area’s tourism potential, the protected area was reclassified as a national park in 2008.|SDG 15 - Life on land|area beaches sand hundreds strictly|1.5230484|5.022481|4.1729016
1575|Over-medication has been reported as an area for concern in Japan, and is an area on which the ministry is taking fee schedule-based action through adjusting prescribing fees and prescription fees when more certain drugs are prescribed simultaneously (in cases where more than three anxiolytics or sleeping drugs are prescribed, or more than four anti-depressants or anti-psychotics). Such policy, and indeed quality efforts more widely, would be very much supported by a broader arrange of relevant quality activities, for example systematic collection of data on prescribing practice and good clinical guidelines. A number of quality indicators are in fact under development by a small but impressive group of hospitals, led by National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, and such efforts should be promoted.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|prescribing prescribed anti drugs fees|8.973055|9.484908|1.8934774
1576|It is set in the context of the OECD's wider work on skills and job quality. The perspectives of national tourism, employment and labour administrations, the tourism industry and other relevant experts including specialised labour market, skills and human resources agencies and academics are captured. Short case studies from Australia, Canada and Denmark are also presented, which may serve as learning models.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism skills academics administrations labour|6.6350737|3.8441012|3.009991
1577|Existing evidence shows that female students are less likely than males to study disciplines with higher labour market returns (e.g. STEM subjects), as discussed above (OECD, 2014b, 2015a). Special efforts should be made to get girls more interested in mathematics and science and boys more interested in reading. Gender bias in curricula should be removed (e.g. by phasing out gender stereotypes from textbooks, promoting female role models, and using learning materials that appeal to girls). Awareness should be raised on the likely consequences of choosing different fields of study for careers and earnings (OECD, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|interested girls female study textbooks|9.486251|3.660946|5.7749987
1578|The development of recycling systems for irrigation is particularly promising in that it does not increase water withdrawals. Rainwater harvesting can also provide simple solutions. Israel is using treated wastewater to recharge groundwater and for irrigation (OECD, 2012c), and has developed water harvesting in individual households to combat water scarcity (Ronen et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|harvesting irrigation water rainwater withdrawals|0.88274574|7.40652|2.8733985
1579|At present, approximately 80% of agricultural products are exported in the form of raw materials, with only 20% in processed form. At the end of 2014, the target is to have 50% of agricultural exports in processed form. Improvement in the quality of agricultural products (fresh and processed) is measured through the increased number of agricultural products that receive certification for quality guarantee (SNI, Organic, Good Agricultural Practices, Good Handling Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices). At the end of 2014, all products of organic agriculture, fermented cocoa, and processed rubber (bokar) must be certified and a mandatory certification policy will be in place (MoA, 2010). As the primary source of rural income, returns from agriculture have a significant bearing on rural poverty.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|processed agricultural products form good|3.8935304|4.8327317|4.0528526
1580|Focus on the functional relationships and processes within ecosystems. Carry out management actions at the scale appropriate for the issue being addressed, with decentralisation to lowest level, as appropriate. It will address issues related to Goals A and E of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the relevant Aichi Targets (in particular Aichi Targets 1, 2, 3,4,17,18,19 and 20) as well as Target 16, see Annex 8 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. One example of earlier developments that related to the potential Nordic Assessment is the Ecosystem Approach, see Box 5, which has been developed under CBD and supports a landscape and seascape perspective on ecosystem management. Strategic partnerships and collaboration will help deliver the Nordic Assessment.|SDG 15 - Life on land|aichi targets nordic ecosystem biodiversity|1.4141583|5.325651|3.949429
1581|The System of Social Protection in Health also sought to inject new resources into the health system, and improve resource transfers between federal government and the states. Indeed, public investment in the health system rose from 2.4% to 3.3% GDP between 2003 and 2013. Having operated as a pilot programme between 2001 and 2003, and following reforms to the legal framework underpinning Mexico’s health system, Seguro Popular (SP), was fully launched in January 2004. Some important high-cost interventions remain excluded from the SP package, as discussed in Chapter 3. The significant increase in SP affiliation also represents a significant increase in total population coverage, and an important step towards universal health coverage (UHC).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|sp health coverage seguro underpinning|8.499795|8.720096|2.4019146
1582|In 2006, around 11 000 individuals - equivalent of 10% of the population of Grade 12 students -were enrolled in pre-university colleges or courses such courses, the vast majority were aged under 25 (OECD, 2009). The only open access higher education institution is the Open University. In 2006/07 this percentage was 11%, compared with only 7% in 1995/96.|SDG 4 - Quality education|courses open university colleges enrolled|9.037377|2.5496292|3.0754857
1583|In South Africa the situation is even more extreme, with 3 million young people in NEET and 600 000 unemployed university graduates versus 800 000 vacancies (The Economist, 2012a). A survey among recruitment and temporary work agencies conducted for this report in nine African countries shows that such agencies have a greater struggle to find suitable candidates with tertiary education in South Africa and TVmisia than in countries with much lower incomes such as Kenya, Ghana and even Niger. Taking into consideration NEET youth, Figure 6.11.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|neet agencies south africa economist|8.249743|3.9274464|4.1075125
1584|The difference between this indicator and the beginning poverty rate is the distribution effect. The two effects can also be calculated with the beginning and ending periods interchanged. First, it is not exact: the residual has no analytical interpretation. The changes examined therefore encompass a longer period than the crisis itself. Of particular interest are labour income (as the primary source of household resources) and public transfers.|SDG 1 - No poverty|beginning ending exact residual encompass|6.388573|5.610279|4.9998884
1585|For example, Thailand’s 2nd National Communication outlines the models used to develop higher resolution climate impact projections (MNRE, 2011). Some national climate/adaptation action plans also include indicators used to assess climate impacts or vulnerability. For example, the 2nd Brazilian National Communication to the UNFCCC summarises information on expected changes under different climate scenarios in the extent of low-risk areas for growing particular crops.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate communication national used summarises|1.2477217|4.8137703|1.6170771
1586|Clearly, there is no one-to-one relationship between health care functions and the provision and financing categories. The same type of health care goods and services can be consumed from different types of providers and at the same time purchased using various types of financing schemes. But to achieve the tri-axial perspective (consumption-provision-financing), the starting point is to measure consumption (see Chapter 4), which in a health functional approach describes the direct consumption by the population according to the type of health purpose. The boundaries of health care are set based on this consumption purpose.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|consumption health financing purpose care|8.734401|8.839094|2.065904
1587|Research found that students who opted for the apprenticeship track do not feel well prepared for the labour market. The apprenticeship track contains 30% general education, while the technical track has 60%. According to government sources, the dropout rate in apprenticeships is high, and the government is concerned that occupations that used to be covered by this track will not find sufficient numbers of skilled workers in the future. Improving the quality of teaching, the relevance of different options as well as the quality of and access to workplace training can help strengthen this pathway.|SDG 4 - Quality education|track apprenticeship opted apprenticeships dropout|8.432048|2.7427135|2.8662968
1588|Anyone whose income is less than 50% of the median equivalised income is said to be “at risk of poverty”. The European Union uses a 60% cut-off point (before housing costs),12 while lower thresholds give rise to what is sometimes termed “severe poverty” measures (Brewer et al., A headcount ratio in the late 2000s revealed that 12.8% of the over-65s were poor in the OECD area (Figure 2.8).|SDG 1 - No poverty|termed equivalised poverty headcount thresholds|6.8376365|5.9530377|4.9269533
1589|Individual micro data is used to analyze the statistical properties of the farming environment (risk exposure) that can hinder or facilitate the management of risk at the farm level. It is found that the individual risk environment can significantly differ from sectoral or aggregate risk, and that farmers can benefit from some correlations to manage their risk (e.g. imperfect correlation between yields and negative correlation between price and yield). A microeconomic model is then used to simulate farmer response to different risk related policies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|risk correlation microeconomic individual analyze|3.4348845|5.576729|3.8866403
1590|The latter remained actively involved throughout all stages of the project, from planning to evaluation. The number of schools involved in the project increased because of demand from parents and communities. Although self-determination is frequently associated with access to lands, territories and natural resources, it is also extremely relevant to indigenous peoples' education. Throughout the world, indigenous peoples have experienced education as an outside influence, something that has been imposed on them without consulting them or seeking their consent.|SDG 4 - Quality education|peoples indigenous involved project consulting|10.152061|2.755417|2.6209662
1591|Considerations include the effects on the animal eating the feed and on consumers eating the resulting animal product, worker safety and other environmental aspects of using the feed. As the production process for the enzymes used in animal feeds takes place under controlled conditions in closed fermentation tank installations and eliminates the modified DNA from the final products, these products do not pose any risk to the animal or the environment. The enzyme phytase has particular benefits in feeding pigs and poultry, including a significant reduction in the amount of phosphorus released to the environment.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|animal eating feed products dna|0.5559628|5.9599223|6.215747
1592|In fact, taxation may have much to offer and even be a more desirable instrument than trading. Examples are: “feed in” tariff systems to stimulate decentralized power generation; insurance or guarantee systems to cover policy and economic risks; social impact bonds related to climate and agriculture; tax credits (on investment, production); sectoral crediting mechanisms for reductions beyond a certain baseline; credits related to NAMAs (nationally appropriate mitigation action); “suppressed demand” and “blue carbon storage” extensions of clean development mechanisms (CDMs). Countries may find certain types of instruments to be more or less compatible with prevailing political and/or sociocultural conditions; new instruments sometimes aggravate power asymmetries in relation to resource use.|SDG 13 - Climate action|credits instruments mechanisms certain namas|4.815422|4.4360533|3.6875086
1593|The NBAP was updated with an addendum in 2014 containing 12 national biodiversity targets along with relevant indicators and monitoring frameworks based on stakeholder consultations and a review of the programmes and activities being undertaken by ministries/ departments of the Government of India and State Biodiversity Boards. The review process included inter-ministerial meetings and public stakeholder consultations. The national-level consultations involved 41 government and non-government agencies, including meetings with the Ministry of Finance and the National Planning Commission.|SDG 15 - Life on land|consultations meetings stakeholder biodiversity government|1.6503583|5.3452106|3.807013
1594|Poverty rates also rank among the highest across the OECD area (Figure 3.1). The relative poverty rate, as measured against 50% of equivalised median household income, was around 17% in 2008; this is comparable with relative poverty rates in Chile, Mexico, Turkey and the Unites States, but not as high as in Israel (OECD, 2008a and 2010a). Available income data based on a small panel-data set suggest a Gini coefficient that is about 5 percentage points higher (Figure 3.2) than the Rosstat statistics on income distribution and poverty (Box 3.1).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty income relative equivalised rank|6.6353655|5.7957234|5.1085105
1595|These have often been through public-private partnerships with health insurance companies (ISSA, 2013). Rising government spending is paramount to improve health care provision. Financing the expansion of the public health care system through general taxation may be more effective to reach universal coverage and increase risk pooling, given the large labour market informality and the high number of self-employed.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health issa paramount pooling care|8.538747|8.635039|2.1932933
1596|The hassle of upgrading technology or modifying established operations was considered to offset the potential cost savings. But it is important to distinguish between relative and absolute savings. For example, a Colombian coffee producer was spending more than $3 million a year on energy - only 1.4 percent of production costs but clearly a substantial absolute sum - and potential cost savings were large relative to the profit margin. (|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|savings absolute relative modifying colombian|2.045236|2.4574068|2.2691526
1597|Rural centres of excellence, France France’s rural centres of excellence programme were inspired by the idea of competitive urban clusters. Projects under this program are awarded State funding for economic development projects in rural areas that involve a partnership between local authorities and private firms. This program was created to support the 2005 law on the development of rural areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rural excellence program france centres|4.0135446|5.2832966|2.2535555
1598|In decentralised countries, such as the United States, Germany and Australia, it is the local authorities who decide what components of teacher performance are to be assessed and how. In England and Chile, teacher evaluations are defined by the central government, (Manzi, 2010; Sclafani, 2009). In addition, and contrary to what was believed a few decades ago, teaching performance can be assessed in valid, fair and reliable ways. More importantly, it can be carried out in such a way as to be acceptable to teachers, even when the results have an important impact on their professional careers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessed teacher performance believed valid|9.685143|1.5438764|1.6252273
1599|In the health care sector, reforms have aimed at introducing more competition. Despite major changes and some positive effects, the reforms run the risk of getting stuck in the middle between a centralised system of state-controlled supply and prices and a decentralised system based on regulated competition, providing insufficient incentives for provision of quality services and expenditure control. The main challenges are to complete the transition to regulated competition in health care provision, to strengthen the role of health insurers as purchasing agents and to secure cost containment in an increasingly demand-driven health care sector.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|competition health regulated care reforms|8.55773|8.891458|1.7841334
1600|On average, developing countries in Asia and the Pacific collect 3.6 per cent of GDP from CIT, which is more than the OECD average of 2.9 per cent of GDP. However, average PIT collection in the region is merely 2 per cent of GDP, compared with 8.8 per cent in OECD countries. However, in an increasingly integrated world where capital has greater mobility, there is growing pressure on the tax due to tax competition113 and the risk that CIT burden could be shifted to labour (Harberger, 2006). The United States 2017 tax reform is a latest initiative in this direction. However, past experience also shows that PIT only performs if it is well-designed and well-administered and has sufficient coverage (Bird and Zolt.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|pit cent gdp tax average|6.8334975|4.94505|4.286814
1601|New applications and tailored ICT tools can be developed to improve communication, enhance data collection on results and geographic location of development projects, and strengthen monitoring and evaluation for better analyses and more effective development co-operation. The OECD-WTO aid for trade monitoring exercise found that ICT is already prioritised in the development strategies of two-thirds of donors and that nearly all developing countries (90%) anticipate the need for future assistance in this area. Aid commitments to ICT project stood at USD 1 billion in 2017, mostly in the form of technical assistance for regulatory form (OECD/WTO, 2017[3oi).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ict wto aid assistance form|4.7491517|3.2814114|1.9509337
1602|Moreover, there are concerns that the current framework for teacher professional development is not responding adequately to teachers' needs: there is little flexibility in the current provision; it is unclear whether adequate learning opportunities for teachers are available; and incentives to engage in professional development seem to be increasingly related to salary increases and career advancement. Finally, Kazakhstan shows a clear commitment to external accountability based around school evaluation with a regular cycle of external school evaluations (school attestation) and a formal certification process for teachers (teacher attestation). However, the review team formed the impression that there is an over-emphasis on the accountability function of both teacher evaluation and school evaluation, with less attention paid to genuine professional discussions about effective teaching. The “Standard Staffing of Public Educational Organizations and List of Teaching Positions and Equal-Status Employees” (Decree no.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school professional teacher evaluation teachers|9.5487|1.4379882|2.0701065
1603|In particular, topics like politics (23% women), the economy (14% women) and crime (22% women) feature low proportions of women in the 2015 GMMP. When looking at Danish web news on politics, the proportion of female news subjects was only 10% in the latest GMMP (Jarndrup & Bentsen 2015). Only 33% of the guest politicians in factual programmes were women even though at the time of the study nearly half of all Danish ministers and 40% of the members of the parliament were women (Andreassen 2016: 91).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women news politics danish politicians|10.2073145|4.3433275|7.670727
1604|This section identifies adjustments that might be needed for LEAP to be more effective in the urban context, looking at the areas of communication and outreach, targeting and registration, and benefit packages. The ideas and suggestions presented here emerge partly from assessments already conducted in Ghana and partly from the above review of experiences and lessons in other countries. This is reflected in the use of social networks in rural communities for outreach initiatives, and the use of GLSS data to identify indicators for proxy means testing, which has resulted in underperformance of PMT in urban communities and low qualification rates.|SDG 1 - No poverty|outreach partly communities underperformance leap|4.429416|4.777787|1.8221323
1605|It also promotes improvements in prevention, diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation for targeted diseases. Construction and renovation represent about 30% of the total budget. At the same time, regional governments are supposed to develop regional programmes aimed at reaching the goals under the “demographic concept” (action plan) mentioned above and are required to transmit information on fertility, morbidity etc. They also co-finance number of target federal programmes from regional budgets. Initially, this programme covered 15.9 million public sector employees and 10.9 million persons who work in jobs with harmful or hazardous working conditions (Sheiman and Shishkin, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|regional million diagnostics transmit renovation|8.524467|8.688158|1.7631677
1606|Students who successfully complete their programme and pass rigorous assessments, should obtain a credential that is recognised by employers as a meaningful proof of occupational skills. Depending on whether a unitary system is chosen or not, this may be called a NQ or a degree, the crucial point is that junior college graduates should hold a credential that is widely recognised in the labour market. To address these issues, the chapter recommends further enhancing the career information provided to prospective students and balancing student choice with signals of employer needs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|recognised students unitary junior proof|8.402733|2.6005266|2.7136853
1607|If they do not, the answer is considered favourable. The Directorate of Planning is the strategic advisory body of the MOP in matters of planning, policy definition and general co-ordination. It is in charge of proposing policies and development plans in such infrastructure as roads, ports and airports, or water resources.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mop planning proposing ports answer|3.8913007|5.4163723|1.274563
1608|The New Zealand Treasury set up the following key principles for public management in all state agencies; clarity of objectives, freedom to manage, accountability, effective assessment of performance, and adequate information flows (New Zealand Treasury, 1987; Cook, 2004). For the education sector this means that different education agencies need to co-ordinate their strategic direction so as to ensure that monitoring of education quality is related to high level goals of system performance. The Management for Outcomes framework provides a common model of a quality management cycle for all state departments.|SDG 4 - Quality education|treasury zealand management agencies education|9.733868|1.9363588|1.7127247
1609|The high quantities of protein - up to half of their weight - make algae one of the most interesting emerging food sources. Algae are simple, single-cell organisms that can grow very rapidly at sea, in polluted water and in places that would normally not generate food crops, ranging from giant seaweeds and kelps to microscopic slimes. Algae would be a cost-effective, land-and climate-neutral alternative to meat proteins while at the same time fixing large amounts of C02 from the atmosphere.|SDG 14 - Life below water|algae food polluted cell organisms|0.27079746|6.121574|6.196109
1610|"Naturally, computers have become widespread and are used for a wide variety of purposes beyond solving computationally difficult problems. Gilder's Law"", a conjecture like Moore's Law, predicts that total bandwidth — a measure of the carrying capacity of a communication system — will grow at least three times faster than computing power (Gilder, 2000). Thus, if computing power doubles every 18 months, as projected by Moore's Law, then Gilder's Law predicts that bandwidth will double every six months."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|law predicts moore bandwidth computing|4.783975|2.8327618|1.7163267
1611|In 2000, China was the 11th most important import market demanding less than USD 0.5 billion or 3% of the total. By 2013, China was the largest demander of Brazilian agricultural produce, buying almost USD 20.5 billion, or 23% of the total. The second biggest market for Brazilian agricultural goods in 2013 was the European Union, importing almost USD 18.3 billion (almost 20% of total), followed by the United States importing roughly USD 4.6 billion.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|usd billion importing brazilian total|3.8900769|4.814788|4.027931
1612|The Slovenian education system has a combined school and work-based apprenticeship programmes, but only 1.6% of upper secondary education pupils participate in such programmes, although around 60% of them are enrolled in vocationally-oriented programmes. The 2002 reform of VET allowed 20% of the curriculum to be flexible, based on local needs and conditions. The authorities should introduce sufficient incentives to ensure greater involvement in the determination of curriculum and work-based study programmes. International evidence suggests that the employment performance of vocational upper secondary education graduates tends to be correspondingly favourable where participation in apprenticeship programmes is particularly high.|SDG 4 - Quality education|programmes apprenticeship curriculum upper based|8.4717|2.7316916|2.8708706
1613|All these challenges must be tackled within a context of climate uncertainty, which poses its own particular problems with respect to the assessment of policy options: different climate scenarios may require different policy options. Making decisions under scenarios characterized by uncertainty may increase the risk of path dependence and under- or overinvestment, depending on whether or not the climate hazards actually materialize and if they do, on their characteristics. Proper timing and phasing of actions, including the separation of those requiring immediate attention from those that can be deferred or that cannot be pursued without additional information, is a first step towards incorporating uncertainties into the process of designing and implementing policy interventions (Watkiss, 2015; Wong and others, 2014).|SDG 13 - Climate action|scenarios uncertainty climate options policy|1.3933806|4.861028|1.712643
1614|Females are less likely to engage in vigorous exercise (Figure 10) in every OECD country, with an OECD average difference of -16.58 p.p., Successive governments have implemented policies and programs aimed at supporting families with children sometimes building in progressive adjustments to increase allocations for families with low or modest incomes. In November 1989, for instance, the House of Commons adopted a unanimous all-party resolution to strive to eliminate poverty among Canadian children by the year 2000. This commitment has been reiterated with the aim to put in place a long-term investment plan to allow poor families to break out of the welfare trap so that children bom into poverty do not cam' the consequences of that poverty throughout their lives (Lefebvre and Merrigan, 2003[9]).|SDG 1 - No poverty|families children poverty commons trap|7.315186|6.2490497|5.012168
1615|Every worker is entitled to a minimum wage. This is the lowest pay that the worker must receive for the services rendered during an ordinary workday. The powers and functions of trade unions include advocating for the creation and improvement of systems of protection against workplace hazards and prevention of accidents and diseases, and requiring that their members use protection mechanisms.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|worker rendered protection advocating ordinary|8.047427|4.604482|4.397794
1616|E-commerce, though not entirely a new subject area in international trade discourse, is coming to the forefront now given its rapid expansion and the need for governments and the global community at large to look more carefully at the implications of this and to come up with relevant policy measures. This chapter does not purport to build the case for a particular stance by these countries on e-commerce, but rather looks at the potential benefits that could accrue from e-commerce development and at the same time the serious challenges they face, given the constraints that exist, as well as ways to address these. While the focus is on small developing countries, many of the issues covered will be relevant to the larger group of developing countries.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|commerce relevant discourse given stance|4.7597284|3.116277|2.15423
1617|These regions, within the scope of their competence, ensure planning and co-ordination of regional development and co-operation between local government and other parts of the administration. In accordance with the Law on Regional Development, the Riga planning region as an institution is a derived public entity supervised by the Ministry of Regional Development and local government. Its decisionmaking authority is the Riga Planning Region Development Council, whose 18 members are appointed at a meeting of all heads of municipalities in the planning region.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|riga planning regional region development|3.9206042|5.526838|1.7047861
1618|In Sierra Leone, women are involved in political peace-building initiatives at both the local and regional levels. On its dedicated webpage, it documented some ofthe facts and figures relating to violence against women in elections. To operationalise this service, victims and/or witnesses were directed to send a brief text message to a dedicated number, describing the violence and providing the location of the incident.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|dedicated violence witnesses incident facts|10.306149|4.8433747|7.520122
1619|Compared to other types of statistics, few manuals and training resources have been dedicated to the development of gender statistics. The United Nations Statistics Division led many of the technical developments in the field of gender statistics, mainly during the period from 1975 to 1995, before the Fourth World Conference on Women (United Nations, Economic and Social Council, 2010). The Division provided leadership in the production of technical materials and the compilation of statistics on women and men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|statistics division nations technical manuals|9.682156|4.415747|7.9433594
1620|In order to assess the effects of a lower availability of wind and solar resources on the configuration of a least-cost electricity system operation, the annual electricity generation of wind and PV power plants is reduced by 15% for the scenarios with a renewable share of 80%. With the reduced availability of variable renewables, pump storage is used less, but curtailment of wind and PV power plants still amounts to approximately 4% of their annual electricity generation. In total, renewables show a share of 68% in the annual electricity demand.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity wind annual pv renewables|1.6068809|1.608143|2.0151966
1621|At the same time, the higher market participation brought about by higher wages for women actually lowers human capacities production because of the time squeeze type effects of the low road. These effects can be so pronounced that human capacities investment plays no role in moderating profit-led growth. Thus the term exploitation refers to how production and growth are predicated on exploiting women’s reproductive labour and human resources in general.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|human capacities effects squeeze exploiting|8.982192|4.8213515|6.0891604
1622|These models can generate valuable information on the prospective cost-effectiveness of nuclear as well as its contribution to future supply security. The indicator aims at identifying short-term actions that can obtain results within weeks rather than months. The indicator combines an assessment of a member country’s risk to be confronted with sudden supply interruptions and its potential impacts, the risk assessment (RA), and the capability of that country to mitigate these impacts, the mitigation assessment (MA). If the risk is high, more emphasis should be put on effective crisis capabilities than when this risk is low.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|risk assessment indicator impacts supply|1.0469677|1.733084|1.8347851
1623|The MDB methodology, by focussing on specific climate components, differs from the CRS Rio markers, which capture total project costs. The MDBs and the International Development Finance Club (IDFC) have also established common principles for climate finance tracking for mitigation (MDBs and IDFC, n.d.) The principles consist of a set of common definitions and guidelines including the list of activities. This is a publishing standard that aims to make data on aid “easier to use, access and understand” (IATI, 2016a). Data from more than 480 organisations9 - many not working on climate, but some working specifically or partially on climate issues, such as the Adaptation Fund and Agence Franqaise de Developpement - is available. In theory, the dataset allows searches via a “policy marker” (such as climate).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate mdbs principles common mdb|1.538839|4.0386825|0.8526611
1624|The data analysis, modelling, engineering, planning, designing, construction and operations expertise that will be developed by local and regional firms just to implement the Green Transformers concept alone, if appropriately nurtured and marketed, could be the foundation for making Sydney one of the leading centres in tri-generation technology. The City recently released a Decentralised Energy Master Plan, one of five Master Plans that together will comprise the Green Infrastructure Plan that determines the pathway for achieving the City’s Vision. Although the Green Transformers concept was the brainchild of UK energy expert Allan Jones, the Decentralised Energy Plan was prepared by a consortium of three Australian companies using metered electricity and gas consumption data that was provided by Energy Australia and Jemena.115 By building the expertise of local companies, rather than by continuing to import knowledge from abroad, the City is creating the beginnings of a local supply chain of talent and experience.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy green city plan decentralised|2.628234|3.7479813|2.094527
1625|In addition, local labour markets can differ in their skill requirements. Most countries have projections of future skills needs from independent or public institutions. International organisations also undertake these types of analyses, but few countries use this information to evolve their education systems.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evolve undertake projections skill differ|8.383603|2.9868855|3.0573251
1626|Therefore, the third CNTP (1992-2001) set four targets: regionally decentralised development; efficient land use; improvement of the quality of life, and enhancing amenity and unification of South and North Korea. The intention was to balance regional development by strengthening industrial centres along the west coast and the regional and provincial cities. In order to ensure support for less industrialised areas, the Law on Regional Balanced Development and Promotion of Local Small and Medium-sized Firms was enacted, establishing eight area-wide development plans.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|regional development industrialised regionally intention|4.0399094|5.1331787|1.8674084
1627|This allowance is given to teachers in isolated, rural, culturally-diverse and disadvantaged schools (see Chapter 5). School leaders working in schools with a high concentration of vulnerable students also receive a higher compensation (see Chapter 4) (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). Private-subsidised schools can charge tuition fees to families through the shared funding system (see Chapter 2).|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools chapter mineduc ace culturally|9.315402|2.1594603|2.3977826
1628|However, based on the criteria used, the analysis can be considered to both under and over-estimate the available amount of resources. The quantitative data here presented is indicative (or best effort), due to the lack of precise identification of STI in the underlying statistical classification. While lots of detailed information exists on development activities through the CRS, the lack of adequate classifications that conforms to official STI definitions and standards pose a challenge in assessing the portion of development finance targeting STI.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|sti lack lots classifications indicative|4.9818788|3.4328504|2.1197963
1629|However, the institutional framework for coordination of SDG implementation and monitoring still needs to be operationalized. A weak point of the planning system, especially from the environmental perspective, is the non-application of the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) tool for evaluation of environmental impacts of future sectoral policies. The environmental legislation is largely consistent and coherent. Furthermore, enforcement of environmental laws and environment-related provisions in sectoral legislation often represents a serious challenge. Nevertheless, there are still a number of deficiencies. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted late in the permitting process.|SDG 15 - Life on land|environmental sectoral legislation assessment eia|2.9281557|5.1088114|1.5847193
1630|It can also vary by skills level and is more likely to be lower for managerial levels than for line employees. In France, for example, an estimated 50 000 positions are unfilled in the sector at any one time, even though the number of tourism graduates is at a sufficient level to meet the vacancy rates. In Australia, the turnover rate is 64% and is more pronounced in regions where tourism is competing with other, higher paying sectors, notably the resources sector, while the job vacancy rate in tourism is 9%, almost five times the rate for the overall economy (2%).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|vacancy tourism rate turnover managerial|6.561569|3.8575275|3.010901
1631|As a matter of fact, WHO estimates that meeting that goal would yield annual average benefits of $91 billion worldwide (cited in IEA, 2006: 440, table 15.6). However, these costs concern exclusively biomass and cooking fuels, and not the costs of providing other types of energy (e.g. electricity). In fact, other than project-specific information, there seems to be little information available on the costs of RETs as a source of household energy relative to fossil fuels. Moreover, the training, technical assistance and capacity-building that are needed to support rural electrification schemes add to capital costs. Given large capital costs and high associated risks, service providers would need to charge high connection fees and monthly rates to recover their investments, which would undermine the affordability of electrification for poor consumers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|costs electrification fuels fact capital|2.1364534|2.0111756|2.422825
1632|It is also consistent with the results of recent OECD research, which showed a strong positive relationship between the amount of developed land per capita and the number of cars per 100 residents (see Annex 1.A2).5 However, Korea’s motorisation rate is below what many European countries, the United States and Canada registered at comparable income levels (Figure 1.6). It also remains one of the lowest in the OECD (Figure 1.7). This is likely the result of a comparatively efficient public transport system, coupled with population densities that allow for widespread use of public transport, which indicates bus and rail hereinafter except some cases including the national public transport master plan in Table 1.1. Korea’s low motorisation rate relative to its income level bodes well for its capacity to prevent further congestion and to enhance ecological sustainability. Org/l 0.1787/9789264235199-17-en.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|motorisation transport korea public rate|4.0447736|4.7893577|0.79707205
1633|Renewable energy sources represent a very small share of the metro region’s energy supply. In March 2010, 46% of the power supply sold within the ComEd service area was derived from nuclear power plants, 40% from coal-fired power plants, 10% from natural gas, and only small amounts of wind power (1%), biomass (1%), hydropower (1%), and assorted other sources (1%) (ComEd, 2010). However, wind power is a growing industry that is attracting headquarter functions to the Chicago Tri-State metro-region. Together with other Great Lakes states such as Michigan and Ohio, the Chicago-area 21-county region has one of the highest concentrations of wind energy component suppliers in the US. Thirteen wind industry corporations have set up their headquarters in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region, including some of the major international firms involved in turbine manufacturing and renewable project developers, such as Goldwind, Acciona, Suzlon, Nordex or E.On. The Chicago-area 21-county region counts over 60 wind companies, which cover a large part of the supply chain, including turbine and tower makers, manufacturers of gears, couplings, bearings and fasteners, as well legal, financial and engineering consulting and diagnostic software designers (ELPC, 2011).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|chicago wind power metro region|2.349331|2.167094|1.925425
1634|The potential of these already fragile economies to produce, allocate, distribute and regenerate is significantly compromised in the presence of HIV/AIDS. The literature and the experience of other countries which have previously walked this path paint a very grim picture for the Caribbean. Not only do high prevalence rates hurt the economy but economic stagnation provides an ideal breeding ground for the spread of the disease. Research into the effects of HIV/ AIDS reveals that its impact in terms of its social, human and economic costs is perhaps much more significant than previously thought (Bell et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aids hiv previously hurt bell|8.377665|8.942145|3.336912
1635|"One notable experience benefiting older adults and other groups has been under way in Argentina since 2002: the National Medication Policy, which promotes the prescription of generic drugs. This gave rise to the ""Remedy"" programme, which provides free outpatient medication through primary health care centres, while the Ministry of Health monitors prices to detect any unjustified increases (Escobar, 2007). Some medicines are supplied free of charge in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and in Paraguay, with the latter supplying free drugs to vulnerable individuals aged over 70 through the Institute for Welfare of the Ministry of Health. In June 2007 300 people were benefiting from the programme, which aimed to reach 1,000 people by the end of the year."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|free medication benefiting drugs health|8.491073|9.214101|2.2632792
1636|This important project is promoting the advancement of SDGs 1, 9,10 and 11, making communities resilient, inclusive, safe and sustainable. With the continuous growth of mobile broadband worldwide and the continuous enrichment of digital services, mobile broadband services are the key drivers of the digital economy. However, there is still a large number of subscribers in some developing countries who can't afford a mobile broadband terminal due to the price of mobile broadband smartphones or other factors.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband mobile continuous digital subscribers|4.772063|2.9487627|1.4607319
1637|"Lessons can be learned from applying traditional knowledge, involving fishers and building on practices supported by those individuals"". While not extensively discussed, the need for adequate fisheries data in light of climate change may be an important consideration given that many fisheries management practices are based on historical, single species data sets. If the ocean changes beyond our historic scientific experience, managers and scientists may have a weakened foundation for making predictions and assessing which management actions to take, and also in terms of developing ecosystem strategies. A number of developed nations are actively anticipating, designing and implementing actions to deal with expected climate change impacts on fisheries."|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries actions practices predictions weakened|-0.31671673|5.968216|6.3410063
1638|In addition to agriculture and cattle ranching, pressures include forest fires, land grabbing, timber extraction, road construction, hydropower and mining projects. Together with forest fires, these activities pose a serious threat to species and ecosystems. The Cerrado has been losing original vegetation cover at a faster rate than all other biomes and it has suffered a vegetation loss amounting to an area roughly the size of Egypt. It is one of the richest xeric shrub lands in the world and the only biome exclusive to Brazil.|SDG 15 - Life on land|fires vegetation forest biomes biome|1.6232255|4.763417|4.0768437
1639|It represents a wider grouping of stakeholders, including agricultural, industrial, urban and environmental organisations with interests in water management. The aim is to conduct a collaborative governance process led by stakeholders, to recommend reform of New Zealand’s fresh water management. The Forum leads a consensus process to identify shared outcomes and goals for fresh water, as well as relevant policies to achieve them. Co-ordinating strategic planning of water policy: OECD examples (cont.)|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|fresh water stakeholders recommend process|1.105818|6.9579387|1.6516347
1640|Paradoxically, the water that once afforded Venice its power as a maritime empire now compromises its physical integrity. Periodic flooding threatens both the historic city and the mainland. Specifically, the increased frequency and severity of flooding is perceived by many as a threat not only to public health, but also to the liveability and economic viability of the historic centre. Floods have both short-term implications (reduced tourism-related income, increased costs of routine logistics) and long-term implications (notably damage to the city's building fabric and architectural heritage) for the Venice city-region.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|venice historic city flooding implications|1.0981046|6.698925|2.325465
1641|Overall the paucity of awareness-raising measures means that opportunities to reduce emissions and improve the welfare of large numbers of households are being missed. It is obvious from the average score of 1.7 for this sub-dimension that the development of Third Energy Package-complaint polices and action plans is a significant challenge for several of the assessed economies. For those with compliant policy framew'orks, renewed emphasis on full implementation of existing policies and revision of those which are not delivering is the only way that they can achieve the transition to a sustainable energy sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|polices complaint missed compliant framew|1.8881999|2.8738291|2.305838
1642|Overall, framework conditions for innovation have improved, notably through the opening of the Colombian economy. The commodity-based export boom, while it has slowed recently, offers a window of opportunity to tackle some of the major issues facing the Colombian innovation system. In particular the policy-relevant knowledge base of indicators and analysis should be extended beyond manufacturing. This would preferably involve more internationally comparable data and indicators in the OECD framework of STI statistical manuals.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|colombian innovation indicators manuals preferably|5.333035|3.7719047|2.7388268
1643|The public sector has an important role to play here, to improve knowledge and build capacity. It comprises five flagship projects in three categories: Nordic Green, Nordic Food and Welfare and Nordic Gender Effect, each based on different Nordic core competencies. Such as the Prime Ministers' Globalisation Initiative (Top-level Research Initiative on Climate, Energy and Environment), Prime Ministers Program Nordic Region Leading in Green Growth, Prime Ministers Program on 5ustainable Nordic Welfare, as well as current key themes within Nordic cooperation including among other New Nordic Climate Solutions and Nordic Bioeconomy.|SDG 13 - Climate action|nordic ministers prime program welfare|1.8493906|4.0011625|1.6605
1644|Updated in 2010, this policy targets'nearly zero energy buildings'in 2020, by MEPS for buildings and certification of building energy performance. Building codes and Labelling emphasizes market preparation activities, an increased focus on code requirements for building retrofit projects, better efforts to track actual building performance, improved third party inspection and enforcement, measures to minimize peak electrical demand as well as building thermal energy, measures to encourage better design as well as prescriptive and performance measures, better enabling of new technologies, http://aperc.ieej. Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for buildings in Denmark are at a relatively high level and keep being regularly tightened and can be considered as an example of good practice.. Furthermore, future standards are defined well in advance making the transition easier.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|building buildings performance energy better|2.2270818|2.881677|2.444313
1645|Second, spectrum is a limited resource and telecommunication operators compete with other actors in the use of spectrum. As such, the capacity of mobile broadband is limited and more traffic can affect speed and quality of service (ITU, 2018(13]). Therefore, it is imperative for developing countries’ long-term development to also invest in fixed infrastructure and offload traffic through mobile networks. By 2018, half of the world’s population is using the Internet.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|spectrum traffic mobile limited telecommunication|4.8707504|2.7835166|1.439973
1646|Tajik women in labour migration: forced tactics of survival or choice of emancipated women?]. Globalizing 'postsocialism': mobile mothers and neoliberalism on the margins of Europe. Gender inequalities in labour markets in Central Asia. Available from www.eurasia.undp.org/content/dam/ rbec / docs / Gender%20inequalities%20in%201abour%20markets% 20in%20Central%20Asia.pdf?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|tajik docs margins gender labour|8.810559|5.287612|7.0696626
1647|Thirdly, rural households are often able to pay for their electricity consumption. Lack of payment for electricity use not only weakens the financial stability of the electricity provider (World Bank, 2000), but also discourages investors to join in on the rural electrification efforts because of uncertain revenues. Adequate metering, billing and payment recovery are fundamental to a sustainable electrification system.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification electricity payment weakens billing|2.33751|1.8327087|2.6676989
1648|One key finding is that education and anti-discrimination policies, well-designed labour market institutions and large and/or progressive tax and transfer systems can all reduce income inequality. On this basis, the chapter identifies several policy re/orms that could yield a double dividend in terms of boosting GDP per capita and reducing income inequality, and also flags other policy areas where reforms would entail a trade-off between both objectives. In some countries, top earners have captured a large share of the overall income gains, while for others income has risen only a little.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|income inequality dividend large boosting|6.817116|4.9554005|4.5052166
1649|These are interlinked areas yet, there are power dynamics that can undermine co-operation efforts. For instance, peripheral communes tend to want to retain influence and related to this, tactics may waver from subordination to co-operation with the main city depending on the issues at hand (Box 2.4). Smaller communities may feel like they will be subsumed by urban priorities for growth, and thus seek to maintain independence.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|operation interlinked peripheral communes retain|3.793217|5.7617145|1.6885197
1650|This instrument establishes land-use planning and zoning principles to promote development that simultaneously protects and conserves the environment. By July 2012, SEMARNAT had supported the development of 85 ELUPs at different geographic scales, of which 43 were decreed in the last six years. Further efforts are needed to ensure that the regions with the highest development potential for tourism, industry, agriculture, aquaculture and fisheries are covered by ELUPs.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protects semarnat development zoning establishes|1.792931|5.167936|3.283625
1651|The Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session, agreed to establish a Climate Technology Centre and Network, which aim to support technology transfer and local technology innovation capacity. Efforts of emerging and other developing economies to support clean energy technology have typically focused on domestic research, development, manufacturing and export capacities. China’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan, endorsed in March 2011, encompasses a green growth strategy geared towards building technology leadership, through special efforts to develop and deploy wind, solar, hydro, nuclear, energy efficiency, electric cars, “smart grids”, infrastructure and high-speed rail. It includes a plan to install 10 million charging stations for electric cars and to increase installed renewable energy capacity by 47 per cent by 2020.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|technology cars electric energy plan|1.9733826|2.9552815|2.4478004
1652|Around 75% of principals in intervention schools estimated that the project led to collaboration between teachers in unusual and positive ways, and that the project provided professional development opportunities that their teaching staff would not have otherwise had. The survey instruments measure both the local contexts in which the intervention takes place and the effects of the intervention on a series of outcomes of interest for students and teachers, including the change in teachers' pedagogical practices, attitudes and beliefs, as well as the effects of those practices on their students' tests scores, their understanding and attitude towards creativity and critical thinking, their engagement in school, and their scores in standardised creativity tests. While the results are tentative, the initial analysis of the pilot student data shows that the intervention has promising effects on the outcomes of interest. The next phase of the project should entail a validation (or efficacy) study before countries scale up the effective approaches.|SDG 4 - Quality education|intervention creativity teachers project effects|9.187717|1.3850292|1.6602423
1653|Therefore they need to develop strong collaborative links with each other in order to improve their education, service and applied research capacity. Recognising the need to increase geographic accessibility, some colleges have proposed extension centres located in Arab villages, but authorities have rejected these initiatives. Authorities should consider providing support for specific higher education extension learning centres served by several different colleges and possibly universities and the Open University, in villages with low tertiary education participation rates. However there are considerable gaps in terms of regional delivery and the Galilee and particularly its Arab population appears to be underserved by the Open University provision.|SDG 4 - Quality education|villages colleges arab extension open|7.80749|2.3412437|2.7450926
1654|Information given above derived from IPCC (2007), “Summary for Policymakers”. The Government has stated that “it would be irresponsible to acknowledge this reality and not do anything to prepare our community for eventual migration”. See Republic of Kiribati, Office of the President, “Relocation”, Kiribati Climate Change. Available at http://www.climate.gov.ki/category/action/relocation/ (accessed 25 January 2016).|SDG 13 - Climate action|relocation kiribati eventual gov climate|1.4581287|4.985028|1.8160701
1655|Deforestation can also exacerbate food insecurity, as forests provide food, inputs and services that support crop and livestock production (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006). In a case-study analysis of seven developing countries, Berry, Olson and Campbell, (2003) estimated that problems of sustainable land management reduced agricultural GDP by between 3 and 7 per cent. Poor people are likely to be farming steeper land and drier, less fertile soils and in more remote areas (World Bank, 2003).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food campbell drier land fertile|1.5577826|4.6302238|3.7912734
1656|Reporting and progress reports were made to the Minister for Women and Equalities, and the overall report and recommendations of the WBC were delivered to the government and disseminated across UK ministries. The WBC approach is built on the idea that improving gender diversity will lead to greater creativity, problem solving and flexibility, all much-needed skillsets for the UK to adapt to the changing economic environment. Aiming to both increase resources and change organisational culture, WBC took a long-term view, ensuring that longevity and continuity be applied to all suggested strategies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wbc uk disseminated longevity creativity|9.735852|4.0678234|6.6644993
1657|Where applicable, the alternative fuels to gas-based generation (such as diesel, fuel oil or coal) are mainly stored on the site of CCGTs. The period of load duration depends on a number of factors; including the ability to restock back-up fuels, generator characteristics, the type of gas supply contract - either firm or interruptible - and expectations about the variability of electricity prices as these determine the installation of back-up facilities (BERR, 2006). However, when information on this indicator remains disaggregated, the overall picture for the national energy system may be less clear.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fuels gas generator stored diesel|1.4281933|1.4428099|1.8613276
1658|"It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality.” ( United Nations General Assembly, 1997, ch. In addition, paragraph 203(b) recommends that national women’s machineries “have clearly defined mandates and authority; critical elements would be adequate resources and the ability and competence to influence policy and formulate and review legislation."" Many of these institutions actually engage in a full range of research and operational activities, as is described in detail below."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women perpetuated ch men spheres|9.860872|4.368777|7.2883115
1659|"The example of the Yunnan Province demonstrated that rural end-users limited their monthly electricity consumption to a level that makes it completely unattractive to the electricity company to invest further in infrastructure and maintenance. According to the Chinese ""one county one supplier"" policy, the supplier is to provide the full range of services at a given price. Market access by other investors is difficult if not impossible. This, along with rigid rules on production, supply and marketing of electricity, prevents innovation, competition and reform."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|supplier electricity rigid prevents completely|2.0883276|1.8975219|2.2357934
1660|Enforcing standards on fuel quality and vehicle emissions can reduce dangerous emissions from motor vehicles. Many countries in the region follow European standards for emissions, which define maximum acceptable emission rates of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide per kilometre travelled. Vehicle retirement or scrappage programmes are another way of reducing air pollution and road safety.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|emissions vehicle standards oxide kilometre|3.5148914|4.5894027|0.8058405
1661|In its various multilateral forms, ICT-enabled engagement can improve inclusiveness by providing a shared ground where exchange of knowledge and opinions is possible (Box 5.3). Web-based water information systems: The case of Italy and Portugal (cont.) In this regard, the “Pawa” project developed water accounts through recognised standards and activated an inclusive decision-making process as regards the selection of the most appropriate measures to face water scarcity and drought conditions. The information system not only contributes to information exchange among different stakeholders and public authorities responsible for the directive’s implementation (i.e. regions, water utilities, etc.),|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water exchange information activated inclusiveness|1.0682492|6.957954|1.5295765
1662|This problem is further compounded by the lack of competence of employment services centres that fail to channel VET graduates to employment or further training. Resource mapping identifies funding available for a specific purpose (e.g. workforce development) that various parties receive from the central government, local government, NGOs and other sources in a region. This exercise helps level funding surplus and deficit of programmes since some funds are flexible in its usage. Successful management of these processes and customisation to the needs of local communities and markets is a complex task, but certainly one that will result in advancing growth rates and employment levels. More importantly, providing professionals in private and public organisations with the knowledge to collect and analyse relevant labour market information and the capacity to put strategic plans into place to address emerging issues can help to prevent stagnation of economic sectors, underemployment, rising unemployment levels and social exclusion. Industry transformation towards a low-carbon economy challenges traditional labour market measures and emphasises new needs and priorities to be taken into account for workforce development and for the support provided by strategic employment services.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment workforce strategic funding underemployment|7.767995|4.1620336|3.6383767
1663|This is particularly of concern where contaminated water resources are used for municipal water supply, crop irrigation, and for recreational purposes (Amirat et al., Furthermore, microbial contaminants from wastewater can exacerbate biodiversity loss (European Commission, 2013). Despite the investment in, and establishment of, wastewater treatment plants, many developed nations still suffer from microbial contamination due to sewage spills and diffuse agricultural pollution, particularly during high rainfall events when combined sewer overflows operate more frequently and runoff from agriculture is induced.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater contaminants spills sewer particularly|1.0011017|6.764937|2.804576
1664|The metro-region’s large architectural and engineering community overall accounted for more than 39 000 jobs in 2009, including more than 4 000 LEED-certified experts in the City of Chicago alone. There are currently 1 600 members of the Chicago chapter of the US Green Building Council (USGBC, 2009). Energy-related activities account for the second-largest share of the green sector (11%), and include nuclear energy, biofuels/biomass, wind, battery technologies, smart grid, solar photovoltaic, renewable energy services, solar thermal, geothermal and fuel cells.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|chicago solar energy green leed|2.8097408|3.1579344|2.0113194
1665|As a result, global SMS revenues fell from USD 82 billion in 2015 to USD 75 billion in 2016, and analysts expect that global SMS revenues will continue to decline in the next few years. Investments in developing economies are largely driving this growth, with capex increasing by USD 23.5 billion during this period, compared to a USD 10 billion reduction in the developed world. Growth of the Internet of Things (loT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications is creating revenue opportunities for service providers operating in mature markets, which may help to offset declining revenue trends in core business segments.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|usd billion sms machine revenues|4.827811|2.8662994|1.6551743
1666|"Japan's KDDI, Sumitomo Corp to invest $2 bln in Myanmar telecoms."" Although Tanzania has long had a competitive mobile market, the entry of Vietnamese owned Viettel, operating under the brand Halotel, in October 2015 caused disruption. It launched a 3G only service on the back of extensive investment in a fiber optic backbone emphasizing that it was possible to bridge the Internet gap in a short period of time.156 Halotel's entry triggered a price war with a 500 MB mobile Internet package dropping 70% between 2015 and 2016, resulting in affordability reaching the threshold of less than 5% of GNI."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|internet mobile entry mb emphasizing|4.8899326|2.8561456|1.4278561
1667|Their primary objective is to help conserve and ensure the sustainable use of marine ecosystems. These environmental objectives can, for example, be to protect depleted, threatened, rare or endemic species or populations; conserve habitats; or prevent outside activities from adversely affecting the MPA. In the Galapagos, for example, the marine reserve introduced in 2000 was intended to: 1) reduce conflicts between uses, principally tourism, fishing and scientific research; 2) protect marine biodiversity; and 3) promote sustainable uses. The goals of other MPAs are highlighted in Annex 3.A1. In terms of zoning, for example, if an area is to be designated as an MPA with the sole objective to protect vulnerable corals and sponges on a deep ocean bottom, there would be little or no risk posed by allowing non-bottom contact fishing in the area.|SDG 14 - Life below water|mpa protect marine conserve fishing|0.0986884|5.5485053|5.9960117
1668|The 1996 Law on Ambient Air Protection is the legislative base for implementing measures for climate change mitigation. Several articles relate to GHGs. For example, according to Article 6, the State Committee for Nature Protection (SCNP) sets the atmospheric air protection standards for all kinds of objects, ozone preservation and climate change. Article 24 focuses on enterprises and lists their responsibilities in terms of mitigating the adverse effects of GHGs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ghgs protection article air ambient|1.3862199|3.835521|1.795552
1669|While cereals remain a key dietary component, particularly in least developed countries, rising protein consumption in other developing regions will require an increased production of livestock and dairy products, which also implies greater demand for feed grains and oilseeds. These factors are particularly relevant in most developed countries and some highly populated developing countries, limiting expansion in these countries while presenting opportunities to regions that are less affected by these limiting factors. As in the past decade, projected production growth through the outlook period will be led by Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of Asia, with production growth in Western Europe increasing only marginally.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|limiting production europe countries factors|3.864516|5.23552|4.3450994
1670|These include executive secretariats, councils, social ministries and others (ECLAC, 2016a), which form part of the construction of a long-term strategy and represent a stable component of the region's social institutions. This not only means formal articulation, so that care programmes can be officially included in social protection systems, but also the possible redesign of instruments to guarantee gender mainstreaming. For example, cash transfer programmes may involve conditionalities that reinforce the unequal division of productive and reproductive work (ECLAC, 2013b), especially if there are no incentives for care to be provided jointly by men and women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|eclac social redesign secretariats conditionalities|8.708696|5.2886977|5.848933
1671|In most OECD and partner countries, boys are at least 40% more likely than girls to enrol in vocational education (Figure 2.a), and students whose parents did not attain tertiary education are more likely to choose upper secondary vocational programmes than general programmes (Box B3.1). By including formal and non-formal education, this indicator captures participation in any type of programme that aims to improve knowledge, skills and competencies from a personal, civic, social or employment-related perspective (UNESCO, 2016(2]). In most OECD and partner countries, at least 20% of 25-64 year-olds have participated in formal or non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, with participation among men and women varying greatly across countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|formal education partner vocational participation|8.819625|2.8257499|2.9737134
1672|Each member can update the ledger to reflect the most recent transactions, therefore revolutionizing the way that products can be tracked and traced. Moreover, the broadcasting of all transactions to all members makes the system transparent - at least to its members - and thus easily verifiable. At the same time, encryption of the transactions ensures privacy, making the application difficult to hack and thus highly secure.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|transactions members verifiable traced tracked|4.049357|2.5557244|2.0488744
1673|It has great potential and can advance gender equality by empowering migrant women, since many migrate independently nowadays and become the main breadwinners for their families. However, migration can also increase vulnerabilities and put migrant women at risk of discrimination and violence. Women and children who migrate also become more vulnerable to other forms of exploitation. Those in an irregular situation are particularly vulnerable. The Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants noted in his 2012 report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/20/24) that migrant women who are detained may be vulnerable to sexual violence committed by male detainees or guards. The Special Rapporteur encouraged States to give particular attention to the situation of migrant women in detention.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migrant rapporteur women migrate vulnerable|9.555294|5.498056|7.404498
1674|Here, equality refers primarily to what can be considered relative equality in the distribution of incomes, rather than absolute equality in terms of civil rights. On the one hand, buyers and sellers in different markets are formally equal: they are free to accept or refuse a transaction at a given price. In addition, market institutions assure justice through the equivalence of exchanges (Habermas, 1973).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|equality assure sellers equivalence refuse|6.8274517|4.9645166|4.6971664
1675|The C02 emissions increased even less, indicating a pervasive historical trend towards decarbonization of the global economy at about 1.3 per cent per year. The share of fossil energy sources, taken together, increased (from 20 to 80 per cent) between 1850 and now, as did the emissions of C02 (as an unavoidable by-product of combustion). Consequently, energy-related emissions of C02 increased 21-fold to about 6 billion tons of carbon (6 GtC) in 2000. Nevertheless, their increase has remained at a substantially slower pace than that of energy requirements, indicating a strong historical trend towards decarbonization of societies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|decarbonization emissions indicating historical increased|1.239997|2.8463824|2.137283
1676|"Aiming to increase forest cover by 10 to 20 per cent by 2010, SFLC is one of the largest PES projects implemented in any developing country. The central Government paid for the environmental services using cash and grain. As a result, this programme has also been referred to as the ""Grain-for-Green"" policy."|SDG 15 - Life on land|grain pes aiming referred cash|1.7673397|5.0467405|3.3380089
1677|A social cohesion strategy must therefore tackle exclusion by means of both prevention and cure. During the twentieth century, Western European States came to accept responsibility for achieving a balance between economic growth and social justice. Despite the considerable variations from country to country, the European approach is sufficiently distinctive when compared with other world regions that it has often been referred to as the European social model.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|european social twentieth distinctive accept|6.842992|5.6741614|4.4525857
1678|This chapter discusses the context, main issues and policies adopted across OECD countries to promote development of skills required for post-secondary education or for entering the labour market. The policies examined comprise those ensuring effective completion of upper secondary education, delivering quality vocational education and training (VET), improving the quality of tertiary education, and strengthening and facilitating transitions across education pathways and into the labour market. The reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific national and regional challenges.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education secondary context labour traditions|8.526267|2.679227|2.6974418
1679|The gender profile for deaths from diarrhoea due to poor water and sanitation is consistent across most regions: more males suffer and die from diarrhoea everywhere except South-East Asia, where the share of female deaths and illness is notable and produces a global tilt towards higher female deaths and DALYs overall (Table 2.2.1). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that this is the main cause of around 28% of child deaths worldwide (WaterAid 2009a). Among children under five diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, responsible for 20% of total deaths in this age group (WHO 2015, Walker et al.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|deaths diarrhoea cause female walker|1.7663254|6.8718586|2.77393
1680|The system effects of variable renewables, although discussed here under a separate category, are a fine example of this progressive organisation of the search for conceptual and organisational responses. New technologies create new effects and new impacts, many of which are not foreseeable and can thus not be taken into account in their conception and implementation. An externality is then the impact of a new process on aspects of life which has had no prior consideration.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|new effects foreseeable conception externality|1.7557898|1.8706621|1.8129635
1681|The Agency is the National Administrator of the National Registry for GHG Emission Allowance Trading. The Institute has several weather stations included within the Regional Basic Synoptic Network and Regional Basis Climatological Network in RA VI (Europe) - about 40 synoptic and more than 90 climatic stations across the country. There are no Global Surface Network and Global UpperAir Network stations in Bulgaria.|SDG 13 - Climate action|network stations administrator regional vi|1.364376|3.8841896|1.7426237
1682|The data do not support the “virtual water hypothesis.” Water-scarce northern China exports a range of water-intensive goods and services, while water-abundant southern China imports water-intensive goods. The authors suggest that several factors influencing agricultural input use and productivity — water price, labor availability, and soil and land quality - might be responsible for the results they have observed.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water intensive goods china virtual|1.1807195|7.412448|2.9217877
1683|Desert forests are of great significance to the inhabitants of sandy regions (koomly), as they supply them with pastures, firewood and, on a small scale, household construction materials. As for sandy areas, continuous sowing and planting have resulted in 680,000 ha of woods and pasture-protection forests. According to nonofficial sources, including experts’ estimates, the annual supply of wood from sanitary cuttings does not currently exceed some 10,000 m3, while demand is estimated at about 50,000-55,000 m3. The provision of free natural gas to the population has proved to be an important means of preventing illegal logging.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests pastures desert pasture supply|1.4229699|4.5979147|3.916258
1684|Emerging and developing countries are searching for new policies and practical responses in order to promote decent work for millions of young men and women who are engaged in the informal economy. These two policy instruments align with each other and reinforce the clear policy guidance on youth employment and their transition from the informal to the formal economy. This is the first international labour standard to focus on the informal economy in its entirety and diversity and to point clearly to the transition to the formal economy as the means for realising decent work for all and achieving inclusive development. The Recommendation, of universal relevance, acknowledges the broad diversity of situations of informality, including specific national contexts and priorities for the transition to the formal economy, and provides practical guidance to address these priorities.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|economy transition informal formal decent|8.065972|4.186479|4.667575
1685|Cependant, le developpement de mecanismes de remuneration a la capitation qui permettent d’avoir moins d’incitations a multiplier les actes et d’encourager les professionnels de sante a s’occuper plus longtemps des patients, tout comme les paiements en fonction des resultats dans les soins primaires doivent etre renforces afin de faire face a la prevalence croissante des maladies chroniques et de reduire la demande induite par 1’offre et les disparites sociales en terme d’acces aux soins. Various measures of life expectancy are among the highest in the OECD, notably for women (Figure 1, Panels A and B). These measures have also shown steady improvement (Blanpain, 2016).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|les des soins la en|9.352235|8.976789|3.0244207
1686|Climate change was well suited to this paradigm and emerged from it as a key priority, as advances towards global public goods, such as global health, poverty eradication and alleviation of humanitarian crises, are impossible without ambitious action to combat climate change and build climate-resilient societies. The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol was to begin in 2008 and extend until 2012. While negotiations had been launched under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) aiming to negotiate a second commitment period under the Protocol, the broader question remained: how to address climate change at a global scale post-2012?|SDG 13 - Climate action|protocol climate kyoto global commitment|1.1865673|3.6442943|1.520939
1687|Its importance as a pressure factor, according to Belarus, is local but severe. Chemicals are transported to the river from agricultural facilities, and pond fisheries are a major source of pollution. Industry in Lithuania is mainly located in Alytus, Kaunas and Vilnius; in Belarus mainly around Grodno (assessed as local and moderate by Belarus).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|belarus mainly transported local chemicals|0.5287928|6.7900505|2.8435066
1688|Such a foundation is essential to ensure that policy can be guided by a strong evidence base. For VET, knowledge of job prospects allows students to make informed choices about training programmes, and policy makers to see whether graduates are obtaining relevant work; clear information about learning outcomes helps employers to understand what qualified recruits have learnt. Better data and information can be provided either through one-off surveys of those leaving vocational programmes, or by tracking cohorts of individuals through vocational programmes into employment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|programmes vocational recruits learnt cohorts|8.457351|2.8072238|2.8440876
1689|As a result, teachers may perform at a level lower than expected at the concerned career stage for a number of years. While it is a strength of the system that processes exist to move ineffective teachers either out of the school system or into non-teaching roles, there remain opportunities for underperforming teachers to remain in the system for long periods of time. If sustained underperformance by teachers is not tackled this has adverse consequences not only on student learning but also on the reputation of both schools and the teaching profession.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers teaching remain underperforming underperformance|9.417488|1.359083|2.3986065
1690|According to Maria Brandstrom, a news presenter at SVT Nyheter Vasterbotten also responsible for gender equality at the workplace, the editors count women and men in the news on a daily basis.24 The reporters are also required to try to find women for interviews, both when working outside the office and when making telephone interviews. In the autumn of 2016 the newsroom also started counting women and men in web news using the web tool Prognosis. The share of women in television news was 49% in 2013, 2014 and 2015.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|news web interviews women autumn|10.075499|4.3368797|7.786322
1691|Still, the pollution of surface water and groundwater that comes with industrial wastewater discharge remains a problem. Air quality remains satisfactory in cities with heavy industries and high traffic concentration (i.e. Minsk, Mogilev, Novopolotsk and Soligorsk), although there are problem areas within these cities. More than half of the major cities monitored in the period 2005-2013 have reduced emissions from stationary sources, while Zhlobin city (Gomel Oblast) and Novopolotsk (Vitebsk Oblast) have remained the major contributors of pollutants from stationary sources.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|stationary oblast cities problem remains|0.7595446|6.6837864|2.8011587
1692|It elaborated further on SDG 11 to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Unplanned urbanization is causing cities to choke with congested traffic and air pollution; basic services like water and sanitation are not reaching citizens, particularly the poor; joblessness, crime, conflict and social strife are major problems, including in so-called developed countries; and natural disasters are becoming more destructive as people concentrate in dense areas. The relevance of cities in economic terms is absolutely remarkable, considering they occupy only between 3-4% of the world's available landmass.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities absolutely joblessness congested unplanned|3.8893063|4.929581|1.7940786
1693|This strengthening of internal co-ordination not only encourages the dissemination of gender-related knowledge within institutions but also promotes the emergence of clearly-identified communities, able to forge links with other specialists working on the promotion of women's economic empowerment in the region. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the Wesf and Fails Everywhere Else, Basic Civitas Books, New York. Global Food Security, Vol.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|forge books fails emergence encourages|9.411149|4.22632|6.9036074
1694|This paper outlines the changes expected in the field of development co-operation post-2015 as development is recast as sustainable development and coherence between policies at the international level is expected to improve. From 2016 onwards, the focus is on implementing these new agreements and shaping coherent and effective domestic policies and plans in all countries. The role of development finance is changing as domestic resources and private finance play a larger role and the links between finance for sustainable development and climate finance become more evident. The paper presents key factors that can strengthen coherence between development finance and climate finance and explores the role that development co-operation providers and their partners can play in this process.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance development coherence role paper|1.9355894|4.1967707|1.1659125
1695|Section A outlines the prerequisites fa effective innovation systems in terms of capabilities, connections and the enabling environment, and addresses key policy issues in the areas of innovation financing and intellectual property protection; sectbn B places STI policy in the wider context of overall development strategies, highlighting the importance of policy coherence and coordination; and section C discusses the reorientation of STI towards the goals of sustainable and inclusive development in the context of the 2030 Agenda. The latter is now the main theoretical foundation of innovation policies in developed and developing countries alike. Such systems develop over time, co-evolving with their economic, political, social and environmental contexts. They are less developed and more prone to systemic failures and structural deficiencies in developing than in developed countries (Chaminade and Padilla Perez, 2017).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|sti innovation developed policy section|5.241118|3.5179799|2.4628184
1696|"Other parties approach the d.school weekly about possibilities to create similar educational programmes and the staff “has helped construct curricula, demonstrate classes or offer workshops in more than 30 countries"". For example Schwartz, Lindgren and Lewis (2009, p. 57) argue that direct instruction “tends to focus students’ attention to the told-solution procedures, not problem situations, so students learn answers to a problem space they never come to understand”. With conventional approaches, students risk noticing only the eye-catching surface features of a problem and fail to recognise the structure beneath. As a result, they might not be prepared to transfer their knowledge and skills to new situations (Schwartz, Lindgren and Lewis, 2009)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|lewis problem students situations eye|8.945409|1.4934233|1.8730594
1697|However, these arrangements pose distributional dilemmas (transfers from single individuals to married couples) and tend to reinforce traditional family patterns and gender roles. Other arrangements, such as contribution credits that compensate for the impact that time dedicated to take care of children or elderly members of the family can have on women’s pension entitlements, are a positive measure but may not overcome all gender gaps in pension benefits on their own. Policies need to includes package of measures to address inequalities from their origins (i.e., reducing gender gaps in the labour market, promoting a more equal distribution of care work in the family and avoiding gender-blind policies) as well as to compensate for gender gaps in old age protection when they emerge.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender gaps compensate family pension|8.452294|5.441132|5.340844
1698|The Ministry of Health is also currently responsible for nearly all aspects of the current public health care system. Under the new national health system, the Health Insurance Organisation will take on a key administrative role. The success of this shift in responsibility will be dependent on clear, distinct lines of accountability. Mortality rates for common causes of death, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, are below the EU average.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health cancers cardiovascular distinct death|8.762368|9.143198|2.1921003
1699|The smooth implementation of market liberalisation in order to increased infrastructure investment in the region requires adequate and effective mechanisms to protect consumers. Countries that are self-sufficient in energy production may have concerns about preparing for energy emergencies and their ability to react to growing demand. Countries which import energy may be vulnerable if they rely predominantly on imports of a single fuel or from a single countty. In the long term it is principally about investment in energy infrastructure, so that energy supply keeps pace with economic development. Clear policies and measures to increase energy security improve the competitiveness of the sector and send positive signals for investors across the energy system and economies more generally. However economies across the region have ambitions to create gas markets and are developing enabling legislative and regulatory frameworks in preparation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy single economies keeps react|1.5313892|2.3133173|2.0950918
1700|Similarly, highly educated foreign-born persons were more likely to be employed than their lower-educated peers. The advantage of persons with high educational attainment also holds when comparing highly educated foreign-born persons with lower educated native-born persons. Across the Nordic Region, the latter group overall had lower employment rates than the former.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|educated persons born lower foreign|7.4842367|3.6122813|4.1306067
1701|The overwhelming majority (98 per cent) of the world’s undernourished people live in developing countries, with two thirds of them concentrated in seven nations (Bangladesh, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia and Pakistan). Most hungry people (578 million) reside in Asia and the Pacific, although the highest share (30 per cent, or 239 million people) are found in sub-Saharan Africa (figure III.2). The proportion of undernourished people ranges from under 15 per cent in Cote d’Ivoire to almost 70 per cent in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2010a).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cent congo undernourished people democratic|4.32675|5.648868|4.5383554
1702|While inter-connection of urban clusters and their linkage to international transport networks is invariably crucial to national economic development, this review will focus more specifically on transport within urban areas, as opposed to inter-urban transport, given the urgent transport challenges observed especially within large urban areas in Viet Nam. Taking a balanced approach to transport development, this policy framework gives attention to transport needs in rural as well as urban areas, while also acknowledging the interdependence of rural and urban transport systems. The 2013 adjustment has given priority to the development of mass transit systems, initially in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, in order to decongest these cities and to improve safety.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport urban inter areas invariably|4.1679935|5.012764|1.3012451
1703|Many universities have not yet aligned their programmes to the new curricula, though as noted efforts are underway to encourage more institutions to update their courses. The operating requirements and oversight for private universities in Costa Rica are extremely low (see Chapter 5). Of the 19 initial teacher education programmes that are accredited, only two are from private universities. In contrast, more than two-thirds of OECD countries have some form of quality accreditation requirement for initial teacher education programmes (OECD, 2014).|SDG 4 - Quality education|universities programmes initial teacher private|10.213731|1.5366243|2.6525726
1704|Often they are ostracized by their own families, friends and community. First, judicial practice does not grant them redress for rape as long as graphic evidence is not brought out into the open. When the conflict was over, these women were abandoned by the militia. Because of the social stigma, their families and communities did not accept them back. In Guatemala, Mayan women who witnessed violence or lost family members have suffered from psychological and physical ailments (tristeza) such as “chronic headaches, gastritis, chest pains, visual problems, respiratory infections, and psychological manifestations such as recurring dreams and nightmares, sadness, and depression”.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|psychological families recurring manifestations visual|9.765966|5.487901|7.323083
1705|In those countries, the proportion of couples where the male partner works 30 to 39 hours per week and the woman over 40 is also higher than in other European countries (results not shown). The “main-breadwinner model” is, at 34.8% (Figure 4.9, grey bars) the most common in German couple families, followed by the traditional “male-breadwinner model” where the mother is inactive or unemployed (23.9%, white bars). In France, the combination of two full-time earners is much more common with couples most likely choosing dual reduced full-time, or one partner working full-time and the other partner working between 30 and 39 hours. The third most common practice in France is the “dual full-time earner model”. The distribution of work arrangements in which the male partner does not work is much the same in both countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|partner breadwinner bars male model|9.155761|5.1103754|5.3483763
1706|It remains, however, that fleets continue to search globally for new fishing opportunities. The following will look at three principal ways that this takes place: 1) through investing abroad in foreign countries; 2) through bilateral fisheries arrangements; and 3) through fishing on the high seas within or outside RFMOs (both of which may include legitimate fishing or IUU activities). While the reasons for seeking new opportunities may be the same in the three cases (more profitable fisheries operations, spreading activities and thus reducing risks3), different policy challenges are associated with the three methods of “going global”. Government policy in respect of these areas in the country to be invested in is therefore crucial in enabling an investor to gauge the risk of investing.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing investing fisheries rfmos fleets|0.090111|5.553214|6.8768964
1707|But a note of caution is important when considering the discussion here as the potential impacts on water quality from growing agricultural feedstocks for bioenergy production, have not been fully evaluated (National Research Council, 2008a; OECD, 2008). Since many of the known adverse impacts on water quality from bioenergy production are due to the type of feedstock cultivated, there is potential to mitigate these impacts through the adoption of conservation practices and systems (USEPA, 2011). Changes in climate and climate variability that affect the profitability of agriculture will in turn lead to changes in locations of crop and livestock production, and technologies and management practices used to produce individual crops and livestock (Abler etal.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|bioenergy impacts livestock production practices|1.0980542|6.8743486|2.8754044
1708|Dignitaries in attendance included the former US Secretary of State, Hilary Clinton, the former Head of UN Women, Michele Bachelet, and five female presidents and Heads of Government at the time. The resulting Joint Statement signed by female world leaders resulted in the adoption of the UNGA Resolution 66/130 on 19 December 2011. Although institutionalised deputyship for women is not a desirable phenomenon, more women running at this level can have the potential to normalise their presence at the top.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women female presidents institutionalised statement|10.094503|4.326513|7.153087
1709|Instead of directly appraising teachers, a more appropriate role for the school board would be to ensure that school staff are complying with the legislated requirements of the appraisal system. They might also determine how' to make the appraisal process more relevant to their school, for example by supplementing common professional teaching standards with other appraisal criteria that are particularly important to their context. This is not a good setting for open feedback.|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal school legislated complying feedback|9.856956|1.2090782|1.5064317
1710|The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. In turn, effective appraisal and feedback for teachers is essential to increase the focus on teaching quality and teachers ’ professional learning. Teacher appraisal can also support the effective organisation of schools by allowing teachers to progress in their career and take on new roles and responsibilities based on a solid evaluation of their performance. This chapter describes the approaches that countries take to appraise individual teachers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers appraisal organisation effective arguments|9.767094|1.2661473|1.534088
1711|About 7% of the population reports some unmet needs of this type, with a considerable gap between high- and low-income groups (Figure 11) and between regions. About 4% of high-income households report unmet medical needs compared to 10% in the lowest income bracket Costs and waiting times are the greatest contributors to unmet needs in Poland. While most conventional medical procedures are included, the list of reimbursable drugs is nanow. Consequently, the share of out-of-pocket expenditure on pharmaceuticals in Poland (60%) is the fourth highest in the EU (after Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia) and considerably higher than the EU average (44%).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|unmet poland needs medical income|8.518977|9.286666|2.231219
1712|For poorer retirees, public pensions and other income transfers are generally the only source of income. Other sources of income are private pension schemes and the workplace, since older people in many countries continue working to earn part of their retirement income. But that is not the whole picture.|SDG 1 - No poverty|income retirees earn poorer workplace|7.6972218|5.574276|4.4927325
1713|"Secondary prevention thereby increases opportunities for less costly and invasive interventions in order to prevent the progression of the disease and the emergence of symptoms, or the ""stock of illness”.30 Examples include screening for diseases such as TB, diabetes and breast cancer. One characteristic of secondary prevention is that it occurs before the diagnosis has been made. Often these early case detections involve laboratory and imaging services."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|prevention secondary tb imaging invasive|9.323622|9.332259|2.5095387
1714|They are classified as mixed-owned if the shares of women and men are the same (e.g. companies owned by couples), and if neither men nor women alone account for more than 50% of the shares (e.g. a company 30% owned by women, 40% by men, and 30% by a non-physical person). In order to assign a gender to the different owners, an algorithm was developed to identify male and female owners on the basis of their first name. The algorithm matches the first names of the owners in the ORBIS Database with a database of 173 000 unique male and female first names by country compiled by the OECD and which expands the one used in Frietsch et al. ( In each country, at least 96% of the owners’ names are identified as masculine or feminine. The main comparability issue is represented by the fact that ORBIS’s coverage of firms is still uneven across countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|owners names owned algorithm men|9.159082|3.8004053|6.220465
1715|People also modified their habits, turning off lights when not needed, discarding freezers that were barely used and reducing their use of air conditioning. This market shrinkage had long-lasting effects, postponing the need for investment in new supply facilities. It was the largest experiment of its kind in the world and it showed conclusively that conservation measures can be very effective in meeting society’s energy needs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|postponing lights barely conditioning experiment|1.9943677|2.7288125|2.5384295
1716|Management plans are proposed by the relevant Management Committees, with participation of the relevant Scientific and Technical Committees, and approved by the Undersecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture. These Licenses are divisible, and last 20 years; after this period, they can be renewed or rendered expired, depending on the owner's behaviour regarding environmental, fishing, and labour matters. Licence holders are required to pay annually a fee for each vessel registered in a fishery managed under TQL. If the owner operates with the same vessel in a fishery that is not under TQL, the owner is only required to pay the non-TQL fee, which has a lower value than the TQL fee.|SDG 14 - Life below water|owner fee vessel committees fishery|-0.23486532|5.750372|6.9382253
1717|The seminal contribution by Arrow (1963) underlined how the pervasive market failures in health care markets lead unfettered competitive forces to lower rather than raise welfare. Nonetheless, several OECD countries have recently strengthened competition by introducing regulated choice mostly among providers and to a lesser extent among insurers. These reforms are based on the presumption that competition coupled with a good regulatory setting will improve health care service quality while limiting the adverse effects of unfettered market forces, most notably cream skimming, selective coverage, and unequal access to services. Recent evidence, mostly covering the United Kingdom and the United States, shows that competition among hospitals, if accompanied by strong and effective regulation, can lower expenditure and/or enhances quality of care (Gaynor etal., An early evaluation of the reforms initiated in Sweden in 2007 with the goal of increasing choice of primary care doctors indicate that they have improved access to health care (Anel et al., For a panel of OECD countries, de la Maisonneuve et al. (|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care competition forces choice reforms|8.625583|8.998439|1.7716306
1718|Greenpoint was hit in the late 1950s by a major oil spill of an estimated 17-30 million gallons, predominantly from facilities owned by what is now' Exxon Mobil. Decades of environmental activism by long-term residents and collaboration with more recent, and often wealthier, in-movers, have led to a cleanup process that does not automatically or exclusively lead to the “parks, cafes, and a riverwalk” model of a green city - but instead makes room for continued industrial use and blue-collar work. The core feature of a “just green enough” strategy aims at the existing working-class population and industrial land users, not just new development. Activists in Greenpoint want to achieve the cleanup of Newtow n Creek while maintaining its industrial base, a strategy designed to put a stop to speculative development attracted to a neighbourhood experiencing environmental improvements. Initiatives ranged from the recent declaration of Newtown Creek as a Superfund site, to historical battles against a waste incinerator and a new power plant, to other interventions such as the construction of a local nature trail (Newtown Creek Nature Walk).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|industrial just nature green strategy|3.5219896|4.8629885|1.9259934
1719|The net wage gap, which controls for observable differences, sits at 6.9% (18.4%-11.5%). More often than men, women tend to leave their jobs or fail to move up the pay scale, a phenomenon known as the “the leaky pipeline” or the “glass ceiling”. As a result, the share of women in managerial or direction positions, at 33% in Switzerland, does not match their 45% share of the labour force.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|share observable glass ceiling pipeline|9.086545|4.2046423|5.7706347
1720|In other words, governing through laws can easily be interpreted as lack of trust in teachers, which may in turn lead to feelings of being controlled, which could potentially harm their creativity, motivation and self-respect. On the other hand, if the quality of the teaching is not good enough, and parents and students do not feel that teachers are following the Education Act, public trust in schools may decrease. The way forward seems, therefore, to be to continue to support those teachers who seem to have taken up the four principles in the Education Act, and support the good schools and teachers as examples for other schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers schools trust act good|9.496393|1.3638515|2.1162908
1721|Various aspects of policy debate and policy formulation in Colombia view' science, technology and innovation (STI) activities as a distinct domain of the economy. Other perspectives see a central feature of effective innovation systems, and hence also of STI-related policy, as involving STI activities that are deeply and pervasively embedded in all areas of the economy and society. An extension of this idea views the national system of science, technology and innovation as a collection of actors that is distinct from, and provides support to, sectors of the economy such as agriculture, manufacturing or energy.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|sti innovation distinct economy science|5.3144817|3.726237|2.6983237
1722|Information provided by the government of Bahrain. The Millennium Development Goals and the post-2015 policy agenda for international development represent an opportunity for increasing the focus on national-level implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action, and - through the specific targets and indicators established - for measuring progress and outcomes. While almost all MENA countries have ratified the CEDAW convention, review of their national legislation, however, shows that despite a number of steps taken to promote gender equality and address gender discrimination in law, most MENA countries do not fully comply with their international commitments. The 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was ratified in 1989 and the CEDAW in 1996.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ratified cedaw mena international covenant|9.698165|4.593012|7.223881
1723|Furthermore, the allocation of the elements to the three levels will to some extent depend on the institutional and cultural context. Taking the perspective of the individual worker should not be confused with establishing indicators only at the micro level. Any assessment of quality of employment will to some degree depend on the point of view taken.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|depend micro worker establishing elements|8.078829|4.3590446|4.344648
1724|Les documents peuvent etre telecharges a partir de: http://www.oecd.org/dev/wp ou obtenus via le mel (dev.contact@oecd.org). Fontana and Paciello (2009) show for Kenya that the participation of women in sugar production has entailed a decrease of their body mass index because additional work exceeded the increase in caloric intake. In the same country, most women belonging to tea-producing households have a high level of malnutrition because they have not enough time for their own crops, whereas husbands tend to spend the income from tea for their own consumption.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|tea org peuvent wp caloric|4.490458|5.7405257|4.574805
1725|Sponsors included the FAO, the World Bank, UNDP, donor countries and other international institutions. This was the original movement for the creation of CGIAR. It is important to note that it was written in the midst of CGIAR reform.) Each CGIAR Center is an independent institution with its own charter, administrative board, head of the secretariat and staff members.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cgiar charter written center head|3.496364|5.027016|3.2364342
1726|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Climate Change Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy-makers and other decisionmakers.|SDG 13 - Climate action|papers useful oversees climate change|8.088595|3.06927|1.5566232
1727|Robotics includes approaches in which an Al system engages with and responds to environmental conditions. Symbolic systems attempt to represent complex concepts through the logical manipulation of symbolic representations. Samuel Butler's Erehwon is sometimes identified as the first literary work to allude to artificial intelligence. In the 20th century, authors such as Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke wrote compelling works of science fiction on the subject of Al.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|symbolic wrote robotics representations logical|4.905942|3.025315|2.513697
1728|Climate change is likely to influence fisheries and aquaculture production in various ways. For capture fisheries, climate change affects fish productivity and distribution through changes in recruitment, growth rates and mortality rates, as well as in the migratory patterns of some stocks. From an economic point of view, these changes will result in losers and winners, between regions or countries as well as within national jurisdictions. With respect to aquaculture production, climate change may necessitate changes in the species composition farmed in some areas depending on tolerability of the species to temperature and other changes.|SDG 14 - Life below water|changes aquaculture climate change species|-0.25976133|6.049483|6.2528577
1729|Adolescents are able to critically address the gender roles and expectations they are exposed to and can benefit from learning new roles and expectations as they transition into adulthood. Adolescence is seen as a 'second window of opportunity' to build on earlier investments or to change behaviour and provides new opportunities for those who have not fared well in childhood. Numerous efforts are being made to transform gender norms, or rules that socially regulate gender roles and expectations, and these can work alongside policies and programmes that enable women and girls to gain the necessary knowledge and skills to improve their health, economic or social status.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|expectations roles gender window adolescence|9.802381|5.0656905|6.603293
1730|In 2004, the public enterprise “Oskemen-Vodokanal” was transferred to trust management for 25 years to Almaty company IR-Group, LLP. During the tendering process, the rules of transfer of water supply facilities for lease and trust management were violated. Government expectations about enhance d efficiency and reliability of Ust-Kamenogorsk water supply and sewerage networks were disappointed.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|trust supply tendering lease sewerage|1.3665962|7.2033176|2.01546
1731|The majority of Metro Cebu population (80.4%) owns pour-flush toilets, the remaining population uses flush toilets (4.4%), pit latrines (8.7%) or do not have any toilet at all (6.5%). Only 3.4% of households evacuate black w'ater (i.e. wastewater w'ith human wastes) through sewers, while 86% is evacuated into septic tanks and 10% through drainage and therefore have no treatment. In addition, only 7% of grey water (i.e. wastewater without human wastes) is evacuated through sewerage, most being evacuated through drainage with no treatment (80%) or into septic tanks (13%) (Figure 3.3).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|septic toilets wastes tanks drainage|1.6872326|6.891695|2.6001773
1732|Its current research includes work on the development of wind, solar and oceanic energy. This financial support has allowed Indonesia to organise workshops, train staff in key institutions, develop the National REDD+ Strategy and set up a UN-REDD project management unit in the Ministry of Forestry. But unlike Indonesia, it is a middle-income rapidly industrialising, more urbanised country that hosts a large export-oriented electronics sector. Several decades of sustained economic expansion have greatly changed its natural environment, especially in East Malaysia where logging operations have led to deforestation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|redd indonesia urbanised hosts electronics|1.6273679|4.3878374|3.5532174
1733|Devising a stable funding stream is critical to ensuring a realistic planning process and encouraging co-ordinated decisions. An example is found in the United States, where metropolitan planning organisations (MPOs) were explicitly created for planning and programming federal transport funds (Box 2.2). The goal was to ensure that existing and future expenditures for transport projects and programmes were based on a “continuing, co-operative and comprehensive” (3-C) planning process. One of the most sophisticated examples of metropolitan transport co-ordination can be found in Germany. All large metropolitan areas in Germany have set up a metropolitan transport authority called Verkehrsverbund. Such transport authorities usually bring together all local governments located in the metropolitan area as w'ell as the corresponding Land (or Lander if there are several of them, as in the case of Hamburg).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metropolitan transport planning germany process|3.9322536|5.459646|1.3084826
1734|"The following groups tend to be at a higher risk of poverty and/or deprivation in the EU: workless households, large families (with three children or more), lone parent families, households with lower educated adults (see Fusco et al 2010). Furthermore, there may be substantial differences between migrant and non-migrant households and between rural and urban households. The UNICEF Office of Research presents the MODA results on an interactive web-portal (the ""Dashboard"").24 The underlying statistics are visualised in charts and tables. Primary sampling units and primary strata are re-created in the EU-SILC user database file according to Goedeme (2013). A work intensity index value of 0 corresponds to no one being in employment - i.e. a jobless household. This helps users zoom in on the results they are most interested in."|SDG 1 - No poverty|households migrant families eu primary|6.9459515|6.221781|5.1451783
1735|Partial information is available on infrastructure needs and on the costs of water resources management. In the OECD and Big 5 economies annual expenditures in the range of USD 770 billion are projected up to 2015 and over USD 1 trillion by 2025 (see OECD, 2006)!. Not least in OECD countries, environmental pressures will continue to grow, as will the expectations of the general public with respect to environmental protection and natural resource management. These factors are expected to add significantly to the costs incurred in the supply of water services and wastewater treatment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|usd oecd environmental costs incurred|1.5200485|7.246677|2.6195915
1736|As an illustration, households’ net worth in France is five times higher than GDP and it has grown by over 7% on average per year and in real terms between 1997 and 2007, compared to a 1.7% increase for GDP (Conseil des Prelevements Obligatoires, 2011). Taxing wealth at a rather low rate should thus generate large and rising tax revenues. Second, real estate accounts for a large share of household net worth (Fredriksen, 2012) and the tax can thus hardly be avoided. Third, inheritance and gift taxes, not only on immovable property but on all net assets, could offer an alternative to the taxation of lifelong saving.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|net worth real gdp tax|6.838411|5.1352863|4.305114
1737|In the case of income deprivation, the headcount ratio decreased from 37.6% in 2006 to 32.8% in 2010. Transfer Axiom: Given other things, a pure transfer of income from a person below the poverty line to anyone who is richer must increase the poverty measure” (Sen, 1976, p. 219). These figures show that one third of the population has income below the official poverty line (US$ 57.29 per capita per month in 2006) and half the population in rural areas suffers from monetary deprivation.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty deprivation income transfer line|6.4772882|6.034047|5.0226965
1738|Panel A of Figure 5.13 addresses this question by showing that the majority of informal workers who transit to formal jobs moves into fixed-term employment in urban Colombia and urban China, while the opposite holds for South Africa and Hirkey. Low transition rates from informality to fixed-term contracts in Hirkey and South Africa can be, at least partly, explained by the relatively restrictive legislation on fixed-term employment in the former and the very light employment protection rules applying to permanent contracts in the latter. This evidence points to the potential existence of a vicious cycle, in countries like (urban) Colombia, where some workers may be stuck in a back-and-forth between informality, fixed-term formal jobs and joblessness. Such a possibility weakens the claim that informal employment typically serves as a stepping stone towards good careers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fixed hirkey term employment informality|7.8963175|4.244426|4.5716276
1739|Women are now being oppressed by their own men, who do not believe that we are capable of contributing meaningfully to the society in more ways than being child bearers'. Achieving the goal of equal participation of women and men in decision-making will provide a balance that more accurately reflects the composition of society and is needed in order to strengthen democracy and promote its proper functioning' (United Nations 1995: paragraph 181). If local government is to meet the needs of both women and men, it must build on the experiences of both women and men'. Less work has been done on the actual impact of women on the nature and work of legislated bodies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men women society legislated democracy|9.732535|4.511157|7.1478553
1740|Therefore, to attract more women as clients, BDS organisations should make extra efforts to give their services higher visibility among women as well as educating them about the value of their services. However, mainstream BDS providers often do not have enough information on the specific needs of women entrepreneurs or how to effectively respond to those needs to provide such information. For example, women often lack innovative ideas for businesses because their past experience has been limited to traditionally female areas of the economy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bds women educating needs visibility|9.021989|3.3123834|6.6530843
1741|The LDCs could also explore ways of improving access to IT products in their own markets, thereby benefitting the consumers. While none of the LDCs are currently members of the ITA expansion agreement, as part of its WTO accession package Afghanistan committed to joining the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of 1996 (WTO, 2015b). The telecommunications services sector is one of the most committed services sectors under the GATS (van Grasstek et al, 2016). Twenty-two LDCs have not taken any commitments in the telecommunications sector under the GATS.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|gats ldcs telecommunications wto committed|4.875515|3.0059316|1.6991038
1742|Similarly, investors in the Philippines are struggling with a slow regulatory approval process. This does not only restrict project developers of renewable energy, but potential investors in any type of power plant, who are requested to sign a large number of permits from multiple government agencies before becoming operational (Pangalangan, 2016). With the Philippines suffering from frequent electricity outages and some of the highest electricity prices in Asia, there are multiple economic benefits to be reaped by simplifying permit procedures and easing restrictions on foreign investments.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|philippines investors multiple electricity reaped|1.8985679|1.9862676|2.4179828
1743|While the first one covers ‘the care and treatment of mentally disordered offenders’ (SOU 2006:91), the other concentrates on developing psychiatry in general (SOU 2006:100). The second report, focusing on the needs for development in the field of psychiatry, made several propositions. For instance, it suggested that government funds and ’’supports local counties to establish housing sensitive to the needs of various subgroups of people with mental health disorders”.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychiatry subgroups concentrates needs counties|10.375699|8.906682|1.6483043
1744|The OECD applauds these efforts and outcomes (some of which exceed OECD averages, as this report details). The social and economic ills of the development process -including pervasive informality, high rates of poverty, weak rule of law and inadequate institutions - affect everyone, but hit women especially hard. Men in Pacific Alliance countries are at least 20 percentage points more likely to be in the labour market than women. This is a daunting gap.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|daunting pervasive alliance informality hit|9.057562|4.256382|5.7064075
1745|Statistics on water resources include the volume of water generated within the country or territory as the result of precipitation, the volume of water lost to evapotranspiration, the inflow of water from neighbouring territories, and the outflow of water to neighbouring territories or the sea. The statistics are sourced from hydrometeorological and hydrological monitoring, measurements and models. Statistics on the quality of water in water bodies are discussed under Topic 1.3.2: Freshwater quality and Topic 1.3.3: Marine water quality.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water statistics topic neighbouring territories|0.85057414|6.8740606|2.7291892
1746|Gender-responsive oversight can ensure inclusive, needs-based security policies; strengthen the operational effectiveness of security system institutions through monitoring and evaluation; and enforce equitable budgeting. This can include providing training on gender and security issues to parliamentarians and their staff, especially those on defence and security committees; supporting gender impact assessments of proposed and existing security legislation and policies; and supporting mechanisms for public debate and consultation, such as a national consultation on security that includes urban and rural women's and human rights organisations. Supporting electoral and party reform can ensure greater participation of women and other under-represented groups in the political process. Constitutional, electoral and/or party quotas can help to achieve this.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|security supporting electoral consultation party|10.169946|4.6794662|7.4860945
1747|This standard represents the target for energy efficiency that has to be reached by all products of a product category within a certain time frame. For example, the energy efficiency of air conditioners improved by 68% between 1997 and 2004, electric refrigerators by 55% (1998-2004), passenger vehicles by23% (1995-2005) and computers by 99% (1997-2005). Overall, the Top Runner program is expected to achieve 0.35 exa Joules (eJ) of energy savings between 1998 and 2010.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|energy refrigerators efficiency passenger computers|1.9335382|2.869937|2.3859177
1748|Teen mothers are allowed to continue their education at the Centre location nearest to them for at least one school term, and then return to the formal school system after the birth of their babies. To survive with my children, I work in people's gardens for 700 Rwandan francs [about $1] a day or wash people's clothes. Compared with adolescent mothers not participating in the Centre’s programme, the rate of repeat pregnancies has been lower among girls in the programme, and more girls have continued their education, including sitting exams and re-entry into the formal education system. The more successful interventions have promoted gender equality, helped keep girls in school or reduced poverty and the economic incentives for child marriages among the most disadvantaged segments of society (Blum et al., Developed by the Institute for Reproductive Health and implemented in Rwanda in conjunction with Catholic Relief Services, the project increased knowledge and improved child-parent communications about sexuality and gender roles.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls school mothers centre formal|9.63272|5.104574|6.4078717
1749|In particular, the analytical solution by Glover and Balmer (1954), while being one of the simplest, has been widely applied in a policy context (e.g. Jenkins, 1968; Nebraska DNR, 2007). This equation allows to derive the stream depletion caused by a specific well after a defined pumping period at a constant rate of impacts based on pumping rates, distance from the stream, aquifer coefficients (storage, transmissivity) and a complementary error function (see Annex 3.A for details). The equation can be modified to account for seasonal pumping. Similarly, other more sophisticated versions are available for surface-water groundwater interactions such as partially penetrating wells or streambed clogging (e.g. Hunt, 1999; Hunt, 2012).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pumping equation stream nebraska simplest|0.731176|7.4857407|2.7823744
1750|Pressurised fluid storage (often referred to as compressed air energy storage) represents a very small percentage of the total. There has been no obvious acceleration in the rate of invention. The converse is true of France. Both Sweden and Switzerland have relatively higher counts than is generally found in other fields. In terms of technology types, active power filtering, superconducting transmission lines and flexible AC transmission systems make up almost two-thirds of the total claimed priorities (Figure 4.8). This is a first (and necessary) step in determining whether public support for RD&D in the area of energy storage and grid management will lead to increased penetration of renewable energy in the grid.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|storage transmission grid energy fluid|1.6005414|1.526452|2.087514
1751|Necessary responses include increasing geographical accessibility to higher education, improving preparation for higher education through long-term investment to schools and closer linkages between schools and higher education institutions and improving campus culture and academic and social support measures to improve retention and success in higher education. Considering the current underrepresentation of Arab population in tertiary education, steps should be taken to provide adequate support to NAI, which is the first comprehensive Arab higher education institution in Israel (see Box 2.1.). Support should also be provided to the Arab colleges of education to help them to diversify their teaching portfolios.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education arab higher support improving|7.828309|2.3864584|2.7598705
1752|However, cities also present potential opportunities, such as increased economic independence and capacity to challenge rigid gender norms. At the same time inequalities in access to health care between migrant and non-migrant populations exist in many urban locations which affect the individual and public health of urban communities. Migrants themselves can play a key role in building resilience.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|migrant urban rigid independence health|4.6357436|5.2954|2.2487218
1753|For a more accurate prediction, other factors should also be taken into account, such as resource use and distribution in the society, availability and affordability of public and private goods and services, legislation and legislative accountability, as well as societal behaviours, beliefs and traditions, among others. Deprivations measure the individual deprivation status in each of the various sectors considered as crucial for individuals' survival and development. Deprivations can stem from the lack of financial means (i.e., monetary poverty), but they can also be the result of unavailability of basic goods in the market, the lack of service provision, or societal beliefs, customs and behaviour, among other reasons. Especially regarding children some differences between deprivation and monetary poverty are expected, as children need goods and services that are more likely to be subject to missing or incomplete markets (e.g. health care, school or nutritional needs).|SDG 1 - No poverty|goods beliefs deprivations societal monetary|7.0026975|6.454751|5.1465454
1754|Since the mid-20th century, education systems have expanded enormously and human populations have never been more highly educated than today. Emerging economies and developing countries are now also relentlessly expanding their education systems, seeing education as an indispensable ingredient of modernisation and progress. Indeed, the benefits to individuals and societies of ever more education remain very impressive.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education ingredient enormously indispensable seeing|8.920633|2.2941985|2.5489423
1755|Energy costs will be controlled through improvements in energy efficiency and the limits that higher energy prices put on economic growth. There will be continued reliance on fossil based sources. Scarcity will exist for those without indigenous resources, but those with indigenous resources will progress, creating tensions on resource availability.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|indigenous energy resources tensions reliance|1.572345|2.9442313|2.2388935
1756|The Netherlands has the lowest incidence rates in terms of monetary poverty, financial strain and housing problems but slightly higher proportions of children experiencing neighbourhood problems or difficult access to basic services than other countries. Deprivation patterns in Germany and France are also mixed with their ranking vis-a-vis other countries being very dependent on the domain under consideration. Financial strain is the most prevalent problem in all countries with incidence rates ranging from 22 per cent in the Netherlands to 41 per cent in France and the UK.|SDG 1 - No poverty|strain vis incidence netherlands france|7.234104|6.4853845|5.2403646
1757|Adequate transport infrastructure is vital to overcome this gap and connect SMEs in low-density remote areas to hubs, ports and airports. The lack of such infrastructure results in a business ecosystem with higher costs than that of urban businesses. In addition, the goods and resources that provide the necessary value fail to reach the next step in the value chain or end up being more expensive and of lower quality.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|value infrastructure hubs ports connect|4.2104893|4.6737537|1.28663
1758|As shown in Figure 8, 80% of mitigation finance flows goes to middle income countries. This imbalance in climate related ODA has come under scrutiny by some commentators (Steele, 2015; Sachs and Schmidt-Traub, 2013). Meanwhile, adaptation receives 25% of climate-related development finance, with 39% of these resources targeted towards least-developed and low income countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|schmidt sachs finance scrutiny imbalance|1.570135|4.055525|1.2079146
1759|Of all commitments in the EECCA countries in 2013-14, the six largest projects were directed to either Uzbekistan or Ukraine (i.e. those supported by Japan, the World Bank Group and the European Investment Bank). This has significantly affected the entire landscape of climate-related development finance committed to the region in 2013-14. Such projects include high-efficiency gas-fired power plants, district heating, energy efficiency, transport sector infrastructure investment and water resource management (for adaptation).|SDG 13 - Climate action|bank efficiency projects investment eecca|1.8107469|3.9134338|1.3414083
1760|Although progress has been made in the last few years, and despite large-scale deployment of renewables, the share of renewables in the energy mix remains low, exacerbating continued air pollution problems across the region and putting stress on emerging economies as a result of fluctuations in oil prices. Furthermore, the rate of energy efficiency uptake still needs to be accelerated in order to unlock the immense cross-sectoral benefits. Financial barriers are of particular concern as energy transition strategies require vast sums of investment In order to bridge this financing gap, governments need to leverage funds for increased private-sector investment, which requires more stability and predictability in policymaking and the introduction of financing tools that help manage the often high investment risk.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewables investment energy financing sums|2.171307|2.9351766|1.7553942
1761|Regular household surveys are not yet undertaken in many countries, especially LDCs, and do not always follow the same guidelines for data gathering on ICTs. The rapid pace of change in technology and markets also affects the comparability of data, so that targets and indicators need to be kept under review and updated from time to time to meet changing data availability and policy requirements. More attention also needs to be addressed to building the capacity of national statistical offices and others concerned with data gathering and analysis.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|gathering data comparability kept icts|6.895516|5.541109|4.9714375
1762|The process of achieving more sustainable urban transportation systems designed with the principle of accessibility at their core is dependent on the participation of all stakeholders in cities, the authorities, the private sector and the citizens, along the lines of principles of democracy. A successful process will depend on effective governance of land use and transportation, where new housing and commercial planning will entail simultaneous transportation systems design, careful neighborhood design, strategic infrastructure investments, and fair, efficient and stable funding. The accessibility, in turn, is influenced by the availability of an efficient and effective transport system.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transportation accessibility efficient design effective|4.181371|5.1475587|0.71078116
1763|This is because Brazil is finally approaching the hard core of extreme poverty - those who are lacking in everything. Limited access to infrastructure and public services, low levels of education, precarious relationships with the world of work, minimal and unstable income, and little or no knowledge of their civil rights are some of the characteristics that combine to keep these people in poverty. Left to themselves, they do not have the necessary tools to break this perverse cycle, nor do they possess useful skills to offer the market.|SDG 1 - No poverty|perverse approaching unstable precarious poverty|6.288901|5.5545273|5.135802
1764|These include measures for residential EE (driven by utilities or local authorities) and public buildings, boiler replacement programmes, lights and appliances (e.g. utility-driven), and a switch to cleaner cars (fleet renewal) (Bowen et al., Several countries provide (or are considering) support for the construction of new energy infrastructure, especially renewable sources of energy, and incentives for EE improvements as part of their fiscal stimulus programmes. The latter include tax credits for the purchase of energy-efficient furnaces, windows and insulation, $5 billion for EE improvements in over one million lower income homes and $6.3 billion for improving energy efficiency in public housing. In 2009, the European Commission decided to allocate €3.98 billion to clean energy projects, gas and electricity infrastructure, offshore wind energy and CCS (but not to EE projects) (European Parliament, 2009).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee energy billion driven improvements|1.8265144|2.7948003|2.3301532
1765|Public goods for agriculture, such as R&D, education and rural infrastructure, are a fundamental part of the enabling environment described in earlier chapters and they are essential for agricultural growth and poverty reduction. However, governments everywhere face financial constraints and competing demands, so they must make difficult choices in allocating public resources. Which public investments have the highest returns in terms of agricultural growth and poverty reduction?|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|public reduction agricultural poverty allocating|3.9569666|5.1831174|3.696576
1766|At a minimum, the high expectations for the process and the comparatively weak outcome, combined with the significant lack of trust generated by an opaque negotiating process, led in the following months to a lack of confidence in the UNFCCC process. The resulting mobilization across the system helped to demonstrate critical linkages between climate change and sustainable development, disaster risk reduction and humanitarian efforts, as well as the feasibility and readiness of the multilateral system to support countries' actions on climate change. In addition, building on the commitment in the Copenhagen Accord to increase funding for climate change adaptation and mitigation in developing countries to $100 billion by 2020, Ban Ki-moon launched the High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Finance86 to assess potential sources of climate finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change process moon lack|1.4061779|3.8286812|1.0541458
1767|For example, some climate funds focus on adaptation, some on mitigation, some on specific geographical regions. This means that it would be challenging to distil a common definition of climate finance effectiveness. For example, climate finance that is also ODA is required, by definition, to promote the economic development and welfare of developing countries (as well as leading to climate benefits). Thus, existing approaches and frameworks in use to assess effectiveness at the level of specific interventions are often multi-dimensional. The range of objectives of different sources and channels of climate finance can also influence assessments of climate finance effectiveness. This is because managing the results of an intervention to meet multiple goals (e.g. carbon sequestration, improved local livelihoods, increased biodiversity) may lead to different choices in allocating climate finance to specific intervention types and/or locations than managing an intervention to maximise an individual goal (e.g. carbon sequestration).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance intervention sequestration effectiveness|1.7551218|4.1992993|1.2154305
1768|For instance, a drone delivery service provided by the United States-based company Zipline in partnership with the Rwandan health ministry, has slashed the delivery time of life-saving medicine to remote regions of Rwanda from four hours to an average half an hour225 (see case study on Rwanda in Chapter 2). Unassisted robots for some time have been planting seeds and picking weeds, and agricultural aircraft are spraying crops with precision to reduce chemical infiltration of groundwater in some parts of the world. Nevertheless, adoption of aerial survey vehicles is not yet within the reach of most farmers with low purchasing power.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|rwanda delivery drone aircraft robots|4.222218|4.519398|1.5772575
1769|Bars and diamonds indicate ranges and averages across models, respectively. The three world regions are defined to include the Americas; Europe, Africa and the Middle East; and Asia and Oceania. Changes shown are relative to the respective scenario without policy change. A well-functioning trading system has an important role to play in cushioning local and regional supply-side shocks, such as those related to extreme weather or civil unrest, and in mitigating their adverse impacts on food security (Baldos and Hertel, 2015).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|unrest bars oceania americas mitigating|4.574625|4.7507524|3.9020557
1770|Another would be for TIPOs to team up with platform providers for the provision of market information and matchmaking. Any move in this direction would be aimed at ensuring that big data will ultimately be used to the benefit of small firms and in the interest of the objectives pursued by individual TIPOs. Chapter 2 shows platform providers to be increasingly bundling matchmaking services, financial services and logistics services. Some of them are already doing this (Chapter 5).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|platform services providers bundling chapter|5.0117893|3.1126585|2.2162676
1771|Nearly four million m3 of timber are processed currently in the concern’s factories and mills; it is the largest single consumer of timber in the country. Despite the effort to outsource forest products and non-forest-products harvesting, only a limited share is undertaken by private companies (e.g. 13 per cent of forest products harvesting). It organizes SEE of forest management projects.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest timber harvesting products organizes|1.4609295|4.503673|3.90075
1772|Effective screening programmes for these cancers can aid detection at an earty stage and potentially reduce mortality. Specialist nursing positions in diabetes and cardiac care for chronic patient groups have also been introduced. In 2003, a list of activities for which primary care facilities are paid a small fee was introduced, which complements the primarily capitation-based reimbursement system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|introduced capitation complements cancers detection|9.232604|9.577158|2.567297
1773|It aims to improve the responses that people in mental health crisis situations receive from services, and in particular, to keep people in mental distress, who have committed no crime, out of police cells. The amount of activity from local leads on mental health and policing is unprecedented, and people are set on finding local solutions and agreements through joint action planning. There were 7,881 cases in 2012/13, down to 6,028 cases in 2013/14) The Department is working closely with the Police to monitor further progress this year. Previously, some Trusts did not treat these cases as emergencies, now all have signed up to provide initial clinical assessments within 30 minutes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental cases police people policing|10.4002495|8.85725|1.6831105
1774|Of note, however, son-preference in urban areas lias declined over the years due to the empowerment of women and higher gender equality. They are found to be lower than their maximum value as a result of delayed marriage and marital disruption, the use of contraception and induced abortion and post-partum infecundability (Bongaarts, 1982). The indices of marriage, contraceptive use, induced abortion and postpartum infecundability, as well as the TFR and TF, as obtained from the Bongaarts model for the years 1997 and 2002 by residence are presented in table 5.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|abortion induced marriage partum tfr|9.28286|5.4107275|5.897061
1775|According to one of the authors of the IPCC's special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, reaching this target is 'technically possible, [but] it's extremely improbable, absent a real sea change in the way we evaluate risk. We are nowhere near that' (Drew Shindell in Milman 2018, September 27). The fulfilment of its goals depends on creating a positive cycle of climate action that will raise ambition over time among state and non-state actors.|SDG 13 - Climate action|drew technically state fulfilment absent|1.1634496|4.1077538|1.8633872
1776|In its 17th electoral term, the Bundestag set up 22 Permanent Committees, including the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. It shares its opinion on all bills, motions, reports, resolutions and European Union issues that concern families, senior citizens, women and youth. It focuses on support for children and families, measures to help parents balance their work and family lives, promoting equal treatment of men and women, helping senior citizens to lead independent lives and involving youth in communities. Advisory and consultative councils, particularly widespread in Latin America, also are useful in maintaining relationships between national gender institutions and civil society actors and women’s organisations; such councils can exert “soft” pressure on governments to help hold them accountable for gender equality commitments.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|senior citizens youth women councils|10.076666|4.364901|7.3766484
1777|There is also the wubao programme that aims to maintain the basic living standards of the elderly, the disabled and some children (those with no supporting family, no income and no ability to work) often through the provision of in-kind services. Benefits usually include food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses. Depending on the physical condition of the person, care can be given either separately or collectively. Such policy instruments are important for safeguarding the living standards of vulnerable members of the rural population.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|living standards safeguarding clothing care|8.78332|8.40817|2.4872847
1778|It aims to connect the various parties involved in international trade in order to cut the filing, verification, processing and coordination costs associated with cross-border transportation - according to Maersk, documentation and bureaucracy can represent up to one-fifth of the total cost of moving a container. Many start-ups are developing autonomous robots that operate alongside humans and track inventory on shelves in warehouses, factories and distribution centres. A German online retailer that uses machine-learning algorithms to predict what customers are going to buy has developed a system so reliable that it can predict with 90 per cent accuracy what will be sold within the following 30 days (The Economist, 2017b). This results in better supply management by cutting down inventory, and reduces the time required for delivery.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|predict inventory bureaucracy filing robots|4.5641727|3.260701|2.34853
1779|Under pre-independence customary law, women’s access to land was primarily through their husbands, fathers or some other male relative. Under the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002, there are no bars to gender equality in the allocation of communal land - but there is no direct articulation ofthe principle of non-discrimination, nor any affirmative action for women. Land continues to be allocated by traditional leaders, with the allocations being ratified by community land boards, about one third of whose members should be women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|land communal women affirmative bars|9.245549|4.9889407|7.2269692
1780|Multilateral ODA are official contributions to multilateral agencies, whether negotiated, assessed or voluntary, for which the governing boards have the unqualified right to allocate as they see fit within the organisation’s charter. However, DAC statistical system also tracks flows from multilateral organisations to countries, or multilateral outflows. The use of multilateral agencies as an intermediary is illustrated in this figure as the provision of fixed broadband (right side) in which a router transforms the signals coming from cables and creates a Wi-Fi network.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|multilateral agencies right wi cables|1.710016|4.0191736|0.85886794
1781|As illustrated in the example of Frankfurt, the creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated fare integration and expansion of the public transport supply, which can support more inclusive economic development (Box 5.9). A few authorities also enjoy competencies in terms of public parking and sometimes urban spatial planning, which can help guide an integrated urban development strategy and promote inclusive growth throughout the entire metropolitan area. The widely documented experience of Bogota and Seoul in conducting extensive reforms of their public transport systems suggests that urban transport systems can help reconcile economic, social and environmental objectives (Box 5.10).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport urban metropolitan inclusive public|4.133624|5.138599|0.95959294
1782|It compares these financial needs with expected biodiversity expenditures over a medium- to long-term planning horizon. National biodiversity targets are typically articulated in NBSAPs and other key national strategies such as NDPs, sectoral development plans and climate change plans. The plan proposes steps to implement a balanced mix of prioritised finance solutions to sustainably manage biodiversity finance and achieve national biodiversity targets. Based on the findings from the Biodiversity Expenditure Review and the Financial Needs Assessment, the amount that is currently financed is 20% of the total annual requirement.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity targets national plans finance|1.6467242|5.305497|3.7806556
1783|In addition, the use of products and energy from sustainably managed forests to substitute for non-renewable materials and energy sources contributes to climate change mitigation. There is potential to further develop all these approaches, although, there are tradeoffs between these strategic objectives as well as with other forest management objectives. The benefits for biodiversity can already be seen in the recorded increase of the dead wood component in commercially managed semi-natural forests. In some ECE countries the international commitments on biodiversity, notably the Aichi biodiversity targets, are being implemented, although there is no authoritative progress report yet.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity forests managed objectives aichi|1.4756135|4.763304|3.7610412
1784|In particular, participants underlined the need to engage stakeholders through fisheries co-management processes and to develop synergies between SSF and other related sectors, such as tourism and recreational fisheries. As such, the need to develop indicators to measure the economic and social impact of SSF both in quantitative and qualitative terms was highlighted, including the impact of SSF on coastal communities and the interaction between SSF and other marine industries (transportation, tourism, oil and gas, etc.). The need for a characterization of SSF was also discussed and was highlighted in the context of improving SSF data collection. Participants also called for a study on social protection programmes for small-scale fishers, recognizing the importance of these programmes in supporting management measures. In addition, best practice guidelines for the enforcement of SSF co-management schemes in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea should be produced.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ssf highlighted participants management tourism|-0.21772243|5.6283197|6.6021876
1785|This is one of the highest rates in the OECD. Similar to other Latin American countries, income inequality in Mexico is also very high: in 2012, the average income of the top 10% in Mexico was 30.5 times greater than that of the bottom 10%. This is the largest difference in the OECD, and compares unfavourably to an OECD average of 9.6 to 1 for the highest versus lowest decile (OECD, 2015d). Poverty is more pronounced in female-headed households (USAID, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|oecd mexico highest decile usaid|6.8006616|5.7692895|5.2097197
1786|However, the economy will need much more in the way of investment, technologies, technical know-how and market access from the developed countries that have made repeated promises to earmark resource transfers to support the transformation process in developing countries. Green Globe Members save energy and water resources, reduce operational costs, positively contribute to local communities and their environment and meet the high expectations of green leisure and business travelers’. See: http://greenglobe.com (accessed 18 February 2014).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|green promises globe repeated leisure|2.0531015|3.9942632|2.2782795
1787|Resistance among people living in risk zones to moving to secure places is another example. Citizens are aware of environmental problems, but not of their role both in creating the problem and resolving it. The strategies for development and climate change in both Mexico City and the State of Mexico promote the need for public consultation in forums and seminars, but there is little evidence of a strategy to actively engage the public in policy decisions, and the voluntary sector’s involvement in climate change actions is limited.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mexico resolving seminars forums climate|1.4657056|4.898392|1.7457672
1788|In particular, they do not link to the extensive field of the Energy Technology Innovation System (ETIS), and do not fully touch upon how innovation is financed, adopted and diffused. Technology push and market pull policies need to be properly modelled because it is the proper combination at both ends of the innovation chain which offers the best prospect of accelerating the pace of innovation. This is equivalent to a technology supply-push and contrasts with the accumulating evidence around market-based technology learning.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|innovation technology push accumulating touch|2.00526|2.7621124|1.9315643
1789|If these improvements would have taken place anyway, using them to offset biodiversity losses jeopardises the equivalence of an exchange. Conservation measures already required by law, such as noxious weed control, may be required even in the absence of offsets programmes, so allowing them to contribute to an offset overstates their actual contribution to conservation. The principle of ensuring that offsets comprise demonstrably new contributions to conservation is known as additionality (ICF GHK and BIO Intelligence Service, 2013). In the Netherlands, for example, the additionality of biodiversity offsets is a legal requirement under the Dutch Nature Conservation Act (de Bie and van Dessel, 2011) and in England, the Guiding Principles for Biodiversity Offsetting state that “offsets should not being used to deliver something that would have happened anyway.”|SDG 15 - Life on land|offsets conservation additionality biodiversity offset|1.8208623|5.5245204|3.9859724
1790|Ecotourism is an important sector with green growth potential and should be further promoted. In addition to access fees for federal protected areas and reserves, other instruments to capture the international public good benefits provided by protected areas should be explored (see also Alpizar, 2006). For instance, in Belize, an environmental tax is levied on visitors upon departure.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected ecotourism belize departure levied|2.2634835|4.900039|3.3662918
1791|Available from https://www.zawva.com/ar/storv/ij i A'1 lj«Ji 13 qL jjijL. jjUo; -ZAWYA20140822070302/ (accessed 30 March 2015). To mitigate these losses, AOAD identified several measures that need to be implemented, among which are the development of storage and transport infrastructure, such as refrigerated warehouses, silos and refrigerated transport means, and the improvement of marketing services and information systems. An example of the last is the establishment of the “Egyptian Food Bank” in 2006 aimed at ending hunger by 2020 by limiting food waste and distributing saved food to the needy. It is logical and fruitful to think of the marriage between natural resources (land and water) that are available in some countries, such as Mauritania, Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic, and the economic capacity of the GCC countries.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food transport needy ij ar|4.1877933|5.2426777|3.9780636
1792|With the possible exception of sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of stunting is rapidly decreasing, but child overweight is increasing [43]. Undernutrition in children is expected to be associated with greater child food insecurity. The magnitude and direction of any association of overnutrition with child food insecurity probably depends on the severity of the food insecurity. In part, the slippage among these constructs reflects limitations in the data that are currently available.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity child food undernutrition constructs|4.5522017|5.8111043|4.6576166
1793|As with many of the determinants of adolescent pregnancy, long-term solutions must be multidimensional and address underlying problems, such as gender inequality, negative attitudes of boys and men towards girls, norms that perpetuate violence and impunity, poverty that compels girls to engage in sex as a survival strategy, and inadequate protection of human rights. Narrowly focused interventions are not enough, and efforts centred on changing a girl’s behaviour fail to reflect the multidimensional nature of the challenge. Keeping girls on healthy, safe and affirming life trajectories requires comprehensive, strategic, and targeted investments in adolescents that address the multiple sources of their vulnerabilities, which vary by age, income group, place of residence and many other factors.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls multidimensional address narrowly trajectories|9.721024|5.2211623|6.421816
1794|Studies of changes in EPL for Chile and Colombia do find that weaker EPL is associated with declines in job tenure, higher separation rates, and increased hiring in the formal sector (Freeman, 2009). Using a firm-level dataset for a set of 16 industrialised and developing countries, Haltiwanger et al. ( If labour legislation reduces the ability of firms to adjust their workforce accordingly, particularly in downturns, it may have effects on aggregate performance.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|epl downturns industrialised dataset separation|7.5881214|4.6210213|4.251063
1795|Their ability to consider multiple independent criteria in evaluating the acceptability of a given policy strategy does not require the heroic assumptions necessary for formulating an aggregated welfare function in policy optimization models. Because the algorithms applied by policy guidance models are similar to those of optimization models, they also require a highly simplified representation of dynamic system components. Optimizing models either apply global averages or distinguish a limited number of geopolitical regions. Most policy evaluation models, in contrast, determine climate impacts on a geographical grid (often 0.5° latitude by 0.5° latitude).|SDG 13 - Climate action|models optimization latitude policy require|1.2939065|4.7514305|1.611807
1796|Unless otherwise noted, comparisons of student performance refer to the performance of students on the mathematics scale. The analysis is conducted both before and after accounting for the school systems' per capita income (i.e. per capita GDP). The analyses are undertaken first for OECD countries and then for all countries and economies that participated in PISA (Tables IV.1.1, IV.|SDG 4 - Quality education|iv capita performance participated tables|9.591201|2.0649173|3.1246748
1797|Nevertheless, capacity credits remain low in the best of cases, usually in the 10% range or below. Furthermore, the capacity credit declines with increasing penetration of variable renewable resources, as stable 24 hour demand needs to be met and the system no longer can rely on the fortuitous matching of intermittent supply and peak demand. Their advantage, however, is that such outages are rarely correlated and can frequently be co-ordinated over time (see Chapter 3).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|outages demand capacity intermittent hour|1.5755736|1.4057317|1.931861
1798|The Australian Industry Group (AIG) is concerned that there is a lack of comprehensive skill development pathways for the emerging technology sector, with sustainability one of the key areas. The report argues, in relation to construction for example, that the design and construction of energy-efficient buildings is emerging as a major driver for skills, including the design of new buildings and components, as well as the installation of new technologies and retrofitting or upgrading of current or old technologies. Skill demands vary, with some tasks requiring a variation of existing skills whilst others require a set of new skills and knowledge, as well as integration of skills from different trades, such as electrical and plumbing skills. Sustainability has become a high priority training area for the community-based Registered Training Organisations (RTOs). Interest in sustainability skills is also increasing in most disciplines.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|skills sustainability buildings skill emerging|2.4150715|3.2900188|2.288336
1799|The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted in 1966, states in article 10(2) that marriage must be entered into with the free consent of the intending spouses. In its general comment No. It also notes that States parties are obliged to prevent third parties from coercing women to undergo traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation. In addition, the Convention contains specific provisions in relation to forced marriage (article I6(l)(b)) and early marriage (article 16 (2)).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage article parties covenant undergo|9.783947|5.364657|7.2624784
1800|Only in the Dominican Republic and Uruguay did GDP rise by more than 2% (see table 1.1). The countries drew on solid macroeconomics built up during the economic and financial boom, applying countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies. The simple average inflation rate for the region as a whole was 4.7% in 2009.|SDG 1 - No poverty|macroeconomics drew countercyclical boom dominican|6.319794|5.409203|4.991829
1801|Education systems can also consider providing financial incentives for oversubscribed schools to enrol migrant students (Field et al., For example, school funding may be weighted according to socio-demographic characteristics of the student population. The idea is that good schools will seek to enrol migrant students from low socioeconomic backgrounds because they know that with the additional money provided they will be able to provide additional support for the child to show improvement trends and reach performance levels (Hoxby, 2001).|SDG 4 - Quality education|enrol migrant additional schools students|9.786308|2.4352462|2.550952
1802|In other words, at the global level, there has been no decoupling of material footprint growth from either population growth or GDP growth. It is imperative that we reverse that trend. In 1990, about 8.1 metric tons of natural resources were used to satisfy an individual's needs. In 2017, that rose to 12.2 metric tons, an increase of 50 per cent.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|metric tons growth decoupling footprint|1.6683825|3.3590121|2.9304729
1803|Spending one hour per week on homework is associated with a 15% reduction in the probability of scoring poorly in mathematics, compared to doing no homework. Devoting two hours per week on homework is associated with a 36% reduction in that likelihood, and three hours per week is associated with a 50% reduction. The probability of scoring poorly continues to decrease as the number of hours spent on homework increases, but only up to a point, after which there are nil returns on the investment (OECD, 2016c). They can include the lack of a suitable, quiet place at home to study, the need to contribute to family and other activities, inadequate parental guidance or supervision in students' younger years, lack of confidence in their ability to understand or complete the homework, and lack of interest in the task and/or subject matter.|SDG 4 - Quality education|homework week scoring hours associated|9.573419|2.0515108|2.965882
1804|Speeds are enforced with automatic enforcement (video-based time over distance cameras in the more recent schemes). The use of the hard shoulder for through traffic at times of high congestion is a common feature. The aim of ISA is to discourage or even prevent speeding, by informing drivers about the speed limit for a road, warning them about excess speed and in the most sophisticated systems preventing speeding by use of an electronic speed limiter. The fundamental distinction in ISA is between advisory (warning) systems, which typically beep at the driver when speeding over a certain threshold is detected, and intervening systems, which typically limit speed at, or just over, the speed limit.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|speed speeding isa limit warning|4.335619|5.1227446|-0.048892654
1805|Thus, all countries need to borrow results of either cost or effectiveness studies from other settings, but the fact that most published studies are very specific to a particular context makes this difficult. To address this need, WHO-CHOICE reports results by 14 global subregions (i.e., sets of similar countries), and has developed tools enabling country-level analysis too. Like all cost-effectiveness analyses, GCEA focuses on only one outcome: population health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|effectiveness studies results borrow subregions|8.795561|9.285119|2.6509998
1806|While not as high as some of its European Union (EU) neighbours, the result is nevertheless encouraging. Africa has also been a world leader in gender diversity at the corporate board and chief executive officer (CEO) levels, with African women holding 23 per cent of positions in executive committees in 2016. At the CEO level, women occupied 5 per cent of positions, compared with a global average of 4 per cent that same year. It also reviews women's ownership of companies and agricultural holdings and the extent to which they are overcoming barriers to ownership such as inheritance.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ceo executive cent positions ownership|10.23215|4.1412477|6.8010106
1807|The total net government financial expenditures in support of the fishery sector were 4.9% of the total export value in 2006/2007. Its purpose is to provide for the utilisation of national fisheries resources while ensuring their sustainability and avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse environmental effects. The Act and the subordinate fisheries regulations provide for the fishing interests of commercial, recreational, and customary Maori fishers.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries maori subordinate total provide|0.18922344|5.784669|6.855915
1808|This information was previously requested on a voluntary basis, and may be challenging to provide. The Paris Agreement also includes various qualifiers related to climate finance. For example, financial resources provided must be “scaled up”, and take into account developing country needs and strategies. Mobilisation should also represent “a progression beyond previous efforts”.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mobilisation progression requested scaled challenging|1.3766899|3.7289572|0.7922126
1809|For reforms to take root and bear fruit, however, aspirational legal commitments to equality must permeate national laws and eventually evolve into social norms. States that commit to international conventions and principles establishing general standards must incorporate them through their constitutions and amendments to domestic legislation. They are also committed to regional standards on gender equality and non-discrimination. In Libya, the ratification of a permanent constitution is expected to replace the provisional Constitutional Declaration, in place since August 2011.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality standards aspirational ratification constitutions|9.835229|4.692377|7.2152777
1810|At the moment, female educational attainment clearly dominates male educational attainment in a majority of industrialized countries. This is true for several measures of attainment. Women are in a clear majority among secondary school graduates, among students enrolled in tertiary education, and among tertiary graduates. Furthermore, judging from recent trends, it seems likely that the gender gap in educational attainment will keep on widening in favor of women in the future.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|attainment educational graduates tertiary majority|9.43053|4.2236|5.8362393
1811|Emergency care units in hospitals, mainly those in big cities, consult with ambulance teams to identify the appropriate hospitals for transfer and if needed, doctors are sent from large cities to care for patients coming from other regions. Emergency care is provided based on guidelines, and the compliance to guidelines is monitored. Although this is a promising achievement, it does not yet appear to be reflected in key indicators of the quality of acute care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care hospitals emergency guidelines cities|9.179048|8.860832|1.6948483
1812|These include the development of comprehensive, coherent policies, as well as a stable policy environment and well-functioning institutions (IIGCC, 2011; Mani, 2012). Developing an agreed national strategic vision and systematic response to climate change across government and within national plans encourages donors of international climate finance to respond to “demand-driven” country priorities. This facilitates the ability of countries to meet aid effectiveness principles. For example, donors can only meet the Paris Declaration principles of aligning climate finance behind domestic objectives and ownership if national strategies, plans, and priorities have been developed. Many developing countries (e.g. Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya) have established such strategies and plans, but they are not yet place in all countries benefitting from international climate finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate plans finance donors principles|1.7350236|4.12801|1.215891
1813|The share of tradable goods and services explains more than half of the Gross Value Added of three (Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeonsangbuk-do and Jeollanam-do) out of five predominantly rural regions in 2016, in contrast to the remaining two rural regions (Jeju-do and Gangwon-do), which depend more on non-tradable sectors have recorded lower rates of GDP per capita growth over 2000-14,. However, challenges related to the quality of environment are not rural specific per se in Korea as it concerns the country as a whole. The level of air pollution is slightly lower in the selected TL2 region than at the national level.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tradable rural regions lower explains|3.9964406|4.815982|0.9290064
1814|Already the NSF-led programmes in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s relied heavily on the expertise of academic specialists and, to a lesser extent, on teachers, in designing a new type of content and novel strategies for its delivery (Cuban, 1992; Elmore and Sykes, 1992; Elmore, 1996). In Korea, the recent curriculum development process built on commissioned research and was conducted by a working group composed largely of experts from the Korea Educational Development Institute (Box 4). Indeed, in most OECD countries, experts tend to participate in curriculum development work undertaken within specific governmental committees or working groups - sometimes even within agencies particularly specialised on curriculum. In Ireland, curriculum development is undertaken by the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment, an advisory body to the Minister of Education (UNESCO, 2007f).|SDG 4 - Quality education|curriculum experts undertaken development korea|9.345582|1.923405|1.8631246
1815|The developed economies are in a technological race to develop more efficient electricity generating systems without C02 emissions; and governments are providing major support to R&D in this sector. The United States Energy Secretary has recently said that the country could either develop the next generation of clean energy technologies, which would help to create thousands of new jobs and export opportunities in the United States, or else it could wait for other countries to take the lead (see [ online] http:// energy.gov/articles/energy-department-takes-first-step-spur-us-manufacturing-small-modular-nuclear-reactors). Clean energy technology transfer is one of the negotiating points in international conversations on climate change mitigation, and although no specific proposal has yet emerged in this regard, FDI in renewable energies can be expected to be one of the main vehicles for this transmission (Peterson, 2008).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy clean develop modular reactors|2.0141084|2.8224263|2.0115438
1816|However, in absolute terms, new immigrants add to the net inflows of every major occupational group. This means that the inflow of new foreign-bom workers deviates from the native-born pattern of occupational growth. Considering gender differences, the same pattern is observed for both men and women. Occupations are ranked in order of increasing average annual employment growth rates from 2000 to 2010. A positive difference in shares means that proportionally more new immigrants entered the group. ( Ol) Legislators, senior officials and managers, (02) Professionals, (03) Technicians and associate professionals, (04) Clerks, (05) Service workers and shop and market sales workers, (06) Skilled agricultural and fishery workers, (07) Craft and related trades workers, (08) Plant and machine operators and assemblers, (09) Elementary occupations.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers immigrants occupational occupations pattern|7.207947|3.696828|4.2327857
1817|More funds should be provided, however, to help implement these strategies and support the development of new ones so as to reinforce the resilience of the food production system. Several policy scenarios illustrate the potential of Government investments in physical infrastructure to drive productivity growth and enhance food production capacity. The first scenario assumes an increase of public investment in agriculture by the Government equivalent to 2 percentage points of GDP over the period 2016-2030.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food production assumes illustrate government|3.971597|5.1475086|3.843603
1818|High judicial appointment records show minimal, if any, consideration, for gender balance as a criterion for selection. Overall, women held less than one-third of senior positions in the judiciary in 2015 and occupy only 2 of the Supreme Court’s 11 seats (Figure 5.5). It has also contributed decisively to a series of reforms that have introduced and effectively implemented quota requirements in the Federal Electoral Law.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|supreme appointment judiciary occupy electoral|10.387217|4.232427|6.934051
1819|By 2007, UCLG ed that local expenditures in Brazil were to 8.3 per cent of its GDP - the highest n Latin America. While it has waxed and waned in many countries as central governments have failed to fully relinquish financial control over municipalities even when directed to do so by legislation, cities have emerged with generally stronger financial tools than they had going into the period. But as their growth has continued to outpace their ability to provide services for their citizens, they have had to deal frontally with one of the central issues of the Habitat Agenda: the need to provide adequate housing, particularly for the poor.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|outpace central financial ed provide|4.1240726|5.660695|2.1570513
1820|Agricultural modernisation inevitably leads to farm consolidation and the release of labour, which creates a clear employment problem for current small farm operators and farm workers. These points to the need for broader rural development initiatives that can provide a more diversified regional economy in rural areas, to absorb these released workers. This has been the experience of OECD countries over the last 100 years, as they increased agricultural output, reduced the number of farm workers and increased the financial well-being of farm households to close to, or even above, the level of their urban population.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farm workers agricultural rural inevitably|4.1124835|5.2021484|3.7445176
1821|In Portugal, patient experience indicators are among those used to contract primary' health care. While most OECD health care systems have at least few surveys to collect PREMs, it is often not done in a standardised way (as seen in Korea and Australia) and it is often collected infrequently (in Japan, for example, PREMs are collected once every three years). In a system where PROM data are publicly reported, they can be used to help patients make better-informed choices. Ideally, PROM data should be fed back to clinicians to help them improve the care and outcomes of patients.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|collected care patients help clinicians|9.1759|9.545817|1.9602144
1822|Putting Mexican water policies on a sustainable financial basis can effectively contribute to several commitments of the Pact for Mexico, in particular the one related to the National System of Programmes to Combat Poverty (commitment 6) and the one related to making farming a more productive activity (commitment 65). Should this initiative be revived, it would be an opportunity to ensure that the framework conditions are set to enhance the cost-effectiveness of water policies in Mexico, and to make sure that initiatives in other sectors do not work against and add costs to water policies. It would aim to make the best of public budgets and to enhance the financial contribution of water users. Well-designed and targeted accompanying measures would be needed to facilitate transition.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water commitment enhance policies mexico|1.6861371|7.1853924|1.8526886
1823|Ill health is both a consequence and a cause of poverty. Yet, globally adult well-being. This is the grim picture for the general public; the situation among youth is likely worse. The relationships can be controlled by adults or youth, or the control can be shared. For example, a variety of youth-led initiatives have been developed in the Arab region such as the Y-Peer network, the Arab network for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, and the Middle East and North Africa Youth Network of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|youth network red arab worse|9.778281|5.3180733|6.48233
1824|While the UNDP’s Gender Empowerment Measure and the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Index take such factors as accessibility of skilled or high-paid jobs into consideration, the indicators used here cover the majority of the elements of the UN’s Gender Related Development Index and the replacement Gender Inequality Index. One issue with internationally comparable indicators is that they are insufficient for many purposes, because they do not provide information on the socio-cultural environment, including culture and embedded social relationships (Malhotra, Schuler and Boender, 2002; Bartlett, 2004; Oxaal and Baden, 1997; Ibrahim and Alkire, 2007). For a more detailed discussion of the issue, see Branisa et al. ( The year men were granted the right to vote is defined as the year where universal suffrage took place, meaning all men could vote regardless of their income, ethnicity or any restrictions, whereas such a distinction has not been made for women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|index vote gender issue suffrage|9.383871|4.5335298|6.698371
1825|The report is published under the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the views of the OECD or its member countries. There is notable variation also in irrigation strategies, and in water supplies and demands, in eastern and western regions of the United States. In western states, irrigation provides most of the crop water requirements, while in eastern areas irrigation is largely supplemental.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation western eastern supplemental states|1.0311145|7.3293724|3.040183
1826|Yet, the distance of the Gender Equality Unit from the apex of decision making has significantly curtailed its influence. It has been transferred to the Presidential Office of the Court to increase its leverage, but its influence on decision making is still uneven and depends on the personality of the President of the Court. Its task is to assess gender equality in the activities of the three branches of the judiciary (the Supreme Court, the Federal Judicial Council and Electoral Court) and play a co-ordinating role among the three branches of the judiciary. Parliament uses such gender-sensitive practices as flexible working arrangements and teleworking.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|court judiciary branches gender influence|10.168816|4.2698503|7.147347
1827|The increased volume of old, inefficient vehicles in Georgia supports the increase of total final energy consumption levels by the transport sector from 2008 onwards (figure 7.2). After the repair of gas pipelines and improvements in accounting, losses decreased to 3.44 per cent in 2006. Kaztransgaz (the Tbilisi gas distribution company) launched a project in 2008 to reduce methane leaks in above-ground infrastructure in the Tbilisi gas distribution system under the UNFCCC Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tbilisi gas distribution leaks cdm|1.5099827|2.292469|2.2958171
1828|The current challenge is to practically and effectively implement the principles advocated in these agreements. Diverse ecosystems are considered to be more resilient and have a greater ability to withstand changes in the environment, such as ecosystem shifts and climate change. For example, the abundance of northern shrimp and crab stocks in the North East Atlantic may be a result to some degree of the overfishing of their predator, Atlantic cod (in addition to potential changes in oceanic conditions). For example, large sharks (which are slow maturing, long living species) play a role as a key predator in the ecosystem.|SDG 14 - Life below water|atlantic ecosystem changes withstand shrimp|-0.032149|5.935497|6.121841
1829|Another common practice within this ethnic group is where a victim of defilement is required to get married to the perpetrator. This practice is extended within the Buganda region and in some clans in Acholi region, whereby when a girl is defiled the parents will offer the girl to the defiler for marriage,22 even if the girl does not wish to marry her defiler. Among the Baganda,23 prior to the enthronement of the king, it was a customary requirement that he have sexual relations with a virgin girl commonly known as ‘Nakku’.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girl practice perpetrator virgin king|9.594018|5.4441586|7.0182333
1830|Overall responsibility for the health care sector rests at the national level, with the Ministry of Health and Care Services which determines national health policy, prepares legislation and allocates funds. The Ministry of Health and Care Services owns four Regional Health Authorities which are responsible for the provision of specialised somatic and mental health care. The 19 Norwegian counties are responsible for the provision of statutory dental health services while the 428 municipalities have responsibility for primary somatic and mental health care as well as nursing care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care mental responsibility responsible|9.981451|8.928479|1.844936
1831|It presents a conceptual framework for indicator use and, building on the indicator frameworks under the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), provides an overview' of indicators that are beginning to emerge. The chapter concludes with an overview of possible indicators that could be used to monitor and evaluate mainstreaming biodiversity efforts across the range of different types of policy responses. Other structures see failure to deliver expected results as an opportunity- for learning. National Climate Change Adaptation: Emerging Practices in Monitoring and Evaluation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264229679-cn.|SDG 15 - Life on land|overview biodiversity indicator indicators cn|1.5632845|5.3694596|3.9461277
1832|It thus pays to have highly qualified teachers who address gender-specific attitudes within the classroom. Many studies and test results show gender differences in competency levels in these subjects. According to the 2012 OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), an evaluation of competencies in reading, mathematics and science for 15-16 year-olds, on average, students in OECD countries perform better than students across the Asia/Pacific region (Table 2.1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|students competency gender pays subjects|9.638878|2.2828116|3.208432
1833|The currently available inventories, statistics and other official documents do not yet follow the protected area categorization mentioned in the 2011 Law, and continue to use previously assigned, traditional designations, e.g. national park or historical-natural park instead of state nature park. This is probably caused by the fact that the area of Muzkul nature preserve, entirely located within the boundaries of the Tajik national park, is always counted separately, which adds to the total. Other protected area categories occupy much smaller territories, as the total area of five botanic gardens, 13 botanic stations and field nurseries, and three tourist-recreational zones amounts to 731 ha, 10,000 ha, and 15,300 ha, respectively. The area of all 26 state monuments of nature is so small that it is not even indicated in statistics.|SDG 15 - Life on land|park area ha nature protected|1.5110546|4.9838443|4.183616
1834|The Peruvian case shows that, when agricultural programmes aim to reach the poor, the targets of these interventions could overlap with social protection programme targets (Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusion Social, Gobiemo del Peru, 2012). The synergies created by the targeting system in Peru allow for implementation of a more cost-effective targeting strategy and also for improved monitoring of the coverage of social protection and agricultural programmes (Cirillo, Gyorgi and Soares, 2014). The options range from stand-alone, sector-specific, social protection or agricultural programmes, to integrated interventions that combine social protection and agriculture, to sectoral interventions that are aligned to maximize complementarities. In certain circumstances, categorical targeting can be cost-effective for selecting programme beneficiaries based on easily observable characteristics.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|targeting protection social interventions peru|6.821093|5.9061046|4.171733
1835|Due to the absence of widely available and economically feasible storage, each electricity system has to maintain a constant balance between supply and demand by adapting the generating power. Load also needs to be adapted to forecasted and unforecasted changes in supply and demand as well as to unexpected faults in the system, such as the unscheduled shutdown of a generating unit or transmission line. Such load following allows the alignment of the overall system supply with daily, weekly and seasonal demand variations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|demand load supply generating shutdown|1.4989222|1.3962858|1.8731467
1836|By imposing an additional constraint on the way aid money is spent, Aid for Trade has the potential to have a negative impact on developing countries. More importantly, Aid for Trade may not be addressing the fundamental concerns with the global trading system and aid system that gave rise to it, and instead has become a means for both the aid and trade communities to paper over their weaknesses without doing much for the fundamental concerns of poor countries. Our proposal is to make aid and trade liberalisation work for poor countries and tied directly to specific development objectives. In fact, perversely, the global trading system is still stacked against the poorest - the areas of trade where barriers are the highest (agriculture, textiles etc.)|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|aid trade fundamental trading concerns|5.4906516|4.9077964|4.2399592
1837|While economists have tools to provide proxy values for these non-marketed goods and services (e.g. contingent valuation) there application to guide policy decisions can be difficult. As a consequence the short-run marginal cost of water supply for irrigation systems can be very low except for the costs of pumping water through the delivery system. These characteristics of water supply make it likely that there will be a monopoly supplier in any given area, requiring a high degree of managerial and social control.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water marketed supply economists monopoly|1.3845698|7.554966|2.3118994
1838|It then looks at the evolution of inequality across the groups of countries defined by the four-speed world classification presented in Chapter 1. In many cases, fast growth has been accompanied by increased inequality, further complicating the challenge of poverty reduction. The chapter further looks at efforts to make growth pro-poor and goes on to argue that, measured in relative terms, poverty remains a significant obstacle even in converging countries that have successfully reduced absolute poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|looks poverty inequality chapter converging|6.2353005|5.5934396|4.8263135
1839|The management system and tools used in a multispecies fishery can have large impacts on the cost of rebuilding. Using economic incentives such as those created by individual or group quota systems can reduce rebuilding costs by harnessing the knowledge and skills of fishermen to the task of reducing catch rates of a rebuilding stock. Most fish stocks are still managed as if their productivity is static and unaffected by the dynamic ecosystems of which they are a part.|SDG 14 - Life below water|rebuilding fishermen harnessing static quota|-0.2373104|5.891282|6.9002814
1840|Indigenous representation and participation in decision-making with regards to health policies, planning and evaluation at the national level and their right to participate in decision-making in local health facility management are critical to improving indigenous access to health services. Indigenous peoples seems to fall behind in all major health indicators employed by the existing mainstream health policies and programmes even when the state has made significant progress in economic growth and social development. Irrespective of the HDI of the country and growth rate, indigenous peoples have a lower rate of life expectancy, higher infant and child mortality, poorer maternal health outcomes and lower levels of access to health services provided by the government, including development of and access to information on indigenous health and health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health indigenous peoples access services|9.585144|8.277586|3.3411496
1841|It is important to keep in mind however the limitations of using survey data for such an analysis. First, household surveys typically provide reliable information only on the amount of different types of benefits received by an individual or household over the period of a year. The measured share of youth who receive benefits at any time during the year will generally not be a good estimate of the benefit receipt rate at a certain point in time (i.e. in a specific month) unless if benefits are typically paid for periods of close to a year. For this reason, receipt rates estimated using annual survey data may be different from those obtained from administrative records, where shorter spells of benefit receipt can often be observed (for a discussion see Immervoll, Jenkins and Konigs, 2015).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|receipt benefits year typically survey|7.3408804|5.309011|4.6795454
1842|The situation is similar at the level of local government: female elected councillors are underrepresented in all regions of the world and female mayors even more so. Furthermore, the “glass ceiling” has hindered women’s access to leadership positions in private companies. This is especially notable in the largest corporations, which remain male-dominated.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female mayors glass underrepresented hindered|10.377913|4.4551964|7.2003508
1843|Mismatches between employers’ needs and what the education and training system provides lead to skills gaps, over-reliance on imported labour, domestic unemployment and economic under-performance. The position in 2008 of OECD member, accession and enhanced engagement countries is shown for comparison. In column (2) from 2007. The exceptions are the rate for Belarus - which some independent commentators suggest is lower than in reality23 - and Georgia’s rate, which is not only much higher than the OECD average but also twice as high as the highest of the four partner countries shown.|SDG 4 - Quality education|shown rate mismatches accession column|8.740475|2.9147263|3.161192
1844|If education w'ere all about imparting content knowledge, developing and evaluating pedagogy would be all about establishing the best methods to promote memorisation and understanding of knowledge and concepts. But discipline-centric pedagogies cover only part of what a teacher, school or system might want to develop in students and there has been a concerted shift towards pedagogies which develop higher-level personal and social competences, driven by at least four factors. Second, societies and industries founded on digital technologies require people to manage and use a more complex array of information and increase the value of social skills. Third, societal changes have increased the complexity of choices and tasks young people face as they transition from adolescence to adulthood. Finally, in some quarters there has been a pushback against the intensified focus on standardised assessments of cognitive skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogies develop centric knowledge skills|8.728791|1.5945759|1.8748425
1845|Notably, development processes must be adopted to take account of the connections and disconnections among development-related actors, policies and laws in a non-homogeneous and non-harmonious society. Social exclusion results from either the systematic exclusion of poor people from having choices and using their capabilities, or more circumscribed social, political, economic or cultural barriers to their participation. Whether through deliberate or circumstantial marginalization, social exclusion reinforced and perpetuates poverty.26 Temporary access to income or a temporary fulfilment of basic needs does not generally address such deeper facets of poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|exclusion temporary social harmonious facets|6.7528667|6.1161847|4.77112
1846|A pilot of this programme in 2010 supported nine projects. The extent of the benefit depends on the score obtained in the university selection test (PSU). It includes at the minimum the payment of 100% of tuition fees if the student is above a given cut-off score. But it can also include a monthly stipend (if above a higher cut-off score) and a semester studying abroad (if above an even higher cut-off score). There are indications that, as a result of this initiative, the average PSU score of students entering teacher education has increased in 2011. A further initiative is the “Choose to Teach” (Elige Educar) campaign which seeks to promote teaching through a variety of actions, including the monitoring of the social status of teaching, scholarships for individuals with experience outside education who would like to join teaching, and interventions in schools to provide information about teaching and raise awareness among school agents of the importance of teaching as a profession.|SDG 4 - Quality education|score teaching cut initiative stipend|9.563722|1.4179153|2.1401193
1847|In Kansas, analytical methods have been used to determine whether additional groundwater is available for appropriation. For the Lower Republican River Basin and Belleville Formation in Kansas, the Jenkins method (a graphical approach based on the Glover-Balmer equations; Jenkins, 1968) has been used to estimate the cumulative volume of stream depletion that occurs in one year after the day pumping begins for an application to appropriate groundwater to see whether the new appropriation is acceptable (Kansas Department of Agriculture, 2010). The Glover and Balmer method has been employed in Colorado to evaluate the current and projected stream depletion impacts of water pumped and discharged during coalbed methane production (Papadopulos and Associates and Colorado Geological Survey, 2007).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|kansas colorado appropriation jenkins stream|0.7384223|7.5573597|2.7753403
1848|For example if most of the costs fall on students - as in some forms of post-secondary training in some countries - then it is reasonable to expect that student choice will dominate the mix of provision. But in Tunisia, the cost of providing VET at upper secondary level mainly falls on the government rather than employers. One very constructive way for employers to make more of a contribution to training, and at the same time obtain many benefits for themselves, might be through the provision of workplace training and experience, which they already do quite successfully in the programmes under the ATFP, but that could be replicated in the rest of the system, in particular in the licences appliquees (professional bachelors) in universities. In this context, Box 4.10 provides some interesting examples of mechanisms to influence the mix of provision, drawing from the experience of OECD countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|provision training mix employers secondary|8.549581|2.8597205|2.8770316
1849|Cities are essential actors in stimulating green infrastructure; and urban finance is one of the promising ways in which this can be achieved. Cities are key investors in infrastructure with green potential, such as buildings, transport, water and waste. Their main revenue sources, such as property taxes, transport fees and other charges, are based on these same sectors; cities thus have great potential to “green” their financial instruments.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|green cities transport infrastructure potential|3.2888398|4.637524|1.8764925
1850|On average, for every 1 % of additional pre-crisis health expenditure growth there was a 0.9% drop in health expenditure after the crisis. This recession was in many ways deeper, has lasted longer and has experienced weaker recovery than previous recessions such as those experienced in the 1970s and 1980s (OECD 2012). Patterns of health care expenditure have also been remarkably different during the psot-2008 recession.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expenditure recession experienced crisis health|8.807064|8.822957|2.5464838
1851|In some contexts, rural non-farm activities are also major sources of local economic growth (e.g. tourism, mining and timber processing). The RNFE is of great importance to the rural economy because of its production linkages and employment effects, and the income it provides to rural households represents a substantial and sometimes growing share of rural incomes. Often this share is particularly high for the rural poor.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|rural share timber mining linkages|4.375142|5.3836136|3.7976017
1852|Criteria on the attribution of costs to services with public goods characteristics, such as flood control, should be harmonised according to transparent criteria. Higher, cost-reflective prices for irrigation water would also go a long way in reducing groundwater pollution through the use of chemicals. Numerous studies have shown that more efficient water use reduces agricultural pollution (e.g. Calatrava and Garrido, 2010). A recent government report (MMA, 2007a) shows that access to these data needs to be improved.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|criteria pollution reflective garrido mma|1.4403594|7.3651943|2.4084885
1853|"While the share of the population in extreme poverty in each region has fallen since 1990, with important variations across countries, the decline has been faster in South Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa looks set to be the only region that will not achieve the first Millennium Development Goal target of halving extreme poverty at a S1.25/day level by 2015.10 Of the remaining extreme poor, 161 million live in East Asia and the Pacific — with the largest number in Indonesia. Other regions together account for less than 50 million (just 3.5 percent) of the world's extreme poor."""|SDG 1 - No poverty|extreme asia million poor halving|6.0584426|5.850721|4.81868
1854|During an electricity overproduction phase, hydrogen is produced by electrolysis, compressed and stored for later use in a fuel cell for electricity generation. The disadvantage of hydrogen is the tow energy efficiency of the storage system, at slightly above 50 per cent, when electrolysis is applied for hydrogen production, in comparison to 75-85 per cent for PSH, batteries or compressed air (Hammerschlag and Mazza, 2005). The biggest advantage is the longer time horizon over which energy can be stored.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydrogen compressed stored electricity tow|1.5738167|1.9209753|2.2368848
1855|They have the potential to improve human capital and innovation outcomes in Penang. The scale and expertise in health and medicine should be applied to develop strategies to increase the quantity and quality of health care provision across Penang and the Northern Corridor Economic Region. There are many opportunities to improve regional development in Penang and the Northern Corridor Economic Region, for example by providing an opportunity to: i) address the regional health challenges, ii) undertake multi-disciplinary research on the inter-connections between improving education, social and economic conditions and improving health outcomes, iii) provide community-based medicine and ambulatory care facilities and iv) provide innovations in medical education and health care delivery.|SDG 4 - Quality education|penang health corridor medicine northern|7.118079|2.5698364|2.4727097
1856|Formerly known as Durban, the city has been praised for a renewal project (Warwick Junction), which has opened spaces to informal businesses such as street vending.17 The new planning approach was a joint cooperative initiative between public officials and organized street vendors, highlighting the suspension of traditional master plans in favour of a more collaborative approach. This included the type of inter-departmental coordination and participatory planning needed for street trading, bringing public agencies, which otherwise work in silos, into collaboration with one another. The municipality also made sure that street vendors and their preferences guided the (low-budget) design, facilitating project ownership.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|street vendors project planning departmental|4.0031633|5.2078404|1.4925765
1857|It would be beneficial for Central Asian railways to offer integrated freight-forwarding and logistics services across the region. Practically, this means they are organised around a significant number of terminals - which, in turn, are connected to warehouses within the urban railway network. Moving a single wagon typically requires a long series of logistics operations. The wagon is first loaded at a warehouse connected to the railways. It is then sent to the main terminal of its city to be consolidated into a freight train. It might then go through successive marshalling before reaching the terminal of destination.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|terminal railways freight logistics connected|4.2936745|4.6398478|1.0997281
1858|Second, due to a significantly narrower tax base in emerging economies than in most OECD countries, a switch towards general taxation might not be as advantageous in terms of reducing the distortionary effects of taxes on labour. Raising income and corporate taxes, which weigh mainly on the formal sector, would limit the reduction in disincentives to formality. There is thus room for more risk pooling, as it would reduce the overall cost of contributoiy programmes. Risk pooling refers to the collection and management of financial resources in a way that spreads financial risks from an individual to all members of the programme. From a policy perspective, risk-pooling arrangements attempt to manage the need to subsidise care for people with the highest health risks (horizontal redistribution), the lowest ability to pay (vertical redistribution), or both when facing a health shock (Baeza and Packard, 2006). Besides, by exploiting economies of scale, risk pooling can reduce the average cost of the benefit package compared with multiple programmes, each with their own administrations and information systems.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|pooling risk redistribution taxes risks|8.439121|8.497474|2.253028
1859|The key finding was that students’ general cognitive abilities interact with the level of structure provided by the teacher: students who score lower on measures of general ability do better in teacher-controlled learning environments, in which teachers maintain a high level of control, lessons are broken down into small units, with direct instruction and frequent feedback. The contrary holds for students with higher general ability, who benefit from so-called discovery or learner-centred learning environments. The concept of “adaptive teaching” was a response to this realisation in which teachers are seen as best able to make moment-to-moment decisions about what works for each of their students. As learners gain in aptitude through experience with respect to the instructional goals at hand, such teaching adapts by becoming less intrusive.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students moment general environments teacher|8.83425|1.5129019|1.8266255
1860|This envisages all children with different impairments being integrated in regular schools. The policy requires differentiation and work against the stigmatisation of disabled children. The Commonwealth Education Fund (CEF) was set up in 2002 to co-ordinate international NCO funding for education in 16 Commonwealth countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|commonwealth impairments envisages differentiation children|10.224457|2.4073079|2.0233505
1861|The maritime sector, a truly global industry, can directly support the achievement of the SDGs as shipping has a significant role to play in helping create conditions for increased employment, prosperity and stability through promoting maritime trade. Much of what happens within the oceans is in fact hidden, so it can prove challenging to engage people compared with other Goals, where the objectives may be far more visible and relatable. But given that ocean life supports all forms of life on earth, Goal 14 is an important Goal nonetheless.|SDG 14 - Life below water|maritime goal life hidden truly|0.061175644|5.591831|6.0270953
1862|According to climate experts, this would result in a surface temperature increase of 4.8°C over the period 2081-2100 as against the average for 1986-2005, a rise in sea levels of almost one metre, the proliferation of extreme climate events (such as droughts, torrential rainfall and stronger hurricanes), together with worsening food insecurity. Measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii went up by more than three parts per million (ppm) in 2015. The spike is due to a combination of human activities and the El Nino weather pattern.|SDG 13 - Climate action|metre ppm hurricanes nino spike|1.2129555|5.19645|2.2593822
1863|Another example of requirements within this category could be to set a requirement to an automatic detergent dosing system for washing machines avoiding over-dosage and overconsumption of detergents. By including requirements to the manufacturing the labels expand the scope from a product focus towards a production focus. The Ecodesign Directive, as the name states, mainly sets requirements to the design of the product, however targeting the environmental performance of the entire product life cycle. Therefore setting direct requirements to the manufacturing process might be outside the scope of the Directive.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|requirements product directive manufacturing scope|1.2888092|6.369764|2.0297034
1864|"Waara concludes that the gender identity of the youth contributes to their feeling of being in or being out of the local context. Thus, he finds that the young people, who have a traditional gender identity, to a greater extent, are involved in and connected to the local community, as opposed to the young people with a ""modern"" gender identity who display a weaker place attachment. Waara additionally concludes that young women feel more tied up with the locations and the gendered position they are offered, and that this contributes to their desire to move: ""Insofar as young women have more ""to gain"" than young men by leaving the asymmetric gender roles, an explanatory dimension around the skewed sex ratio is established at the cultural level"" (Waara 2003:198, own translation)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|young identity gender concludes contributes|9.528126|5.048051|6.667635
1865|In line with this approach it is the sexual exploitation that is central for the violation in sex trafficking, not the actual movement of crossing borders. The exploitation of women in prostitution is considered as the most severe form of male domination, and can according to the approach in this study, not be separated from sex trafficking. A methodological consequence of this is that both sex trafficked women and what others perhaps would define as migrants for sex work and sex workers are categorized together in the study. The thematic fields and the questionnaires that were formulated in the study reflect this approach.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sex trafficking exploitation study approach|9.665437|5.4527965|7.4086504
1866|Some colleges developed partnership-teaching, in w hich basic skills specialists and course tutors worked together to offer support as part of a course. This approach had two advantages: it allowed to support those w'ho were reluctant to attend targeted workshops, and it related basic skills development to the student’s course. Those who received basic skills support were three times less likely to drop out. They also had better completion (those on a two-year course) and qualification rates (those on a one-year course) than those who did not receive support. The Relationship between Basic Skills Support, Drop Out, Retention and Achievement in Further Education Colleges, Basic Skills Agency, London.|SDG 4 - Quality education|course basic skills support colleges|8.649092|2.4652693|2.6582062
1867|In mathematics, 67% of students scored at level 1 or below which indicates that they struggle to undertake very basic operations and interpretations (PEN, 2015). The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which focused on the performance of 15-year-olds in science in 2015, shows that Costa Rica performs well below OECD countries and at no more than the average level for Latin America (see Chapter 1). The high proportion of 15-year-old students who lack basic skills in science (46%) and do not reach the level of achievement (level 2) regarded as the minimum needed for full socio-economic participation is one of the largest among PISA participating countries and more than double the average across OECD countries (21%).|SDG 4 - Quality education|level pisa science oecd basic|9.727258|2.2288773|3.1953595
1868|A strong mismatch in Russia between needed investments in road infrastructure and growing car ownership results in congestion, overused roads in poor conditions and deteriorating public transport systems. The share of car trips in Russia (68%) is still lower than in such OECD countries as France (84%), Sweden (83%) and Belgium (75%), and it is likely to increase further, to similar levels (Donchenko, 2013). Investments in transport, particularly urban public transport infrastructure, are insufficient to accommodate growing urban mobility needs and to compensate for chronic under-investment during the late Soviet period. Sub-national investment capacity for urban transport infrastructure is low and federal investment programmes are too sparse to have a sustainable impact on municipal transport systems (Box 3.10).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport russia car infrastructure urban|4.327807|4.966175|0.8733851
1869|But reported cases of lowering water tables, ecosystem damages, saline intrusion, stream depletion, and land subsidence observed in some of the most important OECD agricultural regions provide evidence of highly damaging external effects that call for policy responses. Lack of information on groundwater resources is bound to lead to an inability to identify and adequately treat groundwater problems. Information collection is costly and needs to respond to a demand, but insufficient investment in groundwater information and data will prevent effective management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater information intrusion subsidence saline|0.75095785|7.515621|2.7154763
1870|Innovative pedagogies can play an important role in this. Assessment of such competences demands the use of complex and authentic tasks rather than being excessively focused on discrete knowledge. Teacher modelling, demonstrations and the presentation of information remain highly relevant but framed with the ultimate objective of promoting students’ performance and their active role in solving tasks.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tasks authentic excessively framed pedagogies|8.799648|1.4466289|1.7836549
1871|Hong Kong, China as well as Japan, the Republic of Korea and Singapore have developed well-functioning integrated urban transportation systems that are based on attractive pub lie transport and restricted use of private vehicles. Country and city authorities could initiate policies to promote their use through providing tax rebates. Many guidelines,14 technical standards,15 case studies16 and sourcebooksl7 that focus on a particular aspect of urban transport and mobility are readily available.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport rebates urban initiate lie|4.025267|4.8040233|0.6864549
1872|Waddington (2009)14 points out that while water supply interventions appear ineffective - averaging a negligible and insignificant impact on diarrhoea morbidity compared to controls - water quality interventions on average lead to a 42% relative reduction in child diarrhoea morbidity (with a 95% confidence interval). Such authors argue that treatment at point of use is more efficient than treatment at the point of source (via a community water treatment plant, for example) given that there are many opportunities for treated water to become unsafe alongside the transportation process (Waddington, 2009; Wright et al., These interventions can include ceramic water purifiers, SODIS, sand biofilters, etc. An example of efficient water treatment interventions at household level is described in Box 2.2. Only certain areas are affected by high arsenic levels, but tens of thousands of people have already been showing skin discoloration and other more serious manifestation of chronic poisoning, including neurologic, vascular and carcinogenic effects. Water quality interventions conducted over longer periods tend to show smaller effectiveness, while impact appears to fall markedly over time.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|interventions water treatment diarrhoea morbidity|1.439263|6.754313|2.6048245
1873|A one point increase in perceived income inequality (on a scale of 10) reduces life satisfaction by 0.1 points. This is lower than the OECD average, but consistent with findings in other Anglo-Saxon countries (di Telia et al., Unemployment, inequality and well-being (cont.) However, the literature provides clear evidence that unemployment operates also through non-pecuniary channels.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|unemployment inequality pecuniary di operates|7.312842|5.202989|4.8581295
1874|Pharmaceuticals (on the PBS) are provided to patients of Aboriginal Health Services at the time of consultations and at no cost to the patient, by a suitably qualified and approved health professional, in accordance with state law. Pregnant women are exempted for inpatient and outpatient care related to the pregnancy. Children under 4 only pay EUR 1.30 per prescription medicine and no co-insurance.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aboriginal exempted prescription pharmaceuticals pregnant|8.411364|9.280147|2.1383486
1875|Accompanying measures can play an important role: water pricing (in Jersey; or Southern Water’s transition scheme in England), education and information (in Australia), and competition for nondomestic consumers (in Scotland). The Netherlands, Singapore, Israel and Ontario have worked on linkages between their utilities, industries and universities to develop innovative w'ater enterprises both for the home and international markets. The response from the private sector comes from several perspectives.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ontario accompanying scotland ater water|1.4516218|7.567544|2.1617165
1876|On the export side, the increases in trade were driven principally by wheat exports, for which the annual volume almost doubled and annual value more than tripled between 1995-97 and 2008-10. Kazakhstan ranks today among the world’s top ten wheat exporters (sixth in 2011/12). On the import side, trade growth was underpinned by the improvements in incomes and the strengthening of the national currency.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|wheat annual trade tripled underpinned|3.8597536|4.917971|4.2240286
1877|This has led to inequalities in opportunities and outcomes for personal and professional development. Research on time use, and particularly the analysis of time-use survey data, has revealed patterns of inequality in time distribution and allowed the quantification of time allocated to daily activities. It has also identified the conditions that affect time distribution and allocation for specific tasks according to the rules of the patriarchal system within families and the dominant gender system in the public arena, providing statistics to reflect unpaid domestic and care work and their effects on the lives of women and on gender relationships.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|time distribution quantification arena patriarchal|9.04357|4.8906255|5.546173
1878|The Canadian federal government provides financial incentives for the period 2008-2017 for the amount of litres produced in Canada under its established the ecoENERGY for Biofuels Program (Natural Resources Canada, 2012). In addition, there are programmes at provincial level in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Saskatchewan, the duration of which varies per province (Laan et al., At federal level for example these are the National Biomass Ethanol Programme, which accepted applications until 2006, the Ethanol Expansion Programme, which ran between 2003 and 2006, the ecoAgriculture Biofuels Capital Initiative, which lasted from 2007 to 2012 and the Biofuels Opportunities for Producers Initiative, which provided grants to biofuel producers between 2006 and 2008 (Laan et al.,|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|biofuels ethanol canada producers initiative|1.5190268|3.0046585|2.9242663
1879|The programme has grown to 56 in 2007/08, 242 in 2008/09, 332 in 2009/10, and is projected to enrol 422 in 2010/11. The project involves students from all Israeli universities and colleges with children from disadvantaged socio-economic background in undertaking cultural and educational activities. Perach student mentors work in all sectors of Israeli society - Jewish, Arab, secular and religious.|SDG 4 - Quality education|israeli mentors jewish enrol undertaking|7.9283547|2.344998|2.565103
1880|This calls for the adoption of clear responsibilities for financing investments that would better take into account the bigger picture. It declines when several levels of government are involved in key health-care decisions, as is the case, for example, for financing new hospital building and high-cost equipment in several countries, including Poland (OECD, 2010a). According to Zukowski, the NFZ should play such a co-ordinating role, including planning of long-term needs, prevention, and financial and quality supervision.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|financing bigger supervision ordinating including|8.6652775|8.972233|1.9737827
1881|This makes the analysis of time use patterns and the role of bargaining power vital for understanding household dynamics and women's labour market participation in China; these insights will contribute to the development of policies that promote gender equality and improve women's well-being. More specifically, we examine whether women's relative bargaining power decreases their time or share in domestic and care work. We focus on a sample of 13,505 couples drawn from die 2008 China National Time Use Survey (CTUS) data.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bargaining time women china power|9.027019|4.7676744|5.6018004
1882|The unsold recyclables are stored at the sorting plant. Daily coverage by inert material is not regular, because the landfill is lacking stable supply of inert material. Therefore there is a restriction to receive only municipal waste, and the need for supply of cover material was omitted. The Rustavi landfill is the ideal place to test new approaches on how to change the current practice of waste management on a small scale. The cost of the first phase, which includes landfill infrastructure, roads, buildings, leachate collection/treatment, gas collection/treatment, fencing, gate, weighbridge and first waste disposal cell, was US$7.85 million (15 million lari). The second phase was budgeted at US$5.47 million.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|landfill material waste million phase|0.43475577|4.0470366|3.132556
1883|The latter is innovation that adapts existing technologies for local uses, making those technologies more widely available (Dutz and Sharma 2012). One is the new market mechanisms that will be set up as a result of the Agreement. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) proved to be an important mechanism for delivering investment to developing countries in areas that mitigated climate change.12 Chapter 6 of the Agreement provides for a market mechanism that will be further elaborated by the Parties in subsequent meetings (Commonwealth Secretariat, 2016).|SDG 13 - Climate action|mechanism agreement technologies mitigated cdm|1.4502158|3.4437444|1.6709281
1884|This first step (Section 8.2) is needed to obtain a quantitative and objective index of vulnerability which could be used to monitor the actions recommended by the IPoA. Revealing the overall characteristics of the LDCs in terms of vulnerability to climate change as well as their heterogeneity in this respect, and consequently in the required adaptation policies, constitutes the first step of this chapter. We highlight the highest vulnerability of LDCs to climate change compared with other developing countries and we analyse the heterogeneity of their vulnerability profiles. Progress has been achieved in this regard under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) through the adoption of decisions at the sixteenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention in Cancun, Mexico, in 2010.’|SDG 13 - Climate action|vulnerability heterogeneity convention step ldcs|1.2945461|4.8152337|1.6513324
1885|Referral for family-planning services and further diagnosis and treatment for complications of pregnancy, delivery and abortion, infertility, reproductive tract infections, breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system, sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS should always be available, as required. Active discouragement of harmful practices, such as female genital mutilation, should also be an integral component of primary health care, including reproductive health-care programmes. Reproductive health-care programmes should be designed to serve the needs of women, including adolescents, and must involve women in the leadership, planning, decision-making, management, implementation, organization and evaluation of services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|reproductive care including health planning|9.499312|5.86411|6.2205234
1886|The NSC approach has been piloted in several countries including Botswana, Colombia, Ecuador, and Tunisia. Many of these tools were refined and modified in readiness for supporting the global monitoring of the urban SDGs. Other United Nations bodies have developed complimentary initiatives to support SDG 11 monitoring, one of the most recent being the United for Smart Sustainable Cities Initiative.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|monitoring piloted botswana united refined|3.6750333|4.8199816|1.6765147
1887|"It is driven by the intersection of hazards, exposure and vulnerability. Water shortage arises from conditions of scarcity, which can be defined as “an imbalance between the supply and demand of freshwater as a result of a high level of demand compared to available supply, under prevailing institutional arrangements (including price) and infrastructural conditions"" (Winpenny, 2011). Economic scarcity exists when there has been underinvestment in water infrastructure to supply sufficient amounts of water. Absolute scarcity exists when there is no affordable source of additional water, or where the costs of additional water supplies exceed the benefits of their provision."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|scarcity water exists supply additional|1.2630584|7.286279|2.6688178
1888|In India, for instance, factories employing more than 100 employees are required to gain permission from the Ministry of Labour before making any dismissals. Figures from the Ministry of Labour’s annual report show that in 2006, only 24 firms were given permission to dismiss a total of 884 workers. Despite this, job destruction rates in large manufacturing firms are relatively high, suggesting that many enterprises are able to evade this requirement (Venn, 2009). A survey of judges, labour inspectors, employment centres, employer organisations and trade unions in Russia shows also that labour law enforcement is seriously lacking: almost 85% of respondents think that non-observance of labour law is a serious or very accute problem, with hiring, contracts, dismissal, pay and working time being the areas of labour law most frequently violated (Gimpelson et al.,|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labour permission law firms ministry|8.05732|4.454646|4.3433213
1889|It would need to include targets for mixes of land-uses, density and access to services including transportation and education. A national land-use framework that encourages municipalities to increase their share of flexible, mixed-use zones would also facilitate this. In areas of conditional planning that lack zoning, an alternative set of standards would need to ensure a minimum level of services and manage negative externalities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land mixes need zoning encourages|3.9128435|5.4946685|1.6560274
1890|From 1970 to 2004, average daily calorie intake per capita has fluctuated in the range of 1 950 to 2 350 kcal. Average intake of calories in 1980 in India was about 63%, and by 2013 it was 73% of OECD levels.4 For protein, intake was 50% of OECD levels in 1980 and 59% by 2013. While some progress is evident over time, the extent of the difference has not changed rapidly. However, there does appear to be an upward trend in this ratio since the middle of the last decade.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|intake kcal calorie fluctuated calories|4.2509046|5.5217037|4.6023674
1891|There is recognition within the MEP that the reformed assessment should move from assessing content knowledge to examining students’ skills in applying and using knowledge in ways that demonstrate higher-order competencies. This will be a significant improvement on the previous assessment, which captured only a limited range of learning activity. But the new assessment should include other modifications as well.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment knowledge mep modifications reformed|9.568429|1.6448406|1.3083303
1892|Lastly, Ribas and Soares (2011) show that in poor areas Bolsa Familia negatively affected the hours worked but impacted positively on the participation of other household members in the labour market. Chile Solidario promotes public work projects or facilitates the process of looking for a job via enrolment at the local employment office (OMIL). Indeed, table 3 shows that the programme is successfully achieving this aim given that the share of households working thanks to Chile Solidario or OMIL (5.4 per cent) is higher than for the control group (2.5 per cent), the difference being statistically significant. A similar pattern has been observed by Galasso (2006), who showed that the programme directly increased employment among beneficiaries in urban and rural areas by 6 and 4 per cent, respectively.|SDG 1 - No poverty|solidario cent chile familia bolsa|7.3057766|5.9303617|4.457053
1893|In 2000, about 76% of lone-mother households received their main income through wages and salaries (Japan Statistical Yearbook, Table 2-19). In 2006, the single-mother employment rate was 84.5%, the second-highest reported by an OECD country (OECD, 2007b; Sekine, 2008; and Zhou, 2009). Although many single mothers work full time, their earnings and incomes remain relatively low (see Chapter 4).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|mother single yearbook lone salaries|7.6791434|5.909273|5.2120705
1894|In a previous OECD review of evaluation and assessment in Denmark, Shewbridge et al. ( It could draw on the professional teaching standards that Denmark once these have been developed, but also take school-based indicators and criteria as well as school objectives and contexts into account. It can be low-key and low-cost, and include self-appraisal, peer appraisal, classroom observation, and structured conversations and regular feedback by the school principal and experienced peers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal school denmark low structured|9.721992|1.667376|1.5213305
1895|They can also be obliged to do so if the aquifer they exploit is declared overexploited. The associations establish norms for distribution and control, regulate the use and maintenance of shared hydraulic systems, organise the shared payments and resolve problems among members. They play an important role in the RBAs, to which they assign members in the users’ assembly, which in turn elects at least a third of the members of key decision-making units in the RBAs, including the governing board.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|members shared overexploited hydraulic assign|0.8814085|7.288638|1.8552033
1896|They describe several challenges that might limit the ability of some countries to implement virtual water strategies, such as the potential risk of losing food sovereignty, the lack of markets for non-food crops, and inadequate infrastructure in rural areas. The authors suggest that improvements in water management practices might be more helpful than implementing virtual water trading strategies in some countries. One goal of such improvement in the discourse might be considered as determining how to utilize the attractiveness and compelling nature of the virtual water and water footprint metaphors as starting points for enhancing public interest in water resource issues, while not relying on virtual water discussions alone to guide public policy decisions. Since the mid-1990s, these metaphors have generated notable public attention and interest in one of the world’s most important, yet limited, resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|virtual water public strategies discourse|1.1875209|7.4562187|2.3244753
1897|In parallel, Hungary reformed its subsidy system; today, the subsidy is targeted towards areas that face very high costs of service. Municipalities can apply for central subsidies if the costs (before subsidy) faced by the residents exceed a certain threshold. In 2010, the threshold was HUF 321/m* (EUR 1.2/m*) for bulk water bought, HUF 485/m* (EUR 1.8/m*) for total residential water supply costs and HUF 985/m* (EUR 3.6/m*) for combined residential water supply and sanitation costs. Subsidy claims are resolved by an inter-ministerial committee, led by the Ministry of Rural Development, which allocates the total available budget appropriation taking into account criteria such as the residential water consumed during the previous year, the expected changes in water consumption, the effective and predicted costs of service and whether the claims of concerned municipalities are supported by the board of representatives.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|subsidy costs residential eur water|1.4916421|7.4131083|2.2776644
1898|Importantly, it also looks at the role of specific health system characteristics and policies to determine their importance in explaining cross-country variation in the quality of CVD acute care. It examines cross-country variation in recommended heart failure practice and analyses whether the degree of adherence can be explained by health system characteristics and policies. These data provide a comprehensive picture of health care expenditure, health care use and resources, lifestyles and risk factors, health care quality and health outcomes. The statistics that relate directly to CVD and diabetes care and outcomes provide the basis for the statistical analysis presented in this report.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care cvd variation cross|9.218872|9.175486|2.4942951
1899|Regulations from 2005 setting maximum allowable biomass have been effective in addressing eutrophication for older fish farms in several fjords. Forthcoming new regulations will increase the monitoring obligations (MOFI, 2009a). Meanwhile, further efforts are needed to regulate cod farming, given the magnitude of its environmental impact relative to the current size of the business.|SDG 14 - Life below water|regulations eutrophication allowable cod regulate|0.16505153|5.9535685|6.5677075
1900|The latter are headed by lntendentes, who are the direct representative of the President of the Republic in each of the 15 regions. Councils (Consejos regionales, COREs) supervise the lntendentes' duties and approve the Regional Plan for Urban development (Plan Regional de Desarrollo Urbano, PRDU) as well as the Inter-Communal or Metropolitan Master Plan (Plan Regulador Intercomunal o Metropolitano, PRI or PRM), as proposed by the SEREMIs. In addition, communal master plans (PMC) need to be submitted to CORE’S approval if they are not included in existing PRI or PRM.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|plan communal master cores supervise|3.8143976|5.4374027|1.753893
1901|The new mental health indicator was designed to measure the response to anxiety and depression disorders through the delivery of the improving access to psychological therapies programme (NHS Outcomes Framework 2013/2014). Spending on disability benefits represents a significant economic burden on the public finances of many OECD countries. On average, spending on disability benefits is equal to 2% of GDP in all OECD countries, with spending as a percentage of GDP as high as 4-5% in Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden (OECD, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|spending disability oecd gdp therapies|10.265752|8.821001|1.9940064
1902|Proper treatment - At the Right Place and Right Time (Summary in English), Report No. Changes in the State Budget for 1998], Proposition No. Om psykiske lidelser og tjenestetilbudene” [Openness and Comprehensiveness: Mental Disorders and Service Provision], Sosial- og helsedepartementet, White Paper No.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|og right comprehensiveness proposition openness|10.355314|8.941153|1.772786
1903|By comparison, households of couples with or without children in the same region that are headed by women tend to have lower or similar poverty rates compared to those headed by men (figure 8.3). For example, in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, households of couples with or without children have a poverty rate of 18 per cent when headed by women, considerably less than the 36 per cent poverty rate when headed by men; in contrast, households of lone mothers with children have a poverty rate of 34 per cent, higher than the 17 per cent poverty rate for lone fathers with children. Their proportion in total households varies from 15 per cent in Belize to 28 per cent in Haiti. They may include de jure female-headed households, where women do not have a male partner, or de facto female-headed households, where the male partner is temporarily absent and may or may not contribute remittances to the household's welfare.|SDG 1 - No poverty|headed households cent poverty rate|7.0970163|5.9416747|5.3843064
1904|In contrast, the medium-term outlook predicts that the absolute number of undernourished people in Africa will remain relatively stable, whereas in India, falls in undernourishment are expected to occur, but at a later point. While incomes are increasing across the ASEAN region, so too are populations. With a rapidly-growing population, the absolute number of undernourished people in the Philippines, for example, actually rises, even though the undernourished share of the total population falls (Figure 2.14). Such differences mean that food security will remain a concern for a number of countries in ASEAN over the medium term.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|undernourished asean falls absolute medium|4.266852|5.599933|4.526495
1905|The short-term intermittency of wind and solar plants puts great demands on the dispatchable providers of residual demand to vary substantial portions of their load in very short time frames. The ability to follow load will become an increasingly important criterion to choose between different back-up technologies. In this context, only nuclear and hydro do not emit any greenhouse gases during electricity generation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load short emit frames gases|1.46784|1.4284927|1.9097875
1906|Some moderate deterioration of groundwater quality is expected. Even though indirect or secondary impacts are expected to be appreciable in Armenia, water use will not be greatly influenced. The lake is Basin of Lake Jandari with a maximum depth of 7.2 m and average . Water comes mainly through the Gardaban m capacity 15 m3/s) from the Kura River, and arting from the Tbilisi (Samgori) water rcscr-quite rich in fish (carp and catfish). There are no direct wastewater discharges to the lake in Georgia. The lake is an important area for commercial fisheries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lake water expected tbilisi kura|0.5671632|7.0005293|2.743927
1907|Large developing countries may be especially well poised to adapt advanced technologies to developing country skills, labour markets and natural resource endowments. But few international efforts focus exclusively on R&D for industrial energy-efficiency technologies. Perhaps the only exception, which focuses on the full range of energy technologies, is the IEA’s technology cooperation programme, bringing together member and non-member countries in joint technology development projects.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|technologies member technology developing endowments|1.9767092|2.7426827|2.142231
1908|As inflationary pressures continued to abate, the central banks of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan cut their policy rates sharply since the beginning of 2012. With economic growth slowing and policy rates already low, the prospect of a rise in food price inflation in late 2012 created a potential policy dilemma. Although the refinancing rate has not been changed since September 2011, the bank's conduct of monetary policy would have only a limited impact on inflation due to its weak institutional capacity and the relatively undeveloped domestic debt market.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|policy inflation undeveloped inflationary prospect|5.327474|4.977843|3.8131273
1909|However, bringing together a variety of different stakeholders’ views and experiences on how to effectively manage international climate finance can help to identify points of common interest and agreement, where further discussion is needed and where best practices can be identified and shared across countries and communities of practice. A key benchmark for climate finance is the commitment taken by developed countries under the UNFCCC to mobilise USD 100 billion in support for developing countries to act on climate change. The USD 100 billion climate finance goal is to be mobilised from a range of sources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral3.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance usd billion countries|1.7205862|3.9157345|1.0059043
1910|Girls are disadvantaged in regions with low overall enrolment rates, while in regions with higher rates - such as South America, Central America and Southern Africa - it is the other way round. As girls’ educational expectations rise at a faster pace than boys”, so does their academic performance. Once they have gained access to higher education, women outstrip men in grades, evaluations and degree completions (UNESCO, 2012a). Regions are in descending order of 2010 enrolment ratios.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|regions enrolment america girls rates|9.603075|4.117464|5.768337
1911|The imperative of affordable, clean and renewable energy access to all should be acknowledged. Moreover, the recent evolution of financing structures, along with substantial policy support to RESs has boosted increased investment in renewable projects and contributed to decreasing technology costs. Global new investment in renewable energy has reached an all-time record of USD 286 billion in 2015, with a shift in geographic deployment towards Asia (FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre, 2016).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable collaborating boosted investment imperative|1.7911234|2.0846446|2.3057568
1912|From the early 1980’s, energy consumption in households experienced high rates of growth. In fact, household energy consumption continued to increase, albeit at a slower rate. The number of vehicles in Sydney increased to almost 2.4 million in 2007, with the number of vehicles increasing at almost twice the rate of population and household growth over the past decade12. More people in outlying areas are dependent on cars for commuting, shopping and education because public transport services are poor.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|vehicles outlying consumption household shopping|3.8998425|4.701645|0.83026564
1913|Investment-led green and climate-compatible innovation strategies need sectoral policies and overarching structural or industrial policies to encourage market development where this is appropriate and necessary. Such arrangements can be based on local/ individual entitlements or communal use rights, and develop collective systems of rewards, incentives and penalties in relation to the use of collectively used resources such as land, water systems, forests—which are significant in the face of the climate challenge either because of mitigation or in view of adaptation options (Ostrom, 1990). In order to make these common pool systems work, states would have to protect the rights of small-scale producers to their resources. Direct interventions include (i) public programmes (for reforestation and technological innovation) and (ii) regulatory measures such as the setting of targets or caps on GHG emissions, zoning, standards (on emissions, products and technology).|SDG 13 - Climate action|systems emissions innovation rights caps|1.9123125|4.3141146|2.2990797
1914|The figures presented here include part-time, part-year employment. Male earnings inequality rose by 17%, on average, compared to 9% for females, or by 5 Gini points for men and 3 points for women. In some countries, such as Australia and Norway, earnings inequality declined for women while it increased for men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|earnings points inequality men females|8.841712|4.507721|5.56751
1915|Some of the brands are also designing products for ease of recycling, through avoiding fibre and material blends or design for ease of separation of different materials. These require not only designing of products from which materials can be recovered for the next generation, but also systems to collect post-consumer products. All the brands we spoke to have committed to moving more deeply into circular thinking in the future. For many the starting point has been to use readily accessible and consistent quality recycled fibres such as recycled PET or pre-consumer cotton waste from factories. Design for recycling may eventually lead to take-back systems, which once in place, can act as a catalyst for spreading closed-loop thinking to other products.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|products brands recycled ease thinking|0.690851|3.800107|3.0513363
1916|As expected, low birth weight is associated with higher infant mortality, as is being part of a multiple delivery. Mortality rates also vary with birth order: infant mortality is highest for children of birth order four or higher and is lowest for children of birth order two or three. While this is in line with other studies on infant mortality, it contrasts with the findings of an earlier study on Jordan by Shakhatreh, Abbas and Issa (1996). Analysing mortality statistics for the period 1980-1990, these authors find that infant mortality rates were lowest for first-born children.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality infant birth order children|8.821153|8.393516|3.64942
1917|Pre-school and kindergarten teachers must have a bachelor's degree. Every spring, thousands of high school graduates submit their applications to the Departments of Teacher Education in eight Finnish universities. Normally it's not enough to complete high school and pass a rigorous national Matriculation Examination; successful candidates must have the highest scores and excellent interpersonal skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school interpersonal kindergarten bachelor thousands|9.536594|1.2395586|2.3893394
1918|Some other countries, such as Australia, prepare the same foundation education for primary and pre-primary teachers, but a specialisation is to be selected for one of the two qualifications. Licensing can be obtained by demonstrating the abilities to practice the profession or duties in ECEC. In, for example, Finland, no renewal is required.|SDG 4 - Quality education|primary demonstrating renewal abilities specialisation|9.343589|2.5098372|1.8645452
1919|A smart grid demonstration project is currently underway in the island of Jeju. The ability to collect and transmit real-time data as well as measurement devices permitting two-way communication allow for remote reading and greater demand-side participation. Smart meters also offer a broader set of tariffs based on real-time prices. Distributed energy resources are small-scale power generation technologies (typically in the range of 3 to 10 000 kW) located close to where electricity is used (e.g. a home or business) to provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system (California Energy Commission, 2008).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|smart real power kw transmit|1.9095955|1.5467073|2.152303
1920|Differences are lowest in the public sector, and the rural employment programme provides equal pay for both genders. The differences in wages can partly reflect overall education levels and the types of sectors where women work (World Bank, 2012) but discrimination by gender is also likely to contribute. The legal framework for equal pay is not always enforced (Equal Remuneration Act of 1976), partly reflecting the large share of the informal sector (about 95% of employment). Unpaid family workers do not report wages therefore they are not included.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|equal partly wages pay differences|8.94372|4.4976683|5.9218082
1921|It is generally measured as energy consumed divided by GDP, or in a given sector it is the energy consumed divided by value-added for the sector. Energy conservation: implies meeting our needs with less energy consumption. Energy conservation is measured in terms of reduced energy units alone or the ratio of before and after energy consumption.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy consumed divided measured conservation|2.0686615|2.757597|2.5782049
1922|The 2040 Growth Concept emphasises co-ordination of land use and transport in order to preserve the region’s locational advantage as a relatively uncongested hub for trade. It also states that the preferred form of regional growth is to contain growth within a carefully managed urban growth boundary' (UGB), a land-use planning line to protect farms and forests from urban sprawl and orient growth in the form of infill and redevelopment with higher density where it is appropriate. The UGB has been expanded more than 30 times since it was first drawn up, in accordance with forecasts of land supply needs. In its quality as an MPO, Metro is also tasked with preparing a Regional Transportation Plan (RTP), which evaluates federal, state and local funding for transport improvements, estimates project costs and proposes funding strategies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|growth land form funding transport|3.8483853|5.1780186|1.2474772
1923|Information reported directly by patients offers insights that cannot be identified through other means. It empowers patients to play a greater role in decisions about their health care (Fujisawa and Klazinga, 2016). There is great promise in translating these metrics into actions that can improve patients’ experience and their clinical outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients translating promise metrics insights|9.128964|9.569342|1.7663639
1924|So the degree to which a country values education seems to depend at least in part on the country's view of how knowledge and skills fit into the way it fills its national coffers. Placing a high value on education might thus be a prerequisite for building both a top-notch education system and a thriving economy. Again, this is just the direct economic benefit; imagine the social impact on large parts of populations that currently lack basic knowledge and skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education knowledge thriving imagine skills|8.973695|2.3454885|2.76452
1925|Wide inequalities exist in the prevalence of these chronic conditions by education level. However, differences in self-rated health by socioeconomic status are observed: 82% of people in the highest income quintile report being in good health compared to 68% of those in the lowest quintile (Figure 4). Yet this gap is smaller than in most other EU countries. Accoiding to estimates, over 30% of the overall disease burden in Derenark in 2015 could be attributed to behavioural risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, diet and physical inactivity, with smoking and metabolic risks (e.g. obesity and high cholesterol) contributing the most (IHME.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|quintile smoking ihme cholesterol rated|9.301611|9.27617|2.983592
1926|However, reported methane emissions are often based on production volumes and standard emission factors (in large part derived from US EPA work) (IEA, 2013). The 100-year global warming potential cited here is most commonly used, but in scenarios where climate change impacts become severe already in the near term, one could argue that a higher value / shorter time scale should be used. According to the industry itself, this is not primarily the result of a specific focus on reducing methane leakages, but rather due to strict safety regulations and high-quality equipment (Statoil, 2013). All oil and gas production in Norway also takes place offshore, which requires greater attention to pipe sealing and equipment durability than onshore production. We do estimate what the impact of this would be, but do not use it as the main scaled abatement potential for this solution. By 2010, this had gone down to 2.8kgCH4/TJ, an average reduction of 2.3% peryear.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|methane production equipment pipe leakages|1.3970363|3.2238092|2.5511613
1927|"This is partly due to worries that a persistently unbalanced sharing of the growth dividend will result in social resentment, fuelling populist and protectionist sentiments, and leading to political instability. Recent discussions, particularly in the US, about increased inequality being one possible cause of the 2008 financial crisis also contributed to its relevance for policymaking."" Is inequality a pre-requisite for growth? Or does a greater dispersion of incomes across individuals rather undermine growth?"|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|growth inequality unbalanced requisite persistently|6.5689335|5.0808415|4.6207023
1928|The main findings and recommendations have fed into the internal discussions leading to the definition of an OECD Green Growth Strategy, launched at the 2011 OECD Ministerial Council Meeting. The project has benefitted from the participation of Extremadura (Spain), London (UK), Podlaskie and Pomorskie (Poland) and Sydney (Australia). It has also received financial support from the European Commission. I am convinced that the content of this report will be a valuable tool, not only for Sydney, but also for other cities and regions seeking to improve their environmental impact while creating jobs and economic growth.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sydney convinced benefitted fed growth|2.4034243|4.0000906|2.0533051
1929|These changes include the calibration of expansion factors, the method used to correct for non-responses to the income questions, and the construction of income aggregates for items that are not of monthly recurrence. The various changes, such as enlargement of the domains studied, the change in informant type and the increase in the number of questions and alterations in their wording, made it necessary to splice the employment, income and poverty figures from the two sources, a task which was carried out by the Mission for the splicing of employment, poverty and inequality series (MESEP). The methodological changes introduced mean that the findings of the new ENAHO 2010 are not directly comparable with those published on the basis of the previous survey. The country expects to produce a spliced historical series soon.|SDG 1 - No poverty|changes series questions income alterations|6.6780353|5.757439|5.1551013
1930|Competence in the use of ICT in the classroom is one of the many competences that must be demonstrated by student teachers during their periods of school experience. As a result of these measures, all teachers reached a basic minimum competence to use ICT in their teaching by March 2003. At all stages of teacher education, teachers are required to use ICT to enhance children’s learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ict teachers competence use competences|8.764588|1.4275267|2.181236
1931|Often they are also unable to engage in productive economic activities and, along with their dependent children, elderly or sick under their care, subsequently suffer from abject poverty and deprivation (Chapter 3). Marginalized by their community, some women support polygamy in the often-vain hope that it will offer protection for themselves and their children (Chapter 7). Recruitment practices often fail to reach out to pools of qualified and interested female candidates, as is demonstrated by strikingly low rates of female participation within many of the institutions of the security sector, including the police services and armed forces. Even when women do gain access, they face considerable difficulties in coping with discrimination, harassment and violence, all of which pose formidable barriers to women’s retention and promotion.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women female polygamy chapter pools|9.948679|4.9994345|7.30237
1932|The share of teachers leaving the profession has been stable over the last 20 years (Adermon and Laun, 2018(123))- Nevertheless, a survey of trained teachers who had left the profession indicated that more than 70% of respondents cited the work environment (such as stress and heavy workload) among the main reasons for leaving the teaching profession, followed by working conditions and salary (Statistics Sweden, 2017(128]). Around 60% of those who left the teaching profession would consider returning for a more reasonable workload in relation to working hours, a greater opportunity to control the work situation and a higher salary (Statistics Sweden, 2017[m]). Teachers in Sweden also work longer hours than their colleagues in many OECD countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|profession workload sweden teachers salary|9.588958|1.5605283|2.7153845
1933|Overwhelmingly, there appears to be national consensus in making quality and safety a policy priority. This is marked by an improving culture of transparency and a move towards compulsory standards and hospital accreditation. This work needs to be evaluated and refined to ensure that quality improvement evolves from measurement to change management. While much of the attention has been on hospitals, quality in primary health care has received less consideration.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|quality overwhelmingly refined accreditation evaluated|9.261169|9.528052|1.6310546
1934|This breadth and depth of autonomy has fostered high teacher professional self-esteem and the internal motivation for continuous professional development. Even with low-performing schools, the government does not intervene in school management; it relies instead on the decision-making power of the school administration and teachers (OECD, 2014a). By contrast, in Shanghai (China), the municipal government designs the policies, manages the schools and improves instruction (OECD, 2014a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|professional schools fostered shanghai intervene|9.708246|1.4954832|1.9559654
1935|However, the degree to which they face particular vulnerabilities is often contingent upon their intersectional gendered identities. Girls, for example, are at an elevated risk of early and forced marriage; single women (including widows) risk various forms of sexual exploitation and persons of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities (SOGI) face a w'hole range of risks from extortion to targeted killings. Men and boys may seek to control women’s and girls’ access to services, in particular in situations of fragility and conflict, where men may seek to increasingly control women, be it out of a sense of protection and/or to compensate for their own loss of control.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|identities control seek sexual girls|9.874725|5.333169|7.2643104
1936|The Country Background Report (2014) noted that proportionately fewer students enter SMK schools because of a lack of information on the potential job opportunities their programmes offer. Since 2012, the number of SMK institutions in Indonesia has increased from 10 256 to 11 727. The majority of SMKs are located in Java (57%) and Sumatra (21%).|SDG 4 - Quality education|smk java proportionately enter background|8.755044|2.435263|2.6973784
1937|The main section (Section 2) provides an account of the available knowledge concerning health effects, and the corresponding impacts on healthcare costs, of the following health-related behaviours/conditions: smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, nutritional choices and physical activity. In Section 3, I go through the available evidence regarding the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of public policies constructed in order to modify health behaviours (primary and secondary prevention) and to reduce weight. The paper ends by a summary' of the findings and an identification of important issues and challenges for future research. Performing systematic reviews of the evidence published in the different research areas spanned is considered to be beyond the scope of this study.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|section behaviours effectiveness health evidence|9.170222|9.153658|2.8704588
1938|In 2008, 45.1% of the unemployed had only attained primary education; 39.7% secondary education and only 15.2% of them had attained tertiary education (World Bank, 2014). At the same time, female workers seem to be more likely to be in vulnerable employment than males, understood as unpaid family workers and self-employed workers. In 2008, 29% of the male employed are in vulnerable jobs compared with 32% of female workers (World Bank, 2014). Extracurricular organisations, orphanages and boarding schools ensure pre-school provision to those children left without parental care.|SDG 4 - Quality education|workers attained employed vulnerable education|8.8627205|4.4000316|5.609269
1939|Although these policies can have a profound effect on urban development, there is currently no explicit national urban policy framework in the Netherlands with a holistic and strategic focus aimed at enhancing the growth potential of FUAs. It then focuses on the impact on and the role of regions in the newly created Top Sector policy. The analysis also considers innovation in broader terms, examining additional domestic and European policies. The presence of several policies with a potential impact at the regional level requires an understanding of the possible complementarities that should be taken into account when designing the policy. Regional development elsewhere is seen as the responsibility of provinces and municipalities.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|policies policy fuas potential urban|4.14412|5.2755146|1.8949418
1940|These often involve standards or regulations designed to take into account customer expectations, industry standards and national policy objectives, such as public health or national security. Collectively these are often known as ‘quality infrastructure’. The returns on investment are likely to be significant.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|standards customer collectively national expectations|4.964589|3.800158|2.606491
1941|The results emphasise the importance of the patient opinion and experience in obtaining a fuller picture of patient harm and lapses in safety. This is a key ingredient of learning health systems at local and aggregate level. In developed countries, education of professionals and systematic patient reporting were the most frequently selected, followed by improving organisational culture, an integrated national incident database, more incentives for team-based care, and patient involvement strategies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient ingredient fuller incident emphasise|9.130937|9.585602|1.4629176
1942|Thus, all projections assume current technology and treatments are maintained in the future. Other drivers of health care expenditure seen in other models are not included, such as administration, infrastructure and human resource costs associated with a growing burden of disease. There is an assumption of constant prices. London: Government Office for Science.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|treatments assume london assumption maintained|8.877955|8.673932|2.597249
1943|One goal is to help them independently manage their resources through free, weekly financial literacy training at integration centres. Vulnerable groups, including children, women and persons with special needs, are prioritized for personalized assistance (IOM, 2018). The Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority, in a programme called Dina pengor och din ekonomi ('your money, your finances') provides a film, a brochure and other resources for teachers working with migrants on personal finance. Modules cover Swedish economic terms and the Swedish banking and payment system, and clarify rights and obligations in the financial marketplace in plain language (OECD, 2016a).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|swedish financial personalized iom plain|8.609376|3.4832659|6.088923
1944|It will however, provide multiple social, economic and environmental dividends and constitute much-needed first steps towards low-carbon social and economic development. A marked shift from the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to the 2012 Rio+20 Summit has been the role of emerging economies. Although the five countries have different economic endowments, they are facing similar challenges to sustain economic growth, save natural resources, and protect the environment. Reflecting the broadening of the BRICS agenda since the first BRICS summit was held in 2009, the first ever meeting of BRICS environment ministers was held in the Russian Federation in April 2015.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|brics summit rio economic held|1.6179799|4.0523067|1.658692
1945|For example, the poorest 20% of farm households in the Philippines tend to be small-scale producers and landless workers whose rice production does not satisfy their own needs and who therefore purchase 77% of the rice that they consume on average (Chapter 4). Regional levels of stunting among children under five years of age, for example, remain worryingly high (Figure 3). While economic growth has enabled significant declines in populations suffering from chronic poverty, for some households, it may have only altered the nature of food insecurity from permanent to transitory, rather than eliminate it entirely.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rice households transitory stunting altered|4.499547|5.720982|4.4989796
1946|In the Slovak Republic for instance, overall youth employment in 2012 had declined by 23% compared to 2007 while employment among highly-educated youth rose by 3 percentage points. In Portugal, the decline in youth employment was 29% with employment of highly-educated youth remaining stable. Only in Ireland, Greece and Spain, where the decline in youth employment was strongest, the number of jobs for highly-educated youth also fell.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth employment educated highly decline|8.134999|3.9833434|4.0807137
1947|The case of Bangladesh is important because it highlights the role of supportive technological innovation, investment and rural infrastructure policies in promoting rural non-farm employment and diversification. However, a lack of investment in public goods, especially in remote rural areas; high barriers of entry for the poor or vulnerable groups to various dynamic RNF markets; high transaction costs for access to existing markets; and a general asymmetry of market information may limit this potential. The services sector has accounted for a greater share of the LDC labour force over time, and that share is probably under-reported, since much of the sector is composed of informal activities.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|rural markets asymmetry share investment|4.7555256|5.400241|3.8432374
1948|The OECD average is non-weighted. Declines in NEET rates are observed for Turkey (-7 percentage points), Germany and Israel (-2 percentage points) and Austria (-1 percentage point). The decline in youth employment affected most severely individuals with low educational qualifications. As illustrated in Figure 3, the number of youth in employment was lower in 2012 than in 2007 in most OECD countries, declining by 9% on average.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|percentage youth points neet employment|8.416676|3.8928773|4.0661097
1949|Yet, people can live long lives without being healthy. Thus, an important task in the case of Iceland, and as well in the other Nordic countries, is to add life to years rather than years to life. To take an example, in the period 2010-2050 the increase in life-expectancy for a 65 year old Swede is estimated to be 2.6 years (Regeringskansliet 2010). The challenge for the government is thus to compress morbidity in this final stage of life.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|life years morbidity healthy add|9.227185|8.81358|3.1117802
1950|Since 1976, the number of permits authorising Cuban vessels to fish in Mexico’s EEZ has decreased as a result of a reduced surplus species and the consolidation of Mexican vessels. During this period 27 metric tonnes were caught, and mechanisms were implemented to verify Cuban vessels’ operations (such as VMS, national scientist observers on board for sampling, capture statistics records, fishing logs, capture reports, arrival announcements per fishing trip, and others). Additionally 123 525 permits were issued at the San Diego International Office of CONAPESCA. Sport fishing permits can be obtained by fishers through CONAPESCA web site.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessels permits fishing capture diego|-0.0044079972|5.8677025|6.741488
1951|"Box 2.4 presents some initial lessons learned from development provider efforts to work with small businesses. For climate change adaptation, development partners support projects that are building resilience capacity and piloting risk transfer approaches among firms, as well as building awareness of the risks of impending climate change on business supply chains in developing countries (Trabacchi and Mazza, 2015). One example is the ""Private Sector Adaptation to Climate Change"" (PSACC) programme implemented by GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), whose four-pronged approach focuses on raising awareness, providing advisory services (including on vulnerability analysis and adaptation financing), capacity building and dissemination of knowledge (GIZ, 2015a, 2015b)."|SDG 13 - Climate action|giz adaptation building climate change|1.9335102|4.2087774|1.6621066
1952|In conflict societies a strict division of sexual labour is enforced, and highly dichotomic understandings of femininity and masculinity become hegemonic. Gendered dichotomies, self/ other, friend/enemy, masculinity/femininity, “just warrior’’/“beautiful soul” (Elshtein, 1987) contribute to postulate the “other” as an existential threat. The warrior, the conflict’s hegemonic masculinity, is a “male identity” (Karner, 1998) shaped by purging, on individual, symbolic and structural levels, typically feminine characteristics such as compassion, feeling and forgiveness.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|masculinity conflict friend feminine understandings|9.9899845|4.944077|7.447391
1953|When she started she set herself a target, 'To prove to the male councillors and others that I could deliver'. During Gender Links' study, At the Coalface: Gender in Local Government, she said that she is more confident because of the support offered to her by the Multi-party Women's Caucus (MWC) and a unique capacity building project that she participated in, the Gender, Local Government and Communications pilot project, undertaken with Gender Links and the University of Witwatersrand from October 2004 to May 2005. Also I have learned more about policy-making and implementation and the processes that are involved in coming up with policies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender links caucus project confident|10.3206415|4.280424|7.170279
1954|The goal is to work more closely with community partners to meet the diverse needs of families in need of support. The programme is being expanded to 15 more communities and organisations throughout the province. Several teachers we met discussed the strain teachers face in isolated settings and an increasing focus on the mental and physical health of teachers. One approach being developed is the Mindfulness programme, which is accessible online to all teachers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers programme strain isolated province|10.518505|8.734878|1.6192063
1955|Primary care staff, in both public and private health centres, are predominantly salaried employees. Licences are not time-limited and GPs do not have to re-apply to keep their licence. As with other health care staff, there are no formal, national systems of continuous medical education and professional development for GPs and other primary care staff, or for recertification.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|staff gps care primary salaried|9.257991|8.86776|1.5746167
1956|An objective gap is often experienced in the areas of tariff setting, zoning and construction policies, electricity subsidies and irrigation. While CONAGUA and municipalities have different approaches for at-risk settlements in urban areas or the connection of new settlements to infrastructure networks (e.g. potential flooding), there is no mechanism compelling municipalities to follow CONAGUA’s guidance and declare at-risk zones as dangerous for settlement. Construction permits are issued in an uncoordinated manner, and unsafe human settlements have proliferated increasingly in recent years.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|settlements conagua municipalities construction uncoordinated|3.752203|5.5605183|1.7678354
1957|While there is considerable debate as to whether households headed by women are overrepresented among the poor (Chant, 2003), there is evidence of a strong association between household poverty and sole or primary reliance on female earnings (Kabeer, 2008a; Chen and others, 2005; Sender, 2003). Research carried out in the aftermath of financial crises in Asia and elsewhere confirmed that, in the absence of social security provision for informal workers, womens paid and unpaid labour helped to sustain their households (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP), 2003). Womens access to land and housing has been shown to have important implications for household productivity (Deere and others, 2004; Katz and Chamorro, 2003).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|womens asia katz household households|8.8421955|4.8429513|6.073888
1958|It is important to ensure that holders of knowledge are obtaining meaningful outcomes from the process, in relation to their livelihood realities. In the consultation process within the ILK part of the Scoping Study, many ILK representatives mentioned linguistic barriers in participation of the work. There is a need for a series of Nordic, national and local dialogue workshops to be held in local languages, in order to obtain an initiated understanding of the reality of the different local communities and a diversity of inputs regarding the use of ecosystem services as well as their local status and trends.|SDG 15 - Life on land|local scoping process linguistic realities|1.2998282|5.2397437|4.105647
1959|In Sub-Saharan Africa, the overwhelming majority of LDCs have a fixed broadband penetration of less than one percent. Two LDCs among the Arab States, Djibouti and Yemen, have fixed broadband penetration of more than one percent. There are four Asia-Pacific LDCs—Bangladesh, Bhutan, Tuvalu and Vanuatu—where fixed broadband penetration is greater than one percent.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|penetration broadband percent fixed ldcs|4.8235865|2.8498912|1.4618062
1960|This is mostly due to the inaccessibility of larger forest complexes on account of the underdeveloped forestry road network, as well as the general absence of modern optoelectronic equipment for early detection, reporting and warning of forest fires, and limited technical capacities resulting from the lack of modern fire-suppressing equipment, vehicles and special aircraft. Estimates from 2004 show that, on average, over 7,400 tons valued at US$ 10 million are exported each year. Control over unauthorized collection of such plants has improved in recent years, and the pressure has slightly decreased, which is also due to the educational campaigns, training and technical assistance provided under the Private Forestry Development Programme.|SDG 15 - Life on land|modern forestry equipment forest technical|1.4785275|4.598959|3.900666
1961|At the same time, it concerns the coverage and qualifying conditions of the insurance schemes, financing of the schemes and worker contributions and the level and duration of the benefits. Furthermore, the public social security expenditure as a share of GDP is another type of context information that provides an indication of the overall public redistributive effort of a given country (yet its interpretation presents inherent difficulties). Indicators regarding social protection (e.g., unemployment insurance) might be correlated with the economic cycle and countries may consider to analyse the indicators together with GDP growth (e.g., if employment growth after a recession concerns predominantly jobs that are not covered by parts of social protection). Further potentially relevant context information includes the percentage of persons at or above the statutory retirement age (or 65 and over) who are employed, the percentage of unemployed persons receiving regular periodic social security unemployment benefits (contributory and noncontributory schemes) as well as the percentage of the population above the statutory pensionable age (or aged 65 or above) benefiting from an old-age pension.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|schemes percentage statutory social age|7.7816176|5.1904416|4.1923847
1962|Chronic conditions such as cancer, heart disease or diabetes (also known as non-communicable diseases, NCDs) now' place the greatest demand on Colombia’s health care system, accounting for 71% of all deaths (Figure 1.5). At the same time, deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal or nutritional conditions (12%), and deaths due to injuries (17%) remain substantial. Cancers were the second most common cause of death, amounting to 17% of all deaths in 2012.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deaths communicable ncds conditions cancers|8.876447|8.933175|2.979942
1963|At the same time, citizen engagement requires governments to share in agenda setting and to ensure that policy proposals are collaboratively generated and citizens’ needs are taken into account in making decisions. Citizen engagement is best incorporated into every stage of the policy development and implementation process (OECD, 2010b). The OECD’s “Guiding Principles” for successful citizen engagement in policy making include: commitment, rights, clarity, time, objectivity, resources, co-ordination, accountability, evaluation and active citizenship (OECD, 2001).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|citizen engagement oecd policy collaboratively|3.687014|5.2562075|1.838613
1964|Poverty also rose among the working population. Indeed, not all of the poor are out of work, as the poverty rate of 10.5% among those in work demonstrates. This can be explained by the significant number of low-paid workers, many of which work less than full time. Retirees, by contrast, saw their relative poverty levels decline as median incomes fell. Comparing different household compositions, poverty rates are highest and have increased most among families with children, with families that have more children being particularly affected by poverty. The poverty line is 60% of median disposable income in each year, adjusted for household size.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty median work families household|6.9306326|5.848364|5.077041
1965|On average, school associations comprise between 6 and 12 schools. In 2010, the vast majority of schools (96.7%) belonged to a school community, and most of the schools that have not joined a school community provided special needs education. The key goal of this initiative is to strengthen schools’ organisational and leadership capacities through increased co-operation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools school community joined comprise|10.18604|2.362956|1.9769982
1966|Most of the discharges into Lake Peipsi/ Chudskoe arc insufficiently treated. Other pressure factors — unauthorized dumping, discharge of untreated mine waters from oil shale mines and deforestation (also in protection zones of water resources) — contribute moderately and locally to the nutrient loading. Of similar impact is unorganized recreation on the banks, leading to detritus getting into the watercourses (see the assessment of the Ramsar Sites). According to the Estonian classification, it is moderate.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|shale watercourses estonian insufficiently untreated|0.67491305|6.835252|2.8360355
1967|"The analysis was ultimately aimed at achieving insight into the (policy) ways of stimulating the use of LNG as clean shipping fuel."" Access to capital is not as easy as it was in the pre-Lehmann times. Consequently, tax incentives are not an instrument to promote using LNG as ship fuel. The additional investment for the LNG equipment needs to be financed from the price differential of LNG and other low sulphur fuels based on market prices. Cases where product specific aspects have not been understood by authorities, such as flammability, dispersion etc., A similar situation was seen with authorities who did not accept ships as safe, even though they had been certified according to IMO's International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and Class Rules."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|lng fuel authorities sulphur ship|1.0201299|2.3409486|2.4113412
1968|In the same year, 36 substances were added to the list of substances subject to control in the Russian Federation, including 27 new psychoactive substances. In addition, Belgium adopted a law providing for the listing of controlled substances according to definitions for generic groups. In December 2014, Finland brought into force new legislation introducing a definition of “new psychoactive substance” and listing 294 substances as psychoactive substances banned from the consumer market. The new legislation prohibits the production and supply of those substances, although it does not establish criminal liability for their possession or use.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|substances psychoactive listing new legislation|8.453659|10.122554|3.4562533
1969|Youth LFPR refers to the sum of persons aged 15-24 in the labour force as a percentage of the working-age population. The youth employment-to-population ratio, also referred to as the youth employment rate, is the number of employed persons aged 15-24 as a percentage of the working-age population. In the Philippines and Thailand, the female youth LFPR and employment-to-population ratio is lower than that of males.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth population employment ratio persons|8.277736|4.1359487|4.2473907
1970|A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012. Economic Policy Research Institute, Commissioned for DFID. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|security food rome nutrition panel|4.295167|5.6433163|4.526532
1971|This raises the question to what extent the conditions and circumstances of early life constrain success in adulthood, particularly inequality of educational and health opportunities. Increases in the perceived returns to education and health might be accentuating the diverging fortunes of children from advantaged and disadvantaged households as more advantaged households invest more heavily in their children’s quality of education and their health inputs. This chapter looks at intergenerational mobility in terms of both health and educational outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|advantaged health educational diverging households|7.6821704|5.7462506|4.9069824
1972|Revenue from a dedicated transport tax (versement transport) levied on employers and based on payrolls has enabled the STIF to extend and maintain the public transport network and non-motorised transport facilities. The city’s success results from close co-operation between its Urban Transport Planning Authority (URBS), responsible for transport, and the urban development authority' (IPUCC), which is in charge of land-use planning. From its start in 1974, the Curitiba BRT was notable for its careful alignment with the 1965 Curitiba Master Plan, which focused the city’s growth along major corridors, through land-use and zoning regulations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport authority city planning land|3.9697068|5.19691|1.0106456
1973|Trial installations started in 2012 with smart meters being offered to all households from 2014 on a voluntary basis. The Dutch public and private sectors have established the Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP). The principal aim of the NWP is to co-ordinate Dutch activities abroad and to promote Dutch expertise in the water field worldw ide.4 The Netherlands is seeking to be seen as a world leader in sustainable water management. As customer interests are not normally taken into account, utilities can encounter unexpected opposition and not be able to respond to it, therefore rendering policy impotent.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|dutch netherlands water rendering encounter|1.146833|7.368609|1.9149214
1974|In addition, local governments provide a direct contact point for residents on questions of water conservation. In this sense, they have a greater ability to adjust policies to adapt to changing behaviour and are more likely to influence popular water habits than higher levels of government. While each province of Argentina has its own set of laws outlining water roles and responsibilities, most LAC countries have a national water law to allocate roles and competences in water to lower levels of government. More than half of the LAC countries surveyed have also enshrined sub-national responsibilities in the water sector in their constitutional arrangements.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water lac roles responsibilities enshrined|1.3467818|7.22298|1.5096151
1975|Specifically, the results have been used to design development indicators for national policy. For example, the National Program for Equal Opportunity and Non-Discrimination Against Women 2013-2018, included the “estimate of women's contribution to GDP by the economic value of unpaid household work”. Globally, the ILO estimates unpaid care work to be around USD 11 trillion, or 9% of global GDP, when using hourly minimum wage (ILO, 2018).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ilo unpaid gdp hourly trillion|8.668487|4.6324863|5.025158
1976|The major advantage of external assessment is their reliability. They ensure that all students are assessed on the same tasks and that the results are measured by the same standards. Moreover, external assessments are usually conducted under supervision, which ensures that what is assessed is the students' own work.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessed external students supervision reliability|9.593768|1.6832203|1.3064487
1977|These adults need training that is adjusted to their interests and their previously acquired competences. Finally, competitive enterprises that are keen to improve the skills of their staff, represent another highly demanding group of users. A quick look at figures shows that VET I schools are indeed already offering training to non-tradi-tional groups as well. Table 8.6 conveys official statistics from SAPTE that might not include non-formal training taking place in some VET schools and some rare partnerships with local authorities and NGOs in the framework of projects sponsored by international donors.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vet training schools keen sponsored|8.625376|2.8541486|2.775494
1978|Mexico, however, still has the lowest percentage of top performers in mathematics in 2009 among OECD countries and the third lowest percentage among the 39 participating countries with comparable data (after Indonesia with 0.1 % and Tunisia with 0.3%) (PISA Results 2009 Volume V,TableV.3.2). Similarly, of the Canadian students who performed below Level 2 in 2000, over 60% had not gone on to any post-school education by the age of 21; by contrast, more than half of the students (55%) who had performed at Level 2 as their highest level were at college or university.' Students proficient at Level 2 in mathematics can employ basic algorithms, formulae, procedures or conventions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performed level mathematics students lowest|9.687424|2.2636719|3.2419407
1979|These three countries seek to integrate education and care in order to provide holistic child development. This means that the development of children is seen as a dynamic and closely interwoven interaction between their physical and mental circumstances and the environment in which children grow up. The school starting age may differ: in Sweden it starts at the age of seven, while in Norway it starts at the age of six and in New Zealand at the age of five. Many countries with a split system have created a learning framework for children in the older age bracket of ECEC only: from around age two-and-a-half or three to compulsory schooling. Portugal’s Core Curriculum Guidelines for Preschool Education issued by the Ministry of Education covers children from the age of three until the age of six - the compulsory schooling age in Portugal.|SDG 4 - Quality education|age children starts portugal compulsory|9.4119835|2.7548695|2.2501512
1980|It presents indicators for women’s participation in economic and production activity and analyses the characteristics of women's employment. It also includes an analysis of female and male time use in paid and unpaid activities, an issue connected to the sexual division of labour and the reinforcement of traditional gender roles, something that affects the real potential for women to enter and remain in paid employment. Accordingly, the third and fourth sections examine, respectively, women’s participation in jobs with higher average pay (executive positions) and women's empowerment and economic autonomy (female entrepreneurs).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women paid female reinforcement participation|8.871316|4.098611|6.0542064
1981|In 2015, the situation is most acute in Northern Africa and Western Asia, where the proportion of young people that is employed is only half of that of the entire working-age population. In 1991, close to half of the workers in the developing regions were living with their families on less than $1.25 per person per day. This rate has dropped to 11 per cent in 2015, corresponding to a two-thirds decline in the number of extremely poor workers, from 900 million in 1991 to 300 million in 2015. However, progress across regions has been uneven.|SDG 1 - No poverty|half million workers regions uneven|7.46346|4.807764|4.6240826
1982|Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) arising from the combustion of fossil fuels have been the main cause of anthropogenic global warming. Energy use has reached a scale at which planetary boundaries are being breached for a range of essential Earth-system processes, including in terms of global warming and biodiversity loss, which is likely to lead to catastrophic environmental change (Rockstrom and others, 2009). In 2005, fossil fuels accounted for 85 per cent of the global primary energy mix, while low-carbon nuclear power accounted for 6 per cent, hydroelectricity for 3 per cent and biomass for 4 per cent.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cent warming fuels global accounted|1.3631617|2.9960918|2.427122
1983|Approaches varied, but countries such as Cambodia and the Lao People's Democratic Republic combined grid extensions with broad solar home system distribution efforts to boost rural electrification. Other countries, such as India and Nepal, have demonstrated the potential for microgrids to offer higher quality and economically sustainable off-grid power. Public-private and public-civil society partnerships have also emerged, pioneering new models to incorporate the latest technologies and approaches to off-grid renewable power systems.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid approaches pioneering power extensions|2.148254|1.8130299|2.5071335
1984|This course of action remains, of course, within the money-metric approach itself. This involves a rejection of targeting the poor, in favour of profiling and addressing deprivations for the entire population in each of a wider range of specific dimensions of well-being. The monetary approach assumes that all dimensions can be measured and accessed in money terms. It is then assumed that if a household has enough money to procure its basic needs, it is up to that household to make its own consumption choices.|SDG 1 - No poverty|money course dimensions rejection procure|6.61982|6.4327226|5.07108
1985|Better data on health care outcomes at the system level are being developed by the OECD, in particular on amenable mortality and health care quality (Box 2). Because their coverage is still limited, these data cannot replace health status indicators when assessing health care efficiency, but they can complement them. First, panel data regressions have been run to shed light on the contribution of health care and other determinants to the health status of the population (Joumard et al., This empirical work suggested that changes in health care spending, lifestyle factors (smoking and alcohol consumption as well as diet), education, pollution and income have been important factors behind improvements in health status.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care status data joumard|9.161921|9.08494|2.579935
1986|Non-knowledge-intensive services” corresponds to electricity, gas and water supply; construction; trade; hotels and restaurants. “ Skill intensity” is based on the distribution of average wages across firms where “Low skilled” refers to the first quartile, “Medium skilled” to the second quartile, “Moderately-high skilled” to the third quartile and “High skilled” to the fourth quartile. Standard deviations are first averaged within each group and country, and subsequently averaged across the following countries: Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Using weights by firm size category and industry within each country does not qualitatively change the results.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|quartile skilled averaged qualitatively deviations|8.2126|3.2149494|3.237757
1987|"This is lower than the total impact for EU15 countries (2.6% of GDP) and for the 10 “New EU Member States"" (2.0%)."" In Poland’s case, those challenges seem to be manageable, given the tight grip on the supply of health services and the currently low level of and controlled growth in health-related public spending relative to other OECD countries. Public health spending is also low relative to total general government outlays (Figure 18), which suggests that public finance consolidation efforts should, as needed, be directed towards other expenditure items."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health spending public relative manageable|8.750235|8.795006|2.414271
1988|The latest three volumes focus on quality, monitoring and transitions from ECEC to primary school. They have been influential in the development of the TALIS Starting Strong Survey and have informed this conceptual framework. The analysis and reporting of the survey data will be embedded in the policy insights from the Starting Strong series, drawing on contextual information and concrete examples, as applicable.|SDG 4 - Quality education|starting survey strong contextual talis|9.379449|2.6741707|1.8618543
1989|The highest scoring education systems at 4th grade maths (Singapore, Korea, Hong Kong and Japan) were all above average in terms of innovation at 4th grade. The following Figures indicate that there is a positive association between overall innovation and trends in 8th grade mathematics outcomes between 2003 and 2011 (Figure 18.7). However, positive change has also occurred without such high levels of innovation: Chile is an example of a country that has improved performance whilst levels of innovation remain below the OECD mean. This may indicate that the marginal return to innovation has been diminishing. Ontario is also characterised by above average levels of innovation and negative trends in maths performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|innovation grade maths indicate levels|9.667857|2.3091326|3.2178612
1990|An integrated territorial approach to the development of those policy areas would require that different elements be taken into account, such as the alignment of spatial and land use planning with transportation objectives and investments and environmental strategies. For example, the development of a BRT network is promising, yet too often remains divorced from broader urban planning efforts. The use of the Metropolitan Fund could be improved to serve metropolitan-wide challenges and advance cross-sectoral, integrated solutions to them, from transportation to environmental and spatial planning issues. Effective governance at the metropolitan level can reduce policy fragmentation and raise the productivity of cities. It can also provide the right conditions to take advantage of agglomeration effects from its proximity to Mexico City. How governments regulate land use and address public and private investment, how competencies are allocated across levels of government, and how land use is taxed, is critical.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metropolitan planning use land transportation|3.9356017|5.530587|1.4990695
1991|Curricula should include multiculturalism and diversity as content topics in language classes, history and civic education. Sweden should apply and implement a diversity-conscious curriculum consistently across schools. For immigrant students, inclusive schools can increase their opportunities to learn because they are able to interact with other children, which in turn can promote their family and community participation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|diversity schools civic interact consistently|10.009346|2.7057476|2.6127958
1992|Eventually this could become a significant drag on the economy. In the literature review provided here, it appears that, at the level of individual sectors, this relatively inelastic response to water scarcity is indeed prevalent. However, it remains to be seen what scope there is for the economy to substitute more aggressively away from water intensive activities and consumption goods. Quantifying this potential should be part of the research agenda undertaken with the kind of global CGE model discussed in this report.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|aggressively inelastic economy cge quantifying|1.3637971|7.2679453|2.856503
1993|The Youth Labour Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No. A Review of OECD Countries’ Experiences with Active Labour Market Programmes”, Swedish Economic Policy Review, Vol.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|chicago oecd review labour market|8.121083|4.218896|4.0090885
1994|Hi K-SJStJJA 97,0 .95.5 95.3 . First, despite certain variations between countries in the proportion of w omen employed in the care sector and other sectors, in all cases the share in the former is at least double the latter. Second, the overwhelming presence of women among paid care workers has changed little in the last decade in terms of the regional average and for individual countries (see figure III.8). The proportion of women is higher among domestic workers (95.2% in 2000 and 90.6% in 2010) than among other care woikers, and it is higher in education services and community and household services than in health services (94.4% and 95.2%, respectively, in 2000 compared with 85.9% in 2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|care services proportion workers hi|8.896613|4.673167|5.6017084
1995|With that aim, Reporting Item (HC.RI.3) equates to HC.6 in SHA 1.0, and is within the boundary of health care. The proposal is to keep them as is, so as to promote a continued reporting practice, notably during the transition to SHA 2011 (see Table 5.2 for a mapping of these categories). This includes basic medical treatment, such as dental treatment, if provided as an integral part of the public health function. It excludes, however, remuneration-in-kind of health care goods and services that constitute household actual final consumption rather than intermediate consumption of business. As the health care components of long-term care are contained in HC.3, the complementary social components are included as a health care-related category that is further subdivided into in-kind and in-cash components. The health and social care components, HC.3 and HC.R.l, can be summed up to obtain a total value of long-term care (LTC).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hc care components health kind|9.080774|8.906227|1.8269433
1996|While the MDGs started from ground zero, creating a baseline for global hunger and poverty targets, the sustainable development goals (SDGs) will hit the ground running, propelled by over a decade of lessons learned. Given this experience, the coming years offer unprecedented potential for human development. Nutrition has captured global attention and has remained a featured agenda item for most development partners. A number of international initiatives, multi-stakeholder processes and commitments add fuel to the fire, ANNA LARTEY is Director of the Nutrition Division in the Economic and Social Development Department at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|ground nutrition development featured global|4.786895|5.8140035|4.4965568
1997|Using data from the Integrated Living Conditions Surveys of 2013 and 2014, this report also assesses the overlap between child multidimensional and monetary poverty, as measured by the national poverty line. Almost one in three children are both poor and deprived: 28 per cent of children are deprived (in two or more dimensions) and live in monetary-poor households. These children are the most vulnerable, and should be prioritized by social policies.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprived monetary children prioritized poor|7.0953374|6.4470596|5.2307105
1998|The positive trend is particularly visible for the legal designation of protected areas corresponding to IUCN category II (national parks), category IV (habitat/species management areas) and category V (protected landscapes/seascapes). Such new developments included the national parks Butrinti (2005, 8,591.2 ha), Mali i Dajtit (2006, 29,216.9 ha), Divjake-Karavasta (2007, 22,230.2 ha), Shebenik-Jabllanice (2008; 33,928.0 ha), Bredhi i Hotoves-Dangelli (2008, 34,361.1 ha) and Karaburun-Sazan (2010, 12,428.0 ha). As a result, the proportion of national parks in the surface area of the ecological network of Albania has more than triped (from 15.68 per cent in 2002 to 49.88 per cent in 2011).|SDG 15 - Life on land|ha parks category protected national|1.4842976|5.0764737|4.1974306
1999|Cameroon’s Inter-ministerial Biodiversity Committee was created in response to the Minister of Environment’s coordination mandate, and the National Committee on Biodiversity and Combat Desertification of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was created in 2012 to tackle the national responsibilities of biodiversity protection. The committee has since functioned in an ad hoc manner and is yet to have statutory or permanent status by a decision of the Prime Minister. However, the Minister of Environment, Protection of Nature and Sustainable Development has the mandate to carry out consultations on cross-sectoral issues.|SDG 15 - Life on land|minister committee biodiversity mandate created|1.6510469|5.314463|3.748495
2000|Further steps need to be taken to halt excessive groundwater abstractions, including through improved monitoring and the introduction of charges on abstractions from overexploited aquifers. Its climate and the physical characteristics of its environment, such as the prominence of mountain ranges close to the coasts or soil characteristics, make natural water endowments highly unequally distributed across space and time. These characteristics have determined water policies, which used to aim at increasing supply by constructing large dams with government support. With over 1 300 dams, Spain is estimated to be the country with the 4th largest number of dams in the world (after the United States, India and China; Martinez-Cortina, 2010). Over the past century this policy increased water abstractions per inhabitant to a higher level, on average, relative to renewable resources, than in most other OECD countries (Figure 4.1), relatively low population density notwithstanding.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|abstractions dams characteristics water overexploited|0.8492949|7.4927278|2.843678
2001|Widowhood can bring economic hardship and vulnerability for women. The conditions for entitlements also relate to more specific pension rules - for instance, how many years of contributions are required (the so-called ‘vesting period’), the income or asset threshold for means-tested benefits, and whether benefits are right-based or depend on resources available and waiting lists. The conditions of entitlement define who can get a benefit and how coverage is ultimately distributed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|conditions hardship benefits entitlement waiting|8.437568|5.4452653|5.3090253
2002|In Ohio, treatment admissions for the drug increased by 34 per cent from 2009 to 2012. In the county of San Diego, deaths related to methamphetamine increased by 70 per cent from 2008 to 2012. South America has a relatively strong institutional capacity in the wider context of Latin America and the Caribbean, and countries in the region have been making considerable efforts at the national and international levels to curb the illicit supply of drugs and address the increasing rates of drug abuse.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug america diego methamphetamine cent|8.334947|10.222066|3.5371997
2003|The share of all women in the labour market (age 15 and over) grew from 33.9% in 1991 to 43.3% in 2014. Indeed, Mexico has the second-lowest rate of (working age) female labour force participation in the OECD, after Turkey. Mexican women also participate at lower rates than women in Colombia and Peru, two other upper-middle income Latin American countries (OECD, 2016b). There is a 35.3 percentage point gap between Mexican women and men’s labour force participation rates.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mexican women labour force participation|9.706735|4.2837477|5.727558
2004|Blood pressure screening also increased from 30% to 34% (of the undiagnosed population) between 2013 and 2014. In contrast, adequate control of cholesterol levels was achieved in only around 45% people with dyslipidaemia. The evaluation considered reasons for falling short of the 55% target, including poor adherence to clinical guidelines or deficient information systems.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deficient cholesterol adherence blood screening|9.290117|9.513485|2.4465446
2005|Modern science can exploit the qualities of these marginal crops and deploy it in varieties that will be more widely grown. The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) has one of the world’s largest gene banks in the world for dryland crops. Excessive rainfall could wash away soils from the land to complement the impacts of degradation of the natural resource base due to agro-chemicals, overcultivation of soils, deforestation, slash-and-burn agriculture and deterioration of water sources.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|soils crops wash gene deploy|1.9180487|5.5752234|3.9192495
2006|Increased public/private collaboration can also contribute to investment risk-hedging and confidence-building in investors. Training and education, including data and information sharing, serves to increase capacity building among investors and lenders, especially in emerging economies. Evidence similarly suggests that EE stakeholders are looking for increased guidance from government before scaling-up private investment in energy efficiency. The study calls for the creation of an Energy Efficiency Action Network (EEFAN);4 an international platform to enable regular cooperation and information sharing between the public and private sectors. Financial instruments that guarantee EE projects address such risk perception.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee private investors sharing building|2.3086689|2.9333026|1.8770001
2007|The energy sector solutions would present abatement potential of about 41 Mt C02eq, mainly resulting from onshore wind and solar power. In the studied five countries onshore wind, which can provide the biggest impact in the Baltics, has an abatement potential close to 20 Mt C02eq in total, solar power 17 Mt C02eq and bioenergy for heating about 14 Mt C02eq. The transport sector and the agriculture and forestry sector would provide 10 Mt C02eq and 6 Mt C02eq abatement potentials respectively.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mt abatement onshore solar wind|1.4976771|1.9056574|2.2177598
2008|Such youth are more at risk, as they are unable to secure enough work and income to climb out of poverty. Even in the developed world, young people seeking initial employment are increasingly at risk in terms of underemployment, as employers respond to weak demand or avoid the costs of formal employment (including healthcare and social security mandates) by providing part-time work to new entrants. Moreover, quality part-time work-including internships that provide no monetary compensation but offer job-relevant skills development—often excludes the poorest youth, who cannot afford to work for little or no pay.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|work youth underemployment internships risk|8.066366|4.0372453|4.0468874
2009|The public works component also aims to create infrastructure and community assets, including roads, water and fuel sources, all of which potentially benefit women. The design of the PSNP takes account of their practical needs on a number of levels.88 It foresees the provision of community-based childcare services and reduced working time for women with children and provides for women to receive direct support without work requirements before and after childbirth. Some governments are responding more effectively to this challenge than others, as this section will show.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women community psnp foresees childbirth|8.827282|5.1159406|5.892451
2010|"In the end, the infrastructure needed to support significant and sustainable tourism growth is sizeable and will take years to be in place. Private investment has an important role to play. The focus of the government on four ""new Balis"" (Box 2) is a positive step, even though sustainability remains an issue (see below)."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sizeable step tourism sustainability issue|6.198091|3.9226263|2.8485668
2011|The high yield variability/export availability from this region has already demonstrated its impact on world commodity price volatility. Agriculture consumes about 70% of the world’s freshwater withdrawals (45% in OECD countries). Water use projections to 2050 suggest that the water supply to some 47% of the world’s population, mostly in developing countries, will be under severe stress, largely because of developments outside of agriculture. In some instances, supporting agricultural production may not be regarded as the most socially or economically desirable use for scarce water supplies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|world water agriculture consumes withdrawals|1.1733911|7.301387|2.9840403
2012|It is moreover possible that schools share the same kit across classes, so that the above figure constitutes a lower bound for exposure: some schools purchased “mobile kits” (mobile IWB and laptop), or share classrooms between different classes. Although traditionally, each classroom is used by a single class group, and pupils stay with the same class group throughout the day and school year, schools are free to adopt a different organisation of their space. Of all IWBs purchased with funds from the “Piano LIM”, 10.6% are mobile kits, and 29.1% are located in dedicated labs (science, music or arts labs; multimedia rooms; etc.).|SDG 4 - Quality education|labs mobile purchased schools classes|9.496731|1.9495465|2.5502303
2013|Between January 1999 and February 2009, Universiti Sains Malaysia received 4.08 citations per paper with two other Malaysian universities (Universiti Malaya 4.16 and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 3.68) receiving approximately the same (Wong and Ho, 2010). This was lower than the other comparison Asian universities such as Seoul National University (8.04) and University of Hong Kong (10.02). In terms of commercialising of research output, USM had three US patents cumulative to 2005, compared with Seoul National University’s 22 and University of Hong Kong’s 52 (ibid.49). Nationally, however, Penang as a region is a key player in the development of Malaysian-invented patents granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Reviewing Malaysian patents by region, Penang residents invented one-third of all Malaysian patents. However, on examination the bulk of these patents were owned by foreign-based multi-national companies (Wong and Ho, 2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|patents malaysian universiti university invented|6.930254|2.6627517|2.4863122
2014|Women entrepreneurs who registered through the programme report improvements in their business operations, costs of credit, and work security. One risk of the programme is that it might create incentives to under-report real revenues (in order to benefit from the special MEI status) and reduce the attractiveness of other legal forms of business (limited-liability companies and corporations) that are generally more conducive to enterprise growth. Complementary measures are needed to enable higher growth in female-owned enterprises.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business report programme liability attractiveness|8.794119|3.428326|6.397819
2015|It is important to note that multidimensional poverty remained unchanged12 in the urban Amazon between 2006 and 2010, which ties in with the increasing deprivation levels (gaps) in all dimensions other than work and social security. While relative poverty among Afro-Ecuadorians decreased from 1.2 times the national level in 2006 to 1.1 in 2010, the relative level for indigenous people increased from 1.6 times the national level in 2006 to 1.7 in 2010, meaning that despite the absolute reduction in the level of multidimensional poverty, the indigenous population was worse off in 2010 than in 2006 in terms of equity. Rural areas, and especially the rural Amazon, have the highest levels of poverty but a lower absolute number of poor. If the figures are broken down by age group, children and adults together accounted for 57.9% of multidimensional poverty in 2010 (20.2% and 37.7%, respectively), both by number of poor people and by poverty level, while the elderly are the group with the highest level of multidimensional poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty multidimensional level amazon absolute|6.5016627|5.823083|5.1306653
2016|Most of the aid to countries in protracted crisis is humanitarian, notably food aid, while much less is development assistance (Afghanistan and Iraq are exceptions). Relatively small amounts of aid flow to agriculture and education, two sectors of particular importance for food security and nutrition. For example, only 3.1 percent of overseas development assistance received by countries in protracted crisis in the period 2005-08 was dedicated to agriculture (FAO and WFP, 2010).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|protracted aid crisis assistance wfp|4.6732526|5.4561257|4.330584
2017|Therefore road safety advocacy and information should focus on informing those fleet operators. In general in this increasing pace of life, many citizens desire to go faster and as discussed earlier often an individual’s appreciation of the risk of speeding and crash risk is not well informed and the collective risk accumulating in society and the resulting speed related crash problems is one of the classic public health dilemmas or disconnects as described earlier by Prof. Kare Rumar. For example in the enforcement of low level speeding by many more people vs a focus on catching the high end speeding motorists who are relatively few.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|speeding crash risk earlier accumulating|4.2962065|5.1883574|-0.036994472
2018|For customized printed objects, the potential differences between the 3D printing cost and the equivalent retail price are anywhere between eight and 80 times (DHL, 2016a). Small firms trade smaller quantities than big enterprises do. This suggests that fixed trade costs, such as logistics costs, often make up a greater share of the unit cost of their goods as compared to their rivals which export larger volumes.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|customized trade printing objects cost|4.6256213|3.391537|2.6651053
2019|Implementing a national payment system for mental health is understood to be a key enabler to achieving parity of esteem between mental and physical health, and is expected to help drive up the quality of mental health services. A national payment system for mental health would enable better commissioning and more efficient services by incentivising the provision of services that achieve the best outcomes for patients. A national payment system for mental health would ensure the best services, that deliver the highest quality with best outcomes, receive the most funding. Many adults receiving care are allocated to a mental health cluster based on their need; services are then tailored according to the needs of the people they treat. In some local health economies, clusters are also used as the basis of payment replacing a system of block payment arrangements, based on historical funding rather than current service provision.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental payment health services best|10.24893|8.939381|1.7104694
2020|This is true in the Nordic countries, which were among the first to make the change in the 1970s. One of the most recent reforms was undertaken in Poland, where early tracking was postponed one year, until the age of 15. The reform raised students' performance substantially, particularly for those students who would have been assigned into vocational tracks, without undermining the performance of top achievers (Wisniewski, 2007).|SDG 4 - Quality education|performance students undermining tracks assigned|9.248138|2.400595|2.678979
2021|This has contributed to the fall in death rates related to external causes, although these remained above the EU average in 2014. Since then, lung cancer mortality has decreased - although this probably partly reflects a decline in smoking prevalence that started even before these prevention measures. The same restrictions apply to e-cigaiettes, herbal smoking products and novel tobacco merchandise.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|smoking novel merchandise lung tobacco|9.215684|9.37122|3.1066642
2022|They are involved in producing staple food crops that are among the top ten crops grown in the region (in acreage): millet, sorghum, cow peas, maize, groundnuts, cassava, rice and yams (World Farmers' Organisation website accessed on 26 February 2016). The horticulture sector mainly employs female labour as well. Cereals, roots and tubers, fruits and vegetables are essential for food and nutrition security and have a growing regional market.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|crops cow millet sorghum cassava|3.7499535|5.301782|3.911063
2023|For example, in Australia the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centres (EPPIC) scheme was extended to young people to improve their access to mental health care. The motivation for doing this came from survey findings that 25% of people reporting mental disorders in Australia have their first mental ill-health episode before the age of 12, and 64% before the age of 21, and that a large treatment gap existed for this group. To take an example from Finland, when survey information highlighted groups with a particularly high suicide rate, suicide prevention was appropriately tailored towards these groups and successfully contributed to a reduced suicide rate. Investments in population-targeted surveys are most fruitful if such surveys are used to promote access to appropriate treatment, which necessitates investment and reflection around good referral and treatment pathways.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|suicide mental treatment prevention surveys|10.4261875|8.822972|1.6953835
2024|"The first is our greater appreciation of the importance of how schools relate to their communities, contexts, and other social services, such as those that exist in extended or full-service schools (Cummings et al., The second is the need for schools to be interconnected and to collaborate in order to maximise positive outcomes across communities and enhance social justice (Hadfield and Chapman, 2009(63]). There is, how'ever, growing - though contested - evidence of the relationship between collaboration and school improvement (Chapman and Muijs, 2014|64]; Croft, 2015(65]), and of the challenges collaboration poses for school leaders, not least in moving from hierarchical to equal peer leadership relationships (Muijs, West and Ainscow, 2010(49]). The increasing call for leadership across systems and networks of schools provides impetus to include items on this new topic in TALIS 2018."|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools collaboration leadership communities contested|9.718806|1.4911749|1.8822364
2025|It shows that indirect carbon emissions of all technologies are at least an order of magnitude lower than the direct emissions from fossil fuel combustion. It includes the warming of rivers and lakes due to the cooling requirements of large thermal power plants, in particular nuclear plants, as well as the landscape impacts of renewables with large requirements in terms of land use such as wind, solar and hydro.15 In case of biomass-firing, it is important that woodlands are forested sustainably. The European project on the Cost Assessment for Sustainable Energy Systems (CASES) draws together much of the available information on the external effect of power generation in monetised form. While here is not the place to discuss the merits, limits and proper utilisation of the monetisation of external effects, such synthetic estimates if carefully prepared provide a good qualitative indicator of the areas in which policy action might be needed.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|external plants requirements emissions forested|1.3450936|2.5216908|2.0337527
2026|These modelling exercises typically follow a pattern of reporting 'with AIDS' and 'without AIDS' scenarios. An example is the widely dted ING Barings model produced for the July 2000 HIV/AIDS conference in Durban, which showed that long-term economic growth in South Africa would decline by 0.4 per cent per year due to HIV/AIDS. Recent research, however, suggests that these studies may be too optimistic.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aids hiv ing optimistic exercises|8.360397|8.882416|3.3605647
2027|Foreign vessels would be subject to the same, effective system of surveillance as Icelandic vessels to hinder illegal catches and unreported landings. In 2009, a Committee appointed by the Minister of the Environment published a report on reducing GHG emissions (Ministry for the Environment, 2009). According to the report, from a purely technical viewpoint the fishing industry can contribute considerably.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessels viewpoint environment report unreported|-0.111302234|5.731664|6.8528786
2028|While reliable data are lacking, the agriculture and fisheries sectors represent around 34.8% of GDP (MOAI, 2013). Around 61.2% of the labour force is engaged in crop and livestock production or depends to a significant extent on it for its income (MOAI, 2012b). A significant proportion of industry is also related directly or indirectly to agriculture.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|moai agriculture significant lacking indirectly|3.820948|5.2384696|4.0292444
2029|However, clearly energy efficiency improvements that do not lead to reduced fossil fuel energy consumption will not cut greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, it is important to be able to accurately assess the outcomes from energy efficiency measures in order to plan realistic greenhouse gas emissions mitigation strategies. All else being equal, if the demand for energy services decreases, energy prices should fall, and energy efficiency improvements are expected to deliver the necessary energy demand reductions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency greenhouse gas improvements|1.8049257|2.8349802|2.375935
2030|Family planning policies and the availability of contraceptives provide households with more control over their fertility decisions which can also help reduce poverty risks. The assessment of key drivers of child poverty is based on a time series analysis of pooled cross-section data for 29 OECD countries for the mid-1990s to 2013/14 period for the first stage, and for 22 countries for which data for the second-stage analysis are available for the same period. The data on child poverty are taken from the OECD Income Distribution Database.|SDG 1 - No poverty|stage poverty data child period|8.331512|5.9249063|5.6945653
2031|Because gender may not be the most pressing source of inequality in every situation, however, there have been calls to shift focus from “gender” to “diversity” mainstreaming, thus taking a wider approach to inequality (Siltanen 2006, p. 9213). High quality, readily accessible gender-disaggregated data supplies the foundation for both sound evidence-based policy making and gender monitoring and evaluation, and is integral to gender impact assessment. Conversely, the absence of differentiated data (Box 4.11) makes it very difficult to understand the impact of gender equality and mainstreaming strategies and efforts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender mainstreaming inequality impact pressing|9.77279|4.3400745|7.6963325
2032|In some countries, girls are not able to inherit property, while in others, women are required by law to obey their husbands, their voices stifled and their agency eroded. The recognition of families as a contradictory space for women and girls is at the heart of this Report. Therefore, the urgent challenge for policymakers, activists and people in all walks of life, is to transform families into a home for equality and justice, a place where women and girls can exercise voice and agency, and where they have economic security and physical safety. Meeting SDG 5, gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls, for example, demands the elimination of violence and an end to harmful practices; ensuring women have access to economic resources, including through equal inheritance rights and equality in family laws; and promoting shared responsibility for the provision of unpaid care and domestic work, which falls disproportionately on women's shoulders.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls women equality agency families|9.644566|4.94548|7.1582766
2033|There are many clear benefits to improving energy efficiency, including increased energy security, a more sustainable environment, improved quality of life and economic competitiveness. However attempts to increase energy efficiency are undermined by inadequate national policy and legislative frameworks, or a failure to implement them fully. To overcome this inertia, countries have developed ambitious but ineffective energy efficiency polices aimed at households and utilities. There is clear evidence that energy efficiency measures can be cost effective. For example, starting in 2014, Italy offered a 55% tax deduction for energy efficiency investments in the residential sector (subsequently increased to 65% for some measures). Between 2007 and 2013 more than 1.8 million applications were approved and households accessed around EUR 23 billion of investments, at a cost of about EUR 13 billion in undiscounted forgone tax revenue.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|efficiency energy eur billion clear|2.0651891|2.6722693|2.3031893
2034|In 2013 the share of long-term care recipients aged 65 and over receiving care at home was below the OECD average (OECD, 2015b). They had planned to raise home-based long-term care to 1.2% of hospital stays by 2018. However, it remains less developed than in most other comparable countries, and past measures have failed to raise the level of home care and to reach a balanced geographical supply (Cour des comptes, 2016b).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|home care raise stays term|9.124837|8.709021|2.4580631
2035|Still, LGBTI persons in contexts of conflict are often neglected and violations against them underreported. Efforts should be made to actively seek information on the situation of LGBTI persons, including through organizations that protect their rights, while ensuring confidentiality and the safety of the persons concerned. The team might need to consider different approaches in order to ensure that women's and men's voices are equally represented. The team might choose to map out possible challenges and develop appropriate strategies in order to gather information, as indicated in the examples below.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|persons team order confidentiality gather|10.094178|4.748202|7.706889
2036|For children, it means unhealthy and unsafe environments, limited options for walking and playing, limited connectivity to social networks, services and local economy. Although mostly overlooked, inequity has a spatial dimension that makes children vulnerable. Spatial inequity manifests itself in various ways and reveals the importance of land value, land tenure, land use and the planning and management of the spatial characteristics of the built environment.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial inequity land unhealthy limited|4.3438625|5.184342|2.012559
2037|This shows the existence of ethnic and gender inequalities, but on a different level. It is important to note that the coefficients remain unchanged when the regression is not controlled for time effects, which means that despite the reduction in the level of multidimensional poverty, the level of inequality did not change between 2006 and 2010. One additional point on the household dependency ratio is associated with a multidimensional poverty level that is 0.6 points higher. A single-parent household has, on average, a level of multidimensional poverty 0.7 points higher than that of a household with two parents.|SDG 1 - No poverty|multidimensional level household poverty points|7.1181993|5.826689|5.3179474
2038|This framework identifies seven co-ordination and capacity challenges that countries frequently face, regardless of their institutional setting (unitary, federal), hydrographic characteristics (water-rich, water-scarce) and organisation of water policy (centralised, decentralised) (Table 4.1). The degree to which effective co-ordination and implementation of integrated water policy may be hindered by multi-level governance gaps varies across Italy’s regions, but common governance challenges can be diagnosed. The following sections address key governance issues in Italy’s sector through the lens of the gap framework.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance water italy ordination challenges|1.2596885|7.181657|1.4550834
2039|"Whilst in some parts of the world malnutrition affects maternal and infant health and child development, in other regions it contributes to an increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease among indigenous peoples. In the State of Arizona in the United States, for example, the Pima Indian tribe has the highest rate of diabetes in the world, as ""some 50 per cent of the Pima between the ages of 30 and 64 have diabetes. The contamination and destruction of natural habitats and the disappearance of wildlife plants and animals have resulted in the erosion of traditional food systems and decreased food security."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diabetes arizona disappearance food destruction|9.3017845|8.461424|3.3583279
2040|Consequently, cities should support the business services development, including finance and information technology, and their linkages to industry. This requires both targeted and integrated urban economic policies. Governments attempting to select a location for industrial development should, for this reason, consider natural location-based characteristics as well as the powerful forces of infrastructure and agglomeration.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|location attempting agglomeration select powerful|4.0889053|5.1229043|1.6427019
2041|These initiatives were mostly implemented in the northern part of the country where areas suffer from water shortages (especially surface water, as groundwater is already overexploited) and provided enough experience to launch similar desalination plants in other cities, such as Arica, where the positive consequences in terms of water resource management and territorial planning lowered the pressure on groundwater as well as the contamination levels. This experimentation also illustrates the effectiveness of a combination of local government and private companies in financing this kind of initiative. On the one hand, the basin perspective makes it easier to integrate physical, environmental, social and economic influences on water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water groundwater overexploited experimentation lowered|1.1462064|7.363211|2.246759
2042|Care centres should also proactively engage and support parents. The curricular guidelines that the MEP is developing should include a parenting component, and staff of care centres should be trained in ways to promote effective parental engagement. Establish and enforce minimum quality standards for care centres.|SDG 4 - Quality education|centres care proactively mep curricular|9.397917|2.4656894|1.9632066
2043|The authors would like to thank Andreas Schleicher, Dirk van Damme, Deborah Roseveare, Viktoria Kis, Benedicte Bergseng, Francesco Avvisati and Deirdre Hughes for their valuable feedback on drafts of this report. Gender, ethnicity and socio-economic factors all strongly affect these choices. Career guidance is both an individual and a social good: it helps individuals to progress in their learning and work, but it also helps the effective functioning of the labour and learning markets, and contributes to a range of social policy goals, including social mobility and equity. This justifies the public investment in career guidance activities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|helps career guidance social learning|8.744329|2.5745733|2.8936057
2044|It has a major potential role in reducing poverty and contributing to green growth. Green growth issues in aquaculture differ from those in fisheries and the role and sphere of policy is different. A major concern for green growth in aquaculture is the stress it creates on feed resources, as aquaculture is the biggest fishmeal and fish oil consumer in the world.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture green growth major fishmeal|0.3638808|6.117933|6.522431
2045|In lower secondary schools, a stronger emphasis on distributed leadership is also related to teachers who are more often involved in reflective dialogue and collaborative actions. However, these findings were not corroborated in primary and upper secondary education. Induction and support programmes for beginning teachers can improve the effectiveness and job satisfaction of new teachers - and thus make it less likely that those teachers will leave the profession at the first hurdle.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers secondary reflective induction satisfaction|9.678992|1.2673783|1.8611054
2046|"Under the ITPGRFA’s multilateral system, parties to the Treaty agree to make freely available genetic diversity and related information stored in gene banks concerning, at present, 81 forage species from 29 genera and an undefined number of crop species from 51 genera (covering the vast majority of plant crops consumed by humans but with important exceptions such as cocoa, coffee, cotton, soya or tomato). Breeders and scientists who wish to utilize the plant genetic resources and improve on these varieties are required to seek access in accordance with a standardized material transfer agreement (MTA) (Article 12.4, ITPGRFA). Those who access genetic materials through the system are required not to claim any rights that ""limit the facilitated access to the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, or their genetic parts or components, in the form received"" (Article 12.3(d)), ITPGRFA."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|genetic plant article species access|1.7131883|5.4191947|3.9979975
2047|So far, only Australia, Italy and the United Kingdom have invested in such tools, while Japan has started to publish a list of Choosing Wisely® recommendations. Not only do they help deliver better patient-centred care, they can also help ensure that the benefits of clinical guidelines or standards of care are not lost at the point of care. The campaign hinges on changing doctors' behaviours and practices and the public's knowledge and attitudes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care help publish choosing centred|9.173457|9.553066|1.6859134
2048|Among the eight remaining countries - Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Slovakia and Switzerland -there have not been any significant changes in the multidimensional child poverty rate between 2013 and 2014, except (marginally) in Bulgaria and Portugal (Figure 10). Assuming that there were no real changes in multidimensional child poverty between 2013 and 2014 in these countries, this suggests that the multidimensional poverty measure is robust to changes in the underlying sample of children. However, another two countries saw significant increases in the multidimensional child poverty rate: Iceland and Italy. ( So did the United Kingdom, but the trend may be driven by the break in the series due to changes in data collection methods.)|SDG 1 - No poverty|multidimensional changes poverty bulgaria child|7.0759478|6.4126916|5.218977
2049|On the other hand, poorly managed urbanisation generates significant economic, social and environmental challenges. Urbanisation is a complex process, requiring a coordinated policy approach. As such, a National Urban Policy can bring together national sectoral policies which affect urban development and help to clarify roles and responsibilities across ministries as well as between the central and local governments. The role of National Urban Policy was widely recognised during the Habitat III process.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urbanisation urban policy national process|3.8422165|5.146809|1.7945157
2050|For those in developing countries who do have access to electricity, the supplies are often sporadic, which imposes economic costs due to reduced production and the need to invest in back-up supplies. Most developing countries are also substantial importers of energy, so the economic cost and security of supply are important issues. Many subsidize energy production or consumption, yet these subsidies are costly, economically inefficient, and generally provide least benefit to those in greatest need.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|supplies subsidize sporadic imposes production|1.9165591|1.9938284|2.1831295
2051|Canadian data include only Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia and Yukon. The extent of a later start in education is much smaller, and participation levels throughout schooling remain higher. However, retention at senior secondary schooling in New' Zealand drops when students reach age 16, falling below the participation rate for Canadian Indigenous students at age 17 (Figure 5.6).|SDG 4 - Quality education|canadian schooling nova participation age|9.644239|2.827901|2.9166842
2052|Several countries have ministries that explicitly include “water” in their prerogatives, but also embrace other policy areas such as rural affairs or agriculture. In most cases, these have wide responsibilities over a broader set of areas than water policy. Positive implications in the concentration of different water-related responsibilities within the same line ministry include a more open, coherent view for water policies, the concentration of technical and administrative skills, and the possibility for a more integrated programming approach. Examples of line ministries in water policy making can be classified into three main categories: a first category where water policies are encompassed within broader environmental issues; a second category where water policies are included with infrastructure and public works; and a third category where water policies are grouped with environmental challenges and specific rural concerns. This categorisation does not necessarily imply that the allocation of water responsibilities will generate a situation where one sector plays the dominant role in water policy making, although the assumption can be made. Providing an adequate response to the needs of water policy therefore requires an association of the how (which ministry?|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water category policy responsibilities policies|1.2802198|7.1770315|1.6331819
2053|Finally, given the current saturation of public transportation in cities like Santiago, such a fee reduction policy should be introduced with measures to increase the system’s capacity and improve inter-modal co-ordination. This is less costly than single-ticket prices in Madrid (between EUR 2 and EUR 1.50) or Paris (EUR 1.90). However, a traveller buying a set of 10 tickets in these two European capitals can lower the cost per trip to a price almost equal to that of Santiago’s during peak hours (close to EUR 1.20 both in Madrid and Paris).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|eur santiago paris tickets ticket|4.4440055|4.995959|0.76425844
2054|In recent years, some cities in Belarus have become pioneers in integrating some elements of a green city approach into their urban planning and development practices to address some of the problems they face in a more systematic, integrated way (box 13.3.). Multifamily housing constitutes about 140 million m , or 60 per cent of the total. Private dwellings made up 89.5 per cent of the total housing.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing cent total dwellings belarus|3.967864|5.0889583|2.0531363
2055|This chapter presents common factors across OECD education systems that contribute to develop success/ul innovative learning environments, as identified from the research literature and from ILE programmes implemented in recent years. Reviewing past experiences in innovative learning environments can help policy makers seeking to design and implement reforms. It defines and reviews the main purposes and contextual features of ILEs, identifies the key elements of successful policy design and explains, through the analysis of past reform experiences, which practices and factors can contribute to efficient policy implementation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|environments experiences innovative design past|8.635915|1.7801589|1.9467379
2056|The city is located in the middle of Korea, reachable from Seoul within an hour by express train. It resulted from the merger of Yeongi-gun and several towmships of Gongju-si and Cheongwon-gun, mainly on what used to be agricultural land. Today, 74.7% of the city’s land surface remains fields and farmlands, and over half will be reserved as parks and green space, according to the Sejong Urban Master Plan 2030.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city si merger land seoul|3.9676685|4.8939333|0.8970563
2057|The lesson from this experience is that family law and property law need to be in harmony for there to be effective protection. Similarly, Namibia’s National Gender Policy 2010-2020 provides for removing all components that discriminate against women, to bring customary laws in line with the Namibian Constitution. In India, the National Policy for the Empowerment of Women of 2001 encourages changes in personal laws such as those related to marriage, divorce and maintenance so as to eliminate discrimination against women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|laws women law harmony namibia|9.551286|4.974282|7.25444
2058|The metropolitan area acts as an Environmental Authority and has created a Metropolitan Environmental Council. It has established a Transport Authority, in charge of mass public transport, in particular the bus, rail, metro and metrocable systems in the Medellin area. The metropolitan area also promotes co-ordination across levels of government to align development objectives.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metropolitan area authority transport environmental|3.93882|5.344774|1.2193857
2059|Interviewed women explain that the gender division of labour shifted, since they now have to take over several male-specific activities. Moreover, wives in migrant families state to have higher decision-making power, with the decision of how much money to invest and what crops to grow lying in their hands. Similarly, evidence from Nicaragua shows that fathers assume new gender roles when their spouses migrate, taking charge of the housework and children (Avellan, 2003).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|decision lying wives gender interviewed|8.72177|5.2165995|6.977412
2060|This should including availability to less mobile populations, for example with practitioners with mental health training going into elderly care facilities, or psychologists visiting the elderly in their homes or in care settings. Nonetheless, Japan’s mental health system lags behind those of other OECD countries which Japan would usually see as peers in health system quality. Inpatient care is still dominant, information on quality is poor, and patient wishes and demands are not put at the centre of care delivery. To build a modem, high quality, patient-centred mental health system Japan must be ambitious, ready to make difficult choices, and drive important and significant change. Patient wishes should be the centre of the mental health system, which can be helped by making a range of services available in inpatient settings and in the community, where they should be easily accessible and close to population centres.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental patient health wishes japan|10.155015|8.972175|1.713464
2061|At the same time, it is mandatory to acknowledge and recognize the differential knowledge in the community while reviving interest in traditional knowledge. The vertical and horizontal stratification operating in a given society defines the access to various resources including cultural and natural resources. The approaches of organic farming and LEISA are potential alternative systems and more environment-friendly forms of agriculture, which provides scope to create links between traditional and scientific knowledge systems. The promotion of organic farming and its standards needs to respect the traditional ecosystems and knowledge of the farmers. It is important to assimilate strategies that combine traditional knowledge and modern science-based practices to achieve sustainable and equitable use and development. Such changes would require a shift in research and development approaches towards farmer/user-led participatory development, which is right now being practised among developmental agencies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|knowledge traditional organic farming approaches|3.5303879|5.382625|3.8939023
2062|This shows no change from the previous data point, 2011/12, when the indicator was introduced (the indicator is a score between 0 and 100, but not a percentage value, with higher score representing better outcomes). Since 2008, this level has fuctuated betwen 74% and 77%. For example, in the case of health care-acquired infections, the website explains that improvements can be achieved through measures including hand hygiene, hospital cleanliness, equipment decontamination and optimal antimicrobial prescribing. The data for this indicator, however, relate to 2011, and some of the other indicators are also based on old data, making them less useful.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indicator score data prescribing infections|9.189498|9.402392|2.1914718
2063|Green growth has been recognised as a key policy, as it can address economic growth, social inclusion and environmental sustainability at the same time. Especially, fostering green growth in cities is critical because cities play disproportionately large roles in the economic and environmental performance of countries (OECD, 2013) (Box 3.1). To do this it must catalyse investment and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities” (OECD, 2011). The Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) defines green growth as “a development approach that seeks to deliver economic growth that is both environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive” (GGGI, 2017).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|growth green economic cities catalyse|2.8217273|4.282841|1.9989998
2064|As shown in Figure 2, in countries such as Czech Republic, Finland and Korea the percent of variation of students’ scores on the PISA test explained by their SES status has increased since 2006. This means the educational systems in these countries have become less inclusive and/or supportive to students of disadvantaged backgrounds. In contrast, countries such as Chile, Mexico and the United States improved on this measure.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students ses countries supportive backgrounds|9.701766|2.2084098|3.1559927
2065|The results are based on a number of simplifying assumptions described in section 4.2.1 and should interpreted in that light. In this case, the TIMES model was specified with focus on technology choices in the absence of distortions from taxes and regulation. The results will point to trends in the relative cost of different technologies and how a green transition can be achieved in the least costly manner.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|simplifying results distortions interpreted specified|1.9275626|2.8359044|2.0050263
2066|Of course, the incentive to over-fish and sell the fish outside the set of monitored ports (in the case of Norway, this means outside Norway) remains the same, so that the equilibrium may well involve more over-fishing. Even if it does result in higher over-fishing, the advantage of a better recording of catches is not insignificant. Conservation efforts depend on accurate statistics and biological models that properly reflect stock dynamics (even with accurate statistics on catches, estimation of the underlying stock is still difficult).|SDG 14 - Life below water|catches accurate stock fishing norway|-0.021404546|5.784225|6.910395
2067|It should be noted that gender inequality can also be used to denote a situation where men are disadvantaged vis-a-vis women (as nowadays can be observed in some countries in the case of certain measures of educational attainment or of health status); however, as this is historically almost never the direction in which the inequality runs, the bulk of this chapter looks at how gaps disadvantageous to women have been closed over the past century. This is also to address an imbalance in the rest of the book by which almost all the other chapters either are focused on men or provide no data on indicators disaggregated by gender. Others include the Gender Empowerment Index by the UNDP, the Social Institutions and Gender Index by the OECD, the Global Gender Gap Index by the World Economic Forum and the Women’s Economic Opportunity Index produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The UN uses a correction of five years because there is some evidence to show that at a biological level women have a greater life expectancy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|index gender vis women inequality|9.375037|4.5231028|6.362952
2068|The SNA data on household income are first divided by the population size. They are then multiplied by the ratio of the average household income of each decile to the average household income in the IDD, to give an estimate of an average household income by decile that is consistent with the SNA totals. Unemployed persons are defined as those who are currently not working but are willing to do so and actively searching for work.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sna household decile income average|6.809438|5.754096|4.9584756
2069|The strong desire to remain at home is outweighed by the need to alleviate poverty and overcome vulnerability. Emigration destinations of those in PICs are largely connected to past and present political affiliation of the countries. For example, there are more Niuean in New Zealand (about 20,000) than Niue (1,500). Similarly, about 6,000 Tokelauan are in New Zealand and nearly 8,000 Cook Islanders are living outside the country.|SDG 1 - No poverty|zealand islanders pics cook affiliation|5.846603|4.520516|3.7626529
2070|The fourth approach added to training sessions and follow-up mechanisms the shaping of a professional learning community: school meetings, school visits and digital platforms allowing teachers to share lesson plans and exchange on their practice. The only approach that was arguably not very effective was the first one: limiting professional development to induction training. While this could work with expert teachers who are very motivated and already master most of the teaching repertoire that fostering creativity and critical thinking calls for, this approach proved less effective in sustaining teachers' engagement with the project ideas and materials over time. Across teams, more than 400 primary and secondary level teachers were involved in intervention classes, thereby gaining access to new materials and training opportunities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers training approach materials professional|9.045412|1.4583399|1.8058885
2071|Children living in households with no income from employment, as well as in households that experience a drop in employee income of at least 5 per cent, are consistently at a high risk of entering poverty. Meanwhile, employment events have less of an impact, except reductions in the number of employed adults, which consistently increases the risk of poverty entries. Demographic events, which are quite rare in the short EU-SILC panel, have little bearing on child poverty transitions in the EU-SILC.|SDG 1 - No poverty|silc consistently poverty events eu|7.2264695|6.2887144|5.21925
2072|"According to the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, between 1994 and 2007, the share of the population which paid for medical services increased from 4% to 15% for doctors’ consultation; from 8% to 26% for diagnostic procedures and from 30% to 50% for hospital stays (with a peak of 60% in 2002)."" Survey was not conducted in 1997 and 1999. Roughly 50% of patients paid something for hospital stays, although the average size and distribution of the payment is not known (Figure 3.9)."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|stays hospital paid survey longitudinal|8.804071|8.880811|2.0846756
2073|The United Kingdom also plans to develop proposals for the government’s biggest suppliers to publish data and provide action plans to address key social issues and disparities, such as ethnic minority representation in the workforce, the gender pay gap throughout the company and the actions undertaken to tackle inequalities. They could also be governed by “light-touch” regulatory approaches and policies as in the case of Australia, Canada and Spain. In Australia, the Workplace Gender Equality Procurement Principles is a procurement connected to social inclusion policy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|procurement australia plans touch publish|9.680329|4.1145697|7.0979686
2074|The involvement of numerous stakeholders results in a multiplication of evaluation and assessment mechanisms. For example, schools report information to their board, to the Windows for Accountability website, to the Inspectorate, and to the Ministry of Education. They receive evaluative feedback from the school boards, the Inspectorate, external consultants of the Schools have the Initiative project (for participating schools) and, in many cases, other experts and service organisations hired to support internal quality care and school development.|SDG 4 - Quality education|inspectorate schools evaluative windows consultants|9.748269|1.8322968|1.5497198
2075|This includes the creation, in collaboration with leading United States institutions, of three major programmes aimed at development of molecular diagnostics: the Integrated BioBank of Luxembourg, the Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, and a pilot programme to find and validate biomarkers for use in disease management and therapeutic follow-up in lung cancer. In 2010 these and a number of other research programmes were brought together to create the Personalized Medicine Consortium to co-ordinate and support research in the areas of cancer, type 2 diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. Respondents also mentioned that commercial development in the area of molecular diagnostics is also promoted through the Luxembourg BioHealth Cluster.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|luxembourg diagnostics cancer disease personalized|8.599209|9.445748|2.5493948
2076|The university sees R&D as a means of diversifying funding and taking advantage of its 600 researchers. Commercialisation of research is a crucial activity. Results are substantial but limited: in 2008 the Technion Research and Development Foundation was directly involved in initiating six new companies in areas such as medical equipment, environment embryonic stem cells, alternative energy and imaging system. In addition, licensing agreements were signed by the faculty.|SDG 4 - Quality education|imaging technion sees research cells|5.6307144|3.237293|2.4027216
2077|Recognising these challenges, Japan plans to introduce a distinct, specialist primary care workforce throughout the health care system, as of 2017. This chapter examines the steps that are needed to achieve this, and to embed quality monitoring and improvement activities from the start. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Rather than having a dedicated workforce with specialist training in the functions described above, primary care in Japan is delivered by a cadre of semi-generalist/semispecialists - that is, physicians who leave hospital practice after an unspecified amount of time to set up as generalists (with no compulsory further training) in the community.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|specialist workforce care japan generalist|9.493853|8.878076|1.7139885
2078|With this kind of balancing market, market participants prefer to have gate closure closer to real time in order to adjust their generation plans and reduce their exposure to the imbalance risk. Moreover, regional integration of balancing markets and even other reserve markets over wider geographical areas could yield efficiency gains. This includes the definition of reliability standards; the publication of adequacy projections or the definition of technical requirements, such as flexibility of power plants, controllability of wind and solar power plants or controllability of electrical appliances. Even where operations and investment decisions are market-based, governments and system operators will continue to define, in one way or another, the reliability criteria, some dispatching capabilities and requirements for new generation capacity and electrical appliances connected to the grid.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|appliances electrical reliability balancing definition|1.6026264|1.5260762|1.8475511
2079|Some EECCA countries (e.g. Moldova, Georgia and Armenia) have already been developing national-level climate strategies that can serve as “action plans” for their NDCs, such as Low-Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) and National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), as well as country-specific national or sectoral plans on climate change, including Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). Some of the results from the Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs) in many EECCA countries should be better used to improve actual uptake and market penetration of technologies needed for low-carbon, climate-resilient development. Further work is needed for key institutions of the EECCA countries to better access and absorb international financial resources to implement climate actions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|eecca climate plans actions national|1.554819|3.8737617|1.411242
2080|Past experience has shown, however, that such an approach can result in agricultural policies that are dominated by distorting forms of support, including price support, which in turn threaten the food security of poor consumers. These negative consequences are particularly acute when food shortages occur for other reasons, like an economic downturn or a natural disaster. The APEC Policy Partnership on Food Security (PPFS), formed in 2011, is a forum for discussing issues related to food security, bringing together individuals from the private and public sectors to help facilitate investment, liberalise trade and market access, and support sustainable development.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food security support distorting discussing|4.236943|5.3543587|4.2287273
2081|The second focuses on an analysis of the relationship between poverty and inequality. The third covers the literature on the relationship between economic growth and income inequality. These studies’ findings corroborate each other to the extent that they all indicate that, as noted by Araujo, Tabosa and Khan (2012), there are two fundamental factors at work: the average growth rate and the initial level of income inequality.|SDG 1 - No poverty|inequality relationship growth income fundamental|6.386679|5.405296|4.854569
2082|Access to irrigation reduces the risk of crop failure, encouraging the adoption of higher-yielding varieties of food crops, diversification into higher-value cash crops, application of fertilisers and pest management, and intensification of farm labour and practices (Van Koppen et al., According to the World Development Report 2008 (World Bank, 2007), irrigated land does not exceed 4% of total agricultural land in Sub-Saharan Africa, compared with 29% in East Asia and 39% in South Asia. In areas where farmers mostly rely on rain-fed agriculture, water availability is one of the most binding constraints on agricultural production.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|crops asia agricultural land yielding|1.1547825|7.23743|3.1307254
2083|From 2010 to 2012, the position of women in leadership positions increased from 9.32 per cent to 14.75 per cent and is projected to reach 22 per cent by 2016. While increasing numbers are a positive factor, this example illustrates the very marginal gains women are making in leadership positions, particularly in private sector management. For example, due to heightened awareness and attention brought by MWA, the State Services Commission, in partnership with public service chief executives, has developed a centrally co-ordinated talent identification initiative for senior public servants.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent positions leadership mwa executives|10.210984|4.061625|6.8915825
2084|It is likely these two funds can utilise their superior financial clout to drive health providers to improve performance more effectively than the smaller plans may be able to. Evidence of improvement across key indicators highlights that monitoring and feedback is a useful force in driving improvements in the quality of care. As a start, Israel should expand the number of domains covered to include major chronic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure and mental health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|chronic obstructive pulmonary utilise superior|8.732676|9.299696|2.079529
2085|The spectrum of poverty measurement approaches varies from purely monetary to non-monetary aspects, with much variation {see Table 2.1). Measurement choices are often implicit, and can have a profound impact on results and related policies. The first choice is what to measure: income, consumption, or broader capabilities? The most common approach is to measure monetary poverty, based on indicators of income or consumption as proxies for material living standards.|SDG 1 - No poverty|monetary measurement measure consumption proxies|6.5589547|6.4428725|5.05069
2086|Energy production from waste is far from reaching its potential in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region. The early generation of waste-to-energy incinerators that were built in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region during a period of limited landfill capacity in the early 1970s have proven to be environmentally and financially unsustainable. Tighter federal environmental regulation led to their closing or to costly retrofitting (Sendzik et al, 1996).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tri chicago metro waste early|0.46251184|4.0261874|3.112611
2087|But much more needs to be done to remove gender biases and move towards universal coverage. There are many ways to do this. Minimally, policy and programme features that perpetuate gender stereotypes or social stigma need to be removed. Social transfer schemes, for example, should not impose conditionalities that increase women's unpaid care and domestic work and should gradually work towards universal coverage in order to avoid stigma.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stigma universal coverage conditionalities perpetuate|9.677722|4.1735106|7.1365643
2088|Under these criteria, local communities are recognized as the front line in the search for solutions to reduce their disaster vulnerability and increase their resilience (Gaillard, 2010). Accordingly, Gaillard (2010) argues that an approach that considers the community entails working both to strengthen individuals' means of subsistence and also improve their capacities to cope better with disaster situations. Both disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation use geographic areas or population groups as their units of intervention, in contrast to work at the individual or household level, which generally is applied in intervention specific to social protection. Unlike disaster risk reduction, which seeks to minimize the effect of extreme phenomena, the climate change adaptation approach develops intervention tools to deal with immediate upheavals (floods, droughts, epidemics, wars, civil violence and ethnic or other types of persecution), and gradual situations of short or long-term tension (such as increases in temperature or rainfall that cause soil degradation, demographic pressures, or temporary resource shortages) stemming from a change in normal weather conditions, (Chambers and Conway, 1991).|SDG 13 - Climate action|disaster intervention situations change adaptation|1.5248553|5.0785136|1.838532
2089|The best way to do this is to calculate tax burdens and benefit entitlements for representative samples of households for different periods. This permits straightforward identification of the relative contribution of policy changes and trends in market-income inequality on redistribution. Box 3 provides an illustration of such an approach using data for the United States.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|illustration burdens straightforward samples calculate|7.000175|5.1349025|4.4723988
2090|Slums may be housing a gradually reduced portion of the urban population as local policies take effect and as incomes increase. However, for the hundreds of millions at the bottom of the urban system, garbage pickup and removal is almost non-existent; toilets, let alone public toilets, are rare; running water to one's premises is an impossibility; well-funded public education is unavailable; and the quality of health services, transport facilities, leisure and open spaces, and even good local food markets is low. Investing in infrastructure is therefore an absolute necessity for the new urban agenda. In this regard, Goal 13 of the Sustainable Development Agenda, which urges countries to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, could not have come at more auspicious time. Urban areas concentrate economic activities, households, industries and infrastructures which are hotspots for energy consumption as well as key sources of greenhouse gases.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|toilets urban agenda garbage unavailable|3.9288158|4.8597803|1.95576
2091|However, TFR was applied only to 16% of generics in 2015 (Drees, 2016c). They should be applied much more widely. France’s prescription rate is one of the targets of add-on payments to physicians who can compare themselves to regional averages (CNAMTS, 2016b). Moreover, the 2016 antibiotics strategy aimed at reducing resistance to antibiotics foresees additional information campaigns, training of health-care professionals and higher spending on research and monitoring (CIS, 2016).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|antibiotics applied tfr generics cis|8.472102|9.440583|2.189911
2092|The proportion of women who run their business at a loss is somewhat lower than for men in the United States (7.5% of women versus 8.7% for men). The reason for their careful risk management may be greater concern about the consequences of failure (Chapter 22). Indeed, the Small Business Service (2005) in the United Kingdom found that women with family responsibilities were “particularly wary of extending commitments” and that any business venture they embarked upon would “need to be independent of family finances and self-sufficient”. However, there is no conclusive evidence that women entrepreneurs are always less willing to take risks than men (Croson and Gneezy, 2009). On average, 22% of self-employed women across 30 OECD countries work less than 40 hours a week against only 10% of self-employed men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men women self business employed|8.917221|3.6756902|6.180845
2093|Finnish experience and international research show that investment in primary education pays off in later grades through better aptitude and learning skills, as well as through positive overall outcomes. Schools are typically small, with class sizes ranging from 15 to 30 students. In 2004, more than one-third of Finnish comprehensive schools had fewer than 50 pupils; just 4% of all schools had 500 or more pupils (Statistics Finland, 2011)’.|SDG 4 - Quality education|finnish pupils schools aptitude grades|9.522569|2.3556516|2.6379051
2094|However, some national studies show that up to 70 per cent of women have experienced physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime®*™ (WHO, 2013). There is also a high prevalence of psychological violence against women as 43 per cent of women in the European Union have experienced this form of violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime®*™ (AFR, 2014). As a result, significant progress has been made regarding the institutionalization of development and management of public spaces over the past decade. Several global and local movements have been formed to demand more friendly living areas attainable through public space provision.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|violence intimate lifetime partner experienced|10.106506|5.5624504|7.472617
2095|For 2016, NEDA was tasked to start the pre-work of drafting the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) (up to 2022) for the next presidential term. This w ill serve as the basis of the Philippine Investment Plan and all other regional, provincial and local development plans and investment programmes. In the section on priority legislation, BIOFIN lobbied for the inclusion of the Expanded NIPAS (National Integrated Protected Areas System) Act, Philippine Genetic Resources Access and Benefit Sharing, and proposed amendments to the use of the Malampaya Fund towards biodiversity conservation as priority environment and natural resources legislation supporting PDP.|SDG 15 - Life on land|priority legislation plan drafting presidential|3.20918|5.096094|1.7411102
2096|China is promoting the use of telemedicine for medical institutions as a core element of the health-care system reform. Among enacted policies thus far, the National Health and Family Planning Commission has responsibility for establishing the basic principles and guidelines related to telemedicine. The 2009 Notice on Multiple Tasks of Doctors allows doctors in medical institutions to freely perform remote medical services in addition to their hours of consultation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|telemedicine medical doctors institutions notice|9.025339|9.1581545|1.6339139
2097|Throughout the OECD, employers are increasingly aware of the value of diversity in the workplace and they are showing a growing willingness to take concrete steps to promote it (BIAC and Deloitte, 2014). The weaker position of women in the labour market results in weaker networks, thereby sustaining gender gaps in access to employment and job quality. Specific interventions may be devised to strengthen women’s networks.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|weaker networks devised deloitte sustaining|9.728765|4.1448326|6.6256194
2098|Most of that volatility originates on the supply side: output depends on the vagaries of weather and other natural factors, which vary from year to year. Cyclical swings of output, reflecting lagged response of supply to price changes, can inject an additional degree of volatility into agricultural markets. As it happens, such output fluctuations on agricultural markets hit a demand that does not respond much to price variations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|output volatility price markets originates|3.8831084|4.9841995|4.440773
2099|They result from the research project “The innovative behaviour of women-led young firms”, submitted by Mario Piacentini in August 2011 and approved by the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) in September 2011. Women-founded businesses are those which have been founded by one woman or by an exclusively female founding team. Enterprises founded or owned by mixed teams are excluded. The variables relating to founder/owner characteristics are calculated as averages for the individual members of the founding team.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|founded founding team founder research|8.96414|3.5025628|6.220606
2100|The most advanced country in this area is Algeria, which does not impose any conditions in either case. It is critical to protect women’s rights in all areas of life, including economic participation.32 Access to justice mainly means: legal mechanisms and legislations that establish a right to access to court and to a fair judicial remedy; that promote legal and judicial assistance to women; that help them become aware of their rights to access justice; and that provide legal services and advice. It also means the right for women to go to court, the right to work in a legal profession, a chance for women to access the same positions as men in the judiciary, according to principles of equality and fairness.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|legal right judicial access court|9.838602|4.896254|7.150761
2101|Nuclear power also has negligible greenhouse gas emissions. These targets both decrease dependence on fossil-fuel energy resources, and deliver energy with significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions (RISO, 2008). The main opportunities to mitigate climate change in the energy sector are de-carbonisation of the power sector and end-use energy-efficiency investments. For developing countries these options should also lead to enhanced energy security, reduced dependence on foreign imports of fossil fuels, and creation of local economic activity through renewable power investments in micro-grid systems.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy power dependence greenhouse fossil|1.47724|2.55372|2.082487
2102|Over the last 70 years, a whole body of human rights and entitlements, which have been defined and accepted by the international community and the African region, transcend political, economic, social and cultural differences among countries. These international and regional legal standards set the bar for gender equality and women’s empowerment. Leaders and policymakers therefore need to understand the long-term nature of deconstructing harmful social norms and replacing them with positive social norms.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|norms social bar replacing international|9.680844|4.6347995|7.186477
2103|A worsening external environment dampened demand for mining, quarrying and metallurgy products, and poor weather conditions weighed down the growth of agricultural output. Available from http://ceicdata.com (accessed on 30 March 2013); and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Reports. Remittance inflows from Italy, Greece and the Russian Federation, the main destinations for Georgian workers, also slowed but held up relatively well.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|weighed georgian economist remittance worsening|5.6720753|4.5212255|3.8065271
2104|Interestingly, it uses the example of International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) management of Atlantic Bluefin tuna, which it depicts as a success story of rationale fisheries management because the 2014 Bluefin stock assessment revealed a surge in the Atlantic Bluefin spawning stock, leading to an increase in the total allowable catch in the fishery. Part of this process includes technical briefing sessions with the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank and RFMOs. What sorts of fisheries subsidies should be prohibited?|SDG 14 - Life below water|bluefin atlantic tuna stock fisheries|0.0040661166|5.4041576|6.8268
2105|Significant at the 1% level. The mobile sector has also been subject to more incentive regulations rather than obligations imposed, as in the case of fixed networks. These are well-known facts remedied by regular reviews and upgrades of existing policy and regulatory settings, as well as by the adoption of new measures and policy initiatives to address the changing nature of the digital ecosystem. It is worth noting, nevertheless, that the impact of urbanization on the take up of mobile-cellular services is lower than on fixed-broadband penetration levels, mobile-cellular being less infrastructure-intensive and thus deployed at a lower cost beyond urban areas.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mobile cellular fixed upgrades facts|4.848691|2.848695|1.5031284
2106|There are many other possible outcomes people care about, such as inequalities in health, responsiveness, and fairness of financing (Murray & Evans, 2003). Accordingly, the results of GCEA cannot be used to set priorities by themselves but should be introduced into the policy debate to be considered along with the impact of different policy and intervention mixes on other outcomes. The analysis was undertaken by developing a microsimulation model of the health outcomes arising from lifestyle risk factors typically associated with obesity.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|outcomes microsimulation murray mixes fairness|9.11238|9.182563|2.8389904
2107|These children and young people can become subject to physical and sexual abuse, psychological problems, addiction and other harmful consequences. Women are acutely affected by particular consequences of drug abuse, such as sexually transmitted diseases and the consequences of domestic violence, in addition to being more likely to be affected by drug-facilitated crime. Drug abuse and poverty are often linked in multiple ways.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|abuse drug consequences affected acutely|8.3787775|10.12347|3.63417
2108|However, compared with the international average, twice as many primary teachers in Mexico participate in formal induction programmes if they have access to them. Even for the teachers who do have access, very few participate in mentoring. In most countries, primary teachers receive peer support from elsewhere.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers participate primary induction mentoring|9.540869|1.4033793|2.351898
2109|For example, the Republic of Korea suspended production in the Kaesung Industrial Zone in February 2016 to protest nuclear testing by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. On the outlook for the future, the economy is likely to experience a slowdown in 2016, mainly due to China’s lower demand for minerals. Growth performance was, nonetheless, weaker than expected amid the economic slowdown in China which constrained business investment and exports.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|slowdown korea republic china protest|5.18162|4.67415|3.8385653
2110|Team learning, therefore, is not collaborative learning per se, but the collective learning of minds coming together. Neuroscience confirms that we learn through social interaction (Dumont, Istance and Benavides, 2010) as knowledge is socially constructed, and socio-cultural theories also highlight the importance of learning through par ticipating in communities of practice (Wenger, 1998) - reflecting what learning science informs us about effective learning of students, so a SLO encourages collaborative work and collective learning among its staff. This makes teaching more than a process experienced by professionally isolated individuals in their respective classrooms and instead enables a professional growth process in which teachers learn from and with each other by sharing of knowledge and expertise (Husband and Short, 1994; Kruse and Louis, 1997; Newmann, King and Youngs, 2000). But teamwork and collaboration can be shallow.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning collaborative learn collective knowledge|9.067845|1.5903543|2.0014362
2111|The expansion of technology, particularly the advent of digitalisation, presents new opportunities and challenges to prepare students to be lifelong and lifewide learners. Students now need to not only learn information but also understand how to use it, they need to interact successfully and respectfully with others, and take responsible actions and work together towards collective well-being. Equipping students with these skills requires innovation and a change in the approaches towards teaching and learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students equipping advent digitalisation learners|8.719999|1.6821829|1.961839
2112|Access to water is fundamental for productivity in agriculture in most of Spain, contributing 55% to total agricultural value added. While some new irrigation projects, for example in the Ebro river basin, were maintained in the revised national hydrological plan (2005-08), the government does not expect further expansion. Water abstractions for irrigation remained broadly constant until 2004. These developments resulted in a 9% reduction of irrigation water application rates between 1990-92 and 2002-04.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation water abstractions hydrological expect|1.0609697|7.4531217|2.7243047
2113|As a consequence, low-carbon growth as an alternative to ‘business as usual’ is fast becoming the preferred model for major economies in both developed and developing countries. Its relevance lies in the fact that one of the objectives of low-carbon growth of the green economy is to manage risks posed by global warming and climate change, and to take advantage of the opportunities that they offer in terms of new technology development and greater efficiency in industrial processes. It has now been clearly demonstrated that sustainable development makes economic sense, as more jobs are created and the externalities that traditional models of development generate are limited.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|carbon development posed preferred growth|2.0856483|3.8544152|2.1325822
2114|The process could be made more effective if the performance of new teachers was assessed jointly by the school principal and a qualified external authority, such as the school supervisor or regional pedagogical advisor. Once clear terms for the probation appraisal are established, Costa Rica could introduce a requirement that all teachers must complete the probation to a satisfactory standard before being confirmed in a permanent post. In most countries, probation typically takes place alongside a structured induction programme.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers induction satisfactory school confirmed|10.083075|1.4188544|2.5183017
2115|The six countries have amended or adopted new constitutions since 2011 that incorporate the principles of gender equality or non-discrimination. They recognise that the participation of women in the economy is key for growth and shared prosperity. This recognition at the constitutional level sends a strong and encouraging signal. As it is incorporated and implemented through the domestic legal framework, it will facilitate women’s involvement in the economy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sends economy constitutions amended constitutional|9.610903|4.6468897|7.1158495
2116|Alcohol abuse is a cause of presenteeism. The after-effects of heavy drinking include inability to concentrate at work, deterioration in job performance and relationships with colleagues, higher safety risks and reduced overall output. These in turn can lead to disputes, grievances, loss of working time and reduced productivity (ILO, 2012).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|reduced disputes inability concentrate colleagues|9.303279|9.677369|3.5749059
2117|Although these comments refer specifically to the World Bank, it would not be unreasonable to assume that other donors are also experiencing similar issues relating to M&E in general, and related to CDE specifically. As well, poor linkages between environment and other ministries in government can result in poor coordination and non-complementary or competing objectives. This is a challenge for donors, since ideally energy policy should be integrated with key national policies such as Poverty Reduction Strategies, Economic Development Strategies, and other national policies. It is vital that donors’ support strategies and policies are harmonised, and that they work together to avoid duplication. Given the diversity of the energy sector, and the wide economic reach of the sector, this can be a challenging goal. This may be especially the case in the area of subsidy removal.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|donors strategies specifically policies poor|1.8706204|3.158977|1.8973043
2118|In addition to domestic back-up capabilities, international interconnections thus play an important role in maintaining the supply and demand balance. In some cases, this allows countries to gain reciprocal benefits from complementary structures of both production and demand. French nuclear baseload production exported around the clock can thus be exchanged against German or Swiss electricity produced by wind, gas or hydropower at peak times.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|exchanged reciprocal demand interconnections swiss|1.5721816|1.8758305|2.0356648
2119|En lugar de centrarse en una critica (por otro lado muy necesaria) de los mercados detrabajoyen los elevados costos humanos.socialesy financieros de la migracion, este estudio pretende dar voz a las subjetividades de las mujeres migrantes en Nepal, dado que, por el momento, este aspecto no ha recibido tanta atencion. El estudio pone de manifiesto las razones que tienen estas mujeres para emprender la migracion internacional y sus esfuerzos por adquirir capacidades que les permitan ganarse la vida en el contexto de la globalization. Sus experiencias revelan como se aprovecha la experiencia migratoria para (re) negociar el papel de estas mujeres en el seno de sus familias y comunidades, asi como para cuestionar el estigmay la mistificacion que todavia hoyacompahan a la migracion de las mujeres. In recent decades, with rising new demands for cheap labour worldwide, along with the continued inadequacy of rural employment opportunities and increased connectivity, increased male outmigration has brought transformation at many levels, including in gender power relations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|la el mujeres las en|8.767936|5.557719|5.3377876
2120|As has been highlighted, industry good bodies are one of the principal providers of market information and analysis for farmers (section 1.5). As discussed earlier, these bodies are part of the National Adverse Events Committee and participate in the assessment of adverse events and the establishment of any eventual government assistance to farmers. Finally, in the wheat sector the only function of the industry' good body is to act as the farmers’ agent in contracting yield insurance with the commercial insurer. The primary role of the government has been to develop and enforce basic rules and regulations, and to ensure that the economic system remains competitive and the macro-economic framework stable.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farmers adverse events bodies industry|3.6359544|5.423793|3.7991207
2121|The exhibit shows the treatment costs, additional health care spending and cost per additional life year associated with ten promising medical innovations. Treatment costs refer to the costs of providing the listed breakthrough technology and are based on comparisons with existing technologies as identified by expert panels. Costs per additional life year do not include improvements in morbidity and disability during a Irfeti me and hence should be thought of as upper bounds on a cost-effectiveness ratio.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|costs additional treatment life breakthrough|8.560063|9.342399|2.282132
2122|Improvements in climate resilience can support development, while inclusive development can help to build climate resilience. Achieving this will not only mean climate-proofing existing development pathways, but also considering how the pathways themselves may need to change in light of the challenges posed by climate change. This chapter outlines the need for climate-resilient development, which provides a strategic approach to addressing current vulnerabilities while preparing for the effects of a changing climate.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate pathways development resilience posed|1.5117975|4.90754|1.8245034
2123|While not being specifically classified in the CRS as research activities, it can be argued that these activities support STI development, and therefore should be included in the analysis of external support towards STI. This included activities supporting the understanding and use of ICTs and broader projects such as the FHI360 Mobile Solutions Technical Assistance and Research (mSTAR), a technical assistance and research program, which aims to fostering rapid adoption and scale-up of digital finance, digital inclusion and mobile data in developing countries. Many of these additional activities have an ICT or technology component, but are classified in the CRS according to a different sector, e.g. the mSTAR project is classified as “Business support services and institutions”.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|classified activities crs sti research|4.991583|3.40673|2.0856736
2124|Fourth, amenable mortality, like longevity indicators, does not account for health care interventions aimed at improving the quality of life without prolonging it (e.g. pain relief therapies and mental care). To reduce this data gap, the OECD's Health Care Quality Indicators (HCQI) project, that started in 2001, is developing a set of indicators (Garcia Armesto etal., The 2009 edition of Health at a Glance presents a selection of 23 HCQIs, including screening, survival and mortality rates for selected cancers, vaccination rates and avoidable in-patient admission rates for several chronic conditions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indicators rates care mortality health|9.299679|9.43871|2.1849258
2125|And second, it is key to minimize the mismatches between new opportunities created by the growth process and die level and structure of endowments of die poorest groups. However, it may not be adequate to help die most disadvantaged groups via growth alone. This would require context specific complementary policies to remove the constraints that prevent them from accessing and benefit from the emerging opportunities.|SDG 1 - No poverty|die opportunities groups mismatches minimize|6.5145044|5.434894|4.4724197
2126|Producer organizations can help build farmers' skills; provide information and knowledge; help them tackle legal issues, certification and registration; and give them some voice in national and sometimes international fora. Governments can support producer organizations by providing enabling conditions and a supporting policy and legal framework as well as economic incentives (FAO, 2012). Among the better-known producer organizations is the Indian Dairy Cooperatives Network.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|producer organizations legal fora help|3.8310816|5.192288|3.728598
2127|The information reported by Israeli school principals as presented refers to the time before implementation of the new system and relates mainly to informal appraisal processes at a local level. It was established in 1990 to: 1) provide elements of the Education and Library Boards’ training programmes which can most effectively be undertaken on a regional basis; 2) undertake responsibility for the longterm management training of principals and senior staff of schools; and 3) provide training for school governors and for Education and Library Boards’ staff and its members. The arrangements for professional support are envisaged to transfer to the new Education and Skills Authority from 2013 onwards (Department of Education, Northern Ireland (forthcoming). Congruence between principal evaluation and performance standards”, International Journal of Leadership in Education, Vol.|SDG 4 - Quality education|library education principals boards training|9.819772|1.3076816|1.6340482
2128|To assess the effectiveness of projects in reducing longer-term vulnerability, the Fund tracks headline numbers such as “number of people with reduced risk to extreme weather events.” Thus, adaptation interventions often use results frameworks that contain indicators that are relevant to broader development objectives. While some sources of climate finance have a narrow focus, e.g. specifically on climate impacts, others are much broader.|SDG 13 - Climate action|broader headline tracks climate narrow|1.5476758|4.7264023|1.5507215
2129|The programme is being implemented with the support of the Inter American Development Bank, WWF and the Fundacion Gonzalo Rio Arronte, and is also focusing on establishing and protecting eflow reserves for the environment and reducing the vulnerability of river basins to climate change. During that time, up until the 1970s, water rights allocation was essentially done on a “first come, first served basis” and it was shaped around strong social concepts of equity. The water licenses granted by the country were allocated based on the pre-20th century economy, and did not foresee the huge demands the new economy would stake.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wwf economy stake licenses shaped|1.3086159|7.416336|2.0967803
2130|In addition, international co-operation for EAF needs to be strengthened. Furthermore, the Korean government has made practical efforts to manage and recover fishery resources through the Fish Stock Rebuilding Plan, community-based fishery management systems and the active participation of fishers. Those measures that were implemented have had different effects on other fishery resources, and have become less efficient in managing the resources and aiding their recovery from over fishing.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery resources eaf rebuilding recover|-0.2589857|5.741095|6.723457
2131|Low-regret interventions reduce peoples vulnerability, including to climate hazards, while contributing to the closure of development gaps that remain. This could generate a virtuous cycle of lower vulnerabilities and exposure, better socioeconomic opportunities and outcomes, and a greater resilience of livelihoods to climate. The various facets of these objectives are well reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals, which constitute an important global framework for national policy decision-making. However, meeting the goals of sustainable development and climate resilience will require a systemic improvement in policymaking systems, particularly in those countries where population groups are most exposed and most vulnerable to climate hazards.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate hazards resilience goals facets|1.4724656|4.921661|1.9643338
2132|However, women are significantly less likely to work as employers in those three countries. Figure IV.A1.2 shows that this is true of all European countries, except Luxembourg. Figure IV.A1.3 shows the proportion of female- and male-owned enterprises in three size classes of the number of persons employed (1-4, 5-9, 10 or more).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|iv shows figure classes luxembourg|9.0892315|4.0826893|5.884594
2133|The list in Saunders and Wong (2012) comprises 17 items, ranging from clothing, medical needs, housing, social participation, and savings to car insurance and holidays. The authors stress that the list reflects community views rather than the decisions of experts and researchers. For example, the 2008 Ontario material deprivation survey (OMDS) prompted respondents who did not possess listed items to state whether it was because the household could not afford them. It covers around 38 000 people in more than 40 countries (see Boarini and Mira d’Ercole, 2006).|SDG 1 - No poverty|items list holidays prompted ontario|6.9610386|6.4032125|5.2137017
2134|The idea is to match comparable people based on their individual characteristics to create two groups (the treatment group -chronically-ill people- and the control group -non-chronically-ill people), and then compare the labour market outcomes in the two groups. For instance, Cawley (2004) uses this technique in examining differences between siblings or twins. Two main types of matching are generally employed: the exact matching or the propensity score matching (PSM).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|matching chronically ill people group|8.859253|9.010371|1.7251184
2135|It considers the level and distribution of resources within the education system and reviews the main time trends. It analyses the operation of the school grants system and considers both its strengths and challenges. Special attention is paid to incentives for effective use of school funding and the accountability mechanisms in place to achieve it.|SDG 4 - Quality education|considers school strengths reviews grants|9.4383|2.1388118|2.1280022
2136|Increased participation in health promotion activities and development of disease management programmes for chronic conditions have also been observed as strategies to reduce future treatment costs. Second, insurers have been more active in pushing for lower prices when contracting with individual providers, an outcome facilitated by the low level of vertical integration. The cost-containment measures adopted by Dutch health insurers do not seem to have had negative effects in terms of the quality of care provided.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurers containment pushing contracting dutch|8.579317|8.928811|1.8196933
2137|Cotton is cultivated in South Kazakhstan and rice in Kzylorda, both of which depend on irrigation systems based on the Syrdarya River. Almaty oblast has mixed farming with both irrigated agriculture in the south and rain-fed agriculture in the eastern foothills. For example, wheat yields vary strongly within the northern grain region; in the parts of North Kazakhstan and Kostanay adjacent to the Russian border, with more reliable rainfall and better soils, wheat yields are two to three times greater than in the southern part of Kostanay oblast or in Akmola oblast. From 1993 to 1998, there was a pronounced downward trend in both crop and livestock output. The only years when positive growth occurred were the good grain harvest years of 1992 and 1999.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|oblast grain wheat yields kazakhstan|3.777147|5.034784|4.237071
2138|Collection is organized mainly in urban areas, while rural areas are less well covered. The majority of local governments have equipment and vehicles for waste collection, but various vehicles are used, ranging from specialized waste collection vehicles with a press to ordinary trucks and tractors with a trailer. Only the bigger cities have specialized waste management companies.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|vehicles collection waste specialized trucks|0.42527398|4.0205836|3.1297183
2139|All decisions relating to the education of disabled students should lead to a high standard of education for such students, as reflected in improved educational outcomes and the best possible quality of life, for example as outlined in the UK's Every Child Matters outcomes for children and young people. The rights of disabled students to a quality education and to be treated with respect and dignity should be honoured. National curricula and assessment regimes should be accessible to disabled students, taking account of the principles of universal design for learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|disabled students education outcomes dignity|10.261819|2.435859|2.035083
2140|Furthermore, agricultural insurance schemes are not widespread due to the myriad of associated information problems. Index-based insurance schemes can help overcome some of these problems. Most common are weather index-based schemes, where the contracts are based on deviations from some weather-related index, such as rainfall overtime.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|index schemes weather insurance based|3.5397928|5.44376|3.8061023
2141|The capacity of testing agencies is limited, leading to inconsistent enforcement that adds to uncertainty for foreign producers (Arita and Dyck, 2014). Depending on the product, these may include a certificate of free sale (CFS) from the competent authorities of the exporting country, stating that the product is produced and freely sold in the country of origin. In terms of agriculture, the goods affected are mostly non-food agriculture and fishery products but all products containing genetically modified materials, products that were irradiated, and products that were produced by new technologies require a CFS when imported to Viet Nam (WTO, 2013).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|products produced product genetically agriculture|4.0005465|4.7720394|4.1145425
2142|Since 1994, for example, an annual ecosystem status and trends document has been prepared to inform the fishery management process - especially with respect to stock assessments. Definition of a longer term apparent Pacific Decadal Oscillation (Mantua et al., These and other studies have led to detailed multi-national efforts to document climate variability in the Northeast Pacific through Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigations FOCI (Macklin, 1998), the North Pacific Science Organization (PICES), and the North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission (NPAFC) (Beamish, ed.|SDG 14 - Life below water|pacific document north fisheries investigations|-0.29801932|6.017288|6.248341
2143|Small low-income countries, in particular, often cannot rely only on domestic demand and supply of inputs and human capital; hence, regional policies and a focus on regional integration may pay off in terms of developing a sustainable industrial sector by enabling access to larger markets (UNIDO, 2009). Box 3.1 illustrates an example of UNIDO's support for trade facilitation and regional integration through the establishment and capacity development of a regional accreditation body. While low-tech industries such as food and beverages might only involve a limited number of stages of production in the value chain, medium- or high-tech industries (like automotive or machinery) often entail a high number of value adding activities for the production ofthe final good.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|regional unido tech industries integration|5.0908523|3.924493|2.911496
2144|Column 2 describes the poverty rate if there were no single-parent jobless households. The following columns consider different scenarios regarding the situation of families with two parents. This scenario indicates that poverty reduction would occur if working par ents were not penalized for job quality or received benefits to compensate for this penalty. In Table 4, the order of magnitude of the reduction in child poverty rates induced by the different scenarios depends on the proportion of the population represented by each family category. To complement this information, the reduction in poverty rates that can be expected within each category is presented in Table 5 (for single-parent families) and Table 6 (for two-parent families). Across all scenarios, the poverty line is unchanged at its current level, which makes it possible to estimate the benefit of a change in the employment status of parents.|SDG 1 - No poverty|parent poverty scenarios families reduction|7.4214826|5.9714727|4.977893
2145|Many young women are lost in the transition from secondary education to tertiary education or the labour market, and girls and women are underrepresented in potentially lucrative fields such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Nearly 60% of working w'omen are trapped in informal jobs without social protection - a rate that has changed little over the past decade. Poverty rates are especially pronounced for rural and indigenous w'omen.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|omen underrepresented pronounced stem women|9.140883|4.110895|6.071532
2146|For students from disadvantaged backgrounds in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, this performance penalty was higher than the OECD average. Disadvantaged students in Australia, Canada and New Zealand were also more likely to arrive late for school than disadvantaged students in other countries. In New Zealand, more than one in two socio-economically disadvantaged students reported having arrived late for school at least once in the two weeks before the PISA test. In some countries, disadvantaged students may have no private means of transportation to school and may need to use public transport or be responsible for getting themselves to school, even at a young age.|SDG 4 - Quality education|disadvantaged students zealand school late|9.675019|2.2936332|3.0612288
2147|Understanding the dynamics of masculinity and femininity is pivotal to bringing about progressive gender change and building more equal societies in conflict and in peace. In peacetime as well as war gender is structural to the definition of ethnicity and culture. In contemporary Western societies, minority groups have often claimed rights on the base of their ethnicity.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ethnicity societies masculinity pivotal contemporary|10.116028|4.865157|7.5229206
2148|Today, it is by far the largest crediting agency for publicly supported investment projects in the agro-food sector. Investment grants would be limited to several “priority” areas of investment. These programmes are implemented under the umbrella of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade. Public support in this case is provided in the form of interest rate subsidies on investment credit.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|investment umbrella agro publicly grants|3.6755898|4.732091|3.3050883
2149|The programme of making further reductions in subsidies has been halted now. The economy is estimated to have contracted by 0.9% in 2012 compared with its 4% growth rate in 2011. To promote economic self-sufficiency, the Government discouraged the export of agricultural goods, such as wheat, flour and sugar, and industrial products, including steel, aluminium and other metals. The Government is prioritizing investment in the oil and gas sectors to arrest falling output.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|prioritizing flour discouraged aluminium steel|4.2801404|4.687678|4.0387278
2150|It conducts gender sensitization training of officials dealing with women in trade for customs, licensing and inspection. ( More details on the work of MATRADE can be found in Annex II.) The organization supports their members - women coffee growers, roasters, exporters and buyers - to achieve the best quality in producing and processing ot coftee.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|growers conducts coffee buyers customs|9.901246|4.0310926|7.228304
2151|Montenegro’s lower secondary school network has the most advanced integration of entrepreneurial learning into its curricula, perhaps in part due to the size of the school network. It is one of the few' countries to have organised specific training on entrepreneurial learning for school management and teachers. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia has also included entrepreneurship as a compulsory part of the curriculum in secondary education (both as a separate subject and cross-curricular competence) and has begun training teachers and school management.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school entrepreneurial network secondary teachers|6.93626|2.925793|2.6834583
2152|The indicators are a mix of measures for procedural quality (e.g. number of HbAlc tests) and intermediate outcomes (e.g. share of diabetics below HbAlc thresholds). They also include cholesterol thresholds and indicators to measure the intake of statins and aspirin among diabetics at high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CNAMTS, 2014; Cashin et al., The bonus payments GPs can generate through the ROSP accounted for 4.1% of total GP payment in 2014 (Rapport de la Commission des comptes de la securite sociale, 2015). In 2015, the average bonus was around EUR 6 800 (CNAMTS, 2016).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|bonus thresholds la sociale cholesterol|9.578695|9.401855|2.036014
2153|Recently, the Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL) developed a national set of professional standards for school principals to provide a national framework for use in all of the country’s schools and education systems as a step towards a more consistent nationwide approach. The National Professional Standard for Principals aims to define the role of school principals and to unify the profession nationally, to describe the professional practice of school principals in a common language and to make explicit the role of quality school leadership for improving learning outcomes. The national content standard is designed to assist in attracting, developing and supporting aspiring and practising school principals.|SDG 4 - Quality education|principals school professional national leadership|9.765696|1.3793851|1.9186395
2154|Countries should consider improving reporting of these categories by all means. As they will continue to face budget constraints and ever-increasing financing needs, policy-makers might have to operate choices concerning the range of benefits covered or the level of coverage of covered benefits. Yet, increasing cost-sharing and restricting the range of benefits covered to priority areas to be covered collectively are not equivalent choices in a society.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|covered benefits choices range increasing|8.593816|8.700043|2.3548532
2155|In Uganda, for example, although wage jobs grew at 13% every year between 2003 and 2006, they only accounted for one out of five of the new jobs created (World Bank, 2011c). According to Gallup World Poll data only 21% of those aged under 30 with at least secondary education work for the government, compared to 37% among adults aged 30 and over, or almost double. In many countries, this discrepancy is even larger.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|aged jobs poll gallup discrepancy|7.853524|4.110703|4.3740134
2156|Even if the need for integrated and coherent approaches to address the multiple threats to the oceans is well understood, there is no State, organization or other institution that bears the overall management responsibility for ABNJ, and the current regulation and institutional arrangements, with the exception of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), are sectoral in nature. Thus the decision by the United Nations General Assembly in resolution 69/292 to establish a preparatory committee to provide the Assembly with recommendations on the elements of a draft text of an international legally binding instrument under UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of ABNJ presents an opportunity to greatly improve ocean governance. This is due in large part to the considerable practical difficulties of implementation, including the availability of suitable information and lack of analytical and scientific tools to support the process.|SDG 14 - Life below water|assembly nations bears preparatory united|0.042936496|5.586778|6.055576
2157|In countries such as Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, the Philippines and Viet Nam, despite the high unemployment rate among college graduates, vocational training paths are not chosen and high school graduates and their parents value academic studies over vocational studies and aim at white collar jobs unrelated to industry demands. To improve the status of vocational training and attract youth to where there is demand, competency based training is needed. A National Qualification System (NQS) needs to be constructed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational training graduates studies collar|8.476766|2.7163153|2.8344083
2158|As part of this analysis, these variables are disaggregated by gender so that the differing responses of women and men to deindustrialization can be tracked. The level of remittances as a percentage of GDP was one of the independent variables that has been factored into the equations with a view to determining what role it plays in the labour market within a deindustrializing economic system. Section IV presents the results of estimates arrived at using cointegration equations to gauge the impact of deindustrialization on the behaviour of the labour market. Section V explores the role that deindustrialization may play in heightening social exclusion and the prevalence of violence. Over the period 1990-2013, the agricultural sector’s share of value added in GDP fell from 14.6% to 10.84%, while the services sector’s share expanded.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|equations variables gdp section factored|8.802581|4.6191354|5.846249
2159|Access to banking services for women has increased over the years, even though this has favoured more urban women in more developed regions and socio-economic groups (Chavan, 2008). The Indian National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) has various initiatives to promote the financial inclusion of women, for instance facilitating self-help groups (SHGs), which are mostly composed of women, to access credit from formal banking channels (NABARD, 2007). Similarly, many women face difficulties in accessing credit at sustainable interest rates. To alleviate this constraint, the government provides credit guarantees through the TRADE scheme, with a specific target for women-owned enterprises.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women credit banking groups alleviate|8.613496|3.5008078|6.3470902
2160|For instance, there is a risk that decisions at river basin level fail to take into account national policy priorities. This is the case when the costs of using the resource (including environmental or opportunity costs) are not reflected in the price paid by users. This is also the case when subsidies originate in non-water policies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|originate case costs fail reflected|1.3832942|7.351534|2.2934349
2161|Data from England show a premature mortality rate among people with severe mental illness that is three-fold higher compared with the general population; in Australia a life expectancy gap of almost 16 years for males and 12 years for females has been observed (OECD, 2014a). This “excess mortality” is due to a complex combination of factors related to mental diagnosis and psychopathology, adverse side effects of psychotropic medication, lifestyle and health behaviours, professional attitudes and roles, and health system organisation and funding (OECD, 2014a). Japan would do well to explore the extent to which such health outcome and life expectancy differentials exist amongst the Japanese population with severe mental illness; the OECD reports on excess mortality for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but Japan is not yet submitting data for this indicator due to the lack of regular data linkage as discussed in Chapter 1. Action is needed in order to properly address these disparities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental mortality illness excess expectancy|10.20361|8.90522|1.8821708
2162|These studies have been less successful at evaluating differences in the mental health of young people who are with or without the programme. However, some countries have initiated large randomised control trial (RCT) evaluations of programmes targeting disadvantaged youth. Two recent programmes are discussed: Australia’s “YP4 Programme in Victoria, and the United States’ nationwide “Youth Transition Demonstration Project”, which both produced mixed or insignificant results. Participants receiving treatment were assigned a case manager.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|youth randomised insignificant manager programme|10.448066|8.781688|1.6986821
2163|Romania's commitment to tackle climate change continued. It was the first annex I country, i.e. a developed country or a country in transition, to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, via Law No. The year of 1989 was selected instead of the standard 1990 because it was thought to better reflect Romania's potential economic output and hence its potential emissions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|romania country potential kyoto thought|1.3086499|3.742342|1.6519451
2164|"This work found that active spending is associated with higher growth, whereas more ""passive"" social spending is associated with lower growth. While the approach is different from the one followed here, it suggests that not all redistribution is necessarily equally good for growth. A further step in the empirical analysis is to look at the growth consequences of inequality in different parts of the income distribution (see also Voitchovsky, 2005)."|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|growth spending associated passive different|6.641589|5.069815|4.5910144
2165|This led to a shared understanding of the need to integrate the gender perspective throughout the education system. If we are to change ideas about gender, we need to change the way we behave. We need to provide examples from day-to-day life because these are more important in the lives of children, unlike adults whose characters have already formed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|need day behave gender change|9.789578|4.5523643|6.8198404
2166|However, the largest differences tend to be gender - rather than migration-related. And because such countries also have high overall rates of education, the gap between migrant and native women may stem from other causal factors. In a forthcoming publication, the OECD (2017) compares the employment rates of four cohorts of family migrants in Europe between 2014 and 2008. They were significantly higher among female family migrants in 2014 than in 2008 in all four cohorts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cohorts migrants family rates compares|8.52862|5.092611|6.7790947
2167|An expert workshop in Morocco in May 2015 discussed, validated and agreed on the project approach, methodology and issues to address in order to identify and quantify the current extent and impact of fisheries' discards throughout the world. The workshop also identified a range of potential data sources for the project. A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards.|SDG 14 - Life below water|discards workshop fisheries project bycatch|-0.14911243|5.805408|6.5060406
2168|The intention is to ensure that employers have a clear understanding of the competency mix and professional development needs in their schools. The competency files should also help create greater transparency about each teacher’s career development and potential, and ensure that all teachers meet minimum competency requirements. When there are indications that a school’s quality of educational provision may be at risk, the Inspectorate examines whether the school board has fulfilled this obligation. Based on the idea that teacher peers are best placed to evaluate teaching practice and provide constructive feedback, the peer review project comprises teams of teachers visiting each other’s schools and developing tools to observe and evaluate teaching practice.|SDG 4 - Quality education|competency evaluate teacher teaching practice|9.373682|1.2784997|1.9252803
2169|Yet in the longer term, approaches which better address goals of green and inclusive growth should offer the surest paths to lasting and sustainable development for all urban areas. Addressing this challenge necessitates the timely application of a clear and workable urban policy framework. However, the adoption of ambitious national level urban policies since 2000s has not necessarily been successful at least in two ways. First, the succession of plans and programmes has introduced complexities that had the net effect of allowing ad hoc approaches to urban development to prevail.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban approaches succession necessitates prevail|3.7897656|5.067915|1.8093362
2170|Once identified, gaps could be addressed either through an effective community nurse outreach scheme, or through appropriate training for care providers in long-term care settings. However, despite more frequent GP visits, low income patients still have worse health outcomes. Given the high access to GP services, this is likely to be due to lifestyle factors, treatment adherence, delays in diagnosis and referral. Considering that low-income groups are less likely to see a specialist in Denmark (see above), there may be disparities in referrals and treatment from GPs that warrants further examination.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gp treatment warrants adherence referrals|9.335927|8.839707|1.8941631
2171|At the institutional level, the foundation of the 1ST Austria has been a prominent example of funding excellence. Recent initiatives are addressing a number of issues of relevance for research excellence across institutions. Developments that can be expected to contribute to overall research excellence include the increased university funding over the 2019-21 performance agreement period, disbursed under the new university funding model, an increase in the budget for competitive funding of basic research through FWF (albeit less than expected), and recent reforms towards an Austrian tenure-track model.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|excellence funding research university model|5.6373806|3.2817402|2.4168613
2172|Its second phase integrated a personal health record (containing diagnoses and treatments), with the national appointment system, for planned elective care. Importantly, EDUS also contains a “family” record for each individual, systematically recording broader determinants of health and well-being, such as other family members with complex illnesses, and any financial or housing difficulties. This allows a fuller assessment of the individual’s needs, as well as enabling local population health profiles to be built, and needs predicted. Future development will link EDUS to digital imaging, laboratoiy records, pharmacy records and in-patient clinical notes (nursing as well as medical).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|records record health imaging elective|8.953892|9.703347|1.7420679
2173|"The 13th five-year plan (2016-2020) for fisheries development has come into effect and provides the main policy directions for fisheries'. It sets out policies for the ""‘transformation and upgrading” of the fisheries sector, which means accelerating the reform of fisheries management and providing a new industrial policy for the structure of the sector. The introduction of output controls in the form of Total Allowable Catch (TAC) is a priority."|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries tac allowable accelerating directions|-0.19382876|5.6920996|6.7111955
2174|Health providers have been trained, with support from UNFPA and the Auckland University of Technology, to follow a women-centred approach, allowing survivors to speak, finding solutions that they feel are safe for them and connecting them with other services. Special measures have been put in place to reach adolescents through community outreach, peer education and comprehensive sexuality education programmes. This connection is particularly visible in the case of care for people with HIV and AIDS.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|survivors sexuality speak unfpa outreach|9.802771|5.447343|6.3762035
2175|There is a clear need for increased coordination and exchange of information between actors; in particular between designers/brands/producers and sorters/ recycling companies and technicians developing new recycling technologies (Elander & Ljungkvist, 2016). A reliable supply of recyclable used textiles needs to be secured and the demand for fibres, yarns and fabrics with recycled-content needs to be increased. Of special interest are examples of full closed loops. This is explained in more detail in the next chapter.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|recycling brands loops recyclable designers|0.6847805|3.7982156|3.0547032
2176|Identifying progress towards such goals or efforts would require regular reporting by countries whose performance significantly contributes to meeting those efforts. For example, a commitment by “developed countries” to mobilise climate finance would logically lead to a commitment for all developed countries (rather than “Annex II” countries, as at present) to report on the climate finance they have mobilised. Similarly, identifying progress towards a commitment to long-term emission reductions would require information on current and projected emissions from all but the smallest emitters.|SDG 13 - Climate action|commitment identifying countries require progress|1.3091837|3.6396484|1.0358372
2177|Governments can and do take steps that are remarkably successful in counteracting child poverty. ” The principal league tables of child poverty with which this report began provide one overview of the record of different governments in helping families to protect children from the sharpest edges of poverty. But the available data also allow more specific comparisons to be made.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty child governments remarkably tables|7.329917|6.3115954|4.8378563
2178|As shown in subchapter 2.1, these industries use more biofuels and electricity than their European competitors. First, using C02 intensity involves debatable assumptions about the C02 content in electricity. The European Commission uses an average C02 content across the EU which is much smaller than the marginal and actual C02 content. Thereby, they underestimate the risk of carbon leakage in industries using electricity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|content electricity industries european using|1.225927|2.6791992|2.0492055
2179|Overall, two-thirds of non-regular workers are women. Data from business and labour force surveys since the 1990s (JILPT, 2009a) indicate that an increasing proportion of employers cite reducing labour costs as the most important reason for hiring non-regular employees, regardless of their particular category. Indeed, firms can save wage and non-wage costs by paying workers less on an hourly basis {e.g. in 2006, part-time workers were paid only 40% of hourly wages of full-time workers); by paying lower or no bonuses and retirement allowances; and by using current exemptions of certain worker categories from health, pension and El contributions.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers hourly paying non regular|8.931151|4.6188955|5.704215
2180|Governments in 20 countries provided only indirect support for family planning through the private sector or non-governmental organizations. The remaining 17 Governments did not support family planning, including the Holy See, which did not allow family planning programmes or services within its jurisdiction. By contrast, the percentage of Governments in developed regions providing direct support for family planning declined from 58 per cent in 1976 to 38 per cent in 2005, but then increased to 45 per cent in 2013. Thus, Governments in developing regions were more than twice as likely as those in developed regions to provide direct support for family planning in 2013.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|family planning governments support regions|9.020977|5.8098145|5.943163
2181|Total employment in all sectors was approximately 4100 persons in 2008. Professional personal fishing licenses for inland or marine fisheries were held by 1 800 persons; 379 were employed in aquaculture, and 1934 were employed in fish processing. The general principles governing national policy are established by a Parliament Act which authorises the Government to supplement the EU legislation and to regulate fishing outside the scope of the CFP.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing persons employed cfp inland|0.04303224|5.8985147|6.8966084
2182|Demand for redistribution has increased in some of the same countries which have experienced growth in inequality. Figure 4.12 shows that in China and India the percentage of individuals who feel that there should be action to equalise incomes has increased since the early 1990s. The Russian Federation, a country which has undergone dramatic structural transformation in the last two decades, has seen inequality both rise and fall and a growing number of people feel that incomes should be made more equal.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|feel incomes inequality equalise undergone|6.717984|5.0247536|4.619882
2183|In this paper, this coverage is considered to be a “secondary source of coverage”. Depending on the scope of basic health coverage, on country-specific regulations and on demand for additional coverage, VHI as a secondary source of coverage covers cost-sharing left by basic coverage and/or benefits that are not covered by basic coverage. Hence, the boundary between what is “basic” and what is “additional” is not universal and varies across countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage basic source secondary additional|8.537913|8.697244|2.322311
2184|Care policies impact the balance of responsibilities among the family, the community, the State and the market and should seek to balance the resources allocated to each age group. Public policy impacts monetary and non-monetary transfers between generations; this is a complex aspect of the social contract for care. While there have been no substantial systemic changes, in some countries the consolidation of national systems and care service networks is making its way onto the policy agenda. In other countries the discussion centres on making care one of the pillars of social protection.|SDG 1 - No poverty|care monetary balance making pillars|8.9131565|5.3544564|5.7827845
2185|It also establishes sectoral policies which have spatial implications in the areas of economic attractiveness and competition, transportation, local digital development, public services and finally, higher education and research. The Ministry of Housing and Territorial Equality also has an important role to play in shaping spatial policy objectives at the local level. This is a particularly French institution, although it also exists in Chile, w'here a national official exercises direct authority in parallel with local elected government on various matters, some of which have overlapping jurisdiction.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial local shaping overlapping attractiveness|4.0792847|5.688515|1.7578199
2186|Results for countries using national panels added additional controls - industry, firm size and job tenure (for Australia, Germany and the United Kingdom). The wage differentials between other age/skill/contract groups can be obtained in a similar way. Table 4.4 provides information on annual changes of contract and the unadjusted rates of moving up/down or staying in the same earnings quintiles over any two consecutive years.|SDG 1 - No poverty|contract consecutive staying quintiles differentials|7.574582|4.4223137|4.4341073
2187|All existing technologies experience a reduction of load factors. This reduction is relatively more significant for peak- and medium-load technologies than for baseload power plants since they are penalised by their high variable costs, which will push them out of the merit order. Finally, both electricity prices and C02 emissions decrease in the short term, due to the integration of a low marginal cost, low-carbon emitting technology, such as wind or solar.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load technologies reduction emitting baseload|1.30893|2.2622712|1.9161316
2188|"The obligation of States to respect human rights, including women's rights, referred to the obligation to refrain from doing anything that could violate those rights. Any wrong committed within the private sphere, without any direct intervention by State agents, was not considered a human rights violation. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women covers both public and private acts. Its article 2 (e) specifically addresses the obligation of States to address discrimination against women perpetrated by any person, organization or enterprise, and its article 2 (f) concerns the modification and abolition not only of discriminatory laws and regulations, but also of customs and practices. Its article 5 (a) requires States ""to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women"". Rutgers University Press, 2001)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|obligation article rights women elimination|9.789603|4.9453926|7.2546163
2189|This application relates to both fresh lampreys and cooked lampreys in aspic (European Commission, 2014). Fishing and especially fish processing is traditionally export-oriented economic activity and forms a significant share of total exports (Table 8). Latvia has stable demand for seafood products and well-developed fish consumption traditions. Latvian fishers and fish processing companies provide a wide variety of fish products and canned fish for the domestic market.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish processing products canned latvian|0.30728456|5.8619585|6.773836
2190|Depression has also been shown to increase risky and unhealthy behaviours, including smoking (Naylor et al., Work in Scotland by Barnett et al. ( People with mental disorders, especially with anxiety disorders, have been found to be more likely to divorce, and to be married for a shorter period of time than populations without a mental disorder (Kessler et al., Mild-to-moderate mental illnesses have been shown to have a strong relationship with higher unemployment, higher absenteeism, lower productivity in the workplace, and a rising burden of disability benefits claims (Alonso et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental al et disorders shown|10.255542|8.812475|2.0276816
2191|These efforts - strengthening care in the community provided by municipalities, increasing specialist services, increasing resources going into the system and making mental health a policy priority - suggest that Norway is moving towards having a strong and comprehensive mental health system. In terms of collecting indicators of mental health care quality Norway is also making impressive progress in many respects. There are opportunities for Norway to further strengthen data collection and to use data to help drive improvements in outcomes, to ensure that all mental disorders are appropriately treated, to make sure that responsibilities for service delivery amongst health authorities are clearly established and followed through, to promote better co-ordination, and to assure high quality of mental health care across the country.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health norway care making|10.360625|8.959148|1.7719437
2192|This case study highlights mechanisms for identifying ‘board ready’ women and tracking appointment to boards, strengthening private and public sector partnerships, and developing an evidence base to demonstrate the importance of women in leadership for both organisational productivity and the wider society. Awareness-raising challenges stereotypes and myths around women’s lack of skills or the association of leadership qualities to specific gendered characteristics, and helps to overcome invisible barriers to women’s participation. This requires shifting employer attitudes to breaks in employment, to support women to maintain an upward career trajectory. Informal social norms attribute women’s role to be as primary caregivers; these need to be challenged or at least matched by flexible arrangements enabling women to meet family or child-rearing responsibilities. Unless these barriers are addressed, pipeline challenges will continue for women, including at the height of their careers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women leadership barriers challenges invisible|10.045306|4.221853|6.958869
2193|The definition should seek to avoid simply creating rigid new borders. Cross-border partnerships serve to overcome barriers to cross-border flows. Common problems are related to labour market regulation differences, transport systems, environmental issues, tax systems and other very practical issues.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|border cross issues rigid systems|4.99797|3.748407|2.6356258
2194|In addition, as five-year budgets involve planning spending in given areas within education (e.g. staff compensation), there is greater room for stability in industrial relations with teacher unions to the potential benefit of the daily operation of schools. In fact, in this context, teacher remuneration would not need to be negotiated every year. Nonetheless, conflicts with teachers over salaries and working conditions are somewhat common (INEEd, 2015).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher year negotiated remuneration unions|9.591939|1.581491|2.3859591
2195|These efforts will help establish practical policies to prevent ecological and economic overfishing. This result has significant implications for those assessing fisheries management measures and developing alternative measures to adapt to climate changes. Based on the results of the IFRAME analysis, alternative measures of fisheries management need to be used to reduce the fishing effort (fishing capacity) in order to decrease the level of fishing mortality by 25%. These measures could include a reduction in the TAC in order to decrease the number of fishing days when vessels are operated, a revision of licensing limits to reduce the number of fishing boats, and limiting the number of fishing days per trip.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing measures days decrease alternative|-0.25569326|5.907191|6.5004697
2196|Authorities of the State of Mexico have announced they are developing their corresponding new Mobility Law and programme, but details are not yet available. This section analyses the changes introduced by the Federal District. The new legislation reflects a shift from a transport policy focused on road management, evident in Article 3 of the former Law for Transport and Roads (Ley de Transporte y Vialidad, LTyV), to a mobility policy focused on “providing the necessary means to the population so that they can choose freely between different modes of transport in order to access goods, services and opportunities offered by the city” (Government of Mexico City, 2014a: Article 6). According to Article 6, “priority for the use of road space and distribution of budget resources will correspond to the following hierarchy of mobility: I. Pedestrians, especially disabled people and people with limited mobility; II. Users of public transport services; IV.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility transport article focused road|4.087801|5.384198|0.8955717
2197|The Paris Agreement calls for a balance between adaptation and mitigation finance and establishes an Adaptation Goal, raising the profile of adaptation and encouraging developed countries to increase support for adaptation, particularly amongst the most vulnerable developing countries. This emphasis on LDCs and SIDS is a recognition of the needs of countries that are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In the case of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), strong growth has been registered in the volume of official climate-related development finance received over the past decade, reaching an all-time high of 15% of total ODA they received in 2013 (OECD, 2015g). The share of climate finance targeting adaptation activities - which support many key development challenges facing SIDS - has progressively increased as well.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation sids finance climate received|1.653948|3.964388|1.3102444
2198|Municipalities, usually in charge of public services of water, can also have planning functions. “ Departments” (sub-national government between municipal and regional layers) contribute to territorial development and rural equipment through a series of financial subsidies to municipalities for investments related to water and sanitation infrastructure, and regions can also co-fund water and sanitation networks in the framework of the Contrat de Plan £tat-Regions. As water is a regional issue in Belgium, Flanders and Wallonia replied separately. In unitary countries such as Japan (regional offices of individual ministries), Israel (Israeli Water Authority) and Korea, representatives of line ministries in regions are the main actors in charge of implementation at sub-national level. Central services representing line ministries in regions can also play an important role in countries that have somewhat decentralised their water policy making, whether these are federal states (Belgium) or unitary (New Zealand).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water regions ministries unitary belgium|1.4606583|7.2134547|1.6525475
2199|National parks attract by far the most visitors. Iguaqu and Tijuca national parks alone accounted for nearly 60% of visitors in 2013. Public investment in infrastructure and services, under programmes such as Parks of the World Cup and Tourism in the Parks, and concessions to private operators have helped increase tourist arrivals (ICMbio, 2012b).|SDG 15 - Life on land|parks visitors arrivals tourist concessions|1.8122351|4.879639|4.174441
2200|Gender-balanced leadership and gender-responsive policy making are more likely to ensure that the benefits of growth are shared equally. Women’s full involvement in decision-making and agenda-setting are crucial for adequately reflecting the priorities and needs of all members of society. It also contributes to generate greater trust of citizens in public institutions. Women’s participation has been increasing in middle/senior management levels in many OECD countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|making gender responsive adequately women|10.232821|4.28668|7.1249776
2201|It shows how fisheries can contribute to the overall GGS for a country, and how the GGS as a strategy can be applied to fisheries itself It emphasises the need for a strong, science-based approach to stock management as the foundation of resource sustainability, combined with a transparent and reactive policy development cycle to ensure that fisheries deliver maximum possible benefits. The GGS offers a structured approach to help policy makers identify and overcomes current problems and establish a policy development process that is focussed on achieving clear objectives through pragmatic reforms. Identifying current problems and risks is the first step in demonstrating the potential gains from improvements. Overfishing and illegal fishing, overcapacity, waste and inefficiency are problems faced by all countries to some extent, and this section w ill discuss the costs of these problems.|SDG 14 - Life below water|problems fisheries policy current reactive|-0.19808751|5.6901493|6.646958
2202|Their new or amended constitutions since 2011 include provisions in support of gender equality or non-discrimination that strengthen the status of women and set the basis for their more balanced involvement in the economy. In light of this progress, governments could engage in further efforts to strengthen alignment with international instruments and ensure equal access to economic opportunities for women and men. While women in the six countries have access to courts in principle, they face various barriers in practice, from lack of knowledge among judges of current standards to slack enforcement by courts of law and a deficit of women judges. Women themselves are often not aware of their rights, and social norms and financial constraints may discourage them from going to court.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|judges women courts strengthen slack|9.741298|4.8068767|7.2214355
2203|At the same time, medical students themselves seemed to be disenchanted and bored with their education because they had to absorb vast amounts of information of which much was perceived to have little relevance to medical practice (Spaulding, 1969, cited in Barrows, 1996). Addressing many of the concerns of traditional instruction, PBL was designed to foster problem solving, critical thinking, collaboration and self-study skills as well as to increase the retention of facts and their recall in clinical situations (Barrows, 1983). The medical schools at the University of Limburg at Maastricht in the Netherlands, the University of Newcastle in Australia, and the University of New Mexico in the United States were among the first that adapted the McMaster model of problem-based learning in the 1970s and 1980s.|SDG 4 - Quality education|medical university problem pbl maastricht|9.335676|9.092041|1.4962814
2204|Expenditure on formal health-related LTC represents 0.4% of GDP in Poland and is fully publicly funded. This level, although potentially underreported, is relatively low within the OECD but similar to other less affluent Member countries (Figure 22). In 2008, approximately 0.9% of the over-65 Polish population received long-term care in an institutional setting, well below the OECD average of 4.2% (OECD, 201 lb), reflecting a lack of supply.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|oecd ltc lb affluent polish|8.928982|8.86839|2.3205793
2205|Life expectancy gains have mainly been driven by reduced mortality rates after the age of 65. Stroke is decreasing as a cause of death, but a growing number of people are dying from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Overall alcohol consumption per adult has increased and one-fifth of adults report heavy alcohol consumption on a regular basis.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol alzheimer consumption dying stroke|9.309907|9.548522|3.4506588
2206|In addition, fishing fleet capacity or fishing effort should be maintained at the levels authorized and applied in recent years. A total allowable catch (TAC) is set at 644 tonnes for 2018-2019, and each authorized vessel shall not exceed a maximum number of 180 fishing days per year. In addition, the status of the turbot stock must be regularly assessed and the level of current fishing mortality established in order to provide the GFCM with necessary elements for setting target reference points.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing authorized gfcm tac addition|-0.29620537|5.7812414|6.910623
2207|The share of individual facing different employment barriers is lower than or broadly in line with the six-country average for most of the indicators. In particular, the recent strengthening of the labour market in Estonia led to relatively few individuals in the target population being affected by “scarce job opportunities” or “no past work experience”. An exception is the share of individuals facing health limitations, which is significantly higher in Estonia (43%) than in other countries (the six country average is 32%). “|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|estonia facing individuals share average|7.911081|4.5433455|4.303318
2208|School principals must also have had training in administration, supervision, evaluation or vocational guidance. For the private-subsidised sector, the training and qualifications requirements are not specified further. In public schools, the recruitment and selection process is specified through the Teacher’s Statute.|SDG 4 - Quality education|specified statute training supervision recruitment|9.886998|1.4392078|1.9682827
2209|In the interest of effective transport planning, it is important to measure the theoretical walkability of an environment based on geographic indicators, the amount of walking activity that is actually undertaken, as well as the perceptions that people have regarding the feasibility and enjoyment of walking, as these factors strongly influence decisions to undertake trips on foot. Another challenge for transport planners is improving walking infrastructure and encouraging greater walking at the expense of individual motorised transport specifically, while maintaining or increasing the ridership and mode share of public transit options. This means making walking spaces more enjoyable and improving the connectivity of and ease of transfers between modes. It is important to recognise that greater walkability in cities will not be achieved one street at a time, but through comprehensive strategic planning in urban transport design regarding the location of places of employment, transport hubs, education sites, sports and leisure sites, health care sites, and retail locations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|walking transport sites regarding improving|4.2379174|5.1380615|0.6177761
2210|Different groups are not affected in the same way by EPL. Strict EPL for permanent jobs has negative employment effects for vulnerable groups (OECD, 2006). Vulnerable groups are more likely to be on temporary jobs, and, when there is an asymmetry in the legislation between temporary and permanent contracts, are more likely to be hit harder by job destructions in times of crisis. They are also less likely to get training (Wallette, 2005) and earn less than workers with similar characteristics on permanent contracts (OECD, 2012f).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|permanent epl groups likely temporary|7.6545234|4.5520763|4.228726
2211|The high rate of transmission of educational capital between parents and children and, hence, job opportunities, is one of the greatest influences on the glaring socioeconomic inequality and high levels of absolute poverty prevailing in most Latin American countries. In high-education households, on the other hand, both in higher and in lower per capita income countries, the incidence of extreme poverty is no greater than 10%. This shows that household educational capital is an appropriate dimension for identifying population strata with different probabilities of being extremely poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|high educational capital probabilities strata|7.185974|6.0139804|5.2737675
2212|Similarly for stroke, case fatality within 30 days of hospital admission is the third highest in the OECD (11.8 per 100 patients), following Mexico and Slovenia. These data signal the need for prioritising monitoring and improvement initiatives. There is still insufficient collection and public reporting of quality measures, including from the private sector. This might mitigate efforts to further drive quality gains in health-care services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|prioritising fatality stroke quality admission|9.224781|9.392718|2.3119211
2213|The New Zealand data covers only specialised meat and wool farms, thus the analysis for this country focuses on risks in livestock farming3. This differs from other countries where databases include mixed farms, and the risk assessment is mainly focussed on crop farming.4 The fact that data for New Zealand concerns only livestock farms somewhat limits the scope of the analysis. Thus, no attempt has been made to assess output risks, as was done for other countries, due to the difficulty of disentangling “normal” variations in the numbers of livestock sold that arise from stock cycles from any other output variations. The farm-level risk analysis for other countries also included stochastic simulations of risk management strategies; this is not done for New Zealand as the model used is not adapted for livestock farming simulations. These limits notwithstanding, the analysis of farm-level data provides interesting insights into farming risks in New Zealand.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|livestock zealand farms farming analysis|3.4147637|5.562029|3.9105144
2214|For instance, the value of an agricultural plot of land rises dramatically if it receives a building permit. The key point is that this urban profit is created discretionally depending only on land-use planning criteria. Therefore, this added value should not go into the hands of the private sector but be redistributed and used for the public good. In Catalonia’s urban system, there is a minimum public participation in the uiban profits, established by law'. Green spaces and streets with all its infrastmctures systems needed (sanitation, electricity and water supply) are built and paid by real estate developers. In addition, the public administration will receive a portion of land where it will be able to build up to 10% of the permitted square meters, free of charges.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land public plot redistributed value|4.067021|5.649326|1.5989002
2215|Nevertheless the issue of competition between development and climate finance is a contentious and highly political aspect of climate and development financing and leads to continued calls in the UNFCCC negotiations for climate finance to be new and additional to ODA. Given the limitations of an analysis of the data at the global level, further studies are needed at the national level to have an accurate assessment of the situation. The role of international public finance versus other forms of climate finance will be an important consideration in the coming years.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate contentious accurate versus|1.6914849|3.965818|0.93315905
2216|Control is always charged in Finland and control costs would be too expensive for these premises with the consequence that they could not operate. Every food operator in food producing chain who donates foodstuffs to charity purpose has it's responsibility of the food safety. Also food banks and charity organisations are responsible for the safety of the foodstuffs they handle.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|charity foodstuffs food safety control|4.338714|5.3184466|4.5879774
2217|These are designed to facilitate adaptation to the existing and expected effects of climate change, and to help anticipate and mitigate future impacts. Thus, in relation to the tourism industry, UNEP developed from 2007 and 2009 several seminars on climate change adaptation and mitigation in the sector, with the University of Oxford as academic partner and UNWTO as co-host, on frameworks, policies and practices targeting government and industry experts. Additionally, UNEP in partnership with the Caribbean Alliance for Sustainable Tourism produced in 2009 a handbook to support climate change adaptation efforts in tourism destinations and communities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|tourism adaptation unep climate change|1.3307773|4.597156|1.5965797
2218|The additional demands on women’s time created by these programme requirements have a discriminatory impact on women and on their enjoyment of several rights on an equal basis with men (e.g., right to education and health) and further deprive them of scarce leisure time. These have included the provision of higher transfers for school-aged girls, who are more likely to drop out of school, particularly in secondary educa-tion,and the provision of free health care for pregnant adolescents and women. These features have great potential to improve gender equality within the family.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women provision school enjoyment leisure|9.560183|4.9264503|6.3564615
2219|Taking this double certification into account, the world's total certified forest area as of May 2015 was about 439 million hectares, which is 10.9% of the total global forest area (4.033 billion hectares). Nevertheless, substantial growth in these regions seems far away, and it may be time for diversification and new approaches to certification. For example, a monitoring tool for REDD+ is under discussion; the drivers and incentives of certification could be enhanced if certification schemes could be used simultaneously to ensure sustainable forest management, monitor illegal logging, and deliver other accountability benefits. The IGIs are now available to be used in the development of national or subregional FSC standards (FSC, 2015b). This resulted in the immediate termination of DLH's FSC membership, while the suspension of its FSC certificates was to take effect within three months.|SDG 15 - Life on land|fsc certification forest hectares area|1.3653935|4.5123467|3.896069
2220|Unlike what happened in the late 1990s, when Asian governments severely cut national budgets in reaction to regional financial turmoil, most governments made efforts to maintain or even increase their social spending in the wake of the global economic crisis.12 Measures involved, among others, the strengthening and scaling up of on-going programmes for poverty alleviation, in particular innovative programmes that had been launched recently, that proved successful and could be replicated rapidly and with minimum administrative costs. Both approaches, moreover, build on the common underlying notion that social insurance and social assistance are not just redistributive welfare measures but are integral to economic growth and social development. In other words, they are about investment as much as about consumption.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|social governments wake reaction replicated|6.960774|5.7395916|4.1180286
2221|Water abstracted for hydropower is even smaller, at 0.01% of the base fees, amounting to EUR 0.0000002/m3 and EUR 0.0000004/m3 in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea basins, respectively. All hydropower schemes, for instance, disrupt river regimes, to different degrees and in different ways. Projects involving water storage interrupt the downstream flow, and the timing and location of releases may be inconvenient for other riparians. Annual evaporation from reservoirs typically amounts to several percentage points of the stored water volume, and larger rates in warm climates.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hydropower eur sea water climates|0.7604133|7.2214556|2.6251645
2222|Both direct and student-oriented instruction methods can be used (Box 4.11). Direct instruction is built around problems with clear, correct answers that can be learned quickly. Student-centred instruction is associated with the teacher facilitating students' own inquiry by allowing them time to find solutions to problems on their own before the teacher demonstrates how a problem is solved.16 While there is no consensus in the literature on which approach is better, an over-reliance on either approach is not recommended (OECD, 2008b; Rowe, 2007). As much as possible, classroom activities related to the curriculum should develop student knowledge of real-world problems (Dumont, Istance and Benavides, 2010; Faubert, 2012; OECD, 2008a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|instruction student problems teacher direct|8.885164|1.4529113|1.8454194
2223|In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, a country's population will tend to have a higher proportion of children. Especially in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, urbanization rates are high and must be coupled with better efforts in urban expansion planning and slum upgrading. Based on the concept of the demographic dividend, however, this rising urbanization phenomenon could be called the urban dividend, urbanization as a window of opportunity to improve people's well-being when planning is properly undertaken.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urbanization dividend saharan sub africa|4.464917|5.114257|2.02565
2224|See C. Correa, “Protecting Test Data for Pharmaceutical and Agrochemical Products under Free Trade Agreements”, in Negotiating Health, pp. As mentioned before, however, it is widely recognized that this obligation creates insurmountable barriers for generic producers in terms of financial resources and time. Where the protected data concern off-patent substances, a data exclusivity regime therefore erects an important new market access barrier for generic producers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|generic producers data negotiating pharmaceutical|8.267765|9.64219|2.4746835
2225|One possible approach that is beginning to be explored is to place baiting stations (cotton balls soaked with sugar and bacteria and placed in clay jars) around villages where malaria is prevalent. Other major topics that need to be addressed are the resolution of regulatory, ethical and social issues related to the release of genetically modified bacteria in nature. First results of Phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African children”, New England Journal of Medecine,No.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|bacteria malaria vaccine genetically ethical|8.415066|9.281553|3.0957956
2226|In the coming years, all family-planning programmes must make significant efforts to improve quality of care. Governments should take appropriate steps to help women avoid abortion, which in no case should be promoted as a method of family planning, and in all cases provide for the humane treatment and counselling of women who have had recourse to abortion. In order to meet the substantial increase in demand for contraceptives over the next decade and beyond, the international community should move, on an immediate basis, to establish an efficient coordination system and global, regional and subregional facilities for the procurement of contraceptives and other commodities essential to reproductive health programmes of developing countries and countries with economies in transition.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|contraceptives abortion family planning subregional|9.412329|5.9368267|6.149421
2227|In this sense, attaining an egalitarian distribution of human capital is similar to attaining an egalitarian distribution of physical assets through pro-poor distribution of incremental income. Both are time-consuming processes. However, allowing more people to acquire more human capital (by providing them with access to education and training) may be less of a source of conflict than directing more incremental income to the poor in order to build up their physical assets. In this sense, acquisition of human capital may provide an easier route to the attainment of a more egalitarian distribution of assets.|SDG 1 - No poverty|egalitarian distribution assets attaining incremental|6.6094613|4.9560323|4.446409
2228|"The market value of Clean Development Mechanism transactions had reached $6.5 billion in 2008, but dropped thereafter by about 60 per cent as a result of the financial crisis and uncertainty about the future climate policy regime. Looking ahead to 2012, renewable energy projects are estimated to make up 61 per cent of the total number of CDM projects, accounting for 35 per cent of certified emissions reductions (CERs), with industrial gas and methane projects accounting for just under half of the remainder of CERs. If fully implemented, CDM projects contracted during the period 2002-2008 would require $106 billion worth of low-carbon investment, primarily in “clean"" energy (Kossoy and Ambrosi, 2010). In 2008, the World Bank also established the Climate Investment Funds which represent a collaborative effort among the multilateral development banks to address climate finance gaps."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|projects cdm cent accounting clean|1.9118216|3.4625177|1.5580269
2229|Both calculations also show a rapid decline in wholesale electricity prices as a function of the increasing share of low marginal cost renewables. Electricity systems with very high renewable shares will have electricity prices equal to or below zero during a high number of hours of a year. This remains a major challenge for dispatchable technologies which, unlike renewables, do not receive any subsidies. Currently, dispatchable producers ensuring the public good of security of electricity supply are exposed to increasing commercial pressures due to the lower wholesale electricity prices and reduced load factors resulting from the influx of large amounts of electricity from subsidised renewables. Electricity price is assumed to be the cost of the marginal technology plus a mark-up of USD 10 per MWh.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity renewables wholesale dispatchable prices|1.7117556|1.6669617|1.9076636
2230|The Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) is a more ambitious undertaking (see box 1.3 in chapter 1). The figures are computed by ECA using data from UNCTADSTAT. With the industrial revolution the urbanization process and its speed went through a dramatic shift—ultimately forming today’s megacities, transforming the world's population to a predominately urban one and now rapidly transforming Africa.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transforming eca forming computed continental|4.5112042|4.8139057|2.2865283
2231|The Human Rights Committee has joined other rights-monitoring bodies in recommending legal reform to eliminate child marriage. The decline, which has been rapid in some countries, is attributed largely to a decrease in very early arranged marriages (World Health Organization, 201 lb). Still, one girl in 10 has a child before the age of 15 in Bangladesh, Chad, Guinea, Mali, Mozambique and Niger, countries where child marriage is common. In this region, such births are projected to rise slightly through 2030.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|child marriage recommending rights lb|9.550071|5.4609923|6.6077514
2232|The federal republic owns less than 4% of the forest area. German federalism and the resulting division of powers assign power of legislation in forestry to the German federal states. They set up states forests and nature protection acts (Landeswaldgesetze, Landesna-turschutzgesetze), which govern forest management on state level.|SDG 15 - Life on land|german forest federal owns govern|1.4141893|4.7723813|4.014337
2233|Members of the sub-committees usually hold monthly meetings in Lebanon or Syria to discuss issues related to the basin, and exchange hydrological data and results of water quality analysis. Syria and Turkey launched a joint dam project on the Orontes River in Syria. In 2009, both countries signed a memorandum of understanding for the construction of the Syrian-Turkish Orontes River Friendship Dam to provide water for irrigation and hydropower.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|syria dam river memorandum syrian|0.58615524|7.23012|2.0723581
2234|Interference in macroeconomic stability may come directly from inflation that can redistribute income towards the rich, capital flight that can trigger exchange rate instability, and balance of payments crises that can limit essential imports, or indirectly from expectations of instability that can erode support for the policies of the Government. While the rights-based goals should be described in detail and achieved within a given time frame, the optimal policy stance with respect to macroeconomic stability is country-specific. Macroeconomic imbalances need to be addressed on a case by case basis in order to minimize the economic and political costs of achieving distributive goals.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|macroeconomic instability stability goals interference|5.4675093|4.968739|3.7979167
2235|S years in 2015 (up from 20.2 years in 2000) and Swedish men another 18.9 years (up from 16.7 years in 2000). In 2014,32 600 people died from cardiovascular diseases (accounting for 37% of all deaths among women and 36% of all deaths among men) and 22 400 from cancer (accounting for 23% of all deaths among women and 27% of all deaths among men). The strong rise in the number of deaths from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias reflects population ageing, better diagnosis, lack of effective treatments and more precise coding of these conditions as the cause of death. Major depressive disorders are another leading health problem that, even if not fatal, have serious life-limiting consequences.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deaths years men accounting alzheimer|9.400858|9.116942|3.1660829
2236|However, the level of education is also a way to a “good marriage”, so that the simultaneity issue with a high level of education remains limited. The number of children could also be determined simultaneously with participation in the labour force. ( Didier et al 2014). The probability of participation of each woman using the linear model and the proportion of individuals whose probability of participation is not comprised between 0 and 1 (extreme values) were predicted. These latter individuals were removed, and the results were re-evaluated. A prediction is considered accurate if the predicted probability of participation is below 0.5 and the woman actually does not work, or the predicted probability is more than 0.5 and the woman actually works.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|probability predicted woman participation actually|9.205634|5.0546417|5.7429743
2237|Figure 3.9 shows how the value of the State Old Age Pension has changed over time. In 1970, the size of the State Old Age Pension for a white person was more than seven times the value of the pension for an African. This gap narrowed rapidly to a ratio of just over three in 1980, partly through a reduction in the real value of a white pension, but also through real increases in the size of the pension to Africans. The 1992 Social Assistance Act finally did away with all racially discriminatory provisions.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|pension white value old real|7.64437|5.570253|4.4046593
2238|In addition, initial preparation could prepare school principals better for their role and there are no further development opportunities for school principals. Also, the administrative responsibilities of principals and the lack of a stable teaching body may make it difficult for principals to develop learning communities in their schools. Finally, school principals could require further support from teacher leaders and the high degree of centralisation makes it difficult for principals to build a leadership team. In addition, it is important to keep the curriculum of general programmes relevant for the continuation of studies at a higher level while increasing the flexibility of its delivery to take into account the increasing diversity of student achievement as students make progress within the education system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|principals school difficult centralisation make|9.842678|1.3906146|1.887133
2239|For instance, there could be agreement that renewables constitute EPPs based on the source of energy (i.e. the resource) rather than on the use of the products, as their categorization is not so much based on the specific category of technologies (e.g. electricity-generating motors, power converters or inverters) as it is on the source of the power (e.g. biofuels, low-head hydro, solar, wind or geothermal). Other goods using a particular source of energy could be classified as a single source within a category (e.g. electric cars or trains which fall under HS 8703 or HS 8601). However, the majority of these goods owe their environmental performance to a combination of features, and can only be definitively identified through testing.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|source hs category goods motors|1.6303426|2.600537|2.2646224
2240|Particular attention should be paid to targeting investment towards populations, care segments and regions which lag behind. Quality improvement measures must be implemented at all level and their impact on process and health outcomes better monitored. Pay-for-performance arrangements could be based on improvements in these health outcomes, rather than on process measures or the occurrence or avoidance of rare events. Quality improvement initiatives should also prioritise further modernisation of health information systems, in order to integrate health care data and support continuity and coordination of care for patients. To accelerate improvement in health outcomes and close the gaps in key health indicators, greater public funding is likely to be required.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health improvement outcomes care avoidance|8.965361|9.4877205|1.896548
2241|Fiscal administrative data sources for the last centuiy indicate that the widely observed rise in top incomes in the rich countries (OECD, forthcoming) is also true of China, India, Indonesia, Argentina and South Africa (Alvaredo et al., Figure 4.7 shows that the richest 1%’s share of national income has grown significantly in those countries over the last two decades. On the one hand, there are those who perceive high earnings as the right reward for talent or hard work and who see the possibility of high earnings as an opportunity.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|earnings talent perceive reward richest|6.840452|5.09081|4.520491
2242|However, it is important that public participation does not turn into an obstacle to urban projects. In some cases, citizens who have opposed plans have taken the case to court to block infrastructure projects. This indicates how important it is to get citizens involved in public deliberations from the earliest stages. For that purpose, local communities need to be given a variety of tools and mechanisms to participate in resolutions adopted by the akimats. To engage the broader public, focus groups, media campaigns and an interactive website could be considered.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|citizens public earliest akimats projects|3.8010492|5.3225145|1.8513443
2243|They also thank Marfa Cristina AlcAntara, Felipe Sterquino Itaborai and, especially, Diana Le6n for their rigorous and enthusiastic research assistance. Any error of assessment is the sole responsibility of the authors. Second, women with income of their own are overrepresented among the self-employed and in domestic work; in the latter occupation three quarters of individuals, almost all of them women, had no pension provisions in 2008 (ilo, 2011). Women in the labour market thus have less protection than their male peers —in urban areas only 36% of women have social security provision, compared with 49% of men (ilo/undp, 2009)—. Third, those who shoulder heavier care burdens have less social protection: in 12 Latin American countries, women with incomplete primary schooling have between 2 and 3.5 more children than those who have secondary schooling or more (eclac, 2011, p. 85).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women ilo schooling heavier shoulder|8.793634|5.138633|5.64925
2244|The company started a project for development of a WPP near Gori. This is the first attempt at introducing wind-power technology in Georgia. Although cooperation among ministries has improved since 2004, there is still not enough consideration given to the potential effects of energy sector development on other sectors of the economy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|georgia attempt introducing near started|2.2012424|1.92791|1.9723877
2245|The purpose of the analysis will be to identify commonalities and divergences where possible within the available comparative data. As already noted in the introductory chapter, the Commonwealth membership has a limited number of countries in the global South, where the feminisation of the teaching profession is widespread. Of those that do have indicators that warrant investigation, there are some clear similarities between them. This study has sought to maintain a cross-regional approach, and - within the limitation of countries available for study - has tried to offer varied experiences. However, it is noteworthy that three of the countries are small island states within the Commonwealth - Samoa, Dominica and Sri Lanka - making the study representative of the majority of Commonwealth countries where high female teacher percentages are a distinct characteristic of their education systems (see chapter 1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|commonwealth study countries introductory chapter|9.644855|1.3858702|2.58856
2246|The application of clear licensing criteria should underpin this in practice. Creation of academic departments ofprimary care in Mexican medical schools to undertake research in primary care, develop clinical guidelines specific to primary' care, as well as teach the speciality, would support this. Development of the information infrastructure underlying primary care will also be critical, so that a richer picture of the effectiveness, safety and patient centredness of primary care can be built. Candidate indicators would be around prevention and management of chronic diseases, elderly care, child health and mental health care, as well as patient experience. Linked to this, Mexico should consider the introduction of a system to allow all patients to register formally with a named primary care specialist, as happens in the SS institutes and in many other OECD health systems.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary patient health speciality|9.342509|8.768556|1.8027551
2247|The developed Gulf economies and Syria were the latest to agree to the Convention, sometime between 2000 (Saudi Arabia) and 2009 (Qatar). They often commit to actions to increase women’s participation in the labour force and different sectors of the economy. As an example, policy statements in favour of the advancement of women in employment and entrepreneurship in Qatar's National Development Strategy 2011-16 are highlighted in Box 3.1.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|qatar syria gulf commit arabia|9.149909|3.5415742|6.673785
2248|The effect of these low screening rates is seen in the modest impact that these screening programmes have had in diagnosing cancers at an earlier and more easily treatable stage, with the exception of breast cancer. Given increasing rates of smoking, obesity and alcohol abuse, including among children, more effective means of primary prevention of ill health must be found. Additionally, although guidelines for secondary prevention of cardiovascular risk exist, nothing is known about adherence to them. In terms of preventive interventions for cancer, linking screening data to clinical outcomes held in the national cancer registers is an obvious necessary first step.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|screening cancer prevention diagnosing adherence|9.247018|9.544361|2.5803676
2249|In particular, climate risks need to be considered in development planning (OECD, 2015a, 2009). It is therefore important that monitoring and evaluation systems for adaptation responses are developed in coherence with systems tracking the progress of development plans or of broader sustainable development goals under Agenda 2030. National approaches to adaptation monitoring and evaluation pioneered to date can provide examples and insights to the many countries interested in developing their own approaches.|SDG 13 - Climate action|evaluation approaches adaptation monitoring development|1.2353458|4.732577|1.4650475
2250|Occupational injury: any personal injury, disease or death resulting from an occupational accident; an occupational injury is therefore distinct from an occupational disease, which is a disease contracted as a result of an exposure over a period of time to risk factors arising from work activity. If a person is injured in more than one occupational accident during the reference period, each case of injury to that person should be counted separately. Incapacity for work: inability of the victim, due to an occupational injury, to perform the normal duties of work in the job or post occupied at the time of the occupational accident. Nonfatal occupational injury: a nonfatal injury caused by an occupational accident.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|occupational injury accident disease person|8.121114|4.6388783|4.287133
2251|This policy target might face resistance from local power generators and utilities, claiming system capacity will remain the same while the demand will fluctuate during day and night. Although this policy might reduce revenues for utilities, the long-term benefits are paramount and such commercial concerns should not hinder the further expansion and integration of the electricity grid and trade. Infrastructure: including natural resources, country overall infrastructure, grid capacity, market infrastructure, electricity access rate and projected demand. Institutions: public and private institutions related on renewable energy, key policies, access to renewable energy finance, macroeconomic environment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|utilities infrastructure grid renewable electricity|1.932704|1.871925|2.1060028
2252|According to the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection, currently operating gas-fired power plants do not cause local air pollution due to the height of stacks and natural gas consumption. However, due to the fact that more coal-fired TPPs are currently in the pipeline, an increase in effects on the environment might be expected to take place in the future. However, the limited capacity of the country’s electricity transmission grid prevents this natural advantage from translating into major economic benefit.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fired natural gas currently environment|1.4081476|2.3454661|2.268255
2253|All three competencies are important in order to understand and engage critically with issues that involve science and technology - which are fast becoming ubiquitous. They also show that engagement with science and positive attitudes towards science are strongly related, in ways that also depend on students' proficiency in science. In particular, the positive relationship between performance in science and expectations of future careers in science is strongest among students who enjoy learning science the most.|SDG 4 - Quality education|science positive ubiquitous students strongest|8.943382|1.1154692|2.3562412
2254|It is a framework that is centred on the rights and freedoms to which all are entitled by virtue of being human. The focus is on women's socio-economic disadvantage, but economic, social, civil and political rights are deeply intertwined. Economic and social rights are closely interlinked with all other rights, especially the civil and political rights that enable women's organizing and claims-making.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights civil economic political intertwined|9.634686|4.8241715|7.1463943
2255|Instead remedial support for established migrants whose foundational skill requirements exclude them from educational and labour market programmes must be built into the integration infrastructure and systematically available for those that need it. In December 2017, a new curriculum guideline to create literacy training for adult migrants within the education system was issued by the Finnish National Agency for Education. The new training is part of a more extensive refonn transferring responsibility for literacy training to the Ministry of Education and Culture.|SDG 4 - Quality education|training literacy migrants education guideline|9.89617|2.7381728|2.647017
2256|There is also a risk that they will give rise to a corresponding fragmentation of investments in recipient countries at the expense of more systemic and holistic approaches, and that investment programmes will become driven by the priorities of funders rather than countries’ own needs and priorities. However, the limited progress made towards fulfilment of commitments in these areas in the decade since the Paris Declaration (OECD, 2005) indicate the need for an alternative approach if this is not to be a serious obstacle to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. It could greatly enhance the efficiency of the process by which the investment needs identified by each country are matched with funders’ priorities; reduce funding delays and uncertainties; lessen the administrative burden on LDCs associated with securing investment financing; and support the movement towards greater country ownership and more country-led development strategies, as envisaged in the Paris Declaration and the 2030 Agenda. It could also play an important role as an advocate, both for improved delivery on financial commitments to financial ISMs, and for improved donor coordination and harmonization.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|funders priorities declaration investment commitments|1.5596547|3.8133726|0.957961
2257|About 73,000 credits were issued, and the credits were purchased by the World Bank’s BioCarbon Fund, which generates income for Humbo residents (World Bank, 2012). The Sustainable Land Management (SLM) programme was initiated by the Government of Ethiopia in collaboration with donors (e.g. World Bank, Finland, EU and Germany) and other stakeholders to reverse land degradation and improve agricultural productivity. This kind of programme could form the core of any local green economy - protecting the natural assets that underpin development and livelihoods.|SDG 13 - Climate action|bank credits world land programme|1.7880574|4.9629607|3.4059677
2258|As in other OECD countries, technology is expanding possibilities for life extension and quality, and spending is rising steadily, while an ageing population requires substantially more and different services. The main challenges are to promote prevention and cost-efficient behaviour by care providers, tackle the high spending on pharmaceuticals, strengthen the role of health insurers as purchasing agents and secure cost containment. Good-quality information and appropriate financing schemes would ensure stronger efficiency incentives.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|spending containment cost insurers quality|8.731913|8.854803|2.093263
2259|Out of this figure, half was contributed by mothers aged between 15 and 24, and the other half by mothers aged between 25 and 29 (Iran, Civil Registration Organization, 2010). Considerable health risks are associated with unintended pregnancy and clandestine abortion where there are no routine pre- or post-abortion health-care services (Hosseini-Chavoshi and others, 2012). Among teenage women in developing countries, health risks associated with unintended pregnancy include higher rates of anaemia, pre-term labour and low birth weight (P£rez-Lopez, 2011). Moreover, in the event of an unwanted pregnancy being carried to term, the risks to the child include stillbirth, low birth weight, mental and physical dysfunction, or neonatal death due to neglect (Marston and Cleland, 2003a).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pregnancy abortion unintended risks weight|9.363147|5.8240147|6.146343
2260|As the supply of affordable housing is also expanding more slowly than demand, social renting is an increasingly restricted alternative. Fiscal consolidation since 2010 initially reduced inequality, as tax increases hit high-income households the most, but phased-in benefit cuts may have the opposite effect going forward (Jin et a I., 2011). The council tax, which is regressive, should be replaced by a property tax based on market values, with safeguard mechanisms for housing rich but income poor households. As well as reducing inequality, this could improve the stability of the housing market (OECD, 2011a, Chapter 2).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|housing tax inequality renting households|5.0100565|5.6816244|2.2828956
2261|Substantive equality may consequently require positive action by the State to address the specific disadvantages and needs of women.16 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women encompasses substantive equality, recognizing that gender-neutral laws can have discriminatory effects and that formal equality is not enough to address them. Its article 4 on temporary special measures, the Committee's general comment No. In the Committee's view, the Convention requires that women should be given an equal start and also that the State should create an enabling environment for the empowerment of women in order to achieve equality of results (also referred to as equality of outcome). Equality of results is the logical consequence of de facto or substantive equality, according to the Committee.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality substantive committee women convention|9.76375|4.705858|7.0943174
2262|Norway can do more to makes sure that quality of mental health care is not uneven across the country, that co-ordination between services is good, and that all mental disorders are appropriately treated. Governance responsibilities for mental health care are an area for attention, and there is a need to ensure that responsibilities for commissioning and delivering services are fulfilled, and that co-ordination between administrative bodies is strong. Section 4.3 then looks at available information on mental health care, and suggests that whilst Norway has a quite impressive array of available indicators, there is the potential to further improve data sources to give better information on quality of care. Finally, the chapter takes a system-level perspective, and addresses the need to improve co-ordination of service provision and care delivery across governance bodies, and to better define service responsibilities, so as to maximise the use of existing resources , to guard against gaps and duplication in care provision, and to promote high-quality care at all levels.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care mental ordination responsibilities bodies|10.381451|8.949869|1.7612885
2263|However, the intellectually coherent manner to proceed towards this internalisation would have been to tax the externality itself, i.e. to impose taxes on GHG emissions and the use of imported fuels, rather than to impose certain technologies on the market. Guaranteeing long-term revenues to VREs only, whether through feed-in tariffs or other instruments, is thus at the origin of the technical and pecuniary externalities that are created by the variability of wind and solar PV. This reduces the profitability of alternative means of electricity production, which nevertheless remain indispensable to ensure the security of supply and thus will require additional revenues through capacity mechanisms.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|impose revenues vres pecuniary internalisation|1.7035503|2.2043715|1.8490424
2264|If a demand exists for unnecessarily resource intensive products, then one manufacturer or the other will meet the demand. Resource efficiency is thus inextricably linked to both consumption and production. Although the target has proved difficult to meet, automobile manufacturers have made great strides in facilitating compliance for example, by using recycled material, improving material identification, improving ease of dismantling, ease of re-use and ease of recycling. Environmentally harmful materials and ingredients in materials are being eliminated entirely or their usage minimised.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|ease materials material meet improving|0.7462252|3.7812614|3.0504706
2265|Decentralised power in the school system can provide good conditions for efficiency and high performance (Barankay and Lockwood, 2007; Clark, 2009; Falch and Fischer, 2012; Hanushek et al., The Danish system is highly decentralised in the sense that the central government does not interfere in specific municipalities and schools, but governs the system mainly through general guidelines agreed in national negotiations. Central funding is related to national goals and targets as negotiated in the annual agreements between the central government and LGDK. A key central initiative to reduce spending following the financial crisis was the introduction of multi-annual expenditure ceilings for the central government, municipalities and regions by the Danish parliament.|SDG 4 - Quality education|central decentralised danish municipalities government|9.481986|2.080956|2.181428
2266|These are the basis for annual publications with indicators on education at the national and regional levels. Both the central government and regions prepare annual editions of the Status Report on the Development of the Education System to assess progress towards their respective Long-term policy objectives. Also, international benchmarks of student performance provided by international student surveys such as PISA and TIMSS have been influential in driving policy development at the system level.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student annual timss editions benchmarks|9.640784|1.9407775|2.0178008
2267|Austria and Iceland reported using gender diversity preference in hiring in 2010, but not in 2016, while France and Japan said they had discontinued preparatory training for civil service entrance examinations specifically targeting women candidates. France did, however, report in 2016 that it rewarded public service departments that had recruited more women and/or meet gender diversity targets. Ireland, for example, established a Judicial Appointments Commission in 2016 which states that one of its priority goals is gender balance in judicial office.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|judicial gender diversity france service|10.285806|4.170069|6.9532285
2268|Unfortunately, several oases are suffering from the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices because of the soil salinization and water quality degradation, allowing desertification to proceed. In the southern Ouarzazate region, 80 per cent of soils are affected by salinization. Certainly, between 80 per cent and 90 per cent of economically accessible surface water resources have already been regulated through dams and inter-annual storage reservoirs in Morocco.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cent abandonment proceed desertification soils|0.7728515|7.3775306|2.848385
2269|For example, Ethiopia, which is home to an estimated 2.6 million 10-year-olds, half of whom are girls, has a gender parity index of 0.6 for secondary school, a marked decline from parity in primary school. In addition to shouldering the burden of unpaid work, such as household chores, many 10-year-old girls and older adolescents also work in family enterprises or wage-earning activities. These responsibilities invariably mean less time for schoolwork, place them at risk, and may contribute to their dropping out of school.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parity school girls invariably chores|9.610084|4.4011607|5.87583
2270|In fact, 50% of Romanian respondents (compared to 19% across EU countries) said that they felt they had to make the extra payment or gift before the care was received In contrast, 28% said they made the informal payment or gift after care was provided. Moreover, about one fifth of respondents in Romania (19%) said that they had been asked to go to a private consultation with the doctor in order to be treated in a public hospital. There have also been some unfavourable trends, including rising mortality rates for the most common causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and lung, breast and colorectal cancers), increasing numbers of new HIV/AIDS cases and falling immunisation rates.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|said respondents payment colorectal romanian|8.716718|8.928417|2.1768887
2271|This is most visible in Coumon d’Auvergne, which has grown from an agricultural village to become the second largest city in the departement. The “city in the countryside” feature has had a major influence on the Eastern side of the Limagne plain, but also on the hills after the collapse of wine-production. This has led to a need for new infrastructure alongside these main channels in order to service new developments. In turn, this opens up the area for development and leads to further urbanisation, including in areas that are costly for the municipality to provide services to and that impose environmental costs (e.g. the cost of expanding infrastructure and the costs of commuting).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city wine opens countryside plain|4.1085944|5.7308307|1.7984729
2272|Each minister in Sweden is responsible for fulfilling the gender equality goals in his or her specific policy area. In the pursuit of gender equality, Korea has focused on developing women’s capacities, increasing women’s political representation and improving the welfare and civil rights of women. To ensure gender equality, Korea actively promoted gender-mainstreaming strategies in the policymaking process.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality korea women pursuit|9.948277|4.12321|7.3993053
2273|While poverty rates remain high in a significant number of countries, the rate for the region as a whole is the lowest to be attained in the last 20 years. While this was lower than the 4.8% per capita growth rate posted in 2010, it nonetheless consolidates the region-wide recovery from the 3.0% downturn seen in 2009. Argentina (7.9%) and Panama (8.9%) boasted the highest per capita growth rates, followed by Ecuador (6.3%), Pem (5.7%), Uruguay (5.4%) and Chile (5.0%). Per capita output rose less than 2% only in Brazil (1.9%), El Salvador (0.9%), Guatemala (1.4%) and Honduras (1.6%) (see table 1.1). The steady downtrend in this rate seen in every year since 2002 except 2009 has yielded the lowest figures since the mid-1990s, and almost all of the Latin American countries had rates below 8%.|SDG 1 - No poverty|capita rate rates lowest seen|6.3732066|5.602796|5.1179843
2274|Both rural incomes and food supplies would improve as a result of well targeted investments. To achieve that vision, a reorientation of policies is necessary in most of the countries covered in this report. Creating an environment in which farmers have the greatest possible freedom to respond to market signals will allow farmers to become more innovative and competitive and will reduce many of the distortions associated with the current policies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farmers reorientation distortions policies signals|3.9960039|5.308656|3.7847073
2275|The GCF’s support can be in the form of loans, loan guarantees, equity financing or outright grants. It has always been recognised that creating resilience involves economic diversification in some economies, particularly in countries that are over-dependent on exports that are exposed to climate risks (e.g. hydrocarbons, agricultural commodities in areas of climate-related water stress). In addition, and linked to this rationale, countries could make the case for investments to protect trade-related infrastructure from the impacts of climate change - to protect ports from storm surges, for example. These sorts of investments would fall under the theme ‘infrastructure and built environment’.|SDG 13 - Climate action|protect climate investments surges sorts|1.8491464|4.50398|1.6720858
2276|Some people in rural areas are still highly dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods, and reducing poverty in these areas is a key concern for the government. Unsustainable use of natural resources has resulted in increasing degradation and pollution. These trends are exacerbated by the country's vulnerability to climate change, which threatens progress made towards economic growth and poverty reduction. Attracting investment in areas such as renewable energy, energy efficiency or waste management could help create jobs and spur growth and development.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|areas natural threatens spur poverty|1.8370421|3.4346309|2.6591618
2277|A widely recognised qualification framework and a register of professions are also currently lacking in the Slovak Republic. In contexts such as the Slovak Republic where formal qualifications in some study fields are poorly understood in the labour market, work experience may be used by employers as a screening tool for a set of skills and characteristics (Kurekova et al., The Ministry is in the process of developing a qualification framework in cooperation with stakeholders, and this may contribute to correcting the existing information asymmetries and improve labour market matching. First, more substantial work-based learning throughout the Slovak VET system would improve school to work transition.|SDG 4 - Quality education|slovak qualification work republic correcting|8.391166|2.8084471|2.8045628
2278|We have established such partnerships in several areas - water technology and windmills for example - and it seems that former competitors are now willing to co-operate on new solutions. There are substantial benefits from taking environmental sustainability systematically into production strategies.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|competitors willing systematically partnerships operate|2.1149278|3.5643554|2.209349
2279|World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Fostering the implementation of the Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) (UP6). The total budget allocated to these priorities is EUR 68.5 million (USD 91 million) of which EUR 41.7 million (USD 55 million) is contributed by EMFF. Innovation and investments wall be supported to achieve this goal.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture million eur production usd|0.48902732|6.0948024|6.646869
2280|The work of the decision-making body is supported by a permanent secretariat with a staff of approximately 25-30. One of the central tasks of OROK is the preparation of the Austrian Spatial Development Concept (OREK, Osterreichisches Raurnentwicklungskonzept), which covers a planning period of approximately ten years and provides a vision and guidelines for spatial development that is shared by all levels of government. Beyond the preparation of the Spatial Development Concept, OROK also monitors spatial development across Austria.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial preparation concept development approximately|3.95025|5.59631|1.6767179
2281|"The government of India, through laws and reforms which have shaped the country's institutional and legal framework, and through the establishment of dedicated rural electrification institutions, has opted for long-term planning, with centrally determined objectives and target years. Without firm implementation policies and goals that can be enforced through legislation, the electrification process will fall through. Before 2007, lack of sufficient funds was the main reason for the slow implementation of rural electrification in India during the 10th Five-Year Plan. Moreover, if secure and dedicated funds are not available for the longer term once the project is implemented, there will be financial losses and perhaps the de-Page | 100 electrification of previously newly electrified villages."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification dedicated india funds electrified|2.2851596|1.7756503|2.658005
2282|Entire institutions have been designing PBL curricula, and new PBL programmes and courses have been adopted and further developed by institutions and educators around the world - shifting the curriculum from a faculty-centred approach to a more student-centred, interdisciplinary process (Barrett and Moore, 2011; Barrows and Tamblyn, 1980). In the United States, Stanford University is involved with PBL in several departments in varying degrees. For example, at the PBL Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, multidisciplinary, geographically distributed teams each project team member has a unique area of expertise. Stanford University has also launched a specific, non-degree teaching centre, the d.school, to unblock students’ imagination, creativity and innovation (Box 3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|pbl stanford centred university moore|8.62317|1.798049|2.013623
2283|The authorities need therefore to look for solutions that secure investments into public transport infrastructure and vehicles and keep the ticket fares at an affordable level. This would be important for all cities, however, it may be of particular importance for cities, where the proportion of public transport in comparison to car use is still negligible. To balance the needs for economic and social sustainability, cities have tried setting fares for cost-recovery and offering targeted subsidies for specific segments of the population.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fares cities transport ticket tried|4.2565055|5.0963593|0.9238622
2284|In essence, this means that an outside actor, the government, the regulator or the system operator, needs to step in to ensure that such external costs are not overproduced and are correctly internalised. Economic theory has devised a number of corresponding instruments, including standards and technical regulations, pollution taxes, new markets such as emissions trading, better information and research, as well as an overall strengthening of the legal system. Overcoming the knowledge gap is also part of moving towards sustainable electricity systems.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|internalised devised correctly essence actor|1.7876529|2.0501003|1.7838717
2285|It was the second IEO exercise dedicated to the theme; the first, an evaluation of gender mainstreaming, was in 2006). The evaluation covers two distinct but linked results areas as framed in the GES: development results and institutional results. Specifically, the evaluation assesses the extent to which the GES functioned as “an integrating dimension of UNDP’s work”3 in implementing the Strategic Plan. Instead, it serves as an inquiry of the extent to which the GES played a role in guiding the institutional and development contributions UNDP made to GEWE during the implementation of the 2008-2013 Strategic Plan.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ges evaluation undp results strategic|10.007984|3.9059725|7.9295
2286|With a length of 855 km, the Odra is the sixth-largest tributary of the Baltic Sea. The average area size of the established groundwater bodies varies: in Poland it is approximately 1,793 km2, in the Czech Republic 812 km2, and in Germany around 413 km2. This variation is due to the aggregation procedure of the groundwater bodies. Transboundary groundwater bodies have not been determined.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater bodies tributary sixth aggregation|0.5138097|7.0807767|2.806659
2287|In the 2012-13 school year, 53 272 such hobby groups, which operate on schools’ premises, offered activities to nearly 881437 enrolees; since some students may participate in more than one “hobby group” the number of enrolees may be greater than the number of individual students. These after-school “hobby groups” or “clubs” engage students in such activities as fine arts, choreography, vocal and choral groups, and performance groups. In addition, more than 30 000 children participate in sports clubs throughout the country and a growing number of “extended education” institutions (680 in 2013-14) provide further extracurricular activities in areas such as ecology, technology, tourism, music and fine arts, recreational camps, and sports.|SDG 4 - Quality education|enrolees clubs groups arts sports|9.322168|2.7207143|2.189914
2288|"In addition, with CMU-C patients do not have to pay """"up-front"", which is the common rule in France. Low-income patients and recipients of social benefits have reduced co-payments on pharmaceuticals. The government subsidises so-called Very-Low-Cost-Access (VLCA) practices, which typically serve disadvantaged areas under the condition that they forgo revenue from patient fees."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients pharmaceuticals low rule recipients|8.492291|9.22879|2.0441124
2289|The use of charges and fees, such as water charges and entrance fees to protected areas, is very limited (see also Sections 3 and 5). The Water Producer Programme, launched in 2011 by the National Water Agency and replicated by some states and municipalities, financially compensate investment in soil and water protection in river basins that provide water resources to a large population. Bolsa Floresta, in Amazonas state, has helped control deforestation, although it is implemented mostly in areas experiencing little deforestation pressure (Borner et al.,|SDG 15 - Life on land|water deforestation charges fees entrance|1.6833539|5.3259473|3.2430546
2290|In addition to the volume of wastewater returned to the environment, it is also important to measure or estimate the volumes of different pollutants emitted with the wastewater or otherwise released to water bodies. Emissions to water are the substances released to water resources by establishments and households as a result of production, consumption and accumulation processes. Emissions to water should be disaggregated according to the releasing economic activities and should cover the most important substances. This subcomponent includes statistics on the amount and characteristics of waste, defined as discarded material for which the owner or user has no further use, generated by human activities in the course of production and consumption processes.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|released water substances wastewater processes|1.0333172|6.6473317|2.8162203
2291|This is below the 25 per cent withdrawal threshold that defines the start of physical water stress, but this global figure masks large differences between regions and within countries. In 2011,41 countries experienced water stress, up from 36 in 1998. Of these, 10 countries—from the Arabian Peninsula, Northern Africa and Central Asia—withdrew more than 100 per cent of renewable freshwater resources.|SDG 15 - Life on land|stress masks peninsula cent countries|1.0755254|7.307854|3.0017695
2292|Investing in and enfranchising SMEs in developed countries and LDCs will encourage growth, investment and jobs. The successes of Turkey's tenure will be enduring. That is why in May 2015 we set up the World SME Forum to be a permanent structure in global economics. Since the first G20 Business Summit in Seoul in 2010, the B20 has called upon the G20 to address the constraints SMEs face in the global marketplace.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|smes enduring marketplace successes seoul|5.413637|3.9086854|2.945788
2293|The Teachers Forum at 17CCEM called for a renewed focus on teacher professionalism within the broader context of the impact of the global recession and the potential changes in the migration patterns of teachers. In 2006, the Secretariat commissioned SAQA to conduct an eight country pilot study. The Commonwealth has benefitted from the professional expertise of SAQA, which is responding to national, regional and international needs in the area of professional qualifications and accreditation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professional teachers professionalism benefitted commissioned|9.559758|1.3054638|2.3292522
2294|Disturbances due to increased traffic or caused by rotating turbine blades in wind farms can render areas near roads, rails and wind turbines less usable to species even if there are no physical changes to the habitat. Hence, the effects of the risk of fatal collisions can basically be neglected on a larger scale. On a regional scale, the effects of urbanization on biodiversity may be insignificant and impossible to measure on a short time scale.|SDG 15 - Life on land|scale wind effects disturbances collisions|1.8015441|5.2275276|4.031084
2295|Communication, education and public awareness are critically important, together with the need for transparent information about the state and trends of ecological, economic, social and cultural/spiritual dimensions of landscapes as social-ecological systems. The term landscape approach captures this and can be operationalized by applying concepts such as Model Forest, Biosphere Reserve, and traditional village systems. In this paper we advocate an approach that supports communication, education and public awareness and that relies on landscapes as laboratories for learning and knowledge production. We stress that to implement policies about sustainable development and sustainability, the context of landscapes in terms of environmental history, biophysical conditions, cultural heritage and modes for government and governance in the landscape need to be considered.|SDG 15 - Life on land|landscapes landscape ecological communication awareness|2.0179014|5.039241|3.5221722
2296|Teachers might focus on higher performing students and thereby direct less effort to lower performing students. Schools tend to group students by ability, a practice that doesn’t improve the overall performance and can be particularly harmful if lower quality teachers are allocated to lower performing children. In addition, schools that cater to gifted students, such as the Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools, receive considerably higher levels of funding than mainstream schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performing schools students lower teachers|9.608061|1.7183005|2.3248277
2297|Common features of the project were strategic use of data, strong leadership, curriculum, staff training, mentoring and parental involvement. There was also some evidence that educational attainment of African Caribbean students had increased. Furthermore, in some schools the gap in performance between African Caribbean and native students was closed, although these improvements were not consistent across all the Aiming High schools. The aim of the EMAG is to raise the achievements of particular underachieving ethnic minority groups.|SDG 4 - Quality education|caribbean african schools students mentoring|9.960379|2.2980988|2.666781
2298|This debate has focused largely on the impact of trade in advanced economies, which has risked diverting attention away from the impact of trade on people's lives in developing countries, and especially the extreme poor. This volume brings together new research, using a range of different analytical approaches, that examines how the extreme poor have fared following trade liberalization in various developing countries and regions and the challenges that poor people face in benefitting from trade. The 2015 joint WTO-World Bank publication, The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty strengthened the evidence that trade has played a critical role in poverty reduction and that the further integration of developing countries into an open global economy will be essential for achieving the goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030.|SDG 1 - No poverty|trade extreme ending poor developing|5.7411804|5.026106|4.37764
2299|The Energy Action Plan for its implementation of was updated in June 2007. The primary objective of the Strategy is restructuring of energy sector based on market economy principles and developing a modem energy policy. The main goals of the Law are the reduction of transmission and distribution losses, enhanced enforcement of the energy provisions of the Building Code (2002), greater use of solar power for water heating, improved use of decentralized heating and hot water systems, and the promotion of public transport. This law stipulates that the designing and construction of buildings should meet necessary technical parameters for conservation, saving and efficient use of energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy heating use law hot|2.1527104|2.630599|2.35813
2300|In learning about their rights and active citizenship, girls can bring fresh perspectives to family and school issues, and even to the development of their communities (UNICEF, 2011). School speaking or debate clubs, community forums with space reserved for girls to voice their ideas, and youth parliaments that include younger age cohorts are among the options. Processes to foster participation need to be carefully managed, however, since many end up dominated by adults, and even among young adolescents, girls are already likely to be more reticent than boys. One essential protection from these risks is as simple as a birth certificate.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls clubs parliaments school forums|9.787805|5.111371|6.4851556
2301|Ensuring that these guidelines remain up-to-date and relevant, however, appears to be an ongoing challenge. Several activities help build awareness to support the implementation of clinical guidelines. They are designed to draw on current evidence to assist in meeting the aims of reducing variations in practice, and improving patient outcomes. Guidelines are disseminated to health care professionals and organisations in Scotland and patient versions are available.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|guidelines patient disseminated versions scotland|9.213568|9.578949|1.5851629
2302|By reducing or eliminating import tariffs and non-tariff barriers for renewable goods, services and technologies, the sector can avoid bureaucratic redundancy and reduce the transactional costs of renewable energy to be deployed throughout the country. At the same time, major obstacles still remain to be overcome in order to boost investments in renewable energy further in emerging Asia. In ASEAN, China and India, grid issues are a key barrier to renewable energy generation, albeit in various ways. First, physical issues stemming from underdeveloped grid infrastructure and the lack of investment in grid upgrades are restraining investors from developing renewable energy projects.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable grid energy redundancy issues|1.754598|1.7878479|2.4036932
2303|According to forecasts, it is estimated that Africa will have almost 300 million more young people by 2060 (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2015). The continent has, however, struggled to provide employment opportunities for youth. While unemployment is a widespread phenomenon in Africa, figure 13 demonstrates that young people are particularly affected. In the last 25 years, the youth unemployment rate in Africa has fluctuated around 18 per cent.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|africa youth unemployment young fluctuated|8.0231085|3.9507647|4.1533656
2304|This allows the parent company to pursue an “asset light” capital structure, freeing up the capital invested in plants so that Hyflux can develop new projects, which is where its managers see Hyflux’s greatest value added. It has concessions to operate these under 20-30 year contracts, with minimum off-take agreements for 45% of total output. Since its establishment, it has acquired stakes in four further project companies, including both water and wastewater treatment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|capital stakes concessions acquired invested|1.458401|7.320361|2.3923707
2305|From 2005, a recreational fisher may realize sales up to a maximum of 2 000 kg of cod. This will be reduced to 1 000 kg for 2011 as a part of the measures to rebuild the coastal cod. Tourists are not allowed to sell the catch. In June 2006, there was introduced an export quota on fish and fish products for personal travellers.|SDG 14 - Life below water|cod kg fish rebuild fisher|0.24211757|5.9687138|6.84729
2306|"Gender equality also depends on how markets and formal/informal institutions have evolved, how growth has played out, and how all these factors have interacted with household decisions (World Bank, 2012). Interestingly, Rees and Riezman (2012) wonder whether globalisation may influence gender equality. Following this intuition and the migration literature on ""transfers of norms"", the paper assumes that beyond the movement of people, migration involves norm exchanges."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migration equality interestingly exchanges gender|8.673915|5.2997756|7.094434
2307|Thus, the poorest groups have the greatest imbalance in terms of the distribution between the sexes of unpaid domestic work, which is yet another factor that militates against these households’ ability to lift themselves out of poverty. In the other groups, the largest proportion are employees (50% for the non-indigent poor, 57% for those at risk of poverty and 64% for those not at risk); this nevertheless indicates that being employed as a wage earner does not provide protection against the risk of poverty. Renters account for between 12% and 17% of the total, and there is no clear correlation between these figures and poverty status. The only kind of situation in which the type of tenure appears to correlate more directly with income levels is when ownership is unclear or undocumented, since the percentage of people in this situation descends from 16% in the lowest-income group to 9% in the highest-income group.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty risk income situation renters|7.0969124|5.650106|5.057394
2308|They want to understand how to ensure the safety of their business information in cyberspace. Generating trust will be one of the key roles of business ecosystem players in years to come if new technologies are to be embraced by businesses, and societies are to accept change. Both the digital and platform economies are drastically altering the way the business ecosystem is structured, and are also changing the functions of these institutions within that ecosystem.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ecosystem business altering embraced drastically|4.7780266|2.9727752|2.0575707
2309|Their main focus was to compile inventories of marine life and resources, particularly fisheries. The situation is different today, as the number of academic and research institutions that deal with different aspects of marine science has increased significantly, with all the WIO countries having more than one institution (Table 35.3). Various capacity-building activities have been undertaken within and outside the region under the auspices of a range of donor organisations.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine wio auspices inventories different|-0.0713375|5.6550946|6.110014
2310|The landscape of these high applied tariffs levels has changed since 2000. Trends in high applied tariff levels, defined as those either 10 or 25 times or higher above the world agro-food average (simple average) in any given year, indicate that there has been an increase in the number of bilateral flows that are attracting high tariffs (Figure 2.11).6 For example, in 2000 around 1 300 bilateral trade flows at the HS 6-digit level attracted applied duties that were at least ten times higher than the world average tariff applied to agro-food trade. By 2013, this had doubled to around 2 600 bilateral trade flows (a similar pattern exists for tariffs 25 times the agro-food average in any given year).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|applied agro bilateral tariffs flows|4.0723553|4.8717146|4.235885
2311|First, employers’ participation reinforces the value of certification. Second, additional routes to prepare examinations to obtain certification facilitate the recognition of prior learning and other forms of learning. Criteria and procedures for federally regulated examinations are defined by top level employer and trade union organisations (German Employers’ Organisation for Vocational and Further Training and Confederation of German Trade Unions) (Hippach-Schneider et al, 2012).|SDG 4 - Quality education|examinations german certification employers schneider|8.520026|2.667451|2.564006
2312|Governments can also promote transparency and access to information to unveil barriers to equality and enable women to act based on the knowledge of their rights. They can stem or prevent corrupt practices that constrain women's access to public sen/ices and introduce accountability mechanisms to engage women and girls in decisions that affect their lives. The array of instruments that governments have used to foster gender equality is vast, and ranges from constitutional and legal approaches to regulatory frameworks to reform within organizations to the use of instruments such as gender-responsive planning and budgeting to broader attempts at shifting social norms. It documents various institutional mechanisms, tools and instruments used by countries to this end.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|instruments mechanisms women equality corrupt|9.861121|4.2869196|7.30801
2313|Science, technology and innovation (STI) must play a central role in the achievement of these goals. However, new technologies threaten to outpace the ability of societies and polbymakers to adapt to the changes they create, giving rise to widespread anxiety and ambivalence or hostility to some technological advances. Big data analysis can help to manage or resolve critical global issues, create new scientific breakthroughs, advance human health and improve decisbn-making, by providing real-time streams of informatbn. The Internet of Things allows the conditbn and actbns of connected objects and machines to be monitored and managed, and allows more effective monitoring of the natural world, animals and people. These two technologies have important applications in health care, agriculture, energy and water management and quality, as well as in monitoring devebpment indicators to assess progress towards the Sustainable Devebpment Goals. Governments should consider developing strategies to harness these technologies towards their devebpment goals.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|goals technologies allows create outpace|4.559024|3.0133212|2.039587
2314|The laws should empower EMBs to demand accountability on key parameters, including women’s representation as candidates and party leaders. The laws should also ensure adequate independence of EMBs and require gender parity in the composition of key election management personnel. This will help in tracking progress and documenting compliance with international and national norms.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|laws documenting key election empower|10.352774|4.303216|7.290142
2315|With international help, power production from the Nurek HPP has been improved by replacing the generators. The country’s northern and southern networks were not directly interconnected. Bulk transfer of energy' between the north and south was achieved by power exchange using a 500 kV transmission line through the territory of Uzbekistan.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hpp power interconnected generators replacing|1.7358234|2.087947|2.432406
2316|The distribution of disposable income may then give a reasonable indication of the distribution of economic welfare or the base on which to allocate public support (Jantti et al., As mentioned earlier with respect to UB benefits, there are pros and cons associated with the implementation of discretionary policy changes after a recession has begun. In the past decades, most structural adjustments have aimed at reducing the role played by assets-testing in determining overall benefit entitlements under the last tier of income assistance.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|ub distribution discretionary begun tier|7.2430573|5.1885033|4.2474627
2317|The government has adopted a wide range of measures to restrict the promotion of alcoholic beverages and on-and off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (e.g. to minors and in petrol stations). However, compared to other OECD countries, France maintains lower levels of tax on alcohol, particularly on wine (OECD, 2015c). It is also noteworthy that taxation has been independent of the degree of alcohol since 1990 (Panel B).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|beverages alcohol wine minors premise|9.268523|9.656879|3.4571812
2318|Workers will benefit from that right and will comply with the duties of social security pursuant to the law. A fine will be imposed on employers that pay a wage below the minimum wage, or fails to pay the wage on time, in addition to vacations. Establishes, among other working conditions, a healthy work environment, and the protection of life, health and safety at work.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|wage pay pursuant fails fine|8.100547|4.6188836|4.356327
2319|Through installation of sufficient storage near to the generators, a constant power output (renewables + storage) can be delivered to the grid. In such a system, the grid investments to the main grid can be minimised. A special case is a small city, neighbourhood or other sub-grid that tries to have a balanced energy supply and demand so that in case of problems the sub-grid can even be de-coupled from the main grid and be operated as an independent island grid or micro-grid.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid storage sub main minimised|1.8266596|1.5300927|2.1971624
2320|This number increased to slightly over 40% in 2010.41 In Algeria, 38% of magistrates are female. Similarly, Egypt and Jordan have undertaken strategies to increase their number of female judges (see Chapter 4). Given that there is officially no requirement for gender-sensitivity training, some police officers may lack sensitivity and understanding when dealing with women who are abused. In some MENA countries, initiatives to support reform of the police and security sector are provided mostly on an ad hoc basis with the support of donors.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sensitivity police female abused judges|10.066152|4.659757|7.272479
2321|In view of the relatively high costs of desalination, the provision of desalinated water to agriculture risks generating inefficiencies and costs to public finances. Unit costs are a multiple of current prices typically paid for the supply of fresh surface water even in these areas (MMA, 2007 a), even though technological progress has allowed the production cost to be reduced by about 50% over the past ten years according to government estimates. Desalinated water is supplied at subsidised rates. The high energy intensity of the production process may continue to constrain its development as a large scale water resource base and the environmental consequences of the residues of desalination are not yet fully understood.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|desalinated desalination water costs mma|0.9321957|7.723717|2.7570384
2322|The report of the Secretary-General, A/64/93, prepared in response to this resolution, was presented to the Second Committee of the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly in October 2009 and forms the basis for the present publication. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires States parties to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women and ensure the practical realization of the principle of the equality of women and men in the political, economic, social, cultural and any other fields. States are obligated not only to refrain from engaging in acts of discrimination, but also to eliminate discrimination against women by any person, organization or enterprise.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discrimination eliminate women forms general|9.79181|4.824321|7.148607
2323|However, preliminary information points to a non-negligible impact of this sector, both in biological and economic terms. Here, too, the contribution of these fisheries to local tourism has enormous potential. This chapter seeks to review current available knowledge on SSF and recreational fisheries, and provides an overview of the actions being taken at the regional level to address these two important fishing subsectors.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries subsectors ssf enormous negligible|-0.020920152|5.7792945|6.637382
2324|Subsequently, variations in the proportion of immigrants across skill cells are used to assess the impact of immigration on labour market outcomes (see Annex 4.A1 for methodological details). One can imagine a broad range of other meaningful labour market indicators which can be similarly analysed, including unemployment or underemployment rates, vulnerable employment rates, wages, or hours worked. The degree to which these indicators can be analysed depends on the quality and availability of data, which in the case of Thailand is challenging. As unemployment data were not recorded in the 2010 Thai census wave, it was not possible to look at immigration impacts on unemployment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment immigration analysed imagine indicators|7.2165093|3.6395872|4.2384634
2325|"Six countries stand out with ratios significantly over the OECD average. Of these, Mexico, Italy, and Japan are also relatively large users. Portugal also presents important irrigation intensity, but without specific information for ""groundwater irrigation area"", not being the reference values (national statistics) comparable to the present study.15 The United States, Turkey, Greece, Spain and Australia, on the other hand, despite being among the largest users, have a groundwater irrigation intensity under the estimated OECD average of 5 194 m3/ha in 2010."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation intensity groundwater users average|1.0385196|7.38443|3.0230548
2326|Systematic health planning and needs assessments do not figure in the purchasing decision of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration (NHIFA). In addition, systematic performance measurements are also lacking, with accountability measures being restricted to audits that chiefly focus on legal and financial aspects of the operations of providers (Gaal et al., The authorities should allow the NHIFA to engage in selective contracting to avoid oversupply while building commensurate capacities in the NHIFA to enable it to perform the new tasks.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|systematic oversupply chiefly commensurate audits|8.8389225|9.218503|1.8482152
2327|The discussion covers a variety of international and national actors, including development finance institutions, international climate funds, governments and relevant government agencies. Data regarding global finance flows are mostly drawn from the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) reports as they represent the most comprehensive source of such flows to date. Second, the paper focuses on the regional landscape of climate finance in the Asia-Pacific region, with particular attention given to active climate funds, multilateral development banks, the distribution of climate finance across countries, and national-level initiatives.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance flows funds cpi|1.7502627|3.9469948|0.9149489
2328|As ODA-supported activities potentially relevant to building capacity for climate change activities can be quite extensive, reporting in BRs may only present a partial picture of such support. Capacity-building support in adaptation is increasingly linked to support for broader development priorities, for example, recognising the need for enhanced capacities across a broad set of economic actors. Donors integrate capacity-building into all funding programmes as a matter of good development practice, making support for climate-related capacity-building more difficult to independently track and report (Ellis et al., Germany notes in its third BR that “technology transfer and capacity-building are components of virtually all of the German government’s bilateral cooperation projects and cannot be categorised separately” (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, 2017[i7]). Denmark raises this challenge in the context of its biennial reporting; its second BR does not distinguish between public and private sector activities (UNFCCC, 2016(igj).|SDG 13 - Climate action|building capacity br support activities|1.6393144|4.022588|1.2951047
2329|G = poverty gap: FGT2 = Foster, Greer and Thorbecke squared poverty possible degree of regional comparability, the aim being to maintain a common methodological st they use in their own official measurements. As a first step, the anainment figure for quintile I (AQI) is expressed as a proportion of the figure for quintile V(AQV).The gap is then calculated using the following formula: (HAQI/AQV1)' 100. The annualized relative gap is calculated using the formula I1 (AQl/AQV)I' 100/AT.|SDG 1 - No poverty|formula gap quintile calculated squared|6.4984493|5.766653|5.0908384
2330|Inequality is a threat to social cohesion, empathy and shared responsibility because it generates and exacerbates social segmentation. A broadly educated, healthy, secure and empowered population is the goal of development, and also necessary for inclusive economic growth. Young women and girls may experience the most severe forms of inequalities, often reflected in sexual coercion and violence, including domestic violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation and other harmful practices that violate human rights and lead to blocked access to sexual and reproductive health information and education (including comprehensive sexuality education).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sexual violence blocked empathy coercion|9.558172|5.1084943|6.662639
2331|"As a practical example, guidelines were established in Finland in 2004, involving the cities of Helsinki, Espoo, Joensuu, Tampere, Turku and Vantaa (Project ""Helsinki for All""). The guidelines form the basis for the City of Helsinki Accessibility Plan and are freely available for use by other municipalities, corporations and planners. The guidelines contain criteria for evaluating the accessibility of outdoor locations: pedestrian crossings and pavements; pedestrian streets and squares; public courtyards; park paths and resting places; public bus stop areas etc."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|helsinki guidelines pedestrian accessibility pavements|4.2883124|5.268353|0.55905575
2332|Market failures result from asymmetric information between health insurers and care providers and between care providers and patients, creating scope for supplier-induced demand and up-coding (classifying patients into higher priced diagnostic codes). Empirical analysis suggests that no health care system performs systematically better in addressing these failures and delivering cost-effective health care (Joumard et al., The Netherlands has opted for a system of regulated competition and private insurance, with wide-ranging reforms implemented since the mid-2000s to reinforce the role of market mechanisms.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care failures patients providers health|8.5478115|8.950823|1.7949096
2333|"States with fairly large fisheries agencies include: Maine, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Florida, Texas, California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii. These agencies generally deal with both freshwater and marine fisheries, and are funded from both State and Federal sources. It is assumed that the large bulk of their programs fall in the “general services"" category of transfers."|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries agencies massachusetts oregon alaska|-0.0045372876|5.6500525|6.689649
2334|In its broadest sense: “health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO 1948)-1 While this definition does not lend itself naturally to measurement, it illustrates well that the concept of health is a broad and overarching one, and that health affects many aspects of life. This definition also highlights that objective health conditions and subjective aspects of health are important for everyone. Developing better measures would help not only to better assess people’s health status, but also to gauge the performance of health systems in preventing or treating ill health, and to design more effective policies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health definition aspects lend better|9.279224|9.088588|2.7883134
2335|The “monetisation reform” has improved the reporting of social spending (for example, see Table 3.3). Nevertheless, experience with OECD countries that have a federal constitutional set-up suggests there is likely to be under-reporting of social spending by lower tiers of government (Adema and Ladaique, 2009). In the case of disabled children up to 15 years, this is 120 calendar days. For example, there are benefits for war veterans and disabled children, while the pension fund of Russia also pays old-age, survivor or disability pensions based on employment records to people who are categorised as disabled.|SDG 1 - No poverty|disabled reporting spending survivor monetisation|7.643285|5.785191|4.3423595
2336|Funding is provided for projects and activities that align with these regional plans. The government appropriates SEK 1.5 billion annually to support regional growth measures, and is mostly used alongside other funding sources from the region, municipalities, and the European Union. Rural policy in Sweden is defined in a narrow sense at the moment, to a large extent around the parameters of CAP Pillar 2 funding.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|funding sek regional pillar moment|4.1354837|4.390127|1.6517202
2337|Section 2.2 summarises today’s representative use cases and application areas of blockchain, based on the challenges in the low-carbon transition. As observed in other areas in the public and private sectors, managing climate-related action will require the adoption of innovative digital enablers. Interoperable and well-entrenched “end-to-end” digital data services will be required to increase efficiency.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital end enablers entrenched summarises|4.0061426|2.5393832|2.0551105
2338|Financial incentives could assist owners to replace their vehicles with low emission vehicles or even electronic Jeepneys (e-jeepneys). Metro Cebu could set a target and support such transition. Globally, under the Urban Electric Mobility Initiative, city governments have pledged that electrical vehicles will account for 30% of light duty vehicles plying their cities by 2030 (UEMI, 2017).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|vehicles pledged cebu replace duty|3.8648195|4.659155|0.64363325
2339|Should the VRE in one region have tow output, other regions experiencing overgeneration can transmit excess electricity. In 2009, Germany produced 592 TWh of electricity3, which gives an average power consumption of about 826 W per capita4, implying that a city of one million inhabitants needs on average nearly 1 GW of electricity supply, with considerable variations. The highest capacity transmission project being constructed is for the capacity of about 7.2 GW of high voltage direct current (HVDC) overhead line5, which could sen/e a region of about ten million inhabitants. Transmitting hydropower over long distances is common in Brazil, China and India, due to inexpensive electricity and remote locations of hydropower. Current electricity storage capacity is usually nearly negligible in comparison to instantaneous power generation and due to nearly instantaneous power transmission.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity nearly gw inhabitants power|1.553718|1.9844711|2.430238
2340|More needs to be done to exploit satellite images to monitor changes in land cover. Wetlands are highly valued habitats for biodiversity and their loss is of international significance. The area of other types of semi-natural agricultural habitats (farm woodland and fallow land) has increased or remained stable. Farmland has mainly been converted to use for forestry and urban development. Despite this overall trend, agriculture remains the major land use for many countries, representing over 40% of the land area in two-thirds of OECD countries.|SDG 15 - Life on land|land habitats woodland fallow area|1.6934463|5.1321697|3.8660212
2341|Mongolia established basin councils for the Eroo River in 2007 and for the Tuul River in 2010, with the support of a project for strengthening IWRM in the country. However further efforts are needed in this area and, where established, councils need to be strengthened to function properly. Afghanistan is also making preparations for their establishment. The emergence of the water user cooperatives illustrates a shift to a more decentralized operation of irrigation facilities, an important step in reforming the irrigation and agriculture sectors.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|councils irrigation river established iwrm|0.699768|7.225648|2.2139652
2342|Since 2006, the government has progressively revised the system, requiring local authorities to provide education to migrant children, abolishing public school fees for them and decoupling registered residence from access to education for migrants. In India, the 2009 Right to Education Act legally obliged local authorities to admit migrant children, while national guidelines recommend flexible admission, seasonal hostels, transport support, mobile education volunteers and improved coordination between states and districts. They may be kept in preparatory classes too long, for instance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education migrant authorities admit volunteers|9.792877|2.5779445|2.4442844
2343|Next a brief description of major policy instruments directed to smallholders are described. The agricultural and Livestock Insurance Support Programme facilitates access for producers of crops, fruits and livestock to insurances related to climate risk or livestock diseases. The insurance indemnifies the beneficiary up to two thirds of the insured annual production. Beneficiaries receive technical advice and financial support for their projects. The main purpose of the Technical Training Services (SAT) is to provide small farmers with technical support in order to improve their productivity and their responsiveness to technical and climatic challenges. The Management and Productive Development Services (PROGYSO), aims to improve small farmer's communication with both public and private sectors and to promote extension activities (OECD, 2013b).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|technical livestock insurance support improve|3.7279997|5.337296|3.6591284
2344|"Although Blockchain technology presents interesting features in terms of security, immutability, transparency, traceability and automation, its wide-scale deployment currently hinges on various challenges. Scalability remains limited, existing blockchain networks and platforms do not “talk"" to one another, and there are a number of unresolved legal issues, ranging from the legal status of blockchain transactions to the question of liability. Companies also rely increasingly on artificial intelligence (Al) and big data to analyse consumers' online shopping experiences in order to profile preferences and adapt products accordingly. Digital technologies such as 3D printing are making it feasible to supply customized goods and services to consumers who show a preference for personalized products."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain consumers legal products unresolved|4.221523|2.7016575|2.2124727
2345|For the poorest households, social assistance accounts for almost 20 per cent of total household consumption. Looking at the different programmes separately, social allowances have the largest impact. They account for 23 per cent of total consumption among the poorest households that receive social allowances. In the absence of social assistance, the poverty rate would have been three percentage points higher, representing a relative reduction of 19 per cent.|SDG 1 - No poverty|allowances social cent poorest assistance|7.456431|5.8273616|4.4335117
2346|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Infrastructure designed to deal with periods of water scarcity (reservoirs) and investments in flood management have a public good nature and tend to be under provided by private markets. This leaves a significant role for government (Shaw, 2005; Grafton, 2011).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|reservoirs leaves golan heights jerusalem|8.057572|3.0890262|1.5436254
2347|First, making such arrangements universally available would be prohibitively expensive as the default risk is assumed by the public sector. Rationing such loans on the basis of means-tested parental resources is a solution but it raises difficulties for students that do not have access to either these loans or the resources of their well-off families. Second, as the repayment of such loans does not take into account the future capacity of borrowers, some risk-averse students would be unwilling to undertake these loans, especially if defaulting is costly. Third, graduates facing high loan repayment obligations would be more likely to choose careers with high earnings rather than low-paying but socially productive ones. The defining characteristic of ICL schemes is that the collection of debt is tied to the borrowers’ future capacity to pay. Repayments are not required in periods of low income, ensuring that borrowers are able to meet their repayment obligations and to smooth their consumption across periods of high and low income.|SDG 4 - Quality education|repayment loans borrowers obligations periods|8.602555|2.7774944|2.745213
2348|In addition, we met a woman on the national soccer team who told us that even the national team had to fight to have access to the fields primarily used by boys and men. The trip reaffirmed my belief that access to sports can be a life-changer for young people and, after this experience, I know more than ever to look at it through a gender equality lens. Today's youth have the power to bring about systemic change for generations to come as we work towards achieving gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|team equality reaffirmed told belief|10.002829|5.0883193|6.699578
2349|These receive anyone who wishes to be examined and obtain information on health risk factors and personal advice on leading a healthier lifestyle. Data from the authorities suggest that these have been widely used (with over 2 million contacts in 2009 and 2010). An additional 190 centres have been opened for children.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|wishes healthier contacts lifestyle opened|9.333732|9.296859|2.2113214
2350|For the same reason, the uncertainty surrounding the conditions for the United Kingdom leaving the EU (Brexit) continues to be a downside risk. Rising housing wealth combined with continued very low interest rates, resulting from the currency peg to the euro, could trigger a boom in private consumption, resulting in overheating w ith higher wage and price inflation. A faster and larger-than-expected interest rate hike, on the other hand, risk prompting large property price drops in some parts of the country with macroeconomic spillovers and financial sector losses.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|resulting price downside euro risk|5.600045|5.0850124|3.7427428
2351|Because it catalogues where these partnerships have been deployed, it focuses largely on North American examples where many of these pilot programmes have been initiated. Examples include Lyft (and Uber, at the outset) offered as an option in Los Angeles Department of Transport Go LA app designed by Xerox and in the Dallas Area Rapid Transit trip planning app. These initiatives are analogous to those offered by several commercial third-party routing apps described in Chapter 2.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|app offered examples uber angeles|4.274013|5.0061936|0.4344237
2352|In other words, the lack of exclusive rights means there is a lack of incentives for fishers to exert the socially optimal amount of fishing effort. The problems arising from these negative externalities are not solved through market channels because there are no property or access rights in many fisheries. For this reason, several management systems seek to assign exclusive rights to fishers in order to internalise the negative externalities.|SDG 14 - Life below water|exclusive fishers rights externalities negative|-0.19492175|5.7177424|6.8689303
2353|Even if r - 0, which means that there are no income constraints, these vegetables are not allocated any areas. This is because these vegetables provide only economic benefits; they do not provide any energy, nitrogen or feed. Cows can effectively increase income. As the number of cows increases, pasture and/or dent corn areas also increase.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cows vegetables corn pasture provide|4.208911|5.2909184|3.8456874
2354|Consequently, the CAREC countries have refined their strategy by shifting the focus to improving the quality of logistics services and increasing the level of connectivity. For hard infrastructure, there is a new emphasis on longdistance freight movement. In services, the need to connect the six CAREC corridors and major seaports is emphasized. The refined strategy also stresses the importance of extending and completing the six strategic multimodal corridors (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 107).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|refined corridors strategy freight completing|4.284534|4.623041|1.0725534
2355|A rather large number of species of birds, invertebrates and plants as well as a few species of mammals are closely connected with such habitat structures, in most cases originally found in steppe or dry grassland habitats. Fields under regular cultivation hold just a fraction of the biodiversity generally found in farmland landscapes. With an increased fragmentation and reduction in size of natural and seminatural habitats in the farmland landscape, it has become increasingly difficult for farmland biodiversity to persist in the gradually smaller and fewer suitable habitats and to spread between habitats of sufficient quality to maintain viable populations.|SDG 15 - Life on land|habitats farmland species biodiversity steppe|1.64264|5.2997026|4.0770197
2356|Progress is slow, however, as illustrated by the difficulties in reaching consensus even in areas such as transparency and notifications. Financial and technical assistance, as well as technology transfer (Target 14.a), will be important to many SIDS and LDCs as they look to create and implement national and regional strategies for sustainability, preservation and protection of their fisheries industries. These interlinked goals provide a new framework for advancing sustainable development over the next 15 years. Today, the global population is about 7.3 billion, a figure projected to reach about 8.5 billion by 2035 (UNDESA, 2011). Some 2 billion more people will populate the earth in 20 years from now.|SDG 14 - Life below water|billion undesa interlinked preservation earth|0.22879076|5.7240024|6.0578446
2357|The contribution of aquaculture to the global food fish supply for human consumption reached 47% in 2006 (FAO, 2009), an impressive figure, especially in view of the G8 leaders’ consideration of food security after the 2008 food crisis. These figures decreased to 18% and 9% respectively in 2007, underscoring the increasing importance of developing countries are aquaculture production (Figure 18.1). In terms of value, Japan, Norway, Korea, USA and Canada produce 73% of the total in the same year (Figures 18.2 and 18.3).|SDG 14 - Life below water|food aquaculture figures figure impressive|0.46179786|6.056729|6.5143876
2358|One of the first tasks of the IATT was therefore to assess different STI initiatives conducted by IATT members. The mapping included 1600 activities across 20 different UN agencies with a total budget of around USD 1 billion. The mapping revealed that the primary objectives of more than half of the initiatives were related to technology, one-third science-related, and roughly 10-20% related to innovation (IATT-STI, 2017[3)). The mapping also showed differences in priorities across agencies. Other agencies, such as WIPO and the World Bank have a more diverse focus.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mapping agencies sti related initiatives|4.8364573|3.394207|2.0961633
2359|One of the most important policy documents is the Energy Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2020, which has been published in 2007 and has three strategic objectives: security of energy supply, promoting energy and economic efficiency, and liberalization of the energy market and restructuring of power industry. The Ministry of Economy monitors the progress of strategy implementation on a quarterly basis. Energy efficiency is a priority in the Republic of Moldova and strategic policy objectives for energy conservation have been defined in the National Programme of Energy Conservation (2003).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy moldova conservation strategic republic|1.7523245|2.723934|2.1879315
2360|Water problems will also hinder the ability of countries to produce food. On the other hand, water plays a central role in OECD’s Green Growth Strategy because well-managed water systems can generate huge benefits for our health and our economy (see OECD, Water and Green Growth, forthcoming, 2012). In 2008, several recovery packages included investment in water infrastructure.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water green hinder growth packages|1.4440782|7.355919|2.7725234
2361|The lack of a unified transboundary monitoring programme and GIS system for the basin is a shortcoming. Surface waters are monitored for pollutants, and groundwaters are surveyed for possible impact of landfills. Radioactive elements are periodically monitored. A new scheme of complex use and protection of water resources of the Don (including the Siversky Donets) is planned for 2014 in the Russian Federation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|monitored radioactive groundwaters gis don|0.42303425|6.9083977|2.7328298
2362|By contrast, infectious diseases pose potentially global threats, and the benefits of genomics for infectious disease control may therefore be felt on a global as well as a local scale. Meanwhile, richer countries appear more inclined to invest in lines of genomic research and development that orient them chiefly towards domestic matters, and that provide less incentive to collaborate internationally in research and implementation. Also, the findings represent only a snapshot of a rapidly developing field, as of summer 2012.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infectious genomic genomics orient snapshot|8.414203|9.229914|2.9082592
2363|For the poorest and the hungriest in most LDCs, being assetless means being landless. In addition to low income, poor households are constrained in benefiting from land due to a lack of access to credit and savings, a weak land rental market, and other social factors. In many LDCs, women are constrained in acquiring land ownership rights.|SDG 1 - No poverty|constrained land ldcs acquiring benefiting|9.088981|5.259947|7.0185137
2364|The substantial mitigation potential of forestry will not materialize without appropriate financing and enabling frameworks that create effective incentives. For example, policies in the European Union to increase the use of biofuels, including wood fuels, for energy generation are affecting how foresters in the region manage their forests, and how land in developing regions is used (EC, 2013). There are several reported cases of land grabs for biomass production, which has implications for food security. Losses can be lowered or SOC returns to the soil increased by reducing fires, overgrazing and soil erosion, or by recycling crop residues and manure. Large gains in crop carbon balances can also be achieved with improved crop varieties, nitrogen-fixing legumes and organic and inorganic fertilizers, which boost the amount of crop residues available for returning to the soil. Improved water management is also a strong driver of primary productivity, and complements all of those practices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|crop soil residues improved overgrazing|1.2632096|4.397111|3.7108376
2365|The rubrics aim to help teachers be more systematic and intentional about the teaching and learning of creativity and/or critical thinking. The examples of lesson plans provided to the project teachers included a mapping of the different steps of the lesson against the sub-skills of the conceptual rubrics. Teachers were requested to do the same for their own lesson plans, at least those they submitted to their local project co-ordinator before possible further transmission to the OECD. Building a professional language around creativity and critical thinking actually requires more than just good definitions and descriptors of the skills to develop.|SDG 4 - Quality education|lesson creativity teachers thinking critical|9.06746|1.4428929|1.6702145
2366|Source: OECD (2016a). Largely due to its small population size, compared to other regions such as South of Sahara, South and Central Asia (excluding EECCA) and Southeast Asia, the EECCA region receives a relatively large amount of climate-related development finance per person. However, needs, socio-economic circumstances and populations differ significantly across countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|eecca asia south sahara southeast|1.7446157|3.8951523|1.2432191
2367|In the same year, UNDP's Executive Board reported that “.. .since 2008,UNDP has invested great efforts in strengthening capacity for gender mainstreaming, and requests UNDP both to continue to maintain and to increase its investments to accelerate the strengthening of capacity and the delivery of programming for gender equality and the empowerment of women in line with the Gender Equality Strategy.” It also co-chairs the United Nations Development Group subgroup on accounting for resources and will serve on the UN-SWAP Gender Marker Help Desk in 2015. The Global Gender Team also provides technical support to the World Food Programme in its development of a certificate of excellence similar to the Gender Equality Seal and has advised on its gender policy. The vast majority of this support was policy advice and advice on piloting new approaches and tools.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender undp equality advice strengthening|10.014075|3.9165936|7.8841443
2368|In order to ensure a proper co-operation between the different levels of government in the management of water resources, the constitution of the Committees of Competent Authorities should be accelerated. This enhanced participation should take place through the appropriate institutions, including in the river basin authorities. The law should allow the inclusion of environmental and scarcity costs in water prices.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|authorities competent accelerated constitution water|0.8698282|7.211061|1.7201006
2369|The potential for countries in transition is provided in the following table. The numbers in the table are total numbers for the whole region. For example, potential of forestry measures in Central and South America is 3,145 Mt C02/year, in Africa 1,925 Mt C02/year and 1,915 Mt C02/year in East Asia. In countries of transition, the potential is 1,685 Mt C02.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mt potential year numbers transition|1.4479622|2.0190408|2.463473
2370|Along the Texas and Louisiana shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, interannual variation in landings of brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) is negatively correlated with size of the hypoxic zone (O’Connor and Whitall, 2007). However, Texas fisheries regulations may contribute to the apparent strength of this correlation as fishing is prohibited on the inner shelf that serves as a refuge from hypoxia during much of the summer when northern Gulf of Mexico hypoxia is most extensive. Hypoxia already forces movement of wild stock from large areas both inshore and offshore and at times can cause extensive mortality.|SDG 14 - Life below water|hypoxia shelf texas gulf extensive|0.053622086|6.033632|6.1999454
2371|Monitoring of spatial disparities in income and nonincome dimensions of well-being is essential to establish the extent of territorial imbalances, and to support the formulation of more balanced and coherent development policies at sectorial and regional levels. There are large regional and rural-urban disparities in education, health and employment outcomes. In 2012, the tertiary attainment rate ranged between 1.99% in the Red River Delta area to 0.77% in the Central Highlands, and from 2.56% in urban areas to 1.04% in rural areas.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|disparities highlands rural sectorial urban|6.764804|5.890571|4.8343396
2372|Other services of medical diagnostic and curative care are virtually free of charge. In addition, co-payments paid by patients enrolled at a GP practice offering the VLCA scheme are capped (to NZD 17 (USD 11.49) for an adult). Annual cap on co-payments for pharmaceuticals, set at SEK 1 800 (USD 203).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payments usd nzd sek curative|8.464664|9.244183|2.0465126
2373|Prisons in several states have allowed indigenous inmates to practice sweat lodge and other tribal religious ceremonies as part of their rehabilitation. Traditional medicine uses a holistic model of well-being through the integration of emotional, physical, mental and spiritual aspects of being. Even though specific practices vary between different tribes, all traditional medicine is based on the understanding that humans are part of nature and health is a matter of balance. Therefore, there is respect for the land and all of her offerings. Traditionally, elders understood the importance of respecting and using their environment for foods, medicines, and ceremonies for overall health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicine traditional prisons tribes elders|9.593714|8.322491|3.2617793
2374|The predominantly market-drive nature of ICTs means that companies are seeking to compete by looking for new niches in the variety of services or the expansion of geographical areas. Even without incentives, this sector has seen rapid growth. There are different views about how ICTs will influence the nature of human settlements. On one hand, telecommunications could facilitate access to services when living in low population density areas, enabling the continuation of urban sprawl and suburbanization.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|icts nature niches sprawl continuation|4.8806577|3.0570045|1.8059269
2375|Linking existing education information systems to labour market information and making better use of assessment information are needed to raise performance, and greater attention to presently overlooked disadvantaged students is needed. National education policy makers in Lithuania sometimes lack the organisational and analytical capacity to play the convening and steering role for which they are responsible. Likewise, education institutions sometimes lack the capacity for self-management they need in a system providing wide autonomy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|information education needed lack presently|9.570626|2.0930212|2.2983558
2376|The current long-term plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional, or RPJPN) covers 2005 to 2025 and is translated into the National Medium-Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, or RPJMN), currently in its third period (2015-19). Most of the SDG targets are aligned with national targets (under the President’s agenda, known as “Naw'acita”, and the Medium-Term Development Plan), thereby securing resources for their achievement. Related tourism planning is also well established (see above).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|plan term medium targets translated|3.2163527|5.060498|1.6198126
2377|The peak in expenditure on passive measures in 2000 reflects the rise in unemployment during the 1990s, while the subsequent fall - despite still rising unemployment - was also strongly influenced by the 2001 and 2003 reforms of the El system (see Chapter 4).158 There has also been a long-term trend reduction in expenditure on PES administration. Expenditure on other active programmes has increased roughly in line with GDP between 1990 and 2007, although near-stability of expenditure as a percentage of GDP contrasts with the increase in the unemployment rate. Total expenditure in FY 2006 and FY 2007 on active programmes other than PES and administration was about JPY 250 billion. This was mainly for the “Hometown Employment Revitalization Special Grant” (to “conduct projects that will create stable job opportunities for regional jobseekers”: JPY 250 billion) and the “Emergency Job Creation Programme” (temporary jobs of less than six months, created by prefectural governments or Silver Human Resource Centres, “for non-regular workers and middle-aged and older people, etc.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|expenditure jpy fy unemployment pes|7.9227786|4.8596644|3.8965738
2378|American Journal of Managed Care 13,670-676. The Community Care Act (2003) and the effect of financial incentives on delays in discharge from hospitals in England, Journal of Public Health 29, 281-287. Pay-for-performance and the quality of healthcare providers, RAND Journal of Economics 41, 64-91. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 75, 879-883.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|journal royal care delays discharge|8.877608|8.988757|1.6946218
2379|How successful this is depends on market concentration and how vigorously these measures are pursued by the countries where the major markets are. To the extent that fish migrations into the high seas increase, fish stock management is bound to become more difficult. That difficulty is due to the fact that it is more difficult to reach agreement the more parties that must agree, and on the high seas there are more parties to be reckoned with than there are for stocks that stay within the EEZs. This problem is aggravated to the extent that the number of parties with an interest in a high seas stock is indeterminate, while the number of countries with an interest in stocks that stay within EEZs is either just one or at any rate defined by the migratory habits of the stock in question (and which may change as already argued).|SDG 14 - Life below water|seas stock parties stay stocks|0.11141392|5.6926003|6.76093
2380|Since its introduction in 2003, the PSAH has been adjusted several times to improve its cost-effectiveness: by targeting areas with high biodiversity benefits, areas with high risk of loss (to ensure additionality), and areas with low opportunity costs. Given that there were 1.8 million hectares enrolled in the programme, its conservation impact has been fairly low. This can be partly explained by the low weight given in the design of the programme to environmental criteria vis-a-vis social and administrative criteria (such as complementarities with other programmes) - environmental criteria represented 40% of the weight in 2006 and 29% in 2010.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|criteria vis weight low areas|1.625358|5.2215343|3.8586078
2381|When political pressures interfere with the distribution planning, they cause financial difficulties to the utilities or distribution companies if they are forced to operate in a non-commercial manner or are unable to cut the power supply to non-paying customers. For this reason, rural electrification efforts should follow a predetermined, inviolable plan that involves a structured institutional setting. An apolitical monitoring of how rural electrification progresses is recommended. This task can be undertaken by independent institutions created or designated for that purpose.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification distribution predetermined rural non|2.3004515|1.8061342|2.6387
2382|Emerging technologies such as forensic methods, remote sensing and DNA analysis can aid in verifying the origin of wood and wood products (WWF, 2014). A key output of the EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, which marked its tenth anniversary in 2013, is the signing of voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) between the EU and tropical timber-supplying countries. By May 2014, six exporting countries had signed VPAs - Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Indonesia and Liberia.|SDG 15 - Life on land|wood republic eu dna wwf|1.8162009|4.437231|3.5315146
2383|This leads to inefficient resource management that ignores the environmental impact of the waste, and in addition provides a commodity which is an economic resource to be taken advantage of. Children, who are already exposed to contaminated environments, bear the burden of poor waste management: as they will have to deal with the waste in the future. 'This results in polluted and unsafe settings, often in dense, informal settlements in urban and peri-urban areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste resource ignores peri urban|0.7055842|4.039029|3.110981
2384|Amended Law of 29 July 1993 on Water Protection and Management. Following a formal notice from the European Commission, the Regulation was modified in 2007 to strengthen the role of the Commission in granting derogations to water suppliers for non compliance with chemical parameters. Under the Regulation, such derogations may be granted, on request, provided they do not create potential human health hazards and where there is no other reasonable means to maintain water supply in the area. Directive 2006/7/EC retains only two of the three bacteriological parameters included in the old Directive 1976/160/EEC, namely intestinal enterococci and escherichia coli (which are assimilated with the parametres for thermotolerant coliform and fecal streptococcus).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|parameters directive regulation commission water|0.87272996|6.701023|2.3146856
2385|First was the food and fuel price crisis which seemed to have abated in 2009, but resumed in late 2010. The global economic and financial crisis, which affected households through incomes, employment and remittances, is presumably over as indicated by positive growth rates and recovering remittances. Finally, natural disasters and internal conflicts further threaten fragile economies. The multi-dimensionality of the crises and the volatile economic environment challenge vulnerable households’ ability to cope and maintain their living standards.|SDG 1 - No poverty|remittances crisis resumed households presumably|6.8379774|5.8595376|4.8583384
2386|Structural change with equality cannot be achieved without widespread participation in the information society. It is, therefore, a strategic element in structural change that permeates the whole of society rather than being confined to sectors al the technology and production frontier. Figure 11.5 shows how, for the nine countries for which information was available, the usage rate for high-income segments is 64.9% on average, compared with 24.6% in the low-income segments.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|segments structural society frontier confined|4.841535|2.970772|1.893104
2387|This could potentially cover the provision and mobilisation of support, as well as indicative information on support to be provided (Article 13.11). This section provides an overview of how climate finance information has been reviewed or considered to date, and how this could be strengthened in future. The focus of these reviews is whether countries report mandatory information in a complete and transparent manner.|SDG 13 - Climate action|information indicative mobilisation support reviewed|1.4322336|3.755179|0.66457003
2388|As a result, densities are declining. Cities that use land more efficiently have far better conditions to provide public goods and basic services (for example, water and sanitation, transport) at a lower cost. Such areas can consume less energy, manage waste better, and are more likely to maximize the benefits of agglomeration.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|better densities maximize agglomeration consume|4.022311|5.148074|1.556732
2389|Migration to and from Ghana has been predominantly regional in scope, but this deportation also marked the beginning of a broader dispersion of Ghanaian emigration, with many highly-skilled workers moving further afield in search of employment to countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Many Nigerians have been involved in trade in diamonds, vehicles, building materials and related activities. Nigerian banks, telecommunication and other companies have also invested in the Ghanaian economy.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ghanaian united telecommunication emigration dispersion|7.035509|3.8214219|4.138833
2390|Regulatory uncertainties, including liability issues and the lack of interoperability of existing platforms, remain challenges that stand in the way of widespread deployment of the technology. Until these are addressed, key players providing for legal security to a very large market of US$ 2 trillion annually will not commit (Manders, 2017). Although the technology holds interesting promises to cut a variety of costs associated with cross-border payments, its disruptive effect will only be felt if and once these challenges are addressed.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|addressed technology challenges promises disruptive|4.380442|2.8561208|2.1478965
2391|The oil price increases of the 1970s, the high capital costs of increasing electricity supply and the need to cope with a serious power supply crisis in 2001 led the Brazilian Government to adopt several programmes and legislation which were designed to promote end-use efficiency. Managed by Brazil’s Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES), it was discontinued when international oil prices fell. Under the programme 22 types of appliances are currently labelled.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|oil bndes discontinued labelled supply|2.0266168|2.206548|2.427354
2392|Even if, at first, the ecological development of this new freshwater basin seemed to develop favourably, from the beginning of the 1990s, this water body was confronted with unexpected water quality problems. Especially during summer, these circumstances culminate in extensive blooms of toxic cyanobacteria, which severely destabilises the ecosystem and poses a danger to human and environmental health. It can also pose a health risk to inhabitants, and makes the water unsuitable for swimming and drinking water for cattle.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water swimming unsuitable favourably blooms|0.80483437|6.660265|2.921265
2393|"Istanbul Technical University Women’s Studies Center and the Levy Economics I nstitute. Unconventional Monetary Policies—Recent Experience and Prospects.” How Can a Currency Transactions Tax Stabilize Foreign Exchange Markets?"" Agriculture, Gendered Time Use,and Nutritional Outcomes: A Systematic Review."" Women's Economic Empowerment and Inclusive Growth: Labour Markets and Enterprise Development.” Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is There a Win-Win?"""|SDG 5 - Gender equality|win markets levy currency growth|9.02435|4.4848347|6.324431
2394|It requires a sufficient number of nurses and other specifically trained LTC workers to meet the needs of dependent people. Compared to other OECD countries, there are relatively fewer nurses and other caring personnel providing formal long-term care for people at home or in LTC institutions, but this may be due partly to the fact that a large share of LTC services are also provided in hospitals (these hospital staff are not counted here). This was up from 2.7 LTC workers per 100 people 65 and over in 2009, but nonetheless remains below the number in Japan and the OECD average (around 6).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ltc nurses people workers counted|9.244004|8.854287|2.039338
2395|Such programmes typically aim to build women’s social capital, but need not be limited to that objective. For example, they may be coupled with training and upskilling programmes. A prominent example is the Self Employed Women’s Association in India which gathers together a large number of informal sector workers and entrepreneurs in order to represent their interests, and provides support, information and training. All the countries analysed in this chapter except Argentina, Chile, China, Morocco and the Russian Federation, have an anti-discrimination clause in their constitutions and that clause typically mentions gender explicitly (except in Costa Rica and Indonesia).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|clause typically mentions training constitutions|9.416981|4.300635|6.735644
2396|With the application of fertilizer and irrigation, this has produced more grain than the traditional varieties. To some extent, particularly in its initial stages, the Green Revolution, apart from boosting national production, also benefited the rural poor, who are food-insecure. First, the new technology could be used not just on large farms, but also on small ones.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fertilizer insecure revolution boosting varieties|3.6052752|5.3482556|3.8851566
2397|The other is for “outcome testing” through bilateral or plurilateral discussions as Members seek to clarify the deal, its value and the scope for flexibilities.30 On a technical level, there are open questions relating to product coverage and negotiating modalities. Is there a scope for a sectoral agreement on tariff reduction or elimination? Are there alternatives, considering climate friendly goods are, by definition, environmentally preferable products (EPPs)? Can they be redefined as a class of their own based on the source of energy, i.e. the resource rather than their use? And would it not make more sense to refocus the negotiations on non-tariff barriers to trade? Does a straightforward approach to the liberalization of trade in climate-friendly goods and services square with the real life economics?|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|friendly tariff scope goods trade|1.4914848|3.293926|1.9581314
2398|The 100 points are distributed across three main domains: level of seniority (up to 20 points), attendance (up to 20 points) and the assessment of the actual work of teachers. This annual score - the teaching aptitude - is needed for each teacher’s record. Scores for teachers need to be approved in an annual meeting at the school level with participation from the school principals, who have a voice but no vote. Inspectors are supposed to express their views about the performance of each teacher to the school principal.|SDG 4 - Quality education|points school teacher annual teachers|9.737636|1.7188396|1.5876815
2399|Explaining the reason for eating unsafe food, a respondent said that it was cheaper to eat a purchased bun than making one at home and that the poor had to live with this food and shouldn’t be bothered about freshness or hygiene. A good number of people (23 per cent) also admitted to having had diarrhoea, while 8 per cent reported vomiting and another 8 per cent reported having had both diarrhoea and vomiting caused by the purchased food. In fact, the deprivation of the urban poor is worse than that of the rural poor.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diarrhoea purchased cent poor food|4.5060787|5.5523424|4.5437546
2400|If the board comprises eight directors or fewer, the difference between the number of directors of each gender should not be greater than two. Listed firms are required to reach a preliminary objective of 20% minimum male and female participation. The programme includes coaching initiatives and establishes a public database of male and female candidates for directorships.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|directors male female coaching preliminary|10.306339|4.110125|6.840556
2401|Myanmar is one of the main destinations for trafficked preparations containing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, and precursor chemicals seized in Myanmar mainly originated in nearby countries, primarily China, India and, to a lesser degree, Thailand. To circumvent national legislative controls on precursor chemicals, more non-scheduled precursor chemicals and/or pre-precursors are being used. In 2014, more than half of the crystalline methamphetamine in the country was synthesized using 2-bromopropiophenone.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|precursor chemicals myanmar precursors methamphetamine|8.250493|10.325577|3.6315258
2402|Inversely, where the solid line is outside the OECD average, the variable is above the OECD average (the cash transfer/GDP ratio in Germany is higher than the OECD average, tor example). The indicators are presented in units ot standard deviation. Less income inequality and more growth - Are they compatible?|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|average oecd inversely deviation compatible|6.9237795|4.953173|4.5508623
2403|Importantly, it is expected in a drought year that all inputs will decrease, but that both crop and vegetation water demands will increase, leading to reductions in streamflow for rivers that are hydrologically connected to the aquifer, as well as reduced water availability for other groundwater-dependent ecosystems. These spatial externalities may include stream depletion and local water table lowering. For example, ongoing pumping by well B will lead to stream depletion and reductions in streamflow.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|streamflow stream depletion reductions water|0.71323997|7.446029|2.8836164
2404|It includes 54 gender-specific indicators (see Figure 2.1) and covers areas such as unpaid care and domestic work and violence against women and girls that are new to global monitoring efforts. While the global indicator framework is an important tool, it is only the tip of the iceberg of what is necessary. Below the surface is an urgent need to construct and improve statistical information at national and international levels. Areas traditionally underfunded and deprioritized, including gender statistics, are most in need of attention.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|underfunded global gender construct need|9.59465|4.470044|7.6562304
2405|As in the Strategy, the public buildings sector is not a separate sector, but falls under the commercial and services sector. It also emphasizes that capacity for EE needs to be built in both the Ministry of Energy and the Energy Agency and that an EE Fund should be established. So far, no evaluation on the level of implementation of the first NEEAP has been prepared by the Energy Agency, mandated by the Energy Law. The second NEEAP has to be adopted by the end of December 2013. It also includes the establishment of a Concept of Energy Security (2007), Strategy for Development of Energy Potential (2010), National Programme on Energy Saving for the period of 2011-2015, National Programme on Development of Local, Renewable and Unconventional Energy Sources in 2011-2015, National Programme on Development of local, renewable and unconventional energy sources in 2011-2015, Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus on Development of Entrepreneurship and Business Activity Stimulation in the Republic of Belarus (2010).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy belarus ee programme development|1.8309644|2.576283|2.325649
2406|As an island nation surrounded by the sea, we are, on the one hand, at the mercy of the ocean but, on the other hand, the custodians of its resources. Changing winds, ocean currents, hurricanes and storms are all a result of the interplay between the ocean and the atmosphere. In addressing these issues, reference is made to the Pacific SIDS as a whole since the challenges identified are not unique to Fiji but common to all Pacific SIDS. Currently, the Pacific SIDS do not enjoy equitable economic and social benefits derived from the use of living marine resources despite our overwhelming dependence on them. The disconnect between the international instruments governing oceans on the one hand, and sustainable development on the other hand, has created barriers to the full realization of development aspirations of SIDS and, in many instances, is a primary barrier to the achievement of national economic development goals.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sids hand ocean pacific surrounded|0.17011005|5.701715|5.9769716
2407|In addition, there is no system or institution responsible for collation, aggregation and maintenance of reliable biodiversity information, either for the entire country or for the entities. This makes any analysis of or reporting on biodiversity very challenging. However the EPR mission demonstrated that there is a lot of information on many aspects of biodiversity spread around different institutions (governmental bodies, museums, research organizations, NGOs, projects and programmes etc.), Sometimes it appears in a form which requires additional work to make it usable, predominantly in local languages, veiy often only in hard copy.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity epr usable veiy aggregation|1.5296801|5.414045|3.8174632
2408|The Fund provides accessible and affordable credit to women to start a new business or expand an existing one. C-WES ensures that all women at the constituency level, especially those living in areas not well served by financial intermediaries, are not disadvantaged in accessing the Fund. It recognises that women and men have different needs regarding entrepreneurship support and that until women’s needs are addressed they are unlikely to be able to start, sustain or grow their enterprises.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women start fund intermediaries needs|8.820211|3.3980439|6.4180593
2409|In addition to conventional gas, India has estimated coalbed methane (CBM) resources between of 1.4 tern and 2.6 tern, mainly in the east in the area of the coal resources. Just 0.05 bcm of CBM have been produced in 2008/09, but it is planned to expand production to 2.7 bcm by 2015 (Srivastava, 2010). The Damodar basin in West Bengal and the Cambay basin in Gujarat are, according to the state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation of India (ONGC, 2010), promising formations for shale gas. In November 2010, the US and Indian governments announced that the US Geological Survey will help India to assess its shale gas reserves.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gas bcm shale india basin|1.2263755|2.39951|2.3524654
2410|This has historically been the case in countries such as Japan where these resources have been particularly costly, leading to stricter standards and economic incentives to improve efficiency of use. Such conditions support further reductions in resource intensity as the economies of successful countries tend to move towards higher value-added activities. Although it will be essential for policy makers to carry with them their key stakeholders when implementing change, lobbying positions of firms are not always in the economic interests of the country as a whole.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|lobbying stricter historically carry economic|2.4925506|2.553288|2.3356123
2411|However, funding from international partners is likely to gradually decline in the years to come. Funbio was mandated by the MMA to carry out the financial management of the programme (Box 5.8), which receives large international donations (Germany is the largest donor). The Amazon Fund also helps finance the ARPA programme and other activities to control deforestation, including in protected areas (Chapter 4).|SDG 15 - Life on land|mma donations programme amazon international|1.9905556|4.7405143|3.4573164
2412|Constructive, co-ordinated action between all of these actors is therefore key. General economic policies and investments, including macroeconomics, general education, growth policies and broader rural development, can all have significant positive spill-overs for a number of challenges identified above, such as food and nutrition security, for example. This is also evident from comparisons of the Fast, Globally-Driven Growth and Individual, Fossil Fuel-Driven Growth scenarios: international co-operation in various areas, trade and technological developments included, has major implications due to the generation of income opportunities, not least in developing countries. Agricultural Innovation Systems comprise not just investments in R&D, but also, crucially, include the whole framework of institutions and infrastructure which enable private and public R&D - as well as private-public partnerships - to develop future-proof methods and technologies, test and showcase these developments within the agriculture and food sectors, and ensure their broad and international application.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|developments driven growth investments macroeconomics|3.9752975|5.2596684|3.7537174
2413|The OECD, with its Strength through Diversity project, stands ready to support Sweden in developing an education system that promotes the integration of immigrant and refugee students into its education system. Special thanks are due to Swedish team members Kjell Nyman, Veronica Borg, Asa Kallen, Charlotte Persson, Cristina Pontis, Amanda Johansson and Lovissa LH Heiberg for their guidance and support in developing this report. We are also grateful to Katalin Bellaagh, Anna Ambrose, Anders Auer, Therese Ahlqvist, Ingalill Hagglund, Camilla Holmberg, Eva Lundgren, Maria Schwartz and Isabell Zupanc from the National Agency for Education for organising the meetings with stakeholders and for their comments, and to Kjell Nyman, Peter Johansson (in early stages) and Veronica Borg for co-ordinating the whole process.|SDG 4 - Quality education|johansson education maria grateful developing|9.971239|2.6512153|2.52534
2414|As the organisation of assessment for qualification and certification in upper secondary education is a very fast changing policy field, this paper only refers to recent studies for the comparison of policy practices. Section 3 presents key features of upper secondary education that influence student assessment practices at this level. Section 4 then looks at the design and governance of assessment for qualification and certification in different contexts.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment qualification certification upper secondary|9.535944|1.8535751|1.4712209
2415|Inevitably, this increase in obesity will result in more Koreans suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory conditions (Berry et al., While having fallen considerably from very high levels during the 1980s, Korean males still have smoking rates that are among the highest across OECD countries (Figure 5.2). While the proportion of women who smoke is the lowest in the OECD, those that do are likely to start at a younger age and are therefore exposed to the harmful effects of smoking earlier in life.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|smoking smoke respiratory inevitably cardiovascular|9.277465|9.387172|3.1293504
2416|Austrian policymakers have helped create centres of research excellence, including through the “greenfield” founding of the Institute for Science and Technology (1ST) Austria which was recently included in the Nature 2018 Index of the Top 30 (universities) under 30 (years old). Up to EUR 280 million are budgeted for a period of five years, at the end of which around 400 researchers in the fields of electronics-based systems and microelectronics are expected to be employed at Silicon Austria Labs. Policy makers recognise the transformational importance of digitalisation, and through many channels act to accelerate its diffusion. There has been considerable experimentation over decades with varied institutional models to support innovation, and evaluation of innovation policy instruments is a widespread practice.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|austria innovation silicon labs founding|5.580726|3.3434145|2.4566574
2417|The chapter concludes with a set ofpointers for policy development. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It focuses on how student assessment influences the learning experience of individual students and considers both summative assessment (assessment of learning) and formative assessment (assessment for learning) of students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment learning summative students formative|9.569403|1.7370554|1.3182125
2418|In Southern Europe, the Czech Republic, and Poland, more than 30% of family carers provide intensive care, with the share even higher in Spain (over 50%) and Korea (over 60%). While care can alleviate the poverty risk to which old people are exposed, it jeopardises the adequacy of carers’ future retirement entitlements, as the vast majority are not sufficiently covered by pension systems. Healthcare services, in particular, lift incomes by an average of 14%, particularly in France (17.9%) and Sweden (17.2%), but much less in the Netherlands (10.9%). Everywhere eldercare services still account for a small share of public expenditure, however.|SDG 1 - No poverty|carers lift share alleviate care|9.09011|8.649764|2.5099566
2419|Better incentives for both insurers and insurees are required to encourage managed care products that are successful in improving quality, efficiency and care co-ordination. Managed care products should encourage care providers to work as teams to deliver co-ordinated care, driven by incentives for quality and evidence on best-practice medicine. They could also be used to encourage the introduction of alternatives to fee-for-service payment arrangements. In Switzerland, the health insurance benefit package is centrally determined and the Health Insurance Law requires effectiveness, appropriateness and efficiency for inclusion of goods and services in the benefit basket.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care encourage managed insurance incentives|8.64736|8.993839|1.8280187
2420|Transactions by the official sector with countries on the DAC List of ODA Recipients, which do not meet the conditions for eligibility as Official Development Assistance. The puipose codes are also commonly referred to as sector codes as they provide a classification of the sector of the activity. In total, there are 261 purpose codes with 207 mandatory and 54 new voluntary codes, which have recently been added to the CRS to more easily link development activities to developing country budgets. These activities are considered core STI activities as their ultimate aim are clearly focused on obtaining new knowledge through scientific studies in their respective sectors. All activities reported under these codes are considered as core support to the ICT sector.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|codes activities sector core official|4.9127827|3.43152|2.031554
2421|If we consider only deprivation, 48 per cent of children are deprived, while their head of household does not consider the family to be poor. In fact, the mismatch is quite substantial. And secondly, adults can have a different opinion of a child's well-being that may disregard the objective situation and most importantly children's rights.|SDG 1 - No poverty|consider disregard children mismatch secondly|7.130998|6.3214865|5.1753583
2422|In five countries the gap widened.9 In the remaining four countries out of the 13, reductions in the national U5MR had a neutral impact on health distribution. Indeed, such society-wide improvements seem as likely to be accompanied by increasing as decreasing inequalities. Moreover, reaching some groups requires efforts in other areas such as improving communications between local authorities and targeted groups, facilitating increased participation by local communities, and greater access to education and information so as to increase people’s awareness of health issues, among others.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|groups widened local neutral health|8.878776|8.799162|2.8995464
2423|In OECD countries, there is a trend to move away from compulsory towards elective courses which are open for students from different faculties and schools. This approach facilitates the formation of teams of students with different backgrounds and interests. Interdisciplinary team efforts allow individuals to concentrate on what they know and like best and at the same time become familiar with new knowledge that can be associated in a new way of solving a problem or creating a new product or service. To what extent these courses use creative teaching methods and are tailored to the needs of the undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate students is not clear.|SDG 4 - Quality education|graduate students courses new faculties|8.633473|1.952938|2.0626395
2424|These have done much to stimulate public awareness of evaluation and assessment and to develop an evaluation culture within school systems. It includes national student assessments at key stages of education, a range of user surveys, a web-based School Portal, and a range of tools for schools’ self-review (e.g. diagnostic “mapping tests”). With the establishment and development of NKVS, policy makers aimed to move policy attention away from inputs and processes to focus more on the outcomes of education (Nusche et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation range school portal web|9.761202|1.7975649|1.4755033
2425|It holds the overall responsibility for schooling and is in charge of developing the curriculum, national objectives and guidelines for the education system. To reduce the gap between immigrant and native students, Sweden’s government will need to use tools such as funding and guidelines to promote policies to reduce it. One of the core components, school choice, was a radical change from the previously enforced location-based system. The reformed policy mandated the provision of vouchers for any school, public or independent, regardless of geographic location in order to create a more democratic educational system by introducing ‘freedom of choice’ and allowing local schools a higher degree of autonomy (Lund, 2015(12]).|SDG 4 - Quality education|location choice guidelines reduce vouchers|9.946284|2.610249|2.530943
2426|Japan has successfully developed several subsidy programmes for solar installations since 1993. However, the 2008 peak in the Pacific region might be a result of recent tax incentives coming in to force in South Korea. The total gross capacity entering the market in the three Pacific countries is rather low compared to Europe and North America.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|pacific installations entering peak successfully|1.6243712|1.8916352|2.556095
2427|Klein and Wayman (2008) and Bauer (2011) found that training programmes improve both the economic and non-economic lives of women who own small and micro businesses. International networks, such as the World Association of Women Entrepreneurs (FCEM), have the potential for transferring knowledge and experience between North and South, and East and West. Finally, many top performing women entrepreneurs in growth-oriented firms have senior management experience in corporations, where they gained experience in leadership and acquired access to valuable networks.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|experience entrepreneurs networks women transferring|8.927529|3.4086595|6.4359455
2428|On the other hand, affirmative action by imposing gender quotas in the labour market can entail greater efforts of firms to identify qualified women (Holzer and Neumark, 2000) and can encourage more women to participate in the competition for jobs (Niederle et al., It distinguishes between “legitimate” differences in outcomes due to different choices made and “illegitimate” differences in outcomes that arise from discrimination or other impediments beyond one’s control (Robeyns, 2006). The pursuit of equality of opportunities between the genders means to strive for equal access to education, health and the labour market, and, in a nutshell, the elimination of any barriers that may hamper men and women to realise their individual aspirations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women differences outcomes affirmative strive|9.880507|4.2913456|6.8148737
2429|A user satisfaction survey showed that 86% of export drivers and 28% of import drivers were satisfied with the infrastructure changes changes (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 80). Afghanistan, Iran and India recently finalized the trilateral transport and transit pact that regulates infrastructure improvement in the seaport of Chabahar, located on Iran's South-Eastern coast. India had previously invested USD 135 million to build the Zaranj-Dilaram highway connecting the Kabul-Herat Highway to Chabahar port, providing land-locked Afghanistan with access to the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|highway iran afghanistan drivers india|4.318517|4.569378|1.0697857
2430|Though the share of food and agricultural products in global trade is small and declining, agricultural trade continues to play an important role for both overall economic development and food security in many developing and emerging economies. Moreover, in multilateral trade negotiations, tensions over agriculture have time and again caused particular difficulties and retarded progress in other sectors. The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) concluded in the Uruguay Round w'as a milestone in multilateral efforts to create operationally effective disciplines governing agricultural trade. It established firm rules and clearly specified quantitative reduction commitments.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|trade agricultural multilateral agriculture food|3.9932108|5.101544|3.9811006
2431|First, for financial sustainability to be respected, a nonmarginal number of users will have to pay more than the long-term average cost of service provision. A second key aspect is the capacity of the structure to appropriately target the poor, defined by Komives et al. ( This tariff structure does not qualify as a social tariff as it has not been established that poor households consume much less water than more well-off ones: empirical research tends to indicate that income elasticity of water demand is low; in other terms, the poor do not necessarily consume less water than the rich.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|consume poor tariff structure water|1.5582459|7.496847|2.365779
2432|Young women in conflict situations suffer from higher rates of gender-based violence. Such rates are usually even higher if the women also belong to a minority or marginalized group. No stratum of society is immune to gender-based violence; however, the ability to seek judicial redress or medical treatment or the opportunity to seek services to escape from gender-based violence depend heavily on a woman’s social standing and access to economic resources (box 4.2).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence seek gender based immune|9.983681|5.346628|7.400947
2433|However, there is evidence that voluntary participation may not reach the major polluters and subsidy-based programmes can have limited impact due to public budget constraints and a lack of environmental regulations on diffuse pollution. The greatest challenge of regulating outputs of diffuse pollution is how to allocate a pollution “cap” (or maximum permitted load) to individual land owners in a way that is equitable and cost-efficient. A natural capital based approach to allocating diffuse pollution limits is an emerging development that has the ability to reach the full economic potential of natural resources, based on the underlying capacity of the soil to filter and retain water and nutrients. Water quality trading offers a way to promote practices that reduce pollution at least cost to society by revealing preferences and water pollution costs. Markets and payments for ecosystem services are not a perfect substitute for robust regulations. Equity and fairness in burden sharing do not preclude efficiency.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pollution diffuse reach regulations water|1.5101706|7.0720506|2.1869333
2434|Burned areas also increase risks of invasive plant species, proliferation of pyrophytic species, soil loss, and depleted seedbank and regeneration potential. Although the extent of open landscape affected by wildfires has declined in the past decade (Figure 5.1), the number of fires per year has recently shown a notable increase. This trend warrants further monitoring, especially in light of increasing temperatures and drier winters due to climate change.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species warrants drier regeneration invasive|1.2529606|4.823129|3.6802242
2435|Starting in 1975, which was also International Women's Year, Mexico City hosted the World Conference on the International Women's Year, which resulted in the World Plan of Action and the designation of 1975-1985 as the United Nations Decade for Women. In 1980, another international conference on women was held in Copenhagen and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women was opened for signature. The third World Conference on Women was held in Nairobi, with the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women having begun its work in 1982.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women conference elimination held world|9.591408|4.669459|7.224922
2436|Resources also should be allocated to various public institutions for developing and implementing a holistic prevention strategy and actions that proactively engage women as well as men, and the government sector as well as the non-governmental sector. Advertising and national campaigns may be used to spread information about hotlines for reporting violence. The education system and the news media are also well positioned to raise understanding and awareness of the unacceptability of violence against women. France offers an example of a communications strategy that also incorporates government directives and the establishment of an emergency helpline (ministere des Droits des femmes, n.d.).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|des violence strategy droits proactively|10.022312|5.1229944|7.4325786
2437|When located in the arable fields, the nest may be destroyed by vehiclesand other agricultural equipment used in the cultivation ofthefields. Ifthe nest is located in permanent habitats such as field edges and road sides etc. To some extent, both elements are controlled by the chosen agricultural scheme: Organic farming or intensive farming. In organic farming, no pesticides are applied and thus there is no control of the availability and production of non-crop plants and invertebrates.|SDG 15 - Life on land|farming organic located invertebrates agricultural|1.8227563|5.3353844|4.004048
2438|These facilities can deliver pharmacological treatments, and some talking therapies such as counselling depending on capacity and can refer people to specialised mental health providers. Family doctors and other physicians performing a primary care “function” in Japan can provide care to patients with mild and moderate mental disorders, and can prescribe a fairly standard range of pharmaceuticals for mental health care. However, in reality, unlike in other OECD countries generalists or primary care physicians (except for those specialised in psychiatry) do not play the central role in the provision of care for mild-to-moderate disorders.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care mental mild physicians disorders|10.207665|8.848206|1.6929791
2439|The Swedish municipal federations are legal entities, whose tasks and obligations are formally agreed upon by their members. These inter-municipal co-operative organisations are usually run by boards, whose members are not directly elected but instead nominated by the member municipalities. Over the years, inter-municipal collaboration among Swedish municipalities has increased steadily: in 2005 there were 80 municipal federations and by 2011 the number of federations increased to 110 (Regeringskansliet, 2005[26]) (OECD, 2017[25]).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|municipal swedish inter municipalities members|4.422771|4.4178247|1.4202828
2440|The sector emits three types of anthropogenic greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), the hydrocarbon methane (CHJ and nitrous oxide (N20). The main sources of those emissions are deforestation, enteric fermentation in livestock, manure left on fields, applied chemical fertilizers and rice cultivation practices. Carbon dioxide and methane account for 49 and 30 percent, respectively, of the emissions generated by agriculture, forestry and land use. This represents 14 percent of total anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and 42 percent of all methane emissions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|methane dioxide emissions percent anthropogenic|1.3496333|3.388568|2.6754978
2441|This is demonstrated in the science, technology, education and mathematics (STEM) industries, where women make up only 13 per cent of engineering and 18 per cent of technology placements at universities, yet hold 89 per cent of nursing and 85 per cent of education positions (WBC 2013a). The WBC has also created tools and resources to counteract some of these discriminatory practices. For example, the WBC website provides different interventions that have been used in order to support young girls in broadening their career goals and challenging gender biases that keep them from STEM activities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wbc cent stem technology placements|9.448573|3.682385|5.8674603
2442|Provider coverage is initially limited, but envisaged to cover all providers in future years. Of note, Latvia has been working closely with Estonia to leam from their experiences in introducing e-health system. For instance, health care providers can issue e-prescriptions so that patients can purchase medications in any pharmacy in the country', and this will enable providers to monitor medication safety' when multiple drugs are prescribed for patients. Likewise, co-ordination across providers is expected to improve by avoiding, for example, duplicated diagnostic tests and informing GPs when their patient is discharged from hospital.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|providers patients pharmacy medications prescriptions|8.896966|9.426009|1.7982994
2443|When a disaster occurs, based on the functions and tasks of the branches and units, the Committee is responsible for co-ordination, creating favourable conditions for the effective collaboration of all agencies in the response activities. Members of the committee are heads of Hai Phong departments, agencies and government units. Every year, they are asked to prepare local plans for natural disaster prevention and submit them to the committee so it can prepare a master plan for the whole city.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|committee prepare disaster units agencies|1.4751189|5.318408|1.6883326
2444|"As such, the consumption of goods manufactured in Asia and the Pacific has created a large ""material footprint"" across the manufacturing sector's supply chain, involving many different kinds of material. The growth in material use by the manufacturing sector has resulted in economic growth in many parts of the region; the less developed countries are now starting to catch up with the living standards enjoyed by their more developed counterparts. An expanding middle class has increased the demand for and consumption of materialintensive products, such as cars, furniture and household appliances."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|material manufacturing consumption furniture enjoyed|5.0193815|3.9482172|3.2239852
2445|In Peru, development co-operation has been a key partner in creating the Ministry of Environment and developing a policy framew'ork to promote public investment in biodiversity. A number of initiatives that have become important enablers of mainstreaming, such as the World Bank WAVES programme, the UNDP BIOFIN and financing from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), have been implemented through continued development co-operation support. There are also examples of rigorous screening systems being implemented to realise biodiversity co-benefits, or at a minimum to identify and mitigate potential risks to biodiversity in development projects and programmes. Despite the progress achieved, considerable potential remains for further support to mainstreaming efforts of partner countries, and better biodiversity mainstreaming within development co-operation operations and portfolios.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity mainstreaming operation partner development|1.7287515|5.24582|3.7452626
2446|"But it is also recognized that the costs and benefits of a sustainable system must also be reflected in decisions made by consumers and producers, as well as policy-makers (FAO, 2012b). Sustainable diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically fair and affordable; nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy; while optimizing natural and human resources"" (Burlingame and Dernini, 2012, p. 7). They also mean a reduction of losses and waste throughout the food system. Such profound changes are likely to require significant changes in the food systems themselves."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|changes sustainable food culturally protective|3.9850895|5.3170557|4.5115185
2447|It is therefore critical for policy makers to help adults improve the skills and educational qualifications they need in the job market. This includes helping them find jobs, for example through career guidance and mentoring, and also motivating employers to invest in their workforce, and especially in the disadvantaged population. Adults with a higher level of education have a higher chance of being employed and earning higher wages.|SDG 4 - Quality education|adults higher motivating mentoring earning|8.814491|2.8259695|2.8648992
2448|Except in some specific cases, this increase in unskilled and semi-skilled labour supply does not appear to have displaced domestic workers. Instead immigrants appear to have generally replaced domestic workers in jobs left vacant due to a decline of the local labour force, higher education of local workers and expectations of finding employment in higher paid jobs. Migration may therefore have contributed to the observed rise in the skilled/unskilled wage ratio by causing a stagnation in the unskilled labour wages in countries of destination (as observed, for instance, in Italy). In contrast, inequality rose in the majority of the developed, developing and transitional countries between 1980 and 2000.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|unskilled workers appear skilled labour|7.1308193|4.400632|4.3186126
2449|There are considerable differences in the use of forced admissions both between counties and between hospitals. This trend is difficult to explain fully, and various explanations have been proposed, including different treatment cultures and different attitudes to the use of compulsory admission among referring physicians, in hospitals and in DPCs; differences in competence, co-operation procedures and personnel resources; differences at a municipal level, and unequal access to hospitals and mental health specialists between geographical areas; and differences in rates of mental ill health across the country. Reduction in involuntary admissions is a priority, but greater co-ordination across regions is likely needed to better understand the root causes of these disparities. A national network for research, led by the south-eastern region, is looking to register involuntary treatment and use of seclusion and restrain nationally, which could be fruitful.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|differences hospitals involuntary admissions mental|10.2389|9.027561|1.5498439
2450|In addition to these facilities, some pourashavas have specialized hospitals, such as tuberculosis and diabetic hospitals. In pourashavas, other than the government facilities, there are, on average, 2-15 private clinics, 1-4 NGO clinics and 2-20 diagnostic centres. In addition, there are 35 urban dispensaries across the country that provide primary health services, mainly to the urban poor. Many private for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals also provide health services in urban areas. Private hospitals are mostly located in big pourashavas or city corporations. To provide insight into this deprivation, the following two sections depict the nature of urban poverty and the limited access of the urban poor to the existing services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals urban clinics profit private|8.922352|8.710344|1.8963675
2451|The government has worked to improve the participation of children in education, but participation rates in early childhood education and care are low compared to the OECD average. Turkey has a higher-than-average proportion of underperforming students, and academic achievement is particularly low amongst disadvantaged students from low socio-economic backgrounds. System-level policies, such as the use of academic selection to select and sort students into specific pathways at an early age, hinder equity.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students academic low early underperforming|9.439791|2.6680348|2.806565
2452|The future challenge for the NHS is to be able to maintain the motivation of its workforce, and to contain and reverse the drain of professionals. The low number of nurses, however, is not likely to grow in the near future: while the number of medical graduates has increased consistently over time, the number of nurse graduates has been decreasing since 2009. In particular, health gains and increased activity in the NHS were obtained without extra resources, indicating both an improvement in value for money as well as the existence of large inefficiencies in the system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nhs graduates number future drain|9.116087|8.97274|2.1584053
2453|Traditional medicine is also said to be more effective in the treatment of psychic and psychosomatic conditions. This is because the healers have knowledge of the patient's background while conserving African culture. There are countries where traditional medicine practitioners have been registered and have associations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicine traditional conserving practitioners said|9.56033|8.413775|3.113381
2454|Furthermore, Industry and Member States of ITU-T can benefit from converged and aligned standards. The platform can realize data parsing, data storage and data management, thus achieving the comprehensive telecom operation analysis among users, services, networks and terminals. Based on the China Unicom Xingkong Big Data Platform, some CUXBDP-supported products were produced for a series of industries, including finance, transport, tourism, government, etc.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|data platform converged telecom terminals|4.768902|3.0036259|1.6305162
2455|The perception that there was a need for the study of the full or external costs of electricity generation beyond its plant-level production costs was very much motivated by concerns about the external cost of air pollution. While in the meantime climate change risks have assumed comparable importance, the costs of air pollution remain a top priority in the planning and regulation of sustainable electricity systems. These emissions arise during the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas or biomass) that impact primarily the respiratory system leading to bad health (morbidity) or premature death (mortality). Economics has long attempted to monetise these impacts by assessing an individual’s marginal willingness to pay for marginal changes in the probability of incurring mortality risk, from which the notion of the value of a statistical life (VSL) can be derived. Methodologies for monetising morbidity damages also exist but are less stabilised.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|morbidity marginal costs mortality air|1.4929771|2.4200907|1.8817878
2456|Artificially low disclosures of experiences of intimate partner violence and sexual violence can be associated with the way in which the introduction to the survey is framed, as well as the framing of specific modules of questions concerning experiences of violence. Surveys that ask respondents in the early stages to think about crime in the neighbourhood, for example, may orient respondents away from thinking about intimate partners when asked to divulge experiences of violence. Introductions also provide essential instructions to respondents concerning measures that have been put in place to ensure their safety while they respond to sensitive questions, such as rescheduling to another time or switching to a neutral questionnaire if a family member comes on the scene.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence respondents experiences intimate concerning|10.083362|5.5265985|7.4670663
2457|It argues that education systems and learning practices need to adapt education services to fit local needs and conditions. The report advocates a shift from viewing knowledge as a standardized commodity to seeing it as a distributed resource that has led to pressures for decentralization of control and decision-making, local adaptations, and increased use of technology to access knowledge. The attainment of education (whether formal or not) is an investment in human capital. The outcome of this investment is knowledge production and transfer that ensures the livelihoods and prosperity of Arctic communities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|knowledge education decentralization adaptations standardized|8.759917|2.2254233|2.3643906
2458|In such countries as India and Thailand, a large net positive contribution was more a reflection of weak domestic demand, particularly investment, rather than strong exports. In particular, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Myanmar have benefited from increased inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent years, partly due to relocation of production from China. The inflows have supported relatively strong manufacturing growth in these economies (see figure A).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|inflows strong relocation investment benefited|5.2588844|4.610226|3.7647192
2459|The respondent has to reason from a meta-perspective, taking into account an entire system of problem solving states and possible solutions. Often the criteria and the goals have to be inferred from the given information before actually starting the solution process. The study design combined educational testing techniques with those of household survey research.|SDG 4 - Quality education|meta respondent solving testing techniques|9.464546|1.9477719|1.9085984
2460|This would help to facilitate the achievement of Viet Nam’s ambitious goals on both trade and food security. The current system creates a conflict between the objectives of improving the market orientation of the sector and ensuring food security. It limits competition, creates market uncertainty and reduces the incentive to develop long-term marketing arrangements. The result is a continued focus on supplying low-quality rice. The failure of the system to prevent the transmission of rising world prices onto the domestic market in 2008 suggests that the rational for maintaining the policy in place is not sound.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|creates market security food rational|4.113681|4.963236|4.0933127
2461|However, the percentage of computers connected to the Internet in socio-economically disadvantaged schools is lower than in advantaged schools, and is also lower in rural than in urban schools (Table 11.6.6). There are considerably more education systems (26) where school computers in private schools are more frequently connected to the Internet than those in public schools, than there are education systems (3) where computers in public schools are more frequently connected to the Internet. There is a similar number of PISA-participating countries and economies where the relationship is positive (7) as education systems where it is negative (11), after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools computers connected internet frequently|9.43397|2.0981524|2.8878934
2462|R&D gaps limit the ability of developing countries to assess not only the technological but also the economic, social and environmental opportunities, challenges and risks that may emerge from frontier technologies, and put in place the relevant policy frameworks. Synthetic biology for example is a key frontier technology with significant potential impact on food security, health and the environment. As discussed in chapter I, digitalization and automaton will give rise to profound changes across many sectors, including manufacturing, which has historically driven structural transformation and provided better jobs for workers displaced from lower productivity sectors. A labour force with skills that are complementary to technological advances is essential if technological change is to be compatible with social inclusion. Rapid technological progress requires the labour force to devebp a broader range of skills, focusing on humans’ comparative advantage, to increase empbyability.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|technological frontier force sectors biology|5.0405045|3.3301115|2.7114744
2463|Because of both public health and clinical advances, there have been tremendous reductions in the rates of infectious diseases in all eight countries. Similar reductions are seen in other OECD countries over different time periods. Note the number of deaths from infectious diseases include AIDS. As the prevalence of infectious diseases declined; more attention turned to acute illnesses. In most OECD countries, all five components of the health care system became focused on preventing and treating acute illnesses. Acute illness became the primary concern of the latter half of the 20th century.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infectious acute diseases illnesses reductions|8.506841|9.047347|3.0563807
2464|Nevertheless, some groups are exempted from these user fees, such as children under the age of 6 and people over the age of 65, low-income groups, pregnant women, people with severe disabilities and people with many different medical conditions. Concerns are growing regarding individual regions' ability to provide the services that the benefit package defines at the national level. When the first Essential Levels of Care were published in 2001, the legislation only provided a general description of the sublevels of care that regions had to provide.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|people regions age groups exempted|8.8155365|8.617397|2.117075
2465|So SIDS have the ocean space with its living and non-living resources that can be developed sustainably to support economic growth, trade and development. At present, some steps are being taken especially as regards common fisheries agreements for their common benefit. Such agreements could also be applicable to the management of other living and nonliving resources including genetic resources, algae for biofuels and food production, and even mining in the seabed. In the case of SIDS, the joint development of joint oceans space can enhance the scope for sustainable management of oceans resources.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sids resources oceans living joint|0.1617927|5.6910415|5.985245
2466|However, in general, inthe 20th century, access to the marine resources in Nordic countries has been based on principles of equal and free access for all coastal dwellers. In addition, and also based on an economic motivation, the time limit on quota shares were lifted to increase the stability and base for investment. The inclusion of vessels under 10 GT meant that more than a further 700 vessels now entered the ITQ system, which was now mainstreamed across species and sub-sectors.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessels itq gt lifted mainstreamed|-0.20857674|5.7634315|7.0046678
2467|Reports indicate that acid attacks are on the rise in Pakistan (Ilahi 2014). In 2014 alone, the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan found that 232 women in Pakistan suffered acid attacks or were burned, the majority by someone they knew (International Crisis Group 2015). Eight female parliamentarians have dedicated the development funds allocated to them to establish burn units in their respective district hospitals. For example, in 2010 WPC convened the first Convention of Women Parliamentarians on ‘The Role of Women Parliamentarians in Peace, Security & Reconciliation, which included women legislators from federal and provincial assemblies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parliamentarians pakistan acid attacks women|10.198786|4.683015|7.350031
2468|One way to solve this bottleneck is for actors in the food supply chain, charity organisations and especially national authorities (food security, social security and environment) to make a clear statement and develop guidelines supporting food redistribution as a positive activity, as long as the food in question is not fit for selling in ordinary ways. It is important that the well established systems for local direct redistribution, especially from retail shops and other local sources (primary producers, local food producers, food markets, festivals etc.) Food redistribribution is a very cost effective way to prevent food waste and increase the quality of life of low-income and social clients, which should imply that both the food donors, the social welfare authorities and governmental authorities could have a role to contribute to a long term and more solid financial situation. Price per meal distributed for serving through the food banks operations will be about NOK 4,40 based in net costs for food banks in 2013 (see Table 4), which is a quite low cost for the society.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food authorities redistribution banks local|4.3462176|5.303424|4.537749
2469|Larger firms (55%) are more likely to be partnering for innovation than smaller firms (36%), while the same holds for exporters (58%) and cross-border traders (53%) compared to domestic firms (31%). Exporters have a systematically higher rating in all kinds of business innovation attributes than cross-border traders, while the latter display higher ratings than domestic firms. These relationships are focused heavily on clients/customers and suppliers, with collaboration generally much less widespread for other partners. Overall, international partnerships are more widely reported than cross-border relationships for links with suppliers, higher education institutes, intermediaries and business services.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|firms border cross traders exporters|5.0685678|3.49429|2.5336447
2470|Portugal, Italy and Sweden should also foster leadership of PCPs in prevention programmes (OECD, 2013b, 2014c, 2015d). These countries lack measures to support PCPs to take on responsibilities for managing chronic conditions. England’s QOF is one of the largest programmes worldwide to embed evidence-based measures for secondary prevention in chronic disease management in primary care. The programme gives GPs a financial incentive to provide evidence-based care for a wide range of LTCs, including diabetes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|chronic prevention evidence qof embed|9.575754|9.327663|1.9227412
2471|As the formula already includes a weighting for teacher qualifications, on the grounds that schools with higher qualified teachers should not be penalised for having higher per teacher costs, so the same argument applies to higher per teacher costs due to experience, unless the data on years of teacher experience are difficult to collect. A further consideration that would militate against this proposal is if the Ministry of Education wishes to give schools a financial incentive to employ younger teachers, especially given the provision that retired teachers can continue in post without foregoing any pension. This would be contingent on regular school attendance and satisfactory progress. An example of such a grant is the United Kingdom’s Education Maintenance Allowance (replaced, in England, in 2011 by a 16-19 bursary scheme) (see NIDirect, 2014), which evaluation studies showed to be effective (Middleton et.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher teachers higher experience foregoing|9.406993|1.639729|2.526774
2472|There are therefore many documented examples of how different countries in the Commonwealth use sport to support some of their main policy priorities for health. The network believes that sport and physical activity are effective ways of attracting youth while serving as creative mediums to facilitate and share positive messages about HIV and AIDS and other critical health issues affecting youth. Sport and physical activity are used to build awareness about HIV and AIDS while also encouraging peers to discuss issues affecting their lives and their communities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|sport aids affecting hiv youth|9.997019|5.347304|6.5135965
2473|Incentives to delay early marriage and curb teenage pregnancies are also critical to keeping adolescent girls in school. Policy should also ensure that women have the same chances as men to develop the skills they have acquired in school, the workplace and everyday life. A Systematic Review of the Evidence”, EPPI Centre, Social Science Research, Unit, Institute of Education, University of London, London, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08abaed915d3cfd0008e0/Birdthistle et al 2011.pdf.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|london teenage curb everyday school|9.613691|5.282305|6.2164936
2474|Third National Report or   i Biodiversity Conservation i  n Kyrgyz Republic. According to the new forest policy, the State is going to broadly involve local population in joint forest management. This process is aimed at mobilization of international efforts of Governments, producers, consumers and donors to combat illegal logging and corruption in the forestry sector.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest kyrgyz mobilization logging combat|1.5098132|5.0197034|4.0009923
2475|For instance, in Finland the reduction in the number of doctors enacted in the early 1990s to curb health spending resulted in a steep drop in the number of medical students, resulting in an insufficient number of doctors in the following years that is slowly being reversed (OECD, 2012a). Drug price controls usually fix a maximum price for drugs or set a cap on the profits of pharmaceutical firms. The vast majority of OECD countries apply some form of pharmaceutical price regulation (Paris etal.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pharmaceutical price doctors number fix|8.474439|9.355312|2.2174
2476|Wood-based energy comprises over 90 percent of wood removals and 90 percent of household energy consumption. Deforestation rates are about 1 percent per year, related mostly to the expansion of subsistence agriculture. The National Forest Programme promotes forest management within the context of the overall development vision and provides for cross-sectoral linkages with the environment, agriculture, energy, health, lands, minerals, water, wildlife and gender.|SDG 15 - Life on land|percent wood energy forest agriculture|1.5045731|4.564419|3.7705286
2477|In 2009 the program was better established in North and Central India, where it was also initially started (Figure 13). Among the women in households that participated to NREGA program, many are Hindu, have relatively low education, or technical or vocational education, and scheduled castes and tribes are overrepresented (see Annex 4). Labour force participation is significantly higher for women whose household participates in the program (44% versus 22% for those who do not). When a woman lives in a household that participates in the program, her probability of participation in the labour force increases on average by 0.06.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|program participates force nrega tribes|8.489225|4.5249386|5.7723203
2478|On the other hand, necessary steps should be taken to ensure support to users who do not have access to services online, and to users who face challenges when going from weekly to monthly budgeting (Finn and Tarr, 2012). Take-up of benefits will increase after reform, since households who are today taking up only part of the benefits are eligible to will automatically receive their full entitlement under Universal Credit. The integrated nature of the reform will also remove the need for separate applications when moving from one benefit to another and when moving in and out of work, as the separation between out-of-work and in-work benefits is removed. This represents a take-up rate in the range of 75 to 85% (DWP, 2010b).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|benefits moving users work reform|7.5146065|5.483024|4.3019433
2479|Today, a pervasive network of linkages exists between Philips with private organisations (SMEs and multinationals) and research and academic institutions across the three countries of the TTR-ELAt (Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands). Those cross-border areas often have a long history, and sometimes represent historical regional definitions. For example, the Swedish part of the Oresund was part of Denmark until the end of the 17th century, and Danish remained an official language for two centuries.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|centuries pervasive danish swedish history|4.5596066|4.2712464|1.4170895
2480|Education policy-making environments have become increasingly complex, due to increased decentralisation, institutional autonomy and greater accountability. Furthermore, educational contexts and institutional and policy approaches vary, depending on a country's historical development and political and institutional frameworks, as do distribution and approaches to education funding. To do so, a range of policy options are available to them, of which funding mechanisms and incentives are key.|SDG 4 - Quality education|institutional approaches policy funding decentralisation|9.036978|2.24524|2.3041508
2481|Many estimate that this will result in care that is of higher quality, safer and more responsive to patients’ needs as well as more efficient (appropriate, available, and less wasteful). In areas with large rural or remote populations, broadband is enabling increasing use of telemedicine to overcome the impact of the shortage of physicians and improve access to care. This is particularly important as the percentage of the population over age 65 rises significantly. Electronic health records can make medical information on individual patients readily available and can be used to follow the effects of disease and therapies on the patient over time and to detect and prevent medication errors (OECD, 2010c).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|patients wasteful telemedicine detect therapies|9.043317|9.467428|1.7098874
2482|Dahl (2010), for example, finds that teenage marriage leads to increased risk of poverty for young women in the fiiture. Several researchers have, however, suggested that the relationship may work in the opposite direction, with the falling rate of marriage resulting from the poor economic prospects of low-skilled men (Blau et al., Other studies have linked declining marriage rates to rising inequality (Gould and Paserman, 2003) while improving employment and earnings opportunities for women has further reduced the incentives for women to marry (Lundberg and Poliak, 2007). However there is very little evidence that marriage would lead to better outcomes if cohabiting couples were to marry.|SDG 1 - No poverty|marriage marry women cohabiting teenage|9.341507|5.226787|6.1722097
2483|The report recommended various incentives for excellence in research and teaching in universities, a separate staff bonus system for other institutions and a special budget for encouraging poorly performing staff to take early retirement. In addition to these recommendations, there is a need to reduce the demarcation between the colleges and universities to improve the capacity of the colleges to respond to the regional needs and build their capacity in applied R&D. Continuing disparities in educational attainment and labour market outcomes also call for a structural change in education increasing vocational training opportunities, stronger efforts in upgrading the skills of the adult population and equitable investment in education between population groups. The population is characterised by a high degree of ethnic diversity and considerable presence of Arabs who represent about 50% of the total population.|SDG 4 - Quality education|population colleges universities staff arabs|7.773487|2.396213|2.719682
2484|Where data are insufficient or differences small, lower and upper middle-income countries will be looked at as a single middle-income country (MIC) category. Then the definitions are detailed for each labour market concept used in this report, which concludes with an explanation of the data used. Young people under 15 fall under the ILO’s child labour convention and should not be working.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|middle mic looked labour used|8.185197|4.499481|4.5094748
2485|Country offices should prepare gender plans that identify gaps and needs in technical support, capacity-building, joint action and advocacy, and collective monitoring that facilitate stronger gender programming. This process should be supported, monitored and reported upon annually by the respective regional bureaux to the GSIC. However, to ensure more even attention to all countries and because country offices are expected to prepare gender plans, it is suggested that regional bureaux take specific measures to support the preparation of these multi-year, country-specific gender plans and monitor and report on their formulation and implementation to the GSIC. This process will provide an opportunity for offices to assess their needs and gaps at the country level and to articulate expectations for support from the regional service centres in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|offices gender country plans prepare|9.923311|4.1308537|7.4186325
2486|Some countries are raising the relevancy of career guidance services by developing indicators of labour market outcomes of alumni by institutions and programmes (Box 3.12). These indicators have to be of good quality and easy to understand. To ensure transparency, they should exist at institution and programme levels.|SDG 4 - Quality education|indicators easy institution raising career|8.620095|2.7216337|2.9240284
2487|Between 2000 and 2010, it increased by 86.9 million, and between 2010 and 2020 it is expected to grow by a further 109 million (equivalent to 30 per cent of the 2010 labour force) to reach 474 million (chart 15). A significant share of the 30 per cent increment in the total labour force between 2010 and 2020 will occur in Ethiopia (accounting for 12 per cent), Bangladesh (11 percent) and United Republic of Tanzania (9 per cent). However, all LDCs will experience substantial growth in their labour force during the same period.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|cent force million labour increment|5.990122|4.5786414|3.9922585
2488|A clear objective is to lower the cost of capital for infrastructure projects, along with improved liquidity, transparency, and expanded access to finance. Blockchain-enabled platforms are a way to standardise data, assess asset performance, and enhance compliance, which may be further augmented when they are integrated with remote sensors (internet of things), or linked to deep analytics like artificial intelligence application ns. For further consideration, four original case studies with the highest expected impact for achieving long-term and sustainable provision of infrastructure services are discussed. Acting as an open application platform, analogous to Android, a diverse set of enabling functions can be handled on the globally interoperable data infrastructure.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure application analytics augmented analogous|4.081152|2.6390307|2.0580597
2489|Macroeconomic policies shape the overall economic environment for realizing women’s economic and social rights through their impact on employment creation and fiscal space in particular. How macroeconomic policies are designed and implemented will thus have a direct impact on the likelihood that gender equality is achieved. Two broad categories of macroeconomic policies are fiscal policy and monetary policy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|macroeconomic fiscal policies realizing impact|9.247568|4.390609|6.719425
2490|This deficit is particularly acute in rural areas, where a large proportion of the inhabitants have to travel a long distance to reach a road or railway. Transport infrastructure and services play a critical role in reducing rural poverty, in addition to facilitating access to schools, medical clinics, hospitals, cultural and religious institutions, and other facilities. Thus, transport infrastructure and services in rural areas have a major impact on food prices and on food security.2 They also provide physical access to markets and employment while opening up previously closed markets to competition.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|rural transport markets food infrastructure|4.319486|4.849736|1.577249
2491|There are also opportunities, such as with the reform of environmentally harmful subsidies, to both reduce demands on public finances and improve climate resilience. Estimating needs and identifying funding sources is an essential element of the planning process, and for successful implementation. Options may require mobilising sufficient funding, or ensuring the effective use of existing resources.|SDG 13 - Climate action|funding mobilising estimating finances harmful|1.7972904|4.2822595|1.6576809
2492|Population growth correlates closely with the number of square metres of new housing space, both at the regional level and in the 38 cities of regional significance (see Figure 1.19). However, some smaller towns, where population is stagnating or falling, are nevertheless seeing significant housing stock growth. In the city of Shu (Karaganda oblast), where population is stagnating, the housing stock has increased by 2.7% every year since 2011.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|stagnating housing stock population correlates|4.6611247|5.529772|2.0418
2493|In order to prevent the abuse of substances not under international control, Turkey placed 246 new psychoactive substances under national control in 2014. In addition, article 19 of the national law on the control of drugs was supplemented with provisions on generic scheduling in January 2015. The Government of Israel has taken legislative measures to curb the growing market for new psychoactive substances and their popularity among the youth in particular. In 2014, new synthetic cannabinoids and their derivatives were listed as narcotic drugs in the national legislation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|substances psychoactive control drugs new|8.409156|10.144959|3.465294
2494|Life expectancy among 20-24-year-olds was 54.4 years in 1990 and had risen to only 54.7 by 2010. In a comparable time period, life expectancy among 20-24-year-olds increased from 54.7 to 59.0 years in neighbouring Syria, which had not yet experienced violent conflict. During the invasion of 2003, public institutions, including health care facilities, were frequently looted.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy olds invasion life syria|9.087723|8.664038|3.3121347
2495|Romania reported that the quantity of amphetamine-type stimulants seized in 2014 was almost 11 times greater than that seized in 2013. In 2014, Austria reported the detection of three amphetamine and nine methamphetamine laboratories, while German authorities dismantled 11 amphetamine laboratories and three laboratories that had been manufacturing methamphetamine from pseudoephedrine extracted from nasal decongestants. In the Czech Republic, the number of dismantled methamphetamine laboratories slightly increased to 272 in 2014, compared with 262 laboratories dismantled in 2013.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|laboratories dismantled methamphetamine amphetamine seized|8.358838|10.214681|3.5285833
2496|They were in fact direct translations of the English items used in the English-medium sector. The Ministry is now collaborating with Maori assessment experts to develop a national monitoring study for the Maori-medium sector. However, it remains voluntary for schools to purchase and implement student management systems. In a 2006 survey, almost a third of the responding primary school principals reported that they had no SMS yet (Hipkins et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|maori english medium sms collaborating|9.943374|2.4319313|2.181907
2497|They are complemented by regulations on land use, the specification of which agricultural zones are suitable for given crops (and therefore more likely to receive official credit), as well as regulations on biofuel use and organic production. Brazil also directs substantial public funds into land reform to empower the poor to generate better incomes. These funds provide disadvantaged groups with access to agricultural land, financial resources, and the knowledge and skills necessary to undertake farming and other economic activities. Support is classified according to its tendency to distort production of trade, but it also gives an indication of how policies priorities vary across the sector.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|land regulations funds distort agricultural|3.6508896|4.8936067|3.7901206
2498|The OECD Principles on Water Governance, rather than providing a general toolkit unfit for most situations, deliver and widely diffuse recommendations to policy makers to consider when reviewing existing policies or defining new ones (Table 1.4). Moreover, rules are not necessarily embedded in laws: in many countries, they are rooted in customary water rights. However, there is an institutional layer (meso-institutions), which is often either neglected or even missing, and that links the macro-institutional layer at which rules are defined and the micro-institutional layer at which implementation takes place.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|layer institutional rules toolkit rooted|1.0822558|6.941815|1.5009005
2499|The total annual flow is 39.22 billion m3/year with 86 per cent of the annual flow in the humid winter season (October-May), and the remaining 14 per cent of the annual flow in the dry summer season (July-September). Overall renewable water resources amount to 13,300 m3 per capita, of which 65 per cent is generated within Albania and the remaining 35 per cent from countries upstream. In combination with the characteristic porous, karstic and fissured aquifers, this results in huge renewable groundwater resources of an overall 1,250 million m3/year in seven main geological strata.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|flow cent annual season remaining|0.55598897|7.141721|2.8760164
2500|The local education council advises the municipal government and its education department on regional matters of education policy - such as the consolidation of the school network. In the Alytus region, for example, the review team met with representatives of a local education council that brings together more than 80 members representing teachers, parents and students of all general education institutions, though councils are more often comprised of approximately 15 members. Nearly all schools delivering the primary and lower secondary curriculum are subordinate to municipalities, the main public school founder.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education council members founder subordinate|9.807702|1.6882827|1.7708938
2501|The risk of a limited integration is that there is little guarantee that evaluation and assessment procedures in the Catholic and Independent sectors are sufficiently aligned with student learning objectives and educational targets at the national and systemic levels. Evaluation and assessment practices in Australia benefit from outstanding expertise in areas such as standardised test development, common reporting frameworks, national comparable data on student outcomes and externally-based student assessment and relies significantly on the investigation generated by a large and active educational research community. An example is the development of teacher capacity to assess against the whole range of curriculum goals to ensure consistency of A-E ratings across schools (see Chapter 3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|student assessment evaluation educational externally|9.550348|1.677903|1.3659642
2502|A gender perspective calls attention to these differences, and seeks to ensure that the security needs and capacities of women and girls (circa 50% of the population) are not excluded. Acknowledging and responding to the different security and justice needs of women, men, boys and girls. For instance, women face a higher risk of domestic violence and men face a higher risk of gun violence. Only through fully understanding and responding to these context-specific differences in security and justice needs can SSR initiatives increase security and justice equally for women, men, boys and girls. Ensuring the full and equal participation of men and women within security decision-making as well as within security system institutions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|security justice men women girls|10.171575|4.8179493|7.5282116
2503|"Early investment in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure will avoid “lock-in"" to systems of markets, urban density and distribution, which confer a heavy environmental burden and constrain future options. A great deal of policy on energy generation in advanced economies has focused on the need to reduce carbon emissions, and that focus has promoted major investments in developing and deploying renewable energy. The facilities to produce renewable energy are generally smaller than those for carbon-based generation, and they offer the combined advantage of decentralized production and off-grid access that supports greater social inclusion and security in supply. The roll-out time for renewables is quick, requiring much less basic infrastructure than does energy generation based on fossil fuels and hydropower (Rwanda; Chapter 6). Renewable energy production also tends to be more employment intensive than traditional forms of energy generation (ILO, 2016). However, the take-up of renewable energy has been hindered in some countries by a policy regime that favours traditional, large electricity generating systems."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy generation renewable carbon traditional|1.7363551|2.041343|2.3721192
2504|The average annual percentage point increase was calculated from the initial year to the end of the period. This target is supplemented by ambitious targets for the energy mix and electricity mix that are defined as a share of different metrics. In particular, Thailand aims to increase the share of renewable energy to 20% of electricity capacity by 2036, while the share of large-scale hydropower is expected to be 15-20% in addition.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|share mix electricity supplemented metrics|1.5571821|1.9591767|2.5979993
2505|Summary of recommendations for increasing labour utilisation (cont.) One issue that appears to have caused the jump in labour force participation (and employment) at the time of the replacement of the October Household Survey by the Labour Force Survey is that coverage of agriculture, especially subsistence agriculture, improved. Among the many analyses of South Africa’s unemployment problem are Bhorat (2004), Kingdon and Knight (2004), and Baneijee et a I. (2007). The low unemployment rate shown in Table 3.4 for those with no education, and to a lesser extent to those with some or completed primary but no secondary education, probably reflects the greater tendency of those groups to be in subsistence activities or discouraged, and thus classified as not in the labour force.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labour force subsistence unemployment survey|7.899685|4.1480937|4.17864
2506|Nevertheless, there are frequent cases of late payment of waste-related invoices by municipalities and an associated accumulation of arrears. In a similar vein, a financial guarantee is required for the operation of installations of treatment and processing of hazardous, industrial, medical and pharmaceutical waste. There are provisions for fines in the event of non-compliance with the established legal standards.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|waste vein fines installations accumulation|0.49829444|4.073865|3.0708108
2507|However, these results only indicate the existence of some sort of collaboration, not its frequency or intensity. Nevertheless, they are noteworthy because most innovation is incremental and involves small-scale change which would not necessarily require collaboration with universities and government research institutions. There is also considerable diversity; in all countries with available data, large firms report more co-operation with higher education or government institutions than SMEs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|collaboration institutions noteworthy sort incremental|5.5594263|3.3300827|2.5337353
2508|Individuals are considered as fuel poor if they have required fuel costs that are above the median level and would be left with a residual income below the official poverty line if they were to spend that amount. The number of households in fuel poverty is of the same order of magnitude under the current official measure, where fuel poverty is defined by required fuel costs exceeding 10% of income. More than 7 million individuals in nearly 3 million households are affected in 2009 and the fuel poverty gap is £1.1 billion, defined as the amounts by which the assessed energy needs of fuel poor households exceed the threshold for reasonable costs (Hills, 2012). Current policies are estimated to reduce the fuel poverty gap by only 10%.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|fuel poverty households costs official|6.087638|6.165388|5.013944
2509|In terms of value, the biggest export market for Chinese Taipei's fisheries products was Japan, followed by Thailand, and the people's Republic of China in 2012, while in terms of export volume, Thailand was the biggest market. China was the biggest exporter to the Chinese Taipei’s market, followed by Viet Nam, Japan, Peru, and Noiway. (|SDG 14 - Life below water|biggest taipei chinese thailand followed|4.057703|4.5339255|4.048733
2510|It promotes the implementation of a strategy that considers both consumptive uses of water and the protection of the environment within a framework of public participation. The plan also lays down the principles of a management of water at the river basin scale with a priority regarding the conservation of land and aquatic ecosystems as part of the large hydrologic cycle, covering the extraction of water to its discharge. The strategy explicitly underlines the need to set official prohibition for maximum extraction to ensure water balance.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water extraction strategy hydrologic consumptive|0.84732205|7.1214485|2.0744169
2511|Also national food security evaluations depend on this information since they determine the quantity of food that is actually available for consumption. Intra-regional flows are particularly important, as they impact availability in importing as well as in exporting countries. Even in the absence of trade, or with only small quantities traded across borders, market integration creates interdependence.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|interdependence food importing intra exporting|4.422453|5.0688667|4.2778134
2512|Per capita fish consumption is expected to increase in all continents, with Asia showing the fastest growth. In contrast with previous Outlook Reports, for the first time, a slight increase is projected for Africa. Lower feed and crude oil prices reduced production and transportation costs enhancing African aquaculture production and imports.|SDG 14 - Life below water|continents production crude fastest slight|0.4954671|6.0561185|6.608689
2513|In addition to difficulties linked to implementation, there are other barriers to learning from M&E processes (Box 5.1). In the context of cross-sectoral mainstreaming, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 13th Conference of the Parties (COP13) Decision XIII/3 invites parties: “To enhance monitoring of the use of natural resources, such as land, soil and water in all sectors, including agriculture, forests, fisheries and aquaculture, and tourism, among others, and to improve data collection, management and public access to monitoring data” (CBD, 2016c: para g). Though it is difficult to determine whether more recent biodiversity mainstreaming efforts have been effective, indicators to monitor this are beginning to emerge. This chapter therefore examines the types of indicators that could be used to track progress on biodiversity mainstreaming.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mainstreaming cbd parties biodiversity monitoring|1.5369791|5.3364697|3.8185701
2514|For example, fast-growing cities in Viet Nam, as elsewhere, lack public transport to accommodate travel from suburb to suburb as opposed to a purely radial system designed to move people only between a given suburb and the core of the city. In addition, silo approaches, in which the transport sector lacks co-ordination with other sectors such as construction, land use and housing development, often create a spatial mismatch between the demand and supply of public transport, resulting in inefficient public transport networks and perpetuating inequality'. Housing will be built in areas where land is cheaper, meaning most frequently that low-income residents will be located in outlying and peripheral areas where public transport is either non-existent or is so expensive that ridership is limited and investment is accordingly difficult to mobilise. Indeed, nearby municipalities may come into conflict with one another if they perceive that a neighbour is lacking in commitment to transport integration or is unwilling to invest in a way that is equitable to all partners.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport public housing outlying ridership|4.1716785|5.0359077|1.1930894
2515|Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia; for 2010 for tire Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; and for 2009 for Kosovo. As seen from their average score of 1.5 (Figure 8.15), the SEE economies need to improve their legal, institutional and policy frameworks for employee training. Doing so w'ould encourage enterprises to offer regular training to their employees. While there are legal provisions in their respective labour laws which either oblige an employer to provide training under specific circumstances, or not to discriminate against an employee who would like to take on training, there are no other measures in place that offer incentives to enterprises.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training employee enterprises offer legal|7.893183|4.028474|3.5689378
2516|The policy measures suggested below, however, are those specifically related to food access and availability. It is particularly important to address the multiple food insecurities that women and girls face. This may require, among other measures, the review and amendment of legislation and practices to ensure gender equality concerning inheritance and ownership of productive resources so that women’s equal right to food is explicitly protected. Public distribution systems should offer a wide variety of locally produced foods and also include secondary crops such as corn, millets, and sorghum.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food corn sorghum measures amendment|8.988787|4.7030544|6.7135086
2517|Problems emerged in situations where irrigation expansion followed individual plans and decisions, as individual entrepreneurs failed to factor in the consequences of their decisions on the local community. The objective was to define an institutional framework or policy tool that could provide for the revision of water entitlements, revisit the “first come first served” practice, and grant local farming communities the capacity to self-manage. The policy positions were developed arising from the consultative process and under the strong political guidance of the Minister of Water Affairs. To guide the reform, the Department of Water Affairs, in consultation with stakeholders on a national and regional basis, developed a set of underlying principles.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|affairs water decisions individual developed|1.0331047|7.140406|1.7077708
2518|The highest unemployment rates are among the younger people (15 to 19 years of age) and are four times those of the adult population (see figure 11.12 a)). The unemployment rates reported on the basis of household surveys in Colombia, Panama and the Dominican Republic included hidden unemployment. The figures for Argentina correspond to Greater Buenos Aires, for Bolivia to eight main cities and El Alto, for Uruguay to urban areas and for Paraguay to Asuncion and Central Department. As reported in a recent study by ECLAC and the Ibero-American Youth Organization (OU) on the current situation of young people (ECLAC/OIJ 2008), it is precisely the poorest young people who are most affected by unemployment: around 2005, the average rate of unemployment among young people between 15 and 29 years of age belonging to the poorest per capita income quintile was slightly over 24%, a percentage which decreases gradually to reach 6.6% among young people in the richest quintile.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment young people quintile eclac|8.021784|3.9626138|4.173188
2519|As the Penang self-evaluation report notes higher education institutions in the region do not have courses that are especially designed to meet the needs of the Penang region or are “drawn upon based upon the specific characteristics of Penang.” ( There is no systematic regional strategy at the federal, supra-regional (Northern Corridor Economic Region) or state levels to engage higher education institution in addressing the region’s human resource challenges. The engagement of the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in the region is largely a consequence of being the largest institution in the region, not a result of deliberate strategy of the institution or region.|SDG 4 - Quality education|region penang institution strategy supra|7.2076726|2.5586863|2.4772131
2520|The cocaine was found diluted in drums of sunflower oil believed to have originated in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The seizure seems to confirm the existence of new routes and markets for cocaine, which recently seem to be finding its way into countries in South Asia. According to experts, most of the heroin seized in Bangladesh was either manufactured in India, or originated in Afghanistan and smuggled through India.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|originated cocaine india sunflower smuggled|8.292424|10.278775|3.5866277
2521|With the advent of digital and computational technologies, TV sets extended their capabilities to become a more general user interface for selecting and retr ieving content. Such collaboration does not mean replacement of one network by the other; rather, it creates an environment in which both systems can co-exist independently or cooperatively. A telecommunication service, on the other hand, provides personalized delivery of data requested by the users or, by extension, their media systems. Nowadays, consumers expect this to be available irrespective of user location (‘any place’) and at any moment of time (‘any time’).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|user personalized advent computational tv|4.77293|2.9492347|1.4753885
2522|Their findings indicate that the methodology that is generally used in empirical studies on growth, poverty and inequality usually overestimates the effects of growth on poverty. This implies that economic crises or economic booms have less of an influence on poverty than they are generally assumed to have. This supports the focus on raising incomes which has been the preferred strategy for fighting poverty in Brazil. They find that the growth of mean income and income distribution are sufficient to account for a large part of the variations in poverty rates observed at the state level in Brazil.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty growth brazil generally fighting|6.2873545|5.5232944|5.0669007
2523|In order to estimate the financial burden of ADEs in Germany, Stark et al (2011) based the cost study on a model originating from the American healthcare system. Their estimations quantified health care costs related to ADEs emerging from ambulator)’ care settings to a total of €816 million, or 0.22% of German health expenditure in 2011. Almost 60% was due to hospitalisations, 11% to emergency department visits and the remaining 21% from expenditures made in long-term care. However, these costs are only approximations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ades care hospitalisations stark originating|8.844772|9.011615|2.1380093
2524|All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to riehts@oecd.ore. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Much of this rise has reflected a widening dispersion of labour income. It seems that the benefits of economic growth have not been shared equally across all parts of the population.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|ore widening dispersion translation requests|8.1050005|3.0689478|1.5914568
2525|A national monitoring programme for biodiversity in Israel (MARAG) was also completed in 2010. The Red Book of vertebrates has been published and updated periodically, and the Red Book of flora has been compiled with data collected from a 12-year monitoring field survey of Israel’s botanic heritage. The survey was conducted by the Rotem Israel Plant Information Center, which developed an ecological database of Israel’s flora including some 600 000 records concerning the distribution and phenology of native plants.|SDG 15 - Life on land|israel flora book red survey|1.4999193|5.392755|4.2189207
2526|In all these cases, a clear target and transparent plan of action should be set over a long-term horizon. In California, the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act relies on semi-autonomous management in groundwater bodies. All groundwater bodies have to reach sustainability objectives by 2042, but they have the liberty’ to decide how to get there (see Box 4.3). In the case of water quality risks, Denmark has been introducing a targeted regulation for nitrate pollution into groundwater, imposing more strict oversight on farming zones that are more likely to lead to increased groundwater pollution (Hojberg, 2016).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater bodies pollution nitrate imposing|0.75265646|7.233961|2.5069718
2527|Measures to address and eliminate VAW are discussed in the context of national legislation, national policy instruments and country reports submitted by states to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Committee, among other measures taken by individual states. Rape/defilement: any form of non-consensual sexual intercourse. This can include the invasion of any part of the body with a sexual organ and/or the invasion of the genital or anal opening with any object or body part.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|invasion body sexual intercourse consensual|9.894155|5.4333763|7.4893274
2528|A prominent example is the track and trace case for tuna to combat illegal fishing. Using devices for tracing (e.g. RFID tags, QR codes, NFC devices, or cameras), information about the fish can be collected at almost any point throughout the supply chain (Visser and Hanich, 2018). As the data is recorded on a transparent and immutable registry, each fish can be tracked back to its origin by respective regulators, NGOs, and consumers. The technical implementation of this use case can be applied to other natural capital in agriculture, livestock, and forestry.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|devices fish trace cameras tuna|4.0294266|2.587903|2.1063664
2529|Properly interpreted, these data should also reveal the relationship between informal working and childcare. Likewise, more general time-use data need to be considered in public employment programmes, ensuring that the policies needed to accommodate women's situation do not tend to reinforce gender roles and maintain the current distribution of time use in households. Furthermore, these data should provide the State with the information it needs to encourage greater participation by men in care and parenting, for example by means of paternity leave, which is part of labour regulation policy. Employment is what gives access to social security in Latin America, and disadvantages women in the labour market because the time they spend on unpaid work also undermines their social security position. The average economic value a housewife generates each month by her unpaid work should underpin such integration (UNESCAP, 2004).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unpaid time data unescap security|8.877302|5.0024204|5.5773044
2530|Since its founding, the university has made great strides in the quality and breadth of its academic and research programmes, quality of its academic staff and in undergraduate and graduate enrolments. Designation as an APEX University, a designation to become one of the top performing higher education institutions worldwide in international ranking, is a singular achievement (MoHE, 2007). In its vision as an APEX university, the Universiti Sains Malaysia has set forth an impressive agenda, Transforming Higher Education for a Sustainable Tomorrow (USM, 2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|apex designation university academic founding|7.2776227|2.54939|2.4799855
2531|And it requires a keen focus on social issues, so that it is not only well-placed people and businesses that can benefit from newly-favoured areas. For example, the proposal to reduce GHG emissions from the livestock sector makes broad sense in principle, given its 40% contribution to Ethiopia’s GHG emissions. But in practice, some of the CRGE’s plans - notably to shift beef producers to poultry production - are extremely challenging.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ghg emissions keen favoured beef|1.9095305|4.3788457|2.3282616
2532|Another BDS service that needs to be expanded is support to help women transfer their businesses from the informal sector to the formal sector. They could also leverage technology and social media as vehicles for providing support to women who wish to manage work schedules and family commitments more successfully by starting a home-based business. In addition, BDS staff directly involved in delivering training, advisory, counselling or other BDS services should be given opportunities to gain experience and knowledge and learn about best practices in the promotion and support of small businesses and women entrepreneurs in particular.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bds businesses support women schedules|9.018952|3.3182237|6.6302342
2533|Government health services principally serve those from the low and middle-income strata; whereas private facilities mainly serve the smaller subset of wealthier households and take up a significant share of overall health spending. Indeed, South Africa relies more on voluntary private health insurance financially than any other country in the world. Yet experience from both OECD and non-OECD countries shows that voluntary private health insurance rarely provides adequate coverage for the poor and those most prone to serious illness, and often has high administrative costs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health voluntary private serve insurance|8.630098|8.723897|2.1960125
2534|The Czech Republic cancelled plans to temporarily increase duration and replacement rates for some unemployed because of pressure on public finances. Poland continued with a reform to improve the effectiveness of activation by increasing benefit levels in the first three months of receipt (a change in early 2009 reduced duration from 18 to 12 months). Since mid-2009, income support specifically targeted at workers receiving training was introduced or extended in several countries (Australia, Japan, Turkey and the United States).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|duration months cancelled activation temporarily|7.8726726|4.6290655|3.918686
2535|In much the same way that shifting wealth raises concerns about inequality in countries with strong growth, notable reductions in absolute poverty levels prompt questions about the evolution of relative poverty. These comparisons are all the more interesting given the wide variation in relative poverty within the group of OECD member countries (see OECD [2008a]). Figure 4.4 displays measures of relative poverty for selected emerging and developing countries that have achieved significant reduction in absolute poverty, and compares them on the same measures with a variety of OECD members.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty relative absolute oecd prompt|6.435862|5.9954996|4.9622097
2536|Governments are advised to intervene when there is evidence of underinvestment in education and training. Repayments are not required in periods of low income and the costs of investment are repaid when the returns materialise. Spain, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom also have successful schemes. This direct funding is justified by the benefits that skills development brings to society.|SDG 4 - Quality education|repayments repaid underinvestment materialise advised|8.6002|2.8545892|2.66178
2537|On average across the countries for which data are available, 5.5% of workers earned at or below the minimum wage in 2010, the latest year for which comparable data are available. At 14.2%, Latvia’s share was more than twice as high, and also higher than in any other of the European countries shown in Figure 3.8. As a result, changes in minimum-wage provisions can be expected to have a strong impact on the labour market.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|minimum wage available earned data|7.8967943|4.4794426|4.428285
2538|National parks had a “physical plan” which the Government recognized was inadequate in providing management solutions. The management authority and protected area directors are now responsible for developing protected area management plans. Protected areas in Croatia are obliged to have management plans. Of the eight national parks, five have management plans, tw'O have plans in the final consultation phase and one is establishing a draft management plan. Eight of the eleven nature parks have management plans. Visitor management is included in the management plan framew'ork.|SDG 15 - Life on land|management plans parks protected plan|1.6869695|5.1756983|4.0731854
2539|Among other good practices, this also required changes in species composition, such as replacing hybrid poplars, which have damaged the soil, with willows and Prunus avium (wild cherry tree). The agreement of the Coca-Cola® bottling plant with local forest owners in Portugal is a good example. Payments were made for the owners to maintain their forests in good condition to keep theTagua Reservoir pure.|SDG 15 - Life on land|good owners coca damaged pure|1.5334646|5.038569|4.0158577
2540|In the second year (2018/19), the programme was funded by private donations. The programme has already attracted international attention, winning the SozialMarie prize for social innovation in 2018 (Unruhe Privatstiftung, 2018,2oi]). The programme seeks to help participants orient themselves in the school system while also gaining further qualifications.|SDG 4 - Quality education|programme prize orient winning donations|7.8017673|2.4123268|2.3846068
2541|This could suggest that the high level of points attributed to GPs for mental health services successfully rendered encourages patient selection and the deliberate exclusion of more difficult cases from the data. Concerns have also been expressed that GPs are directing attention away from activity not rewarded by the QOF, and as such care delivery quality is declining in some areas (Cashin, 2014). In June 2011, there were concerns raised about the depression indicators and their incentive to improve diagnoses of depression: the QOF indicators included incentives to follow up assessments and depression checks following diagnoses, and to perform depression screening for patients on the diabetes register, but they offer no incentives for increasing or improving depression screening across patients.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|depression qof diagnoses screening gps|10.163895|9.203954|1.8174449
2542|Water governance gaps in the Venice city-region (cont.) But co-ordination capacity (horizontal or vertical) is relatively weak. The region is responsible for monitoring water quality in areas upstream from the Lagoon, whereas discharges and enforcement (including fines/penalties) are the responsibility of the provinces. Water quality monitoring in the Lagoon, on the other hand, is carried out by a combination of central government, regional and municipal agencies. In this context, the link between upstream and downstream impacts, and co-ordination of effective monitoring and enforcement, is attenuated.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lagoon upstream monitoring enforcement ordination|1.1877688|7.2215323|1.5755246
2543|Costa Rica is considering, for example, whether local taxes could fund some health care services, such as primary care. “ Sin taxes” on alcohol, tobacco and other products are also being discussed. Formally defined user charges or co-payments may also be an option at the margin, to substitute and better target rising levels of OOP spending by encouraging use of high-value services and discouraging unnecessary care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care taxes oop discouraging substitute|8.871423|8.646453|2.4249587
2544|In contrast, while least developed countries and small island developing States are more likely to need to improve their physical infrastructure to primarily strengthen social infrastructure, landlocked developing countries need to join regional infrastructure networks as part of regional connectivity and integration, and thus improve the flow of goods and services across borders. For example, of the 400 million people living in the 36 CSN of the region, 133 million people still lack access to improved water sources in rural areas; 74 million people lack access to improved sanitation; 144 million people lack access to electricity; and 320 million people (out of 392 million people in 23 CSN) lack access to the Internet The CSN therefore need to improve the availability and quality of infrastructure. Thus, even though some countries may face greater development challenges than others, they may demonstrate better infrastructure performance than countries that are naturally more 'advantaged'.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|million people infrastructure lack access|3.9939232|3.844249|1.9974587
2545|Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) is a three-year initiative led by the United Nations Statistics Division and UN Women, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). One example is the measurement of gender pay gaps. Besides the difficulties in measuring these gaps for self-employed workers, the raw unadjusted gender pay gap, as presented in Annex 4, captures the difference between men's and women's earnings but does not tell us enough about the underlying drivers of gender inequality in pay.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender pay bank gaps nations|9.221514|4.349532|6.0670614
2546|Since this effect implies a transfer of norms from host to sending country, the sign of the correlation is expected to differ according to the discrimination levels in destination countries. According to these expected links, male and female migration may have the same effect on gender inequality at home, with a higher effect of female migration due to the first channel of transmission. More precisely, the net migration flows by sex and country of origin in 2010 are used as dependent variable. To distinguish the effect of discriminatory social institutions between female and male emigration, sub-samples are used.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|effect migration female male expected|8.702402|5.27457|7.082536
2547|Constant changes in law, structure and leadership as well as the lack of investment in human and technical resources had a negative influence on the forestry sector of Georgia. Due to a lack of a clearly defined strategy and action plan the establishment of a sustainable forest management system was impossible during this period. In December 2013, the Parliament of Georgia adopted the National Forest Concept - Georgia's first national forest policy - which was developed with strong stakeholder participation.|SDG 15 - Life on land|georgia forest lack impossible december|1.5308509|4.8028913|3.8591473
2548|Within those states, water is withdrawn and delivered for irrigation by both private and public purveyors. Many landowners withdraw groundwater from private wells and irrigate without restrictions on pumping rates or volumes. Some states have groundwater management programs in which withdrawals are limited and new wells cannot be constructed without permits, while other states do not impose restrictions. Many private and public irrigation entities also withdraw groundwater, often for supplementing surface water supplies. Boards of directors comprised of landowners in the district hire managers who are responsible for hiring staff members to operate and maintain canals, and deliver water to farmers at reasonable cost and with good reliability. These companies and districts must charge prices for water and service that enable them to recover their costs of securing water, operating, maintaining, and repairing their systems, and also generate capital replacement and reserve accounts.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water landowners groundwater withdraw wells|1.090866|7.501719|2.3026094
2549|These strategies should be viewed as complements to the suggested reforms to the housing finance system. Generally speaking, this can be achieved by encouraging within-city development activity and/or discouraging construction outside the existing city limits. To that end, policy makers could make infill and redevelopment cheaper by reducing regulations and streamlining permits and other administrative procedures.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city infill streamlining redevelopment discouraging|4.137753|5.5603223|1.617418
2550|The Mosaic Enterprise Challenge of The Prince’s Trust in the United Kingdom is an annual inter-school competition where students aged 11-16 years, with mentor support, learn about establishing and running a business through a business simulation game. The winning team is then supported in developing and launching their business idea (Prince’s Trust, 2016). These courses allow reaching more disadvantaged groups that are less likely to attend higher education institutions.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|business trust winning mentor launching|6.831424|2.9539607|2.6865914
2551|In 2016, the highest STI incidence rates were registered in Bayankhongor (36.5 cases per 10,000), Domod (34.7), Sukhbaatar (31.5), Khuvsgul (26.5), Govi-Altai (24.0), Tuv (23.7), Govisumber (23.6) and Domogovi (21.3) Aimags and Ulaanbaatar City (22.2). The morbidity of trichomoniasis was higher in Domod (60.7), Bayankhongor (53.3), Bulgan (17.5) and Sukhbaatar (15.8) Aimags and Ulaanbaatar City (15.4), and was higher there than the national average (14.3) and aimag average (13.3). The incidence of HIV infection has slowly increased in Mongolia since 2005.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ulaanbaatar incidence city infection average|8.497478|9.042004|3.379013
2552|It discusses how innovation is defined and measured and how the concept has broadened to include non-technological activities such as organisational change and marketing. It presents a selection of data and indicators which show that not only R&D but various other inputs are needed for effective innovation. It looks at how the innovation process has opened up and why collaboration has become a key to innovation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation broadened opened organisational looks|5.4045606|3.378254|2.4765167
2553|It can facilitate cost-effective access to energy in rural and remote areas, improve energy security and decrease excessive reliance on fossil-fuel imports, and stimulate technology transfer and innovation across the clean energy value chain. Given the current strains on public finances, reform options must focus on ways of leveraging private investment at an unparalleled scale and pace. An important challenge is the need for coherent and consistent signals across different policy areas which traditionally do not take climate-related objectives into account.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy leveraging finances areas excessive|2.031754|2.7054963|1.9827398
2554|Recognition of the urgency of moving towards sustainable development pathways comes at times when “warming of the climate is unequivocal” (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 20l4e, p. 2, SPM 1.1) and is “increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems” (ibid., The evidence points to the great economic, human and environmental losses brought about by climate hazards which, if left unattended, are likely to continue. The Survey addresses the challenges of strengthening the capacity of countries and people to avoid development reversals from those hazards. Recent data suggest that the world has already warmed 0.85° Celsius from pre-industrial levels and will continue to experience warming even if greenhouse gas emissions were immediately brought to a complete halt (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate intergovernmental warming hazards brought|1.3875418|4.454476|1.9076773
2555|Partly owing to the invention of the techniques described above, partly owing to renewed concerns about the social costs of energy production and consumption ranging from local air pollution over climate change to security of supply, a number of large-scale studies on the external costs of energy were thus funded and undertaken. Estimating Fuel Cycle Externalities, co-ordinated by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and funded by the United States Department of Energy (USDOE). New York State Environmental Externalities Cost Study, co-ordinated by RCG/Hagler Bailly and funded by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, the Empire State Electric Energy Research Corp. and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). All these studies are part of a first wave of social cost accounting that had united a sizeable community of competent and committed researchers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy funded york ordinated electric|1.617446|2.1687853|1.8130655
2556|Similarly, IMF (2015) found that on average about 30 per cent of the potential benefits of public investment are lost due to inefficiencies in the investment process. Between 2005 and 2014, the impact of better governance on public sector efficiency was as high as 57 per cent in Georgia in the health sector and as high as 32 per cent in Indonesia in the education sector (ESCAP, 2017a). Moreover, as will be discussed in chapter II, good governance could help better leverage private capital for infrastructure development.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|cent sector governance better investment|3.9995177|4.007905|2.1306021
2557|The original contributions can be found in full in an OECD Education Working Paper, Peterson, A. et al. ( Amelia Peterson's first contribution on pedagogy and purpose, and Hanna Dumont’s contribution on adaptive teaching, are wide-ranging in scope and cover a broad range of pedagogical approaches. These are followed by Amelia Peterson's analyses of combinations of pedagogies, where it is discussed the role of networks promoting particular innovative approaches.|SDG 4 - Quality education|contribution approaches pedagogies combinations pedagogy|8.790078|1.5000826|1.8427106
2558|Over that period, expenditure per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary levels increased in most OECD countries (by an average of 19% across the OECD), with an average increase in expenditure of 15% and a slight decrease in the number of students (3%), due to smaller cohorts reaching school age (OECD, 2014). However, as noted earlier, differences in the quality of education systems can lead to significant differences in the level of skills attained by people with the same level of educational attainment. According to findings from the Survey of Adult Skills, the magnitude is such that university graduates from countries with low-performing education systems have skills levels similar to those of students who have attained only secondary education in top-performing countries (Figure 1.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|attained secondary performing skills expenditure|9.082439|2.5754445|3.065879
2559|Recently, progress has been made to harmonise reporting methodologies used by bilateral and multilateral development banks, as well as national development banks in developed and developing countries. A common standard and system for tracking international climate finance between its providers and recipients is yet to be developed (Forstater and Rank, 2012). Most respondents regard the development of a monitoring system and impact measurement framework as a pre-condition for effectively allocating finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|banks finance development harmonise developed|1.5467348|3.864229|0.64193594
2560|Those schools and projects that participate in innovation programmes with additional funding may be required as a condition of their participation to write up their approaches and materials into handbooks to be shared with others, as in the “experimental” schools chosen by the Experiments and Entrepreneurship Division of the Israeli Ministry of Education. The identified longer-term impacts included the value of literature and research as the basis for discussions about innovative practice, the validation of innovative practices, and in general for enhanced understanding and better design. In the case of the Austrian NMS Reform this was achieved through the creation of the National Centre for Learning Schools (CLS). Similarly, in Slovenia, the National Education Institute has been crucial to the reform - in partnership with the ministry and the consortia of gymnasia.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools innovative reform ministry write|8.503634|1.7850081|1.9423331
2561|Teaching standards could help to give impetus to reform, but only if all stakeholders in the system - universities, administrators, supervisors, principals and above all teachers - are accountable for putting them into practice. There is also a strong perception that the teacher recruitment process is neither fair nor well designed to identify those candidates with the requisite qualities to become a good teacher. Costa Rica has already taken steps to address these challenges in the last five years; these need to be accelerated if the country is to ensure that all students are taught by a teacher that is qualified to teach. Unlike many OECD countries, most of the largely private universities providing teaching programmes in Costa Rica do not have a selective admission process, and the number of places available in initial teacher education programmes is not based on a projection of teaching needs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher teaching rica costa universities|10.188127|1.5005783|2.6165998
2562|The highest owner-occupancy rates are found in Easter European countries, largely as a result of the massive sell-off of the state-owned housing in the 1990s. The social rental housing sector is largest in the Netherlands (31%), Denmark and Austria (22%) while it basically does not exist in Chile, Mexico and Turkey. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Data refer to 2013 for Austria, Denmark Estonia, Finland, Latvia, New Zealand, and the United States: to 2012 for France and the Netherlands; to 2011 for Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, England, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and Turkey: to 2010 for Mexico and 2008 for Japan.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|turkey austria denmark netherlands housing|4.9662523|5.7021923|2.1900535
2563|Among these resources, only shrimp stocks in NAFO 3L and 3M are in good shape. Fisheries permits are to be issued for at least ten nets at a time. This requirement entered into force in 2009. There are no restrictions for foreign capital, and foreigners can freely invest in the fish harvesting and processing sectors.|SDG 14 - Life below water|foreigners shrimp freely nets entered|0.057214927|5.635465|6.8880754
2564|The sectoral vision is focused on the agricultural sector rather than on the rural territory. A sub-regional perspective in rural policy is recognised in budgetary planning, but a similar recognition does not serve urban-rural project developments. One reason for the sectoral approach at the state level is that federal resources to support state and municipal governments are defined according to sectoral objectives, rather than in a way that could contribute to consolidating strategic development projects in specific rural areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sectoral rural consolidating state budgetary|3.997313|5.2732134|2.0556486
2565|Governments have a key role as platform and broker, as stimulator, incentiviser and enabler, and they can focus resources, set a facilitative policy climate and use accountability and reporting to encourage new practices. Governments can support the shift in paradigm by setting ambitious goals that foster innovation, providing opportunities for autonomy, choice and competition, empowering agents of change, encouraging risk-taking, and rewarding and giving exposure to success. The good news is that our knowledge about what works in education has improved vastly.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vastly facilitative broker governments rewarding|8.840202|2.3509674|2.2268474
2566|They show that in the medium term - that is, until about 2030 -the positive and negative effects on yields could offset each other at the global level, the balance after this date would be increasingly negative as climate change accelerates. The data also show that projected impacts of climate change on yields of maize, wheat and rice in the second half of the 21st century are more often negative for tropical regions than for temperate regions. However, in many locations in temperate regions, as well, crop yields may decrease (Porter et al.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|yields temperate negative regions porter|1.7058897|5.3689632|2.6232786
2567|Independent panel review of the Doing Business Report. Available at: http:// pubdocs.worldbank.oig/en/237121516384849082/ doing-business-review-panel-report-June-2013 .pdf. Growth and distributive effects of public infrastructure investments in China. In: Cockbum J, Dissou Y, Duclos J-Y andTib-erti L. Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Asia. Cham: 87-116.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|doing panel review business worldbank|3.9231899|3.9653888|2.0683672
2568|Providing safe transport system is an objective for sustainable transport, because risk of injuries and deaths from traffic crashes has become a major public health concern worldwide (WHO, 2011)1' At the same time safety of pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users also has an impact on the choice of these modes. Risk to pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users can be reduced by appropriate street designs and neighbourhood environment. Safer pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure results in increased use of these environment friendly modes (Tiwari & Jain, 2012)2.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport pedestrians modes users public|4.2408175|5.2028823|0.04401679
2569|This caveat must be kept in mind while reviewing the results of modelling exercises, including those described below. The International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development’s (ICTSD) recent work,10 focused on LDCs, shows that the aggregate impact of a successful Doha Round on LDC exports will be a measly 0.16 per cent, with wide dispersion of gains and losses across countries (Figure 7.9). Even if overall gains could be assured for the LDC group, the ex post distribution of gains and losses, and the absence of a mechanism to compensate losers, could effectively wreck support for a Doha deal. The losses to Lesotho and Madagascar (see Figure 7.7) are precisely due to such preference erosion, but it is also clear that not all countries that will see their preferences eroded in an eventual Doha deal will actually lose in terms of exports.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|doha losses gains ldc deal|5.0918903|4.614341|3.8917916
2570|"First, because, as explained above, it may provide a much too low standard of living in a country relative to what is considered freedom from poverty in that country. Second, because it may only identify the very poorest, which are not the sole object of anti-poverty policy in countries with substantially higher poverty as measured by national criteria, and with substantially greater potential for the mobilisation of domestic resources through redistribution. That is not to say that a policy maker would not want to know the effect of social policies on the dollar-a-day poverty headcount, but they may not be willing to judge the success or failure of social policy on that count alone. However such a solution is impractical, because it requires the definition, calculation and estimation of poverty depending on the group of countries studied. Moreover, if poverty has an inherent relative component, the necessity of using a common absolute poverty line is not borne out by either practice or theory. The preference for absolute, rather than relative lines to compare poverty between developing countries is often justified by the lexicographic relationship embodied in the ""hierarchy of capabilities"" described by Atkinson and Bourguignon (2001) and World Bank (1990)."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty relative absolute substantially policy|6.4178267|6.16297|4.9849815
2571|Similar NIMBY movements exist against power transmission lines and pipelines. In Germany, there is already a NIMBY movement against CCS long before its commercialization (Roehrl and Toth, 2009). In poorer countries, higher energy prices typically mean higher food prices and potentially lead to increased poverty, social conflict and even revolts.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|prices commercialization ccs pipelines higher|1.6411706|2.2876785|2.1587613
2572|Increasingly, governments in high income nations, such as the United States and regional blocs such as the European Union, set market-entry standards that determine the green content of supply chains, particularly for the agricultural and resource sectors, which account for the bulk of Africa's exports. Their power comes from their capacity to threaten non-compliant multinational firms with reputational damage. An alternative strategy by civil society has been to engage big firms in a collective attempt to raise standards and certify best practice.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|firms standards compliant multinational threaten|4.3713207|4.5070505|3.649931
2573|With the introduction of the e-health system in 2016, the availability and use of health information is expected to increase as the system will record health services delivered, tests and their results, costs and prescription information for each patient by using unique patient identifiers. Provider coverage is initially limited but the system is envisaged to cover all providers eventually. It is intended that the information systems currently used by different providers will be integrated into a single national system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient information providers health prescription|8.961696|9.54814|1.7163789
2574|The approach to municipal mergers is a combination of voluntary and forced. Voluntary mergers include some that cut across county boundaries (0stfold/Akershus and Akershus/Buskerud). Sweden has established a parliamentary committee in charge of investigating ways to strengthen the capacity of municipalities to meet new societal needs, which is scheduled to submit its proposal by 2019.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mergers voluntary investigating scheduled parliamentary|4.4242554|4.398662|1.4494101
2575|The OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 (OECD, 2008b) projects that by 2030 the number of people living in areas affected by severe water stress will increase by another 1 billion from the 2005 baseline to an estimated 3.9 billion people (47% of the world population), mostly in non-OECD countries. Over the last century, water use has increased six-fold while population has increased at only a half of that rate (Bergkamp and Sadoff, 2008). Changes in patterns of withdrawal from nature and consumption are therefore also a major part of the problem. While this may have partly resulted from policies that favoured more efficient water use and its decoupling from economic and population growth, in some countries demand has had to shrink in response to drought.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|population water billion oecd decoupling|1.4047515|7.17526|2.865719
2576|The use is mainly for domestic purposes (88%), -10% for industry, 1% for agriculture and 1% for thermal Abstraction ~95.12x 10* mJ (2007). Groundwater is used mainly for drinking water supply as well as (some) for irrigation and industry. Population -400,100 (density 84 inhabitants/km2). Some 78% of the aquifer area is cropland and 9% urban/ industrial area.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|mainly industry area cropland thermal|0.68015605|7.3315206|2.9062936
2577|The interviews demonstrated that the more closely teachers and school leaders worked with the DET, the stronger this perception was. Some teachers and school leaders even said that due to the AfL programme they had a better impression of the Directorate than ever before. Some school leaders stated that they felt that, for the first time, someone from the central level was actually interested in what they were doing. One school leader was also actively involved in a DET resource group.|SDG 4 - Quality education|det leaders school teachers impression|9.741496|1.5737996|1.3213683
2578|Indicators of monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty are the most important. Poverty can be measured in absolute terms - a cut-off income line below which individuals are not able to afford a bundle of pre-defined basic goods - or in relative terms -with the relative poverty line defined as a percentage (usually 50 or 60%) of median income. In addition, Sen (1983) argues that the right approach for assessing the standard of living is to focus not on basic commodities or utility but on capabilities or functionings.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty defined line relative basic|6.5070357|6.2818465|5.029572
2579|Taking a close look at the interplay between different public actors involved in water policy making, the chapter diagnoses seven major multi-level governance gaps, based on selected indicators and data collection from the OECD Survey on Water Governance. Taking stock of existing principles, guidelines, indicators, indexes and checklists for good governance in the water sector, the OECD has designed a framework that identifies seven common multi-level governance gaps. These have been used to assess, based on selected proxies, the relative importance of the different multi-level governance challenges in the water sectors of 17 OECD countries (OECD, 2011). This chapter uses the same framework, to appraise the level of territorial and institutional fragmentation in the 13 LAC countries covered by this study.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance multi water oecd level|1.1637015|7.0836654|1.4903618
2580|The plans have to specify the information to be provided to the public in the case of an accident. Some cities, such as Barranquilla and Cartagena, have successfully implemented the UNEP-APELL (Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level) programme led by the business sector. However, it is not clear if the CARs are sufficiently equipped to provide adequate oversight of industry’s efforts to prevent and respond to chemical accidents. The existing arrangements, and associated resource requirements, should be reviewed and strengthened.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|preparedness emergencies specify accident unep|4.141775|5.2544913|0.13851692
2581|In a dynamic dialogue with their own female representatives, the legislature and the public, parties gradually grasped that gender quotas matched public expectations. The realisation was driven home by mounting evidence as female representation in elected bodies started gradually to grow - in the wake of parties’ voluntary adoption of quotas in the 1990s - and to dismantle the stereotypical view of women as incapable of leadership. Reacting to the public and to the legislature’s enabling culture, parties came to recognise gender quotas and gender equality' as an issue and managed to include it in national legislative debate.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|quotas legislature parties gradually gender|10.474655|4.218159|6.8980255
2582|When we examine the ols results for all women together and do not differentiate between the informal and formal sectors, we find a motherhood wage penalty that increases with the number of children (3.8% for one child, 9.6% for two children and 19.4% for three or more children). As predicted, the estimated coefficients associated with motherhood and children are not significant in the formal sector. In other words, the hypothesis that there would not be a motherhood wage penalty in the formal sector is consistent with the empirical evidence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|motherhood children formal penalty wage|8.8208275|4.8857236|5.6682673
2583|In the past decade, Kazakhstan made important gains in gender equality with the enactment of the Law on State Guarantees of Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women and the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence. There have been also important advances in women’s participation in public life in Kazakhstan, with the current share of women in the House of Representatives at 27.1%. Other areas of achievement include women's integration in the labour market and entrepreneurial activity and significant drop of maternal death rates. Kazakhstan is close to gender parity in access to primary and secondary education with 98.7% net enrolment of girls in primary education in 2015 and ranks among the top countries in this area.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|kazakhstan women equal law enactment|9.488037|4.188096|7.411623
2584|This means that it is possible to work with key stakeholders and gain experience in the development of water-sharing regimes in a few trial areas. Trading in entitlements and in allocations would be allowed and encouraged. Once experience is gained and the capacity to manage the transition from the current regime to a more flexible one is improved, the approach could then be rolled out across all regions in the Netherlands where water use needs to be limited, as appropriate.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|experience rolled trial allocations gained|1.1588664|7.489538|2.0527358
2585|Barriers can also emerge when mobility within shorter distances is low, due to lack of mass transit, which can limit job opportunities and also access to retraining. Due to the heterogeneity of challenges across States and localities, policy tailored to the local level is needed, but co-ordination is also required to ensure policy effectiveness. Unemployment, which had jumped to 10% of the labour force at the worst of the crisis, has receded to close to 4%, slightly below its pre-crisis level.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|crisis jumped retraining localities distances|7.7467375|4.5135145|4.216403
2586|Men and boys are much more likely to collect water when they can use mechanized transport like bikes, scooters and trucks. A survey of water collection in Mongolia showed that in Ulaanbaatar men made up the majority of water collectors across all forms of water collection, but were particularly prominent in water collection by vehicle and by animal (Hawkins and Seager 2010). In 70% of urban households that collected water by vehicle men were the sole collectors, and in urban households that used horses to collect water only men performed this task.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water collectors men collection collect|1.1502851|7.3400464|2.5223377
2587|"But as absolute poverty began to recede into history, the idea of measuring relative poverty was struggling to be born. Today's comforts and conveniences,"" he argued, ""are yesterdays luxuries and tomorrow's necessitiesThis proposal has yet to find full acceptance in the United States (see Box 10: The United States: redrawing the line). Townsend also pioneered the use of non-monetary indicators to measure poverty and deprivation."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty tomorrow united states struggling|6.447219|6.296043|5.016785
2588|The 2007-08 experience with the surge in international market cereal prices illustrated the unreliability of some of these trading relationships, as export restrictions by India and Pakistan contributed to higher prices for consumers in Bangladesh and Afghanistan (Dorosh, 2008). Liberalising agricultural trade within a regional agreement needs strong political will and countries have to be prepared to give up some autonomy in designing and implementing their domestic food policies. With governments committed to pursue interventionist policies to stabilise prices, regional trade flows are often sacrificed when they appear to stand in the way of national food security - despite the longer-term costs.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|prices trade surge food regional|4.0797696|4.9570255|4.1754394
2589|Among these expenditures, those related to the development of childcare services increased most strongly, from 0.13 to 0.95% of GDP over the period considered. While the focus of government investment is on childcare services for children aged 0-5, as observed in the Nordic countries or France, the level of expenditure remains much lower in Korea than in these countries, but above the OECD average. Such spending is comprehensively recorded in Nordic countries, but in some other (often federal) countries it may not be fully captured by the OECD social expenditure data, a) Data for Poland refer to 2012 and for Australia, Israel, Korea, and New Zealand to 2014. Data for all other countries refer to 2013.|SDG 1 - No poverty|countries childcare nordic refer korea|7.5857425|5.8913703|4.8891
2590|In the Lower Dniester an increase of organic and nutrient pollution and a decrease of water quality into category 4 (or quality class III) are observed. Water in most of the monitored river sections in Ukraine was in quality category 3 (or quality class II). At some monitoring points, copper is also a quality defect that occurs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|quality class category copper nutrient|0.5975435|6.8165107|2.8115456
2591|The rights-based approach is also used for the study Comparing Child Well-being in OECD Countries, carried out in the context of the UNICEF Innocenti Report Cards 7 and 10 on Child Well-being in Rich Countries (Bradshaw et al., Many studies have used relative deprivation by defining deprivation based on the overall distribution of the indicators selected (e.g. Barnes and Wright 2012; Bradshaw et al 2006, 2007; Notten and Roelen 2011; Zelinsky 2010). Similarly, Barnes and Wright (2012) define child poverty as the lack of items essential for children to have an acceptable standard of living.|SDG 1 - No poverty|wright bradshaw child deprivation innocenti|7.165848|6.5105586|5.2143183
2592|Significant increases in water tariffs have taken place or are planned in all sectors, and lower prices for effluent and brackish water encourage their use for irrigation. A quota of potable water is allocated to the agricultural sector each year; farmers who opt to exchange part of this quota for alternative sources can secure the volume of wastewater they will procure at a fixed price. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|quota water brackish procure effluent|1.2955003|7.401189|2.6915572
2593|Finally, to unleash the full potential of universities in regional and local development, it is necessary reform the university governance in Spain, by strengthening the institutional autonomy of universities and building effective accountability structures. Continuing collaboration between regional and local governments, private sector and tertiary education institutions is necessary.|SDG 4 - Quality education|universities necessary regional local continuing|7.5859575|2.5204506|2.474355
2594|In addition, in a large group of countries, electricity is in State hands. Apart from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (which re-nationalized the private firms), the public sector tends to dominate in the smaller economies, where monopoly situations are also more likely to exist owing to the difficulty of introducing competition between participating agents. In Ecuador and Paraguay, State domination is complete, whereas in the case of Uruguay, the public enterprise Administration Nacional de Usinas y Trasmisiones Electricas (UTE) controls transmission, distribution and all generation, except that using biomass and wind power. Although no new privatizations or nationalizations of electricity firms are foreseen, in many economies of the region private investment has increased in the markets that were open to receive this, encouraged by promising sector growth prospects and stable regulatory frameworks that are attractive for investors. Moreover, the emergence of new renewable energy sources has also opened up new opportunities for private participation (see section E).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|private firms new economies electricity|2.0889595|2.0043628|2.2495506
2595|Women in politics are sometimes portrayed as being morally loose; they face sexual harassment and other threats. Young unmarried women are especially susceptible to such threats. Some women who aspire to go into politics may face violence from their own parties and opposition candidates. In some cases, women often must hire their own security; this adds to the costs of campaigning. Beyond that, it raises the importance of girls’ education. It has been a psychological torture to tolerate such humiliation.'|SDG 5 - Gender equality|threats politics women face torture|10.415044|4.6325397|7.1513734
2596|However, women’s labour market participation and employment still remains significantly lower than men’s. In the OECD area, the gender gap in employment tended to converge in the 1990s, thanks to higher employment growth rates for women compared to men, and to remain constant in the period from 2000 to 2007. In the early years of the recent economic crisis, in most OECD countries gender gaps in employment shrank, mostly due to heavy job losses in male-dominated sectors.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employment shrank converge men gender|9.110943|4.2864094|5.6855283
2597|These concerns were already raised at the early stages of nuclear energy development and have contributed to the creation of special liability regimes and international conventions applicable in the case of a nuclear accident. The analysis is limited to a subset of damage, i.e. fatalities, morbidity, evacuation costs and economic consequences of oil spills. Conventions: the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (1992 Civil Liability Convention) and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (1992 Fund Convention), together with the Protocol of 2003 to the 1992 Fund Convention (Supplementary Fund Protocol).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|convention liability fund damage oil|1.0024209|1.7847277|1.8331252
2598|In 2012, the forest sector accounted for 2% of GDP, employed over 300 000 people and had an annual turnover of nearly USD 25 billion. About two-thirds of the flora and fauna found in Poland are associated with forest environments. The Bialowieza Forest is the only primeval forest remaining in Europe.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest flora turnover fauna thirds|1.360414|4.7201886|4.0339255
2599|"Entrepreneurship support activities at the Gdarisk University of Technology date back to 1993. The Faculty of Management and Economics played a leading role promoting this field of activity. Recent faculty efforts to gather individual activities have led to the creation of the ""Entrepreneurial Vehicle” initiative, which seeks to increase the number of students interested in entrepreneurship as a career option; to enhance entrepreneurial, innovative and creative ways of thinking amongst students, professors and researchers; and to develop entrepreneurial skills and know-how."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|entrepreneurial faculty entrepreneurship professors students|6.9103546|2.891341|2.6540954
2600|Many African countries have made either slow progress in this regard or experienced stagnating neonatal mortality rates. The situation is worse for the large rural populations of Africa that have poor access to and utilization of maternal and newborn health services. Health problems from dangerous alcohol use arise in the form of acute and chronic conditions, and adverse social consequences are common when they are associated with alcohol consumption (World Health Organization, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol health newborn stagnating neonatal|8.847389|8.685293|3.667921
2601|The recent issuance of new licenses that address earlier differences among GSM license terms, while authorising the introduction of broadband wireless services, can boost the level of competition. The Government could consider unifying licenses to make them technology and service neutral to encourage service providers to develop innovative services and leverage advanced technologies. The license award process should be transparent and competitive.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|licenses license service wireless issuance|4.828256|2.7818894|1.4021236
2602|Sub-Saharan Africa achieved little structural transformation, with agriculture continuing to be the mainstay of the economy. Many countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union even experienced deindustrialization during 1990s, with the share of manufacturing falling; they also experienced increases in poverty during that period. Thus, there is a clear association between success in structural transformation and success in poverty reduction.|SDG 1 - No poverty|transformation experienced success structural poverty|6.161446|5.6870866|4.7989945
2603|Collection systems dedicated for plastic waste can be organised and practically operated in different ways dependent on the country, the legislation behind the collection and recycling, and the actors involved. Plastic waste can also be collected for recycling as part of another waste stream where the target fractions might not necessarily be plastics. This is the case for example end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). The opposite is when the waste stream is meant to completely constitut of plastics, such as the plastic packaging waste stream.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste plastic stream plastics recycling|0.49213836|3.9329355|3.090091
2604|Standard services include, but are not limited to: marketing assistance, legal and financial advisory, mentoring, and access to business networks. The ability to acknowledge and highlight existing gender differences, issues, and inequalities and integrate these into strategies and actions (World Bank, “Gender and Development: A Trainer’s Manual”). Gender-sensitive approaches use specific methods and tools to provide women more opportunities for their participation in the development process.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender manual mentoring acknowledge advisory|9.281573|3.6946306|6.757785
2605|This more open approach to innovation, however, is not without transaction costs (e.g. sourcing and processing of new knowledge) and even financial costs (e.g. purchasing of knowledge). Quilts of Denmark collaborated with NASA in order to optimise in-house innovation. The quilts made by Quilts of Denmark are based on knowledge provided by sleep researchers who tell Quilts of Denmark about the real needs for quilts, e.g. temperature regulation in relation to insomnia. Quilts of Denmark worked on a technology for regulating the temperature in quilts but it was not completely successful.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|quilts denmark knowledge temperature innovation|5.2350297|3.4022586|2.5837674
2606|Health and public assistance programmes are also extended to the municipalities and locations with the highest incidence of extreme poverty. Achieving the goal of overcoming extreme poverty makes it necessary to break with many other paradigms. For example, poor - and extremely poor - micro-entrepreneurs have no knowledge of financial services, nor do they feel comfortable in a banking environment.|SDG 1 - No poverty|extreme paradigms comfortable poor poverty|6.9006586|5.887147|4.5359836
2607|Develop an efficient, affordable and cleaner transport system that is flexible enough to adopt and integrate, at the appropriate time, new transport technologies (e.g. efficient and/or electric vehicles, cleaner fuels, efficient ships utilising renewable energy) that are proven and commercially viable. Review import regulations and taxes to promote imports of energy efficient cars, and introduce improved fuel standards. Closely monitor international aviation and shipping emission agreement negotiations, and electric vehicle developments. Picking any single technology ‘winner, e.g. electric vehicles, marine energy, biofuels or offshore wind, should be avoided.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|efficient electric cleaner vehicles energy|3.7919488|4.6007495|0.74782586
2608|For example, premiums from agricultural producers, mainly large-scale rubber plantations and dairy operations, make up only 1% of revenue for the state-owned Bao Viet Group (Tran, 2014c). The high risk of natural disasters and epidemics mean that insurance premiums are quite high, out of reach for many farm households. At the same time insurance offers an attractive policy option for dealing with risk and thereby encouraging production. To overcome this dilemma, a three-year pilot insurance programme was introduced in 2011 and provided through two state-owned insurance companies, Bao Viet and Bao Minh.42 The established insurance premium is subsidised by the government on a progressive scale: 100% for poor farming households; 80% for farming households just above the poverty line; 60% for other farming households; and 20% for agricultural production organisations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insurance farming households premiums viet|8.402322|8.513657|2.267469
2609|It promotes downshifting exoticism or agricultural experiences using the “learning by doing” method. Finland and Sweden are members of ECEAT and have national websites which present resorts available. It promotes local travel experiences by creating innovative packages customized to the needs of the customer.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|promotes experiences customized resorts websites|6.099703|3.9177673|2.6326528
2610|These plans are the primary instrument for planning, managing and co-ordinating local development. They integrate a diagnosis of the socio-economic characteristics, strengths and challenges of the municipality and identify its main development priorities in such aspects as infrastructure, productive development, education and the environment (see Box 2.2). Given their comprehensive approach, PLADECO represent an interesting management tool to promote coherence between urban development, land-use planning and general economic development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|development planning diagnosis ordinating strengths|3.8560402|5.5581126|1.6849933
2611|Policies that ignore or oppose market forces tend to deliver unexpected side effects stemming from the decisions and actions of those they affect. On the other hand, policies that take advantage of the ability of markets to allocate resources can increase the efficiency, sustainability and profitability of a fishery. These systems convert fishing possibilities (individual catch quotas) into fishing capacities (individual effort quotas) and may be most appropriate for sedentary species such as crab and lobster. The situation may also arise where fishers pay non-fishing right-holders for access. This can lead to conflict and disputes.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing quotas individual oppose ignore|-0.25264663|5.6744294|6.9098687
2612|The life expectancy of Latvian women at age 65 reached 18.9 yeais in 2015 (up from 16.8 in 2000), whereas the life expectancy at 65 for men reached 14.2 years (up from 12.3 in 2000). However, not all of these years gained are lived in good health At age 65, Latvian men and women can expect to live four years of their remaining years free of disability, which corresponds to less than 30% of their remaining years. If the health and functional status of the Latvian population does not improve as they grow older, population ageing will inevitably put additional pressures on health and long-term care systems.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|latvian years expectancy remaining reached|9.23384|8.867328|3.1171799
2613|For example, the Federal District should assign new BRS corridors to serve this area, co-ordinating with train schedules. This could contribute to tackling congestion, which in the case of Santa Fe has become a major issue affecting economic activity. Such a transformation would also greatly improve access for low-income residents and workers commuting to these areas. Careful analysis of full origin-destination demand patterns will shed light on the extent to which planned upgrades, such as the extension of a second underground line to reach the train station in Mexico City, can solve accessibility' problems, especially at times of high demand.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|train santa brs upgrades demand|4.1251354|5.3235984|0.8753935
2614|"Particularly around the issue of violence against women, civil society activists organized tribunals to put the spotlight on violations of women's rights, previously unaddressed because they were considered part of the private sphere, taboo or simply accepted as an inevitable part of women's lives. The Conference was successful in adopting the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, which stated that ""the human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights"" (para. Importantly, the Programme of Action also called for ""the eradication of any conflicts which may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism"" (para."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights women para action spotlight|9.836412|4.891017|7.3506207
2615|For instance, in the EUR (European Utilities Requirements), the nuclear industry and utilities defined specifications in terms of flexibility for nuclear reactors (Pouret, and Nuttall, 2009). But governments can also play a role in promoting specifications that reinforce future system flexibility, in consultation with technical bodies. Renewable plants should be equipped with devices to control their output in real time.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|specifications utilities flexibility nuclear reactors|1.2305049|1.5250973|1.8221344
2616|Japanese firms are increasingly adopting performance-based human resources management strategies (JILPT, 2009a). In 2000, over a quarter of Japanese workers worked 50 hours or more a week, compared with less than one-sixth in the United States and between 2% and 5% in many European countries (Lee, 2004). By 2008, the situation had improved only slightly, as 24% of all workers still worked 49 or more hours.34 Furthermore, under-utilisation of eligible annual leave is characteristic of Japanese employment practices. According to a survey carried out in 2007, Japanese workers in private companies with 30 or more regular employees took on average 8.2 days of annual leave (JILPT, 2009b). Reasons for not taking annual leave are anxiety about a negative personnel assessment; the perceived high workload; and strong work-orientation as a cultural feature, mainly among men in their forties (Ogura, 2006). The introduction of performance-based wage systems seems to further promote long working hours (Ogura, 2006).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|japanese leave hours annual workers|8.138699|4.8490453|4.1794324
2617|First, women tend to live longer than men. Second, they have less access than men to land and other assets that could help them maintain an adequate standard of living in old age. In India, for example, 60 per cent of women compared to 30 per cent of men have no valuable assets in their name, and few widows can count on family or community support.97 Even in countries with good pension coverage, women are significantly more likely to suffer poverty in old age than men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men assets old women widows|7.9855046|5.552425|5.1065683
2618|Central determination of curricula and other institutional policy promotes uniformity and hinders adaptation to the unique needs of regions. As a consequence there is limited alignment of education provision to regional needs. Public and private institutions operate under different regulatory and financing rules, resulting in the absence of a unified education system. To date, development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately.|SDG 4 - Quality education|hinders needs determination unified alignment|8.049343|2.452005|2.460326
2619|However, they have no significant impact on male migration, suggesting that male and female incentives to migrate differ. Migration towards countries having low levels of discrimination promotes gender equality in social institutions in the origin country, while migration towards countries having high levels of discrimination has the reverse effect, whatever the gender of the migrant. These results are robust to changes in specifications and controls for potential endogeneity and simultaneity bias.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migration discrimination male having endogeneity|8.691304|5.273349|7.0710053
2620|"Apart from this finding the women rank their contributions primarily among the soft and non-material kinds like domestic duties and taking care of children. The largest group of men aged 25-64 mentions ""job, income and paying bills"" as do their female counterparts. Whereas it was assumed that the different age groups among women would rank ""showing love and affection"" significantly higher than men, it might come as a surprise that also the men (all age groups) perceive ""showing love and affection"" as an important contribution to the household."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|love rank showing men surprise|9.00009|4.911496|5.8188043
2621|The first part of the analysis is to estimate how many children (persons) are (multidimensionally) poor and/or deprived under the definitions used. Knowing how many people (children) are multidimensionally poor and deprived is very important. However, multidimensional poverty research goes beyond mere adding up of individuals.|SDG 1 - No poverty|multidimensionally deprived knowing poor mere|6.852323|6.566363|5.187033
2622|It is measured by age-specific mortality rates for selected causes of death (e.g. asthma below age 45). There is no universal definition, however, as the selection of death causes and age-limits often vary from one study to another. Nolte and McKee (2008) as well as Tobias and Yeh (2009) have proposed different lists of death causes and age-limits.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|death causes age limits asthma|9.146828|8.733514|3.2514682
2623|If these were excluded, young women (25-34 age cohort) are actually more likely to complete both secondary and tertiary education than their male counterparts (OECD, 2011c). If the trend continues, there will be an average of 1.4 female students for every male by 2025, and almost twice as many women in tertiary education in Austria, Canada, Iceland, Norway, and the United Kingdom (Table II.A2.1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|tertiary male cohort counterparts women|9.465216|4.1549406|5.6665187
2624|In addition to President Banda of Malawi in Commonwealth Africa, President Monique Ohsan-Bellepeau of Mauritius was also serving as Head of State (Commonwealth Secretariat 2012). She assumed the presidency after he died of heart attack in 2012, becoming the first female president in Malawi’s history. This was relatively short lived (two years, from 2012 to 2014). These range from arguments that women are ‘unsuited’ to decisionmaking and are their own worst enemies to the gender roles that define what women and men do, effectively excluding women from decision-making.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|president malawi commonwealth women presidency|10.506316|4.352322|7.1726017
2625|In addition to the Administration of Environment, there are two more units in the State Inspectorate of Environment (for Inspection Supervision and Inspectors’ Coordination). The Law on Water provides a basis for a consolidation in this sector, by stipulating transferral of competence to MoEPP. Within the Water Department, the organizational units responsible for river basin management need to be properly established.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|units environment inspectors organizational inspectorate|0.7955722|6.998571|1.8157192
2626|Nearly 80 per cent of the ultra poor in rural Bangladesh do not own any land. The poorest also lack complementary assets, like draft animals or agricultural implements. This means that they are also constrained to work as sharecroppers, and these households’ livelihoods mostly dependent on wage labour in farm and nonfarm activities.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ultra implements animals draft constrained|4.852988|5.4828825|4.016043
2627|They also must be available for and willing to accept suitable work, including part-time and casual employment, and attend all scheduled interview's with Centrelink, the benefit administration agency, and w'ith their employment service provider. While Centrelink is a publicly managed agency, employment services to jobseekers are provided exclusively by a mix of for-profit and not-for-profit private providers contracted by the Commonwealth Government through a system called jobactive (Box 3.2). As discussed in Chapter 1, labour demand and labour supply factors drive regional labour market outcomes in Australia.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|profit employment labour agency casual|7.945661|4.481576|3.7690372
2628|The Awami League, which was not allocated any of the reserved seats, demanded direct election. Parliament passed the 15th Amendment Bill of the Constitution on 30 June 2011 and increased the number of seats for women from 45 to 50 (Deccan Herald 2013). If direct election in the reserved seats is introduced, then women members' dependency on their male colleagues will no longer exist and they will be accountable to the voters.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|seats reserved election direct voters|10.375638|4.4261236|7.0937786
2629|Hence in 1995, global water use would have been 6% higher, and irrigation water depletion would have been 11% higher, if not for international trade (de Fraiture et al., The authors caution against inferring that trade will be helpful in mitigating global water scarcity, however, given that water savings cannot always be re-allocated to beneficial uses, and that political and economic considerations might have greater influence than water scarcity in determining national trading strategies. In their analysis of data describing water availability and international trade for 146 countries, the authors find that observed trading patterns are not consistent with those predicted by the virtual water metaphor.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water trade scarcity authors trading|1.3151935|7.4465346|2.5673196
2630|As Figure 3.1 illustrates, a positive relationship exists between the growth of manufacturing value added' (MVA) and of gross domestic product (GDP). Higher productivity growth in the manufacturing sector makes it an important factorfor developing countries to shift activities from agriculture and low productivity services towards manufacturing to achieve growth-enhancing structural transformation (Figure 3.2). In countries that have successfully industrialised, the growth in manufacturing and related services sectors has led to the absorption of large numbers of workers from the agriculture and informal sectors into productive jobs, and has increased the prosperity of those workers' families and communities (UNIDO 2013). Based on the importance of the manufacturing sector, this chapter explores the processes behind industrialisation and how sustainable and inclusive economic development can be achieved through the development of this sector.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|manufacturing growth sector productivity workers|5.087125|3.6463866|3.0313962
2631|Adjust the DRG system to better account for the severity of cases dealt with by university hospitals so as to compensate them. Implement the planned corporatisation (or “commercialisation”) of hospitals carefully in a way that does not threaten equal access to care, especially across regions. Carry out a thorough study of those investments that would correspond to the most pressing needs of the population across the country to ensure that ageing hospital infrastructure is modernised.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals drg dealt commercialisation thorough|8.9431925|8.799001|1.709228
2632|Growth models measure improvement by looking at how' a school has improved student performance independently of the level of achievement (Figlio and Loeb, 2011). Within each model, teachers are motivated to focus attention on different student groups. In status models, low-performing students receive greater attention to bring them up to proficiency levels; in growth models, teachers are rewarded for improving student outcomes for any level of student. Hence, in growth model systems teachers are less likely to exclude under-performing students, as any improvement in outcome is measured.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student models teachers performing growth|9.578303|2.1069167|2.8342593
2633|In order to be valid, instruments must be uncorrelated with the error term in the explanatory equation and have no direct effect on female (male) migration. To be relevant, the instrument must be correlated with the endogenous independent variables, that is the SIGI. Previous studies on gender inequality rarely shed light on the possibility of endogeneity issues and the validity of the instruments to solve them. A prominent exception is represented by Dollar and Gatti (1999), who instrument gender inequality in a growth equation by religious affiliation and civil liberties.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equation instrument instruments inequality endogeneity|8.75125|5.154915|6.9290385
2634|The government’s investment in the system is considerable, in terms of both infrastructure development and various types of subsidies to promote the purchase of electric vehicles and renewable electricity generation. The challenge is to further mobilise the private sector, electric utilities and R&D institutions. The Electric Mobility Plan and C02-based vehicle taxes, while commendable, are examples of this underlying thinking.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electric mobilise thinking purchase vehicle|3.793614|4.580071|0.7083297
2635|It is plausible that a mismatch could exist between aspirations, understood as the level of well-being that people desire, and expectations of well-being in terms of the socioeconomic position that individuals actually hope to achieve. This would be the result of an evaluation of their personal capacities and the opportunities provided to them by the social structure. In the case of expectations, the data are consistent with information that shows that these vary according to the individual’s position in the social structure (ECLAC, 2008a). Nonetheless, this does not mean that the association between welfare expectations and the household’s economic situation has the properties of a direct relation.|SDG 1 - No poverty|expectations position structure plausible hope|6.960684|6.026986|5.01545
2636|The services included are those identified as the most important and essential for residents' day-to-day well-being (e.g. the nearest 10 000 low-qualified and high-qualified jobs, or the nearest three primary schools, secondary schools and further education institutions). This approach reveals users' ease getting to essential services while considering a degree of choice in the services to which they are likely to go (Inayathusein and Cooper, 2018). For instance, the highest score, A, means travel times to relevant destinations are more than one standard deviation below the average score, while E means travel times are more than two standard deviations above the average. It is particularly helpful when making decisions about the best places to introduce new services, such as health or education, with an aim to locate them in places with good connectivity.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nearest services score qualified travel|4.3186073|5.3003106|0.6719161
2637|This exercise revealed a poverty incidence of 33.8 per cent. This ranking was then compared with the one obtained using the other criteria. The lesson that emerges from this multi-method field research is that different approaches lead to very different estimates of poverty for the same set of households. This no doubt reflects the very low poverty line.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty doubt emerges lesson different|6.541174|6.2034802|5.0603004
2638|The Latvian Ministry of Health has developed an action plan to reduce the risk of contracting a communicable disease, promoting early intervention and diagnosis, which was submitted to the Cabinet of Ministers for approval in 2017. Latvian men tend to perceive their health as being better than women with 51% reporting to be in good health compared to only 42% of women. There are also large disparities by income group: only about one in three Latvians in low-income households report to be in good health, compared to two in three in high-income households.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|latvian health income good compared|9.123733|9.14581|2.6157079
2639|One major reason for this in rural China has been the relatively equitable distribution of land, which has tended to offset other inequalities. While this has been a major factor in poverty reduction as well, as discussed below, there are some areas of concern relating to recent tendencies in displacement of the peasantry as land is converted for non-agricultural uses. Provincial and local governments in some of the more economically dynamic provinces have played a growing role in this.|SDG 1 - No poverty|major land displacement converted tended|4.931137|5.2567663|4.0796847
2640|"Women’s participation in labour markets can occur at the expense of their unpaid care and domestic work, which can lower the production of human capabilities that ultimately impact growth—an effect that is frequently overlooked when women’s employment rises. They point, in particular, to the need for a sustainable and caring economy, where care is recognized and valued, and the burden is redistributed equally."" This is essential, in particular for women In the global South who spend vast amounts of their time fetching firewood, fuel and water, and carry out other activities related to unpaid care and domestic work and smallholder farming (figure 3.1)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unpaid care women domestic redistributed|8.943386|4.89574|5.97832
2641|Some countries use audits to ensure implementation of gender equality. For example, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority and Yemen conduct audits or inspections to ensure implementation of gender equality-related legislation, policies and programmes. The Ministry of Women’s Affairs in Palestine contracts external parties, either from civil society or the private sector, to conduct participatory gender audits on line ministries using the International Labour Organisation’s framework for gender audits.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|audits gender conduct equality implementation|9.910989|4.1303263|7.4547224
2642|The objective of the Strategy is to reduce the vulnerability of natural, social and economic systems to climate change and to enhance their ability to effectively adapt to a changing climate. The Strategy includes a risk assessment of 13 action fields and 2 cross-sectional fields that are expected to be positively or negatively affected by climate change. The assessment is complemented by corresponding action points and goals to be developed and implemented together with the Lander and relevant social groups. The complementary Action Plan published in 2011 outlines how the objectives of the Strategy can be achieved. Both the Strategy and the Action Plan are intended to facilitate an integrated approach to adaptation. The assessment will draw on climate projections and information provided by relevant government entities on their awareness of climate change and on their complementary adaptation measures.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate strategy action assessment complementary|1.2986242|4.8172016|1.6599092
2643|A model for understanding the scalability of TEPIs needs to include mechanisms for change in the innovation adoption process by teachers and schools. Training models focusing on imparting knowledge and skills are not effective in bringing about change in pedagogical practice. Models that report successful change provide experiential, action-oriented learning with teachers collaborating in communities of practice (Looi, Lim and Chen, 2008).|SDG 4 - Quality education|change models practice teachers scalability|8.643584|1.6992098|1.9056802
2644|In many countries, trade liberalization has led to a reduction in government revenues, with implications for policies to support gender equality. Trade agreements between countries also often have provisions that limit the policies that individual governments can adopt, such as measures that aim to promote and support domestic productive activities and investment. Such agreements frequently have different consequences for women’s and men’s employment, yet issues of gender equality are rarely considered. Therefore, it should incorporate additional targets, such as real productive activity, employment or incomes. In addition, central banks can use their regulatory power to channel credit to uses that support the realization of rights and promote gender equality. Policies and regulations can also encourage credit to be extended to improve housing, stimulate job-creating investments or promote access to loans for self-employed workers in informal activities, many of whom are women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality promote gender agreements productive|9.103476|4.226962|6.631885
2645|For instance, the Linz's (Austria) 'barrier-free travel (Ungehindert mobil) for individuals with special needs' project created a transport system friendly to individuals with special needs by a widespread installation of wheelchair ramps, designated spaces in public transport and ground markings to assist individuals with impaired vision, and the availability of public transport maps and timetables in Braille. In another example, an adequately equipped and staffed waiting room for people with impaired hearing was set up in the main train station of Dusseldorf (Germany) in 2007 (UNECE, 2012). Analysis of the challenges and efficiency of such efforts, as well as the dissemination of the lessons learned can provide valuable insights into the different approaches to improve transport accessibility.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport impaired individuals special staffed|4.2760353|5.1769176|0.4825672
2646|However, the level of satisfaction with the education system and schools among the poorest 20% of the population in Korea has fallen to about 44% only. The share of private spending on educational institutions is higher than in the majority of G7 and OECD countries. High enrolment in private non-tertian' and tertiary educational institutions, combined with higher private spending for outside school classes, increase the share of household expenditures on education. At the tertiary level, private expenditures represent more than 70% of total expenditures (with most of these expenditures coming directly from households).|SDG 4 - Quality education|expenditures private tertiary spending educational|9.056527|2.074352|2.7446897
2647|This collaborative mechanism provides incentives for developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their forest and peatland sectors. A key focus of many of these activities is to help countries establish the necessary institutional structures to reduce their national deforestation rates. Once countries can verify their emission reductions, they qualify to receive results-based payments and other financial support. To date, many countries have come a long way in getting systems and policy reforms in place to reduce deforestation, and in mapping and measuring their emission reductions. Brazil is one example: it receives results-based payments based on verified emissions reductions through reduced deforestation. Guyana - a country that has a high forest cover, but a very low deforestation rate - receives payments for emissions avoided, thanks to its continuing low deforestation (see the “In my view” box).|SDG 15 - Life on land|deforestation reductions payments emissions receives|1.6604751|4.6761646|3.6205633
2648|In the medium term, a full review of secondary education pathways and certification could help to create a more comprehensive education system where students have equal learning opportunities and teachers have the space to focus on assessment for learning rather than external summative examinations. Initial and continuing teacher education need to focus on developing teachers’ assessment literacy, including practising formative assessment. Changes in assessment practice will not happen without stronger pedagogical skills and teachers need to be given the room and support they need to develop their professional judgement and capacity to give feedback on student learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment teachers learning need education|9.602787|1.6863041|1.4131058
2649|However, more recently it has channelled labour towards manufacturing activities and urban areas, but preserved highly differentiated wages and pay structures that permit firms and public entities to realize large savings and investments. This campaign, launched in 1999 is targeting the east-central-west divide. The movement of “constructing a socialist new countiyside”, formally initiated in 2005, aims at bridging the urban-rural gap.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|preserved bridging urban realize constructing|4.3571587|5.0559535|2.136762
2650|Neither population size nor the size of economies necessarily co-varies with river basin size; nor do conflicts over water or complexities of interactions over space.2 Variations in geography and human occupation of river basins are great. Some, such as those in Central Asia, are in semi-arid regions where water scarcities have become chronically severe and where cross-border governance has faced serious challenges in taking remedial actions. Others are facing the portent of their watersheds being below sea level as the oceans continue to rise from global warming.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|size river watersheds chronically remedial|0.8095209|7.241188|2.2783115
2651|With the provision of new infrastructure such as high bandwidth fibre optic submarine cables, it could greatly expand the use of ICTs for VET particularly in extending access to rural and remote areas such as in the Papuan provinces (Harding, 2011). Balikpapan with its growing manufacturing sector and proximity to the mining industries is modelling itself on becoming a “vocational city”. The lack of a feasibility study underpinning its most ambitious project, building a “super” integrated SMK school on its northern outskirts, is of concern, however. This is true of Indonesia, particularly in vocational schooling where the gender gap has been widening over the past 10 years.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational smk submarine cables super|8.549707|2.4992006|2.76904
2652|Section two examines market-based reforms to encourage energy and water conservation as well as how pollution pricing can be used more effectively. The complementary role of stronger standards and better enforcement are discussed in section three while section four concludes. Progress was especially notable during the 11th FYP period (2006-10).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|section fyp notable concludes examines|1.4939705|7.111716|2.161914
2653|External assessments may be applied to a full student cohort or only in some schools and classrooms (for example, on-demand assessments that schools can use to measure their own progress and benchmark themselves against national averages). For example, there are also hybrid forms of assessment that are developed externally but implemented and marked internally by the students’ own teachers. How to best design assessment frameworks drawing on a mix of internal and external approaches in order to achieve stated summative and formative purposes will be another guiding question throughout this chapter. These terms are briefly defined below, as they will be used frequently throughout the chapter.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessments external assessment schools chapter|9.643825|1.7195168|1.3679668
2654|In part, this rise is likely to reflect the growing incidence of diabetes as well as improved access to dialysis care. Nevertheless, the increasing number of patients on dialysis also indicates the potential for reducing the burden of disease through effective preventive actions aimed at reducing disease incidence as well as better management of disease to minimise the risk of serious complications such as ESRF. There is a much greater reliance on dialysis in countries such as Greece, Italy, Japan and Korea, where over 75% of patients are treated this way.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|dialysis disease incidence patients reducing|9.223897|9.236245|2.2064407
2655|There is, however, concern that the benefits of technology may not be available to all. However, innovation is not limited to new breakthroughs: most innovation involves incremental improvements and adaptations of existing technologies, processes and organizational structures. China and India, in particular, have become global leaders in some sustainable technologies, such as solar and wind technology, and electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, in part because they were able to improve existing technologies and production processes. Some LDCs have also begun to develop domestic technological capacities and successfully build new industries, such as the solar photovoltaic industry in Bangladesh. This technology makes transactions possible without an intermediary and thus has the potential to reduce service costs and increase financial inclusion. However, it is important to note that blockchain services are still in early stages and a number of issues, including data and privacy protection, regulatory oversight, and the overall contribution to sustainable development need further discussion, especially at the international level due to their cross-border nature.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|technologies technology electric solar processes|4.0245886|2.529872|2.0651188
2656|This improved achievement had positive flow-on effects to students’ enrolment and attendance rates (Graham and Berman, 2013). Children are assessed when they start school, and these results are shared with parents. Parents are asked to undertake learning activities with their child every day. After six months, the child’s assessment results are again shared with parents.|SDG 4 - Quality education|parents shared child results asked|9.483106|1.9888933|2.5629716
2657|In some cases the savings in water achieved by more efficient irrigation have been used by farmers to irrigate larger areas of land. Investment in detecting and repairing leaks is important, and improvements to the construction and maintenance of water supply systems have reduced leakage losses throughout the sub-region. In the past 10 to 15 years, 30-50% reductions in leakage have been achieved in the Czech Republic, Denmark, England and Wales, Germany, Malta, the Netherlands and Spain.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|leakage achieved irrigate leaks malta|1.0932025|7.418187|2.7836006
2658|The DoE has assessed that the INEP will have created an estimated 6 000 jobs in financial year 2008/09 (compared to 3 100 jobs created in 2001/02) (Department of Energy, 2009i). The cumulated number of jobs that have been created so far by the electrification programme has reached 32 995 (Department of Energy, 2009j). By declaring that all citizens have an equal right to basic services such as clean water, electricity, access to schools and clinics, the challenge there becomes an issue of delivery, not just allocation of funds.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|created jobs department doe clinics|2.215396|1.99095|2.5180557
2659|Providing greater opportunities for informal collaborative learning within schools and through peer networks will be important to support continuous professional development. The current lack of a standard process to address an unsatisfactory regular appraisal result means that weaknesses in teaching may not be addressed. Romania should set out a fair, step-by-step response to underperformance, which could include the development of an improvement plan, additional appraisals and ultimately dismissal if performance does not improve.|SDG 4 - Quality education|step underperformance appraisals unsatisfactory dismissal|9.7535|1.3030307|1.5618186
2660|It should be the goal of public, private and non-governmental family-planning organizations to remove all programme-related barriers to family-planning use by the year 2005 through the redesign or expansion of information and services and other ways to increase the ability of couples and individuals to make free and informed decisions about the number, spacing and timing of births and protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases. Specifically, Governments should make it easier for couples and individuals to take responsibility for their own reproductive health by removing unnecessary legal, medical, clinical and regulatory barriers to information and to access to family-planning services and methods. All political and community leaders are urged to play a strong, sustained and highly visible role in promoting and legitimizing the provision and use of family-planning and reproductive health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|family planning couples reproductive barriers|9.439549|5.872995|6.2118883
2661|The rationale and purpose of the transition activities should be explicitly explained to children and parents before, during and after the transition. Parents should be aware that starting school is one of the most exciting, but also one of the most challenging, experiences for young children. They should be aware that while preparing for the start of school, children may experience stress and present some behavioural changes and difficulties - being prepared for these will help enormously. These include regular discussions with parents and children to familiarise them with the process, activities, new learning environment, and staff of primary schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|parents children aware transition enormously|9.318799|2.2908492|1.9794216
2662|Recent OECD-DAC data show that 21% of climate-related ODA flows address both mitigation and adaptation, reflecting the multiple objectives of donors’ interventions (OECD, 2013c). A more concrete understanding of the specific results from such projects could also serve to better highlight the synergies or trade-offs that exist between mitigation and adaptation. Table 2 presents a number of example indicators in use across governments (in developed and developing countries) and institutions for monitoring the performance of mitigation activities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mitigation adaptation offs dac synergies|1.4879371|4.262278|1.1314925
2663|To protect spawning aggregations of fish, the area is protected from possible increase of fishing pressure; fishing effort on demersal stocks by vessels using towed nets, bottom and mid-water longlines,andbottom-setnetsmustbekeptatits20081evel. When the recommendation entered into force, relevant CPCs were asked to submit to the GFCM Secretariat the lists of authorized vessels fishing in the area at that time and were required to prohibit new vessels from fishing in the FRA so as not to increase the overall fishing effort. No studies of deep-sea ecosystems in the area were available at the time, but the presence of rare deep-water corals such as Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata was considered possible, given their recorded presence in similar areas in the western part of the Gulf of Lion (GFCM, 2008).|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing vessels gfcm deep area|-0.010532209|5.8668413|6.2236247
2664|Second, a minimum wage system might foster labour market rigidity and thus reduce labour demand, which accordingly might increase income inequality. In 1999, the Ministry of Labour and Social Security issued a Notice on Building a Wage Guideline System on the Labour Market, which is important for labour market development and the reform of enterprise wage systems. The Wage Guideline System is helpful for formulating justified wage levels on the labour market, providing external reference standards for employers and employees to determine wage levels, increasing information for employers and employees, and improving the success rate for workers’ job applications and promoting overall efficiency in labour market operations.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|wage labour market guideline employees|7.880638|4.6393795|4.444782
2665|"With finance” is the Gini coefficient in the raw data. “ Without finance"" is the Gini coefficient when all financial sector employees are removed from the sample. “ Without financial sector wage premia"" is the Gini coefficient when the earnings of all financial sector employees are corrected for the wage premium."|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|gini coefficient financial employees sector|6.8000865|5.1010323|4.816104
2666|Furthermore, because of their success in disbursing funds, there is a risk that revolving funds might crowd out commercial sources from serving water and wastewater providers, especially since the volume of funds made available through this mechanism has recently been increased by the US stimulus package (Chapter 4). Bond banks also have the capacity to prioritise development projects according to their financial profitability. Developing the more profitable projects first can secure the initial capital and generate new sources of revenues, which can be used to mobilise new financing for developing a second generation of projects. This process can be repeated several times, so as to increase the number of projects financed in such a way.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|projects funds sources revolving crowd|3.0220525|4.275458|2.2082129
2667|"Finally, Indonesia has made an effort to combat illegal logging and corruption in the forest sector, with many arrests and prosecutions already made. In the past, development meant that the forests were cut down or burned. Now development means that people take care of the forest. In this way we can fight poverty, and at the same time protect the rainforest” (Mangkusobroto, 2012). Norway has also been saluted for its ""hands-off’ approach to its forest partnerships (Lash and Dyer, 2014), with limited intervention in countries’ processes as long as basic social, environmental and fiduciary standards are met. Experience shows that this approach works well and helps to develop a true partnership among equals."|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest equals approach logging fight|1.645319|4.676497|3.7047427
2668|The “double subsidy” issue arises in this context also, as the federally supported price of ethanol in the United States generates higher market prices for com, thus attracting greater production. Inadequate prices for water and other inputs can increase the public costs of maintaining the ethanol program. A corollary objective is to describe the range of irrigation water prices and other farm-level costs of obtaining irrigation water in the United States. Prices and costs vary substantially throughout the country, ranging from very low in some areas at some times of the year, to quite high in other locations, particularly during periods of peak demand. Prices and costs are increasing over time in most areas, with notable implications for water use efficiency, water allocation, economic efficiency, and farm-level costs and returns. There is notable variation also in irrigation strategies, and in water supplies and demands, in eastern and western regions of the United States.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|prices water costs irrigation ethanol|1.246207|7.557417|2.7554636
2669|The European Environment Agency reports that most EECCA countries have problems with the quality of their drinking water supplies. The percentage of samples of drinking water not complying with microbiological standards is between five and 30%, this excess being higher in non-centralised drinking water sources, primarily in rural areas. This situation leads to significant negative health impacts, as illustrated by two charts below, based on WHO data (WHO, 2010).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|drinking water charts complying eecca|1.3530083|6.8544774|2.633767
2670|As reported in OECD (2015b) plans could shift from a “programme” approach, which always requires someone else to implement, to a “target” approach. An example would be to define water quality targets, limits in water consumption and pollution loads, and standards for water use efficiency to be reflected into water permit systems. Targets not met could then be subject to sanctions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water targets approach loads sanctions|1.2704365|6.672198|1.9216013
2671|Examinations are a common feature of career-based teacher employment systems like France, Japan, Korea or Spain (OECD, 2013). Examinations play a vital role in countries where there are concerns about the quality of initial teacher education or an oversupply of teachers - both of which are the case in Costa Rica. While examinations cannot fully discriminate all the requirements for effective teaching, they can be a valuable tool for ensuring that all teacher candidates have a minimum level of know ledge and skills. Established Teaching Standards would help to define the parameters of the exam. A minimum level should be established that all candidates should reach, independently of the availability of teaching posts.|SDG 4 - Quality education|examinations teacher teaching candidates minimum|10.140744|1.5235047|2.5758564
2672|In particular, Africa (excluding North Africa) had 95 full-time researchers per 1 million inhabitants in 2013, while other groups had more researchers in place. Developed countries had 3,641 researchers per 1 million inhabitants, developing countries 536 researchers and the world in general 1,083 researchers. During the period 2008-2010, multilateral organizations consisting of the World Bank, AfDB and the European Union provided more than half the official development financing (ODA plus non-concessional funds). Among the bilateral donors, the highest contributions came from Japan, France and Germany and the Arab States.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|researchers inhabitants africa million afdb|4.989912|3.4456143|2.124323
2673|Section 4 analyses how aid for trade can help strengthen the impact of trade on growth and poverty reduction, and which policy tools can best reinforce the impact of trade on poverty reduction, such as by building productive capacities, connecting the poor to markets, and mitigating the costs of adjustments. Section 5 underlines the need for a tailored, country-based approach to economic integration. Section 6 concludes by summarising the main policy conclusions and the potential gains-from-trade that are at stake.|SDG 1 - No poverty|trade section reduction stake underlines|5.652722|4.928068|4.3052073
2674|Several studies show a much broader range of benefits, in financial, reliability, system and network, market price and marketing terms, which could accrue to energy providers, but work is needed to refine approaches to measuring these. Energy is one of the highest operating costs in most offices, for example, so the net present value of future energy savings can be added to the resale value. Studies demonstrate that the market is increasingly reflecting this reasoning. From a business point of view, energy efficiency can provide a valuable stimulus to growth, especially in income properties where any reduction in operating costs directly translates into an increase in net operating income (NOI).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|operating energy net studies refine|2.15105|2.5841095|2.388579
2675|In MENA countries, the economic cost (foregone extractive uses) of full groundwater depletion was estimated at 1-2.1% of GDP (excluding in situ values) (Ruta, 2005) (Figure C.15). In China, the cost of groundwater depletion (excluding the existence value) was estimated at CNY 92 (USD 12) billion, based on the scarcity value of water (World Bank, 2007). This is a major concern in nine of the 11 European countries where coastal groundwater overexploitation was reported (Figure C.16).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater depletion excluding estimated cny|1.049348|7.350749|2.8959897
2676|Country ownership is a principle of the Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation building on the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda for Action. While the past 15 years have tended to separate development finance to achieve the MDGs from climate finance to achieve the goals of the UNFCCC, Agenda 2030 and the Paris Agreement place climate action into the context of sustainable development. In addition, the emphasis in all the 2015 outcomes on country ownership provides an opportunity to increase coherence at national level, especially if partner countries are supported to strengthen human and institutional capacity.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ownership paris agenda achieve action|1.9420317|4.1175933|1.1272972
2677|The existing shape of the Latvian workforce, which is set out in Chapter 1, presents a number of challenges, including the geographic distribution of health professionals, the ageing workforce, the challenge of low' salaries and out-migration of health professionals, and of the need for the workforce to adapt to meet changing population health needs. Such a plan should consider training needs, based on expected retirement rates. Geographical shortages of health professionals should be considered, and Latvia could consider targeting recruitment for training towards populations in rural and under-served areas who may be more likely to wish to return to practice in the area (see Section 2.2). Financial incentives for physicians, nurses, pharmacists and other health professionals to serve in rural areas could be again considered, although so far higher salaries in rural areas does not appear to have encouraged specialists to re-locate. Other incentives, such as access to a broader range of services such as accommodation and child care, may prove more attractive.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|professionals workforce health salaries rural|9.196498|8.746429|2.1096814
2678|The commitment of organizations in a variety of fields, such as development, trade, disaster prevention and security, are needed for an all hazard responses. To ensure such a commitment from a diverse range of organizations, this commitment must be endorsed not only at the level of the health minister but also from the top national level. International organizations active in the field, such as UNDP and UNICEF, need to acknowledge that enhanced IHR core capacities contribute to the overall strengthening of the health systems in developing countries, and play a role in monitoring whether the IHR requirements of core capacities are met in each country.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|organizations commitment core capacities endorsed|8.372591|8.86752|3.041169
2679|Students who have not made the transition from learning-to-read to reading-to-learn are unable to handle the demands for understanding increasingly complex subject-matter content (Morris, Bloodgood and Perney, 2003). Longitudinal studies that have followed students through to the school-leaving age have identified a number of demographic and school-related factors related to completion (Barrington and Hendricks, 1989; Crane, 1991; Ensminger and Slusarcick, 1992; Fagan and ftibon, 1990; Gilbert et al., Literacy skills, grade repetition, attendance, engagement and positive behaviours are among the most important determinants, and nearly all studies emphasise the role of family socio-economic status and parental engagement. Recent advances in neurobiology, molecular biology and genomics have provided compelling evidence that children's early experiences interact with their genetic disposition in ways that affect brain development as well as other neurological and biological systems associated with healthy child development (Boyce, Sokolowski and Robinson, 2012).|SDG 4 - Quality education|engagement studies genomics disposition robinson|9.759829|2.2433958|2.967267
2680|Estonia introduced a 15% co-payment for inpatient nursing care (van Ginneken 2013). Spain introduced income-dependent co-payments for medicines including for most pensioners with limits depending on their pension level (Casino, 2012). Australia introduced caps on the public contribution for specific out-of-hospital services including private obstetrics and assisted reproductive technology services in 2010, which has resulted in higher co-payments for these services (van Gool et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|introduced van payments services obstetrics|8.64152|8.945479|2.2027216
2681|Nuclear power plants sited in the vicinity of a large source of water, either a sea, lake or river, are generally cooled by running a large amount of water into the condenser and discharging it back to the original source a few degrees warmer, with little or no evaporation. This is known as once-through cooling. The water withdrawal requirements for a nuclear power plant of 1 GW employing this cooling method are about 50 m3/s, which corresponds to 1.3 billion tonnes of water per year. If the water availability is limited, heat removal is generally accomplished via evaporation in cooling towers with a re-circulating system: water passes through the condenser, is pumped to the top of the tower and is sprayed downwards to a collection basin, while being cooled by an up-drought of air. In a wet recirculating system, about 4-5% of the water evaporates and must be replaced.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|water cooling evaporation nuclear source|1.1001956|1.6433434|2.0912755
2682|The fertiliser registration process takes about one month in both economies and costs only 0.5% (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and 5.3% (Serbia) of income per capita. In both economies there are hardly any regulatoiy obstacles for agri-businesses in producing, marketing and exporting fertiliser. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, only one day is required to obtain per-shipment export documents, which is among the most efficient in the world. They should re-double their efforts to enforce them.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|herzegovina bosnia fertiliser economies shipment|3.694884|5.1478214|3.912036
2683|It is a key source of food, energy, minerals, health, leisure and transport upon which hundreds of millions of people depend. However, the maritime industry landscape is poised to undergo a profound transition. Long considered the traditional domain of shipping, fishing and - since the 1960s - offshore oil and gas, new activities are emerging that are reshaping and diversifying maritime industries. While traditional maritime industries continue to innovate at a brisk rate, it is the emerging ocean industries that are attracting most of the attention. These industries include offshore wind, tidal and wave energy; oil and gas exploration and production in ultra-deep water and exceptionally harsh environments; offshore aquaculture; seabed mining; cruise tourism; maritime surveillance and marine biotechnology. The long-term potential for innovation, employment creation and economic growth offered by these sectors is impressive.|SDG 14 - Life below water|maritime offshore industries oil emerging|0.2290631|5.741793|5.9902086
2684|Problems of access faced by women in the credit market are likely to be exacerbated by the tightening of banks’ credit conditions. Public interventions to strengthen banks’ balance sheets and extend credit guarantees have generally lead to improvements in the financing prospects of small and medium-sized enterprises, where female ownership is more widespread. However, data monitoring the financing of enterprises in Europe show that, at the end of 2010, access to finance was the most pressing problem for more than 16% of female-owned enterprises, and rejection rates were significantly higher for women (4.3%) than for men (2.3%).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|enterprises credit banks female financing|8.68275|3.4437616|6.3816323
2685|By contrast, several countries with rich natural-resource endowments, both the more and less advanced ones, have seen an improvement in their terms of trade over the past decade. Under certain circumstances, this improve-ment has facilitated the adoption of policies designed to reduce income inequality. It starts with a brief account of the trade-inequality debate of the early 1990s, which emphasized the rise in wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labour in developed countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality trade starts endowments emphasized|6.553083|4.778468|4.4612675
2686|"During the 1997 special session on the review of five years of implementation of the agenda, the United Nations General Assembly identified transport as the largest end user of energy in developed countries and the fastest growing one in most developing countries. The General Assembly also noted, ""Over the next twenty years, transportation is expected to be the major driving force behind a growing world demand for energy."" Subsequent global agendas have increasingly reinforced the significance of transport to global and local development."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|assembly growing transport general global|4.013672|4.8476896|0.79518306
2687|However, the gender gap is narrower for attempted suicide, as women tend to use less irreversible methods than men, and are thus more likely to survive (OECD, 2011a; OECD, 2012c). In Europe, a measure of Healthy Life Years (HLY) has been endorsed as an important indicator to monitor whether years of longer life are lived free of disability. Thus, while women live longer than men, a higher share of their lifespan is limited due to disease and injury (25% of years lived as opposed to 19% for men).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lived men years longer life|9.461974|8.949718|3.1608696
2688|In Saudi Arabia, the late King Abdullah declared in a speech held in 2011 that women will be allowed to vote and stand for municipal elections in 2015. Saudi Arabia’s Royal Decree 44 (A) of 2013 regarding the amendment of Article 3 of the Statute of the Shura Council also helps to guarantee a certain amount of female representation. Women’s right to vote and to run for elections was also established (or re-established) in Bahrain, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates between 2002 and 2006.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|vote arabia saudi elections established|10.34874|4.4940276|7.158171
2689|Patient Opinion, an online portal, enables people to post their experiences of NHS services anonymously. People who wish to give feedback on a service can leave a comment and can expect a reply from a member of NHS staff, often from the institution concerned. In a recent example, a patient wrote on the online forum about a negative experience with a rheumatology service.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nhs online patient wrote service|9.027768|9.556462|1.6997292
2690|Consequently, this has resulted in an upsurge in the numbers of road accidents in several countries within the region, particularly within metropolitan cities. Worldwide, road traffic takes the lives of nearly 1.3 million people every year, and injures 20-50 million more.127 According to the World Health Organization, road traffic fatalities are predicted to rise to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030, resulting in an estimated 2.4 million fatalities per year. Roads that are not capable of handling levels of traffic volume, are inadequate for the terrain, are poorly maintained and have poor visibility, can all contribute to road fatalities and injuries.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fatalities road traffic million terrain|4.243936|5.2054253|-0.012628044
2691|She built a methodology identifying people's needs using travel survey data, including data on mobility patterns and people's satisfaction with their trips in terms of travel time (Box 4). A lower value indicates that people's need for a certain activity (e.g. access to employment, school or hospital) is not met due to long travel times related to poor transport provision. By eliciting users' unmet needs, the indicator also served to identify the transport user groups (that are particularly vulnerable due to limited accessibility to activities. With 62% of retirees assessing their satisfaction negatively, analysis showed that retirees' need to reach health facilities by public transport is largely unmet; while 53% of housewives feel their need to do daily shopping is unsatisfied.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|travel retirees unmet transport satisfaction|4.3073187|5.206082|0.48797333
2692|Lower-income men and women cease being single and form conjugal unions early, while their peers in high-income households postpone the age of first conjugal union (see figures IV.5 and IV.6). One involves staying in the education system for most of adolescence and youth (although this may be combined with entering and leaving the workforce). This makes it possible to maximize the accumulation of opportunities for entering the labour market and taking on other adult roles.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entering iv postpone maximize staying|9.223836|4.6127853|5.8087673
2693|International conventions guide signatories to emphasise women’s equality' and promote a vision of inclusive governance for women in both rural and urban areas. Many countries aim to advance gender equality through national reform agendas that adopt new laws and institutional arrangements aimed to increase women’s access to justice and protection of their physical integrity. Civil society organisations in the region are active in promoting awareness of women’s rights and advocating for greater gender equality. These efforts need further strengthening to be sustainable, to have a genuine impact on eliminating discriminatory provisions embedded in many laws across the region, and to build institutions capable of protecting women’s rights and granting equal access to justice. This chapter assesses the legal, policy and institutional frameworks guiding some of the key areas of family relations and private life in the MENA region, which ultimately impact women’s ability to fully participate in economic and public life.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women equality justice region laws|9.637536|4.858888|7.2293754
2694|At the same time, these measures can support domestic demand and boost growth and employment creation in the economy as a whole. However, there are limits to achieving greater equality in personal income distribution in this way. A comprehensive policy approach to reversing the trend towards greater inequality will require a broader reorientation of economic policy that takes into account the dynamics linking productive investment, growth and income distribution, which are influenced by labour market and macroeconomic policies. These aspects are discussed in the next chapter.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|distribution reorientation greater reversing growth|6.69188|4.9662347|4.587145
2695|However recent studies have come to other results based on the fact that the number of servings in the cost sector is at least twice as many, e.g. more than one million servings per day. This gives a total of 148,000 tons food waste from the hospitality sector in Denmark. If we combine these data with the key figure from Miljostyrelsen of food waste per meal, e.g. 125 g, this gives a rough estimate of the amount of food waste.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste gives food rough hospitality|4.119271|5.316271|4.6810255
2696|Article 14 BIS 5 of the National Water Law establishes that those who make an efficient and clean use of water will benefit from economic incentives. Article 28 IV establishes that water right holders will have the right to transmit the rights of the titles that they possess (as well as the duty to install water meters and pay water charges), thus paving the way to water markets. The federal level has traditionally been the main actor in financing water resources management and irrigation, but this role has been evolving: first, with the transfer of irrigation districts to water user associations in the 1990s, and second with the current transition towards river basin management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water establishes article irrigation right|1.1391478|7.5074215|2.0270514
2697|Many of these define her subordinate position at home and elsewhere (Population Reference Bureau, 2016). Harmful norms result in parents thinking that school is not for girls, in educators steering girls into low-paying “feminine” jobs, in health-care providers refusing to provide reproductive health information and services, in police choosing to believe a parent who claims not to be abusing a girl over the testimony of the girl herself. Failing to recognize the power of norms to shape behaviour can undercut the effectiveness of all interventions otherwise aimed at greater well-being for the 10-year-old girl.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girl norms girls feminine subordinate|9.68941|5.212502|6.5499706
2698|During this time period, the foundations of good physical and mental wellbeing are being laid (Halfon et al, 2010]. Consequently, it is important to nurture positive life-experiences from birth -and even earlier during pregnancy (Marmot, Allen, Goldblatt, et al., Due attention should be given to inequality and its negative impact on the long-term health of children. Unequal access to education influences negatively their physical and mental health, and their possibilities for higher income and good employment at an older age.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental physical allen good nurture|7.894993|5.6785216|5.0202985
2699|For agriculture it includes: irrigation to smooth water supply across the production seasons; water management in rainfed agriculture; management of floods, droughts, and drainage; conservation of ecosystems; and meeting cultural and recreational needs linked to water (OECD, 2010a). For most countries agriculture is largely rainfed, but in areas susceptible to variable precipitation, irrigation is used to supplement rainfall, mainly drawing on freshwater from surface and groundwater sources (i.e. shallow wells and deep aquifers), and to a lesser extent recycled wastewater and desalinated water. Water resource management in agriculture also operates in a highly diverse set of political, cultural, legal and institutional contexts, encompassing a range of areas of public policy: agriculture, water, environment, energy, fiscal, economic, social and regional.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|agriculture water rainfed management irrigation|1.0172043|7.3208427|2.9843652
2700|While abortion rates usually decline with increasing usage of modern contraceptives (Westoff, 2005; Shah and Ahman, 2004), they may rise due to a strong desire for smaller family size during periods of rapid fertility decline. Studies have shown an association between fertility transition and unwanted pregnancy in some developing countries, indicating a rise in unwanted pregnancies during the fertility transition, and remaining relatively high until the end of the transition period (Bankole and Westoff, 1995; Bongaarts, 2002). Contrary to other countries, the substantial fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been accompanied by only a moderate rise in the age at first birth, which increased from 18.5 years in the 1980s to 21 years in the 1990s (Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2014).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|fertility transition unwanted decline rise|9.221076|5.809801|6.0596957
2701|Some utilities have maximum demand and/or service charges (Fiji, PNG and Vanuatu) to ensure that larger users pay the appropriate proportion of the use of the grid and total cost of supply. Others (Fiji, Nauru, PNG, Samoa, Tuvalu and Vanuatu) have lifeline tariffs, which lowers the cost for a specified usage amount to assist with affordability of what is an essential service for low-income households. All the other Commonwealth Pacific small states have renewable electricity generation rates of less than 5 per cent.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|png vanuatu fiji service nauru|1.8870093|1.9042275|2.4777696
2702|Institutional coordination is especially needed with respect to migrants, including greater vertical cooperation between central-level agencies and municipalities; as well as horizontal coordination at the municipal level to avoid overlap (OECD, 2017(25]). Sweden has all types of rural areas within its national territory: from those with proximity to functional urban areas, to remote rural areas. The southern part of the country is more densely populated than the north, while the north is characterised by different areas such as a sparsely populated interior with population concentrated in cities along the coast. In remote rural areas, there are places which have very concentrated populations in few centres (such as Norrbotten), and other where the population is more evenly distributed (such as Jamtland-Harjedalen).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|areas populated rural concentrated remote|4.47366|4.3558273|1.4208034
2703|They are planned so as to recover the cost of producing effluent to a quality level enabling unrestricted irrigation, or investment and maintenance related to the effluent pipe grid. To finance investments in wastewater treatment, municipalities receive grants and soft loans through various funds including the National Sewage Fund. It partly reflects the scarcity value of water resources, with a higher rate charged for the extraction of groundwater than for that of surface water (OECD, 2010a).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|effluent pipe soft sewage recover|1.6308897|7.1920643|2.230624
2704|Several developing countries view their financial support as horizontal co-operation activities between countries providing assistance to each other as partners, including through emphasising investment in productive sectors (notably infrastructure), technical co-operation and training. This would recognise the contribution of other climate finance providers that do not necessarily provide funds that match these definitions or specific categories. Over the past several years, improved transparency of public climate finance provided by developed countries and multilateral development banks has helped with understanding what types of projects and sectors are being financed, in which countries, and to which actors they are being channelled (OECD, 2015a). Having a more complete overview of such information would help identify gaps, needs and ways to improve the provision of funds.|SDG 13 - Climate action|countries funds operation finance sectors|1.7831324|4.016758|1.0867485
2705|Employment agencies, together with education and training institutions and others, can help localities move towards a high-skills equilibrium. Collaboratively, they need not only to better adapt the supply of skills to the demands of the local economy but also to improve local skills utilisation through: providing incentives for employers to invest in new technology, helping local enterprises to identify weaknesses in their production processes, promoting effective and innovative forms of w'ork organisation, facilitating technology transfer and encouraging uptake of training for both managers and werkers. The Skills Development Council in Pakistan, a self-sustained private organisation, illustrates this point. The council’s board consists of four employer members, one worker representative and five government officials.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|skills organisation council local technology|8.311167|2.8667278|2.7483342
2706|But as VET systems gain importance, maintaining relevance is one of their central challenges. While all educational programmes should build relevant skills, VET providers are under particular pressure to ensure that their programmes teach skills that are aligned with the needs of local economies and employers. A positive factor is that the generally shorter length of VET programmes compared to more academic ones makes it easier for the government to implement these changes rapidly and effectively.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vet programmes skills teach shorter|8.513501|2.7781725|2.8160362
2707|Similarly, the water requirements needed to support large agricultural or mining concessions can be significant but are often left undocumented and can affect the usage rights of adjacent communities. Disputes are inevitable when the available water is insufficient to satisfy all existing legal rights, especially in situations of high natural variability. For example, one jurisdiction may manage on the basis of integrated water resource management, whereas another jurisdiction may use a more narrow, sectoral approach that focuses on managing water flow and quality.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|jurisdiction water rights undocumented inevitable|0.9776068|7.3920856|2.1366904
2708|This is especially useful since some women entrepreneurs report that the process of applying for a loan appears “too complicated” (Vital Voices, 2013). In addition, the information sharing and networking possibilities generated by such technologies could further pave the way for innovation in the field of SME finance for women-owned businesses. The UAE is an interesting example (see Box 3.1) of the focus of the national reform agenda for bank financing on SMEs as well as women. Banks can take actions to enhance their transparency, improve information sharing and their outreach efforts to deepen their penetration of this new market segment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sharing women pave uae deepen|8.646633|3.3682947|6.422812
2709|The typical story is that higher female labourforce participation is associated with lower fertility, but this result partly depends on the extent of public supports for the reproductive work of women involved in paid work. For instance, the high fertility and low female employment in Ireland or the high fertility and high female employment in Scandinavian countries can be linked to differences in the structures of their social welfare systems (Esping-Anderson 1996). The simple reason is that the time and financial burdens of social reproduction are spread among more contributors, so increasing female labour force participation can be counterbalanced by supports in the family, community and state. The more complex reason involves how wages and prices change in ways that support more human capacities production when both women and men devote resources - both private and public - to it.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female fertility supports reason high|9.013301|5.132075|5.980374
2710|A total of 60 per cent of the worlds preterm births are found in only 10 countries, 6 of which are in the Asian and Pacific region: Bangladesh; China; India; Indonesia; Pakistan; and the Philippines. The countries in the region with the highest preterm birth rates in 2010 were Pakistan (16 per 100 live births), Indonesia (15 per 100 live births), the Philippines (15 per 100 live births), Bangladesh (14 per 100 live births) and Nepal (14 per 100 live births). Estimates of this indicator are produced from data collected from such surveys as demographic and health surveys and multiple indicator cluster surveys. Interpretation should therefore be considered with caution.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|births live surveys pakistan philippines|8.808022|8.447084|3.6126525
2711|These measures exclude mothers from decision making on the welfare of their children. As a result of this uneven treatment, women may receive a smaller share of the husband’s or father’s property at his death than would widowers and sons. In some instances, women are granted limited and controlled rights and receive income only from the deceased’s property.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|property receive deceased sons exclude|9.181721|5.192556|7.0246506
2712|It should also be mentioned that the capacity ceiling established by the European Commission (EC) for the German fleet has not been fully utilised. By application, the notification gives fisheries enterprises the opportunity to make investments, modernise their fishing vessels or replace them with more efficient vessels, without suffering a reduction of the quantity of quota they are assigned. Over the period 2015 to 2016, five proceedings were successfully completed in accordance with the notification rule.|SDG 14 - Life below water|notification vessels modernise proceedings utilised|-0.122924|5.715392|6.7705207
2713|It compels political parties to ensure gender parity when they nominate candidates in federal and local congressional elections and that they alternate male and female names on their lists of candidates. The move was a critical improvement on the previous constitutional requirement that at least 40% of deputies in the Assembly should be of the same sex (OECD, 2017b). However, between 2013 and 2016, no further countries joined the 10 that reported practicing legislative quotas, although France did embrace them in 2013 at the subnational level.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|candidates practicing names embrace joined|10.466616|4.1877375|6.948742
2714|The Commission has recently stressed the importance of education and health literacy in improving health outcomes over a lifetime, with particular focus on adolescents and youth. Resolutions on particular population groups, such as migrants, adolescents and youth, older persons, or urban and rural residents, have recognized the health care needs of those groups and related implications for health systems. Resolutions have also drawn attention to the negative effects of the emigration of highly-skilled workers on development in countries of origin, often in the health-related sectors, and called for ethical recruitment of health-care workers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health resolutions adolescents youth workers|9.069184|8.503196|2.205482
2715|It is crucial to make the connection between gender responsiveness and operational benefits. Rewarding and publicising 'gender champions' -women and men who have shown dedication to integrating gender issues - has the added advantage of providing role models to other personnel. What are the advantages of using a gender lens?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender rewarding champions lens responsiveness|9.944463|4.3584|7.401293
2716|Although India has a national health care system granting free consultations in public hospitals, these have usually long waiting lists, are short of staff and drugs often unable to meet the rising demand for health care. As a result, effective health care coverage is low, covering only 10% of the population with only government or employees of large firms enjoying comprehensive health insurance (Kumar et al., Private health care has partially filled the gap left by the low public sector provision.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care enjoying filled granting|8.702246|8.759216|2.1998808
2717|System costs in this study are defined as the total costs above plant-leuel costs to supply electricity at a given load and given level of security of supply. In principle, this definition could include costs external to the electricity market such as environmental costs or security of supply impacts. This study, however, focuses primarily on the costs accruing inside the electricity system to producers, consumers as well as transport and distribution system operators. A large subset of these costs are the monetisable system costs that are mediated by the electricity grid and are referred to in the following as “grid-level system costs” or “grid costs”.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|costs electricity grid supply security|1.5503579|1.7948595|1.7205901
2718|These attitudes need to shift to open up new opportunities, not only to engage youth in economically productive activities, but to contribute to rural development in a country that is principally dependent on agriculture for livelihoods. It considers how to respond to the growing youth bulge and, in particular, how to promote youth well-being and a transition towards a demographic dividend through social enterprise development in rural areas. The concept emerges from his idea that individuals are more than merely economic actors.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth rural principally emerges dividend|4.4367886|5.369592|3.6139047
2719|Under federal legislation, all Australian based companies with energy consumption of more than 0.5 PJ per annum are required to report on energy use and energy savings under the Energy Efficiency Opportunities Program. Hence these companies have established systems and training to improve energy efficiency, resulting in a reduction in carbon emissions, but many large firms rely on in-house and specialist training organisations rather than using TAFE programmes. Smaller companies are not subject to the same requirements, so there may be a role for partnership networks made up of regional development agencies, local government agencies and TAFE Institutes to address this universal issue.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy tafe companies agencies efficiency|2.1918914|2.7859938|2.3026717
2720|The amount of the monetary reward depends not only on the AVDI rating but also on the teacher’s rating in the performance evaluation system, as indicated in Table 2.8. Also, if the teacher is employed in a school with a high concentration of priority students, the reward is increased by 30%. The duration of the AVDI reward varies between two and four years depending on when the AVDI test is taken vis-a-vis the next evaluation planned in the context of the teacher performance evaluation system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reward rating teacher vis evaluation|9.831135|1.5737586|1.7159187
2721|Research based on the Heart Failure Survey in Israel, which examined the quality of care for patients with heart failure, found that mortality rates increased sharply after discharge from hospital. In-hospital mortality was 4.7%; however, mortality increased to 19% at six months post discharge and to 28% at one-year post discharge (Garty et al., The high risk of long-term mortality indicates the urgent need for developing more effective management strategies for patients with CHF discharged from hospital.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality discharge hospital heart failure|9.208609|9.224985|2.243954
2722|Both can include forward-looking projections in addition to historical trends. Variations of this NDC type include emission reductions from a base year (e.g. a 20% reduction from 1990 levels), emission reductions to a specified emission level (e.g. 300 MtC02-eq) or achievement of carbon neutrality by a given date (i.e. the specified net emissions level is zero). Some countries had previously expressed goals for carbon neutrality under the Cancun Agreements (Maldives and Costa Rica).|SDG 13 - Climate action|emission neutrality specified reductions carbon|1.1898352|3.5469425|1.1883863
2723|The top environmental issues related to mining include uncontrolled chemical waste from leachate and poor rehabilitation of abandoned mining sites. An estimated 100,000 ha of land have been degraded by coal and gold mining activities. Only a minimal amount of the land degraded by mining activities has been restored.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mining degraded uncontrolled land restored|0.91084546|6.7985616|2.8273134
2724|Overall, structural fiscal balances were little changed between 1994 and 2004, with a mixed picture across countries. The revised Jobs Strategy reiterated the basic recommendations of the original strategy as regards macroeconomic policy, i.e. that it should aim at price stability and sound public finances so as to keep interest rates low and encourage investment and labour productivity, with potential beneficial effects on employment. Macroeconomic policy is also to be used to help stabilise the economy in order to reduce the risk that transitory increases in unemployment due to adverse shocks become persistent and to ensure that the benefits of structural reforms are brought forward.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|macroeconomic structural strategy transitory balances|5.6866956|4.9406977|3.7593167
2725|Work in the focus areas on poverty and the MDGs and democratic governance can deepen intentions and action towards gender-responsive and gender-transformative results. All UNDP programming and policies should be attentive to framing women as agents and active citizens. If UNDP aims to contribute to transformative change, it will need to accelerate efforts in all focus areas to more strategically target the roots of inequalities, structures of unequal power, participation and relations, and address and transform unequal norms, values and policies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|transformative unequal undp focus framing|9.937863|4.0808783|7.695942
2726|The work was overseen by Simon Buckle (Head of Climate, Biodiversity and Water division) and Anthony Cox (Deputy Director, Environment). It is based on the OECD Environment Working Paper, “Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: Getting the Policies Right”, by Lola Vallejo and Michael Mullan. Extreme events illustrate the extent of this potential exposure.|SDG 13 - Climate action|overseen simon michael environment deputy|1.546111|4.966672|1.794228
2727|In this way, policy coherence can be instrumental to generate comprehensive policy solutions and contribute to a sustainable and more inclusive development. The Development Strategy, which has been endorsed during the Ministerial Council Meeting of May 2012, advocates a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to development in which policy coherence for development is a core element. It is an essential tool to ensure that the Organisation's contributions to development efforts are strengthened and respond to fast-changing global realities where countries at varying levels of development can contribute to global sustainable growth.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|development coherence inclusive comprehensive contribute|1.8991799|4.170508|1.2339706
2728|Moreover, a third in both groups had higher career expectations than what their present positions provide. The large gap between expectations and actual tasks leads to high job turnover: 43% of vocational college graduates quit their job within half a year after graduation, and so do 24% of university graduates. The overwhelming majority quit voluntarily and primarily because of a lack of development opportunities and low salaries. The lower turnover among university graduates and especially among top ones suggests that a stronger education background improves labour market matching.|SDG 4 - Quality education|graduates turnover expectations university job|8.624529|2.7449274|3.0237925
2729|An optimal allocation of aquaculture sites is also important for the preservation of biological diversity and habitats in general, and of particular importance for Norway's wild Atlantic salmon. This is particularly true for traditional salmon farming, but also for new species, such as cod and mussels. This development has probably contributed to major fish health problems experienced by the industry in recent years, particularly concerning the impact of pancreas disease and sea lice in Western Norway, where the density of farming facilities is the highest.|SDG 14 - Life below water|salmon farming norway particularly cod|0.2626327|6.079438|6.541537
2730|They have vastly increased digital interconnectedness, digital data storage and analytics capabilities at declining cost. Artificial intelligence (Al) in particular, which allows machines and computers to learn to solve problems on their own, could have transformative effects across many sectors of the economy, making it essential that innovations are in the public interest and guided by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Addis Agenda. The rapid pace of technological change puts great adaptive pressure on economies and societies, while our understanding of their socioeconomic implications tends to develop more slowly than technology itself.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital agenda vastly interconnectedness analytics|4.730782|2.9867098|2.3347166
2731|The Latvian Measure for Commencing Commercial Activity or Self-Employment programme, which aimed to support business creation by unemployed individuals, encountered similar challenges (OECD/EU, 2016). In other cases, some firms might define as “innovative” some of their usual activities, or introduce changes to comply with requirements but with no effective long-lasting impacts on inclusiveness and the innovation performance of firms (such as recruiting workers from minority groups without giving them the opportunity to engage in research), with benefiting from funding the only objective. For example, some benefitiaries of the Hungarian Innovation Voucher programme were found to use vouchers to finance their “usual” innovation activities. This is known as the “crowding out” effect of public funding.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation usual firms funding hungarian|5.6855235|3.4697723|2.6630576
2732|This is consistent with the point made previously: it is more difficult to reduce relative poverty, because it requires the incomes of the poorest not only to rise, but to rise by more than die incomes of the wealthiest. So, insofar as the trend towards lower absolute poverty continues in the region, it becomes increasingly important to take the relative perspective into account in poverty measurement. These baskets originated in the works of Booth (1892 and 1897) and Rowntree (1901,1936 and 1951), and included basically subsistence goods. For example, Rowntree’s work of 1936 included: (i) intake of food to maintain health and the ability to work; (ii) a house with three bedrooms, a living room, kitchen and bathroom; (iii) clothing fit to maintain bodily health, and (iv) cleaning materials and repair or replacement of household utensils.|SDG 1 - No poverty|maintain poverty incomes rise relative|6.452387|6.320856|5.0610137
2733|It contributes to the policy dialogue on inclusive growth through two key findings. This negative influence appears stronger in low-income countries and seems to affect growth by lowering both female human capital acquisition and labour force participation, as well as total factor productivity. At the same time, it shows that reducing gender-based discrimination in social institutions through the right policy measures could yield substantial economic benefits, leading to an annual increase in the world GDP growth rate of 0.03 to 0.6 percentage points by 2030, depending on the scenario. We hope these findings will make the case for including policies and programmes that directly target discriminatory social institutions in national growth strategies, and as such, help countries identify ways to reach the ambitious targets of gender equality as Sustainable Development Goal 5 captures.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|growth findings institutions hope captures|9.291655|4.491085|6.8945994
2734|The major problems are caused by the filtration beds of sugar factories, wineries and electronic enterprises. There are plans to create water basin management offices for two watersheds (the Dniester and Prut Rivers) (map 7.1). The slowing down of economic activity and a focus on transboundary rivers has resulted in the stabilization of the level of pollution of the big rivers (Dniester and Prut).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|prut rivers watersheds stabilization factories|0.85160756|7.091389|2.2459185
2735|The introduction of new land-tax rates in the Lake Issyk-Kul area - increased and better differentiated - would help capture a proportion of the rent related to the high environmental and recreational value of land in the Issyk-Kul Biosphere reserve. Eventually, increased land tax revenues (estimated at KGS 164 million per annum) could be used to improve water resource management and for other local environmental and social priorities. The financial sustainability of water services - irrigation as well as water supply and sanitation services - is addressed primarily through the restructuring of water tariffs (the introduction of two-part tariffs with fixed and variable volumetric components), as well as an increase in tariff rates. A well-thought staged approach to reforms will also help mitigate or reduce eventual political resistance to the proposed options.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water land tariffs introduction tax|1.5880549|7.444547|2.2318974
2736|Not all adverse events can be prevented given the knowledge, information and the state of the art of medical care at the time of the incident. For example, an allergic reaction to a drug administered for the first time is an adverse event but would be considered unpreventable given the lack of pre-existing knowledge of the patient’s idiosyncratic allergy. However, any subsequent administration of this drug to this patient would be - under most circumstances - considered a preventable medication error, and constitute a clear safety failure. It is incumbent on providers to ensure this information is recorded, and verified with the patient or their surrogates prior to administration. For example, the incidence of some types of healthcare-associated infections, previously considered unpreventable, has been reduced and even eradicated (Berenholtz et al 2011; Pronovost et al 2006). In the previous drug reaction example, preventabilitv may improve through precision medicine - the ability to predict the likely outcome of administering a medication based on the patient’s unique genetic or biological characteristics.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient drug reaction medication considered|9.06358|9.676487|1.5950277
2737|See the methodology chapter for information on the Competitiveness Outlook assessment and scoring process. As Contracting Parties to the Energy Community, all the SEE economies are required to adopt and implement electricity and gas legislation which complies with the EU Third Energy Package requirements. This is a substantial undertaking, particularly given the relatively small size of the economies (and governments) and widespread concerns over institutional capacity. Overall the gas supply infrastructure is poor over large areas of SEE and the provision of gas to consumers is patchy at best. Although Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro have no gas sectors at present, they have ambitions to create them.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gas economies patchy kosovo scoring|1.6433978|2.2476585|2.1095185
2738|However, heavy physician caseloads mean that consultation times are short (averaging less than ten minutes) and there is inadequate time to address mental health and health promotion issues. In many respects therefore, Israel’s primary care system is well placed to meet future health care challenges that are common to most developed countries, including adverse changes to upstream health determinants such as obesity, lifestyle habits that damage health such as smoking, an ageing population and the mounting burden of chronic disease. All the funds have comprehensive electronic medical records (EMRs) in community care, which support the sharing of information among physicians, laboratories, diagnostic centres and patients.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care mounting respects averaging|8.99083|9.534439|1.7593194
2739|"Paper submitted to the FAO-IFAD-ILO Workshop on'Gaps, Trends and Current Research in Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways out of Poverty'Rome, 31 March - 2 April 2009. D. Sahn (1997), ""Gender and Education Impacts on Employment and Earnings inWest Africa: Evidence from Guinea"", Economic Development and Cultural Change, pp. Evidence from Cote-d'Ivoire"", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, pp."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pp evidence bulletin cote ivoire|9.079407|4.358711|5.9942846
2740|It is argued that aggregating information on deprivations into one index is inherently problematic in terms of weighting and for the risk of masking deprivations in particular dimensions with the performance of the other dimensions included in the index. Most of these comments are addressed within other parts of the MODA methodology (i.e., the single deprivation analysis and the overlap analysis). Moreover, the indices used in the MODA studies allow comparing outcomes between countries, regions and population groups in order to profile children and their families belonging to various groups of the population. Following Alkire and Foster (2011a), the adjusted headcount is decomposed to answer such questions as 'What is the contribution of specific population groups to the total deprivation level?'|SDG 1 - No poverty|moda deprivations groups deprivation population|6.9006023|6.5475216|5.256641
2741|This means that one in six children is extremely poor and the scourge of poverty affects more than 28.3 million children and adolescents (see figure 11.1 and table II.2). These children experience one or more severe deprivations in terms of dwellings with unsafe construction materials and overcrowding, lack of access to drinking water or sanitation facilities in the home, general and/or chronic undernutrition, lack of access to the education system (children who have never attended school) or lack of access to communication and information systems (including lack of electricity in the home). An average 72% of children in countries with the highest total child poverty levels (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia) were extremely poor (20.2 million in these six countries). Among the countries with the lowest total child poverty levels (Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Uruguay), a simple average of 19.5% of children were extremely poor (2.8 million).|SDG 1 - No poverty|children extremely lack million poor|6.97029|6.227969|5.2264614
2742|In non-OECD countries demand growth is expected for all dairy products with WMP and butter consumption growing the strongest (both by 38%), followed by cheese (33%) to 2019. World exports of dairy products are anticipated to recover and grow mainly for cheese and WMP (both at 14%). Milk producers and the dairy industry will increasingly need to take a more proactive role to adapt to changing input markets, demand conditions, price fluctuations and increased pressure to assure quality, safety and traceability of their products. Environmental constraints and climate change related issues, and policy, will pose further challenges for the sector in the future.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|dairy cheese products butter traceability|3.7401972|5.0110984|4.4024405
2743|It examines the balance between the leadership, management and administrative functions of school directors and argues for greater local decision-making and accountability. This would involve the development of leadership within the teaching profession, among directors, ATPs and school supervisors and a greater clarity about the role of school directors and other leaders and higher expectations of their contribution to improving teaching and the performance of schools. Without further delay, a national framework for school leadership which sets out the criteria for effective leadership and establishes performance standards is needed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|directors leadership school teaching performance|9.91349|1.382151|1.789334
2744|The advertising is supported by a programme of events, a website and an Instagram presence with over 7,000 followers to engage with young women and encourage them to 'find their thing'. Engagement across these media platforms responds to SDG Target 5.b which aims to enhance the use of enabling technology to promote the empowerment of women. It has been assessed as highly novel, captivating and atypical of traditional government advertising.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|advertising novel responds thing website|9.403368|4.2190757|7.2204514
2745|The reliance of adult-learning policy on European structural funds is substantial, which raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of the system. Financing mechanisms to stimulate private investment and promote the quality and relevance of adult learning are limited. First, the current financing landscape is addressed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|adult financing learning reliance stimulate|8.712415|2.6808672|2.6797047
2746|Western Scandinavia features two successful examples of such packages, in Oslo and in West Sweden (see the summary in Table 2.7 and a description in Box 2.9). Both political agreements allow for substantial national investment in urban transport infrastructure under the condition that the metropolitan areas create a new tax or a charge (a ring road toll in Oslo, congestion tax in Gothenburg) and use the revenue to match national funding. City packages are long-term plans for the development of transport systems in a city or in a metropolitan area (typically over a period of 20 years), which are co-fiinded with road tolls.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|oslo packages metropolitan road city|4.3061953|4.7917843|0.8549242
2747|It would be very useful that an agreement could be reached on the competence of evaluators and on the criteria and consequences of evaluation. A lengthy negotiation may be preferable to a more forceful implementation of teacher evaluation, especially if school evaluation is under way. Because there are no goals, benchmarks or modes of evaluation for efficiency and performance at any level of the system, there are no means to hold individuals accountable.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation lengthy preferable evaluators benchmarks|9.81421|1.6644415|1.4516709
2748|Those fisheries targeting wintering migratory species, including the paired purse seine and mackerel purse seine fisheries, are struggling to survive and have almost collapsed in recent years. As shown in Table 12.2, the historical El Nino and La Nina events have resulted in very high interannual fluctuation of eel and mullet catch. Such changes were induced by the warm pool movement in the tropical Pacific.|SDG 14 - Life below water|seine fisheries mackerel warm collapsed|-0.22357945|6.08257|6.2157288
2749|Physical infrastructure must support the capacity of African countries to rehabilitate and develop rural and agricultural infrastructure through investments in: (a) marketing processing and storage facilities; (c) irrigation facilities; and (d) relevant modes of transportation. Investment in essential infrastructure and sen/ices for rural communities can provide considerable potential for rural job creation in farming, agro-processing and rural industry. Policies can also focus on identifying and promoting the use of simple technologies that can increase farm outputs and link farmers with agricultural research institutions and markets. For example, buyer-seller networks for agricultural produce can be organised through mobile phone networks, and such schemes have been introduced in some countries such as Bangladesh.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rural agricultural infrastructure processing networks|4.136055|5.1114473|3.529901
2750|As such, the study calls for the creation of an Energy Efficiency Action Network (EEFAN),38 an international platform to enable regular co-operation and information sharing between the public and private sectors. The absence of micro-level data on energy use and investments significantly undermines policy-makers' abilities to take informed decisions and implement most effective policies. This study was able to provide insights into the realities of EE markets by conducting a series of surveys and one-on-one interviews with financial institutions and stakeholders in the market.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|study undermines realities abilities energy|2.1820848|2.7441401|2.1474597
2751|Nowadays, ceramic kilns burn wood but also a lot of waste as fuel (e.g. treated wood, tyres and used oil collected by waste pickers from landfills and sold to potters), which causes a great deal of air pollution and contaminates the soil. The unbumed refuse is discharged into landfills or nature. The same situation occurs in bathhouses (of which there are approximately 5,000 across the country), which have ovens that use some waste as fuel. These studies show that most hazardous waste is stored in situ, at the production sites (235,561 tons in 2008 alone). The risk of pollution is highest at the storage sites.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste landfills wood sites fuel|0.44542846|4.1163487|3.1473355
2752|This provides for both remedial and accelerated learning for all students in any subject area. In recent years, several OECD countries, including Austria, the Czech Republic, France and Luxembourg, have narrowed the circumstances in which grade repetition is applied. Academic progress, alone, may provide too narrow a set of information on students' improvement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students remedial narrowed repetition accelerated|9.414717|1.8990638|3.189002
2753|In terms of policies, the change of focus from women to gender stemmed from a recognition that isolating women’s concerns from mainstream development policies and strategies limits the impact of such policies and strategies whereas paying more attention to the roles and responsibilities of both women and men and their interrelationships can make policies and strategies more effective. Gender statistics are about everybody, women and men. The production of gender statistics has the role of informing the public and the media, raising consciousness, encouraging public debate and promoting change in society. The dissemination of gender statistics to a large audience is crucial in reducing both gender stereotypes and the misrepresentation of the roles of women and men and their contribution to society and in promoting a new gender balance in the distribution of roles within the family, at the workplace and in positions of decision-making.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender roles women statistics policies|9.746453|4.32399|7.7649713
2754|Rural communities consume little electricity, and have little or no disposable income to pay for electricity services. Lack of access to electricity is also due to the difficulties in providing electricity to households scattered in large, isolated or remote geographical areas. Many governments have invested in the extension of national grids over the past three decades, in many cases reaching a large segment of urban populations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity little scattered large consume|2.2796586|1.9308147|2.6530406
2755|Conversely, an inability to achieve a w'hole-of-government approach was cited among the top barriers to achieving gender equality by about one-quarter of respondents to the OECD Survey on National Gender Frameworks, Gender Public Policies and Leadership. The absence of a co-ordinated approach in dealing with gender equality issues is often one of the major obstacles to the development and implementation of gender policies. In the case of Spain, for example, the gender institution’s co-ordination function involves 20 distinct institutional components (Johan, 2010). Overall, at the horizontal level, in OECD countries, the most prevalent co-ordination mechanisms include establishing co-ordination units at the centre of government (82%), developing whole-of-government frameworks for gender equality (68%) and inter-ministerial groups convened by the central gender institution (68%) (see Figure 4.8).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender ordination equality institution frameworks|9.895498|4.203459|7.2343884
2756|The evaluation of a pilot in India among about 10 000 employees of 11 garment factories (the majority of whom were women) indicated that after the programme women were 39% less likely to report needing help using an ATM, had a better grasp of bank terminology, and were 44% more likely to report saving some of their income for personal needs. Most male employees already knew how to withdraw money and were already saving, so their behaviour was less impacted than that of women. Findings also suggest positive results in terms of women’s empowerment, as women were also 23% more likely to say that they decided how to allocate their salaries and were twice as likely to report discussing household spending decisions with family members (Ghuliani and Goldenberg, 2015). A random group of clients of India’s largest women’s bank, SEWA Bank, were invited to attend a programme including business counselling and basic financial literacy training (Field et al.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women likely bank saving report|8.7257805|3.6481607|6.2189384
2757|These varieties included Norin 10 wheat and Yukara rice, which were bred by Japan in the 1950s and successfully contributed to heavier yields of tropical wheat and rice, an event called the Green Revolution. Because this was partly a product of revolutions in engineering technology and biotechnology, it can also be described as the industrialization of agriculture, which subsequently promoted the twentieth-century agricultural revolution in the world’s most industrialized nations. Because this revolution involves petroleum-dependent agriculture, flat topographical conditions have made an extremely important contribution to its progress.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|revolution wheat rice heavier agriculture|3.6637454|5.3609333|4.0992365
2758|Norwegian Coastal Haddock (5 000 metric tons) included. Due to disagreement regarding the allocation of the Norwegian Spring Spawning Herring stock, the states involved - EU, Norway, Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Greenland and Russia - have not yet adopted a management regime for this stock. Quotas for the 2004/2005- and 2005/2006-seasons. Due to disagreement regarding the allocation of the blue whiting stock, the states involved - EU, Norway, Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Greenland and Russia - have not yet adopted a management regime for this stock.|SDG 14 - Life below water|stock disagreement greenland russia norwegian|-0.0366958|5.8120584|6.898191
2759|"Under this law, power grid operators are requested to ""buy all the grid connected power produced with renewable energy within the coverage of their power grid, and provide grid-connection service for the generation of power with renewable energy"". This should be achieved through grid connection agreements between grid operators and renewable power generation companies. When local grids are saturated, and cannot accommodate all the incoming electricity or easily transmit the electricity surplus through to adjacent grids, grid companies typically curtail electricity generated by wind farms."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid power renewable grids electricity|1.8842603|1.6704421|1.9834874
2760|A list that includes items that are not affordable, on the other hand, may attract fewer ticks in the ‘necessary’ box. The tendency for what is considered normal to increase with incomes, and to decrease with persistent poverty, has often been observed. And it is not difficult to see how this might affect the results of surveys about child deprivation.|SDG 1 - No poverty|tendency normal persistent items attract|6.99646|6.4004517|5.185149
2761|Staffing firms shall pay labour compensation to the workers to be placed on a monthly basis. During the periods when there is no work for workers to be placed, the staffing firm shall pay workers compensation on a monthly basis at the minimum wage rate of the place where the staffing firm is located. If a dispute arising from the performance of the collective contract cannot be resolved following consultations, the trade union may apply for arbitration and litigation.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|staffing workers shall firm monthly|7.9602284|4.5763555|4.337603
2762|Accordingly, cities have become increasingly important policy targets for national governments. These plans are then implemented by three levels of government: national, provincial and local (district and ward level). However the initial planning decisions are taken by the central government, which then inform the lower levels of planning.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|planning ward levels government provincial|3.9293883|5.3867393|1.7748162
2763|The project of implementing the EPICT in the Austrian education system has been carried out since autumn 2007. The country report dedicated to Austria2 (last updated and revised in August 2008) specifies that this implementation concerns both initial and continuing teacher education. This system will build on existing course accreditation processes operating in some states by establishing common accreditation processes and national graduate standards, and by specifying the knowledge and skills that graduates need, including ICT knowledge skills as well as other technology in teaching. At the University of Tasmania, a unit on the educational uses of information technology is a feature of teaching degrees.|SDG 4 - Quality education|accreditation teaching processes knowledge technology|8.860171|1.4509428|2.2018855
2764|The main functions are those provided directly by the metropolitan region or regional authority. For example, in Sao Paulo, transportation, planning and water and sanitation networks are provided by state companies for the metropolitan area. In Santiago, there is no metropolitan-wide service delivery capacity. J. (2008), “Recent Perspectives on Metropolitan Organization, Functions and Governance”, in E. Rojas, J.R. Cuadrado-Roura and J.M. Fernandez Giiell (eds.),|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metropolitan functions paulo provided sao|3.9494114|5.6274066|1.6882349
2765|If the gap diminishes by more than the poverty rate, there has been some alleviation in the severity of need among the poor. A decline in the severity of poverty that is accompanied by a reduction in the gap and the rate means that the lowest-income individuals among the poor have attained a relative improvement in their incomes within the group of poor persons. Chile (2009-2013), Colombia (2010-2014).|SDG 1 - No poverty|severity poor gap diminishes rate|6.4115915|5.792754|5.1184015
2766|Hence, screening should not be seen in isolation -attention to the quality of care across the whole pathway of cancer care is needed. Regarding cardiovascular screening, the cost-effectiveness of the Czech Republic’s biennial general health check should be assessed, and if value for money cannot be convincingly demonstrated, disinvestment should occur with funds spent on evidence-based initiatives to reduce smoking, obesity and harmful alcohol consumption. As for cancer, prevention and early diagnosis should not be isolated from a holistic model of care for long-term conditions; in particular, better secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is needed.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cardiovascular screening cancer prevention care|9.223431|9.563052|2.5715237
2767|Par contre, on n’aper^oit pas une difference claire entre l’apprentissage par resolution de problemes et l’enseignement traditionnel via des conferences en fonction des resultats des etudiants. Ameliorer l'efficacite des formes directes de l’enseignement est un defi majeur pour de nombreux etablissements de l’enseignement superieur, d'autant plus que l’enseignement par resolution de problemes n'est pas realisable dans tous les contextes. De nombreux strategies d’enseignement telles que 1’organisation, l’expressivite, l’enthousiasme et les rapports interactifs dans l’enseignement ont ete trouves a ameliorer des indicateurs de l’apprentissage des etudiants et leur persistance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|enseignement des par nombreux ameliorer|9.03632|5.821122|4.8984113
2768|It is at this local level that citizens tend to experience exclusion, arbitrariness and dispossession from the state, which in turn can lead to fear, frustration and disempowerment (Haar, van der, 2009). In some cases, these institutions may provide valuable routes to empower poor people and can act as building blocks to gradual engagement with the state as its capacity grows. Opportunities for external actors to enable empowerment processes are likely to be limited, but it is essential to act to protect the livelihoods and assets of poor people, to reduce tensions and promote ongoing exchange and co-operation between different parts of society. Historically, elites have used coercion to build states, popular resistance has forced them to exercise constraint and provide protection, (Tilly, 1985) and marginalised groups have used violence to challenge state authority.|SDG 1 - No poverty|state act frustration elites coercion|5.54022|4.6822596|2.8306215
2769|It describes women's representation in parliaments, executive cabinets, the judiciary and top civil servant positions. Overall, women remain underrepresented in the top echelons of public power, although there are considerable cross-country differences due to various historical and socio-economic factors. The chapter offers a detailed analysis of potential driving forces behind the lack of women in key decision-making posts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women judiciary underrepresented parliaments posts|10.41717|4.3629303|7.150943
2770|In some cases, development-as-usual activities should contribute to reducing climate vulnerability, while others can inadvertently increase it. Guidance has been provided by the OECD and others to facilitate this process (OECD, 2009), but it is not clear which approach has been adopted by the Austrian Development Agency to facilitate the mainstreaming of climate adaptation into its work. Explicit monitoring and evaluation of the approach would help ensure that it is achieving its desired objectives, and inform the development of future interventions. These estimates do not include casualties.|SDG 13 - Climate action|facilitate inadvertently development approach casualties|1.2869129|4.7214246|1.6416467
2771|The misuse of cocaine in East and South-East Asia remains limited, as evidenced by a relatively low level of seizures compared with other regions. The latest data point towards a further decline in the amount of cocaine seized within the region. In Hong Kong, China, the quantity of cocaine seized dropped by more than half, from more than 700 kg in 2012 to less than 300 kg in 2014. Similarly, reported seizures in Japan and Macao, China, declined by more than 90 per cent, down to 2 kg and 3 kg respectively in 2014.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|kg cocaine seizures seized east|8.290696|10.282478|3.5888665
2772|Secondly, it also refers to the continuum of care that must be provided at all levels of the health system—in the home and community health centre and hospital. They rapidly increased the access of a skilled attendant to childbirth and, when required, timely emergency obstetric care. They recognized that provision of services for mothers and newborns are at the centre of a strong health care system, and the resulting reduction in maternal and newborn mortality is a measure of the success of that health system. Family planning is a critical element for improving maternal and child health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health maternal care centre obstetric|8.841679|8.130773|3.8736925
2773|Much of the modem experience of development has shown that, save in a pure Malthusian situation which may sometimes occur but which is generally rare, poverty is closely related to income inequality, and both are closely connected with growth. In attempts to find effective ways to combat poverty, attention must therefore be cast widely enough to examine the effect of income inequality and growth on poverty. In turn, reduction and eradication of poverty can have an important impact on growth and inequality.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty inequality closely growth pure|6.2864747|5.586204|4.855781
2774|This report outlines SWAPs for four countries that are all currently undergoing reform: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. Such a SWAP is needed for all economies, and SWAP suggestions for China and the United States are also included with a focus of savings moved toward a just transition and energy efficiency. However, the work of implementing large-scale government reforms and a parallel redirection toward zero carbon and sustainable energy infrastructure projects is now needed - a massive switching off of fossil fuels subsidies and a switching on of government policies to support renewables and energy efficiency.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|switching energy needed efficiency undergoing|1.7056296|2.5688255|2.2612102
2775|There is a default risk that the IPP can become insolvent, being unable to supply power to the off-taker and repay its debt to the lender. Mining companies and lenders are, therefore, more likely to partner with an experienced IPP that has strong ties to the investment community and is able to bring the project to financial closure. When looking across the array of current projects (Table 2.1), several of them, and particularly large-scale costly projects, involve well-established renewable energy developers (PWC, 2017). As an example, Valhalla, a Chilean renewable energy start-up has faced difficulties in securing USD 500 million financing required for its innovative Espejo de Tarapaca project in northern Chile.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable pwc project lender projects|2.24035|2.4042456|1.8386829
2776|Allegedly, pollution from solid waste contributes significantly to the scarcity issues in some metropolitan areas like Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Poor water quality in Rio de Janeiro is largely due to pollution from solid waste linked to a bad habit of waste disposal in rivers. Some cost-effective measure to reduce pollution may well lie in changes in the waste disposal, even though pollution from other sources should not be neglected.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|waste pollution janeiro rio disposal|1.1422856|6.6040196|2.7675312
2777|Nunavut aims to develop entirely culturally-responsive and locally-relevant curriculum, programs, materials and assessments that also ensure their students have access to post-secondary and university entrance requirements (Nunavut Department of Education, 2007). For example, the former grade 12 standardized social studies examination has been replaced by a project-based assessment model developed in Nunavut to facilitate student assessment that combines local topics, cultural content as well as 21st century skills. The concept of Sami education differs throughout the area. On the Norwegian side there are two national curricula for the basic education 1-13, the Norwegian and the Sami. The Sami school concept for grades 1-10 reflects groups, classes or schools which are municipally owned and which follow the Sami National Curriculum, several specialized Sami schools, and for the upper secondary level two state operated schools. Also, all students are required to learn about Sami themes according to syllabi grades 1-13.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sami grades norwegian schools curriculum|9.713942|1.8950021|1.7510691
2778|This publication explores effective policy responses to this risk environment as part of a broader policy strategy designed to improve availability, access and utilisation of food. A case study on Indonesia highlights the issues involved. This chapter reviews the concept and definition of food insecurity, its various dimensions and how it has been measured in different contexts.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food utilisation explores publication policy|4.2946053|5.4768167|4.4559755
2779|Furthermore, Henderson (2014) argues that we do not yet know enough about the economic dynamics of urban systems to attempt to influence them, and such attempts risk a major policy error. Very large investments may therefore be needed for some smaller cities to reach this threshold (Altbeker, McKeown and Bernstein, 2012). Policies to invest in transport links between cities and improve urban-rural links have been shown to improve balanced productivity (AfDB, OECD and UNDP, 2016; UNECA, 2013). Additionally, industries with intensive use of immobile primary factors that are not heavily dependent on other firms for intermediate goods and services may prefer to locate in smaller cities—if infrastructure is improved (Henderson, Shalzi and Venables, 2001).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities links smaller uneca locate|4.1272206|5.0311685|1.2996167
2780|For instance, they often make their decisions based on speech patterns and non-verbal gestures during the pitch, lowering the willingness of investors to fund female entrepreneurs seeking capital (Balachandra et al., Furthermore, Brooks et al. ( Finally, there seems to be some degree of homophily: male investors express less interest in female entrepreneurs compared to observably similar male entrepreneurs. In contrast, female investors express more interest in female entrepreneurs (Ewens, forthcomings). The main limitations of commonly used datasets are: 1) that they do not contain information on firms seeking but not receiving VC and 2) that they do not include details on the companies and their founders.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurs female investors express seeking|8.9708605|3.3383493|6.242853
2781|The hotspot identification exercise conducted in Chapter 2 show's that there is a growing body of evidence around a number future water risks globally. Uncertainties in assessment remain significant, but it is likely that more and better studies will be released in years to come. Prospective exercises can help anticipate complex scenarios for agriculture and explore options to strengthen resilience (OECD, 2016b). They consider likely scenarios and potential actions to mitigate the different water risks. Each of the action is then attributed a “sell-by-date”, which indicate when a change in the course of action may be needed under each option. They then propose an efficient dynamic pathways to address the risks and work towards preferred pathways, each with initial action, threshold for change of course, and next step action.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|action risks pathways scenarios course|1.3171566|6.952397|2.6766677
2782|"The health care system is obligated to deliver equal care to all citizens regardless of their place of residence. This requires a large number of small, cost-effective health centres capable of providing acute care because the expenses for transport of patients and staff are very high.182 Due to their small size and isolation, towns and villages in Greenland often need to be self-sufficient and are very vulnerable to external factors.18 No private providers of health care services exist in Greenland, but private dental care, physiotherapy, psychotherapy and treatment for alcohol and drug abuse are available in Nuuk. In the past, perinatal complications, acute and chronic infectious diseases and injuries dominated as the leading causes of morbidity.184 Recently, chronic and lifestyle diseases and disabilities dominate morbidity concerns despite the fact that the ""old"" diseases have not decreased to the same low levels found in Western countries."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care diseases greenland morbidity acute|9.208503|8.706293|2.7835398
2783|The Service has started developing appropriate institutional capacity and regulatoiy and logistical frameworks for its successful operation. The Law sets out measures for the social protection of citizens living and working in the vicinity of nuclear facilities, sources of radiation and nuclear storage facilities. The process of mass switch-over to energy'-saving lamps in the country' started in May 2009 and was completed by the end of the same year. Local authorities and social protection bodies were requested to provide energy-saving lamps to 241,000 low income families by October 2009. These families received about two million energy'-saving lamps, due to compensation from the state budget in the amount of US$3.3 million. In the period 2009-2011, two new plants for production of energy-saving lamps have been built and put into operation; each has a production capacity of three million lamps per year.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|lamps saving energy million started|2.1455402|2.255184|2.434435
2784|Disasters typically magnify existing patterns of inequality, including gender inequality. Violence against women and girls can occur, for example, because scarce resources result in lack of street lighting at night in areas where women are obliged to collect fuel or water from remote and isolated areas. Women run more slowly than men, for instance, and face greater difficulties in climbing rescue points such as trees and posts. They often cannot swim and may be prohibited from leaving their homes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women inequality rescue night prohibited|8.859655|4.9113426|6.2306466
2785|For example, as referred to earlier, in recent years, enrolment trends have led some surpluses in CEIP’s budget to be transferred to CETP’s budget. There are no stakeholders voicing major criticisms about the approach followed by education councils to distribute resources across schools. While the distribution criteria are not made public and information on the amount of public resources each school receives is not disclosed, there is the perception that education councils distribute resources so as to ensure some horizontal equity across individual schools (i.e. similar resources are given to schools with similar type of provision).|SDG 4 - Quality education|distribute resources schools councils budget|9.510149|2.0802808|2.212359
2786|Energy data are available mainly in developed countries, and even in these countries they are not as detailed as needed for proper industrial energy-efficiency analysis and policy design. Benchmarking is required as much at the technology and process levels as at the policy level. The long distance to best practice is a major incentive for governments and firms to do better.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|benchmarking energy proper distance policy|2.055537|2.7260244|2.3518429
2787|The focus of this work will be, amongst others, dental care, pre-hospital care including the ambulance sen/ice, and quality registries. Nevertheless, the focus of most of these has been on monitoring trends in health needs and in health-care activities. In primaiy care, a limited number of activities and outputs are measured; those that are produced focus on basic measures of population health (such as allcause mortality and activity around maternal and child health).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health focus primaiy registries|9.298592|9.335374|2.2847183
2788|There was wide support for the role of the Forum, with its universal membership and its ability to address the challenges facing forests in a holistic manner. It was also noted that the establishment of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests had fostered stronger collaboration and cooperation among the key forest-related organizations at the global level. Several countries welcomed efforts to promote a wider understanding of the importance of forests and trees, and their multiple benefits, including through the International Year of Forests and the International Day of Forests. However, some representatives said that there w'as insufficient public recognition of these benefits and that the visibility of forests was still too low.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests welcomed fostered benefits visibility|1.5902978|4.650361|3.6693919
2789|This will be crucial in improving the quality of life and economic dynamism of urban areas for all of Chile’s residents. This could further promote mixed-income housing areas, and discourage better-off families from demanding housing subsidies. While centrally located land can be more expensive in the short term, the pre-existence of infrastructure saves money, and better accessibility reduces commuting time and its associated costs, including pollution.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing dynamism better demanding centrally|4.5003037|5.723143|1.9323635
2790|Capture fisheries, aquaculture, industrial fishing, small-scale fishing and sports fishing all have different participants and face different challenges. Aquaculture is in many ways like agriculture, with a fairly predictable output for any given input. Sports fishing is a case apart, not driven by the same profit needs as professional fishing. Capture fisheries, whether large or small-scale, are based on a raw material whose availability can be highly unstable and unpredictable.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing sports aquaculture capture fisheries|0.035588566|5.9719915|6.5307865
2791|While biofuel use has rapidly increased in the last few years, Portugal is still far from meeting this target. Using biofuels remains more expensive than other GHG abatement options and requires subsidies adding further pressures to the government budget. Portugal should continuously assess its biofuel policy, taking full account of impacts on land use, agricultural input use, water quality and biodiversity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|biofuel portugal use continuously abatement|1.5537837|3.0267744|2.7600882
2792|An improved overview of climate finance flows, including in the context of developed countries’ USD lOObn goal in the context of the UNFCCC, could have both national and international benefits. These obligations have been enhanced under the Paris Agreement, and include: quantified commitments relating to the provision and mobilisation of financial resources from developed countries to assist developing countries; the leadership of developed countries in mobilising climate finance for developing countries; the reporting of transparent and consistent information on finance provided and mobilised by developed countries; and the review of climate finance provided. However, gaps and inconsistencies remain in UNFCCC provisions for transparency of climate finance provided, mobilised and received. There are also gaps in data availability and reporting, and no agreed methods to attribute climate finance mobilised multilaterally, or for calculating climate finance mobilised from policy interventions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance mobilised climate developed countries|1.441086|3.778314|0.74862766
2793|Lastly, this chapter describes how data is collected in order to provide information for the planning and management of health care services. Large socio-economic and geographic inequalities in health, how'ever, persist throughout the country. This section describes the demographic and socio-economic context of the Colombian health care system and assesses the burden of disease that the system must address, including the legacy of the internal armed conflict.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|describes socio health colombian legacy|8.689986|8.694114|2.722174
2794|For instance, in Canada, the federal government has issued no recent water goals or indicators towards which all ministries can work, and integrated water policy is facing obstacles. This may create tensions between ministries with conflicting interests at sub-national level and calls for a customisation of water policy at the territorial level. For example in Mexico, the programmes of the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) seek to respond to increasing water demand from the different users, especially those that have fewer water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water ministries conflicting conagua tensions|1.2632987|7.1896415|1.5911343
2795|Grants to provincial, district and local level governments have been increased significantly, signalling a major shift in the Government’s approach to delivering services to rural and remote areas. While the large increase in funding to provincial and local governments will directly transfer large amounts of funds to rural areas, it is expected that this will strain the capacity of the provinces to effectively implement the Government’s ambitious service delivery agenda. Moreover, Papua New Guinea is to be commended for taking steps to establish its Sovereign Wealth Fund which is expected to be operational by the end of 2013.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|provincial expected governments rural signalling|8.13535|8.510471|2.9067862
2796|The central government had been planning to capitalise on the good wind resource in the north of the country by increasing production of wind energy in these areas. It had selected several sites for locating wind farms. However, as the production of RE does not represent a concrete advantage for the hosting communities, and as there is a general perception that negative externalities are not being compensated for by the RE policy, they have tended to oppose them.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind capitalise oppose locating hosting|1.9706236|2.0166943|1.9085187
2797|Economic activities depending on water will be adversely affected. This, in turn, will exacerbate the already demanding challenge of balancing competing demands among different uses — navigation, hydropower generation, agriculture, industry, tourism/recreation, etc. — Additional attention should be given to water resources in such a changing environment, so as to ensure the functioning of ecosystems and the preservation of the natural capital.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|navigation demanding adversely preservation exacerbate|1.043165|7.038449|2.6304204
2798|This chapter illustrates some of the initiatives that the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) participated in and launched of relevance to this category. The most debated issues were: public private partnership (PPP) as model for implementing broadband networks, the application of lessons from Moore's law in order to promote broadband and achieve the SDGs, key factors to make rural communication projects successful and sustainable, evolving IMT systems, standards, technologies and architecture supporting mobile broadband, the ITU GIS-based transmission maps as a useful tool for identifying the missing links and improving broadband connectivity. This new Agenda will constitute the new global shared vision, goals and targets to be achieved by 2020 in collaboration with all stakeholders across the ICT ecosystem. The maps are a cutting-edge ICT-data mapping platform for taking stock of national backbone connectivity (fibre and microwave) as well as of other key metrics of the ICT sector; the platform currently covers Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, the Arab States, CIS, Europe and Latin America, with data from more than 300 operators.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband ict itu maps connectivity|4.83631|2.984863|1.6378473
2799|According to the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) report, about half of the stocks in the oceans were fully exploited and one-quarter were either overexploited or depleted with no possibilities in the short or medium term of further expansion (Pauly and Christensen, 1995). The FAO capture fisheries data show that the steady decline of mean trophic levels (MTL) of fish communities is a global phenomenon (Tian et al., All over the world, catch compositions have gone from from high trophic levels, larger size and long lifespan to low trophic levels, smaller size and short lifespan.|SDG 14 - Life below water|trophic lifespan fao levels size|-0.079575226|5.970758|6.432728
2800|Policy interventions and health systems are connected through feedback relationships. Although some individual developing countries have been successful, the health-related MDGs were not met globally by 2015 and there is unfinished business. Health challenges confronted by the MDGs will feature among the health challenges of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mdgs health challenges confronted feature|8.679186|8.777834|3.2550652
2801|Source: Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). Part of the change reflects a household’s preference for homeownership relative to other tenures which, in turn, is influenced by policies that influence households’ tenure choice (e.g. housing taxation, rental regulations). Another part of this change reflects purely demographic and socio-economic developments. For instance, the probability of homeownership tends to increase with age; thus it is likely that the aggregate homeownership rate would have increased in OECD countries - even if nothing else changed - due to population ageing.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|homeownership reflects purely change rental|4.9969964|5.6576385|2.2331045
2802|Circulatory disease deaths also account for the largest gap in death rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (22% of the gap). This is followed by endocrine, metabolic and nutritional disorders - particularly diabetes - which account for 14% of the gap (AIHW, 2014b). In 2006-10, overall death rates were twice as high. Circulatory diseases accounted for the largest gap (27% of the gap), followed by diabetes (17%) and cancers (12%).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gap circulatory diabetes death indigenous|9.234351|8.987235|3.0300395
2803|With the spread of information communication technologies in recent decades, labour markets have been profoundly affected. Particular types of jobs - often routine ones - are increasingly performed by machines and workers have needed to acquire new skills. For other workers however, the introduction of new technologies has complemented their existing skills and made them more productive. Gains from trade accrue from the ability to allocate resources to the sectors and locations where they can be most efficient. In particular, global trade integration has facilitated the efficient production of intermediate goods thanks to the organisation of fragmented supply chains. More open economies tend to grow faster and participation in global value chains is associated with better knowledge diffusion and stronger productivity growth.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|chains efficient technologies profoundly workers|4.65679|3.2141387|2.5583947
2804|Total fisheries exports in 2008-09 were valued at AUD 1.5 billion, comprising of edible fisheries exports of AUD 1.1 billion, and non-edible fisheries exports of AUD 384 million. The total fisheries imports in 2008-09 were valued at AUD 1.7 billion. Around 75% of the fisheries imports (AUD 1.3 billion) were edible fisheries imports, whilst pearls made up the majority of the AUD 427 million of non-edible imports. The total value of Australian fisheries exports declined each year from 2000-01 to 2007-08, but saw a small (2%) increase in 2008-09 from the 2006-07 exports of AUD 1.49 billion.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aud fisheries edible exports billion|0.45625573|5.9386177|6.7971716
2805|"In recent years, efforts have been undertaken to construct and rehabilitate schools in needy areas. The ""100 schools, 100 hospitals” programme, announced by the President of Kazakhstan in 2007, has constructed 106 new schools providing more than 86 000 additional student places throughout the country. The purpose of the programme, financed largely through Republican budget targeted development transfers (TDTs), was threefold: (i) to reduce reliance on three-shift education; (ii) to reduce the number of schools in emergency condition; and (iii) to decrease the deficit of student places in schools (IAC, 2014)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools places student threefold needy|9.42563|2.0764832|2.3427129
2806|Similarly in Austria and Germany, linguistic barriers to social wellbeing were greatest among first-generation immigrant students. Immigrant-native differences in socio-economic background explain almost one fourth of the observed gaps in academic performance (compared to one fifth in the OECD area). After accounting for students’ socio-economic status, the immigrant-native gap in the percentage of students attaining baseline academic proficiency between native and immigrant students dropped from 27 to 20 pexcentage points. On average across OECD countries this percentage decreased from 18 to 14 percentage points.|SDG 4 - Quality education|immigrant native students percentage academic|9.842301|2.567555|3.1139216
2807|The significant and rapid deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some countries of the region continues to pose a grave risk to peace and security, with various implications, following the displacement of millions of inhabitants. The difficult and traumatic situation of refugees escaping conflict zones, in particular in Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic, makes them particularly vulnerable to and at high risk of exposure to drug trafficking and addiction. Lack of governmental control and a general atmosphere of lawlessness in many areas make it virtually impossible to monitor drug control activities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug situation control traumatic addiction|8.227009|10.147602|3.5983715
2808|The Teacher’s Statute lays out the minimum function of schools principals in both public and private-subsidised schools. For principals of public schools, the Teacher’s Statute stipulates further administrative and financial responsibilities. Further administrative tasks include organising, supervising and evaluating the work of teachers, suggesting the dismissal of up to 5% of teachers with a poor evaluation, proposing staff for recruitment and replacement, providing input in the selection of teachers, proposing salary allowances for teachers, appointing and dismissing other school leaders, and promoting a good school climate. Financial responsibilities include assigning, managing and controlling the resources allocated to the school in accordance with legislative requirements. In a shift from the traditionally administrative and managerial role of school leaders, all of these frameworks and standards emphasise school leaders’ role as pedagogical leaders. A first set of standards, the Good School Leadership Framework (Marco para la Buena Direccion) published by the Ministry of Education in 2005 was updated with a new set of standards in 2015 (Marco para la Buena Direccion y el Liderazgo Escolar).|SDG 4 - Quality education|school leaders teachers statute proposing|9.937315|1.4618536|1.8769802
2809|In Chile the figure is 85% for Peruvian women, and it is as high as 87% for Colombian women working in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. This is significant, first, because it means that these women are financially responsible for their children and, second, because it is palpable evidence of the relative nature of the autonomy that leads women to decide to migrate alone, leaving their children behind in their countiy of origin (Martinez Pizarro, 2006). The problem lies in the lack of protection and the discrimination that these women face at work -making them even more vulnerable, especially if they are undocumented. In most cases there is a combination of factors, including residency status (documented or undocumented), countiy of origin, ethnicity, length of residence in the destination country, language proficiency and education level.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|undocumented countiy women origin residency|8.721162|4.9974637|5.62415
2810|However, this distinction misses opportunities as the deployment of new technologies creates needs besides capital-intensive infrastructure. For example, more concessional resources in “soft” infrastructure, such as strengthening education and digital skills, can result in faster growth and progression in the digital economy. In addition, the spread of new technologies and the growing importance of the ICT ecosystem necessitates further breakdown of ICT sector codes in the CRS.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital ict technologies necessitates infrastructure|4.794605|3.0305598|1.9679378
2811|The important side-effect of these changes was a reduction in the degree of tracking and stratification in the German school system and, by implication, a weakening of the impact that social background has on learning outcomes. Sometimes real opportunities are disguised as insoluble problems. This was the case in Scotland when the government, intending to initiate sweeping reforms to the curriculum, testing and leadership, started with an overhaul of teacher education, induction and pay.|SDG 4 - Quality education|weakening induction stratification initiate implication|9.368703|2.025782|2.2367256
2812|To limit the negative externalities of unilateral policies on small, vulnerable economies (SVE), and in particular export taxes that may be difficult to ban in the short run, and to limit the use of such policies by large countries and generate income to help vulnerable importers to manage the price surge period, a system of “permits to tax' could be implemented. Free trade is necessary to achieve food security, but food security is also necessary to achieve support for free trade in the long run. Existing trade rules and disciplines offer little to ensure that trade remains conducive to food security under this new market environment, and they have to be adapted accordingly. Empirical analysis shows that different countries and regions suffered differently from the food price spike in 2007/08.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|trade food security limit run|4.271501|4.957568|4.2382755
2813|Conversely, higher levels of ICT access and use create the conditions for solid business cases, which allow operators to benefit from economies of scale and scope. These efficiency gains can be passed on in terms of lower prices to customers. The combined effects of these two processes can lead to virtuous circles: lower prices drive ICT adoption up and, in turn, higher ICT adoption enables lower prices.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ict prices lower adoption virtuous|4.8533297|2.9742978|1.9195942
2814|The only countries that require a master’s degree to teach pre-primary school are England, France, Iceland and Italy. This level of education is required to teach primary school in 11 of the 35 countries for which data are available; to teach general studies in lower secondary school in 16 countries; and to teach upper secondary school in 22 countries (see Table D6.1 a, b, c and d). In contrast nearly 40% of teachers feel inadequately prepared for the pedagogical aspects of teaching, which is the highest proportion in any of the 34 countries taking part in the TALIS survey (see Chart D6.a). In France, the proportion was lower (76%), and even lower still at private schools (only 69%, versus a TALIS average of 86%).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teach school talis countries lower|9.53586|1.3468603|2.5099673
2815|The girls in the study reported that they were often expected to take on additional care and household tasks, negatively affecting their ability to attend school (Plan International, 2017). Data for the four countries shows that primary school education does not have a significant impact on the time women spend on routine housework, and, in some cases, it is associated with more housework (see Figure 3). Secondary school has a mixed impact, leading to 25 more minutes of routine housework for women in South Africa, 28 fewer minutes in Bangladesh and no change in Ethiopia and Peru.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|housework minutes routine school impact|9.578688|4.5962577|5.887708
2816|No worker households are seen to have grown from 28% of the population to 31% of the population over time. Their poverty incidence, at 80% or more, is by far the highest of all the groups; reflecting clearly that the deleterious consequences to individuals of their household’s having no access to the labour market. Such circumstances are almost a guarantee that one will be poor.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|population grown worker reflecting incidence|7.0231724|5.8150535|4.932724
2817|Mutual examination by governments, multilateral surveillance and peer pressure to conform or reform are at the heart of OECD effectiveness. The CFE works together with national, regional and local governments of OECD member countries and several non-Member economies in fostering the development of an entrepreneurial society, and assists governments and their civil society and business partners in designing and implementing innovative policies to promote sustainable growth, integrated development and social cohesion. Within the OECD, the CFE successfully strengthens synergies between the work of different OECD directorates on entrepreneurship, SMEs and local development. It is a Co-operative Action Programme that, since 1982, has been dedicated to the identification, analysis and dissemination of innovative approaches and good practices in stimulating local economic growth, creating more and better jobs, enhancing social inclusion, and fostering good governance at local level.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|local fostering oecd governments innovative|5.631015|3.7253516|2.56481
2818|"Two further brands do, however, expect use of recycled materials to bring economic benefits in the future as the market matures. One of them questioned whether it would have any long-term future if it did not begin the transition to circularity now. We are using a step by step method to achieve this."""|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|step brands future questioned recycled|0.69976836|3.7887037|3.0177314
2819|In 2013, there were 736 places per 1,000 pupils in urban settlements and 537 places per 1,000 pupils in rural settlements. There are no separate statistics for urban and rural settlements regarding theatres, concert halls, museums, zoos and circuses but, in general, they have been maintained at the same or slightly higher levels. Much effort has also been put into developing an integrated infrastructure for the elderly, disabled and other vulnerable groups. These specific services include advisory and information services, material and financial support, temporary shelter, social welfare institutions and housekeeping services.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|settlements pupils places services rural|4.3290844|5.3219576|2.2750728
2820|Firstly, the compensations are financed from district budgets, which receive a block grant from the Ministry of Finance. However, the block grant also includes benefits for Afghan War veterans and a special fund for one-time compensations for poor households. At the central level, no separate budget exists for the cash compensation for children.|SDG 1 - No poverty|block grant firstly war exists|7.5270085|5.993868|4.5955014
2821|Mexico is the country with the highest percentage of 15-year-old participating students with a PISA index of economic, social and cultural status below -1.0, with 58.2%, followed by Turkey with 58.0% and then Chile with 37.2%. The socio-economic profile of the education system in Mexico for 2009 remained unchanged since 2000 (PISA 2009 Results Volume V, Table V.4.2).|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa mexico unchanged profile economic|9.702236|2.242621|3.1362724
2822|Lost productivity in the United States as a result of labour non-participation is significant: $120 billion (or 0.9 per cent of GDP) in 2011, amounting to 62 per cent of all drug-related costs. Similar studies in Australia and Canada identified losses of 0.3 per cent of GDP and 0.4 per cent of GDP, respectively. In those two countries, the cost of lost productivity was estimated to be 8 and 3 times higher, respectively, than health-related costs due to morbidity, ambulatory care, physician visits and other related consequences.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent gdp lost related respectively|8.842341|8.956318|2.5016208
2823|For example, 80% of the projected emissions from the power sector in 2020 are inevitable, as they come from power plants that are already in place or are being built today. The world is locking itself into carbon-intensive systems more strongly every year. Prematurely closing plants or retrofitting with carbon capture and storage (CCS) - at significant economic cost - would be the only way to reverse this “lock-in”.|SDG 13 - Climate action|plants carbon prematurely locking power|1.3934325|2.7777066|1.9279627
2824|The European Union’s ITIs in the Czech Republic encourage integrated spatial planning across functional uiban areas. It is important that such investments be based on the good land-use practices that have been described in plans and strategies at the national, regional and local levels, such as developing brownfield sites in advance of greenfield ones; permitting developments only in areas where there is existing infrastructure to support them; and protecting agricultural lands, forested areas and watersheds. Through ITIs, municipalities are required to form collaborative bodies (municipal association agreements) in order to forward projects of metropolitan importance and to access investments.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|areas investments brownfield forested greenfield|3.9697351|5.5363708|1.5402446
2825|Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5) recognises gender equality as a universal driver of sustainable development and asserts the need to accelerate efforts to end gender inequality. Agenda 2030’s universal scope applies to all countries - including OECD countries - and presents a sober reminder that all countries have a way to go to reach gender equality. Despite this positive trend, significant underinvestment persists in areas key to meeting the gender equality commitments of the Sustainable Development Goals, which include the economic and productive sectors.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality sustainable universal underinvestment|9.264222|4.4329796|7.1839595
2826|While most research is grant-based, investments relating to ICTs and other technologies are often financed through concessional and non-concessional loans, in particular by multilateral development banks. Private philanthropy has grown to be a significant contributor towards research, in particular for research activities in the health sector. More resources in soft infrastructure can result in faster economic growth and progression towards a digital economy.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|concessional research particular contributor soft|5.149522|3.3355508|2.1878276
2827|It has set clear targets for emission reductions consistent with international goals of limiting global warming and has pioneered statutory underpinning of target-setting. On the international stage, it has been an active protagonist of a global deal to limit human-induced climate change. The new Government has endorsed the direction of previous policies in this area and is introducing further measures, despite heavy fiscal pressures. The United Kingdom is likely to reduce emissions by more than its near-term domestic targets and its target under the Kyoto Protocol, outperforming many OECD countries in the latter respect.|SDG 13 - Climate action|targets target underpinning global endorsed|1.2806967|3.4569228|1.7103323
2828|It was the first United Nations mission ever to respond to a global health threat. Based on the UNMEER appeal, United Nations agencies, concerned international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other partners came together to meet in Accra in October to decide on their division of work within a common framework. Under this process, a coordination mechanism for a global emergency response was put in place, with UNMEER at the core.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|organizations nations accra united global|8.292778|8.898975|3.0908973
2829|The Government approved a supplementary budget of $35 million in September 2012. The additional spending was partly offset by reallocation of an unexpended development appropriation, which resulted in a smaller drawdown from cash reserves. Federated States of Micronesia has been enjoying budget surpluses in recent years.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|budget enjoying appropriation surpluses reallocation|5.7360897|4.9995418|3.7017183
2830|The emergence of e-commerce platforms and services in particular has made commercial procedures much easier than before. Transport and payment procedures have also become easier as trade-support services are increasingly integrated into these platforms, which are often accessible from anywhere in the world. However, much of the cross-border e-commerce potential remains untapped.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|commerce platforms easier procedures untapped|4.7428656|3.1163046|2.2515087
2831|Governments should therefore be cautious in subsidising activities fostering the continued expansion of cities past their period of increased returns (OECD, 2011; OECD, 2015a). National Urban Policies (NUPs) are helping to co-ordinate action on productive, inclusive and resilient urban development. Myanmar moved the government to a new capital city, Nay Pyi Taw, in 2005; congestion in Yangon was a stated reason for the move. Its population is now close to one million. In 2017, the Indonesian government commissioned a survey by the Indonesian Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) on the possible relocation of the capital from Jakarta. Governments in the region have also moved some government functions outside of large capital cities without moving the capital.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|capital indonesian moved government cities|3.6801953|4.977472|1.673509
2832|Municipalities within Gauteng may also support the elaboration of district spatial development plans for each of the planning districts within a metropolitan area, but these tend to be much more detailed plans on specific zoning and development decisions in the near term. Most of the major infrastructure projects in the province have been achieved through intergovernmental co-operation, and this continues to be strengthened and refined. Positive aspects of co-operative governance include intergovernmental plans and planning structures to give effect to the Programme of Action, as well as the implementation of a range of key intergovernmental delivery projects.9 Amongst the most important intergovernmental projects is the development of Gautrain, the multi-billion rand fast-rail link, which connects the major centres of Tshwane and Johannesburg with the O.R. Tambo International Airport in the eastern part of the region. While provincial government negotiated the major portion of government funding for the project, as well as the private-sector investment component, provincial and local government collaborated closely on the design of stations and station precincts.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|intergovernmental plans provincial major projects|3.9901495|5.2639832|1.4065318
2833|Even seemingly neutral law's and regulations can be discriminatory in nature, as they may affect men and women differently, intentionally or otherwise. For example, a workplace regulation that permits parents to take leave to care for a sick child may apply equally to both genders, but is more likely to apply to women as primary caregivers. Regulations also can impede the ability of w'omen to become fuller participants in society by making it more difficult for them to find employment, gain an education, start a business, meet the needs of their family, ensure their human rights, etc. ( Services are not gender-neutral; the way they are developed and delivered can have a differential impact on women and on men. Gender mainstreaming seeks to ensure that institutions, policies and services respond to the needs and interests of women as well as men, and distribute benefits equitably between women and men. Are the aims of the policy the same for women and men, girls and boys?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men women neutral apply regulations|9.672784|4.407154|7.020057
2834|The instruments used and the levels of cost recovery vary greatly across jurisdictions. Federal departments and agencies (including the Murray-Darling Basin Authority) do not impose charges to recover the costs of water planning and management activities. Most of the states, with the exception of Western Australia, recover at least some of the costs of water governance, from less than 5% in Queensland to nearly 70% in New South Wales.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|recover queensland darling murray costs|1.6011033|7.515767|2.3498967
2835|Hospitalisations were reduced by 84% in the medium primary care group and 86% in the high primary care group for renal disease; 78% and 80% respectively for diabetes; and 73% to 78% for hypertension. The reductions in hospitalisations for ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the lowest among the five conditions, but still statistically significant, ranging from 61% to 75% and 62% to 71%, respectively. Death rates in the high and medium primary care groups were lower than in the control group for all conditions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitalisations disease group primary care|9.202741|9.17325|2.2736146
2836|A number of LDCs are involved with these RCPs. The CP, for example, was initiated in 2003 and involves II labour-sending countries from Asia. For returnee migrants, the CP recommended the provision of preferential access to start-up investments upon return; offering loans for new businesses; support private-sector efforts to provide job-matching services to returnees; and supporting reintegration supporting services that civil society actors could provide.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|cp supporting reintegration sending provide|5.5405746|4.265845|3.6299121
2837|Sweden was the first OECD country to introduce paid parental leave in 1974. In 1995, it introduced a one-month leave period exclusively for fathers, which it subsequently extended to two, then three, months. In Iceland, for example, only 3% of available parental leave days were taken up by fathers prior to the introduction in 2001 of a three-month father-specific entitlement to paid leave.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|leave fathers month parental paid|9.157643|5.285902|5.3637686
2838|Forestland in Republika Srpska is divided into two main categories: areas appropriate for afforestation and management (168,851 ha or 16.9 per cent) and areas not appropriate for afforestation and management (63,108 ha or 6.3 percent). In addition, some public forests w'ithin the protected areas are managed by public institutions responsible for management of protected areas (e.g. national parks, protected landscapes). Financial resources for forest management come mainly from selling wood and wood products. The largest surface area of karst, 144,061 ha or about 83 per cent of uncovered forestland, could be suitable for afforestation and management.|SDG 15 - Life on land|afforestation ha management protected areas|1.4250892|4.7796984|4.103705
2839|This is compounded by poverty-related risk among children in the under-15 age group and the lack of permanent and comprehensive mechanisms for those in the over-65 age group. In 2008, the incidence of poverty in the 0-14 age segment in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Panama and Uruguay was twice that of adults (ECLAC, 2010b, p. 195). This creates a complex scenario in terms of intergenerational transmission of poverty and raises doubts about the covenants underpinning current State and civil-society support to families for the care, skill development and protection of children (ECLAC, 2010b).|SDG 1 - No poverty|eclac age poverty doubts group|7.179068|6.2570195|5.1596913
2840|Also, some studies identify positive impacts in situations where all the clients at some local offices are treated, with non-treated local offices as the control group (e.g. McVicar, 2010; Hainmueller, 2010; Hofmann et al., But clearly, research in this field should keep close track of possible externality effects, either within the local office administration and experimental implementation processes, or in the external labour market. A lag of two or more years between employment service delivery and its apparent impact may arise because employment services lead to entry to longer-term training by a limited proportion of the participants.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|offices treated local externality experimental|7.9323115|4.320366|3.6465743
2841|It has been estimated that more than 50% of Iceland's vegetation cover has disappeared due to erosion since the settlement period. Systematic revegetation and land reclamation began more than century ago with the establishment ofthe Soil Conservation Service of Iceland. Over the last decades, there have been numerous reforestation projects. The area covered by forests in the target countries is also large, while in Iceland the area covered by forest is 0.5% of the land area. The respective share is more than 50% in Estonia and Latvia, about 35% in Lithuania, 30% in Poland and 16% in Ukraine (World Bank, 2018).|SDG 15 - Life on land|iceland area covered disappeared land|1.2199763|4.7856493|3.93556
2842|As such, there are typically no or few mandatory requirements for preparatory courses, although many of those involved need to pursue such courses. Typically they are undertaken by those already working in a profession and in many cases experience in the profession is a precondition for pursuing the examination (Field et al. They therefore represent a mix of recognition of prior learning with the acquisition of further skills, coalesced into an exam and associated qualification.|SDG 4 - Quality education|profession courses typically exam precondition|8.9751|2.4673166|2.5228872
2843|Moreover, internal and international migrations can be linked in a stepwise migration process, whereby for example an internal move towards larger cities then leads to international migration. According to Lee, in addition to push and pull factors, migration decisions are affected by a set of intervening obstacles or constraints that may prevent people from migrating or at least make migration more difficult and/or costly. These decisions are subject to constraints or obstacles that may prevent people from moving, such as the cost of migrating and the distance to be travelled, among others.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|migration migrating obstacles internal prevent|4.4556584|5.1990457|2.459327
2844|As regards specific sectors, primary care is generally judged to be exemplary, but hospital care, although good, is seen as requiring some attention, with notable worries about overcrowding (OECD, 2012). In addition, there are concerns about whether the current system of long-term care is capable of dealing with the expansion in demand from population aging. Training, recruitment and retention of professionals are among the most immediate issues. On other fronts, pressures for savings in public spending on health care are unlikely to lessen in the coming years, and neither will cost pressures from ageing and technological development. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was performed with one output (life expectancy at birth for 2010 and 2005) and two inputs (a composite indicator of the socio-economic environment and lifestyle factors for 2010 or 2005 and healthcare spending).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care pressures spending dea lessen|9.058547|8.724292|2.4896061
2845|Gender stereotypes frequently are reflected in social institutions that discriminate against women across the region. For example, according to the SIGI, laws in Egypt Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen reveal setbacks or contribute to stagnancy of women’s physical integrity.13 While legislation and de facto access to resources are vital for women’s autonomy and empowerment, estimates from countries in the region show recent reversals in laws and de facto access to resources. In fact, the MENA region has been the lowest performing region in the OECD SIGI study, with major problems in freedom of movement, access to public space, family code, restricted physical integrity, restricted resources and assets.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|region facto sigi integrity restricted|9.525869|4.5837145|6.9553576
2846|Entrepreneurial professors and researchers can provide the link between education and start-up support, by being role models, sharing research results for commercialisation and acting as mentors for student projects. To facilitate this, start-up support needs to be embedded in education. There is a need for the university leadership to create synergies between education, research and entrepreneurship and to establish an institution-wide commitment to entrepreneurship with appropriate incentive structures for professors, researchers, administrative personnel and students. Provide soft incentives that stimulate involvement by professors and teaching staff by annual awards such as the “Best Entrepreneurship Innovative Pedagogy” and the “Best Entrepreneurship Professor”.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professors entrepreneurship researchers start best|6.863395|2.9140365|2.6533432
2847|Over the four school-years 2008-2012, 35 1143 interactive whiteboards have been bought for Italian schools with Ministry of Education funds, and 64 456 teachers have been trained in using them (Eurypedia, 2012). Table 3 below provides the detail by school level. The most recent census counted 69 813 IWBs in Italian schools as of August 2013 (MIUR, 2013). Assuming that one IWB is in use by one class only, and that all interactive whiteboards are still in use, this corresponds to 22% of the 322 134 classes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|italian interactive schools bought school|9.366888|1.9815518|2.5597696
2848|See Annex 3 for notes (wtvw.oecd.orgfedu/eag.htm). Education systems in OECD and most G20 countries now provide universal access to basic education, such that both pre-primary and upper secondary education are becoming universal in most countries (see Indicator C2). The expansion of upper secondary education has been driven by both increasing demand and policy changes ranging from a more flexible curriculum, a reshaping of vocational studies, and efforts to expand access to education to the entire population.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education universal upper secondary reshaping|9.041767|2.376254|2.5203943
2849|Waste collection services often do not reach all residents and landfills remain the preferred treatment method. Many Southeast Asian cities have also experienced increasing water demand and situations of water stress and scarcity, aggravated by the poor coverage and quality of water supply infrastructure. Water sanitation infrastructure is also sub-optimal and has not kept up with the pace of urbanisation, and the quality of water streams and bodies is often under established quality standards. In many Southeast Asia cities, informal services and infrastructure have compensated for the absence of formal structures.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|water southeast infrastructure quality cities|1.6009167|6.846467|2.4806712
2850|This could be done via grants from international financing institutions to fund, for example, municipal housing stock owned by local authorities. Energy-efficiency requirements should be set for these private developers, as well as other requirements. This can include communal and private housing stock, as well as low-rise buildings with few apartments.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|stock housing requirements private communal|2.4719238|2.9221046|1.886062
2851|The challenge is to keep up the drive for continuous improvement in quality across all provinces and districts in line with the framework for quality improvement set out in Indonesia’s National Education Standards. It is divided into two levels: six years of primary school and three years of junior secondary school. The official entry age is 7 years old, but it is common to find many 6-year-olds enrolled in the first year of primary school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school years improvement primary junior|9.314403|2.6531677|2.4588346
2852|For 2015, both Nova Scotia and Yukon were also able to provide data on enrolment numbers for Indigenous students. New Brunswick does record the numbers of Indigenous students enrolled in its schools, but only for those students who live on a reserve. Enrolment rates are needed to monitor progress in ensuring that all children are accessing the education they are entitled to.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students enrolment indigenous numbers nova|9.926058|2.8202846|2.7842765
2853|Yet the process to privatise and, by extension, uibanise ejidal land is cumbersome, requiring: i) the measurement and allocation of parcels to each ejidatario; ii) the conversion of parcel rights into private property rights, requiring the approval of a majority of the ejidatarios-, iii) confirmation that nobody with a legal right of preference (e.g. family member of an ejidatario) objects to the transfer or wishes to purchase the land; and iv) sale of land. Given the extent of ejido land in Mexico, the complexities of its urbanisation process represent a significant obstacle to legal and well-planned private development, encouraging circumvention of the law; these complexities have also made the process vulnerable to corruption. This has permitted the appropriation of land by real estate developers and the illegal construction of housing in land that may not be suitable for construction.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land complexities requiring process construction|4.2051635|5.5520945|1.6581279
2854|For example, housing and utility services, transport and communications, and energy saving and energy efficiency are urban-related areas for which all levels of government seem to bear some responsibility. In education, for instance, local governments are responsible for financing schools. However, given the different types of school, and the division of responsibilities between national and regional governments, the system is highly complex. One example is the “Almaty Green Growth Project”, which has suffered from ongoing debate about who is to administer it, since the oblast akimat and the city akimat both have responsibility and interests in the initiative.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|responsibility governments administer oblast almaty|4.2929587|5.416901|1.9252954
2855|Further work is required to harmonize the methods and standards used to monitor the treatment and disposal of excreta from on-site sanitation systems. Water pollution has worsened since the 1990s in almost all rivers in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Increasing political will to tackle pollution at its source and treat wastewater will protect public health and the environment, mitigate the costly effects of pollution and provide additional water resources. Wastewater is an undervalued source of water, energy, nutrients and other recoverable by-products. Recycling, reusing and recovering waste can alleviate water stress. A coordinated, coherent and pragmatic policy environment is therefore required for the multiple stakeholders involved in the monitoring, collection, treatment, recycling and reuse of wastewater to engage in safe and innovative practices.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater pollution water recycling treatment|1.0640572|6.766562|2.722955
2856|It is also compounded by low short run supply responses to price changes (i.e. low supply elasticity), when production decisions have already been taken. Demand responses for food are often also typically low given that food itself is an essential product. Under these basic circumstances, prices often react strongly under seemingly small shocks to demand and supply. The low elasticity of supply can be compensated partly by stock holding, which enables continued supply to meet demand. Hence, stocks play a critical role, unless they are reduced to low levels which limit their cushioning effect. Low levels are associated with periods of higher price volatility [see Deaton and Laroque (1992), Balcombe (2008), and Chavas and Kim (2006)].|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|low supply elasticity demand responses|3.9729946|4.859921|4.363809
2857|One Luxembourg respondent went so far as to suggest that this separation of functions actually hinders the advancement of genomics for infectious disease control in that country. In this second group of countries, infectious diseases are evidently given much greater prominence both in national public health policy and in genomic research and development. Indeed, in the case of South Africa, it appeals from the responses received that medical genomics is oriented almost exclusively to the elucidation and control of infectious disease, with little interest in the kinds of chronic disease studies favoured by proponents of stratified medicine in the other countries that were looked at.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infectious genomics disease control genomic|8.435379|9.248518|2.9215202
2858|In this sense, the policy promotes static efficiency but not dynamic efficiency. The institutional environment in New Zealand agriculture is simpler than in most OECD countries in that there is little support for agriculture that distort production decisions. Also formal property rights were not a problem, as New Zealand’s environmental legislation gives local councils the authority to control discharges to water, from diffuse sources pollution as well as point sources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|zealand sources efficiency distort agriculture|1.3723124|6.838654|1.9383229
2859|Caribbean nurses and teachers are one example; however, one of the clearest cases is the specialization of Peruvian migrant women in domestic services: almost 50% of them work in this sector. Peruvian women employed as domestic workers are more highly qualified than other migrant groups, and this comparative advantage may be one of the reasons why they are more frequently hired to fill these positions. However, Pacecca and Courtis (2008) have noted that overqualified domestic workers do not necessarily receive higher pay, at least not in Argentina.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peruvian domestic migrant workers specialization|8.787067|4.98173|5.669999
2860|Treatment satisfaction and recovery in Saami and Norwegian patients following psychiatric hospital treatment: a comparative study. [ Transcult Psychiatry, 42(2), 295-316. Self-rated health among Greenlandic Inuit and Norwegian Sami adolescents: associated risk and protective correlates. [ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't].|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|norwegian treatment inuit psychiatry greenlandic|10.324913|8.922084|1.9044257
2861|The Szamos-Somcs alluvial fan aquifer is located in the sub-basin. In the Hungarian part, the surface water resources are estimated at 652 x 106 mVyear, and groundwater resources at 41 x 106 mVyear. The total in the Hungarian part equals 3,171 mVyear/capita. The hydromorphology of the Hungarian part is also affected; upon regulating the river in 1890, 22 cuts through river bends were made to straighten the river. Some 55% of the total population is connected to the sewerage system (and the wastewater is treated). The influence is ranked as widespread but moderate.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hungarian river alluvial equals total|0.4230606|7.0693974|2.7938752
2862|There is also a need to guarantee that teachers and students have the materials they need in rural schools. In addition, there are strong arguments for reorganising small schools so they better serve their students. This reorganisation, however, needs to be implemented so it does not put at risk students’ continuation in the education system. The government may consider expanding or revising remedial programmes that are in place for students who are in the transition to upper secondary education and make sure that students coming from rural areas receive special attention. However, it is not clear if all students with special educational needs are benefitting from the programme and there are some special needs that might be over-diagnosed. Failure in the diagnosis of children with special needs has high costs, both for individual students and for the education system as a whole.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students special needs education schools|10.238458|2.3117094|2.0807853
2863|Therefore, it is possible to identify and analyse the role of key commodity sectors - including agriculture, energy, forestry and mining - in the climate change mitigation and adaptatbn plans of individual Parties. Six other CDDCs had not submitted an NDC but had communicated an intended nationally determined contributor (INDC), a preparatory document that anticipates voluntary natbnal climate targets, without prejudice to their legal nature. Commodity sectors feature prominently in the climate change mitigatbn and adaptbn contributions of CDDCs, including in the form of strategies, actbns, targets and priorities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cddcs commodity climate targets sectors|1.183472|3.5447462|1.2149655
2864|The paper is structured as follows: the remainder of this section reviews the existing literature that examines the pathways by which macroeconomic conditions can affect health outcomes. These pathways provide the theoretical framework by which economic conditions can have direct and indirect effects on health outcomes. Section three present the results of a new empirical investigation looking at the links between macroeconomic indicators and health using the 2013 edition of OECD Health Statistics.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health pathways macroeconomic section outcomes|9.157147|9.009761|2.6735728
2865|Indonesia’s solar FIT is a ceiling price and is de facto lower owing to competitive bidding. In contrast, India has been able to increase the installed capacity of renewable energy significantly, even with the feed-in tariffs being only slightly above the average LCOE of wind and solar. Thailand’s Adder scheme provided the highest price premium in the sample, and contributed to significant deployment, with 475 MW of new solar power capacity being installed in 2014, according to IRENA (2016).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|solar installed price lcoe bidding|1.6004814|1.915003|2.5514128
2866|To have a rigorous evaluation of social policies is beyond the scope of the present paper and of current data availability. However, we can use the data collected on family benefits for the poor to have a clearer picture of the current situation. Based on the score, the family is registered to receive these benefits. About 10 per cent of children are both poor and deprived (in 2 or more deprivations), and live in families that receive poverty family benefits.|SDG 1 - No poverty|family benefits receive current poor|7.393645|5.979437|4.7370443
2867|As the systems does not allow for anything but the minimum standard of living (Abe, 2003). Their relatively low employment in Japan is probably attributable to tax concessions and company fringe benefits for dependent spouses which are lost if they have high earnings, as detailed in Chapter 1. The strict asset test alone would probably prevent most people from qualifying for Public Assistance upon exhaustion of El benefits.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|probably qualifying benefits spouses concessions|7.977307|5.0098834|4.149157
2868|Governments are looking to sectors like tourism which can support job-rich growth. However, there are concerns about the quality of jobs being created (OECD, 2013a). Even before the crisis, employment growth in a number of advanced countries was associated with growing atypical forms of employment, with job losses concentrated on workers holding these jobs, often youth, low-skilled and migrants (OECD, 2013b).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs job employment growth holding|6.7907734|3.9146142|3.1687942
2869|Two respondents noted that there was no agency within the Ministry of Health with responsibility to champion the introduction of personalised healthcare; and two suggested that research and development are hindered by personal data protection regulations and ethical procedures. Interestingly, one respondent commented that “consumer satisfaction with [the] existing healthcare system means that there is little demand from patients or healthcare providers for change”. Respondents also saw international networking and collaboration, particularly through the European Union, as important.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|healthcare respondents personalised champion hindered|9.006156|9.535098|1.7793008
2870|Diabetes causes more work-loss days. Evidence on US data shows that diabetes increases the number of work-loss days by 2 days per year in women (Tunceli et al, 2005), and up to 3.2 days within a 2-week period for diabetes with complications (Ng et al, 2001). Whereas a US study showed that from 1992 to 2000, diabetes was responsible for $4.4 billion in lost income due to early retirement (Vijan et al, 2009), another US study failed to find evidence for a causal relationship between diabetes and the age of full retirement (Dwyer et al., Cancer has a negative impact on employment probability, worked hours, and work absence. The strength of the effect of cancer on labour market outcomes depends on individual characteristics and disease characteristics.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diabetes days al et cancer|9.388679|8.995438|2.754054
2871|For PISA 2012, over 90% of students in Thailand (as in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia) reported that they get along well with most teachers (OECD, 2013a). Almost 94% reported feeling happy at school - close behind Indonesia, which ranks first on this indicator at 95.7%, and above Singapore (87.9%), Japan (85%) and Korea (60%) (OECD, 2013c). In the two weeks prior to the 2012 PISA test, 34% of Thai students reported that they had arrived late for school at least once, compared to 10% in Viet Nam and Singapore, and 8% in Japan (OECD, 2013a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|singapore reported pisa indonesia japan|9.595197|1.9470557|3.0639179
2872|This resulted in significant increases in enrolments in primary schools and it must be noted that as a consequence, this escalated to secondary school level when the first cohort of FPE entered this level. Lesotho was then faced with problems of overcrowded lower classes (grades), high teacher-pupil ratios and lack of an adequate and qualified teaching labour force. Most importantly the country was faced with the challenge of education quality. The quality of education in the era of HIV/AIDS is also a concern because of high teacher attrition.|SDG 4 - Quality education|faced teacher attrition pupil enrolments|9.382345|2.2878447|2.558147
2873|Meeting the restoration targets is likely to require significant financial resources and innovative finance mechanisms, such as green bonds for restoration investment. The CAR will allow to identify high-biodiversity-value areas and to prioritise restoration actions. Most such instruments aim to reward biodiversity-friendly actions, such as good agricultural practices or sustainable forest use.|SDG 15 - Life on land|restoration biodiversity actions bonds reward|1.7290127|5.1959977|3.5982332
2874|Most efforts should go to addressing data gaps in primary care, for example data collection on variation in chronic diseases in general practice should be strengthened. Diseases that are contributing most to Danish inequality in burden of disease, such as diabetes and depression, are increasingly being treated in primary care settings (see Chapter 2 and Table 4.2). Given this, data collection in primary care is an appropriate way to monitor equitable health outcomes, and inform initiatives to address existing inequities. Excellent care for the elderly is a priority in Denmark, and data monitoring of health outcomes and health care provision for population groups by age would contribute to securing this priority.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care data primary diseases collection|9.246885|9.4298525|2.112704
2875|Given ever rising levels of local water stress (see Prologue, Section lii), combined with the fact that there are 286 international rivers and 592 transboundary aquifers shared by 153 countries (UN, 2018a), it could be expected that water-related conflicts have been increasing and/or are likely to increase in the future. However, current evidence does not fully support this hypothesis. Conflicts are often difficult to attribute to a single reason; however, water is often one among several contributing factors. They can also be categorized based on the use, impact, or effect that water had within the conflict.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water conflicts attribute categorized hypothesis|0.929104|7.301704|2.7343895
2876|This study has been a pilot study aiming at developing methodologies for studying food redistribution and conducting pilot studies to test the methodologies and get some preliminary results. The study has documented a need to go deeper into the issue in a following-up study and to get a more comprehensive and complete picture of the activities going on in each country. The organisations foresee an increased demand for free meals served and food bags given to low-income clients in the future, and this is likely to further increase the need for food donations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|study methodologies pilot food bags|4.395916|5.3523865|4.490238
2877|Gender-sensitive concepts and methods should be used in data collection in all statistical fields. In order to provide reliable comparisons between women and men, gender statistics need to correctly measure women’s and men’s participation in and contribution to society (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996). Conventional concepts and methods used in data collection are often inadequate to reflect the realities of women and men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|concepts men methods collection women|9.68332|4.4229155|7.9270105
2878|Young women who are married are much more likely to be NEET than unmarried women of the same age (OECD, 2012a). As early marriage can act as a barrier to participation in education and employment, the Apni Beti Apna Dhan programme provides cash incentives to girls and their families that are conditional on the daughters remaining unmarried until age 18. Initial evaluation results suggest this programme helped parents increase their investment in their daughters’ human capital (Sinha and Young, 2009).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unmarried daughters young age programme|9.182594|5.200725|6.2712126
2879|Further, this strategy is consistent with present aims to increase density in central Clermont-Ferrand and to improve the efficiency of land use in the suburbs. Finally, the strategy could be used to enhance the relationship between Clermont and its hinterland and rebalance the perception that the hinterland is solely at the service of the city. In order to avoid the risk of an increased polarisation of the rural activities towards the Lyon metropole, it is important to build strong linkages with these territories to counteract such an effect. The volume of opposition between various land users remains quite high. Consequently, land based conflicts have arisen, resulting from both the lack of space and the intense competition between different development projects, supported by individuals or groups of people. This crucial requirement maybe fulfilled by an increased involvement of the local population at the earlier stages of the decision making process and by creating bilateral exchanges between the local planners and developers on the one hand, and the local population on the other.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|hinterland clermont land local strategy|3.8855827|5.8545923|1.7822231
2880|The probability is higher for a young person with a tertiary education (respectively 17% and 25%). Although many young people (in Europe, two-thirds of them) would have preferred a permanent job but could not find one, temporary work has the potential to provide a key entry point to the labour market. For many young people, temporary contracts are more often a stepping stone to a permanent contract than a dead end.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|young permanent temporary stone stepping|8.028877|4.1763625|4.163239
2881|These numbers are declining, but many people live just above the poverty threshold. So, idiosyncratic or generalized shocks could easily push them back into poverty. Human Development Report Office calculations based on various household surveys, including ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys. In Somalia it affects 60 percent of the population in urban households and over 95 percent of the population in rural households.|SDG 1 - No poverty|percent surveys generalized households somalia|6.714691|5.759586|4.973398
2882|Measures taken during the 1990s to recover air quality focused on improving fuel quality, accelerating vehicle fleet renewal and introducing cleaner technologies. However, transport outcomes were also defined by the stagnation of mass transit and the deregulation of bus services.11 More recent projects have resumed mass transit expansion and have introduced significant improvements in bus service. The BRT scheme in Mexico City is called Metrobus.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bus transit mass metrobus resumed|3.9560661|4.9193687|0.8070099
2883|"Indicators of basic necessities say something about whether consumption or access to a basic necessity is sufficient - with “sufficient” being some predetermined level. Such a measure would compare whether a minimum standard of material wellbeing is being met across regions and communities or across time. However, what constitutes “sufficient” may vary between regions, local communities, and cultures, and between indigenous and non-indigenous households. Furthermore, what is “sufficient"" may be determined in part by the availability of other financial supports, community services, and infrastructure, all of which vary considerably across and within regions."|SDG 1 - No poverty|sufficient regions indigenous vary communities|6.609647|6.3796177|4.979209
2884|In contrast to international good practice, the NAICM project has not only been granted authorisation without a solid and publicly available sustainable ground transport access plan, but has initiated construction bids without this planning instrument. This has raised justified public concerns about the impact of the project on congestion, air quality and accessibility. The Ministiy' of Agrarian, Territorial and Urban Development (SEDATU), the national agency in charge of urban transport policy, hired experts to address surface transport access.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport project authorisation bids ministiy|4.060742|5.189699|0.9453643
2885|Through Agenda 2063, Africa is committed to prioritizing urban housing, water, sanitation, energy, waste and rapid transit systems (AUC 2015) over the next five years, as stipulated in the first Ten-Year Implementation Plan (2014-2023) of Agenda 2063. This is the basis of the first Aspiration of Agenda 2063 that envisions a prosperous Africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development, with cities and urban settlements as hubs for cultural and economic activities. As a continent with the fastest rate of urbanization, implementation of Goal 11 and its related Agenda 2063 goals and targets -through effective planning, resource mobilization, monitoring and reporting - is critical to promoting sustainable urban living and sustainable development at all levels; local, national and global. Out of the 15 indicators, only six (40 per cent) have data and sufficiently-defined methodologies to measure progress (UNDESA, 2018; ECA and others, 2017).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|agenda sustainable urban africa eca|3.6803222|4.868309|1.8171062
2886|It argues that market strategies alone can determine appropriate water uses by solving the problem of diverging private and social measures of value. However, on American Indian reservations in the American west, and among the indigenous populations aroimd the world, there exists a great concern about the application of neoclassical economics to water (Steenstra, 2009). Although the costs of a water allocation, such as equipment, labour and time, may be easily identified by market prices, monetising the benefits of preserving American Indian cultures, species, ecosystems and clean rivers are very difficult.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|american indian water reservations diverging|1.4092913|7.5155635|2.4218922
2887|The diagnostic also provided the baseline for the eventual evaluation of the impact of the EntreElles interventions. By the end of 2013, three cycles of the programme had been delivered to a total of 160 women entrepreneurs. However, after the women entrepreneurs were trained, they often reported difficulty in accessing financing. One of the barriers was their lack of know-how in developing bankable proposals and presenting these to banks. In partnership with GIZ and AFEM, they also produced small films of women’s success stories to provide role-models to others and produced a Toolkit for Women’s Entrepreneurship (“Entrepreneurial feminin au Maroc: Boite a outils de la femme entrepreneur”, GTZ and ANPME). By 2012, women accounted for 9.4% of Moussanada clients; 7% of clients in the Infitah programme targeting the acceleration of digital technology use among SMEs with revenues of less than MAD 3 million; 8.8% of Imtiaz clients (supporting businesses with high growth potential that do not need consultancy assistance but require equity to enable further growth); and 4.6% of Inmaa clients, an extensive programme to assist SMEs in their transformation into “lean” production systems and more efficient work organisations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|clients women smes programme entrepreneurs|8.969996|3.3384087|6.5405498
2888|Shewbridge (forthcoming) also identifies the growing trend across OECD countries to introduce output and/or outcome measures in different government dimensions, such as budgetary procedures. In terms of the education system, efficiency and effectiveness would be measured by outputs, such as test scores and graduation rates, rather than inputs, like funding, resources and number of school days. The increased attention to quality of public outputs and the insertion of business management techniques into public sector institutions are one of the various reasons a country may adopt and administer a national test (Ball, 1998).|SDG 4 - Quality education|outputs test insertion administer graduation|9.675919|1.8341725|1.4401233
2889|A major mechanism for conservation of biological diversity is through the designation and appropriate management of a network of protected areas. These are positioning the country well for the process of accession to the EU. The instruments most pertinent for the conservation of biodiversity and protection of natural heritage are the Law on Nature Protection, the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, and the National Strategy for Sustainable Development. The Law on Nature Protection, (No.67/2004, 14/2006, 84/2007, 35/2010, and 47/2011) transposes the EU Birds Directive and Habitat Directive.|SDG 15 - Life on land|directive protection conservation biodiversity nature|1.5774244|5.2339506|4.0239367
2890|Chinese speakers highlighted the need for closer and moie consistent international guidance, rules and codes of conduct on legality, due diligence and forest certification, particularly stressing the challenges to SMEs in following the latest international developments Australian, European and North American delegates indicated that the importing and retailing industries are willing to work with Chinese and other overseas producers to ensure their conformance with the new regulations. After a series of amendments in 2008, the Act now requires that import declarations accompany certain plants and plant products, including a wide range of wood and forest products (USDA, 2012). Under the amendments, businesses are required to exercise increased due diligence in sourcing and selling wood and wood products (Beveridge and Diamond, 2009).|SDG 15 - Life on land|wood diligence amendments products chinese|3.971492|4.619691|4.1005106
2891|Other recommendations included strengthening the WTO notification process and considering an exemption for humanitarian purchases of food. Instead the G20 ministers had called for more work on this topic. According to the agencies involved in the price volatility report, evidence showed that the large increase in demand for agricultural raw materials in the production of ethanol contributed to price increases and to price volatility.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|price volatility exemption notification ethanol|3.9870646|5.087902|4.218013
2892|Even though the employment-to-population ratio of the foreign-bom population (65%) was lower than that of native-bom population (67%), the share of the foreign-bom population of working age (76%) was much higher than the corresponding native-bom share (62%). The resulting share of employment in the total population is therefore higher for foreign-bom population (49%) than for the Ghanaian-bom population (41%). The upward effect of this gap of 8 percentage points on the national share of employed is unlikely to be wiped out by the potentially negative impact of the presence of foreign-bom workers on the native-bom employment rate. The effect of immigration on the capital-labour ratio is not known, and the overall effect of migrant labour on GDP per capita therefore cannot be ascertained with great accuracy.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom population foreign native share|7.252416|3.7056751|4.237546
2893|Utilities have an integrated technical, financial and marketing capability that may not be available elsewhere. In 2011 USD 7 billion was invested in ratepayer funded energy efficiency projects producing an estimated 117TWh of energy reductions. In 2012, there were 25 states with energy efficiency resource standards and a further 9 states adopting other policies. ( Foster Wallace and Dahlberg 2013).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency states capability adopting|2.0774338|2.578369|2.4306283
2894|At the same time, the movement of people to towns and cities leads to an increase in construction of new residential buildings and commercial and industrial facilities, which requires an increase in capacity of the water supply network and, therefore, reconstruction of water supply systems. In 2014, the amount of used water treated corresponded to water used by 1.7 million persons. However, this number is theoretical since industrial wastewater is also included, but not measured, as is also water coming from various sources due to the deteriorated state of network.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water network industrial corresponded deteriorated|1.4575734|7.1766477|2.6823392
2895|The National Urban Policy Programme (NUPP) is meant to address these issues of governance, capacity and knowledge sharing to facilitate the development of NUPs and to contribute to the implementation of the New Urban Agenda and other global agreements. Other objectives include direct assistance, such as providing training to policymakers and other relevant stakeholders to help them develop specialised skills to directly bridge the capacity gap or offering technical assistance and advisory services for every stage of the NUP cycle within a country. Finally, it also aims to build a platform for all levels of government, the private sector and civil society actors and any other relevant stakeholder to be engaged, network and exchange, to encourage transfer of best practices and policies, and raise awareness of NUPs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nups assistance relevant urban nup|3.5660124|5.0075684|1.7049726
2896|The only teachers who are given the option of not joining the new system are those who are ten years from retirement as of 2016. Initial Teacher Education: new requirements to enter initial teacher education; mandatory accreditation of initial teacher education programmes; and external assessment of student teachers before their graduation to inform the improvement of teacher education programmes. New Career Structure: launch of the National Induction System for beginning teachers; creation of a multistage career structure; and development of a teacher evaluation process to determine progression in the career structure.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher career initial structure teachers|9.577941|1.2469692|2.3641577
2897|All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.___________________________ The Organisation’s core mission today is to help governments work together towards a stronger, cleaner, fairer global economy. Through its network of 250 specialised committees and working groups, the OECD provides a setting where governments compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fairer rights governments cleaner answers|5.758529|3.8448963|2.484533
2898|In contrast, the population of the developed regions is expected to increase slightly, from 1.23 billion to 1.28 billion (United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2009). The continued rapid increase in the population of developing countries highlights the importance of having appropriate policies designed to promote the sustained economic growth and structural transformation of their economies so as to ensure durable poverty reduction. Although the income-based (per capita) conventional poverty measure is sensitive to population growth, careful analysis does not provide any support for the Malthusian claim that poverty can be attributed to population growth in excess of output growth, especially food production.|SDG 1 - No poverty|population growth poverty billion durable|6.20719|5.640857|4.8491488
2899|The State of Ceara, where water uses charges are applied since 1996 does not belong to an interstate river basin and therefore it is not reported in this table. Classes are: Class A: Low water conflicts; basic institutional framework; Class B: Medium water conflicts-Intermediate institutional framework; Class C High water conflicts - Developed institutional framework; Class D Veiy high water conflicts - Advanced institutional framework. These rates are not automatically adjusted for inflation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|conflicts class institutional water framework|1.189512|7.48002|1.9306053
2900|Sprawling cities shift fringe areas towards new land uses (including residential, industrial and business areas) and away from their traditional social and economic functions (Seret et al, 2014). Land use planners need to balance diverse interests in such areas, such as the need to protect open green space and natural amenities, to protect agricultural lands, to provide critical infrastructure and transportation for growing urban areas and to meet housing demand. The push and pull between these various uses is inherently tied to questions of how this space should be governed and how' to define the public interest in questions about how’ land should be used and developed (or not, as the case may be).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|areas land protect questions space|3.8933787|5.4357524|1.7140647
2901|"In the Page | 58 meantime> to support the long-term financial viability of rural electrification efforts, the central government is nevertheless allocating subsidies earmarked for a number of previously implemented off-grid electrification programmes, as Table 15 shows. China has achieved an electrification rate of 99.4%, with 99% in rural areas and already 100% in urban settings, thanks to the government's aggressive measures and strong political will. The Chinese government estimates that only 1.5 million people will still be without in 2020."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification government meantime aggressive rural|2.2628534|1.8239201|2.6094408
2902|It concludes with a number of follow-up recommendations. The first focuses on the broader education and training policy arrangements, including monitoring and evaluation. The second addresses policy implementation, in particular how entrepreneurship is promoted in secondary, vocational and tertiary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|addresses promoted concludes education policy|6.903662|2.917442|2.6765242
2903|The system cannot rely on consistent tools for measuring the quality and effectiveness of the education system and the actual achievement of learning outcomes, as there are neither external assessments of learning, based on standardised national assessments, nor external evaluations of schools and leaching. Students advance from grade to grade as they are assessed in schools by their teachers, and external examinations are only used to regulate tertiary education's admissions. A provision regarding evaluation of schools was included in the law passed in May 2010 (3848/201) which also included requirements regarding the conditions surrounding the employment of teachers, school directors, and others (see section on current references in the section on development and use of human resources). It will also include suggestions for improvement in the next school year.|SDG 4 - Quality education|external schools grade assessments regarding|9.736492|1.79376|1.5761652
2904|Micro Prespa is shared by Albania and Greece, while Macro Prespa is shared by Albania, Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Lakes Prespa and Ohrid are part of the same hydrogeological basin, and the Prcspa and Ohrid Lakes Aquifer (No. Status Paper - Managen lent of .he extended Tran: tbouiKlary Drill Basin.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ohrid albania lakes greece shared|0.56454986|6.9997044|2.5271227
2905|Human capital: technical and commercial skills, technology adoption and diffusion and awareness among consumers, investors and decision makers. The global competitiveness scores have a wider scope at a national level but these factors are relevant when evaluating the readiness of a country to adopt renewable energy technologies (EU-GCC). The table below shows the global competitiveness scores for the GCC countries; the score is out of 7 and the higher the score, the more competitive the country.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gcc scores score competitiveness global|1.7425843|2.3300102|2.1141536
2906|Regions may freely choose an area for smart specialisation. Nine of 16 Polish regions have chosen support for high-quality food production as smart specialisation in their strategic documents. It is important to note that the smart specialisation framework in regions and the implementation measures/resources in the mentioned programmes tend to be focused on scientific research and innovation in Poland, which can neglect rural innovation. In a review of the impact of rural development programme measures for economic diversification over the 2003-17 period, it is found that such measures had the most significant impact in the Wielkopolskie voivodeship and in the northern part of the region of Mazowsze (at the border of the Mazow'ieckie, Podlaskie and Lubelskie voivodeships) and in the western part of the Warminsko-Mazurskie voivodeship (Biczkowski and Biczkowska, 2016).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|specialisation smart regions measures innovation|4.4034495|4.9989033|3.0496554
2907|The situation remains critical, with food prices maintaining historically high levels. Both the price hikes and volatility adversely affect poverty reduction efforts and sustainable development strategies. Recent Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates suggest that two-thirds of the world’s hungry people (some 600 million people) live in just seven countries, of which three are in the Commonwealth (India, Bangladesh and Pakistan).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|hikes hungry food adversely people|4.2128925|5.3340573|4.402858
2908|Its provisions set out the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out, and it could thus be argued that UNCLOS relates to almost all SDG-14 targets. Of particular relevance is the legal framework for the protection and preservation of the marine environment set out in Part XII of UNCLOS. It sets out the general obligation for States to protect and preserve the marine environment (article 192), and includes a number of provisions which elaborate on this obligation. These two parts relate directly to targets 14.2 and 14.5, but also to 14.4.|SDG 14 - Life below water|obligation provisions marine targets legal|0.05079294|5.5213823|6.1217546
2909|However, LDCs’ combined installed capacity for medium hydro nearly doubled between 2000 and 2016, from 257 MW to 495 MW, while small hydro also increased from 45 MW to 63 MW. Electricity output from medium hydro rose by more than 80 per cent from 9,723 GWh in 2000 to 17,887 GWh in 2014, while small hydro output increased from 159 GWh to 203 GWh. At the forefront of this increase have been Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal, Rwanda, Uganda and Zambia.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gwh mw hydro democratic output|1.3893799|2.0716002|2.5743904
2910|These devices can delay their consumption (the cool down period) for a short while as long as the internal temperature remains within certain bounds. The use of demand flexibility by controlling loads also requires customer acceptance and approval. Among the options are the following. For refrigerators the delays can be up to 15 minutes, for freezers this can be considerably longer if the devices would allow deeper cooling and bigger temperature differences within the freezer (Vande Meerssche et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|devices temperature refrigerators loads minutes|1.7423738|1.3996814|1.9711242
2911|For instance, older adults may have enough money to meet food needs, but be food insecure due to functional limitations that make it hard to shop for or prepare food. A child may live in a non-poor household, but be subjected to inappropriate feeding practices that lead to food insecurity. Food management strategies both contribute to and are impacted by food insecurity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food insecurity shop subjected inappropriate|4.4965806|5.7262955|4.758962
2912|Despite the presence of legislations to combat trafficking in women, the phenomenon continues to be prevalent as does prostitution and sexual exploitation. Wars, armed conflicts and the occupation of territories may also lead to new forms of prostitution and trafficking in women. New forms of sexual exploitation such as sex tourism, domestic labour of women from developing countries to developed countries or organised marriages between women from developing countries and men from developed countries have also increased.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|prostitution trafficking exploitation women sexual|9.721452|5.462024|7.3493104
2913|In other MENA countries, cultural specificities, which do not recognise the human rights of women, are so anchored in their societies that they go against the universality of women’s rights. These discriminatory customs and traditions violate the principle of equality in certain cases, when the health of women is jeopardised in order to comply w'ith men’s w'ishes, such as early marriage or female genital mutilation. Although some discrepancies exist, they also secure equal rights for men and women to engage in litigation, including w'omen’s right to conduct legal actions, file lawsuits and sign contracts. Women’s rights are often explicitly stated in various legal texts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights women legal litigation universality|9.738818|4.964993|7.2449718
2914|The resulting diseases and conditions included under this topic may be caused by exposure to the toxins through air, water, food, soil or a combination of these elements. In this respect, the resulting health problems in this topic cannot be categorized as primarily or solely attributable to a specific medium such as air or water. This topic also includes diseases and conditions associated with exposure to nuclear radiation. The related diseases and health conditions may be acute or chronic.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|topic diseases conditions exposure air|1.0139725|6.7359962|3.0005178
2915|One is the concentration of consumers’ food purchases, another is the concentration of food import suppliers. Table 5 shows concentration ratios, which show the cumulative shares of the most important (Cl), two most important (C2) and three most important (C3) food staples in total calorie consumption. In general, higher income countries have more diversified consumption patterns and so are less vulnerable to increases in the price of one specific staple.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|concentration food important consumption cl|4.212857|5.215776|4.4303145
2916|Waste generation per capita is among the highest in the OECD and continued to grow during the review period. Despite the decrease in total consumption of nitrogenous fertiliser, the intensity of use (per unit of agricultural land) is well above the OECD Europe average; meanwhile pesticide use increased. The National Sustainable Development Strategy has lost momentum; progress on implementation has not been constantly monitored. There is a need to integrate further environmental concerns into sectoral policies and practices, particularly in land use planning, agriculture and transport, and to enhance implementation capacity at local level.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|use implementation land pesticide constantly|1.4936168|4.046673|2.561291
2917|It contributes to the work of the UNFF group of experts and reports on the implementation of the International Arrangement on Forests (IAF). The Ministry of Forestry regularly reports to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) programme and to the ECE/FAO Forests in the ECE Region Report on trends and challenges in achieving the Global Objectives in Forests (GOF). Accordingly, its National Communications to UNFCCC, prepared under the leadership of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, have to include an assessment of climate change impacts on forestry, and the assessment of forests’ vulnerability and measures for forestry adaptation.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests forestry ece assessment fao|1.5138003|4.696114|3.7098258
2918|It can be difficult to manage the increased congestion generated by higher density development. Constrained uiban areas may also be less economically efficient. They may also generate environmentally undesirable commuting patterns (due to leapfrog development, for example). No single best solution or tool exists to manage urban growth without negative side-effects.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|manage leapfrog uiban undesirable commuting|3.9720757|5.184405|1.4916044
2919|However, a person under the influence of a severe mental disorder cannot be sentenced to prison. The individual is instead taken into custody under the Compulsory Mental Care Act. Sweden has thirty-one clinics used for forensic psychiatric purposes, and these clinics treat 94% of such patients. The remaining forensic psychiatric patients are treated at general psychiatric clinics.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychiatric clinics mental patients prison|10.323813|8.9338665|1.7617999
2920|This chapter describes what fishery governance is and what it does as well as factors influencing governance effectiveness, including the economic context, scientific uncertainty and transactions costs. Options for strengthening fishery governance under conditions of climate change through the promotion of adaptability, flexibility and resilience are also discussed. The goal of fishery policy is to increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the fishery, fishing industry, fishing communities and fishery governance.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery governance resilience fishing adaptability|-0.2028642|5.815717|6.5043283
2921|Due to rapidly evolving digital technologies and new business opportunities, the digital economy is growing rapidly, but unevenly. Viewpoint 1 describes how access to broadband infrastructure can be extended to create an inclusive Information Society. At the same time, strong inequalities between countries persist in terms of speed of access (Figure 2), as well as differences in how connectivity is used (Viewpoint 2).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|viewpoint digital rapidly access evolving|4.836076|2.9519002|1.7139449
2922|Caribbean Environmental Forum-2, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, May 31-June 04, 2004.13pp. Comparative study of land administration systems’, Trinidad and Tobago, Case-study, unpublished; referenced in Johnson, S.G. (2003). ‘ Building the cadastral framework; achievements and challenges in the English speaking Caribbean’, http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdil0/papers/TS42.2paper.pdf Environmental Management Authority (EMA) (1998). State of the Environment Report 1998.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|trinidad tobago caribbean study johnson|1.4727181|5.0886264|3.047677
2923|This assessment, comprising information on infrastructure, access, productivity and patient satisfaction, results in a score which allows hospitals to be ranked into one of five categories as described more fully in Chapter 4. Each evaluation team consists of 4 people, a team leader, and at least one physician, who are drawn from a pool of 368 trained evaluators. Each standard, within the Health Care Quality Standards is evaluated as “Yes, No or Not applicable”. According to their importance, standards are pre-weighted.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|team standards yes evaluators physician|9.148127|9.524693|1.732986
2924|Care plans tend to be more common for individuals with severe and enduring mental illnesses, and/or complex health and social care needs. Many OECD countries report that psychiatrists, psychologists, mental health nurses and mental health social workers are working in primary care practices. A small study of integrating psychologists into primary care practices in Ontario, Canada, suggested positive outcomes for primary care physicians and patients (Chomienne et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care mental psychologists primary health|10.302809|8.851358|1.6749063
2925|Although both are important in combating unemployment, this chapter focuses exclusively on income support. Other programmes also target certain industries that display high (sometimes cyclical) unemployment rates. Nonetheless, in some special situations, such as illnesses or permanent disability, funds can be withdrawn before retirement.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment combating withdrawn display illnesses|7.767415|4.945709|4.0694466
2926|3The EU-SILC 2013 child-specific material deprivation module is optional, hence the number of countries analysed is limited. The children who are left behind, also referred to as the poorest children, or the children in the bottom end of the income distribution, are those in the poorest decile, i.e. with incomes falling below the 10th percentile in each country. This includes inter-EU migrants as well as those born outside the Union.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poorest children eu optional percentile|7.292189|6.459314|5.243389
2927|Since the transformation of public companies the effectiveness of service has improved and waste collection has started to expand to rural areas. For example, A.S.A. EKO d.o.o. Porr Umwelttechnik GmbH’s Serbian subsidiary PWW is currently the largest private waste management provider in Serbia and collects the MSW of around 600,000 residents at present. It started its activities in Serbia in 2007 and is serving Leskovac and Jagodina.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|serbia started waste msw subsidiary|0.38274348|4.074941|3.1661801
2928|By contrast, non-EU migrants who come through the labour channel are more educated than the natives, have a higher income and a very low unemployment rate. In 2008, Sweden reverted to a more open labour migration policy by allowing employers to recruit workers from abroad for any occupation as long as wages and other working conditions fulfil the ones prevailing in collective agreements. This boosted the number of non-EU migrants coming in through the labour channel.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|channel migrants labour eu natives|7.3785896|3.8143773|4.22003
2929|However, the estimated contribution of temporary work to the overall jobs impact of short-time work schemes is very small and not statistically significant. The total number of jobs saved as a result of short-time work after taking account of its potential impact on temporary employment is 215 000 for Germany and 385 000 for Japan (instead of 220 000 and 395 000, respectively). The discrepancy between the net number of jobs preserved and the total potential number of jobs preserved actually represents the sum of deadweight and displacement effects. However, it is unlikely that displacement effects had been very large as of 2009 Q3.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs preserved displacement temporary number|7.8108387|4.450905|4.2796273
2930|It stresses the need to pay special attention to those who are especially vulnerable to the most serious decent work deficits in the informal economy, including young people. From this perspective, it is important to note that Recommendation No. Therefore, in a context of poverty and multifaceted vulnerabilities, policy efforts to facilitate the transition to formality should go hand in hand with ensuring opportunities for income security, livelihoods and entrepreneurship. Interventions are more effective when they are combined, given that this practice allows them to address diversity as well as the scale of the informal economy and informal employment in the formal sector (ILO, 2014b). Evidence indicates that the greatest reduction in informality rates occurs when the set of instruments used is broader and more comprehensive (ILO, 2014a). The first includes measures or incentives for the creation of formal jobs and conditions for their development, such as subsidies for the development or expansion of enterprises and of employment, and programmes designed to increase skills of the labour force.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|informal ilo hand formal economy|7.99475|4.2698417|4.6128635
2931|They believed it hindered social mobility, in that it prevented the rise of the most dynamic individuals in the society, and that it weakened economic incentives for an efficient use of labour, land and machinery.1 They also saw it as generating excessive consumption by the upper classes, contrasting with the precarious conditions of the popular masses. In their view, income inequality does not translate into stronger capital accumulation, as ostentatious consumption by the rich reduces savings. Consequently, State-led redistribution policies must seek to reduce consumption by the upper income groups in order to increase savings and direct them to capital accumulation (Prebisch, 1963; Pinto, 1970).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|accumulation consumption savings upper capital|6.6449265|5.267093|4.4717264
2932|Many people have limited or insecure access to land and property, due to a lack of legal protection and/or the risk of seizure of land by the more powerful. Commonly excluded groups include women, pastoralists and indigenous people. Securing land rights for these groups is particularly important for their empowerment.|SDG 1 - No poverty|land pastoralists seizure groups insecure|9.202102|5.0934706|7.176014
2933|The rapid increase in resources for STI has helped to expand STI activity and opportunities for learning. But a change in innovation policy strategy is now required. Austria will need to move towards a system which is less focused on expanding inputs and pays more attention to the evidence-based achievement of specified impact, i.e. on the efficiency and effectiveness of its investment in STI.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|sti pays specified helped expanding|5.4073133|3.437467|2.4548185
2934|It can build capacity -preparing teaching materials, organizing training and facilitating the necessary expertise. And it can involve other multinational corporations in improving industrial energy efficiency through their value chains while ensuring that they follow corporate social responsibility principles transparently. Industrial energy-efficiency technologies need to be transferred to developing countries, where energy use is growing faster and innovation is generally slower. Many of these countries lag in their capacity to obtain, develop and deploy innovative climate change and energy-efficient technologies (UNIDO 2010b).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy industrial technologies efficiency deploy|1.968579|2.6515617|2.169735
2935|"That right begins in early childhood, which is one reason why the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call on governments to ""ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education."" Investment in quality early childhood care and education produces a double benefit: It is both fair and efficient. This kind of holistic approach also takes child protection into account and focuses on the quality of care provided to infants and young children. A long-term study in Jamaica found a 42 per cent increase in average adult earnings associated with early childhood stimulation."|SDG 4 - Quality education|childhood early care quality stimulation|8.944411|2.8540044|2.1442258
2936|Water Subsidies: Impact of higher irrigation rates on Central Valley Project farmers. United States General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-94-8, Washington, D.C., 92 pages. Bureau of Reclamation: Information on allocation and repayment of costs of constructing water projects. United States General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-96-109, Washington, D.C., 80 pages.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pages washington accounting office general|1.2897935|7.6585846|2.556822
2937|Now, state, municipality and federal schools must purchase at least 30 percent of food for school meals directly from family fanners. The PNAE has expanded rapidly and, in 2014, had a budget of 3.5 billion reais (about US$1.54 billion), benefiting 47.2 million students. However, only 45 percent of implementing agencies comply with the legally mandated minimum requirement of 30 percent purchase from family farmers (Swensson, 2015).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|percent purchase billion family fanners|4.5743237|5.4793367|4.3903933
2938|It describes three main challenges highlighted by participating countries that are contributing to continued gaps in pedagogical continuity, along with a wealth of practical strategies for tackling them. Finally, it lists some pointers for policy development as food for thought for countries seeking to improve pedagogical continuity in transitions. The joint creation of pedagogical transition practices by staff at both levels can facilitate children’s adjustment to school and help them settle in.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogical continuity pointers settle tackling|9.206504|2.2756007|2.0337727
2939|Owing to the good growing conditions for the trees and fast growing hybrids in that region and thanks to the characteristics of this type of wood, this company expects to be able to develop a sustainable and economically viable alternative to tropical plywood. It should, therefore, have an impact on wood prices in some regions and for certain categories of wood products, such as co-products from the w'ood-processing industry' and lower quality w'ood. Some representatives of traditional industries consider that the subsidies granted directly or indirectly for wood eneigy create unfair competition.|SDG 15 - Life on land|wood growing products expects unfair|1.6168718|4.5111337|3.8541806
2940|The social care components of LTC may be provided and remunerated as a package of services along with long-term nursing and personal care services. If such services cannot be separately accounted for, and are not the dominant component of the package, they should be included under HC.3; otherwise the complete package should be under HC.R.l: Long-term care (social). Also excluded are services involving surveillance of persons with mental deficits such as dementia patients, and medical assessment and services involving case management and co-ordination between medical and long-term health care (which are also included under HC.3).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hc package services care term|9.291744|8.84407|1.738933
2941|Nevertheless, the Danish financial sector remains large by international standards, with a total-assets-to-GDP ratio of more than 500%, and is dominated by a few very large banks and highly interconnected. As discussed in the previous Survey, this poses a systemic risk and potentially creates important implicit liabilities for the public sector. At the same time, household gross debt continues to be the highest across OECD countries (Figure 9), albeit large pension savings counterbalances this (see below).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|large liabilities interconnected poses implicit|6.61503|5.074053|4.154816
2942|However, as taxi markets are increasingly disrupted by ride service companies, there is an increasing realisation that public transport may be next and that authorities must re-evaluate their stance on the whole mobility ecosystem in a unified and coherent manner. There are many reasons that this will not necessarily be straightforward, not least of which is that some see emerging mobility services, and ride services in particular, as increasingly competing in the same space as public transport (and potentially for certain pedestrian and cycling trips). This, if true, would certainly counter stated policy objectives for many public authorities and would require strong action to prevent such a loss. This framing of the question - ride services and public transport competing for a uniform, fixed and possibly even shrinking market, however, belies the reality in many cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ride competing transport public mobility|4.2299623|4.924213|0.44101396
2943|Budgetary support to the fisheries industry totalled RMB 129 billion (USD 19.4 billion) during the 2010-15, a record amount and a 154% increase from the previous five-year plan period. The diesel fuel subsidy was put in place after a sharp price rise in 2006. The subsidy was distributed according to the power of the fishing vessel.|SDG 14 - Life below water|subsidy billion totalled vessel diesel|-0.1411871|5.6106224|6.937565
2944|Some speakers pointed out that the full value of forest-related goods and services to their national economies could be much greater than the monetary figures reported by official statistics. Several speakers stressed that, for effective implementation beyond 2015, it would be essential to continue to facilitate capacity-building, training and technology transfer, through South-South cooperation as well as North-South and triangular cooperation. Speakers also highlighted the importance of working in partnership with members of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests and stakeholders, including the private sector and non-governmental organizations, and the need for adequate resources to strengthen implementation.|SDG 15 - Life on land|speakers south partnership cooperation implementation|1.6038918|4.6566253|3.7981403
2945|These behaviours are related to several major diseases, for instance, circulatory and respiratory diseases, and different forms of cancer and, according to calculations published by the WHO (WHO, 2009, Table 1, high-income countries), they are responsible for more than five million annual deaths in high-income countries worldwide. More specifically, the WHO estimates suggest that 68 per cent of the deaths and 44 per cent of the disability-adjusted life years are caused by a modifiable health risk (high-income countries). The last half century has brought large population-wide changes in health-related behaviour. Some of these changes - for instance, the decrease in smoking prevalence in several countries - can be expected to have had beneficial health effects.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deaths diseases income high health|9.2213745|9.222798|3.014895
2946|Of other major causes of death, mortality from respiratory diseases also reduced steeply in the 2000s, converging to the EU average. These trends partially reflect improvements in available treatments and public health policies related to smoking (see Section 5.1). However, since 2006 rates of newly reported HIV diagnoses have more than doubled, and in 2015 Malta recorded the third highest rate of newly reported HIV cases in the EU/EEA (ECOC, 20161 This increase is largely attributable to outbreaks among the men who have sex with men (MSM) community.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|newly hiv reported eu diagnoses|8.927145|9.360173|3.0646217
2947|This institutional organisation affects policy coherence. Water quantity management spills over and is affected by choices made in other policy fields (i.e. agriculture, energy, urban development, public finances), which are often responsible for growing pressures on water resources. The multiplicity of actors involved in water management at central level, and the lack of institutional incentives in Korea (e.g. common objectives, performance indicators, etc.) On the one hand, this approach is well-suited to provide access to bulk water at the same price across the nation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water institutional multiplicity spills suited|1.4808186|7.35035|2.002678
2948|The numbers of girls and women going into so-called STEM fields—science, technology, engineering and mathematics—are still very low, for example, even though many future jobs will lie there. However, if the pace at which women become frequent users of digital technologies is doubled, the workplace could reach gender equality much faster than many current estimates predict (Accenture, 2016). A programme in Costa Rica, for example, is helping girls in impoverished rural areas learn about science and technology in schools, and connecting young women graduates to opportunities to become entrepreneurs in information and communication technology.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|technology science girls women impoverished|9.401678|3.7092354|5.8980155
2949|Rare indigenous species such as the Indus River dolphin will be imperilled if the water flow from glacier melt is greatly reduced. Hydropower dams are also reportedly substantially decreasing in capacity even as new ones are being planned (Thakkar 2005). The World Bank, which has acted as principal mediator since the first treaty was signed between India and Pakistan in 1954, states that a major contributor to issues of water use is the crumbling water infrastructure that has seen people turn to pumping groundwater, which now supplies 70 per cent of the region’s water use (World Bank 2005).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water indus bank acted reportedly|1.0537694|7.1748323|2.2645946
2950|For example, many providers of public international climate finance have identified the different results (e.g. climate, development, social, economic) that can be expected from different types of interventions. Identifying lessons from this experience and learning from this will be important. Assessing results, as well as identifying effective pre-conditions and modalities for delivering climate finance, can be an iterative process and involve making trade-offs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|identifying climate finance results iterative|1.8083274|4.2037563|1.1565402
2951|Theory and experience clearly shows that relying on TAC management alone results in overcapacity, shortened fishing seasons, and fluctuating landings (OECD, 1997). Additionally, over-exploitation has not generally been prevented in fisheries managed solely by TACs. Reasons for this may include the level of the TACs and lack of compliance. However, setting the appropriate TAC is not always straightforward especially when there is considerable uncertainty and different views about how to measure the stock and its carrying capacity. Transparency in the estimation of the TAC and information sharing with stakeholders on the process and assumptions behind the estimation is an important part of a fisheries rebuilding plan as a consensus or common understanding of the biological situation and the targets chosen can help ensure buy-in by relevant stakeholders. If fishers and other stakeholders disagree or are uncertain about the fundamental state of the stocks they may be less likely to adhere to and support a rebuilding plan.|SDG 14 - Life below water|tac rebuilding stakeholders estimation fisheries|-0.17892137|5.770683|6.6465597
2952|In some countries, students are segregated into different tracks at early ages, reflecting the notion that only some children can achieve world-class standards. But PISA shows that such selection is related to large social disparities. By contrast, in countries as different as Estonia, Canada, Finland and Japan, parents and teachers are committed to the belief that all students can meet high standards.|SDG 4 - Quality education|standards students segregated belief tracks|9.729681|2.1861434|2.8716128
2953|The relationship between family structure and performance in PISA was examined in the volume devoted to equity in PISA 2012. The equity framework in PISA 2015 focuses on the concentration of disadvantage and its association with students' access to educational resources, on differences in opportunity to learn, and on grade repetition and tracking. This chapter looks at how these mediating factors interact with students' socio-economic status; Chapter 7 examines how they affect students with and without an immigrant background.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa students equity chapter repetition|9.747634|2.2741225|3.0734797
2954|The Program Staff and Supervisor Level certifications require educators to have a two-year diploma in ECEC. A Common Skills Working group has been established to identify what should be included in initial ECEC staff education programmes. Stakeholders are invited to comment on the identified skills and knowledge areas for ECEC staff. After receiving the comments, the plan will be revised. The goal of this initiative is to strengthen the workforce knowledge and improve quality ECEC delivery.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ecec staff knowledge certifications skills|9.2514|2.7240376|1.8756177
2955|The Zanzibar Marine Station has become the Institute of Marine Science (IMS) of the University of Dar es Salaam and the Mombasa Marine Station is now the Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI). This station became L’Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines de 1’Universite de Tulear. For instance, in 1962, a decision was taken to close the EAMFRO as it was argued that marine science was unlikely to provide immediate economic benefit to East Africa.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine station institute science es|-0.056561414|5.624703|6.222326
2956|However, we want to be clear that this approach is not entirely new to Ethiopia - there are already ‘glimpses’ of a green economy in several sectors and locations, which we illustrate in section 3. However, over the last few years, and prior to the CRGE, several green economy-type activities have been in operation, albeit often at a small scale at project level. While few are supported by mainstream policy as yet, they are gaining in prominence.|SDG 13 - Climate action|green economy prominence crge gaining|1.9746633|4.361047|2.3489397
2957|In Canada, for instance, just 9% of students in rural schools have an immigrant background, compared to about 45% of students in city schools. Rural-urban differences of at least 20 percentage points are observed also in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Germany, New Zealand, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. How well do rural students do? In Bulgaria, Beijing-Shanghai-Jiangsu-Guangdong (People’s Republic of China) [hereafter “B-S-J-G (China)”], Hungary, Portugal, the Slovak Republic and Turkey, the rural gap is of at least 80 score points before accounting for socio-economic status.|SDG 4 - Quality education|rural students united points republic|9.852506|2.4628887|3.1411083
2958|Single-parent families then face a much higher risk of poverty than families with two parents in every country: while 1 in 10 families with two parents is income poor on average across the OECD, the poverty risk is three times higher (33%) for single-parent families. Across the OECD, this poverty risk affects about 1 in 6 children living in singleparent families. Children in this family situation nevertheless represent a growing share of the poor child population: around 39% of poor children are with in single-parent in 2014 on average in the OECD while their proportion was more than 4 percentage points lower in 2007.|SDG 1 - No poverty|families parent single poor risk|7.438777|6.0034547|5.2001734
2959|The transfer by the municipality fund is allocated to individual municipalities on the basis of a very complex distribution formula using a variety of objective indicators (Bos, 2010). This not only takes account of the number of inhabitants, but also corrects for differences in tax-eaming capacity (real estate value of dwellings and business property) and external circumstances, like a regional function or the social and physical structure. This includes indicators for the number of households receiving social benefits, the number of people from ethnic minority groups, the number of young or elderly, the density of addresses and the surface area of the historical centre. However, differences in other revenues, like interest, dividend or from the sale of land, are not taken into account.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|number like differences account indicators|4.530599|5.414647|2.022396
2960|Developed in Washington State, it has proved successful and is now being introduced in other parts of the United States. Courses are provided in occupations in high demand. In Washington State combining basic skills with vocational content is facilitated by the availability of both types of programme at community and technical colleges, and I-BEST programmes are available in every college in the state.|SDG 4 - Quality education|washington state combining proved college|8.417085|2.5861018|2.7786922
2961|In Algeria, education became obligatory in 1970. In Libya, education is compulsory and is free of charge at all levels, including advanced education. Today, the public sector remains the largest sector employing women, hiring 50% of all women in the labour force in 2012 (OECD findings). Likewise, in Tunisia the most important share of women in the labour force has attained tertiary education, with a rate of 38.3%, against 19.1% for males, followed by females with secondary' education (30%, against 37% for males), and with primary education (19.3%, against 32.9% for males) (Tunisia national census, 2014).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|males education tunisia force women|9.22856|4.3309684|5.7386403
2962|These shortages are particularly pronounced in schools attended by disadvantaged students. Since 2010, the MEP has invested significantly in upgrading schools' infrastructure and rolling out access to new technologies through the internationally-recognised Educational Technology programme (Programa de Informatica Educativa, PRONIE). But this programme has only reached 55% of public primary and lower secondary schools and roughly 80% of students (MEP, 2016) and limited attention has been given to the widespread and acute shortage of textbooks and other important learning materials. Teachers can no longer require children to repeat the first grade of primary school, while students have more opportunities to retake exams and only have to repeat the subjects failed rather than the entire year.|SDG 4 - Quality education|mep repeat schools students exams|9.514176|2.034334|2.5810752
2963|This organization receives product fees and distributes payments for collected recyclables and packaging. Waste disposal norms are defined depending on the amount of recyclables present in the generated waste. On the one hand, this approach creates a baseline against which waste generators are inspected, but on the other hand, it may lead a waste generator to report waste “as expected” by the established/normed amounts. Collection companies operating in an oblast have to calculate and report a cost-based waste fee for collection and disposal in relation to the subsidized waste fee actually collected from the population.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste disposal fee collected collection|0.46372458|4.0152783|3.0839937
2964|This framework describes teacher professionalism through teachers' knowledge base, autonomy and peer networks. In order to measure how well education systems support teachers' professionalism in each of these domains, TALIS calculates the average number of best practices, as reported by teachers (Box 2.1). Each of the domains of teacher professionalism is scaled from 0 to 5, with 5 representing a theoretical maximum where all practices within the domain are observed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professionalism teachers domains teacher practices|9.42688|1.2032677|2.0806744
2965|At the global level and with the exception of for rice, which has a comparable nutritional contribution level to that of wheat, the contribution of other cereals is almost negligible. It is therefore important to try and assess the extent of wheat security at the level of individual countries as well as of the region more broadly. In other words, to assess how far the countries of the region are secure or safe in terms of wheat availability. Within the context of this study, wheat security is defined as being available at all times and in adequate quantities that satisfy demand.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|wheat assess contribution level security|4.1769586|5.2601395|4.2026663
2966|Education and competencies largely determine the quality of a labour force. In a global economy that is becoming increasingly dependent on skills, countries with low'er skill levels need to develop their human capital and be more competitive. However, attempts to boost workforce skills through vocational training without considering how they interact with labour market developments and policies are likely to be ineffective (OECD, 2015a).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|skills er labour ineffective interact|8.411998|2.9579134|2.9973698
2967|When a larger quantity of variable renewables is connected to the grids, it could put the stability of the power system in risk. Active power control systems, reactive power compensation devices and LVRT capabilities are among the requirements suggested. The draft standards are seen by the industry as stringent, and would require developers and turbine suppliers to upgrade their equipment (BNEF, 2010b). Industry insiders predict that the new standards could favour a few large wind power manufacturers and drive out smaller competitors.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power standards industry reactive turbine|1.7886587|1.660546|1.8775463
2968|It provides information and discussion on policies for the successful adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) across the economy. These case studies are made available in the Annex of the report. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|information icts golan heights jerusalem|8.091141|3.0511072|1.5967641
2969|Identify indicators of performances and outcomes of mental health care. Identify at which levels (national/regional, local or individual) data are available in the nine European countries. Develop a strategy for the collection of information about performance and outcome indicators of quality of mental health care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental identify performances indicators care|10.406058|8.995992|1.8224341
2970|However, global trends have contradicted this prediction, with populations shifting towards cities even in developed countries, and especially in Africa. The spatial nature of agglomeration economies is at play: in-person interactions are still important for networks, knowledge sharing and relationships: goods still travel by truck and rail; food cannot yet be 3D printed; and workers still commute to offices, stores and factories daily. In the light manufacturing sector small firms in Africa are constrained by access to land and finance as well as entrepreneurial skills (Dinh et al., Helping to remove these barriers could open up opportunities for aspiring informal sector operators.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|africa aspiring commute truck prediction|4.767075|4.4686384|2.6853685
2971|In 43 countries in Africa, 23 in Asia and Oceania, 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 2 in Eastern Europe, women are reported not to have equal rights with men to acquiring and owning land (UNDESA, 2010). In most African and many Asian countries, although equal property-ownership rights are stipulated by law, the prevailing customary practices3 (which in a number of cases take precedence over statutory law) prevent women from having control over the shared property of the married couple, or even over the property that they brought into the marriage (UNDESA, 2010; OECD, 2006b; EIU, 2010). There is little that ICTs can do to address such legal barriers. For example, in Viet Nam, the Government has launched a number of initiatives to assist women entrepreneurs, including opening special branches at Sacombank (the country's largest privately owned commercial bank), and starting a programme dedicated to women in rural areas at Agribank (the country's largest state-owned commercial bank).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|undesa property women owned commercial|9.022415|4.3547087|6.915519
2972|As small states are highly open to trade, their inflation rates are largely influenced by inflation in their largest trading partners or in the country whose currency is used as the domestic currency. Thus, unlike advanced economies, where inflation targeting guides monetary policy, inflation targeting is not suitable for the conditions facing many Commonwealth small states.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inflation currency targeting guides small|5.4663644|4.969186|3.7721226
2973|Thus funding for the “active” services of the El system was in principle, before taking subsidies from government into account, a quarter of funding for passive unemployment benefits. Table 5A. 1 (see Annex 5A) lists these programmes, together with a tentative allocation of each programme to Categories 1 to 7 of the OECD/Eurostat classification, which is a classification by “type of action” rather than by target group. The sub-sections below follow this approach, and include some comments based on Table 5A.1.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|classification funding table tentative passive|7.8772264|4.866129|3.9418895
2974|Total government revenue is projected to reach ETB 498 billion by 2025/26 under the high revenue scenario and the budget deficit is projected to decline to ETB 34 billion. Four scenarios correspond to different assumptions regarding the level of social protection expenditure relative to GDP; three of these four include humanitarian relief while one does not. These are analysed with reference to low- and high-growth scenarios for GDP.|SDG 1 - No poverty|etb scenarios projected revenue billion|6.933968|5.7297826|4.090262
2975|There are no seating arrangements for the women at the Upazila Parishad offices, and they are rarely allowed to play a role in development activities in their area. The Upazila Parishad (Reintroduction of the Repealed Act and Amendment) Bill 2009 does not include any guidelines for the new posts. In the Union Parisad, proxy representation exists, which means male members of the family represent women Union Parishad (UP) members and many husbands help their wives with their work in the Union Parishads (Nazneen and Tasneem 2010). Many female members have participated in shalish (a social system for informal adjudication/justice) and many of them have presided over the shalish sessions. Various non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and women's organisations training programmes that focus on alternative dispute resolution and human rights, support creating space for women to participate in these shalish. Women in Bangladesh feel more comfortable discussing issues like marriage, divorce, domestic violence, dowry or polygamy with the female UP members.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parishad members women union organisations|10.296208|4.5154667|7.1624665
2976|As such, independent monitoring mechanisms, such as gender equality or human rights commissions, have the responsibility to provide independent recourse to complaints related to gender-based discrimination and oversee the implementation of the gender equality commitments of the government. Finally, parliaments and parliamentary' committees can help provide checks on various government entities and also contribute to the longevity and sustainability of gender equality reform during periods of change in the political environment (OECD, 2014). Indeed, public sector capacities required for embedding gender equality can only be as effective as the general government capacities, including planning.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender independent capacities government|10.068975|4.229542|7.423617
2977|Economic instruments for mainstreaming biodiversity in agriculture are generally underutilised, though mechanisms such as payments for ecosystem services are being increasingly implemented in a range of countries. Additionally, significantly enhanced efforts to identify and reform environmentally harmful government support to agriculture would contribute to mainstreaming efforts. An increasing number of countries are reporting to the OECD Producer Support Estimate database on agricultural support, which is a step in this direction.11 Large-scale community engagement in natural resource management in the agricultural sector has been undertaken in certain countries such as Ethiopia and Australia, which contributes to raising awareness and enables adoption of improved technologies and practices.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mainstreaming support efforts agriculture agricultural|1.8867992|5.3157973|3.7753081
2978|It briefly reviews what such monitoring and evaluation frameworks may look like in theory and practice. The chapter also considers notions of climate risk, vulnerability and resilience, as well as the need to establish baselines and targets for monitoring and evaluation. This however, requires a flexible adaptation process that can respond to changing climate circumstances. As climate uncertainty decreases, and data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity improve, the focus may gradually shift towards an evaluation of current levels of adaptation against projected climate change. Fifty Least Developed Countries (LDCs) have formulated National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), which identify the countries’ urgent and immediate adaptation needs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|evaluation adaptation climate monitoring napas|1.2405024|4.809644|1.5286208
2979|The recommendations contained in the final report of the ministers’ meeting include: (a) the establishment of a regional drug control focal point by the regional economic community secretariats to develop and implement regional drug control strategies and to support individual States; and (b) the development of regional and national centres of excellence for the treatment and care of drug dependence. The ministers also recommended that the member States of the African Union, in partnership with WHO and UNODC, should develop model laws to provide a basis for legislative review at the member State level to address new and emerging drug control challenges. Officials from 13 African countries attended the fourth International Annual Meeting of the Airport Communication Project (AIRCOP), held in Panama City from 21 to 23 April 2015.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug regional control ministers meeting|8.328779|10.190544|3.485573
2980|Both of these dedicated climate funds offer relatively small grants - of around US$5 million - to partner countries for capacity building and readiness activities. The Forest Investment Programme has approved on average US$61.6 million annually between 2010and 2014, making it one of the most significant sources of finance for forests. The fund offers bridging finance between early policy and capacity building support and efforts to demonstrate successful programmes that will lead to verified emission reductions on the ground.|SDG 13 - Climate action|building finance million verified bridging|1.7319916|4.5848446|3.3092527
2981|The country recognizes the advantage of diversification to strengthen its energy supply structure, and is also looking to increase the number of small and medium hydropower producers (Government of Japan, 2014). Planning and integrating a large number of small power generation plants utilizing different resources, and dispersed over broad geographic regions, has helped support a more stable supply that incorporates variable renewables in some areas. Furthermore, the introduction of increasingly affordable battery storage enables variable renewable energy, such as solar and wind, to become “dispatchable” resources, which are able to store surplus generation and then supply power systems when demand is present. Technology for battery-based energy storage systems is improving and costs are projected to continue to fall, pointing to the growing potential for increased renewable energy uptake.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|battery energy supply storage variable|1.7529918|1.664885|2.169029
2982|"The monitoring of priority substances in sediments and biota is lacking. The same applies to an emissions inventory and losses of priority substances and other relevant pollutants. Very frequently, especially when it comes to the development of the RBMP, die ""expert assessment"" approach is used for assessing the status of water bodies, and this ""expert assessment"" is not subsequently confirmed, which can be interpreted as deterioration of the status of the w'ater body."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|substances expert priority status assessment|0.75967735|6.8219852|2.3013797
2983|Rather they are projections whose purpose here is to explore how ocean-based industries might evolve in the next couple of decades on the basis of a set of underlying assumptions, e.g. on economic growth, environmental degradation and technological innovation. Maritime and coastal tourism, including the cruise industry, is expected to take the largest share (26%), followed by offshore oil and gas exploration and production w'ith 22% and port activities w'ith 16%. In 2030, the ocean-based industries in the business-as-usual scenario are anticipated to employ more than 40 million (roughly the size of Germany’s labour force), representing more than 1% of the global w'orkforce of around 3.8 billion people (including part-time, self-employed and unemployed people).1 A majority would be working in the industrial capture fisheries sector and maritime and coastal tourism industry. More than half of the ocean-based industries are projected to see their value-added rise more quickly than that of the global economy. Almost all of these industries would see employment growth outpace that in the world economy as a whole.|SDG 14 - Life below water|industries ocean maritime ith coastal|0.20824225|5.808847|6.0544033
2984|Also, information needs to be made more widely available on how the situation of women compares to that of men in their countries with regard to access to, use and impact of ICTs, in order to work towards a global equitable information society. These surveys help to gather data that show the differences between men and women, leading to a better understanding of gender roles, responsibilities and differences in control over resources in a particular context. Data on land access and use.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|differences men gather compares information|9.470753|4.377614|7.4784465
2985|With regards to the working status of the household head, household financial vulnerability is the lowest amongst self-employed household heads (20 percent), followed by people who work for someone (31.4 percent). A detailed comparison of financially vulnerable households with other households is provided in Table 4.4. The dependant variable is the status of household’s financial vulnerability i.e. if the household is financially vulnerable (1) and otherwise (0).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|household financially percent vulnerability vulnerable|7.2821016|5.8167677|5.2344756
2986|Illegal hunting and trapping of animals - there were 1,104 cases in 2010, including the goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosci), urial (Ovis vignei), houbara bustard (Chamydotis undulate) and little bustard (Tetrax tetrax) - fishing (1,121 cases), logging and fuelwood collection, grazing, and collection of plant resources (1,288 cases) have been reported from Turkmen PAs. Weaknesses in the legislation itself also contribute to its limited effectiveness. Steps for its revision and modernization, and better alignment of laws with international standards, are being prepared. These focus particularly on the Law on State Protected Natural Areas, the Law on Protection and Rational Use of Flora, the Law on Protection and Rational Use of Fauna, and the Law on Hunting and Hunting Management.|SDG 15 - Life on land|hunting law rational cases collection|1.58014|5.1805134|4.061476
2987|If higher oil prices require tighter monetary policy to meet the inflation target, real interest rates could exert a drag on consumption. In the wake of upcoming national elections in several countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives and Pakistan), effective fiscal management is even more important. Despite progress, the subregion suffers from wide development gaps, especially in social indicators of education and health but also in infrastructure and energy.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|upcoming maldives tighter wake exert|5.4375596|4.9850044|3.6656346
2988|Tangible assets are financial (e.g. cash deposits, stocks, life insurances, bonds, mutual investment funds, private pensions) and real (e.g. housing, cars, gold, jewellery). Examples of intangible assets are the benefits from in-kind services and social and human capital. Homes are both an asset and consumption good, but there is a lack of suitable data both on how to value the good and how to calculate so-called “imputed rent” - the cash value of the benefit that owners derive from living in their own home.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cash assets good value deposits|6.4184356|5.3965907|4.506948
2989|However, the Government has intensified its efforts to optimize the management of potable water resources and increase the funding of municipal infrastructure, both from state budgetary resources and international donor assistance (chapter 2). It services about 60 per cent of the total population. It operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure, which is in charge of the national policy designed to rehabilitate and extend the water sector infrastructure.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|infrastructure optimize potable intensified resources|1.4404846|7.2474456|1.9855584
2990|With moderation in growth of the tourism sector due to the global economic slowdown, GDP grew by 3.4% in 2012 as compared with 7% in 2011. Higher growth in 2011 was underpinned by strong growth in the tourism sector and related sectors, such as transportation, construction and communications. However, GDP growth improved to 4.5% in 2012 from 3.8% in 2011.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|growth tourism gdp underpinned slowdown|6.189804|4.110527|3.1994097
2991|While the present pension system represents a significant improvement over the previous model, the narrow range of coverage and the low level of expected pension income will leave most Mexicans with insufficient resources for retirement. Most importantly, INFONAVIT has an established relationship with formal-sector workers through the mandatory 5% employer contribution that is held in individual accounts that currently can be used to finance the purchase of a home and to supplement pension income. The proposed changes include: i) the introduction of both a universal pension for those who fail to qualify for a recognised pension and unemployment insurance (Mexico is the only country in the OECD that currently has no national system of unemployment insurance); ii) measures to increase competition among suppliers of pension sendees; and iii) additional provisions that will significantly affect the role of INFONAVIT in providing pensions and give the institute new functions in the country’s unemployment insurance regime.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|pension infonavit insurance unemployment currently|7.825446|5.4311047|4.1565146
2992|This chapter reviews the evolution of higher education in Chile from 2004 to present, as well as the proposals in recent reform packages. The OECD recommends in this chapter that Chile: 1) identify a system-level vision and strategy for higher education; 2) establish an effective infrastructure to steer the higher education system; 3) strengthen equity in access to high-quality higher education, and; 4) strengthen the quality and relevance of higher education. Universities and other higher education institutions are positioned at the nexus of knowledge creation, education, innovation and economic growth. These institutions are therefore essential to building and maintaining the human and cultural capital that Chile needs to transform its economy by moving away from dependence on primary goods towards a diversified system that fosters social inclusion (Boulton and Lucas, 2008).|SDG 4 - Quality education|education higher chile strengthen chapter|10.15498|1.9402558|2.4628422
2993|Another modality is that adopted in Cambodia, where a consolidated licence provided by the national regulator allows mini-grid operators to play a small distribution role in the event of central grid extension by the public utility. Households with SHSs may have little incentive to purchase electricity from a mini-grid, particularly where this also entails a connection charge; and this could potentially reduce prospective demand below the minimum efficient scale for investment to be viable. Planning and coordination are needed between mini-grid development and grid extension, to ensure appropriate prioritization of investments, to avoid deterring potential investors, and to allow mini-grids to be interconnected and/or integrated into an overall grid as appropriate at a later stage. In light of the pace of innovation in the energy market, this calls for a flexible approach that avoids locking in particular technological solutions that may be inappropriate to the country's needs in later years.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid mini extension later appropriate|2.0159051|1.6969928|2.2297049
2994|Each person was assigned a probability of being infected with HIV in accordance to the prevalence rates recorded by the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey II (BIAS II), which averaged 17.1 per cent nationally, but varied across the population according to demographic and other factors.7 A random number between 0 and 1 was then assigned to each person. All people for whom the random number was less than or equal to the probability of being HIV-positive were deemed to be infected.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infected random assigned hiv probability|8.4282675|8.87073|3.376502
2995|Twenty years ago, for example, such a list would not have included an Internet connection. Go back a litde further in time and ‘having at least one meal a day with meat, chicken or fish’ would not have been regarded as normal. In fact the longer the historical view the more obvious it becomes that poverty is an essentially relative concept.|SDG 1 - No poverty|meal regarded ago obvious meat|6.6976457|6.2293687|5.0979834
2996|Effective implementation of such approaches requires better sex-disaggregated data and analysis on the impacts of policy on women and men. Crucially, it also requires strengthening women's agency, voice and participation in macroeconomic decision-making to increase the responsiveness and accountability of national and global institutions in charge of economic policy design and implementation. But the macroeconomic framework within which other policies are implemented either enlarges or constrains their scope to advance substantive equality for women. This chapter begins by highlighting ways in which current approaches to macroeconomic policy reduce the possibilities for realizing women's economic and social rights. It discusses how lack of attention to social goals, failure to integrate unpaid care and domestic work and an insufficient focus on employment creation and resource mobilization severely limit the potential of these approaches to advance substantive equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|macroeconomic approaches substantive advance women|9.401159|4.484612|6.783573
2997|Social welfare officers cite anecdotal evidence that temporary public works programmes have worked well for some of the most disadvantaged jobseekers, providing participants with valuable work experience and contacts that lead to regular employment. More systematic assessments of Workplaces with Stipends, a major public w orks programme introduced during the crisis, have shown that they effectively mitigated the impact of job loss resulting from the crisis and, in the short term, significantly raised incomes in participating households (Azam et al., Subsequent monitoring of job search activities and unregistered employment also points to possible positive impacts on formal employment after programme completion (Ministry of Welfare, 2011). The suitability of direct job creation for addressing more structural labour market problems is not well documented and is difficult to assess based on these results.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|job employment welfare crisis unregistered|7.8831596|4.6492176|3.9802623
2998|First and foremost, work of a permanent nature could not be conducted under a fixed-term contract, and the maximum duration was five years. Second, consecutive fixed-term contracts for a given employee were ruled-out. The strictness of the 2002 law governing temporary contracts is reflected in their very low share of about 2% of all employment contracts in Lithuania, lower than in any OECD country.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|contracts fixed ruled foremost consecutive|8.053259|4.600671|4.2599325
2999|For instance, with the poverty threshold defined as 60 per cent of a country’s median income, in 2006, 72 million people in the EU were at risk of falling into poverty; and in 2001, more than half of all people in low-income households in the EU lived with the persistent risk of falling into poverty. In addition, it is estimated that one in five people in Europe lives in substandard housing and 10 per cent live in households where no one works (Commission of the European Communities, 2007). During the 1990s, poverty rates were highest in the United States, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Ireland, Italy and Greece.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty falling ireland people eu|6.97164|5.9952736|5.0922065
3000|Further RBMPs are still underdevelopment for the Drini-Buna, Semani and Shkumbini River basins. The river basin councils and their supporting river basin agencies are limited by the capacities required for the planning and implementation of IWRM. The transboundary cooperation aspect of target 6.5 is addressed in box 4.3.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river basin rbmps underdevelopment iwrm|0.7280268|7.1531444|1.868807
3001|In addition to the fact that feminization contributes to growth, when there is a sharp slowdown, such as occurred in the second and third quarters of 2009 or the early months of 2010 in some countries, and male unemployment is higher, the response of the female labour supply is positive. If this result is found to hold true over the long term, it could provide corroboration for the theory advanced by Erturk and Cagatay (1995) regarding the relationship between a high rate of feminization and long per capita income levels. Thus, the participation gap is narrowing and the feminization rate is climbing, which is in keeping with the result of the model. However, the unemployment gap widened in 2007 and 2008, which means that the rise in participation has not been balanced out by employment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|feminization unemployment gap participation result|8.90355|4.464819|5.759323
3002|In recent years there have been significant innovations with respect to different types of energy storage of sufficient scale to serve as back-up for the grid (see e.g., Hall and Bain, 2008; IEA, 2005; IEA, 2008). Both improved storage and grid management have beneficial consequences for the delivery of electricity services more generally, irrespective of the supply mix. For instance, they can increase the reliability of supplies in the face of unexpected shocks (i.e. due to extreme weather events or earthquakes). They can also reduce transmission losses and increase efficiency more generally.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|iea storage grid generally hall|1.680776|1.4633231|2.122192
3003|Given that incomes tend to be lower in rural locations compared to urban areas, and many rural households simply cannot afford ICTs, shared access is a cost-effective means of providing rural connectivity. The establishment of community access points is also related to Target 4 on connecting public locations that can be used for shared access, such as libraries and post offices, and likewise to Target 10, which sets the goal of ensuring that more than half the world's inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach. About half of the world's inhabitants live in rural areas, and one way of getting ICTs to them is through community access. It does not, however, address exclusively developing countries, since even developed nations still face some of the challenges of bringing ICTs to rural areas, particularly in terms of Internet and broadband access.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|icts access rural inhabitants locations|4.845563|2.9742284|1.6844704
3004|Ensure that one school system is responsible for the education of all children in their region. Transform existing special education resources - special schools or classes - into resources to assist the mainstream system. Provide pre-service and in-service training to teachers so that they can respond to diversity in the classroom.|SDG 4 - Quality education|special service resources transform mainstream|10.148245|2.3169281|1.9495301
3005|Some institutions (e.g. UK-DFID’s International Climate Fund and Government of Zambia) also track direct jobs created by mitigation and adaptation interventions (UK DFID, 2013 and Mulenga, 2013). The Experimental Approach to Development Economics”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, Cambridge, MA, http://econoinics.mit.edu/files/3159. Presentation at the CCXG Global Forum, September, 2013, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2a%2005-2013%20Sept%20CCXG%20Effectiveness%20Duarte.pdf.|SDG 13 - Climate action|dfid uk http lab massachusetts|1.2818817|4.49609|1.2453518
3006|Education can provide children with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in life. It is associated with increased incomes, reduced poverty and improved health. But for education to play this role, it must begin with early childhood development and continue with quality learning opportunities that provide all children, especially the most disadvantaged, with a fair chance to thrive. Good education increases knowledge, sparks innovation, builds skills that drive growth and prosperity, and fosters inclusive societies.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education knowledge skills thrive fosters|9.064247|2.5687609|2.548909
3007|Among mixed exporters the strongest gains in productivity took place in Myanmar (with a 4.4-per-cent average annual growth rate), and Benin, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Sierra Leone, where TFP growth was approximately 2.5 per cent per annum. In the case of fuel exporters, TFP growth has been led by the performance of the agriculture of Angola and Yemen, where it rose on average by 4.5 per cent and 3 per cent annually, respectively, during the same period. The major new finding yielded by TFP analysis is the positive outcome of TFP growth in the exporters of food and agricultural products since the 1990s.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|tfp exporters cent growth angola|4.1239996|4.733038|4.110639
3008|A series of country barrier studies are underway or have been undertaken in Latin America and the Caribbean (for example, see Government of El Salvador, 2012) to identify country specific capacity gaps, while supporters and providers are assisting countries in developing project pipelines. Provider agencies are also coupling finance with technical assistance to increase in-country capacity to access and direct climate finance. They explained that working with local government and NGOs can help to ensure that finance is targeted to the needs of the poor or to those who are the most vulnerable to climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance country supporters assisting capacity|1.9302162|4.021024|1.2182876
3009|It is an essential part of an overall road safety strategy, but other considerations, such as emissions management to improve air quality and curbing high speeds in order to maintain smooth traffic flows and thereby reduce incidents, may also be incorporated. Speed management is a vital element in an overall safety strategy and countries and territories that have been successful in their strategic approach to road safety have also invariably incorporated speed management as a major element in strategy. Here Sweden’s Vision Zero philosophy that no traffic participant should suffer a fatality or serious injury can provide guidance. Speed limits should be set so that crashes, if they occur, will not result in a death or serious injury. So, human tolerance for injury and the potential for protecting humans in different circumstances can be used to establish speed limits on different kinds of roads.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|speed injury safety strategy incorporated|4.2915883|5.1801524|-0.024658665
3010|The operation involved cooperation among the law enforcement agencies of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan, with the involvement of the agencies of Afghanistan, China and Iran (Islamic Republic of) and INTERPOL as observers. Similarly, the information available to the Board shows that heroin seizures decreased among countries in the Middle East in 2014. Heroin seizures, which increased significantly in several countries of the region in 2013, decreased in 2014, particularly in, in decreasing order of seizure amounts, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Israel. In July 2015, a joint security operation of Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates resulted in the dismantling of a major heroin ring, the arrest of 40 drug traffickers and the seizure of 150 kg of heroin.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|heroin seizure seizures decreased agencies|8.306947|10.255048|3.555704
3011|In November 2013, the Indonesian Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and the Dutch Minister for Agriculture signed an agreement to increase domestic fisheries production and reduce harmful fishing practices. Both countries committed to contribute a total of EUR 9 million (USD 12 million). Based on this agreement, the Project for Fisheries and Aquaculture for food Security in Indonesia will be implemented over the three year period 2014 to 2016.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries minister agreement million indonesian|0.25645295|5.9472733|6.6175575
3012|Both the Indian NREGS and the Ethiopian PSNP, for example, foresee the provision of workplace-based childcare; and PSNP theoretically offers reduced working time and less physically demandingtasks for women. These provisions have been rarely implemented, however.12 Participatory monitoring can improve programme performance and gender-responsiveness. In some Indian states, for exam pie, social audits led by women’s organizations have been successful in raising women's participation rates, wages and representation in supervisory roles. Accessible and affordable health care is particularly important for women because they have less access to income, face costly health conditions, such as pregnancy and childbirth, and are often responsible for the health care of family members.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psnp indian women health supervisory|8.623833|4.788867|5.8818107
3013|The bias towards Western medicine and intervention can be offensive or inappropriate for practitioners of traditional medicine. Finding health staff that speak and understand indigenous languages is difficult, and poor communication between providers and clients at all levels compromises access to quality care. Thus, because state health systems neither incorporate the indigenous concept of health nor work in harmony with traditional health systems, indigenous communities are marginalized, and health disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous populations persist. Yet, there are few efforts that address HIV/AIDS among indigenous peoples. Traditional treatments for HIV are widespread in indigenous communities, however, and, if recognized and supported, they are promising practices for combating the illness among all populations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indigenous health traditional medicine hiv|9.587596|8.295362|3.3136184
3014|The Paris Agreement stated that parties will, by 2020, either confirm or update their INDCs as NDCs under the Paris Agreement, and will include 2030 targets. The first stocktake of progress will occur in 2023. The more flexible decisions of the Paris Outcome include an agreement to establish prior to 2025 a 'new collective quantified' climate finance goal of no less than US$100 billion per year. What trade issues do these raise?|SDG 13 - Climate action|paris agreement quantified include stocktake|1.251501|3.633946|1.2445122
3015|The observation that the achievement gap between immigrants and natives seems to become larger in secondary education compared to primary education is consistent with experiences in other countries (e.g. Cummins, 1984; Utdanningsdirektoratet, 2007). For immigrant students to develop the academic language necessary for more complex instruction, language instruction in DSL must be provided on an ongoing basis, not only for their first few years in school. Throughout the Folkeskole as well as upper secondary education, the needs-based approach to DSL support should be sustained. In Sweden, for example, all students whose mother tongue is not Swedish have the right to study Swedish as a second language, and this right applies to both compulsory and upper secondary school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language secondary instruction swedish upper|10.043194|2.6540725|2.6110225
3016|Looking just at school education, the average expenditure per student across OECD countries increased by no less than 17% between 2005 and 2013 in constant prices (OECD, 2016). But over roughly the same period, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data from the 2003 and 2012 surveys show no significant improvement in test scores. Instead, in most countries the percentage of top performers has declined.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student performers roughly scores oecd|9.455723|2.1992035|3.0559154
3017|The report suggests that blocks to rolling out quality commitments and achieving better integration included insufficient financial incentives to ensure that providers adhered fully to clinical guidelines; the lack of multi-disciplinary teams; a culture of treatment over prevention; and weak overall patient management in primary care. Current plans for health centres and hospital networks seek to create multi-disciplinary teams, to redefine the roles of family physicians vis-a-vis specialists and to improve training. There are also contracting mechanisms that may help to improve incentives and accountability for the provision of preventive services and outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disciplinary vis teams multi incentives|9.034025|8.949754|1.615049
3018|Budget appropriations are checked by eight programme areas (administration, district health services, emergency health services, provincial hospital services, central hospital services, health sciences and training, health care support services, health facilities management) and then line items (broad economic classifications for current payments are compensation of employees; goods and services; interest and rent on land). There are also more frequent (monthly and quarterly) e-monitoring by National Treasury to check that money has been spent as programmed. The purpose of these meetings is to check that funds have been received on time and spent as planned in the budget.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|services health check spent hospital|8.503773|8.735212|1.9116744
3019|Already, half of all people live in urban areas. By mid-century, over two thirds of the global population will call these places home. This report focuses on the children - more than one billion and counting - who live in urban settings around the world. Cities attract and generate wealth, jobs and investment, and are therefore associated with economic development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|live urban counting thirds attract|4.3975525|5.240673|2.0756166
3020|They further apply different schedules, according to some measure of need within the neighbourhood. In the Federal District, for example, need is assessed based on a block-level development index that combines data on social marginalisation, income and property values. Comparability across tariffs is further limited by the inclusion or exclusion of fixed fees and drainage. Despite the challenge in creating comparable indices, studies tend to find that the price for water in the Federal District is very low by comparison with the municipalities across the metropolitan area.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|district federal marginalisation schedules neighbourhood|1.5919162|7.59855|2.3011808
3021|The fact that the subsidy is paid for all jobs, including jobs that would have existed even in the absence of the subsidy, results in important deadweight losses. By concentrating exclusively on newly created jobs, hiring subsidies have the potential to be significantly more cost-effective. This equity consideration may be of considerable importance in recessions, when the chances of regaining employment after displacement are particularly low for disadvantaged groups, due to the large inflows of newly unemployed, including increased numbers of well-qualified job losers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs newly subsidy concentrating existed|7.799049|4.6236324|4.025531
3022|In addition, there are some growing efforts to mainstream women into existing angel groups. Both approaches are important for building a greater pipeline of female investors. In their 2010 white paper, “Women and European Early Stage Investing”, the European Trade Association for Business Angels, Seed Funds, and other Early Stage Market Players (EBAN) proposed a number of ways to address the gap. They include conducting further research, developing best practices, raising awareness, promoting professional standards and codes of conduct that encourage greater diversity, and building networks in the female investment community.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stage female european building early|8.936382|3.3523667|6.496108
3023|In 2009, the decline in FDI inflows were relatively highest in Eastern Europe (-51%) and Sub-Saharan Africa (-39%). The decline was 33% in Latin America and the Caribbean, 27% in Developing Asia and 25% in the Middle East and North Africa. Information compiled by Kekic (2009). Note: (e) Estimations. This report estimates that total foreign capital flows to Cameroon would be 86 billion CFA francs lower in 2009 than in 2008, an amount equal to 0.8% of GDP. In contrast, it was other capital flows (private sector bank and non-bank loans) that led to the collapse of total flows, which declined by 52% in 2009 with respect to 2008.|SDG 1 - No poverty|flows decline bank africa cfa|5.9191327|4.7463794|4.037921
3024|Since 2008 a new service has been created - which is now rolled out to every CCG. A new workforce has been trained, with 4,934 professionals trained in the fust five academic years. Over 2.4 million people have entered treatment, and over 1.4 million have completed treatment. Over 1 million patients have reached recovery - and the current recovery rate is 44.8% (Quarter 4: 2013/14).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|million trained recovery treatment rolled|9.306162|9.180938|1.6189576
3025|It will also provide standards for sustainable management and conservation of natural aquatic resources including for fish stocks. Among other activities this will be coordinated with the private sector, banks, financial institutions, and others for promoting development partnerships in the fisheries sector. The first Aquaculture Lab was accredited by the Indian National Authority in 2014. With the decision by the Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL) as per ISO/IEC 17025: 2005, the Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory of the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), under Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) will perform as the sole accredited aquaculture lab.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture lab accredited authority iso|0.16933782|5.9214625|6.699392
3026|Interviews are conducted annually with all adult members of each household. Health questions include the status vis-a-vis health-related risk factors (self-reported height and weight, smoking, and drinking), whether any diseases were diagnosed by a doctor, and self-assessed health status. The PSID is directed by faculty at the University of Michigan.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|vis health self status diagnosed|10.182793|8.936502|1.9749864
3027|The documents analysed included education policy documents; Ministry of Education reports and statistical bulletins; the CTRP; and studies on teacher demand and supply, teacher migration and recruitment. The interview respondents comprised key officials within the Ethiopian Ministry of Education. However, the various sources of information used in this case study ensured triangulation, and are believed to help improve the understanding of teacher mobility and migration in the Ethiopian context.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher ethiopian documents migration education|9.844317|2.298672|2.758313
3028|Second, restricting the analysis to the non-elderly avoids some of the problems that are inherent in comparing incomes between people who are at very different stages of their lives. For instance, an essential function of old-age pensions is to redistribute inter temporally over the life cycle; a focus on the non-elderly helps in understanding the most important elements of interpersonal redistribution. Finally, with growing pressure on public budgets due to ageing populations, an important question is whether welfare-state provisions benefiting the working-age population are being restrained in order to finance support for the elderly. A question of considerable policy relevance is to what extent changes can be attributed to direct policy action or to other factors that are less easily influenced by policy makers. For any given household, the taxes paid, and the benefits received, have a straightforward direct impact on the resources available for consumption. At the population level, however, the assessment of trends in the redistributive properties of tax and benefit policies is complicated by the fact that market incomes and populations change at the same time as tax and benefit policy parameters.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|elderly policy question populations incomes|7.534721|5.522743|4.3832417
3029|Also, the bilateral interactions of the ANA with other sectoral agencies are fundamental. Some states have merged water and environment agencies, with pros and cons. The impoitance of the aquatic environment for biodiversity and ecosystem services is unquestionable, and there is no doubt that water is an important component of the environment and needs to be dealt with as such.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|environment agencies merged doubt ana|0.9950163|7.139721|1.6898484
3030|Narrowing the achievement gap by bringing all students to a baseline level of proficiency for the OECD (a PISA score of about 400) could imply GDP increases for the United States of USD 72 trillion, according to historical growth relationships (OECD, 2010b). Longitudinal studies have also demonstrated that student performance at school is a good indicator of subsequent successful education and labour-market pathways (OECD, 2010a). This is not to say that efforts should not be directed towards mitigating the short-term effects of the economic recession, but it is lo say that long-term issues should not be neglected.|SDG 4 - Quality education|say oecd lo term neglected|9.27222|2.2511766|2.931538
3031|Residential segregation cannot occur without social inequality, because a society that is wholly egalitarian in its socioeconomic make-up will contain no groups (classes or strata) that can be differentiated by their geographical location. Conversely, high levels of socioeconomic inequality may be found in both segregated and unsegregated cities. The territorial character of segregation means, however, that people's geographical mobility is a key factor, as it can alter their residential situation and, in the aggregate, change the levels and patterns of residential segregation.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|segregation residential socioeconomic geographical inequality|6.5493937|5.670349|4.4623556
3032|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jentsalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. High-quality and equitable education can help Chile build the skilled workforce it needs for a more productive, knowledge-based and innovative economy. Education reforms are also vital to reducing Chile’s high levels of social inequality. The government has started reforms of early childhood education and care (ECEC), student selection and admission processes, public school governance and funding, teacher career pathways, vocational education and training (VET) and tertiary education. In order to reap the benefits of these initiatives and achieve sustained progress, however, Chile will need to continue pursuing ambitious reforms that ensure higher levels of learning and skills for all (OECD, 2015a and 2016a). It is part of OECD efforts to strengthen the capacity of OECD member countries, partner countries and selected nonmember countries and economies to make meaningful education reforms.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reforms education chile oecd reap|10.10304|1.9730712|2.4449468
3033|Some programmes provide only short-term safety nets and are designed primarily to provide a basic income to vulnerable individuals in times of need. Other programmes, however, run all year round. They offer longer-term work opportunities and, as a result, a more reliable source of income, typically providing individuals with the equivalent of around 100 days of work per year. Some programmes guarantee each eligible individual a certain amount of work each year (“employment guarantee”) while others still aim to fit in with seasonable labour requirements for other activities.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|guarantee year programmes work individuals|7.873207|4.5028586|3.932388
3034|With attempts to mainstream climate change in public policy now underway, there is more urgency to enhance attention to the environmental dimension of sustainable development. In this view, the green economy as a strategy will advance efforts to pursue sustainable development. The National Development Plan committed the GoJ to sector-specific strategies to underpin the overall goal of achieving a green economy.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|green economy development urgency sustainable|2.1054895|4.0036144|2.078603
3035|As the climate changes and flows reduce or become more variable, more licences are likely to require changes, making this problem much worse and more expensive. Officials from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) worked closely with the Environment Agency, and representatives from a wide range of other organisations, in order to fully develop the policy options for reform. These strains can arise from rapid demographic and economic changes, droughts, and climate change, or over-allocation of the resources for consumptive uses.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|changes defra environment consumptive licences|1.7198554|4.580399|1.8999122
3036|The dependent variable, Poll, denotes the level of pollution concentration (see Section 3 for details), Fragments is the variable of interest. Sources is a vector of variables controlling for the sources of the pollutant, it may comprise variables relative to: population, transportation, manufacturing and agriculture (cf. Moreover, model (1) includes land cover controls (LandCover) which are of interest to test and geo-meteorological variables (GeoMeteo) which may impact the level concentration (Elminir, 2005; Kerrie et al.,|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|variables concentration variable sources denotes|1.091408|6.4175806|3.0731416
3037|It usually takes several years for a whole school to be able to really change perspective and establish new practices. In some subjects, for example Norwegian, teachers have already worked with process-oriented writing, which is based on learning theories similar to AfL. Making this connection allows them to see how to work with AfL in the classroom and how to experiment with new methods and strategies. In other subjects, this can be more difficult. In general, it is not possible to say that AfL has been integrated into teachers’ knowledge base or accepted as a core practice in the profession at present.|SDG 4 - Quality education|afl subjects teachers theories writing|9.652778|1.5504155|1.2455137
3038|"Aquaculture has the potential to address the gap between aquatic food demand and supply and to help countries achieve their economic, social and environmental goals, thus contributing to the 2030 Agenda (Hambrey, 2017; FAO, 2017c).However, the growth of aquaculture raises a number of questions in relation to the resources that it consumes (e.g. space, feedstuffs), its products (see ""Fish for food security and human nutrition” in Part 2) and the threats that the sector faces from external factors such as climate change and disease. Spatial planning should integrate social, economic, environmental and governance objectives of sustainable development in accordance with the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO, 1995). The ecosystem approach to aquaculture (see section on this topic in Part 2) and blue growth (see Part 4) are useful frameworks in this context (FAO and World Bank, 2015)."|SDG 14 - Life below water|fao aquaculture consumes food environmental|0.3178295|6.051288|6.4902587
3039|The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340(6140), 1527-1528. Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say? The Lancet 385 (9977): 1555-1566. Domestic violence and women’s autonomy in developing countries: Theory and evidence. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d'Economique.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence women lancet evidence economique|10.062223|5.4809318|7.4475384
3040|If the Matrimonial Property Act is effectively applied, a woman under a community of property system is essentially guaranteed that she will receive half of the joint estate upon dissolution of the marriage. Under a regime of accrual, each spouse retains and administers his or her own assets and liabilities during marriage. However, when a marriage subject to an accrual regime dissolves by death or divorce, the growth in value of assets accumulated by the two spouses during the marriage is automatically divided equally.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage regime assets property dissolution|9.247994|5.1992655|7.0814834
3041|An example of this is the Promotion of Green Economic Development (ProGED) programme in the Philippines, supported by Germany, which works with the Department of Trade and Industry to raise awareness of green economic development, promotes green value chains through facilitation and matchmaking services, and supports the policy framework in the country. In addition, development partners are also increasingly using grant financing in a more ‘catalytic’ way, e.g. through matching grant schemes requiring private co-finance, in order to support particularly innovative companies and technologies, that could play a role in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and that would otherwise not have access to finance. One emerging trend in this area is the increased use of green credit lines, provided through local financing institutional and national development banks, targeting the uptake of green technologies.|SDG 13 - Climate action|green grant development financing technologies|2.3576171|3.872089|1.965693
3042|If nutrient and organic loading can be controlled and reduced, systems will recover from hypoxia. For example, a hypoxic event in 1976 that affected an area of about 1 000 km2 along the coast of New York and New Jersey displaced demersal Fishes and also blocked the migration of pelagic bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). Northward migrating bluefish that encountered the hypoxic zone did not pass through or around it, but stayed to the south waiting for it to dissipate and then continued their migration north (Azarovitz etal., Hypoxia also alters spatial patterns of human use by influencing the spatial distribution of fisheries resources (Selberg etal., Most negative effects tend to occur locally, within the region of the water body in which oxygen concentrations are reduced, but much wider ranging consequences can be mediated through the indirect effects of altered distributions and abundances (Breitburg et al., The frequency and magnitude of fish kills have increased as nutrient-related hypoxia has worsened.|SDG 14 - Life below water|hypoxia hypoxic nutrient etal spatial|0.022237139|6.0967536|6.139022
3043|In the case of the PDI, workers are employed full-time and receive a salary of around TND 320 per month, with no limit on the duration for which they can remain in the programme. In the case of the PDCR, only a few days of work per month are provided, and a salary of TND 120 is paid. While the PCRD is implemented nation-wide, the PDI operates only in 90 of the 264 delegations, selected on the basis of certain social, economic and environmental criteria. In 2012, over 78 000 people participated in these programmes, however eligibility criteria for participation are not clear.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tnd salary month criteria case|7.993685|4.481321|3.7945707
3044|Strategic reductions in hospital bed numbers alongside the development of community care services can be expected to shorten average length of stay. The expansion of early discharge programmes allowing patients to return to their home to receive follow-up care and support for hospitals to improve the co-ordination of care for patients across various diagnostic and treatment pathways can also help to reduce length of stay. Data for France are for 1997 rather than 1995.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|stay length care patients bed|9.249174|9.068868|2.1329942
3045|In order to create drivers for such more fundamental innovations, including changes in consumer behaviour, other policy approaches and tools are required. For example, in addition to improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles there is a need to support a range of other developments, such as to stimulate new energy sources for private vehicles, to facilitate the dissemination of social innovations such as car sharing or to develop public transportation systems into viable alternatives to cars. While there is a need for dedicated SCP policies, it is also important to assess the implications of policies in other areas for SCP objectives. There is often a tension between sector policies, for example industrial development, agriculture or construction, that generally aim to boost consumption and SCP policies that seek to moderate consumption levels and shift consumption patterns.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|scp policies consumption innovations automobiles|1.8679261|3.521598|2.4188054
3046|The quality of education institutions, teachers, school leaders and neighbourhoods can also have a direct impact on individual outcomes. In addition, public policies, such as education and labour market policies, political and economic conditions, as well as socio-cultural contexts, can influence outcomes. Handbook of Economics, Vol.|SDG 4 - Quality education|outcomes handbook neighbourhoods policies vol|9.542621|2.0932105|2.4870653
3047|Recent assessments show that countries' NDCs are not ambitious enough to close the gap (UNEP 2018a). However, the Paris Agreement's review cycle is aimed at assessing collective efforts by countries to implement their NDCs and increase ambition over time. The first important test of this will be if countries indeed offer more ambitious NDCs by 2020.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ndcs ambitious countries unep ambition|1.1591969|3.5937178|1.1787331
3048|Still, governments face difficulties in reaching the poor, and especially poor children (Menchini et al. Social assistance schemes are not the priority of governments and as such receive only very limited funding. Due to different definitions of social protection measures by different institutions, it is difficult to reconcile the available information.|SDG 1 - No poverty|governments poor reconcile different social|7.15129|5.871066|4.2288694
3049|In 2009, these numbers changed to 800 for harvesting, 1 700 for processing and 100 for aquaculture. Segment 4S1 (vessels > 12 m), 4S2 (boats up to 12 m), 4S3 (vessels 12-40 m) and 4S4 (boats up to 12 m). Biomass of the spawning stock of Baltic herring in the coastal Baltic Sea increased by 5% in 2008.|SDG 14 - Life below water|boats baltic vessels spawning herring|0.39476994|6.133882|6.7109876
3050|Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. It provides an in-depth analysis of trends in labour outcomes of women in India based on unit level datasets of employment-unemployment surveys undertaken in 1999-2000,2004-2005 and 2011-2012. The paper brings out the gender differentials that exist in the employment status of women and men despite the existence of legal and policy framework for the empowerment of women in the country. Le document met en evidence les differences entre les sexes en ce qui concerne I'emploi, et ce en depit de I'existence d’un cadre juridique et politique favorisant I’autonomisation des femmes dans le pays.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|en ce le les existence|8.600248|4.404771|5.8838124
3051|The properties of fish faeces influenced by the quality of feed can be a risk for water purification in RAS systems (Hjeltnes et al. Threats have to be taken seriously. In worst case changes in the ecosystem food chains can be irreversible. Risks connected to genetic manipulations of either feed organisms or fed animals are a common concern for many consumers and scientists. Fears of human health risks with by-products of animal husbandry cannot be brushed aside. Last but not least of the ethical worries is the net effect of aquaculture on the global protein supply.|SDG 14 - Life below water|feed risks husbandry fears purification|0.31094748|6.0103436|6.2731576
3052|In many countries, the increasing availability of paid paternity leave is helping to ensure that fathers and mothers have an equal stake in caregiving, thus reducing barriers to women’s labour force participation. Since 2013, approximately two-thirds of OECD countries have introduced pay transparency measures to address wage inequities. Countries are increasingly implementing and strengthening policies aimed at violence against women, which remains endemic worldwide. Affirmative action measures are successfully helping to increase the number of women in public and private senior leadership.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|helping women paternity affirmative stake|9.102086|4.9687405|5.7417088
3053|Other countries with strong data availability included Denmark (86%) and Finland, Iceland and Korea (79% each). All countries reported national mortality data and virtually all reported national data for in-patient hospitalisations and mental health in-patient hospitalisations, a national population health survey and a national cancer registry. Virtually all also have a national population census or registry providing key population denominators and contextual data for health statistics and research.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitalisations registry national virtually data|9.195634|9.334505|2.6230927
3054|Vehicle and service improvements in the system are subject to constant negotiations between authorities and private sector leaders, rather than by periodically revised standards and clear procedures. The large number of uncoordinated individual concessionaires has made it hard for single operators to function as companies and for the different routes to be organised into a single system. Both of these trends prevent the creation of economies of scale in the sector and increase the obstacles to integrating bus services with other public transport modes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|single concessionaires uncoordinated periodically sector|4.273641|4.9014416|0.44107154
3055|Such work could start with an in-depth discussion among relevant stakeholders on how to identify mitigation and adaptation options and to calculate the costs of their implementation, including a modelling exercise. For instance, some donors only report the aggregate amounts committed or disbursed, or do not report to the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Creditor Reporting System (CRS) at all. Kyrgyzstan had the smallest committed amount of climate-related development finance recorded in the OECD DAC CRS for the two years between 2013-14.|SDG 13 - Climate action|crs dac committed creditor report|1.629355|4.0466313|0.8507855
3056|For instance, the Australian state of Victoria established a health promotion agency funded by tobacco taxes, and several US states (California, Massachusetts, Arizona, and Oregon) have hypothecated part of tobacco excise revenues for tobacco-related education and tobacco-control activities; alcohol revenue are used for alcohol-related education and prevention programs in New Jersey, Ohio, Texas (Sassi et al., Local taxes can be an important source of revenues, especially in decentralised health care systems (e.g. Denmark, Finland, Italy, Sweden).17 Local taxes have the advantage of creating a strong link between payers and health care service beneficiaries, thus potentially increasing accountability. In addition the level of local taxation may be set in line with local preferences about the level and quality of medical services. However, in the absence of a centrally managed risk-adjusted transfer mechanism, decentralisation lowers risk pooling and might result in larger interregional health disparities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tobacco taxes local health alcohol|8.813083|8.782863|2.0517905
3057|Mobility is important to maintain support to the labour market. Kazakhstan, like most OECD countries, may wish to focus on regulating contractual aspects of tenant-landlord relations. The main motivation for restricting freedom of contract is that bargaining between landlord and tenants is often unequal, either the risk that landlords exploit their market power or that tenants hold up landlords’ property (if no sanctions for unpaid rents are provided for, for example). Box 2.10 provides a summary of the rental market regulation in across OECD countries, w'hich cover two key areas of rental markets: rent control and tenant-landlord relations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tenant landlords tenants rental relations|4.8826857|5.6941175|2.1021514
3058|Higher market participation among women induced by higherwages does lowerthe time available for human capacities production. But gender egalitarian relations of reproduction, buoyed by strong public support for care and the availability of effective care commodities not only protect against time squeeze, they actually induce an increase in the production of human capacities (quantity and/or quality) in the context of higher incomes. From a citizen-worker-carer perspective, this is the win-win scenario.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|win capacities human squeeze production|8.980718|5.007476|6.048007
3059|In another paper these authors (Martinez and Albiac, 2006) find that water pricing, as advocated by the Water Framework Directive, is inefficient as a pollution abatement tool, and differentiating control measures by soil type enhances welfare, although welfare gains may be small. Yet, this does not imply that pollution control should be targeted with water pricing policies. Pollution control can be best performed within irrigation systems by providing precise water applications and monitoring.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pollution control water pricing welfare|1.4734365|7.3118525|2.3220484
3060|Beyond the what, policymakers need to focus on the how, which requires the identification of possible overlaps in the allocation of roles and responsibilities, asymmetries of information, sectoral fragmentation of water-related tasks, insufficient knowledge, unstable or insufficient revenues at all levels of government, possibly conflicting objectives, as well as accountability concerns undermining the transparency of water policymaking. Similarly, several governance instruments are often needed to overcome identified obstacles. For instance, on the one hand, adopting contracts between levels of government can be a response to objective, funding, capacity and policy gaps.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|insufficient overlaps asymmetries unstable conflicting|1.1817168|7.110484|1.5730672
3061|This also provides the possibility to adjust the electricity need according to demand and prices. In the times of high electricity prices, the pumps can be turned off and instead heat produced with fuels in heat-only-boilers or CHP plants. There are some peak boilers in district heat networks or industry utilizing electricity, but they have not been widely used. Partly this is due to electricity taxation: the electricity used forthe heat production in taxed quite heavily in the Nordic countries, which increases the cost of heat production. Leanheat offers building owners optimization tools that reduce the cost of heating and enable preventive maintenance of buildings.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|heat electricity boilers prices utilizing|1.8915865|2.271637|2.4784005
3062|Waste incineration (tyres, used oil and treated wood) in kilns and bathhouses is a major source of air pollution. A large portion of the waste is still disposed of in illegal dumpsites, often in or along stream or river beds and areas where water resources are vulnerable, which causes water pollution. However, no studies have been undertaken to identify possible impacts from the leaks of uncontrolled landfills to groundwater and surface water, and there is no basic frame of reference for setting the objectives that need to be achieved, the thresholds that should not be exceeded and the corrective measures that must be applied. Liquid waste from handicraft activities and most industrial activities are discharged directly into surface water. Groundwater is also affected by the pollutants present in the soil.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste water surface groundwater pollution|0.78013396|6.5500073|2.905906
3063|Concerned with economic development, Mobilis is strengthening its partnership strategy with the local technology industry and is thereby participating fully in the emancipation of the national economy. This project is developed in partnership with Huawei Ericsson ZTE, and it relates to SDGs 1, 3, 5, 8 and 9, building resilient infrastructure, promoting sustainable industrialization and fostering innovation. San Luis 3.0 is the name of the state policy that defines actions to maximize San Luis' digitalization and prepares it for the effects of the fourth industrial revolution.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|san partnership emancipation prepares maximize|4.0154257|4.2908707|1.6841364
3064|Each results chain outlines the ultimate, intermediate and immediate outcomes as well as activities, outputs and complementary indicators (see Chapter 5). The NCCAP specifies that although the plan includes long-term objectives, these are not fixed and can be adjusted if circumstances change (Philippines Climate Change Commission, 2011). To ensure that the plan remains relevant, it will be monitored on an annual basis and evaluated every three years.|SDG 13 - Climate action|plan specifies change ultimate outputs|1.3428171|4.585574|1.355287
3065|However, direct public spending on child-related employment issues is still low against an ambition of achieving a major increase in fertility and/or female employment rates. The government should increase its efforts to ensure high female employment rates by reforming the tax and benefit system with a view to reducing the strong disincentives to work and to increase work effort by secondary earners, and by strengthening efforts to ease the combination of work and family life. In 1980, the majority of Japanese firms still operated a mandatory retirement age at 55.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment increase work female efforts|8.105385|5.0015106|4.1611953
3066|The implementation of the Forest Code may encourage landowners to set up protected areas to effectively preserve and manage the set-aside lands (Section 4). Establishing such a protected area requires private lands within its boundaries to be expropriated and the owners compensated. Partly because of the approach used before 2000, about 70% of federal protected areas, or 7% of their surface, include some land on which there are private property claims (Verissimo et al., The expropriation and compensation of private properties in exclusively public protected areas is expected to require considerable financial resources.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected lands private areas expropriation|1.5939817|4.899917|4.100429
3067|The report brings the agenda of the Global Compact and that of SDG 4 closer together and creates clarity for countries now tasked with transforming words into policy and policy into reality. Education is also a critical path to integration into society and the best investment in sustainable development. It provides migrant children with opportunities for their own advancement os well as a chance to contribute both to their country of residence and, in many cases, eventually also to their country of origin.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tasked transforming compact clarity country|8.697459|2.7242112|2.0187979
3068|An abstraction/pollution standard which varies according to the type of product that is used (e.g. energy mix) could also eliminate incentives for users/polluters to switch to products that cause less water risk. Conversely, a regulation that focuses on the environmental outcome (e.g. diversion limit or ambient water quality standards) would provide more flexibility for users/polluters to find low-cost improvement/abatement options. They should also not usually specify which technologies are to be used to reach a certain water security target. Regular consideration should also be given to whether existing regulations unnecessarily limit users/polluters’ flexibility to apply existing cost-saving improvement/abatement options - or to develop new ones.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|polluters users abatement flexibility limit|1.394604|6.986684|2.104038
3069|The average rate of wastewater collection in sewerage collection systems is around 60 per cent for households. Although certain rural areas have developed combined domestic sewerage and storm wastewater collection systems, no treatment is performed prior to wastewater discharge. This situation is getting worse during low flow rates in rivers during summer due to lower sewage dilution.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater collection sewerage dilution storm|1.5626814|6.9370093|2.6307447
3070|It requires that a monitoring system be established on the state or quality of the physical environment for each “value”. This scheme of monitoring environmental values is derived from EU quality standards.31 The “rules of instruction” refer to any rule relating to the execution of a duty or power by an administrative body. The role of the government within this context is to link the initiatives of various actors who are developing projects that impact the physical environment, and to monitor their outcomes. Where there are undesirable outcomes, the relevant administrative bodies will need to establish a programme to remedy this.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|administrative physical monitoring outcomes environment|0.8399108|6.6741405|2.3394473
3071|Are men who take their parental leave in full, for example, seen as uncommitted to their careers and passed over for promotion? Yet today’s economies need all available talent to ensure a sustainable and prosperous future, while the right balance must be struck between responsibilities at home and at work to deliver better lives for all. When asked, fewer women than men say they would prefer to be self-employed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|struck men prosperous talent prefer|9.113762|5.070989|5.663256
3072|Five OECD countries (Luxembourg, United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark and France) increased their number of graduates and students in this age cohort between 2008 and 2009. In 2006, 37% of Israeli 2-year-olds, 75% of the 3-year-olds, 86% of the 4-year-olds, and 95% of the 5-year-olds were enrolled in preschool programmes. The total number of pre-primary education enrolments stood at 400 000.|SDG 4 - Quality education|olds year enrolments stood preschool|9.409994|2.834891|2.4972665
3073|A number of criteria to assess indicators’ quality and adequacy are commonly used to provide guidelines for their selection, such as: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound (SMART); Relevant, Accepted, Credible, Easy, Robust (RACER); and Clear, Relevant, Economic, Adequate and Monitorable (CREAM) (European Commission, 2017). Inspired by these criteria and by the discussions within the OECD Water Governance Initiative, some key characteristics for water governance indicators have been identified, such as: be relevant (according to the purpose of the measurement); be participative (in their development); be practical (in the production and collection considering resources and time constraints), and be realistic (in terms of how they will be used) (Figure 2.3). Guiding questions are reported in Table 2.3. Suggestions by pilot testers helped to improve the indicator framework and refine the language.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|relevant criteria governance refine indicators|1.0729194|7.0166297|1.6046075
3074|The benefits can further increase if the public-transport-oriented policies are combined with the car-deterrence policies. This combination of these policies would also prove successful for middle-size and smaller cities. The availability of public transport, as an alternative to car mobility, attracts motorists to give up their cars for urban transfers. This relation is the stronger the larger and more congestion-prone an urban area is, although this rule can also apply to main traffic corridors for mid-size and smaller cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|car policies smaller size cities|4.2561665|5.046847|0.66913813
3075|Whenever there is a software upgrade or device purchase/replacement, there is a risk of data loss or incompatible physical or digital formats. Obsolescence and limited preservation of digital heritage can have a significant impact on our lives, but more generally for science, education, culture, for economic and social development and our histories. Assuring the continuity of formats and access over time is becoming a serious problem.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|formats digital incompatible assuring device|4.8079405|2.9185114|1.9039806
3076|On the contrary, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan have much stricter norms for women's mobility; correspondingly, migration from these two countries is mostly male, with less than a fifth of women being in the migration flows. As a consequence of this situation, the salaries of female migrants are lower than those of males; as a result, women remit less in absolute amounts although the proportions of remittances from their earnings are the same. However, there is an important gendered consequence of the State's vision of labour migration, which is the lack of legal grounds for the labour migrant's family members to stay with him/her long term. The so-called 90/180 rule does not permit stays of more dian diree months unless die migrant possesses a patent (work permit), residence permit or other special documents.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|permit migration consequence migrant women|8.668521|5.276749|7.0450625
3077|Evidence suggests emergent literacy should focus on improving vocabulary and listening skills; building knowledge of the alphabetic code; and introduce printing (NIEER, 2006). The OECD has shown that children whose parents often read to them show markedly higher scores in PISA 2009 than students whose parents read with them infrequently or not at all (OECD, 2011). Research also shows that children quickly establish a stable approach to developing emergent literacy skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|read literacy parents skills printing|9.7344475|2.1634276|2.9993534
3078|Chung (2015), who analysed data for Viet Nam’s 63 provinces from 2006 to 2010, likewise showed that investment in infrastructure helped reduce poverty rates. Investment in infrastructure can spur local development (cont.) In the province of Papua, the proportions drop to 29.6% and 19.4%, respectively, compared to more than 99% in both measures in the province of Bali (OECD, 2018a).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|province bali infrastructure spur investment|4.118684|4.193225|2.0437717
3079|With regard to wastewater management, there is a growing use of separate charges for wastewater collection and for wastewater treatment, with the latter increasingly based on the pollution load of industrial effluents, thus better reflecting actual treatment costs. A variety of water funds aim to secure funding for water infrastructure. For the financial year 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requested USD 3.9 billion for Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds (SRFs) for funding water infrastructure projects.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater water treatment funds funding|1.6412767|7.145922|2.2678092
3080|The latter part of this chapter then describes and assesses the separate elements of the quality architecture (such as use of guidelines or professional licensing) in detail, in a format that follows other volumes in the OECD’s Health Care Quality Review series. Its approach to dealing with these issues is to forge close connections between policy making and implementation, to better respond to population need at a regional level. This section describes the governance and organisation of NHSScotland, and the state of population health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|describes forge format architecture population|9.1376|9.525299|1.6846426
3081|In essence, when risks associated with aquacullure are addressed early on and when innovation is embraced, costs of production tend to be lower. The overall use of space and water resources (whether marine or on land) and the potential for conflicts between different user groups is an important challenge which needs to be addressed nationally and internationally. Governance mechanisms that take into account the contribution of different sectors to the ocean economy can help ensure that stakeholders co-operate with multiple government agencies across a w ide area of interests, and across countries sharing marine resources.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine addressed embraced essence different|0.13932557|5.626462|5.945459
3082|The current prices are too low to have any influence on investment decisions. The economic crisis, the changing economic structure and the development of renewable energy all contribute to this situation. Options are under discussion to increase carbon prices, such as setting aside emissions allowances and possibly modifying the 2020 emission target.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|prices modifying aside allowances possibly|1.5217928|2.8060255|1.8040581
3083|These agreements may take numerous forms, such as conditions on development permits, and mitigation bank instruments or other forms of landowner contracts, depending on the institutional arrangements on which the system relies (see also Chapter 3). Whatever form they take, offset agreements must be clearly defined, transparent and enforceable in order to provide a robust foundation for MRV and compliance at both the policy and the individual site level. Offset supply agreements may be based on the supply of inputs or outputs that lead to biodiversity outcomes or on the biodiversity outcomes themselves (Box 4.5). Such differences have driven many of the documented failures of offset projects in the past (Kenny, 2006). In the Biobanking scheme in New South Wales, Australia and the Native Vegetation Regulations in Victoria, Australia, offset supply agreements define regulatory compliance as the completion of pre-defined land management actions over time (DSE, 2012; NSW OEH, 2012).|SDG 15 - Life on land|offset agreements supply compliance biodiversity|1.9273435|5.512161|3.9169621
3084|These impacts are avoided if collected wool is carded and spun into new yarn, with the possibility that more benefits can be achieved further down the production line. Although the lower heat value for wool is slightly higher than for cotton, the benefits are also in this case smaller than those calculated for recycling. The obvious explanation of this is that it is more demanding for the environment to produce wool and the benefits from avoided production are, accordingly, much higher.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|wool avoided benefits production demanding|0.8831322|3.837069|3.1320717
3085|Panel A uses measures of social expenditure on a range of social cash transfers -housing benefits, unemployment benefits, incapacity benefit, pension benefit, a range of family benefits - plus also a measure of the proportion of social spending directed to the poorest 10% of households. Panel B uses measures of social cash transfers payment rates, covering housing benefit, social assistance and child supplements, all measured as the average payment rate for a two-parent family as a percent of the average wage. In all cases, estimates are conditional on the pre-transfer child poverty rate (i.e. the pre-transfer relative child poverty rate is included in all models as an independent variable), to account for all other possible time-varying determinants of child poverty. Table 2 shows result based on within-country change.|SDG 1 - No poverty|child social benefit rate benefits|7.4948106|5.93611|4.6231375
3086|Travel and tourism account for 8 percent of GDP, and agriculture (including forestry) for 10.7 percent. Deforestation rates averaged 1.43 percent per year from 1990-2000 and 1 percent per year from 2000-2010. It is estimated that about 35 percent of tree cutting is illegal, used mostly in small sawmills and by households. The plan states that forests have three purposes: (i) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (ii) conservation and sustainable use of forests and biodiversity, maintaining forest cover at 32 percent (of which 29 percent under natural forest and 3 percent under plantation); and (iii) water resource protection.|SDG 15 - Life on land|percent forests forest plantation year|1.4527878|4.58481|3.917598
3087|As structural transformation brings workers from the lower-inequality lower-productivity agricultural hinterland to the urban manufacturing sector, aggregate inequality first increases with development before eventually falling.17 The extent to which this will prove to be case in the large converging countries remains an open question. Even when growth remains modest, countries with adequate financial and administrative capacity can reduce poverty through redistribution. Public action is also important as a tool against non-income forms of deprivation through the provision of key public goods, such as health care, education, water, sanitation, and other services.|SDG 1 - No poverty|remains inequality hinterland converging lower|6.258131|5.4391117|4.679089
3088|Turkmenistan, as of 2014, had not reported any renewable energy consumption. Niue closely followed, with a share of 22.6 per cent, which was mostly derived from solar. Fiji boosted its modern biomass power, while solar and wind arc beginning to take hold among many of the subregion’s other small island developing States. Modern solid biofuels accounted for the bulk of the subregion’s modern renewable energy consumption, while hydro was also significant. Meanwhile, solar and wind claimed small but growing shares. However, the country has made significant renewable energy capacity additions during this reporting period, particularly with regard to wind and solar, and is accelerating those efforts.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|solar modern wind renewable subregion|1.5777023|2.1138554|2.6528516
3089|For new infrastructure projects, it is of particular importance that environmental requirements are considered as an integral part of the planning and implementation process. Where groundwater is already polluted, restoring good quality will be the goal. Prevention of deterioration of groundwater quality and any significant and sustained upward trend in concentrations of nitrates in groundwater has to be achieved primarily through the implementation of the Nitrates Directive and the UWWTD.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|nitrates groundwater restoring implementation polluted|0.6655605|6.842241|2.7431445
3090|The new curricula (which shifted from content-based to competency-based) have been well received. They have stimulated development of local curricula and contributed to co-operation and sharing of experiences between teachers and schools. The assessment aspect of the reform has been particularly positive for primary and secondary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curricula stimulated competency shifted based|9.375937|1.5671992|1.8214017
3091|Criticism from family, neighbours and society can lead husbands in Jordan to prohibit their wives from working outside the home. In the lower strata of society, though, a w'oman who works before marriage may reduce her chances of finding a husband, as it is considered a sign of poverty and her need for financial resources. Women from the lowest social classes often work to buy their trousseau and then withdraw from the labour market after marriage (El-Kholy, 2002). Several countries have revoked the principle of women’s obedience, while others maintain it.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage society oman prohibit criticism|9.281691|5.0850024|6.5699244
3092|However, one initiative, the establishment of the Carte Sanitaire, provides an inventory of all hospitals, their services, resources, equipment, etc, and is expected to contribute to developing a future hospital plan. Most importantly, there is currently no systematic performance evaluation of the health system Having such assessments done periodically could inform policy-making and help achieve the shift that is needed from excessive capacity and overprovision of inpatient care towards seivices at ambulatory and primary care services. Life expectancy in Luxembourg is among the highest in the EU and amenable mortality rates are among the lowest.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|amenable periodically care ambulatory inpatient|9.146214|9.181486|2.143716
3093|Instead, it is an inquiry into the extent to which the strategy played a role in guiding the institutional and development contributions that UNDP made to gender equality and women’s empowerment during implementation of the Strategic Plan, 2008-2013. What is the value added by UNDP in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment results? How effective has UNDP been in building in-house gender equality capacity and accountability frameworks? To what extent is gender equality a priority in the culture and leadership of the organization? What are the key factors contributing to successful gender equality and women’s empowerment results?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality undp gender empowerment women|10.012587|3.9398005|7.8523436
3094|Some quality indicators are available at a national level, and should be able to be broken down to a hospital level, but it is not clear that these indicators are consistently used by policy makers, managers, or health care professionals. Infonnation on care quality at primary care level is also weak. For example, Latvia conducts only a few health-related surveys, while many OECD countries use surveys as important tools to collect a wide range of information including on patient experience, care co-ordination and patient safety.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care patient surveys level indicators|9.212967|9.478423|1.9286448
3095|They play important symbolic roles in mourning the loss of soldiers and produce new lives to replace those who died.32 Gender identities exist alongside ethnic, religious and class identities. Women may be encouraged to fight an opposing ethnic group or an enemy of their state. This helps to explain the mixed ways women respond to war, with some supporting it and others working for peace.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|identities ethnic soldiers symbolic died|10.148593|4.8612685|7.548927
3096|In France, municipalities and inter-municipal bodies are the primary actors for drinking water supply and sanitation, while regional and departmental bodies as well as irrigation groups are in charge of aquifer and river management. Who implements central government water policies at the sub-national level? A first category includes countries where implementation of water policies at the sub-national level essentially relies on a single type of actors, i.e. representatives of central government in regions; and a second category includes countries with a combination of several sub-national authorities’ responsibilities in the implementation stage. This often, if not invariably, reflects how decentralised water policies have become across OECD countries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sub water category bodies policies|1.3219969|7.2166133|1.5417202
3097|In at least some respects risks may differ from those associated with ‘substitute’ projects (i.e. fossil fuel plants), and we discuss instances in which this is the case. Investment is partially or totally irreversible when some or all of its costs are sunk. What makes investment expenditure in a power plant a sunk cost?|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sunk totally irreversible investment respects|1.6713225|2.0505083|1.8102313
3098|Nevertheless, the data show that road density might reflect also the area and population of the country23, its physiography and demography (see, for example, the relatively low road density in Canada, Australia, Norway and Finland and the Russian Federation), as well as various other factors related to social and economic development. It is interesting to note that although an increasing trend of road density with the Human Development Index (HDI)26 might be discerned at the national level (Fig ure 3.2), there is not, however, a strong correlation. It sets o minimum ond o maximum for eoch dimension, colled goolposts, ond then ossesses country standing in relotion to these goolposts (expressed os o value between 0 ond 11.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ond density road demography fig|4.291579|4.7743106|0.92369753
3099|This online conversation about getting more women into the political sphere enables ordinary citizens to participate in candidate nomination and election through a simple ‘type-and-click’ forum. Most importantly, it has removed a critical barrier to women’s participation in politics - lack of information and access to resources - and challenged a common perception that women’s exclusion from political office is acceptable and culturally appropriate.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women political candidate challenged culturally|10.437787|4.529357|7.282584
3100|A wide range of input subsidies on fertiliser, seeds, credit, etc., The number and budgetary cost of these measures have grown rapidly since the mid-2000s. The introduction of a targeted rice for the poor programme (RASKIN) in 1998 has allowed the government to steadily increase the minimum producer price of rice, but at the cost of increasing budgetary expenditure on RASKIN.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|budgetary rice cost seeds steadily|3.9764438|4.9667974|4.0887947
3101|Industrialization was understood to be an inherently dynamic process, thanks to the presence of increasing returns (both at the firm and sectoral levels), complementarities (on both the supply and demand side), learning economies and various other externalities that if successfully exploited could drive productivity growth and support job creation. Accordingly, the state would have to be involved in connecting the investment and industrialization processes in developing countries. The question was how and where it should make that connection.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|industrialization inherently complementarities exploited connecting|5.077622|3.513513|2.7803745
3102|Even though, in many cases, it will take many years to observe actual improvements in water quality because of the geological conditions. In Portland Oregon, Portland Maine and Seattle Washington, for example, it has been estimated that every USD 1 invested in watershed protection can save anywhere from USD 7.50 to nearly USD 200 in costs for new water treatment and filtration facilities (Emerton and Bos, 2004). Rather than being viewed as substitutes, investments in these different aspects need to be part of an efficient package of options (Griffin, 2000).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|usd oregon geological substitutes observe|1.5193142|7.291758|2.3930094
3103|The 2015 Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development clearly identify the urgency for the global economy to shift to a low-emission climate-resilient development pathway, to avoid costly effects of climate change for sustainable development, and adapt to the impacts that have already been locked in. The mining sector is often associated with negative impact on the environment and climate, and surrounding local communities. The sector is also frequently viewed as operating in a silo, and disconnected from the rest of the economy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|climate silo disconnected economy development|1.5383335|2.6585095|1.9718918
3104|Moreover, a budget-neutral redistribution of family and housing benefits to poor families can help reduce child poverty in many countries. But, such a reallocation of benefits does not lift children from very low-income families out of poverty. These children often experience multiple aspects of material deprivation (including poor housing conditions and a lack of educational opportunities), which calls for a comprehensive strategy combating poverty in all its dimensions. Les tendances de la pauvrete et du niveau de vie des enfants de families a faible revenu depuis le debut de la Grande recession sont egalement examinees de pres: pres d'un enfant sur sept est pauvre en revenu dans les pays de l'OCDE, et la pauvrete des enfants a augmente dans pres des deux tiers des pays de l'OCDE avec la Grande Recession. Environ un enfant sur dix dans l'ensemble de l'OCDE vit dans une famille dont le niveau de vie est inferieur au seuil de pauvrete de 2005. Les enfants de families a faible revenu ont connu une baisse de leur niveau de vie dans de nombreux pays, la baisse etant souvent plus importante parmi les families a tits faible revenu.|SDG 1 - No poverty|revenu dans la vie les|7.3004336|6.345481|5.064945
3105|This way, low initial rates can foster political acceptance and give stakeholders time to adjust, while increases over time guarantee stable revenue and maintain environmental effectiveness. If uncertainty about the predictability and longevity of a tax rate emerges, investors may regard the risk of low-carbon, energy-efficient or pollution-reducing investments to be too high. At the same time, incentivising private investment requires additional measures to minimize risk and create stable investment frameworks that guarantee - or at least increase the probability of - a safe return. Such measures can include low-cost loans for private investors, accelerated depreciation, preferential interest rates or, for renewable energy, long-term power purchase agreements (Cottrell, Fortier and Schlegelmilch, 2015).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|guarantee investors stable low time|2.09482|2.957589|1.6798072
3106|The total resources distributed through this system have declined and became negligible in 2009-2010.14 There have also been some concerns regarding transparency of the process in awarding preferences. These VAT exemptions apply only to products which are not available or produced in Ukraine. In 2010, only a few among the major Ukrainian energy companies included special sections dedicated to environmental issues on their websites, but the situation in this area has been rapidly evolving, partly under the influence of foreign firms that introduce their home country’s corporate practices in Ukraine.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ukraine awarding ukrainian websites vat|1.6082698|2.2610505|2.1712325
3107|The practice in Mongolia is different. In this category is also reported manufacturing waste similar to MSW (waste from food and beverage production, textiles, leather, furs etc.), Therefore, this category of waste was excluded from estimation of MSW generation and was used for estimation of manufacturing waste generation.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste msw estimation category manufacturing|0.3967992|4.1071763|3.1571014
3108|Most of the 5 million deaths occurring every year from epidemics of the major infectious diseases—such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and viral hepatitis—occur in low- and middle-income countries. At the same time, 80 per cent of the deaths in 2013 from non-communicable diseases—such as cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes—occurred in low- and middle-income countries. Lack of access to essential medicines is one of the contributing factors to these deaths, many of which were preventable.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deaths diseases middle epidemics hepatitis|8.649683|9.07385|3.1450124
3109|So far, 13 796 compact cars, 3 568 hybrid cars and 24 electric cars have been registered in Suwon, and the city aims to increase the number of electric cars to 1 000 units by 2018, while replacing 50% of its official-purpose vehicles with electric cars. The fundamental philosophy of the city government is that ensuring the right to mobility for vulnerable users is a prerequisite to ensuring the full realisation of the universal right, because all citizens are bound to fall into a vulnerable state as a child or an elderly. In this respect, policy makers are trying to find the right balance between profitability and social equity.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cars electric right ensuring vulnerable|3.9857452|4.825613|0.77521974
3110|In real terms, however, all prices are expected to decrease over the next decade from the record highs attained in 2014. Production is expected to reach 196 Mt, with an overall increase of 29 Mt, or 17%, between the base period and 2025. Most of the production growth for fish will take place in developing countries and in particular in Asia. As capture fisheries production is expected to increase by only 1%, by 2025, the majority of growth will come from aquaculture, which will surpass total capture fisheries in 2021 (Figure 3.6).|SDG 14 - Life below water|mt expected production capture fisheries|0.484259|6.0885696|6.6736093
3111|However, rural as well as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations have lower academic performance and less access to tertiary education than the national average. A high proportion of children are enrolled in early childhood education, and school is comprehensive until age 16. School choice is widely available compared to the OECD area. Secondary and tertiary pathways aim to prepare students for social integration and entry into the labour market. Attainment rates in upper secondary education are at the OECD average.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary education secondary islander strait|9.464303|2.632448|2.7988386
3112|Why then should it be adopted at all? The underlying motivation seems to be obsessive zeal with regard to making absolutely certain that no non-necessity enters the poverty-line basket. A monetary poverty line postulated by such a methodology cannot by definition be a basic-needs line: it is guaranteed to short-change the poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|line absolutely enters poverty necessity|6.4491167|6.2858677|5.0731816
3113|Farmer skills are also important to adapt production as consumer demand patterns shift away from traditional grains with rising household incomes. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) defines food security as the ideal in which all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The task may be particularly challenging in China: it has around 20% of the global population with just 10% of the world's agricultural land and below average water resources per capita.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food nutritious grains ideal dietary|4.18469|5.4827447|4.3701305
3114|Since then IAARD, has taken steps, through ICATAD, to develop a research consortium programme with universities, establish partnership programmes with private companies such as PT DuPont Indonesia, and increase collaboration with local governments. Finally, although the AIATs are crucial to strengthen the linkages between research at the central level and extension agents in the districts, it is debatable whether each province needs such an agency. A system by which AIAT centres are positioned with agro-ecological zone specialisations, serving all provinces concerned, would foster cross-province co-operation, lead to less fragmentation and reduce the potential for duplication of efforts and functions at the provincial level (World Bank, 2012). Research in each province should be focused on two or three commodities having highest comparative advantages or potential.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|province research pt specialisations potential|3.585041|4.3294663|3.0100894
3115|Return on investment, which may encompass wider benefits of improved community well-being and safety, can be particularly evident in respect of local developments. As such, it is at the local level that public-private partnerships to generate investment in sporting facilities and spaces may be realised. In a ‘sports-led regeneration model, event hosting and/or the construction of sport stadiums represent catalysts for broader urban planning and development projects.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|hosting regeneration investment sport sports|3.9063687|4.920395|2.0078247
3116|Many jobless people who wish to work or find training and education opportunities that may lead to employment, do not know how or where to start. Guidance services are one of the most effective strategies to inform unemployed adults of their options and encourage them to pursue new opportunities. Many adults have not been able to take advantage of such a service since their school years, since adult guidance is an undeveloped resource in many countries (OECD, 2005). The most vulnerable groups of adults need to be identified and offered targeted learning opportunities tailored to their needs. This report has focused on providing learning opportunities to adults with a low level of education and skills. They include specific population groups who experience particular challenges and barriers to learning, such as: unemployed young adults; women who have been out of the labour market for a long period; single mothers; and immigrants without language skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|adults opportunities learning unemployed guidance|8.982685|2.7792008|2.8665884
3117|Concentrating urban growth along high-capacity transit corridors and establishing transit nodes is increasingly being recognised as a way to moderate climate change and increase the mobility of low-income residents (Cervero and Dai, 2014). In this, Cuernavaca is not alone. It is a common challenge for many cities in the southern hemisphere to be historically dominated by a quasi-informal network of privately-owned transport operators that are resistant to new public operators (Flores Dewey, 2013).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transit operators flores nodes concentrating|4.153608|5.077274|0.94488364
3118|This shows that while the share of climate-related ODA remains relatively stable since the introduction of the climate adaptation marker in 2010, the select key basic social services and infrastructure sectors have changed slightly during that time. Education decreased from 8% of total ODA in 2010 and 2011 to 7% in 2013, while health and water supply and sanitation have increased one percentage point in the same period. There has been a noticeable decline in support to governments and civil society, down from 14% in 2011 to just under 12% in 2014, although it is not possible to connect this to the increase in climate-related ODA.|SDG 13 - Climate action|oda climate noticeable marker related|1.4320843|4.1578655|1.1709605
3119|Kazakhstan has turned from a net exporter to a net importer of beef, but in contrast to the milk sector, imports play a minor role in beef supply, with the country’s self-sufficiency ratio in beef at around 95% over the past two decades. Imports are mostly frozen beef from Argentina, Australia and Poland. Imported frozen beef is utilised by processing plants for sausage products and prepared foods, and is preferred due to its stable high quality and lower cost compared to fresh or chilled meat.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|beef frozen imports net importer|3.7831202|4.9226627|4.357838
3120|This could be facilitated if higher education institutions were requested to elaborate joint regional strategies. Internships programmes should be generalised to all students, including social sciences and arts in order to develop capacity for innovation services. Part 1 Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya. A Strategy for Penang, Development Research Group, director’s Office, World Bank, Washington. Paper presented at the 2007 Atlanta Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Atlanta, USA.|SDG 4 - Quality education|innovation generalised elaborate internships arts|7.3295836|2.5903802|2.523193
3121|Nuclear power is frequently considered a pure baseload technology working at the rated power level for long periods of time. This baseload working mode has two advantages: (a) technical, commercial and organisational simplicity; and (b) it is the commercially most advantageous form of operation in a context of stable prices for electricity. High load factors over long periods of time are essential to pay back the investment costs of high fixed-cost and low variable-cost technologies such as nuclear energy.7 Unsurprisingly, nuclear energy is thus used in baseload mode in most OECD countries. A high ratio of fixed costs to variable costs is a characteristic that nuclear energy shares with most renewable technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|baseload nuclear mode costs fixed|1.2392883|1.4771545|1.8239477
3122|The combination of lack of fiscal incentives and development control has created a vicious circle leading to an unprecedented housing shortage and severe housing affordability crisis. To provide an order of magnitude of the effects of the development control system on housing markets, Hilber and Vermeulen (2016) estimate that housing prices would have increased 100% less between 1974 and 2008 in the absence of any regulatory constraints. These requirements usually consist in attributing land use type (residential, commercial, industrial, or mixed) to plots of land zoned for new construction and in defining the development intensity (in the form, for example, of floor to area ratios).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing control development land vicious|4.7455215|5.6724477|2.071952
3123|They have the potential to overcome fragmented policy silos, for example, by integrating ecological dimensions into social policy (as discussed in chapter 2 in relation to cash transfer and public works programmes), or by integrating social components into green economy approaches. Costa Rica provides a relatively successful example of eco-social development in which the state has played a fundamental role in incorporating people into markets and social systems by promoting productive (often public) employment and universal social policies.70 In addition, Costa Rica was an early promoter of environmental sustainability and, in 1997, among the first countries to adopt a national PES scheme for forest conservation and regeneration. With regard to climate change, Costa Rica is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 2005 levels by 2021 and achieving a carbon neutral economy by 2085.74 In order to effectively tackle climate change, the government has put in place a comprehensive policy package addressing issues of both mitigation and adaptation and underlining the need for an integrated focus on energy and climate policy.|SDG 13 - Climate action|rica costa social integrating policy|1.7069902|4.5677233|2.8896377
3124|In addition, there is a need to restore depleted natural aquifers. The problem of water scarcity has been exacerbated in recent years by several multi-year drought cycles and the consequent over-pumping of water to meet growing water demand. Annual rainfall has decreased by 9% on average since 1993 and could decrease by a further 10-15% between 2015 and 2035, according to climate change models (Chapter 6). Increasing population and agricultural growth are placing additional pressures on Israel’s limited water resources, in terms of both quantity and quality.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water depleted consequent placing restore|0.82519037|7.4546766|2.8800929
3125|The Russian Federation’s Gazprom is a monopolistic supplier of natural gas to Armenia and Belarus. When a common energy market is created within the EAEU, Gazprom is likely to lose its monopoly in Armenia and Belarus, since they will have the opportunity to buy natural gas from Kazakhstan. These rules are valid only for interior consumption of these energy' commodities within the EAEU.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|armenia belarus gas natural interior|1.6763568|2.214847|2.1382658
3126|The duty to cooperate, therefore, is a central feature of the Convention. Both the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (the Part XI Agreement) and the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (the Fish Stocks Agreement), reflect the ability of the international community to cooperate towards further developing UNCLOS and addressing gaps and newly emerging issues. Of note in this regard is the ongoing process established by the General Assembly through its resolution 69/292 on the development of an international legally binding instrument under UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.|SDG 14 - Life below water|agreement stocks convention fish cooperate|0.057716105|5.5499077|6.1816864
3127|Some countries, such as Peru, have set specific targets to make progress towards natural capital accounting. One of the targets featured in the Peru Bicentenary Plan 2021 under biodiversity objectives is the increase in the share of regional governments that have conducted an evaluation and valuation of their natural resources and to increase the number of environmental variables in the national accounts. However, so far only a few countries have taken steps tow'ards natural capital accounting, and these generally focus on areas where demand for accounting is clear and linked to specific policy questions (OECD, 2012).|SDG 15 - Life on land|accounting natural peru targets ards|1.7304887|5.218125|3.7178338
3128|For smaller primary healthcare facilities, incremental budgeting based on historical amounts is a more common approach. Reforms on facility budget setting is therefore an important policy area - ongoing provider payment reform initiatives such as the potential use of diagnosis-related groups can help make budgets be more needs-based. Service providers do not always receive clear guidelines on general budget envelopes to work with when submitting draft budgets. This is understood to be an important reason why requests from health service providers are often seen by provincial health departments as being too high to be realistic.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|budgets budget providers service submitting|8.662696|8.790089|1.849218
3129|Some examples of these resources are: the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers; the Australian Professional Standard for Principals; the Accreditation of Initial Teacher Education Programs Australia: Standards and Procedures; Australian Teaching Practice and Development Framework; and the Australia Charter for the Professional Learning of Teachers and School Leaders (AITSL, 2016). In crafting these standards, the government should define what the objectives are for teachers at different points of their careers, how teachers can achieve these objectives and why they should do so. The standard provides an opportunity for teachers to progress, enrich, develop and enhance their practice, expertise, knowledge, skills and professional values. It aims to support teachers as they develop as reflective, accomplished and enquiring professionals who are able to engage with the complexities of teaching and learning, the changing contemporary world of their learners, and the world beyond the profession and its institutions, in order to enhance learning experiences for all learners.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers professional australian learners standards|9.425508|1.1862974|2.076242
3130|Since 2006, schools and teachers are also required to develop individual student plans as a tool to systematically monitor and improve students’ learning outcomes. Teachers have to establish a learning plan for each of their students, describing the student’s current performance level and specifying areas on which the student, parents and the teacher will focus on over the coming months. Student learning plans need to be shared with parents at least once a year.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student learning parents teachers plans|9.294697|1.5804935|1.6972841
3131|In 2006, the government established the Executive Committee of the Climate Change Commission (CECAC), which has greatly helped strengthen the co-ordination and monitoring of climate change policies.2 The CECAC is the designated national authority for the Kyoto Protocol flexibility mechanisms. It manages the Portuguese Carbon Fund and is responsible for international negotiations. The Portuguese Environment Agency assumes the role of UNFCCC co-focal point, is responsible for the annual GHG inventory report, and is the competent authority for the EU ETS.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|portuguese authority responsible ets manages|1.5431285|4.101891|1.3633381
3132|The successful implementation of the new production model has led to the recovery of the salmon industry as a main activity, exporting 461 577 tonnes in 2011. Total catches have fallen 30% since 2004, particularly because of a 50% decrease of industrial catches. Small-scale catches, however, have increased 80% since 2004 and represent almost half of national capture fisheries production.|SDG 14 - Life below water|catches production salmon exporting fallen|0.254241|6.083839|6.782093
3133|The mobilization of women in street demonstrations, informal gatherings and online were often characterized by an overarching framework of dignity, which transcended differences among religious and political positions. This feature has been adopted and incorporated into many of the gender-focused groups that have been formed since the uprisings, such as the Cairo-based Harakat Basma (imprint movement) (box 4.4). Previously, only a few well-known intellectuals such as Nawal al-Sa’dawi and Fatima Mernissi were prepared to tackle such issues, which most activists felt lay beyond the pale of social, religious and cultural acceptability.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|religious lay acceptability activists mobilization|10.000736|4.787865|7.3732543
3134|Source: OECD Development Centre, based on IEA (2015a), World Energy Outlook 2015; IEA (2015b), World Energy Outlook 2015: Special Report on Southeast Asia. By definition, TPES is equal to Total Primary Energy Demand (TPED), and includes power generation, other energy sector and total final energy consumption (IEA, 2015a). China will continue to account for the largest share of the energy demand in Emerging Asia, even though its share of the region’s TPES decreases from 69% in 2013 to 57% in 2040 owing to the strong growth in energy demand from ASEAN and India.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy iea tpes outlook demand|1.4154085|2.369797|2.5649383
3135|Individuals are only willing to undertake risk and dedicate their time to innovative activity when they have confidence that their efforts will be rewarded and their actions will be able to achieve the desired results. Fundamental regulatory and banking reform and increased funding for all levels of education will encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. Create policies that distinguish the determinants for success among recipient firms, in order to delineate between innovative firms that may not generate large employment growth, and other kinds of firms in sectors where employment growth is more likely.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|firms innovative delineate rewarded employment|5.741606|3.3294458|2.5797524
3136|The micro-level analysis in this paper sought to add value to the current debate in the EU and OECD context on the formulation and use of child poverty indicators by combining research on child poverty and overlap of poverty. Findings point towards a number of main conclusions and implications for child poverty analysis within the EU context. Size and group differences between children faced with income poverty and/or deprivation in other domains are considerable and underline the need to take a broader perspective in order to identify those that are vulnerable. Domain poverty rates across countries suggest an inconsistent pattern and do not point towards countries consistently faring better or worse in comparison to other countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty child point eu context|7.067827|6.4951477|5.183074
3137|See appendix 1.1 for a full description of alternative development pathways.) This clearly points to the importance of understanding the options for building climate resilience with full consideration given to climate change and socioeconomic mega-trends. Unquestionably, the only way to prevent the adverse consequences of climate change for human and natural systems is through mitigation. However, effective policies focused on adaptation are urgently needed as well to enable the building of resilience; those policies may also assist both in preventing the negative impacts arising from climate hazards and in slowing the process of climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate resilience change building mega|1.4730932|4.8984685|1.9952731
3138|They suggest that the debate has moved beyond victimhood and towards women becoming agents for social change, despite challenging, complex and conflicting circumstances. It is no accident that countries in conflict or recovering from conflicts remain at the bottom of UNDP's Human Development Index. African women are not only affected by conflict, but are also actively engaged as conflict preventers, combatants and peacebuilders, and take part in rebuilding in the aftermath. They provide for their families and maintain the social fabric before, during and after the conflict.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|conflict combatants fabric recovering aftermath|10.14223|4.795629|7.475838
3139|Therefore the GHG inventory data needed to demonstrate whether emission reduction targets for 2020 were met is not likely to be available before 2022. The enhanced transparency framework outlined in the Paris Agreement has some elements that are common (such as the requirement to submit up-front information on NDCs) and some elements that are flexible for different groups of Parties (e.g. reporting on support provided by developed countries, timing of reports for LDCs and SIDS). The enhanced transparency framework places an emphasis on providing flexibility to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities.12 The enhanced transparency framework also contains some elements that will be nationally determined, in line with the form of individual NDCs (e.g. accounting for and tracking progress made in achieving NDCs).|SDG 13 - Climate action|ndcs enhanced transparency elements framework|1.2118409|3.6222632|0.9197076
3140|Chinese companies have invested USD 7.44 billion in broadband since 20094, while Malaysian operators invested USD 1.6 billion since 20095. In fact, social scientists and policy makers had been researching the economic contribution of information and communication technologies for quite a while. The first analyses of the impact of fixed telephone density on economic growth were conducted in the mid-1970s by World Bank researchers6.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|invested usd billion malaysian telephone|4.900967|2.8091516|1.7099136
3141|Younger women in the study area were aware of their right to register for independent communal land rights, but were discouraged from doing so by cultural and socioeconomic barriers. However, the study noted that both the community land board and the local traditional authority in this particular location were actively encouraging women to apply for land rights. Supportive organizations could encourage women to exercise the option of registering individual land rights, even if this constitutes a break with tradition. Dianne Hubbard, Legal Assistance Centre, Namibia.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|land rights women study registering|9.282108|4.9958463|7.250068
3142|Both ratios are used side by side and they definitely are not interchangeable. The OECD/ITF report entitled “Reporting on serious road traffic casualties” (2011) advocates considering injury consequences as a relevant outcome indicator of road crashes, next to fatal injuries. Sometimes, the (economic) costs of crashes and injuries resulting from crashes are also considered to be outcome indicators.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|crashes injuries outcome road itf|4.23189|5.2152386|-0.03458183
3143|The guarantee fee is also expected to provide incentives for reporting water use, and to generate better data on water use. Between August and December 2011, the guarantee fee generated MXN 12 million. For irrigation districts, the prioritisation of water-saving projects gives up to 30 points (out of 100) for water user associations that renounce in their concession title to a percentage of saved water equal to the project’s federal support. For irrigation units in over-exploited aquifers, there is a prerequisite to commit to leave in the aquifer 50% of saved water, and the prioritisation of projects includes a similar clause to that for irrigation districts.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water prioritisation irrigation saved fee|1.4385107|7.692544|2.309717
3144|The latter's economic cost structure with high fixed cost and low variable costs does not match up well with the risk preferences of private investors. Based on financial considerations alone, the latter will always prefer low fixed cost and high variable cost technologies even at comparable discounted lifetime costs. This, however, corresponds to the cost structure of carbon-intensive technologies based on fossil fuels. It is thus comprehensible and, wherever relevant decision-making processes have concluded favourably, justifiable, that public policy takes on a special role in promoting low-carbon technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cost technologies fixed variable low|1.6439562|2.6372764|1.636701
3145|An example from an OECD country is the National Centre for Domestic Violence in the United Kingdom.31 Finally, it is important to ensure that the existing hotline is accessible 24 hours per day, nationwide, toll-free and that it provides information and support services in several languages to respond to the needs of national, expatriate, migrant and trafficked women. For example, legal services for victims of violence are often supplied by NGOs that specialise in women’s issues. For example, in the Palestinian Authority, the Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and Counselling (WCLAC) provides a unit that provides legal advice, court representation, social support and counselling for women (Box 7.5). The centre provides legal aid, social counselling and protection services to women living in precarious and hazardous situations. It also benefits from a special consultative status to the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|counselling legal provides women centre|10.043926|5.125374|7.5276136
3146|The results are more robust plans and decisions that allow for adaptation to changing circumstances. Furthermore, scrutinizing the underlying assumptions of current decisions and management practices enables policy-makers to test ideas, make mistakes, and learn from them without risking real-life management failures or collapsing resources. Using a diametric scenario framework (considering opposite extremes), the chapter explores the emerging and future relationships between the opportunities, successes and challenges in the management of coastal resources in line with the Drivers, Pressures, States, Impact and Response (DPSIR) Framework (UNEP 2013).|SDG 14 - Life below water|management decisions risking framework successes|0.020648936|5.5708885|6.036725
3147|Globally, women entrepreneurs face a wide range of financial and non-financial barriers that prevent them from entering and/or fully participating in the formal economy. To be sure, many of the barriers that women entrepreneurs confront in the business environment affect other small businesses as well (Foggin, 2010). However, women often contend with additional obstacles above and beyond those encountered by their male counterparts because of persistent social, economic, cultural, and/or legal inequities. Because these barriers do not exist in isolation, this section also explores the unique socio-cultural challenges faced by women business owners. These challenges both inform and often exacerbate the other barriers. Firms that start with higher levels of capital show better performance in terms of assets, revenue, profitability and survival (Ernst & Young, 2009).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|barriers women entrepreneurs cultural business|8.93365|3.5105684|6.389341
3148|Also in 2009, the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure established a legal entity of public law, the Water Supply Regional Development Agency, which coordinates activities of the new companies and establishes regulations and tariffs. The Agency is in charge for more than one million people and more than 5,000 industrial and commercial customers. One of the major tasks of GENRC is to establish a methodology for the regulation of water tariffs in order to ensure effective tariff reform in the various cities and regions. Within the framework of the reforms, the Ministry of Economic Development established in June 2009 two companies, Ltd “Water of West” and Ltd “Water of East”, which joined 60 State-owned local water distribution companies. These companies deal with water supply and sanitation service. The main goal of these reforms is to simplify the organization of water supply and to attract investment to this sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water companies supply tariffs agency|1.3504131|7.252775|1.9344555
3149|Conflict between Pakistan and India over distribution of the water arose with the creation of Pakistan in 1947. The dispute was settled in 1960 by a treaty between India and Pakistan that allocated the waters of the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to Pakistan and the waters of the Sutlej, Beas and Ravi to India. It is the only cross-border treaty in the world to have divided rights to riparian systems between countries (Dinar et al. The treaty also established the Permanent Indus Commission composed of one Commissioner of Indus Waters from each country, who are to meet annually to establish and promote cooperative arrangements for the treaty implementation and the development of the waters of the Indus system.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|indus treaty pakistan waters india|0.71421623|7.1923537|2.190295
3150|By contrast, in poorer countries the attainment rate is much lower and women are strongly disadvantaged. A similar picture could be shown for an older cohort of men and women (between the ages of 45 and 54). Countries are grouped by the World Bank Income Classification system. While it may reflect the positive effect of greater investment in education on countries’ economic growth, it may also be related to the fact that richer countries invest more in human capital.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|countries grouped cohort richer classification|8.894422|4.218597|5.1629977
3151|One-stop shops in the zones were seen to reduce regulatory compliance costs, but without fully satisfying firm managers (Warr and Menon 2015). Corruption and regulatory and policy uncertainty were ranked as major or severe constraints by a substantial percentage (74% and 34% respectively) of firms operating in SEZs in 2012 (World Bank, 2015b). Moreover, SEZ investments have traditionally faced the same constraints as non-SEZ investments (high costs of electricity and transport compared to neighbouring countries, low quality of labour and a general lack of skilled labour).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|constraints regulatory investments satisfying shops|4.6102667|4.3808827|2.9880488
3152|As will be discussed in this chapter, monitoring the SDGs from a gender equality perspective is constrained by three main challenges: first, uneven coverage of gender-specific indicators, with some goals lacking indicators to capture gender equality outcomes; second, gaps in gender data, including data on women and girls experiencing multiple and intersecting inequalities (see Chapter 4); and third, quality and comparability of available data across countries and time. Gender statistics are critical to monitor the gender impact of economic, social and environmental policies. Over the past 40 years, there have been vast improvements in the generation and use of gender statistics, including international standards and protocols for the collection of violence against women data as well as time-use data (see Chapters 5 and 6). Yet, despite these advances and the growing acknowledgement of the importance of gender statistics for designing policies and assessing progress towards gender equality, gaps remain and are extensive.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender data statistics equality gaps|9.906303|4.9772186|7.51785
3153|In addition, the Regional Plan also allows, conditionally, abstractions without a permit for supplementary surface and groundwater takes of a certain size (1.5-15 m3/day) and temporary takes of 150 m3/day for no more than five days per annum, and aquifer or well testing for 2 500/d for no more than 3 days. This was not surprising due to the high density of dairy cows in the region and the large volumes of drinking water required by lactating cows and the large volumes of water required for dairy shed operations. In 35 of the catchments more than 50% of the allocable flow is taken for these activities alone, and in 16 of these the use exceeds the allocable flow.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cows dairy volumes days flow|0.79051447|7.488452|2.7636533
3154|Both organisations look forward to continuing to join forces and support countries across the world in their effort to implement the New Urban Agenda. During the Habitat III process, the role of NUPs in supporting the implementation of the New Urban Agenda and other urban-related global agendas was increasingly recognised, and a range of tools and frameworks to assess NUPs have been discussed across international organisations and within national governments in countries. It establishes the foundation for understanding how and in what forms NUPs have been developed, implemented and monitored globally.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nups urban agenda organisations agendas|3.6215138|4.8925004|1.7647635
3155|Policy makers will increasingly rely on irrigation pricing strategies and markets to motivate improvements in water management and to improve resource allocation. Farm-level costs will increase, but innovative management and wise use of technology will enable farmers to adjust in ways that generate greater value from limited water resources. Looking forward, farmers in the United States and elsewhere must adjust to rising energy costs and increasing water scarcity. While the outlook for agricultural prices is uncertain, recent increases in food prices suggest that crop prices might be notably higher in some years.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|adjust prices water farmers wise|1.2916439|7.4333735|2.8824017
3156|A number of these publications centred on nuclear energy, others however also included different sources of electric power generation. These include Climate Change: Assessment of the Vulnerability of Nuclear Power Plants and Adaptation Costs, Estimation of Potential Losses Due to Nuclear Accidents, Measuring Employment Generated by the Nuclear Power Sector and System Costs in Deep Decarbonisation Scenarios: The Contributions of Nuclear Energy and Renewables. Both the OECD Environment Directorate (ENV) and the IEA have previously worked on external costs (see Chapter 5 for a detailed bibliography). Over the past 20 years, the European Commission (EC ExternE up to 2005, and the New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, the NEEDS studies, between 2004 and 2008) and the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland) have been among the most active institutions in the field of externality measurement and are important sources of information and methodological competence.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear power costs energy psi|1.2051042|1.8394693|1.8104786
3157|Given its rapidly evolving population health care needs and fiscal constraints, Mexico should develop primary care as a distinct medical speciality. It would be worth investing serious effort to develop a national vision for primary care, to counter any misconception that primary care is merely health care for the poor or marginalised. In defining a new speciality of primary care, the most important task will be to distinguish the current cohort of physicians working as community generalists (who do not have substantial specialist post-graduate training) from future primary care specialists. This distinction should be unambiguously evident to patients and other health care professionals, and be based upon extended knowledge, skills, roles and responsibilities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary speciality health develop|9.331495|8.8474045|1.7364388
3158|However, the share of repeaters exceeds 10% in Argentina, Costa Rica, Luxembourg and Spain (Figure B1.2). See Source section at the end of this indicator for more information and Annex 3 for notes fhttn://dx.doi. The largest increase in the share of repeaters at upper secondary level is observed in the Czech Republic (10 percentage points higher than for lower secondary programmes) and Mexico (13 percentage points higher). Conversely, the share of repeaters is lower at upper than at lower secondary level in Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Greece and the Slovak Republic. The number and share of over-age students are a complementary metric to those of repeaters: over-age students in the last grade are those who are likely to start the next educational level with at least a two-year delay compared to the intended age. The number of repeaters and over-age students are strictly linked, as in most countries the main reason for a high share of over-age students is the accumulation over different grades of students who have repeated at least one year (i.e. the marginal increase in the number of over-age students at each grade is correlated with the number of repeaters at that grade).|SDG 4 - Quality education|age students share grade secondary|9.473077|2.1044142|3.1814501
3159|This review aims to identify key changes in the Chilean education system from 2004 to 2016, analyse where education in Chile stands today and offer recommendations to the government regarding how it can provide better education opportunities for all Chileans. The review examines different areas of education policy in Chile, from early childhood education to higher education. Among OECD countries, Chile had the third lowest performance in science on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education chile review chilean stands|10.152244|2.01284|2.4983485
3160|And it foresees more comprehensive services for pregnant women and mothers on Medicaid and all women on Medicare. Two main avenues for extending coverage—the expansion of employer-based insurance and of Medicaid—have in the past disadvantaged women, especially unmarried, poor and ethnic minority women, and are likely to do so in the future. This has important gender implications given that women— especially women of colour and immigrant women—are over-represented in low-wage occupations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women medicaid avenues colour especially|9.026492|5.100457|5.926999
3161|Assessments now typically involve an “intense regional planning effort” which takes in the views of many stakeholders in order to maximise the environmental benefits to the watershed (USACE, 2008). Biodiversity offsets that are delivered in 20 or 30 years, for example, are intuitively less valuable to society than if those same biodiversity offsets were already fully functioning today (ICCM and IUCN, 2012). A biodiversity offset is typically defined by the level of ecological functionality that it will have when it reaches ecological maturity. Even if offsets prove to be successful in the future, there is a deficit of biodiversity in the landscape until the offset reaches ecological maturity which, for some ecosystem types, may take decades or more (Table 4.4). Temporary reductions in biodiversity can also increase the risk of unintended, irreversible biodiversity outcomes such as species extinction (Evans et al., Readily colonised by water beetles and dragonflies but fauna restricted to those with limited specialisations.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity offsets ecological maturity reaches|1.7291251|5.4694967|3.9722986
3162|Tables 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9, below', provide a more detailed analysis of the factors influencing inequality by decomposing the contributions of the various income sources to overall inequality in any given year. It is important to be clear that such decompositions are comparative static exercises; explaining factor contributions in each of the three years rather than exploring the role of changes in factors on changes across years. Thus, they do not explain changes over time but are helpful in showing whether changes have happened over time by comparing the situation in each of the three years.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|changes contributions years inequality factors|6.687979|5.0776668|4.7465935
3163|International Handbook on the Preparation and Development of School Leaders, Routledge, New York, London, pp. Teacher and Leader Effectiveness in High-Performing Education Systems, Alliance for Excellent Education, Washington DC, Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education, Stanford, California. Evidence from Michigan school districts”, Leadership and Policy in Schools, Vol. The information was supplied by countries through a questionnaire specifically developed by the OECD Review.|SDG 4 - Quality education|stanford education handbook school alliance|9.88505|1.4049624|1.8325821
3164|The central government (DG Water Resources of MoPW) is responsible for the main network in strategic basins and irrigation systems larger than 3 000 ha or cross provincial systems. The provincial government has jurisdiction over the management of main network with a command area of between 1 000 and 3 000 ha and across district systems. Finally, the district level manages irrigation systems smaller than 1 000 ha. Although responsible for smaller irrigation schemes, district governments are responsible for the main networks supplying almost 50% of the 7.2 million ha of irrigated paddy in Indonesia (Table 2.10).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|ha district irrigation responsible systems|1.1219051|7.2166967|2.3557978
3165|Speed cameras work effectively in many locations and can be operated at fixed locations, often known speed related crash risk sites, or through mobile vehicle mounted cameras. Mobile speed cameras are intended to have a general impact upon speed offending across the network. Mobile speed cameras are most effective when they are operated in a non-overt manner utilising unmarked vehicles (Cameron, 2009).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cameras speed mobile operated locations|4.2991896|5.192434|-0.062040903
3166|In Vietnam, the World Bank and the Governments of Finland and Denmark provided seed money for a revolving fund for household sanitation investments. However, when the revolving funds are organised with external seed financing to provide initial working capital (at subsidised rates) and the support of an established MFI, such as in the example in Vietnam, they appear to be an effective way of leveraging private finance (household investment in on-site sanitation in that case). According to Mehta (2008), experience with this market segment is limited, and has not gone beyond a few pilot projects. A credit scheme was elaborated via six domestic microfinance institutions. It was foreseen that at least two households from a given area would be allowed to contract a loan for new water investments (either a USD 3 000 loan for a shallow borehole or a USD 1 000 loan for a rainwater harvesting tank).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|loan revolving vietnam seed sanitation|3.4429777|4.5722046|2.7530763
3167|Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Norway and Slovenia also provide cancer care at comprehensive cancer centres and also at specialised institutions that provide treatment for specific cancers. Other countries, such as Canada, Chile, England, France, Hungary, Israel, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Singapore and Turkey have institutions that specialise in certain treatments, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery. Given the varied organisational structures, the number of institutions providing cancer care differs widely across countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer institutions specialise surgery cancers|9.138652|9.322466|2.2093842
3168|Greater livestock numbers will also be required in order to meet the demand for additional meat through the outlook period, resulting in growing environmental concerns. Significant scope remains for improved productivity in both meat and dairy production, particularly in developing regions, which will be key to the growth of a sustainable livestock sector. The cost of compliance to environmental regulations will also impact the regional concentration of livestock production.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|livestock meat environmental production dairy|3.6886187|5.149974|4.3663034
3169|Review teacher compensation, advancement, and retirement policies to support career circulation between school and work. Ensure that sectoral practical training centres are financially sustainable, and improve the accessibility of the centres through a system of student support that meets living costs, is easily accessible to all eligible students, and is well-publicised through web resources and school-based advising. Improve opportunities for upper secondary vocational students to make full use of the pathway to tertiary education through focused efforts to raise the quality of general education teaching made available to secondaiy vocational students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students vocational centres improve circulation|8.727495|2.3448434|2.6183817
3170|It is also responsible at the technical level for hunting and forest management. Forest operations and management are handled in a decentralised manner under the Ministry of Agriculture, Viticulture and Rural Development. Since 1999, this Ministry has also been responsible for co-ordinating overall water policy (management and protection of water as a resource, cleanup of waters and watercourses, management of sewage sludge, drinking water supply, water pricing, fishing, and floods).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|management water forest responsible ministry|1.1271629|6.953126|1.7349513
3171|This suggests that their products have higher value (and/or require much less energy to produce) and that these countries consume goods and services that are much more aligned to ;e that they produce themselves. The consumption-based EF intensity for the Asia-Pacific developing group of countries has decreased by approximately the same relative amount as that of the Rest of the World (30% between 1990 and 2010).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|produce ef consume aligned rest|1.7908207|2.9096675|2.713824
3172|This relates to the implementation of 30 June 2015 amendment to the School Act that stipulates that only students with an identified disability should attend a special school or a special class in a mainstream school (see Chapter 2). Also, one way to remove the financial incentive for SEN categorisation is to make the funding for SEN dependent on factors outside the school’s control (such as social deprivation indicators for the local community) and also to provide a fixed percentage of funding for all basic schools to spend on those students it considers require additional support (as suggested above). The Ministry of Education should consider removing at least part of such additional funding for gifted students and instead focus on ensuring an appropriate and differentiated curriculum for able and talented students within the regular classroom.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students school sen funding special|10.224042|2.3793118|2.064994
3173|Public spaces are broadly associated with benefits such as enhanced safety and social cohesion, higher equality and improved health and well-being. They increase property values, retail activity multiplication, city attractiveness, and contribute to more effective and efficient transport and mobility. A prosperous city is an inclusive one that provides spaces for social engagement; recreation, social and economic development of vulnerable groups; and fosters social cohesion through the provision of adequate and well-designed public spaces.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spaces cohesion social city prosperous|4.1457243|5.1127114|1.6650047
3174|Funds to support restructuring have been earmarked. Prominent leaders in Finnish higher education, including a dean of the University of Helsinki and the rector of Aalto University, have suggested halving the number of academic units in universities and the University Rectors' Council has prepared a proposal for merging units, closing programmes, merging fields of education and research, and redistributing resources among units, as an opportunity for universities to be in the driving seat for structural reforms (Aarrevaara and Dobson, 2016). The Ministry has previously reached an agreement for Universities Finland to coordinate bottom-up projects to reduce duplication in areas of significant programme overlap. Cross-binary collaboration has been less prevalent than intended, while the acts regulating UAS and universities do not allow cross-binary mergers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|universities units binary university cross|7.670052|2.5190613|2.4877868
3175|Therefore, the policies that emerge must be implementable, universal, sensitive and relevant to the local context. They must be participatory and collaborative. They must be inclusive and recognize the rights of minorities and vulnerable groups. Above all, the policies must be sustainable. This trend is not new, but relentless and has been marked by a remarkable increase in the absolute numbers of urban dwellers—from a yearly average of 57 million between 1990-2000 to 77million between 2010-2015. In 1990,43 per cent (2.3 billion) of the world’s population lived in urban areas; by 2015, this had grown to 54 per cent (4 billion).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|billion cent urban minorities yearly|4.382177|5.1920133|1.9937751
3176|Oceans cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and, as individual activities that damage the oceans can be felt beyond national borders, responsibility for the ocean's health rests with all of us. While ships traversing oceans are only one of many ocean activities, the shipping industry is one of the most visible industries taking place on the oceans. At IMO, we need to ensure that shipping continues to make its significant contribution to the global economy without upsetting the delicate balance between safe and secure shipping and protecting the marine environment.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oceans shipping ocean delicate rests|0.20393413|5.778105|6.054044
3177|The agreement calls for comprehensive policies and a targeted approach focusing on attending to the poor, vulnerable and excluded segments of society in keeping with their particular needs, characteristics and contexts. Science and Culture (OEI), the ministers of education approved a comprehensive early childhood project that is at the heart of the project “Goals 2021: The Education We Want for the Bicentennial Generation” (ECLAC/OEI/SEGIB, 2010). Such is the case in countries with more generalized attendance, such as Uruguay (4 years) and Mexico (3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|comprehensive project generalized attending segments|9.389085|2.7765574|2.1541858
3178|Bangkok promotes the education and participation (SDGs 4,6.a and 6.b) of local communities in wastewater treatment projects and promotes reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture and industry. This requires a foundation that is based on the human rights of the urban population for safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. Org/course/detail/4.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|promotes wastewater bangkok reuse hygiene|1.6407896|6.7494893|2.1504104
3179|Linking CME and CPD requirements to re-licensing medical professionals is a strength that makes Australia and the United Kingdom leaders across the OECD. Such approaches should be trialled in other OECD countries to support the health workforce to deliver high-quality care throughout their medical careers. In Denmark and Sweden for example, external involvement in regulating health professionals’ knowledge and skills is deliberately light-touch (OECD, 2013a, 2013b).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|professionals medical oecd cme cpd|9.395307|9.202098|1.6591638
3180|In the US, the majority of homes are built primarily of wood, and the current inventory of wood structures in the US is estimated to store 1.5 billion metric tonnes of carbon (equivalent to 5.4 billion metric tonnes of carbon dioxide). Maximizing the use of wood in multi-family housing, low-rise residential construction and remodelling in the US could result in a carbon storage benefit of about 21 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide annually, which is equivalent to taking 4.4 million automobiles off the road (Howe et al„ 2015). The ECO Platform is working to harmonize national EPD systems based on the ISO 14025 standard for environmental declarations and the EN 15804 standard for construction-sector EPDs. The first ECO Platform EPDs aligned to the harmonized procedures were issued in October 2014.|SDG 15 - Life on land|metric carbon wood tonnes dioxide|1.3305405|3.793578|2.9489565
3181|However, ICTs are more than just access and use of the Internet and the development of a digital economy. It also relates to the use of ICTs to create more efficient systems for effective and reliable service delivery and to improve productivity in a large number of sectors. For more information about innovative financing, see http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/bevond-oda-innovative-financing-for-development.htm. However, while technological improvements are made across many sectors, technological convergence often includes elements of communication networks and fast processing of data.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|icts innovative technological financing sectors|4.8009963|3.0386388|1.9726995
3182|Women entrepreneurs are a heterogeneous group in terms of age, background and education and they are active in a wide range of sectors. However, they often work in professions where the opportunities and conditions for entrepreneurship have been limited, such as healthcare, nursing and education. There is no big difference between men’s and women’s entrepreneurship in Sweden but an interesting difference is observed in the level of education. The level of education of women is higher than that of men. This fact is also reflected in the number of women engineers and the patents taken out by women in recent years. In 2006, 5% of all patents in Sweden were taken out by women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women patents education entrepreneurship difference|9.046526|3.6497214|6.151814
3183|Workers displaced from employment in commuting zones most exposed to the China trade shock have found re-employment relatively slowly with knock-on effects on other segments of the local labour market. The spatial correlation between export-related job gains and import job losses declined over time (Feenstra, Ma and Xu, 2017(9)), suggesting it become harder for displaced workers to find new' employment opportunities. The adjustment frictions to reallocation have played a role in creating localised pockets of unemployment and ultimately, w'hen persistent, to heightened inequality. However more recent empirical evidence suggests that workers in industries exposed to import competition suffered significant losses in earning capacity subsequently in comparison with similar workers in other industries (Autor etal.,|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers displaced exposed import losses|7.294015|4.354951|4.257529
3184|The survey took place in January 2011, just months after the largest oil spill in history, the Deepwater Horizon, took place in the Gulf of Mexico, between April and July 2010. It can be speculated that this may well have influenced the respondents concerns. Frequency of responses is illustrated by the size of the text, with pollution noted most often (reproduced from Buckley and Pinnegar 2011). A number of sectors were chosen, including: design and manufacturing, maritime industries, policy makers, media organizations, education and environmental organizations.|SDG 14 - Life below water|took organizations place reproduced spill|0.040764052|5.819256|5.940817
3185|The initial decision text leaves open whether incentives to reduce deforestation would take the form of carbon credits or direct financial assistance. The Fund aims to deliver cost-effective emission reductions, while promoting biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. The BioCarbon Fund can consider purchasing carbon from a variety of land use and forestry projects; the portfolio includes Afforestation and Reforestation, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation and is exploring innovative approaches to agricultural carbon.|SDG 15 - Life on land|carbon deforestation fund afforestation reforestation|1.6833732|4.720415|3.450898
3186|For instance, Portland’s open rules towards food vending have allowed local food truck entrepreneurs to occupy vacant spaces and create vibrant uses out of them—it has been a boon for local businesses and has encouraged tourism to the area (Southworth, 2014). Temporary land uses encourage experimentation. Across the United States, local skateboarders have taken over vacant lands—often unused public land underneath bridges—to build illegal skateparks (e.g., Burnside Park, Portland; Washington Street Park, San Diego).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|vacant park local uses diego|3.7933772|5.2234287|1.8354573
3187|Another condition on access to the benefits is registration as unemployed and availability for work. In many cases, benefits are conditional on the beneficiary not having resigned from his or her job. The financing of the unemployment insurance is linked to the payroll in the case of the employer's contribution, and depends on income in the less frequent case where contributions are made by workers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|payroll benefits case beneficiary registration|7.8376517|4.8511|4.0773425
3188|Young children are most likely to be at risk because their parents are also likely to be young with relatively low earnings, or because their mothers are not in employment (Bradbury and Jantii, 2001). Strategies to alleviate child poverty vary across countries with policies either tending to promote employment (in particular through welfare reform in recent years) or providing generous levels of benefits to redistribute income to the poor. Getting lone parents into work has been a central aim of policy in a number of countries in recent years with “welfare reform” policies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States all targeting employment among lone parents.|SDG 1 - No poverty|parents lone employment welfare reform|7.51671|5.9309406|4.999116
3189|Since 2002, the primary energy supply increased, to 3,543 Mtoe in 2011. Coal, natural gas and oil products were the “big losers” since economic changes have forced many consumers to limit their consumption. Supply of coal has declined from approximately 896,000 tons of oil equivalent (ktoe) in 1990 to 13 ktoe in 2002, and increased slightly to 157 ktoe in 2011. Oil products followed the same trend with a consumption decrease from 3,186 ktoe in 1990 to 547 ktoe in 2008, then an increase to 1,009 ktoe in 2011.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ktoe oil coal products mtoe|1.2756321|2.3938959|2.4061449
3190|Strong national and international leadership needs to send clear and consistent signals that abuses will not be tolerated in peacekeeping missions. Measures need to be put into place to adequately address the needs of women, men, boys and girls who have been forcibly recruited and suffered gender-based violence. Initiatives can be made to recruit female former combatants into the police and armed forces. Male former combatants should be provided with counselling and programmes aimed at preventing gender-based violence on reintegration.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|combatants violence reintegration recruited abuses|10.207954|4.9205537|7.632529
3191|In 2010 and 2011, climate-related aid commitments3 reported to the OECD DAC4 ranged on average from USD 12.8-21.1 bn per year (based on lower and upper bound estimates), representing up to 16% of total ODA. Going forward, climate-related ODA is expected to remain both significant and substantial given its potential to mobilise other sources of climate finance and given the internationally-agreed target of devoting 0.7% GNI to ODA). Going forward the definition of public climate finance and consistency with OECD DAC Rio markers is to be determined.|SDG 13 - Climate action|oda climate going forward bn|1.5730842|4.0383306|0.8748461
3192|It might be an expensive long-term investment, but in the short term it is rarely possible to predict clear, identifiable results from policies, especially given the time lags that are likely to be involved. Teachers often also command greater public trust than politicians, so any resistance to reform on their part is likely to be effective. Even when parents have a poor opinion of the education system, they will generally have a positive view of their children's school and its teachers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers identifiable likely term politicians|9.243171|1.8668954|2.3163772
3193|He placed high priority on HIV prevention, as well as on treatment, care and support for HIV/AIDS patients. The NASCP was replaced with a broader AIDS control programme, comprising the Presidential Committee on AIDS and the multi-sectoral National Action Committee on AIDS (NACA) to coordinate HIV/AIDS programmes at the federal level. Nigeria was also able to attract funding from the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development, the UK’s Department for International Development, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Ford Foundation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aids hiv foundation committee gates|8.363269|8.898584|3.2778661
3194|Also, as discussed in the preceding section, Kazakhstan has relatively high mortality rates from respiratory diseases such as COPD, and gastrointestinal diseases such as liver cirrhosis, for which recognised risk factors are tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption respectively (OECD, 2015). For example, among men aged 15 and over nearly 37% are daily smokers, a proportion far above the OECD average of 24%. Indeed, only three OECD countries report a higher proportion of daily smokers among men aged 15 years and over: Latvia 52%, Greece 43.7%, and Turkey 37.3% (Figure 1.12).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|smokers daily diseases aged oecd|9.2536955|9.372209|3.2056
3195|Such opportunities are not specifically defined at this stage but ability to benefit will depend on adaptive capacity. At present, higher risk/impact regions have been outlined (Handisyde et al., Asia is by far the major aquaculture producer, with large populations and production zones in low-lying areas, and is the most vulnerable region. Deltaic areas in Asia and elsewhere are also critical for agricultural livelihoods and food security, and the loss of agriculture productivity due to salination from sea level rise and seawater intrusion could have an important impact.|SDG 14 - Life below water|asia intrusion lying seawater impact|0.36815402|6.099538|6.507705
3196|"Household surveys and censuses offer a picture of poverty but only at five and ten year intervals. Poor and marginalized people and communities are among the most likely to be missed by official statistics. Alongside improving official statistics, therefore, policy-makers are turning increasingly to ICTs to facilitate ""big data"" solutions."|SDG 1 - No poverty|official statistics intervals censuses missed|6.713425|5.635471|5.0276737
3197|Quality problems: local bacteriological pollution. Quality problems: pollution from urbanisation and traffic. Transboundary groundwater under consideration but not approved. The issue of Future prospects: agreement on the delineation of transboundary groundwater systems and development of monitoring programmes.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|transboundary groundwater pollution problems quality|0.7574494|6.8568406|2.719498
3198|Similarly there is no explicit and overarching national urban policy framework. There are currently several policies affecting the regional level: the Top Sector Policy; the National Policy Strategy for Infrastructure and Spatial Planning; the regional development plans developed at the provincial level; and the EU programmes. There is a danger of disconnecting the regional and local development agenda from a comprehensive national vision of regional development. A key challenge for a successful territorial development policy will be ensuring that the various policies having an effect on the development of regions make the most of potential complementarities.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|regional development policy national danger|4.0095296|5.2404103|1.9344337
3199|This led to comprehensive efforts to boost availability. The Slovak Republic also financed the purchase of diagnostic technology, such as positron emission tomography, CT and magnetic resonance scanners. Japan stands out with the highest rate of CT and MRI scanners per million population (97.3 and 43.1, respectively).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|scanners ct stands diagnostic slovak|9.281728|9.256448|2.1460712
3200|Risk reduction activities have the most direct impact on people’s ability to adapt to climate change or, in the case of infrastructure projects, on damages to the physical environment. Policy making, on the other hand, ensures that climate change risks are taken into account in laws, planning, policies and negotiations. Education, training and awareness aim to change people’s behaviour and habits in accordance with current and projected climate conditions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change damages habits people|1.4824291|4.87114|1.7226293
3201|"Over time, the connection between place of work and place of residence further eroded as people began to change employers with greater frequency. Development and Administration of Prague, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Sykora, L., J. Kamenicky and P. Hauptmann (2000), ""Changes in the spatial structure of Prague and Brno in the 1990s”, Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geographica, Vol. The planned economy had focused on expanding large machinery manufacturing facilities and other forms of industry and on constructing large residential complexes of relatively small apartments (Sykora, Kamenicky' and Hauptman, 2000; Sykora and Mulicek, 2014)."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|prague amsterdam place complexes eroded|4.166752|5.2548456|1.5195218
3202|This is a very substantial increase over a relatively short period of time. In most cases, market-income inequality has risen more strongly during the first half of the two decades. In addition, most of the countries with data going back further have seen large increases in market-income Ginis before the mid-80s. The upwards trend in market-income inequality continued after the mid-90s, but at a much slower pace.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|mid market income inequality upwards|6.621495|5.0979633|4.7404437
3203|The crop is largely irrigated and makes use of advanced cultivation and harvesting technologies. Since 2005 production has increased steadily to more than 1.4 Mt. Over the next decade, with expanded areas and higher yields the crop could reach 1.65 Mt. Production is mostly destined to the domestic market. Among fruits varieties, melons are more dependent on world markets with around a third of production exported.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|mt production crop destined fruits|3.8582647|4.947218|4.2455277
3204|Once it is fully operational (by 2013), it will predominantly run with a results-based payment modality. It will finance programmes that are found to be strategic and with transformational impact. The SCIP has already channelled resources to three projects (standardizing Ethiopia's Grid Emission Factor, supporting grass roots communities in local adaptation programmes; and Ethiopia's negotiations support programme).|SDG 13 - Climate action|ethiopia grass modality transformational roots|2.0104685|4.244832|2.2671719
3205|Clearly, there is lot of ground to be covered. Most workplace initiatives provide childcare for higher-level workers in large firms and in financial or business services. However, there is an unmef demand for childcare by low-wage workers (Hein and Cassirer, ILO, 2010b). The authors report that Chile, Kenya and Thailand provide examples of childcare provision for rural agricultural workers in a gender equitable manner through public-private partnerships and employer tax incentives (ILO, 2010b).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|childcare workers ilo provide lot|8.918664|4.960422|5.775917
3206|Demand-side barriers (see table below) are barriers that hinder individuals', households' or communities' ability to use health services. Supply- and demand-side barriers are not necessarily mutually exclusive. These include issues such as indigeneity, the impacts of colonial and post-colonial experience, and often a lack of government recognition.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|colonial barriers demand hinder mutually|8.828268|8.703392|2.247788
3207|In this context, Mexico’s challenge is to use the growing water reform momentum to create inclusive, integrated and coherent water policy. Moving forward under a business-as-usual scenario is not an option. Addressing this means, in part, improving the quality of rivers, lakes and aquifers in Mexico. This task has been a major challenge throughout the country because surface and groundwater quality is threatened by pollution loads from point and diffuse sources, and insufficient attention to wastewater discharges. Currently, 91.3% of the population has access to drinking water services, and 89.9% has sanitation coverage. In 2010 alone, hurricanes affected 118 municipalities in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas; 138 municipalities in the states of Campeche, Puebla, Veracruz; and 56 in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|municipalities water mexico challenge puebla|1.8420572|7.0483084|2.044652
3208|Housing can be unaffordable for middle-income households as well. Even households in the third quintile of the income distribution, face a fairly high risk of housing cost overburden. On average in OECD countries 9% of tenant households in the third income quintile are overburdened by housing costs. In some countries, overburden rates are high for third-quintile mortgage payers too: overburden rates for this group are above 20% in Sweden, Ireland and Greece.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|quintile housing households income tenant|5.0393796|5.7401867|2.2650285
3209|However, it is difficult to say whether higher or lower rates of reporting indicate substantive change on the ground, greater awareness of what constitutes sexual harassment and/or willingness to report, which is both an individual and societal construct. The survey presents a counterintuitive result: there is a positive correlation between the prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence and European Gender Equality Index scores. Countries which score high in gender equality (like the Nordic countries) had higher levels of reported violence against women than countries which are ranked as less egalitarian.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sexual violence equality egalitarian gender|10.104511|5.5330305|7.4931173
3210|The case of ATPs and supervisors is unusual as their appointments depended traditionally on the growth of the education system. Currently the education system is stable and the number of students has fallen in some states. Those teachers and school directors that are not needed are provided with other tasks. In some cases, school directors may become ATPs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|directors unusual appointments supervisors school|9.856606|1.5354229|1.9338857
3211|However, because it is innovative and new (at the demonstration and early market introduction stages) the typical household in rural settings would not be appropriate for hydrogen use. There are, however, some 400 stationary hydrogen demonstrations in the world. Unlike the photovoltaic industry or solar water-heating and cooling and other alternative technology industries which have started from scratch, hydrogen is already a large business with an infrastructure that can kick-start production, storage, delivery or energy applications as the deployment process continues.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydrogen stationary kick photovoltaic demonstration|1.7533613|2.0325837|2.3697257
3212|On average, they have slashed poverty for households by 50% from the initial position (by 13 percentage points) and by 40% for individuals (considering only primary income), which in practice means a fall of 10 percentage points (see table II.3). Benefits derived from social-security or health-care systems may be distributed throughout the working life (health care) or when it has ended (retirement pensions). The funding of solidarity-based systems —which are not necessarily progressive— depends on the role of general revenue and the redistributive policies applied to pension funds.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|points percentage systems solidarity care|7.478039|5.680396|4.461624
3213|The private company R0KT owns the third wind farm located at Vestmanna. This wind farm consists of three wind turbines from 2003 with a total capacity of 2 MW. Eight of them (at Vestmanna, Ei5i and Strond) are located in the northern electricity grid, and two of them (at Botnur) are located in the southern electricity grid. The total capacity of the hydropower plants is 40 MW.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|located wind mw grid farm|1.9351006|1.7966789|2.0119748
3214|But the largest increase in life expectancy among regions occurred in Asia, rising from 42.1 years in 1950-1955 to 71.6 years in 2010-2015. In Africa, life expectancy increased from the 1950s until the early 1980s, but this progress slowed down during the late 1980s and all through the 1990s, mainly because of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There have been indications in more recent years that the worst part of the epidemic has passed, with the estimated level of life expectancy at birth for the continent reaching 59.4 years for the period between 2010 and 2015. Worldwide, women lived, on average, 4.5 years longer than men in the period between 2010 and 2015 (figure 3). This “female advantage” means that life expectancy for women globally was 6.5 per cent higher than for men. The female advantage was largest in the more developed regions, where women lived 6.4 years (or 8.5 per cent) longer than men in 2010-2015.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy years life epidemic lived|8.993617|8.620492|3.409383
3215|The U.S. had a comparative advantage in capital and engineering expertise, but suffered from floods. Canada had a comparative advantage in endowments of water but was limited by absolute capital shortages. Both nations secured what they needed most at a lower cost than either nation could have financed on its own. When total benefits from an agreement exceed total costs, this is a signal that there is a potential for all parties in a transboundary basin to share in the benefits.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|comparative advantage capital secured benefits|1.220663|7.522818|2.2204106
3216|In 2007, more than 7.6 million bottles of SWS product - enough to treat 7.8 billion litres of drinking water and supply 10.6 million users - were sold for routine (non-emergency, non-outbreak) use in 20 countries. Nearly 60 percent of these sales were in just three countries, Zambia, Madagascar, and Malawi, which means that these countries have achieved scale in terms of coverage for household water treatment and safe storage. In a series of published randomised intervention trials conducted by CDC in three continents, the Safe Water Systems have shown to reduce the diarrheal disease incidence by 25-84%, with an average of 50%. Whereas unsafe or insufficient water affects primarily the individuals concerned, inadequate sanitation can have significant external effects through the spread of epidemics.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water safe bottles randomised epidemics|1.6003889|6.8779573|2.6069934
3217|Therefore, Botswana is expected to record a fiscal deficit in FY 2015/16 for the first time in four years. Annual average inflation ended the year in 2015 much lower than in 2014, reflecting lower fuel prices and the government’s commitment to prudent monetary policy. Although rural-urban migration and natural population increase have played a role in urban population increase, the positive trend is mainly due to the reclassification of some villages to urban settlements.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban fy prudent botswana lower|5.374348|4.963777|3.5047605
3218|In order for this initiative to be viable, it normally has to be implemented at a national level. Finally it is important that the consumer of reusable products have documentation for the products in respect of not including undesirable materials in the product and those e.g. suitable standards are developed to ensure the quality of these products for commercial use. On the other hand, the reselling of used materials or building components such as window frames aim at reducing demolition waste.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|products materials reusable demolition frames|0.632372|3.849815|3.0518355
3219|With enlarged Ul coverage, social assistance could target those who are further aw'ay from the labour market. According to theoretical models, the benefit should decline over time to provide optimal job-search incentives. Furthermore, similar models show7 that indexation of unemployment benefits on previous earnings tends to foster wage moderation and thus leads to higher employment (Heer and Morgenstem, 2005).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|models aw enlarged indexation theoretical|7.7318735|4.7731934|4.0951715
3220|When conducted at the outset of a national focus on adaptation, such assessments can contribute to a baseline of the country’s climate vulnerability against which progress on adaptation can be reviewed. If the assessments are repeated on a regular basis (e.g. to inform national planning and budgeting cycles) they can provide a picture of how climate risks and vulnerabilities are changing over time. However, to understand how these changes came about, the assessments can benefit from the application of complementary tools, including those outlined below.|SDG 13 - Climate action|assessments adaptation outset climate repeated|1.2297531|4.81741|1.516362
3221|But unfortunately, this is not the case in all parts of the world. I was shocked to learn that every second minute a woman dies during pregnancy or while giving birth. These alarming facts led to my involvement and desire to contribute to improving conditions for women during pregnancy and childbirth.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pregnancy dies alarming minute facts|8.816838|8.342357|3.7215133
3222|These worthwhile efforts have notably included information on medical practitioners by speciality. In Finland, for example, health workforce planning is part of an economy-wide workforce planning exercise, rather than occupation-specific. The main objective of overall workforce planning is to provide advice on tertiary education student intake, to achieve a better balance between future workforce supply and demand. Meanwhile, Japan has conducted an analysis of physicians, nurses, long-term care workers, pharmacists and other health workers (Ono et al., These efforts should be continued, and broadened to take in other parts of the workforce, such as allied health professionals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|workforce planning health efforts workers|9.340823|8.888082|1.8235718
3223|A survey of US cement customers found that the reliability and continuous operation of the plant are their highest priorities (Coito et al. Shutting down a plant to install new equipment can jeopardize the integrity of the kilns. A study of the Swedish pulp and paper sector found the same thing (Thollander and Ottoson 2008; Figure 5.3). A majority of energy-intensive firms surveyed by UNIDO regularly monitored energy use at both the plant and the individual process levels, and both managers and engineers considered themselves well informed about energy-efficiency opportunities (UNIDO 2010h).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plant unido energy pulp install|1.898934|2.5959637|2.2499194
3224|Taking into account the accident at Fukushima Daiichi, the lEA’s World Energy Outlook 2011 (IEA, 2011b) assumed that the European Union’s electricity production from nuclear will remain roughly stable until 2020 at 885 TWh per year and that hydro will increase only slightly from 328 TWh in 2009 to 353 TWh in 2020. Given the gradual decline of production from coal- and oil-fired power plants and the forecasted increase of total electricity consumption from 3 170 TWh in 2009 to 3 566 TWh in 2020, this means that the electricity produced by wind- and solar-power will need to expand substantially. The WEO 2011 already assumed an expansion by 250% of wind power from 133 TWh in 2009 to 365 TWh in 2020 and an almost five-fold increase in solar power from 14 TWh to 64 TWh over the same period.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|twh power electricity assumed solar|1.4391758|1.8520018|2.3162422
3225|However, other countries, too, present a strong economic case for a more effective use of female labour supply. A no-change scenario: male and female participation rates remain at their 2010 levels over the whole period. Convergence in participation rates: the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level, while the female participation rate increases over the period to converge with male participation in 2030.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|participation male female period converge|9.05894|4.2950134|5.68794
3226|Also, few are the critical distinctions between barriers to financing mitigation, adaptation or cross-cutting projects. Hence, successfully addressing the barriers to climate-related investments will likely also mobilize more finance for broader sustainable development activities. The following analysis highlights how these barriers translate into risks, how they could be broken and what solutions are needed.|SDG 13 - Climate action|barriers distinctions mobilize broken translate|1.9799402|3.794474|1.5647545
3227|The funding for primary care keeps increasing, together with performance-based payments for GPs. These included the expansion of the list of reference countries and changes to setting reference prices, new requirements for generic pricing, introduction of cost and volume agreements with producers, a positive list of reimbursed medicines and patient choice of medicine with the smallest copayment Initially, these measures lead to a decrease in pharmaceutical expenditure and some improvement in access to medicines for patients (Kacevicius & Karanikolos, 2013). However, more recently both public and private spending on phaimaceutical diugs have risen again, accounting for 28% of the total health care spending - among the highest levels in the EU.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicines list reference spending keeps|8.519038|9.354179|2.1043048
3228|Policies to close the gender pay gap need to be developed in tandem with policies to reduce inequality overall, promote social justice and extend state support for working parents. When women are reliant on their own wages for subsistence, they often fall into poverty,1 not able to provide a decent standard of living either for themselves or their children. Women should have the same rights as men to develop their capabilities, but pay discrimination limits their choices and impacts on their lifetime earnings. Women's unpaid work responsibilities restrict their access to jobs and careers, and conversely unequal pay also limits the scope for individual families to change the domestic division of labour. Women may move from un paid care work into formal employment, only for new gender divisions to emerge within formal employment, or women may enter high-level and hitherto male-dominated occupations, only for gender divisions within the occupation to intensify.' However, there are some disadvantages in focusing too literally on this measure.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|divisions women pay gender limits|9.108816|4.7836823|6.004562
3229|There is, however, no sewerage tariff harmonization for the locations serviced by ONEP, in contrast to tariffs for drinking water consumption (table 4.3). A tariff analysis of 42 wastewater treatment systems operated by ONEP around 2006 showed that the sanitation tariffs allowed recovery of only about 70 per cent of the operating costs, excluding depreciation allowances, financing costs and costs of maintenance of the infrastructure. In other words, given the general increase in major cost items for wastewater management, there has been an increasing gap between the actual tariffs and the level required for ensuring recovery of operating costs, let alone maintenance and depreciation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tariffs costs depreciation tariff wastewater|1.5618498|7.4189177|2.27866
3230|They may suffer abuse and difficulties when travelling on public transport. Transport operators may refuse concessionary fares (a problem also experienced by students). P.. J. Hine 120141 Poverty end sustainable transport: Hour transport affects poor people v/ith policy implications for poverty reduction.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport travelling fares refuse poverty|4.276955|5.047679|0.5230648
3231|That since the girl consistently had sexual intercourse with the Appellant, the relationship continued for quite a long time to the extent that age became a non-issue. The judge faulted the prosecution for not going to lengths to prove that the Appellant had not taken the necessary due diligence to find out that the complainant was below the age of 18 years. The judge also stated that the appellant should not be condemned for the voluntary acts of the complainant as she was enjoying the sex relationship.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|judge relationship intercourse enjoying lengths|9.807132|5.4346476|7.2082295
3232|To qualify, OVC must be under 17 years old and come from a household with one deceased or chronically ill parent, or where the main caregiver is chronically ill. The regions targeted are selected on the basis of poverty levels and HIV prevalence. Community committees visit households where there are children living in poverty, gather data about the household and then decide which households meet the criteria for the cash transfer. Local knowledge is valued in this process. A list of the households selected is sent to Nairobi. Another visit takes place to collect data related to living conditions including the dwelling construction, drinking water source, cooking fuel, livestock and the toilet (if there is one).|SDG 1 - No poverty|chronically visit ill households selected|7.3839965|6.156545|4.5467486
3233|They use different definitions, classifications and projections for decision-making, resulting in sometimes contradictory or incoherent requirements for land use (World Bank, 2011, and UN Habitat, 2014b). For instance, the land use plans of MONRE and construction plans of the MOC define urban land differently and have different classifications of land, relying on different criteria. The Land Law lists different land use purposes, classifying it between agricultural, non-agricultural and non-used land, while the Law on Urban Planning is concerned with “urban planning land” - it distinguishes civil, non-civil and other lands, with uses classified as residential, public, commercial, service and industrial.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land classifications different use urban|3.851964|5.608871|1.6908042
3234|Whether or not women are able to be economically independent not only has intrinsic importance, but can also have indirect effects on women’s position in the household by strengthening their options beyond marriage and childbearing (Gray, 1998; Sen, 1990). The position of women in terms of socio-economic resources affects not only their own well-being but also that of their offspring. Generally speaking, the household (with special reference to the married couple at the head of the household) is where many important decisions relating to women’s position are made (Klasen, 1998, p. 437). For this reason, the third field considered is the marital position of women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|position women household klasen childbearing|9.110809|4.927791|6.3199
3235|For more details, see ESCWA, 2015g, p. 34. Strategic objective A.3 and paragraph 166 (a) of the Beijing Platform for Action, which requires Governments to “promote and support women's self-employment and the development of small enterprises, and strengthen women’s access to credit and capital on appropriate terms equal to those of men through the scaling-up of institutions dedicated to promoting women's entrepreneurship, including, as appropriate, non-traditional and mutual credit schemes, as well as innovative linkages with financial institutions.” Tunisia, though, has succeeded to reach out to rural areas, which account for about 57 percent of the total number of active borrowers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|credit appropriate women escwa institutions|8.948023|3.5106387|6.4720726
3236|"However conception rates amongst women aged 15 to 17 remain higher than in the USA (2.9 per cent in 20123) and UK (2.8 per cent of 20124) where the greater likelihood of termination contributes to much lower rates of adolescent parenting. An analysis of South Africa and Zimbabwe's postcolonial legislations and policies suggests that while policy institutionalisation in both countries is an important step towards democratising formal schooling for girls who fall pregnant while at school, it cannot achieve this without confronting ""the negative traditional, social and cultural variables that militate against pregnant girls who choose to pursue their educational aspirations through the formal school system"" (Runhare et al., Young mothers in the region consistently get help from their own mothers, aunts or grandmothers in caring for their infants so they can continue with education or/and seek work opportunities, or simply because they continue to live in the parental home. However, new tensions are arising between the two generations of mothers because young mothers have slightly different conceptions of what 'good' motherhood entails; yet they do not have sufficient resources to create their own home in which to raise their child using these ideals (Moore, 2013)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mothers pregnant continue girls home|9.52179|5.267687|6.283671
3237|Clear trends emerge for women: paid employment is increasing in most countries, while unpaid work is decreasing. Women spend, on average, 1 hour more on paid work per week and 2.6 hours less on unpaid work than 10 years ago, while men’s paid work has decreased on average by 4.5 hours and their unpaid workload increased by 2 hours. The average increase in unpaid work done by men is however not observed in all countries, partly because in some countries men worked even longer hours outside the home. Data refer to 2003-11 for the United States; to 2001-11 for Japan; to 1999-2011 for New Zealand; to 2003-10 for Spain; to 2002-10 for Italy; and to 2001-10 for Norway.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unpaid hours work paid men|8.952543|4.7586527|5.3458
3238|By serving as positive role models to other women and mobilising male champions to support the cause of women, they have gradually improved the status of women to promote policies and funding of developmental projects that are beneficial for communities. In this way, these women encourage more women to participate in the political process. The Union Parishad is headed by a chair, and consists of a further nine general members plus three reserved seats for women (Khan and Ara 2006). The women are voted in by direct election, and are able to contest the general seats and that of the chair. A total of 475 women were elected.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women chair seats parishad voted|10.462366|4.4220457|7.1957297
3239|These are very different in terms of wealth, landmass and population size, and cover a wide range of MDG achievements. Considering only the overall Asia-Pacific regional averages therefore hides the true picture. This chapter assesses MDG disparities both between and within countries, particularly in standards of health, and considers possible causes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mdg hides assesses achievements averages|9.019363|8.610983|3.1237626
3240|Evidence from improvements and successes that have been achieved for Indigenous students clearly point to strategies that are deliberate in intent, open and flexible in approach, vigilant in monitoring progress, and sustained in effort over time. Building effective relationships relies on mutual trust and respect. Schools that have achieved sustained improvements for Indigenous students recognise the key role of Indigenous parents, leaders and other community members and have actively built relationships with these important people in their students’ lives.|SDG 4 - Quality education|indigenous sustained students relationships achieved|10.206287|2.834988|2.6142056
3241|Following their placement, students report back to their training provider and they are assessed to see if they have met their learning objectives. Supervisors need to have a solid knowledge of the theoretical content of the student’s course and have sufficient time and resources to offer guidance. Students apply concepts learnt in the study programme at the workplace, linking theory to practice. In the Netherlands, instructors from industry can only teach in the presence of a pedagogically qualified teacher (Fazekas and Litjens, 2014). In 2007-08, 45% of first and second year community college students reported having to take remedial courses (US Department of Education, 2013). While extensive resources are devoted to remediation of basic skills, its effectiveness is limited.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students remediation supervisors learnt remedial|8.646417|2.2014272|2.4683998
3242|If economic growth rates observed during those 10 years prevail for the next 15, the global rate for extreme poverty will likely fall to 4 per cent by 2030, assuming that growth benefits all income groups equally. Poverty remains widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 40 per cent of people lived on less than 1.90 US dollars a day in 2012.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent prevail poverty dollars growth|6.1461535|5.803573|4.958269
3243|This would match decision making to capacity and accountability lines, and result in less unimplemented decisions. This way forward does not imply deflating the role of the national and state water resources councils or overlooking the role of basin commissions. In a democracy, roles and jurisdictions should be assigned in a very clear way, and holding deliberative powers is not the only way of having effective influence on the decisions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|way decisions role democracy commissions|1.146081|7.257939|1.6611462
3244|Climate change is increasing the risk of disaster - amplifying existing risk and creating new risks including the direct consequences of a warming planet - with cascading consequences in the short, medium and long term. Climate mitigation can also be understood as a subset of development planning.319 The main policy implication, within the risk framework of this GAR, is that at a minimum, CCA needs to be integrated with DRR, and that governments need to move to a coherent policy approach that sees both of these risk reduction measures as integral to planning for sustainable development. There is also no obligation on Member States to divide their policy formulation and implementation according to the scope of different international agreements negotiated along thematic lines.|SDG 13 - Climate action|risk consequences policy planning sees|1.5185536|4.6730037|1.7474655
3245|The technical methods to provide ancillary services will have to be developed beyond today's approach, as the European electricity system is moving towards high shares of variable renewable generation. In this situation, the price pattern is almost the opposite of the winter week. Electricity prices are low during the day as a results of high solar PV generation in the European market.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generation european electricity ancillary pv|1.6793182|1.6642623|1.8731374
3246|Public-private partnerships might be another good way to improve infrastmcture planning while also encouraging portability of care. For example, private funding could be used to construct a public facility where some portion of the building is dedicated for public services and another portion is private (possibly contracting with the public sector). Lastly, better information for patients is important so individuals are aware when they have the right to see a provider outside their network.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|portion public private portability construct|9.021846|8.665763|1.6191796
3247|There is also strong synergy between energy and ICT services (two GPTs), as mentioned above: electricity is required for the continued operation of the ICT industry and enables innovation therein. Energy also has an impact on the performance of two services sectors that are crucial for the long-term formation of an economy’s human capital: education and health, as shown in section C.4 below. This long-term trend can be observed from the energy intensity of the sector, which in developed countries is five times higher than in LDCs (figure 2.10).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ict energy synergy term long|2.124891|2.3212254|2.380562
3248|"They note that changes in ocean chemistry may be more important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many organisms. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one or a few “leverage species"" may result in sweeping community-level changes. In turn, synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Indeed, in the short term, it is often effective management of fish stocks that is needed, to return the populations to relative health in the short term (Kell et al., A diversity of healthy stocks may then provide a greater buffer against the impacts of climate change on fish recruitment success and other direct and indirect impacts (Hilborn et al., Variation in natural resource systems are expected to occur with increased frequency and increased intensity of shocks, such as bleaching events and hurricanes, and the degradation and loss of resilience of coral reefs e.g. associated with ocean acidification (Hughes et al.,"|SDG 14 - Life below water|changes impacts ocean al et|-0.14368594|6.0526896|6.107921
3249|These include improved school enrolment rates (particularly for girls, as the burden on girls of collecting fuel wood is reduced), access to information and communication technologies (telephony, Internet), and an increased ability of rural communities to retain doctors, teachers and other professionals as it improves living standards. Moreover, there are positive linkages between electrification and accelerated economic growth and employment generation, economic diversification and industrialization. While the first makes a direct contribution to better living standards and has several social dividends, only the second allows the fully-fledged economic and social transformations required to generate development spirals (figure 1).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|girls economic living standards dividends|5.688455|4.4659553|3.6755188
3250|Primary health care alone is inadequate to make the impact necessary to improve urban health. In addition to primary health care, broader issues of public health should be given adequate attention in policies and the relevant legislation. The budgetary allocation for public health services should be increased from the present 4 per cent to 8 per cent, as has been done in neighbouring countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health primary cent care neighbouring|8.802743|8.649881|1.9579479
3251|At the moment, no national-level information on student learning outcomes which is comparable across schools and regions and over time is available but the MEYS is currently developing national standardised tests in grades 5 and 9 in Czech language, foreign language and mathematics to address this gap. In addition, there has been a growing interest in undertaking studies of the impact of policy initiatives and in preparing thematic reports which can inform policy development. These are promoted by the MEYS as well as agencies such as the Czech School Inspectorate (CSI).|SDG 4 - Quality education|czech language inspectorate thematic moment|9.581089|1.9579781|1.7441498
3252|For all the jurisdictions in this study, however, the mandatory age for starting school is 6. This is encouraging, but the data does not show improvements at other age levels, and there appear to be slight declines in participation rates at lower secondary levels (Figure 5.7). This is evident in an increase in early-years participation rates between 2010 and 2015.6 More noteworthy, however, are the significant increases in participation rates from 2005 to 2015 for Indigenous students age 14-16 (Figure 5.8).|SDG 4 - Quality education|participation age rates noteworthy figure|9.685131|2.7843397|2.8340034
3253|In this sample, 80% of the self-employed work by themselves and 20% work in firms of two to five employees. As a consistency check, we compared the two ilo definitions. In firms with less than six employees, roughly 10% of female employees obtained all legally mandated benefits. By contrast, only 21% of female employees working at firms with more than five employees stated that they lacked one or more legally mandated benefits. In other words, while 90% of women in firms with less than six employees did not receive full benefit packages, 80% of women in firms with six employees or more received full benefits. There is a significant difference between the average real hourly wages of formal women (5.26 pesos) and informal women (4.16 pesos), and this is initial evidence for a segmented labour market, with formal workers earning more on average than informal workers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employees firms pesos mandated legally|8.616704|4.3207507|5.1515718
3254|Early childhood education and care is almost universal in EU22 countries. In nine European countries, at least 95% of children (from 4 to compulsory school age) are participating in early childhood education. Significant progress has been made to increase the reach of tertiary education among adults between 2005 and 2015.|SDG 4 - Quality education|childhood education early compulsory participating|9.46616|2.8696876|2.3859413
3255|However, the impact of mild-to-moderate disorders on individuals and on society is significant. It is probable that given the greater prevalence of mild-to-moderate disorders, their detrimental effects outweigh those of the most severe disorders in terms of the overall disability burden for society (OECD, 2012; Kessler et al., Mild-to-moderate disorders also contribute to premature mortality, higher morbidity, and poorer outcomes for chronic diseases.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorders mild moderate society probable|9.994626|8.890408|2.3081918
3256|Quality ECEC settings are responsive to the dynamic nature of children's lives. Such efforts will link improvements in the quality of ECEC to policy measures and enhance equity in access. Quality of Childcare and Pre-Primary Education: How do we measure it?' Data for Canada refer to adjusted net enrolment rate, one year before the official primary entry age, both sexes {per cent).|SDG 4 - Quality education|ecec quality primary sexes responsive|9.356398|2.7484977|1.883781
3257|The largest declines have occurred in grasslands and arid lands in North America and in farmed lands in Europe, whereas widespread forest specialists show fluctuating but stable trends. Farmland bird populations declined continuously over 1990-2010 in almost all OECD countries. The rate of decline slowed over the 2000s compared to earlier decades; in some OECD countries (e.g. the United States) farmland bird populations have even been rising since the early or mid-2000s.|SDG 15 - Life on land|bird farmland lands populations fluctuating|1.7045999|5.2082543|4.1245728
3258|In view of the high cost of hospital care, the funds manage hospital expenditures intensively. Community-based alternatives to hospital care include community-based specialists, emergency care centres, ambulatory surgery clinics, secondary care centres, diagnostic services etc. Primary care staff are supported by a sophisticated IT infrastructure that supports the delivery of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care hospital centres community intensively|9.051673|8.738249|1.6026394
3259|There has been strong resistance to decentralise the appropriate decision-making powers, investment funds and technical and managerial resources; the National Water Commission retains control, ordinance and sanction responsibilities. Overall, this has contributed to the incapacity of COTAS to effectively reduce groundwater overexploitation. As co-ordinating units, they already make recommendations to governmental authorities and to users, but the role and functions of their staff are not always well understood, especially regarding public participation. Similarly, the National Water Law failed to allocate a clear role and prerogatives to COTAS, and left users with subjective responsibilities to sustainably manage water in a context of already limited citizen participation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|responsibilities users water incapacity prerogatives|1.0182381|7.2091475|1.631276
3260|"First, the Russian service sector has been growing, which generates demand for a ""female"" workforce (UNIFEM, 2009; Laruelle, 2007). In addition, citizens of Kyrgyzstan used to enjoy a facilitated naturalization procedure in the Russian Federation; moreover, they are now exempted from the necessity of obtaining a work permit or patent due to their country's membership in the Eurasian Economic Union, which thus makes them more attractive to an employer. Second, perceptions about female mobility are different in Kyrgyzstan than they are in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|kyrgyzstan russian female exempted membership|8.736768|5.2353563|7.038551
3261|This increase coincided with the lowest income groups making income gains that led to a reduction in relative poverty (Figure 3.3). Spending on income-tested housing and utility supports to families with incomes below subsistence level amounted to only 0.2% of GDP (a fraction of all spending on housing supports, see above), while spending on support to the unemployed was even lower in 2008, although such support went up in 2009 (Chapter 2). The limited spending on family benefits and the poor working-age population more generally is reflected in relatively higher poverty rates among children and young people (Social pensions and social pension supplements that can also be paid to, for example, the disabled are discussed in Chapter 4). Comprehensive data on other social assistance supports to the working-age population across the regions are not available, but available evidence suggests that such spending is not high either.|SDG 1 - No poverty|spending supports income housing social|7.4061093|5.7866535|4.535881
3262|Green belts have been implemented across the OECD, albeit with decidedly mixed results: as part of national urban policy in the United Kingdom or national spatial planning in the Netherlands, as well as around numerous cities, including Vienna; Barcelona; Budapest; Berlin; Hong Kong; Seoul; Tokyo; Toronto; Vancouver; Chicago; Sydney; and Melbourne (Kamal-Chaoui and Sanchez-Reaza, 2012). In both Japan and Korea, the national government defines zoning categories for municipalities that orient the form and intensity of local land uses; in Korea, for instance, zoning reform in 2008 included revisions to encourage mixed-use and transit-oriented development (OECD, 2012a). A global survey of planning practices in the mid-2000s found almost universal acceptance of comprehensive master planning or its equivalent (Friedmann, 2005). Typically, cities are mandated by national governments to produce master plans that specify future land uses and circulation patterns.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|zoning master planning national mixed|3.8956769|5.3442817|1.5265888
3263|If free trade makes the prices of the goods produced by high-skill workers relatively cheaper in South compared to autarky, then inequality must go down in South. Deardorff (2001) argues that fragmentation may lead to increased FPE and therefore that GVCs will lead to a reduction in global inequality. In this environment, if free trade makes the prices of the intermediate goods used by high-skill workers relatively cheaper in South compared to autarky, then this tends to increase inequality.”|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|cheaper south inequality skill free|6.3840437|4.768383|4.431366
3264|This is because ecosystem services are dependent on one another and exhibit complex interactions that generate trade-offs in the delivery of one ecosystem service relative to the delivery of others. For the ocean economy, this is relevant because these interactions determine indirectly the viability of ocean-based industries. By way of illustration: coastal run-off and eutrophication, acidification through increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and poor water quality through pollution lead to changes in fish migration patterns and even extinction of fish stocks. All are examples of how human activity indirectly intervenes in the functioning of marine ecosystems, thereby undermining the economic viability of the ocean economy .|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean viability indirectly interactions ecosystem|0.10576829|5.8610883|6.0088997
3265|"Of all the things you do what is the most important way you contribute to your household?"" The background information about the respondents (demographically as well as for instance affiliation to the labour market) makes it possible to give an insight into how different segments of the Greenlandic population perceive they contribute the households they are a part of. As mentioned above in the Method's paragraph the answers to the open-ended question about people's perception of the most important way they contributed to their household were categorized into eight categories ranging from softer ""contributions"" like ""emotional support"" and ""showing love and affection"" to material ""contributions"" like ""having a job and income and paying bills"" - from providing care for the household/specific household members to being a bread winner. As this group has a more permanent labour market relation and thus income, this is not surprising. Following from that assumption one might expect that a significant part of those ""working part time"" or ""did not work last year"" would be engaged in subsistence hunting and fishing and thus consider fish and game as their contribution to the household. Sculpture by Hans Lynge (1906-1988)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|household contributions like contribute way|8.920873|4.8460236|5.890704
3266|For example, at Mota Vadala, Gujarat, Jamnagar in 2011-12, the WIC-managed plot yielded 5.8 tonnes per hectare of wheat compared to 5.9 tonnes per hectare in the calendar-based irrigation plot; in addition, the drip irrigation plot (guided by WIC) yielded 6.3 tonnes per hectare (see Table 4.2). Similar results were recorded in different years at various testing sites; thus, such decision-making tools need to be promoted as a way of optimizing water resources. At present, different government departments or agencies are involved in the implementation of subsidy-oriented schemes. Due to variation in the norms with different states in India, it is difficult to get all the details required by the scheme (Palanisami etal., Moreover, a differential subsidy pattern for different crops, as well as paddy, is being followed in different regions, which is affecting farmers and implementing agencies'ability to follow and avail the benefits of a given scheme.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|plot hectare tonnes different yielded|1.3057208|7.292916|3.1093886
3267|This was agreed to by more than 130 countries and lays out agreed principles for effective development finance that also cover climate-related aid: these principles relate to country ownership, alignment, harmonisation, results and mutual accountability. The subsequent Busan Partnership on Effective Development Co-operation (2011), agreed to by 150 countries, outlines the importance of climate finance as well as extending the scope of these principles beyond aid to cover development finance and development co-operation more broadly. These include both general principles as well as those developed in the context of funds established by the UNFCCC process such as the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility.|SDG 13 - Climate action|principles agreed finance aid development|1.937545|4.137165|1.2227019
3268|Self-employed women frequently earn 30 to 40% less than their male counterparts. Two key differences between male and female entrepreneurs help explain these relatively low returns: women start their enterprises with limited management experience and devote much less time to their businesses than men. There is a clear need to provide more and better information about entrepreneurship as an attractive career option, both for young women in school and for women outside the labour force who are considering starting or getting back into work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women male devote counterparts earn|8.844338|3.6863267|6.110071
3269|With 6.3 practicing nurses per 1 000 population in Italy in 2011 (compared to the OECD average of 8.8 per 1 000 population), there are concerns about shortage of nurses who constitute a relatively small group of health workers. In 2011, the ratio of nurses to physicians was one of the lowest among OECD countries, at 1.6 nurses per doctor compared to an average of 2.8 in OECD countries. Regions are today entirely responsible for legislative and administrative functions for planning health care activities with mostly all policies developed and implemented by region and autonomous province.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nurses oecd practicing compared doctor|9.201572|8.926185|2.2061489
3270|Matsaganis and Leventi (2012b) conclude, in particular, that a minimum income scheme could reduce extreme poverty up to 90%, depending on its coverage and payment level. Minimum income protection is currently available in most EU countries either at a national or local/regional level. But this needs to be assessed against the welfare of disabled people who might lose the entitlement to benefit and the potential cost to the budget if these individuals move to institutionalised care as a result of the loss of eligibility.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|minimum institutionalised conclude entitlement disabled|7.1556387|5.9893904|4.638461
3271|Hence, they should be re-assessed and removed when found to be obsolete or counter-productive. Globally, over half of all women experience violence in their lifetime.33 Sexual violence and intimate partner violence are the most prominent forms of violence against women. Recent estimates suggest that one woman in three has experienced physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in her lifetime. Intimate partners commit 38% of murders of women (WHO, 2016).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence intimate partner sexual lifetime|10.061053|5.498777|7.4409204
3272|The transformation of ecosystems has been driven by a number of developments, notably habitat loss due to land use change. Conversion of forest to pasture for livestock grazing, and to a lesser extent conversion for crop production, continues to be the primary driver of deforestation. Other key drivers include degradation and fragmentation of habitats due to development of infrastructure, extractive industries and hydropower; overexploitation of biological resources due to subsistence and artisanal activities; invasive alien species; and pollution. Yet, lack of information remains a key obstacle to decision making; better information is particularly needed on habitat change outside forest ecosystems. More precise information on a finer scale is needed to facilitate action in the decentralised environmental management system.|SDG 15 - Life on land|conversion habitat ecosystems information forest|1.4906474|4.825379|3.8984017
3273|Establish systematic collaboration with employer agencies and enterprises as effectiveness measures of mental health care systems. However, only around half of people with severe mental disorders are treated, and treatment rates are substantially lower for individuals with milder mental illnesses. This is an important shortcoming, because adequate or enhanced treatment can improve work outcomes. One critical aspect is the involvement of mental health specialists. If seeking treatment, people mostly seek help from general practitioners; only one in four are treated by a specialist. A more extensive use of specialist mental health care, as therapists or consultants to other health care providers, would improve health care outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health care treatment specialist|10.305287|8.839985|1.6510342
3274|The creation of a Social Protection Network (SPN) is included in the design as a means of providing guarantees to the families to enable them to live with dignity. To this end, the members of the SPN facilitate preferential access to services for beneficiary families and seek to reduce costs where feasible. This, in turn, has inspired the work of the Inter-American Social Protection Network, which was launched by the OAS in 2009 to exchange information on policies, experiences, programmes and best practices, with the goal of supporting national efforts in reducing social disparities, inequality and extreme poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|network families social protection inspired|7.135994|5.947544|4.2565174
3275|Furthermore, women remain severely under-represented in key, growth-enhancing fields of education such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). There is a persistent imbalance in the household division of paid and unpaid work. Women are less likely to work for pay, more likely to have lower hourly earnings, and less likely to obtain decision-making positions in either public or private sectors, and women are also a minority amongst entrepreneurs. In general the gender gaps of disadvantage in the labour market are more pronounced in the Asia/Pacific region than across the OECD, and women in the Asia/Pacific region are therefore more likely to experience poverty and deprivation. The evidence-base may not be as comprehensive as the information sets generally available for OECD countries which contain a wider variety of indicators. Almost half of the children in the Asia/Pacific region now participate in formal early childhood education and care (ECEC) facilities, and enrolment in primary education is almost universal.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pacific likely asia women region|9.253251|4.5173445|5.857044
3276|Evidence suggests that co-location in multidisciplinary health centres facilitates collaboration and integration, and ensures more efficient use of resources and competencies (Reed et al., Multidisciplinary practice teams, with clinical, IT and other support infrastructures, are able to provide a wider range of services for meeting chronic care needs on a co-ordinated basis (Goodwin et al., Several national studies of the influence of practice size on care processes and outcomes show that larger practices perform better in terms of the range and quality of services and safety management (Wensing et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|multidisciplinary al et practice range|9.07573|8.964788|1.6730665
3277|The latter in particular could have a range of highly negative consequences, with 25-110 cm of sea level rise projected by 2100. To cope with these developments, the National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change identifies four objectives: i) information and awareness: ii) reduced vulnerability and increased response capacity; iii) participation, creation of awareness and information; iv) international co-operation. The national strategy also identifies nine key sectors for adaptation relevant specifically for tourism. In a planned next step, sector work groups will work on moving from strategies to actions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|identifies awareness adaptation strategy information|1.3326|4.628451|1.6202228
3278|Other Parties providing resources are also encouraged to provide forward-looking information on climate finance provided and mobilised. The ease of such voluntary reporting will also vary by country and similar fundamental challenges may be encountered. This is because there are data limitations and work to develop common definitions and methodologies remains at an early stage (see OECD, 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|encountered ease mobilised methodologies limitations|1.4702177|3.7926219|0.64269567
3279|Pension systems are a case in point, since they fail to recognize the time women have spent on caregiving activities. In terms of caregivers, it is worth reflecting on the circumstances and conditions in which social caregiving can effectively help to expand their life choices and well-being. Doing so brings in many related issues, such as the need for and the capacity to generate decent, good quality jobs (Sojo, 2011). This applies especially to universal access to specific services that meet certain quality standards, highlighting the significance of quality and the relevant rules and regulations. Thus, the advancement of the rights of women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons is viewed in terms of the relevance of the care and the quality of the services (Sojo, 2011, p. 59). El papel de las migrantes peruanas en la provision de cuidados en Chile, Santiago, Chile, UN-Women/LOM Editores.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|caregiving quality en persons chile|8.841927|5.2774653|5.697887
3280|The review of 57 empirical research reports on United States teacher education done by Wilson, Floden & Ferrini-Mundy (2003) puts into evidence a positive connection between teachers’ preparation in terms of subject-matter and the performances of their students, even if it also acknowledges the fact that the solution to achieve teacher effectiveness is more complex than “simply simply requiring a major or more subject matter courses” (p.2). It also shows the positive impact on teacher practice and student outcome of pedagogical preparation. Positive relationships has been found between teachers’ qualification (proxy : licencure requirement) and student achievement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher positive preparation simply matter|9.438737|1.2989844|2.123037
3281|A new safeguard agreement was adopted in 2008, putting most of India's reactors under the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In the same year a consensus with the Nuclear Suppliers Group has been reached, exempting India from its rule of prohibiting trade with nonmembers of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (Zaleski and Cruciani, 2009). These developments have given a considerable boost to the nuclear power prospects for India and have resulted in some shift in emphasis from developing the use of thorium to imported uranium, at least for the near future. As part of the 11th Five-Year Plan, the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) announced in 2008 that it will start site work for 12 indigenously developed reactors, comprising eight 700 MW PHWRs, three 500 MW FBRs and one 300 MW AHWR.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mw india nuclear reactors iaea|1.1965511|1.7760565|2.0604203
3282|There were 3 823 individuals involved in the industrial fishing sector, in contrast with 71 880 in the small-scale fishery. Employees in processing plants accounted for an additional 56 652 individuals in 2007. The implementation of Maximum Catch Limits (MCL) led to a more efficient use of the resource, favouring higher capacity vessels in the industrial fleet.|SDG 14 - Life below water|industrial individuals favouring fleet vessels|-0.12233256|5.8540688|6.880829
3283|Figure 2.1 illustrates the combination of those risks for the EU population in 2015. The list of deprivation items is currently under revision and a new definition is expected to consist of 12 items. In more prosperous economies even relative standards of deprivation or income may fail to capture inequalities which determine personal freedom and participation in society. The possession of wealth is a particularly relevant metric that potentially determines poverty conditions and how to cope with them.|SDG 1 - No poverty|items deprivation possession prosperous consist|6.8558607|6.420725|5.1357603
3284|Additional benefits of cooperation include increased efficiency in the preparation of national reports, cost and resource savings, and reduced duplication of work between NFPs as well as a better awareness of each other’s roles. Another potential benefit of enhancing cooperation and collaboration among NFPs is that it could help raise the priority of biodiversity-related activities within the UN Development Assistance Frameworks (UNDAFs). This includes formal coordination mechanisms such as Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA) coordination units and National Biodiversity (Steering) Committees (NBC).|SDG 15 - Life on land|nfps coordination cooperation biodiversity steering|1.6209494|5.2466464|3.7240918
3285|They found that ownership structure influences transparency. Publicly listed companies tend to be somewhat more advanced in CR reporting in comparison to other types of ownership structures. Of the 100 companies per country, 69%of publicly traded companies conduct CR reporting, compared to just 36% of family-owned enterprises and close to 45% for both cooperatives and companies owned by professional investors such as private equity firms.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|companies publicly owned ownership reporting|9.114767|3.7314248|6.238082
3286|A gender analysis enables donors to address gaps or opportunities that impact the ability of men/boys and women/ girls to benefit equitably from the programme or policy. When broader political economy and conflict analyses incorporate gender, they can provide valuable insights into the interplay between gender relations and statebuilding processes in a given context and can highlight opportunities to develop more equitable, targeted and effective programming. Gender equality approaches should and often do use gender analysis as a way to formulate strategies that benefit men and women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender benefit men opportunities analysis|9.823646|4.287297|7.364005
3287|These countries face a double challenge: they must expand secondary education while also ensuring that students who complete compulsory education are at least able to read and understand texts, and to use numbers, at a level that enables them to further develop their potential and participate in knowledge-based societies. For instance, between 2003 and 2015, the population of 15-year-olds enrolled in grade 7 or above increased by almost 500 000 students in Brazil, by more than 375 000 students in Turkey and by more than 300 000 students in Mexico, reflecting the increasing capacity of these countries to retain young people in school. These improvements are also evident in improved coverage rates of the national populations of 15-year-olds (enrolled and not enrolled) in PISA samples. Countries showing positive coverage trends also include Costa Rica, Indonesia and Uruguay.|SDG 4 - Quality education|enrolled students olds coverage texts|9.545769|2.2288022|3.0086324
3288|Most migrants living and working legally in Cyprus have private insurance coverage. The benefits package is comprehensive; the only explicitly excluded services are some dental services such as orthodontics for those over 18 years old and fixed prosthetics. When services are either not available in the public sector or there are long waiting lists, the Ministry of Health subsidises care provided to beneficiaries either in the private sector or abroad in rare circumstances; eligibility for these subsidies is based on an individual’s financial and medical needs. Proposals over whether to include a service in the benefits package are made by the relevant department in the Ministry of Health and the final decision is taken by the Minister of Health, in some cases the approval of the Minister of Finance or even the approval of the Council of Ministers is required.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|approval minister package services health|8.542067|8.688169|2.147373
3289|In addition, given the often limited budget available for biodiversity, information that can help to target and prioritise biodiversity interventions to areas where they will have most impact is also important. Ideally, investments should be prioritised towards areas with highest biodiversity and ecosystem benefits and with highest risk of loss/degradation. Cost-effectiveness is also enhanced by prioritising areas with lower opportunity costs (Wunscher, Engel and Wunder, 2006; OECD, 2010).|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity areas highest prioritising prioritised|1.638417|5.2774496|3.84504
3290|In addition the IUU-fishing of cod in the Barents Sea is decreasing and the development of a global binding agreement for port state control is in good progress. Fuel prices have risen considerably and more expensive fuel will lead to less pressure on stocks, less pressure on the ecosystem and lower emissions of greenhouse gases. This, in relation to other ongoing processes, will form a basis for the future evolvement and need of regulatory instruments in the fishing fleet.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing pressure fuel barents iuu|0.032735713|5.677746|6.6361637
3291|Despite the increasing role of aquaculture in total fish supply, the capture sector is expected to remain dominant for a number of species and vital for domestic and international food security. This deceleration is due to higher costs, combined with competition for land, water and labour from alternative production systems. Much of the increase is expected in freshwater species.|SDG 14 - Life below water|species expected dominant freshwater vital|0.3400708|6.139071|6.497553
3292|Abject poverty is the norm in Kibera, and people have limited access to basic social services. The land on which Kibera slum stands is owned by the government; 90 per cent of residents are tenants and only 10 per cent of residents are shack owners and many of these people own other shacks that they rent out. The average size of a shack in Kibera is less than 14 sq.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|residents cent slum tenants norm|4.5651045|5.199128|2.3327672
3293|There is still room for technical improvement regarding the implementation of specific CEP components. This expertise may offer an opportunity to develop a functional countrywide system of biodiversity monitoring in the near future, building on the ongoing basic monitoring of State Reserves. The development of such a monitoring system would benefit from the application of international good practice in biodiversity monitoring, and from a clear definition of the way in which monitoring results are published and used to support conservation decisionmaking.|SDG 15 - Life on land|monitoring biodiversity countrywide decisionmaking functional|1.5241549|5.300078|3.9080677
3294|In many landlocked developing countries, such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, income poverty headcount ratios were less than 2 per cent in 2015. In several least developed countries, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Nepal, the rates of extreme poverty declined by more than 20 percentage points between 1990 and 2015. Papua New Guinea also recorded a sharp fall in the poverty rate, from 64.5 per cent in 1990 to 28.4 per cent in 2015.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent poverty bhutan papua landlocked|6.0907483|5.8374233|4.8556576
3295|There is also unequal access to improved sanitation between urban and rural areas in the region: the gap was approximately 30% in 2015. Levels of improvement in terms of access to sanitation differ considerably (WHO/UNICEF, n.d.). Since 2000, the proportion of people in rural areas with access to basic sanitation has increased by 0.8% per year, compared with 0.5% per year in urban areas (UNESCAP, 2017).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sanitation access areas unescap rural|1.8750695|6.8598366|2.5804582
3296|Microcredit systems similar to the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh have been tried and many projects have alleviated the worst forms of poverty, but few have had the effect of helping the poor to become full participants in an economic system where they can decide the future on their own. Above all, the very few examples of collective action by the poor in response to challenges posed by the economic system would indicate that they have not yet moved from merely coping to being willing and able to take organized steps to change the system. These are countries that have fully embraced modem values and norms of rationality.|SDG 1 - No poverty|microcredit embraced poor tried posed|8.285836|3.3459191|6.188903
3297|Some producers may store grain to sell at a later date, probably with a better price, but small farmers usually cannot afford their own storage and drying facilities. From the farm, wheat may be delivered to grain elevators for drying, cleaning and storing, or to mills. An increase in flour exports during the 2000s resulted in the milling industry gaining in importance as a buyer of domestic wheat.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|drying grain wheat flour mills|3.915913|5.065409|4.1377797
3298|That implies the development of a wider strategy which uses school evaluation evidence in ways which encourage schools to remain aspirational in relation to the wider educational agenda whatever their test results. As the new Australian Curriculum becomes embedded in schools, a major challenge will lie in ensuring that the full scope of its expectations is realised and that sufficient attention is given to raising performance across the areas it covers. Similarly, there is concern that, in aiming at strict national comparability across schools, the limited My School data was isolated from other available data in some states and territories about local schools that could provide a richer picture of school quality and student learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools school wider aspirational realised|9.762139|1.9602569|1.7320818
3299|This might also signal risk factors related to lifestyle that could be more prevalent for men: alcohol and tobacco consumption are each indeed high in OECD comparison, while fruit and vegetable consumption is low (OECD, 201 la). It is important to note, as shown by OECD (2010a), that there is no trade-off between improving health outcomes on average and reducing inequalities in health status, which reinforces the justification for aiming at reducing such dispersion. Grimm (2011) even provides evidence that, controlling for the overall level of life expectancy, health inequality negatively affects economic growth.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health oecd reducing consumption justification|9.193507|9.226702|3.0732841
3300|The Spark Programme (1986-2015) was the first plan implemented to revitalise the Chinese rural economy through science and technology. It provided technology training to farmers, so as to change their traditional production methods for more technologically advanced ones. The Envoy System has also been implemented in China since 2002 to promote innovation in rural areas by sending qualified science and technology specialists to those areas to provide farmers with S&T services, including demonstrations, training and advice. More recently, S&T envoys’ tasks switched from agricultural technology services to helping farmers set up as S&T entrepreneurs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|technology farmers science implemented switched|4.1048765|5.1142197|3.5372078
3301|"It goes on to document both the declining availability of ""good” jobs, overall, and women’s increasing marginalization from them, even as their employment rate relative to men’s has risen. It focuses on evaluating the effects of structural transformation and technological change, and the structural and policy consequences of globalization and growth. Section F evaluates how women's employment prospects affect the labour share of income, underscoring how gender inequality in the labour market is damaging for all workers, both women and men. Different types of economic shocks or patterns of growth affect women and men differently, for example when labour-intensive exports increase the relative demand for women's labour, or austerity programmes have disproportionately adverse impacts on mothers and children."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women labour men structural affect|8.860911|4.5091043|5.930436
3302|This chapter focuses on the wide array of support that is needed for innovation. It examines the public research system; investment in knowledge infrastructure and general purpose technologies; the importance of knowledge flows, networks and markets; and how governments can be innovative actors in the delivery of public services. Private investment may be below a socially optimal level, mainly because returns are uncertain or innovators cannot appropriate the optimum benefits of their investment.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|investment knowledge optimum innovators array|5.28365|3.4074054|2.3753605
3303|The share of private primary care providers has increased rapidly in recent years. Some regions allowed unrestricted establishment for accredited providers already ten years ago and in 2010 this right to freely establish new primary care clinics with public reimbursement became national law. Public and private physicians (including hospital specialists) and other health workers are predominantly salaried employees. Highly specialised care, requiring the most advanced technical equipment, is concentrated in seven public university hospitals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care providers public primary salaried|9.110569|8.844915|1.6794995
3304|In the context of the current economic recession, interest in EE and investments in renewable sources of energy have gained momentum due to their potential to create significant market opportunities and to contribute to the promotion of low-carbon green growth.1 Such growth is seen as playing a significant role in simultaneously addressing several major challenges confronting the world today, in particular poverty and climate change. Large improvements in EE have already been made, resulting in net economic benefits to consumers and firms. Further savings in world energy use are still possible, and would result in major reductions in energy-related carbon dioxide (C02) emissions. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that accelerated EE improvements would enable three quarters of the savings in energy-related C02 emissions to be achieved by 2030 if governments were to implement all the policies to address energy security and climate change that they were considering up to mid-2007 (IEA, 2007a).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy ee iea savings improvements|1.5146123|2.8876908|2.0105634
3305|"Data for exporter’s production and importer’s consumption of agricultural products are from the FAO ResourceSTAT. We select Gross Production Value (in current million USD) as a measure of production. Value of gross production has been compiled by multiplying gross production in physical terms by output prices at farm gate. Thus, value of production measures production in monetary terms at the farm gate level. Since intermediate uses within the agricultural sector (seed and feed) have not been subtracted from production data, this value of production aggregate refers to the notion of ""gross production"". Consumption for each importer countries is computed by summing production and total import and subtracting total exports."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|production gross importer value gate|3.9814918|4.955267|4.1474223
3306|But the focus on better designs and materials, increased maintenance and inspection required to implement the solution, is likely to also lead to better safety levels, less downtime and more efficient operations, and probably also health benefits from reduced emissions of reduced emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air pollutants associated with oil and natural gas extraction as well. The EPA has also expanded this programme to international partners, and has recently also initiated the Natural Gas STAR Methane Challenge programme, in which partners make public measurable commitments in return for having their commitments and eventual achievements showcased. They have achieved methane intensity reductions of more than 1% per year since the early 2000s, although their absolute methane intensities are still nearly 3 times as high as the United States.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|methane commitments partners gas reduced|1.3727227|3.2620344|2.3474374
3307|To fulfil its mandate, the co-ordinator requires ready access to the executive team and, ideally, reports to the head of a government organisation. Gender units may form an inter-agency network and can participate in government-wide working groups established by the gender equality hub to discuss documents to be adopted at the inter-agency level. While the creation of ministerial gender units may create extra layers of administrative hierarchy and may slow down decision-making, it appears to be an important transitional measure to boost gender equality reforms at the ministerial level. Nearly 30 Equality Units have been formed in different public universities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|units gender equality ministerial inter|9.927651|4.0453777|7.3614073
3308|The following section sets out what may happen to low-income families under the alternative “Golden Age?” These two scenarios share some common trends. In both future worlds, economic growth is expected to be slow to modest (on average) to 2030, both expect to see rising social inequalities, and both predict continued pressure on public spending with the generosity of welfare payments declining. But there are important differences between the scenarios with differing implications for poverty and social cohesion. As a result, while the numbers living in absolute poverty have declined, the continued rise in inequality has meant that relative poverty has continued to grow, albeit at a relatively slow pace. While incomes have risen, so too have costs, particularly for housing, education and transport and those at the bottom of the income distribution scale are increasingly excluded in these domains.|SDG 1 - No poverty|continued slow scenarios poverty golden|7.1787267|5.836896|4.7999525
3309|Individual metering and tariff rates are uniform in the entire service area, and differences in rates depend on the zone. A national water regulator, Ofwat, regulates increases in tariff rates. A key issue concerns the condition of the infrastructure that needs to be rehabilitated to reduce water losses, not only in small towns and rural areas, but in many urban areas in the United Kingdom.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tariff rates ofwat rehabilitated regulates|1.4408665|7.648379|2.3575964
3310|This process of programming, planning and designing a public space network represents a valuable instrument for the development of cohesive and coherent urban spaces and an important tool for urban planning at a city level. The tools are now being rolled out to six additional cities in 2018: Kathmandu (Nepal), Suleja and Minna (Nigeria), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Johannesburg (South Africa) and Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). However, there is a great demand from other cities to use this assessment tool to guide the development of citywide public space strategies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tool space cities planning dhaka|4.0894203|5.136068|1.6694207
3311|Where possible, population-weighted regional and world averages for indicators are presented in the tables. It looks at the gender composition of these households and compares how women and men within these households fare in term of key education, employment and poverty outcomes. It presents educational attainment by sex, employment status in the past 12 months, and earning status by sex.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sex status households fare employment|9.23793|4.459598|6.04398
3312|At the national level, it is difficult for donors to meet the aid effectiveness principle of aligning their inputs with country priorities if a developing country has not yet established such priorities. At the institutional level, varying national circumstances or enabling environments can enhance or inhibit an intervention’s success (e.g. a regulatory environment’s influence on an intervention’s ability to mobilise private finance). Site-specific environmental factors can also influence the performance of an intervention (e.g. a wind turbine will generate varying amounts of electricity depending on the prevailing wind speed). Some climate interventions can give rise to immediate results (e.g. energy efficiency projects). However, some interventions will target results that can only be assessed after an extended period of time (e.g. constructing infrastructure that can withstand a 1-in-100-year flood). These different time horizons for the results of an intervention mean that effectiveness levels will vary depending on when results are assessed.|SDG 13 - Climate action|intervention results varying assessed wind|1.6887289|4.424705|1.356718
3313|For example, Bolivia's mean consumer expenditure per capita in 2001 (USD 216 PPP per month) was quite similar to that of Egypt's in 1999 (USD 225 PPP per month) yet the Bolivian national poverty line, USD 142 PPP per month, was nearly three times as large as the Egyptian national line at USD 53 PPP per month. Similarly, mean consumer expenditure per capita in Russia in 2002 (USD 455 PPP per month) was close to that of Poland in 1993 (USD 465 PPP per month), but the national poverty line in Russia was only USD 132 PPP per month versus USD 203 PPP per month in Poland for the respective time periods. The possible political economy determinants of how poverty lines are set call for a warning against the use of programme eligibility lines as poverty lines (such as the eligibility criteria for social assistance or cash transfers). Indeed, if poverty lines or their evolution depend on executive rather than technical decisions, perverse effects can result.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ppp month usd lines poverty|6.329392|5.9185233|5.107247
3314|This will entail the more systematic implementation of the law stipulating procedures to undertake the diagnostic and the development of more detailed standardised protocols for diagnosis and treatment. In addition, to boost the provision of services for children with permanent disabilities and to improve the quality of education for these students, authorities should make sure that mainstream schools have the resources as well as incentives in place to serve these students. Chile could consider introducing monetary incentives to those mainstream schools that enrol and retain students with permanent disabilities and make sure they are not penalised in the accountability system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sure mainstream disabilities students permanent|10.182904|2.0806687|2.211043
3315|As the process benefits from more information and from greater participation, a virtuous cycle should lead to successive improvements in development outcomes, including strengthened accountability and improved governance (represented by the movement along the red arrows away from the origin in figure IV.2). Some of the key characteristics of such an iterative policy process aimed towards achieving adaptation and climate resilience are better understood using specific examples, as shown below. The Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrows Cities’ Health (SWITCH) project in Lima was designed was designed to enable continuous learning from local experience and from the experience of stakeholders, and to build on small-scale experiments.|SDG 13 - Climate action|designed experience lima arrows virtuous|1.3992268|5.032689|1.8008049
3316|Yet at the same time it poses clear risks to the provision of equitable and sustainable mobility for all. These risks include replacing well-understood business models and the regulatory framework governing them with a greater reliance on services whose business models are in flux and whose long-term financial robustness is not yet proven. There is also a risk that a shift in service from traditional public transport to ride services could lead to a loss of travel options for those with mobility impediments since ride services currently do not face the same accessibility requirements as public transport. Other risks could include increased congestion and environmental degradation and an erosion of equitable access opportunities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ride risks equitable mobility models|4.255003|4.9824805|0.45366
3317|Should the transition towards renewables give rise to a high-cost environment for industrialization, this would be at odds with the basic principle of common but differentiated responsibility under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), given the very limited contribution of LDCs to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Bowen and Fankhauser, 2011). In many LDCs, ministries responsible for electricity governance may have limited or shared authority. In the Solomon Islands and Somalia, for example, energy policy is fragmented amongst several government bodies that have direct or indirect influence on the sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ldcs somalia limited solomon odds|1.5614333|2.843145|1.9473859
3318|The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It presents the key reform of local governance and decentralisation of environmental management since 1994. It provides insights into institutional and management challenges in selected environmental sectors, including land use and water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|environmental management decentralisation arguments opinions|1.2140391|6.963741|1.6027809
3319|A central achievement has been the development of spatially detailed climate projections: a set of regionalised models provides projections up to 2050 for greenhouse gas (GHG) scenarios A1B and Bl,5 with 10-km x 10-km grid spacing. This work is being extended to provide projections to 2100 and to reflect higher GHG emissions. A qualitative vulnerability assessment has provided policy makers with comprehensive information on the most affected sectors (water, tourism, agriculture, forestry, electricity and energy, housing and construction, health, ecosystems and biodiversity, and transport/infrastructure). Two reports resulting from this work (Haas et al., This research subsequently provided the basis for an online database of adaptation measures, which is now regularly updated as new information becomes available (Section 5.2). The database has the potential to foster peer learning and there is scope to further exploit its potential as a decision-making and communications tool.|SDG 13 - Climate action|projections km database ghg provided|1.3692819|4.926919|1.6732887
3320|Second, Tunisia should develop a national strategy outlining how entrepreneurship could be supported within the vocational training systemand clearly identifying the roles of each actor and outlines the short-and long-term objectives. Finally, there is a need to increase the availability of support for trainers by making entrepreneurship training more available and by improving teaching material. Box 4.5 briefly reviews the examples of such frameworks in Belgium (Flanders) and in South Africa. The intention of the framework is to clarify which programmes lead to the same qualification level and to the same job, making qualifications equivalent regardless of where the students have been taught - in a centre for adult education, a university college, or a competence centre.|SDG 4 - Quality education|entrepreneurship centre making flanders training|6.9021387|2.9517183|2.7033753
3321|The world prices of fish and fishmeal in 2023 are therefore much stronger at 9.6% and 34% respectively compared to the baseline. The share of capture fisheries used for fishmeal will be slightly smaller in years of El Nino, owing to reduced anchoveta catches. In 2023, fishmeal obtained from by-products is expected reach 36% of total production in 2023, up from 28% in 2011-13.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishmeal nino catches owing baseline|0.54101014|6.1013093|6.6602025
3322|The most common way is through the entrance fee which is paid once a student has been accepted to an SMK. Various terms are used for this entrance money: money for development, money for participation in education and committee money (paid in monthly). Other levies applied in some schools include specific charges for additional lessons to prepare for the national examinations and charges for OSIS (the student council - Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah).|SDG 4 - Quality education|money entrance charges student paid|9.204011|2.1555307|2.3120866
3323|The first stage consists in selecting participating schools and the second stage consists of selecting one (or more) intact classrooms from the target grade of each participating school. Contextual data are collected from students and teachers, school principals, and their parents via background questionnaires. The number of participating countries has increased from 32 in 2000 to over 70 in 2015.|SDG 4 - Quality education|participating selecting consists stage intact|9.475042|2.1713824|2.5672116
3324|Despite the importance of women’s wage labour in family economies, employment is one of the areas in which there are still the widest gender gaps, reflected in lower remuneration, low returns on education and predominance of informal and low-productivity work (ECLAC, 2007d). In this sense, the inclusion of the employment target in the Millennium Development Goals represents a significant step forward. It is thus recognized that the creation of quality jobs and equality between men and women are central goals of the development agenda and, at the same time, a prerequisite for the attainment of the other Goals (ECLAC, 2007a).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|goals eclac predominance widest prerequisite|9.202|4.4707885|6.15075
3325|However, because the distribution of principal characteristics has important equity dimensions, such as gender and ethnicity, this consideration remains important to any study of educational leadership. This question was an important one for TALIS 2013 and remains so for TALIS 2018, especially given evidence of the differential distribution of highly qualified principals across schools (Boyd et al., This challenge is likely to make it harder to develop effective leadership at the school level. What appears to matter more, though, in terms of school improvement and student outcomes is what principals actually do (Muijs, 2011(54]), particularly with regard to exercising instructional leadership.|SDG 4 - Quality education|leadership talis principals important remains|9.912718|1.3381011|1.8197247
3326|Grouping by ability in one or a few subjects is the most flexible form of selection. In fact, in systems with more academically selective schools, the impact of the socio-economic status of students and schools on student performance is stronger (OECD, 2013a, Table IV. Results from PISA also show that in most OECD countries, students' attainment is significantly lower in schools where most of the students come from disadvantaged backgrounds.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools students academically grouping selective|9.594178|2.2745473|2.936952
3327|Third, there is limited knowledge about educational disadvantage in the Uruguayan education system. It has become a fundamental institution to improve checks and balances in the education system. Also, a number of initiatives are strengthening the bases for the evaluation of the education system. First, references for the monitoring of the education system are being improved with the development of expected learning outcomes at given education stages.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education balances bases checks references|10.009168|1.8770646|2.3486676
3328|Recorded alcohol consumption in Kazakhstan is well below the OECD average but has been largely static, contrary to the general trend of decreasing consumption seen elsewhere (Figure 1.13). However, other data suggest the picture is more complex. First, the estimated total alcohol consumption (which includes unrecorded consumption) is much higher - 10.3 litres per person per year, almost identical to the OECD average (10.4) (Source: WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health). However, according to the same source, on average men drink 15.7 litres a year, which helps explain death rates from alcohol-related liver disease.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol consumption litres average source|9.283905|9.585183|3.4707477
3329|Increasing Longevity and Medicare Expenditures. Demography 38: 215-226. Mid-long Term Trends for The Pension, Health and Long-term Care Systems. The Future Needfor Care: Results of the LEV Project. Stockholm: Government Offices of Sweden. Population Aeging and the Determinants of Healthcare Expenditures: The Case of Hospital, Medical and Pharmaceutical Care in British Columbia, 1996 to 2006.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expenditures care demography columbia medicare|9.121005|8.77751|2.5748773
3330|While domestic infrastructure comprises about 40% of transport costs in the trade of coastal countries, for landlocked countries, domestic and transit country infrastructure together account for an estimated 60%.208 Poor road conditions can similarly hold back the growing online retail sector. They can be a nightmare for SMEs selling on e-commerce sites and for the logistics companies that make their deliveries. Transport costs can account for as much as 50%-75% of the retail price of goods in areas where quality road and rail networks are lacking. Some 14% of the continent’s population have no access to postal services, while only 21% have the benefit of home mail delivery.211 Removing the high costs of transport and logistics resulting from inefficient transport infrastructure would undoubtedly facilitate the last mile delivery of items.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|transport logistics retail infrastructure costs|4.283916|4.6634345|1.1594468
3331|"Resolution 49/116 of 19 December 1994 specifically addressed “unauthorized fishing in zones of national jurisdiction and its impact on the living marine resources of the world’s oceans and seas"". More recently, the General Assembly has undertaken a process to consider measures to address the adverse impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep sea fish stocks."|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine fishing jurisdiction seas oceans|-0.009682061|5.6408224|6.381989
3332|"The suicide rate for men under the age of 35 has fallen in recent years following a consistent rise over the last three decades of the 20th century. However, it remains a leading cause of death in males aged under 35. Data from the Office of National Statistics suggests that since the 1999 government White Paper, “Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation"" (Department of Health, 1999), which set a target of cutting the suicide mortality rate by 20% by 2010, the prevalence of suicide amongst men aged 15 to 44 in England has dropped by 21%, from 20.2 to 15.9 suicides per 100 000 population."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|suicide aged suicides men rate|9.740872|8.905907|3.1464012
3333|Other minority groups reflect the movements during the Soviet period and include: Uighurs (1.5%), Ukrainians (1.3%) and Germans (1.0%) (IAC, 2014). Kazakh is considered the language of the Republic and, according to the 2009 census, is understood by two thirds of the population. Russian is considered the language of inter-ethnic communication as it is understood by virtually everyone (94% of the population). English is understood by 15.4% of the population. The positive discrimination of the Kazakh language to strengthen national identity and to affirm it as the primary language of communication has translated into a growing number of schools using Kazakh as the language of instruction. In 2012, the language of instruction in most of the schools was Kazakh (3 819 schools), followed by Russian (1 394), Uzbek (60), Uighur (14), and Tajik (2) (IAC, 2014).|SDG 4 - Quality education|language kazakh understood iac instruction|9.694025|2.3332093|2.6821635
3334|The rise in the proportion of single-parent families is associated with an increase in “absolute” child poverty, measured as the proportion of children living below the mid-2000s poverty line. Therefore, maternal employment has played an important in maintaining family living standards despite the growth of relative poverty observed in many countries in the aftermath of the Great Recession. This makes sense since children in low-income households or households where one parents is unable to work are eligible for these benefits. More surprisingly, increases in spending on pensions are also associated with decreases in child poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty proportion living associated child|7.5407495|5.9442606|4.94087
3335|The choice of the appropriate time length of the database of accidents considered is therefore subjective and technology-specific: it should be sufficiently long to provide a number of entries statistically significant but also contain data representative of the existing energy infrastructure in terms of technology development and safety and regulatory standards. An appropriate aggregation level of the results is therefore needed to reflect these differences. For example, researchers from the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland) aggregate the results in three major groups - European Union member states (27), OECD and non-OECD countries', but the latter group is further disaggregated to reflect specific situations for certain energy technologies (for instance the data for coal in China have been reported separately, since they are significantly higher than those of other countries). In the literature, different approaches have been used with respect to the time frame considered and to the geographical segmentation used: a comparative study (Felder, 2009) pointed out that two major accident-related studies from PSI and Sovacool (Sovacool, 2008 and Hirschberg et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|psi reflect appropriate considered paul|1.7937645|2.9190712|2.2417011
3336|However, other measures may be required to ensure the required environmental flows are achieved. For example, reservoir release rules may be necessary to achieve medium or high-flow objectives at the required times, for example to ensure the higher flows required for the movement of sediment, to periodically inundate wetlands, or to trigger fish spawning or migration. Typically, senior right holders benefit from a rent situation and only use a portion of their entitlement, while new comers, who may be able to use water wisely, may be denied access to river water. The prevailing response has been supply augmentation via additional dams and reservoirs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|required flows augmentation spawning ensure|0.98949397|7.370966|2.1004338
3337|The need for water has led Jordan to consider seriously a proposal to link the Red Sea to the Dead Sea aimed at replenishing the latter and using the drop in elevation near the Dead Sea to generate hydroelectric power to support desalination. Moreover, Jordan is considering investing in nuclear energy in order to fuel its need for water through desalination. Jordan has increased its desalination capacity significantly over the past decade by investing mostly in RO plants using brackish water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|desalination jordan sea dead investing|0.7798867|7.6001964|2.740012
3338|The RECOSCIX-WIO project ended in 1997 and was replaced by the Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa (ODINAFRICA), which started in 1997 and is now in its fourth phase. The focus of the current phase of the project is on product development and dissemination and strengthening of the Pan African network of National Oceanographic Data Centre (NODCs). The project has produced directories, catalogues, atlases and portals.|SDG 14 - Life below water|project phase network oceanographic wio|0.030504769|5.7094393|5.8148184
3339|Network length is 1,779 km; of this 1,075 km consists of the Danube international waterway; 524 km, navigable branches of the Danube River; and 92 km, channels of the Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba (White Gate) -Midia Navodari. Romanian ports have some 49 km for berthing facilities and hydrotechnical constructions, of which 18.1 per cent are more than 50 years old and require urgent reconstruction work. Trends for the transport of goods by inland waterways in Romania show a sharp decline after 1990, from 12 million tons in 1990 to 6 million tons in 1992 and some recovery after 1996, with an average of approximately 14 million tons/year. In 2011, on the Romanian stretch of the Danube River, there were six events involving accidental pollution from ships.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|danube km tons romanian million|0.49269927|6.9590397|2.6455715
3340|But the level of expenditure on education remains relatively low as indicated by the amount spent per student as a percentage of GDP per capita, which remains considerable below the OECD average for primary and secondary education. The new tax reform approved in 2014 will allow further growth in public spending for education. However, in spite of the strong political commitment to financing education, there are some fiscal challenges the school system will be facing in the future.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education remains spite facing indicated|9.120193|2.0643473|2.6974773
3341|In a way, the reform helped the Directorate to improve their status and gain trust among many teachers. These teachers did not experience the programme as a top-dow n measure, but instead believed that that their opinions were being heard and taken into account. In addition, some school leaders were not fully aware of the programme, for example stating that they did not know how to use the DET w'ebsite and tools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|did teachers det stating programme|9.567837|1.6710527|1.8125429
3342|Testing with stakes for students will be specifically denoted as “high-stakes standardised tests.” A country may choose to administer low-stakes standardised tests for a number of reasons and in response to different international and national pressures, which in turn link to the test’s purpose, design and how test results are used. The trends in OECD countries show a growing reliance on the results of standardised tests for a number of purposes and it is important to keep in mind the resulting effect on teaching and learning. Assessment practices - whether they are focused on system, school, teacher or student results - impact teaching practices and teacher-student relationships and, in certain cases, can restrict learning and teaching (Harlen, 2007; Santiago et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|stakes standardised tests teaching results|9.692537|1.7611533|1.3435869
3343|A positive relationship between the socio-economic profile of schools and the quantity or quality of resources means that advantaged schools benefit from more or better resources. A negative relationship implies that more or better resources are devoted to disadvantaged schools. No relationship between the two implies that schools attended by disadvantaged students are as likely to have access to better or more resources as schools attended by advantaged students (Figure 3.5). According to school principals' reports, in 31 countries/economies, students in advantaged schools have access to better educational material resources than their peers in disadvantaged schools, while in 36 countries/economies, students in advantaged schools have greater access to education staff than do disadvantaged students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools advantaged disadvantaged students resources|9.584862|2.1324947|2.7412047
3344|These subsidies, however, have not always lead to the intended results because of difficulties with accurately identifying the target population, potential abuse of the subsidy, and large errors of either exclusion or inclusion of the target population. Therefore, as cities grow and their roadways cannot be expanded anymore, the volume of urban traffic needs to be managed within the given roadway capacity. Any surpassing of that capacity leads to traffic congestion - the most apparent transport externality. Furthermore, the extra fuel burned causes unnecessary release of carbon dioxide, hence adding to the overall bill issued by congestion that societies have to pay in the end.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|congestion traffic target externality capacity|4.122811|5.044955|0.9126349
3345|The aim has been to price emissions, stimulate the development and deployment of clean energy and improve energy efficiency. Policies to promote efficient adaptation to the uncertain impacts of climate change are underdeveloped. The United Kingdom has recognised the importance of international collaboration on mitigation and adaptation, given the global nature of the climate-change problem (Box 1).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation underdeveloped climate change energy|1.3643141|3.3267074|1.9329871
3346|In 2006-10 the emphasis has reversed, with producers of rice and maize being supported at the expense of consumers. The relatively low %SCT value for rice during 2006-10 compared to other commodities such as beef and sugar is the direct result of policy efforts to limit the transmission of international price rises to the domestic market during 2008 and 2009. The %SCT for rice was 21% and 25% in 2006 and 2007, -40% and -14% in 2008 and 2009, and 30% in 2010. Furthermore, while rice production is the dominant beneficiary of fertiliser subsidies this support is not apportioned to rice, or any other single commodity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rice sct reversed beef expense|3.9472947|4.938946|4.2452893
3347|To receive payments, dialysis providers must meet the clinical quality targets. Failure to meet these targets results in Ministry of Health warnings, followed by payment suspensions and potential withdrawal of clinical licences. A preliminary (albeit not independent) analysis of around half of all clinics revealed improvements in all quality indicators between 2008 and 2011.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|clinical meet targets dialysis warnings|8.9358635|9.363297|1.9087605
3348|Collaboration between higher education institutions remains limited. There were few attempts to set out the collective needs of the region in terms of innovation infrastructure or for the academic colleges or universities to co-ordinate their actions in meeting such needs. There is a need to upgrade the existing traditional industry and service sector and improve their capacity for innovation. Investment from the national government focuses on the research components of the system and tax breaks for industry.|SDG 4 - Quality education|innovation industry needs breaks upgrade|7.506202|2.5512583|2.512276
3349|Governments have implemented new initiatives and increased spending to encourage greater enrolment and attendance at the school level. In higher education they are seeking to implement wide-ranging changes to the regulatory framework. At the same time the rising affluence and aspirations of households is spurring strong demand for education at all levels and the traditional dominance of the public sector as a provider of education is receding. The dual challenge now is to build on the considerable progress made in lifting participation and, equally importantly, improve the quality of education outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education lifting dominance aspirations dual|8.976447|2.3661642|2.5512152
3350|This assessment is consistent with remote sensing data on land degradation. It suggests that improved livestock management may be necessary to keep livestock development sustainable (Chapter 8). Since independence, the official hunting economy has ceased to exist. Legal amateur hunting appears to be sustainable. However, illegal hunting continues to exert pressure on some species of mammals and birds.|SDG 15 - Life on land|hunting livestock ceased sustainable mammals|1.5997937|5.238758|4.001562
3351|Farmland was redistributed to farm households who were given the ability to make their own production decisions provided they met certain production quotas. Broader reforms opened up the market to both greater domestic and international competition. Agricultural production rose sharply, becoming a key driver of overall economic growth. Production quota obligations were removed and further regulatory barriers to trade were gradually lifted.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|production redistributed lifted farmland opened|3.9703434|5.2234077|3.6973286
3352|This presents an opportunity for African cities to pursue a different development model from the more recent western development trajectory, characterized as it is by car-oriented development. Per capita GDP is in parentheses. In Africa such diseconomies may be setting in prematurely given the speed of urbanization, poor planning, weak institutions to guide urban growth and low incomes of many cities and urban residents.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities prematurely development trajectory urban|4.4802604|4.879321|2.1092472
3353|This phenomenon could enhance productivity. On the other hand, ocean upw'elling could also worsen hypoxia and acidification, and lead to associated biomass reduction in fish and invertebrate stocks. Due to these contradictory observations, there is currently no certainty about the future trends of major upwelling systems and how their drivers, such as enhanced productivity, acidification and hypoxia, will shape ecosystem characteristics.|SDG 14 - Life below water|hypoxia acidification productivity upwelling contradictory|-0.060563724|6.0917387|6.059554
3354|In addition to characterizing the state of the population, For instance, when performing the economic evaluations of cancer control interventions, POHEM typically uses a simulation sample size of one million individuals and draws together information on risk factors; disease incidence by age, gender and cell-type; stage distribution at the time of diagnosis; and the ‘standard’ or typical diagnostic and therapeutic approaches used. Moreover, data on disease progression after initial diagnosis (depending upon age, gender and stage at diagnosis) are required, in addition to follow-up patterns of practice, treatment at relapse, and terminal care. Therefore 23 different datasets are used which include various cancer registries and hospital registries, data from pharmaceutical associations, population health surveys, screening studies and clinical trials, etc. (|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diagnosis registries cancer stage disease|9.216941|9.499918|2.5451498
3355|A harmonised definition of urban areas as “functional economic units” would be useful in designing and implementing green growth strategies according to functionally integrated areas, rather than administrative entities. It w'ould also increase comparability of metropolitan areas, and therefore Metro Cebu can learn draw' positive lessons from best practices in other FUAs, thereby encouraging more effective coordination. Smart city solutions may also help to create more channels for governance linkages between LGUs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|areas fuas ould lgus harmonised|3.738518|4.9568505|1.4207596
3356|The Centre’s objectives are to create a database of RES in the country, train technicians and raise public awareness. The Centre has produced rough estimates of gross RES and the technical and economic capacity, and potential locations, for exploitation of different types of RES (sun, wind, biomass, small hydropower and geothermal). This Committee is currently developing standards (based on existing European and Russian standards) in the area of buildings, energy-consuming products and renewable energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|res centre standards sun rough|1.9886788|2.7913208|2.2803173
3357|On the tax side, the total tax-to-GDP ratio stands above the OECD average (37% and 35%, respectively, in 2008) while the progressivity of household taxes is close to the OECD average. However, the progressivity of the personal income tax and social security contributions is steeper at the lower end than at the upper end of the income distribution. Where the solid line falls inside the OECD average, the variable considered stands below the OECD average.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|progressivity average tax stands oecd|7.000042|5.1301475|4.383281
3358|This reflects the recognition of the issue by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the Government's commitment to improving educational access for the indigenous population. Indigenous communities in Ethiopia understand that education is their path to a better future. However, while more schools are being built in remote and rural areas with the assistance of development organizations, and an increasing number of children are obtaining access to education, there is more to be done.|SDG 4 - Quality education|indigenous congo access obtaining path|10.004009|2.6391516|2.7308607
3359|Developing-country enterprises using ICT had better performance compared with enterprises that did not use ICT, with notable improvements in enterprise growth, profitability, investment and productivity (table 11.1). The extent to which an enterprise gains from enhanced access to different ICTs depends on its needs for information, storage and communication, which in turn are affected by its size, industrial sector, location and workforce skills. Based on data from Investment Climate Surveys 2000-2003. It is furthermore influenced by the business skills of managers, the availability of personnel trained to use and maintain the equipment, and the availability of additional information sources that enable improved decision-making in procurement and other business processes.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|enterprise ict enterprises availability business|4.8339777|3.0333579|2.0327816
3360|Temperature rise was higher in northern Serbia than in the south. Comparison of the period 1961-1990 with 1971-2000 shows an increase of 0.7°C in most of Serbia, whereas in the far southeast temperature dropped by 0.4°C. Mean annual precipitation did not follow a clear trend: it increased in the west and north of Serbia, but decreased in other parts of Serbia. However, the number of days with intensive precipitation did increase.|SDG 13 - Climate action|serbia precipitation temperature did southeast|1.1909922|5.266917|2.2862556
3361|Most educational service providers form part of the umbrella organisation Edventure. Central mechanisms for student assessment, school evaluation and education system evaluation have been in place for several decades, along with requirements for schools to assure their own quality. This long-standing focus on developing reliable evaluation and assessment systems has allowed the central agencies to experiment with different approaches and develop and deepen their expertise overtime. In the Netherlands, the national assessments and examinations currently used by most schools have existed for over 30 years. Cito, created in 1968, was one of the first influential national testing institutes within the OECD and enjoys a high international reputation for its expertise and assessment instruments (Chapter 3). While there are different view's as to how the results should be used, the usefulness of standardised assessments to inform certification, accountability and improvement strategies is widely accepted among stakeholders.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation assessment expertise assessments central|9.690707|1.8240876|1.4140917
3362|Current technologies are clearly spreading within much shorter periods of time. Their rapid diffusion puts great pressure on societies and individuals to adapt, and also risks leaving behind those that do not have access to the required skills or infrastructure. Many developing countries struggle to employ new technologies with the same degree of intensity and versatility as developed countries.6 In the area of ICT, the digital divide remains stark: estimates show that almost half of all households globally still do not have access to the Internet.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|technologies stark spreading employ struggle|4.8833923|2.952013|1.873743
3363|This has ensured ownership of the Framework across all eight jurisdictions. Following the negotiation of new national goals for schooling2 in 2008, the rationale for the Framework was updated in 2009. The changes to the Framework were agreed by all education jurisdictions. The Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), established in 2009, is charged with developing the new Australian Curriculum from Kindergarten to Year 12 in agreed learning areas4.|SDG 4 - Quality education|jurisdictions australian framework curriculum agreed|9.533435|2.0293639|1.947125
3364|Hometown associations have subsequently become involved in funding hospitals, schools and public infrastructure (a role analogous to that of many NGOs, such as Medecins Sans Frontieres and the Red Cross, which have worked with these hometown associations). At the same time, mobile phones and internet access, funded by such associations, are opening up a new virtual realm of diagnosis and healing between continents. Such caravans and ambulances serve equity, by serving people who do not have kin in Europe who can send remittances to cover medical costs, but they are there only a short time.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|associations kin realm continents analogous|9.04149|9.028875|1.8059024
3365|Examples of grant finance include the ADB’s grant for Golovnaya hydropower plant (Tajikistan) and adaptation projects in forestry and agriculture sectors (Kyrgyzstan) mainly supported by Germany. The share of equity financing, which is small throughout the region, includes the European Investment Bank and KfW Entwicklungsbank in the Green for Growth Fund II (e.g. in Armenia, Ukraine and Geoigia), and a hydropower project supported by the ADB (in Armenia). For instance, the Clean Technology Fund has provided concessional loans to a range of projects in the EECCA countries for demonstration, deployment and transfer of low-carbon technologies.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adb armenia hydropower grant supported|2.1311312|3.7303731|1.6401122
3366|Against the backdrop of this conceptual framework and the available data, domains and indicators were consequently selected on the basis of the extent to which they offer a clear and widely accepted normative interpretation, comply with universality and rights principles and allow for cross-country comparisons. Table 2 presents the selected indicators within their domains. It also has to be noted that the indicators included in the multidimensional poverty measure reflect the situation at the time of the survey. The poverty measures employed in this paper constitute poverty headcount rates at domain level (referred to as domain poverty rates), which builds on the poverty headcount rates at the level of individual indicators (indicator poverty rates).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty indicators rates headcount domain|6.5614295|6.358336|5.0830884
3367|It has been argued that poverty means a lack of economic resources, whereas social exclusion refers to the broader issue of social integration. One way of visualizing the relations that exist between poverty and exclusion is that the first impedes social participation and the exercise of citizenship. Thus, if poverty entails a lack of resources to participate in society, social exclusion refers to the dynamic processes that end up disconnecting individuals from the social, economic, political, cultural systems that determine their social integration (Levitas, 1998).|SDG 1 - No poverty|social exclusion refers poverty integration|6.742877|6.0759225|4.7478714
3368|There are concerns that this number will decline further in the years to come following the country’s entry into the EU in 2013, which creates opportunities to move at a time when there is a lack of employment in Croatia. There is also a perceived shortage of physicians, especially in primary care, and shortages are observed in rural areas and on the country’s islands (see Section 5.2). There are a number of national public health programmes, including a mandatory vaccination programme, but a lack of action in tobacco control, as evidenced by high levels of smoking among adults and adolescents (see Section 3).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|section lack vaccination evidenced croatia|9.117723|9.20548|2.8548794
3369|Globally, the most common form of violence women experience is from an intimate partner (WHO 2017), and because almost one-third of women who have been in an intimate relationship have experienced physical or sexual violence, this dramatically influences women and girls' capacities to sustain their position in the workforce, or indeed their capacity to enter the workforce to begin with. Women and girls' exposure to domestic violence and their access to justice also comprise important components of this analysis and is a theme returned to in Section 3 of this report. Indeed, the World Bank report cited above found that in 65 per cent of the economies it surveyed, there were no laws protecting women and girls from sexual harassment, while 45 countries had no laws protecting women and children from domestic violence. Further, 59 countries did not have laws prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace (World Bank 2018a). Specifically, these dimensions examine the proportions of women who are able to move into the highest levels in companies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women violence sexual laws girls|10.037346|5.415182|7.433151
3370|While biodiversity is relatively high in the North East Atlantic region, including the Helgeland coast and the Faroe Islands, the Baltic Sea species and functional diversity is relatively low. Consequently, even minor changes in species biomass and/or occurrence can have large effects on ecosystem function and services. The loss of a single species therefore has potentially higher impact in the Baltic Sea than in Helgeland and the Faroe Islands. Nordic coastal biodiversity is summarized in Figure 30, using the number of marine species in different functional groups and classes in each Nordic region.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species faroe baltic functional islands|0.10466276|5.6633077|5.984657
3371|The integration of variable renewable energies requires new and appropriate regulatory and operational frameworks to properly move towards more efficient and reliable low-carbon electricity systems. While their name implies a focus on the long run availability of power generating capacity, their true role could be much larger. Capacity markets could actually play a key role in integrating different flexibility services - including short-term demand curtailment, storage, access to interconnections, and, of course, capacity itself - in a single framework, where decisions are made at the margin according to the variable costs of different options over different time frames.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|capacity variable different curtailment frames|1.6173334|1.5304903|1.8381904
3372|This expectation in turn was associated with high rates of child marriage.57 But data show that the age of marriage is rising, fertility rates are declining, and an increasing number of women are not marrying at all, which suggests that attitudes about both universal marriage and high fertility have shifted over time, giving girls in particular more opportunities to pursue education. As societies relax expectations concerning both universal marriage and child marriage, girls in particular may have more opportunities to pursue education. But what of girls who do not excel in school?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage girls pursue fertility universal|9.452609|5.2634225|6.1979094
3373|It should be noted that the NFSA extends an already large food distribution programme, which previously covered about 30% of India’s population. For consumers, data on the consumption profile of the average recipient of NFSA food grain is not available. If it is assumed that the average recipient consumes 75 kg of rice, 62 kg of wheat and 21 kg of coarse grain (average per capita disappearance in 2013), then the programmes provision of 60 kg p.a. Assuming no change in the offer prices, in the rates of inflation and of the USD exchange rate, the effective subsidy in this projection rises to INR 3 076 (USD 29) p.a. A detailed analysis of the NFSA is beyond the scope of this Outlook, but anticipating its overall impact on markets is nevertheless required.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|kg grain recipient average usd|4.0657105|5.0900636|4.231255
3374|The Ministry of Environment (MMA), the leader for environmental questions, and the Ministry of Education, linked with the universities, also play important roles in the general innovation system. At the national level, the priorities for R&D are established by government through the different ministries involved in innovation, led by the Ministry of Science and Technology. The main agency of the MCT to support agricultural research is the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). It delivers grants and project funding, through competitive public calls. Beneficiaries are researchers in public or not-for-profit private high education institutions and R&D institutions and centres, and public companies with science, technology or innovation research activities.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|ministry innovation science public technology|3.5004566|4.293147|2.9678206
3375|Countries that are further along in their demographic transition (Chile and Cuba) have geriatric death rates higher than the regional average. In fact, a comparison between the situations in Haiti and Cuba shows that Haiti will take until 2050 to record the death rates in the population aged 65 and over that Cuba had recorded six decades earlier. Cuba has an older age structure than Haiti and therefore its population is more likely to die over age 65. Figure IV.2, which shows the proportion of deaths from chronic and degenerative diseases as a function of average population age (2002), shows those countries further along in the demographic transition (Argentina, Barbados, Chile, Cuba and Uruguay) at one extreme, with more than 80% of deaths from those causes and, at the other, those countries about to move into full demographic transition with an ageing process that is still incipient (Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua, among others). This may be illustrated by comparing life expectancy at birth and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) at birth.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cuba haiti demographic transition shows|9.142493|8.631574|3.1363955
3376|The adoption of a law on rangeland is important, because rangeland accounts for more than 70 per cent of the total territory of the country' and because most land degradation occurs on rangeland. Such a law would enable sustainable management of rangeland. Besides, some of the recently adopted laws, especially the Law on Crop Production, are not effectively implemented due to the lack of subsidiary legislation to guide their implementation.|SDG 15 - Life on land|rangeland law subsidiary occurs territory|1.8626107|5.2116|3.9394217
3377|For example, if a private firm cannot fully capitalise on their discoveries, either in terms of turning the knowledge into a profit-making product or in terms of protecting competitors from benefitting from the discovery, then there is less incentive for it to invest in R&D. The uncertainty in R&D generating results can also be a hairier for private actors to invest in research, e.g. relating to basic research. In terms of ICTs development, there is less incentive to invest in broadband development in rural areas, simply because of the high costs in connecting villages over larger distance with low population density. In these cases, governments need to step in with regulation, legislation, or direct or indirect financing, e.g. through tax incentives, subsidies or directly funding projects. The fluctuations are due to the volatility of non-concessional finance.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|invest terms incentive capitalise discovery|2.399448|3.012488|1.8172517
3378|If all of Antarctica's ice were to melt, this would result in a sea-level rise of some 60 m, to which the melting of Greenland's ice would add a further rise in the order of 7 m, give or take an uncertainty of a few metres. September is the month in which sea ice is at its yearly minimum and 1979 marks the first year that data of this kind became available in meaningful form. The lowest concentration of sea ice on record was in September 2002. While thick ice with a snow covering has an albedo of 90 percent, that of a thin layer of ice is 50 per cent, and that of an ice-free ocean is in the order of 6 per cent.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ice sea september rise order|1.0928516|4.259182|2.0097709
3379|Much of the focus of life-skills training has been on the development of protective psychological skills, communication skills and knowledge to avoid risk. The programme was designed to reach unmarried girls between the ages of 12 and 18, with an emphasis on girls who were out of school and working. It involved parents in programme development and teachers to lead the classes. In many countries, UNFPA supports programmes to work with boys, male adolescents and youth on sexuality, family life and life-skills education to question current stereotypes about masculinity, male risk-taking behaviour (especially sexual behaviour) and to promote dieir understanding of and support for women’s rights and gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|skills life behaviour male girls|9.741125|5.1434455|6.4465523
3380|It can also add value to a business that depends on water and therefore add value to the sale of a business. Only two of the allocation examples surveyed indicated that there were no restrictions to granting such requests (Nova Scotia, Canada and Estonia). For the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, the catchment is “closed” and access to surface water for new entrants is limited to purchasing entitlements (or leasing entitlements or purchasing allocations annually) from existing owners.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|entitlements purchasing add nova business|1.1258721|7.6494236|2.3118262
3381|These District Committees help in the co-ordination and review of the coverage of electrification within the district. The Ministry of Power has noted that where these Committees were active and met regularly, progress in rural electrification projects had improved (Press Information Bureau, 2009). A web-based monitoring system has also been introduced which works at village level. Through this monitoring system, implementing agencies are supposed to provide all the data relating to activities carried out at village level, the result of quality inspections, the state of fund utilisation, the state of village electrification, etc.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification village committees district monitoring|2.3385499|1.7561196|2.6968467
3382|The trial has shown that it can produce faster referral times, improve information flows and reduce costs. However, the number of doctors using the system rapidly declined a few months into the trial prompting authorities to make use of the referral system mandatory for all contracted physicians. Expansion of the project has been recommended to cover all social security funds (Souliotis et al., Countries such as Ireland, Portugal and Estonia have also invested heavily in their ICT infrastructure to improve reporting and performance management within its major health care institutions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|referral trial improve contracted physicians|8.836496|9.246833|1.6938355
3383|It concludes by offering concrete recommendations to policy makers in the region to enhance compliance with international standards in gender equality and to reduce gender-based discrimination in domestic legislation. Yet some do not explicitly include the principle of equality between women and men, nor do they contain a definition of discrimination against women in the constitution. In additioa many other domestic laws tend to restrict women’s rights in a wide range of areas (e.g. family law, freedom of movement).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discrimination women equality domestic gender|9.784823|4.821044|7.2562537
3384|With the revision of the levy and grant system, SMEs as well will be required to file levy forms and they will become eligible for adjustment allowances. To be eligible for the subsidy, the employer should not have dismissed any workers for the past six months. The subsidy varies between JPY 300 000 and JPY 1 200 000 per month depending the type of disability, the degree of disability, age and length of working hours. The support period is one year, or 1.5 years for people with severe disabilities.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jpy levy eligible disability subsidy|7.990991|4.704927|3.890309
3385|With their USD 71 trillion in assets, institutional investors - including pension funds and insurance companies - potentially have an important role to play in financing clean energy projects. Clean energy projects can in particular provide institutional investors with investments which may combine these sought-after characteristics. Sovereign wealth funds are another type of institutional investor increasingly being approached to fund green investments (see Box 4).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|institutional investors clean funds investments|2.2992585|3.0486743|1.6926979
3386|From 1989-2008, farm yields (FY) of maize increased linearly at 1.6 percent per annum versus 1.2 percent for soybean and 1 percent for wheat and rice (Edmeades eta!., These yield increases are insufficient to meet future food demands without resorting to agricultural land expansion - but Asia has little arable land available for expansion. In addition, climate change predictions for the Asian region paint a scenario of rising temperatures, increased variability in rainfall, land degradation and increased frequency of extreme weather events such as drought and floods, which raises particular concerns for the agricultural sector.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|percent land increased expansion eta|3.419214|5.2980447|4.0965085
3387|But this makes the ASCM structurally incapable of capturing fisheries subsidies because they distort how production happens, rather than trade (Schorr, 2004). Third, countries have been reluctant to take a fisheries subsidies case to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism for fear of turning a lens on their own subsidy policies. Finally, notifications of fisheries subsidies under the ASCM are notoriously scant (WTO, 2010).|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries subsidies wto structurally scant|0.03253325|5.4428673|6.80312
3388|In future the commercial collection of additional NWFPs will be exclusively done by the forest management bodies. The study captured data on rural household income and forest use. The findings from the survey demonstrate that forests are an important resource in rural areas for people that use wood-based products in their daily lives.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest rural captured exclusively wood|1.487131|4.581949|3.8720746
3389|It reviews the drivers behind the development of a testing scheme, the purposes associated with its implementation and different criteria that feed into the test design. While it is difficult to discern exactly which driver may have distinctly played a role in a nation’s decision to administer standardised tests, it is nonetheless important to identify the underlying currents and intersecting trends steering assessment systems (Mons, 2009). The primary drivers identified are: 1) New Public Management; 2) Standards-based assessment; 3) International competition; 4) Increasing demand for 21st Century Skills; 5) Test industry pressure. There has also been a growing emphasis on quantitatively measuring outcomes and objectives and reforms towards decentralisation and autonomy which have contributed to the need to develop new means to monitor education systems (Mons, 2009: 5).|SDG 4 - Quality education|drivers test assessment quantitatively currents|9.683991|1.8623415|1.4178758
3390|This section succinctly reviews two increasingly observed pathways from agriculture water risks to broader international consequences. First, long-term water risks threatening local food security is manifested by foreign land purchases by relatively poorly water endowed but well capital endowed countries. Second, countries with a large agriculturally dependent population can be subject to social unrest and important migratory movements of population with regional, continental or global implications. These effects do not concern all three hotspot regions, but they apply to multiple other agricultural regions that are increasingly subject to water risks.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|endowed risks water subject increasingly|1.3256788|7.197525|2.863928
3391|Hence, the effect of gender-based discrimination on income would be more detrimental for low-income countries. Table 4 summarises the estimated effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income by income groups using quintile regressions of equation 5 as well as OLS regressions of equation 6. In the OLS regressions, whatever the set of controls used, the estimated coefficient of the interaction term is always negative for low-income countries and positive for high-income countries, and statistically significant.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|regressions income ols equation discrimination|9.160686|4.6010857|6.7403064
3392|There is no data to tell us whether these effects continue into adolescence. Over 80 per cent of all three generations reported harmonious relations between generations. Research in KwaZulu-Natal found that grandmothers perceive themselves as important in building families, educating younger generations, and providing generational continuity (Cattell, 1997). A survey of rural women in the same province with an average age of 51 years suggested that most of them felt empowered when they took responsibility for important family decisions including the education of grandchildren (Moller, 1996).These women were proud to be homemakers and of adopting the 'traditional male' role as providers of the family if their men were unemployed. Poverty was identified as the core driver behind most of these changes, examples including families seeking to benefit financially from their daughters marrying before they lose their virginity. A second driver was the gradual loss of traditions such as the initiation rites for boys, where manhood is proved by fending for themselves in the bush, and instruction to girls on sexual matters by their madrinha (godmothers), and the absence of replacements.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|generations driver families replacements harmonious|9.463162|5.26026|6.3899627
3393|One of the largest and most compelling pieces of research to address this question was conducted in Ontario, Canada and published in the Lancet, a renowned medical publication. It concluded that: ‘Traffic-law enforcement effectively reduces the frequency of fatal motor-vehicle crashes in countries with high rates of motor-vehicle use. Inconsistent enforcement, therefore, may contribute to thousands of deaths each year worldwide.’ (|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|motor vehicle enforcement lancet pieces|4.2325416|5.215789|-0.02641846
3394|This type of flexible arrangements has been successful in raising female participation. Such provisions, however, should be carefully balanced between men and women to avoid increasing the relative cost of hiring mothers, to promote more involvement of fathers in family care and to minimise the risk that part-time arrangements may trap mothers in lower ranking career tracks and damage their future prospects. Flexible work-arrangements may also be less appropriate in countries where only a minority of women can afford to opt for part-time work. Maternal leave constitutes a cornerstone of modern welfare states and can have positive impacts on female labour market outcomes. Recent evidence from OECD countries shows that paid maternity leave increases the likelihood that women work, as it gives them an incentive to work prior to childbirth and offers them employment protection to facilitate their return to the labour market afterwards (Adema, Clark and Frey, 2015). However, when maternal leave is excessively costly for employers (and paternal leave is considerably less generous), it may also play a role in perpetuating gender gaps by increasing the cost of employing a woman relative to a man.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|leave arrangements work maternal flexible|9.115583|5.0867157|5.5868344
3395|At the same time, if higher wages induce higher female labour force participation, the consequent time squeeze on human capacities production puts this group in the same regime as the liberal AIEs: exploitation. In this context, more gender equality threatens growth partly because of persistent inequalities in the gender distribution of social reproduction. Stronger supports for women doing paid work will weaken these causal links, but they must be accompanied by changes on the demand side to avoid merely shifting from an exploitation to a wage squeeze regime. A decline in commodity prices will induce depreciation of the exchange rate as global buyers need less of a country's currency to purchase its exports.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|squeeze induce exploitation regime threatens|8.887475|4.6443152|6.055347
3396|At the same time, targeted interventions at the secondary level to prevent dropouts and to raise the awareness about the benefits of education should receive further resources. Students from socially-disadvantaged backgrounds should be supported by a maintenance grant contingent on regular school attendance and satisfactory progress. Improving completion rates in the Uruguayan education system also requires improving the supply of educational services at the secondary level to make them more relevant for the interests and characteristics of students. This calls for strategies to improve student transitions across education levels, namely the development of a common curriculum framework for all levels of school education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education secondary improving dropouts students|9.960868|2.0231953|2.4367318
3397|Trade in renewable energy products was also sensitive to tariff reduction at the 5 per cent level. It is possible that these two categories comprise high-technology products, most of which tend to be imported by developing countries. Thus the initial list of EGs could be further narrowed to include only these sub-items for the initial round of liberalization. It should, however, be noted that the elasticity of these products with respect to tariffs is low, with a tariff reduction of 1 per cent leading to only a 0.15 per cent increase in trade.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|products cent tariff initial egs|1.7737025|2.21638|2.0184484
3398|Strengthening the management of diversity. Efforts need to be directed both at building short-term teaching capacity across the country to accommodate new arrivals and at building medium and long-term capacity to ensure immigrants reach their full potential and become active participants in the economic and social life of their local community. In the short term, a key focus should be on training and re-training as many teachers as possible on how to support children with minimal language skills, poorly educated parents, and who arrive in Sweden after the age of 12 with little prior learning (due to the poor quality of the education they received in their home country or the lack of opportunities over a long period experienced during the migration process). A key challenge is to provide adequate language support to youth who arrive in Sweden beyond the age of 12, with little prior literacy skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|arrive prior term language sweden|10.032958|2.772233|2.6332543
3399|The effective number of days a worker is entitled to may also depend on the worker's situation and status. Self-employed workers are excluded, since the concept of paid leave does not make sense in their case. Other forms of paid leave, which are not considered annual leave, include public holidays, sick leave, weekly rest and maternity and parental leave. Annual leave: defined with respect to national practices.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|leave worker paid annual holidays|8.491288|4.8180013|4.778875
3400|This worked against health policy goals, health system efficiency and equity. Its objective is to enable EOPYY to purchase all the health services required to meet population needs. Other measures in the area of diagnostics have included reducing prices paid by the public health system and curbing over-prescription of specialised diagnostics. Structural reforms got under way in 2013 to reduce the number of beds, clinics and specialist units but have had limited implementation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diagnostics health curbing got prescription|8.658864|9.235595|2.0405583
3401|The world’s nations annually contribute over $1 trillion to subsidies for agriculture, energy, water and transport. This is 12 times the amount needed to bring official development assistance up to the 0.7 per cent target set in 1966; it is 15 times the amount that was estimated to be necessary if the Millennium Development Goals were to be fully implemented; and it is even 8 times the massive amount that the architects of the Earth Summit calculated would be needed to implement the ambitious Agenda 21. Subsidies to irrigation, for example, lead to massive wastage of scarce water resources; subsidies to coal production and consumption invalidate efforts to move towards cleaner energy; subsidies to fishing fleets lead to the devastation of fish stocks; and subsidies to transport fuel lead to wasteful use of energy in transport.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidies times massive lead transport|0.10040794|5.3060813|6.3468924
3402|And let's not forget that climate change cuts through all of this. Biodiversity - all the animals, plants and microbial life - is the foundation forthe health of the Biosphere we and all life on Earth constitute and depend on at the same time. This complex web of life is over 3 billion years old, and interacts together in a very delicate balance.|SDG 15 - Life on land|life delicate biosphere forthe let|1.5866325|5.3958716|4.00081
3403|Progress with social protection is ascertained by means of data from censuses, household surveys, specialized surveys and administrative records, and this must be coordinated on the basis of each country's conceptual framework and policy components. While partial data is available in most countries, it needs to be further systematized and coordinated with management indicators. Chief among the various methodology-development initiatives are the cost-impact analysis developed by ECLAC for selecting the option that maximizes the impact at the lowest possible cost (Cohen and Franco, 2006b, 2005; Cohen and Martinez, 2004) and the performance-based management models tailored to social programmes promoted by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), World Bank and international cooperation agencies. First, it is unclear how the results are incorporated as information for decision-making and for implementing modifications to programmes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cohen coordinated surveys bank martinez|6.988457|5.8620496|4.143426
3404|"The difference between the BCR in a climate change and a “business-as-usual"" scenario leads to a climate change relevance score, which provides an indication to policy-makers and managers of the change in importance of a particular programme if climate change is factored in. Pilot analysis suggests that the consideration of climate change increases the benefit of programmes managed by the Ministry by between 10 and 20 percent. An assessment of a major new investment in improved water distribution and diversion resulted not only in enhanced budget justification for the project but also informed redesign of diversion canals and flood control systems (UNDP, 2015). The analysis could support requests for funding from the Ministry of Economy and Finance, which introduced in 2016 a requirement in the national budget guidelines that climate-relevant programmes be identified (see Cambodia Climate Change Alliance, 2015 and Government of Cambodia, 2016)."|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change diversion cambodia budget|1.6898329|4.287419|1.3964177
3405|Although the average charge for water supply was EUR 0.54/m3, EUR 0.29/m3 for wastewater collection and EUR 0.91/m3 for wastewater treatment in 2007 (around the OECD average), the level of cost-recovery has been below 80% for both water supply and sewage collection while it appears to be close to 100% for sewage treatment. For some services there is cost-recovery of around 50%, suggesting that in some municipalities a significant part of the cost is still covered by grants from municipal government. Local communities do not have enough skilled professional staff to stimulate efficient operation of water utilities or to set up adequate price regulation schemes.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|eur sewage cost wastewater recovery|1.5733795|7.361868|2.329905
3406|The annual monitoring will help prioritise adaptation needs and the allocation of budgets while the periodic evaluations will assess the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the NCCAP (Philippines Climate Change Commission, 2011). These processes will inform government decision makers whether the approach is the right one, if circumstances are changing, and if adjustments in the plan or in the implementation mechanisms are needed. Monitoring, reporting and verification of actions under the Kenyan National Climate Change Action Plan, top-down and bottom-up indicators identified at the national and county level. Full implementation expected by 2020.|SDG 13 - Climate action|plan monitoring kenyan implementation verification|1.2571132|4.6900916|1.4042987
3407|Some metropolitan regions may have a significant food-processing sector, but mainly rely on raw materials from outside the region. While locally produced food is limited in quantity, these regions have good access to a wide variety of imported food, either from other regions in the country or imports from other countries. In developing countries, connectivity to foreign markets happens first in large cities, and these urban agglomerations have the densest networks of connections, largely because markets develop first and in greater complexity in cities.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|regions food cities markets agglomerations|4.491054|4.9784083|4.0999017
3408|But caution must be exercised to ensure these measures maintain wage-led growth instead of just shifting the economy from a high to a low road distribution of social reproduction. This group, especially those located in East Asia, industrialized later and faster than today’s AIEs but experienced a path of growth and structural change that is relatively close to the standard AIE development trajectory in terms of sectoral and employment transitions (UNRISD 2010). These economies have among the highest female labour force participation rates in the world, and industry is a significant employer of both women and men. However, when exports and industries upgrade, there is defeminization of industrial employment (Tejani and Milberg 2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unrisd exercised trajectory industrialized employment|8.863685|4.3298855|5.855224
3409|The former looks at gender gaps in wages and labour force participation, and the latter at changes in the dispersion of eamings among male and female workers separately. The second pathway, which describes the impact on the distribution of household eamings, examines the correlation of eamings between husbands and wives as well as how this has developed over time (Section 5.4). Women are still less likely to being in paid work, to progress in their career and are more likely to earn less in their job.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|eamings likely wives husbands dispersion|8.985759|4.8162794|5.7347913
3410|Specialised education is associated with better child outcomes and improved staff competences to provide suitable pedagogical learning opportunities. When trained on matters related to early development and care, staff can better develop a child’s perspective (Sommer et al., Additionally, staff with higher education and specialised training engage in more positive teacher-child interactions including praising, comforting, questioning and being responsive to children (Howes et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|staff child specialised better al|9.207887|2.4454057|1.9380312
3411|"Instead, education systems that contain a large proportion of selective schools lend to have greater variation in performance between schools (OECD 2010). However, it is reasonably safe to assume that in countries such as Serbia, which still lag behind in tertiary enrolment, the tertiary system might be under pressure to expand and absorb (increasing numbers) of candidates."" Upward trends in tertiary enrolment would indicate the same (indicators AE.6)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary enrolment schools lend reasonably|9.297889|2.4872446|2.8950717
3412|The main focus of this legislation was to regulate the development of asylums, to which admission was for the most part involuntary. Since the 1959 Mental Health Act, which switched the decision to compulsorily detain a patient from a judicial one to an administrative one, legislation has focused on balancing the tension between protecting the rights and promoting the safety of patients with mental health problems, and protecting the safety of the communities in which they live, rather than expressly facilitating involuntary incarceration on mental health grounds. Mental health legislation today allows an individual to be detained against their will on the condition that they present a danger to themselves or others, including within the wider community.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental involuntary legislation health protecting|10.285783|8.975817|1.5419333
3413|Housing co-operatives today no longer serve lower-middle income households, but rather the upper-middle groups (Wfclawowicz, 2002). Poland could learn from a number of OECD countries that have tried to enhance the housing supply through nonprofit organisations. Whereas various measures have been introduced by governments to support non-profit organisations, policy practices indicate the importance of improving the financial arrangements with them (Box 2.13). They include for instance providing matching funds, increasing non-profit organisations’ access to capital markets and setting aside a share of national housing grants for non-profit developers (OECD, 2010a).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|profit organisations housing non middle|4.9303336|5.72715|2.1746693
3414|"This difference is found to be widest for upper middle-income and high income countries. ( Women are more likely to be employed in positions that reflect traditional gender roles - in what have been labelled the ""5Cs jobs"": caring, cashiering, cleaning, catering and clerical work. As reflected in figure 4, in 2013, low and middle-income countries have a concentration of contributing family workers, with the percentage being higher among females. However, in contrast to contributing family workers, a greater proportion ofemployed malesareown account workers compared with females, except for those in low income countries."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|income females workers contributing middle|8.843056|4.6116643|5.648986
3415|This would entail the introduction of a licensing regime for surface water abstraction - a measure recommended in the latest Environmental Performance Review of Georgia by the UNECE and included in the new (2014) draft Georgian legislation shortly to come before Parliament. Abstraction charges signal the real resource cost3 of the water. Abstraction charges are also a source of financial cost recover}', enabling funds to be raised either for water resources management and other environmental improvements, or for general public expenditure.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|abstraction charges water shortly georgian|1.3960552|7.5565696|2.3594213
3416|This action would generate more funds for investment in infrastructure, especially new wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which are urgently needed to curb surface water pollution. They would also create incentives for more careful and efficient water use by consumers (households, businesses, etc.). This would be the responsibility of the Georgian Amelioration Company, with regulation by GNERC.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|amelioration georgian curb urgently careful|1.2111869|6.956931|2.5659359
3417|An exceptional case, however, is provided by the United States practice of targeting poor households, where such diversity is extensively taken into account. Ignoring household-specific diversities constitutes a fatal methodological flaw if poverty lines and gaps are to be used. Public transfers of goods and services are usually excluded. This produces a significant gap when it comes to health and education services, particularly in developing economies, where the role of public provision is usually substantial. In the absence of such information, one can only speculate over actual outcomes with respect to these key basic needs.|SDG 1 - No poverty|usually ignoring fatal exceptional extensively|7.043484|5.930703|4.5828834
3418|Nevertheless, there is no national assessment/accreditation for teachers’ ICT skills. They can also decide individually on strategies for teacher education. The report specifies that despite this autonomy, their programmes integrate ICT. This new legal framew'ork is stimulating several changes and initiated several measures aimed at improving teachers’ professional situation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ict teachers framew specifies individually|8.756675|1.4018986|2.16045
3419|Summative assessment refers to “assessment of learning” and involves high stakes consequences for students because the results of the assessment are used to judge the students’ performance (Ewell, 2005 cited in Nusche, forthcoming). Formative assessment is often referred to as “assessment for learning” and supports a teacher’s pedagogical approach to the student; the results of such an assessment are used to improve teaching strategies and identify learning needs, rather than judge performance (Black and William, 1998 cited in Nusche, forthcoming; Eurydice Network, 2009). Finally, assessment tools such as standardised tests can be used for monitoring and evaluation purposes. Evaluation refers to collecting evidence to judge systems, programs and procedures (Harlen, 2007; Newton, 2007). This paper considers standardised testing for monitoring, evaluation and formative purposes, but because summative assessment inherently involves stakes for students, it is not included in this review. For a comprehensive review of summative assessment trends in OECD countries, see: Nusche (forthcoming).|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment summative judge forthcoming stakes|9.601108|1.6934103|1.3270375
3420|Where age cannot be reported with precision, age groups (e.g., 25 to 29 years of age) can be used. The core indicators identified by the Friends of the Chair of the United Nations Statistical Commission on indicators on violence against women form only the minimum required for improving available data on the prevalence and nature of violence against women. The inclusion of additional variables will significantly enrich the overall results of the survey and increase their relevance for policymaking.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|age violence indicators precision chair|10.035978|5.400512|7.4698353
3421|These recommendations have stimulated concrete actions to improve the sustainability of high seas fisheries. The resumed Review Conference, to be held in 2016, may provide another excellent opportunity for States parties and States non-parties to cooperate in improving the governance of high seas fisheries, by reviewing and assessing the adequacy of the provisions of the Agreement, and, if necessary, proposing means of strengthening the substance and methods of implementation of those provisions. It has played a central role in norm- and policy-setting in the field of oceans and the law of the sea, including sustainable fisheries. In 1991, for example, it established a global moratorium on the use of large-scale pelagic drift-net fishing on the high seas.|SDG 14 - Life below water|seas fisheries provisions parties high|-0.07118143|5.59673|6.4037976
3422|The initiative focuses on producing new analysis and policy recommendations to address unpaid care work combined with inclusive dialogues at the regional and global levels. The SIGI comprises country profiles (information on laws, policies and action plans promoting gender equality and women's empowerment), a database (with indicators on levels of discrimination in legal framework, social norms and practices) and a cross-country ranking. These dimensions look at the gaps that legislation, prevalence and attitudes and practices create between women and men in terms of rights and opportunities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|practices dialogues sigi levels ranking|9.45625|4.6202574|6.8877287
3423|In practice, however, their rights are inhibited by a number of hurdles: the courts do not always enforce the rules, the judiciary may lack knowledge of current principles and standards, women are often not aware of their rights and, even when they are, social norms and financial constraints may hinder them from going to court. The fact that few judges are women may also be a factor. The six countries have ratified the two covenants (Algeria 1989, Egypt 1982, Jordan 1975, Libya 1970, Morocco 1979 and Tunisia 1969).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hurdles rights judges libya judiciary|9.73856|4.91362|7.156187
3424|Designing sustainable off-grid rural electrification projects: Principles and Practices. Washington, DC; available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTENERGY2/Resources/OffgridGuidelines. Low carbon energy projects for development in sub-Saharan Africa: Unveiling the potential, addressing the barriers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|projects worldbank dc electrification washington|2.2271996|1.8753743|2.603005
3425|"This difference is very important and is attributable to the human capital associated with traditional skills and knowledge, not obtained through attending educational institutions. In this chapter we discuss both human capital accumulated through formal schooling and human capital based on local and Indigenous knowledge (LIK). Certainly, measuring the latter is a more challenging task given the difficulty of quantifying the value and scope of LIK. It is worth noting that the lack of one (e.g., formal education) may be partially compensated, albeit indirectly, by another (LIK) in terms of human development. First, human capital is the most important ingredient in the ""knowledge sector"", which includes technologically advanced industries and services (e.g. information technology, high tech manufacturing, financial services, etc.)"|SDG 4 - Quality education|human capital knowledge formal ingredient|8.484433|2.8196557|3.0735111
3426|Such a tool could help credit institutions perform more effectively, as they would evaluate both women and men on the grounds of their entrepreneurial talent. Financial literacy programmes are particularly relevant since women often have lower levels of financial knowledge than men (Chapter 10). One example of these integrated financing schemes is the Inter-American Development Bank project “Strengthening Women Entrepreneurship in Peru”.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women men financial talent grounds|8.730972|3.457251|6.3154564
3427|They then transmitted these new norms to their home community and non-migrant women used them to create new versions of womanhood. Women who migrate tend to model their behaviour on women in destination countries, which proved to have positive effects on reducing violence against women in Moldova for example, as women tolerate it less from their partners (Peleah, 2007). Migration can challenge traditional gender roles when the absence of one spouse leaves the other one with both greater decision-making power and burden of responsibility and labour (Jolly and Reeves, 2005).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women reeves versions spouse migrate|8.908531|5.2637305|7.0484047
3428|It requires that women are empowered to take an active part in the development of laws, economic systems and policies that will govern themselves and society as a whole, in accordance with Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Within this context, this chapter explores institutional mechanisms and tools that are designed to support women's advancement and to ensure that a gender perspective is systematically taken into account. It also discusses women’s participation in political decision-making as both an intrinsic objective and a lever for the adoption of gender-sensitive policies. A key element of the Platform’s strategy is the establishment of ‘institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women’ as a means of ensuring systematic attention to gender issues. Some Arab Governments had already set up rudimentary women’s divisions under various ministries, typically those for social and family affairs, in the late 1960s and 1970s.34 With the adoption of the Beijing Platform, those institutions became more formalized. They took a leading role in advocating for women’s issues and moving gender discourse into the halls of government.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women gender advancement platform adoption|9.852755|4.417785|7.3695226
3429|For example, an intervention that seeks transformational change in a given sector may be judged effective at the project-level if it produces the expected outputs (e.g. off-grid renewable electricity, number of people trained in drought-resistant agriculture). However, if the intervention’s is not replicated at scale, the transformational impacts of the intervention will be limited. Climate finance programmes and projects can involve multiple actors, each with different views and objectives relating to climate finance effectiveness. There is increased pressure on public providers of climate finance in developed countries to demonstrate the results achieved in developing countries with this finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance intervention transformational climate replicated|1.755873|4.2660947|1.3378377
3430|It engenders promoting equal rights and access to justice through policy reform drawn from litigation that go beyond issues of the individual plaintiff. There is also a unit in the sharia courts, headed by women’s lawyers to support women’s awareness and understanding of legal rights. This unit counsels and helps women in their rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights unit women lawyers litigation|9.857904|4.9028125|7.360649
3431|It examines how disadvantages can accumulate over a lifetime (Chapter l).The report takes a closer look at equity issues at each stage of life, from early childhood education (Chapter 2), student and school outcomes (Chapter 3) through adult education and skills formation (Chapter 4). Each chapter offers policy recommendations and describes policies on education and skills that can ensure lifelong equitable learning opportunities for the socio-economically disadvantaged, as well as best policy practices and lessons from selected countries. Opportunity for All: Overcoming Educational Inequalities over the Life Course (OECD, forthcoming), is a main output of the Fostering Good Education for All project. This report aims to provide extensive analysis of inequality in education, and concrete policy recommendations to provide solutions for this pressing issue.|SDG 4 - Quality education|chapter education recommendations policy life|9.088161|2.7213557|2.9267976
3432|About 15% of men and 20% of women in Sweden rate their mental wellbeing as impaired in national surveys using GHQ-12, a validated instrument used internationally for measuring mental wellbeing, early detection and treatment. Primary care is generally the first point of contact, and is responsible for minor mental health problems and onward referrals to specialist care for those with serious mental illness. High quality primary care for mental health problems is especially important in rural areas where access to specialist services may be difficult.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental wellbeing specialist care problems|10.313462|8.950467|1.8208559
3433|Latin America and the Caribbean, in particular, hosted some notable stakeholder participation arrangements for NUP, including in Ecuador and Brazil. The majority of countries have general national planning authorities (55 per cent) while a substantial proportion have specialised national urban agencies (38 per cent). Only three nations man a NUP via sub-national agencies (2 per cent). Two of them (Marshall Islands and Tuvalu) are small Pacific states where geographic scale means a close overlap between national and local boundaries, and the other is Switzerland, a federal state in which the competence for urban policy is attributed to local authorities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nup national cent agencies authorities|3.5416095|5.046807|1.7150253
3434|Health spending per capita is among the lowest across the EU, and only about half the EU average (EUR 1428 per capita in Hungary compared to the EU average of EUR 2 797). Only two-thirds of health spending in Hungary is publicly funded (compared to nearly 80% across the EU), leaving the system highly reliant on direct out-of-pocket spending. Consequently, a relatively high share of low-income households reports unmet medical care needs due to financial reasons. More than 25% of such households face catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditure for health care, a higher share than in most other EU countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu spending pocket hungary eur|8.672038|8.870707|2.2775598
3435|More generally, in England the mortality rate from dementia and Alzheimer’s disease has increased steadily since 2006, reflecting several factors such as increased awareness of dementia, historical NHS policies encouraging GPs to diagnose, and changes in death certification practices (PHE, 2018b; PHE 2018c; ONS, 2018d). Coding changes from 2011 also led to increased recording of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease on death certificates, with deaths reallocated from some groups including cerebrovascular disease and pneumonia eg deaths from vascular dementia would once have been coded to circulatory disease but are now coded to dementia (PHE 2018c; Campbell, 2017). This, along with the examples given earlier in relation to influenza/pneumonia, suggests that death certification practices have changed in recent years, with some deaths being classified as dementia that would not have been in the past.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|dementia disease death deaths alzheimer|9.295996|9.088527|3.0722027
3436|On the other hand, solar technologies may have almost zero capacity credit if the peak demand occurs in the evenings during winter, as in several north European countries, especially those relying heavily on electric heating such as France. Dispatchable plants for instance are weakly correlated and their capacity credit can thus be higher than their respective load and availability factors: their planned outages are scheduled during periods of weak electricity demand, while they are supposed to be available during high demand periods. On the contrary, variable renewables relying on the same natural resource are closely correlated (one wind turbine is likely to stop turning the very moment that other turbines stop turning). Thus, the capacity credit of variable renewable power plants decreases with the penetration level, reflecting the increased correlation with the rest of the generating system.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|credit turning relying stop correlated|1.5405749|1.4419837|1.9135768
3437|Prepared for the UNDP/GEF Project Expansion and Improved Management Effectiveness of the Ajara Region’s Protected Areas. This is due to their upstream/downstream geographical status, and their sharing of river basins and water bodies with common problems. Downstream water pollution from Georgian WWTPs sited close to the border. Specifically, untreated and partly-treated wastewater effluent from the Georgian Gardabani WWTP is a serious source of pollution in the Kura River dowmstream in Azerbaijan, w'hich flows into Mingecevir Reservoir.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|georgian downstream river pollution kura|0.8695043|6.8988876|2.6081622
3438|This profile builds on the knowledge and expertise of many project teams across the OECD’s Directorate for Education and Skills, to whom we are grateful. Hyperlinks to the reference publications are included throughout the text for ease of reading, and also in the References and further reading section, which lists both OECD and non-OECD sources. The Czech Republic has made progress on reducing the impact of socio-economic background on students' academic performance, reaching high enrolment in early childhood education and care, and achieving higher than average upper secondary attainment rates, especially in vocational education and training.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reading education oecd grateful references|9.247461|2.6108499|2.3412542
3439|However, actual risk-related policies in several OECD countries appear to diverge significantly from the policy messages derived from OECD analysis. Perhaps this situation can be compared with the case of price support policies a few decades ago. In a situation where price support and equivalent measures largely dominated agricultural policy structures in the OECD area, OECD research and its effective dissemination in policy dialogue contributed greatly to helping governments understand the nature of their policies and their undesirable implications.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|oecd policies situation policy price|3.9632614|5.2857566|3.834741
3440|This chapter maps women’s access to public life and highlights the rationale and the scope for the study. It outlines study objectives and details the methodology adopted in preparing the report. It highlights active measures to advance gender equality in public life and provides actionable recommendations to governments, supported by examples of good practices from OECD countries and key partner countries. It also falls under the broader framework of the OECD Gender Initiative launched by Ministers in 2010 to help governments in OECD and non-OECD countries promote gender equality by deepening the knowledge base on gender equality issues; further developing indicators to measure progress in gender equality; developing evidence-based policy recommendations; and enhancing cross-national policy learning and transferability.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender oecd highlights recommendations|9.868534|4.1720953|7.222875
3441|Poland also had one of the largest increases in enrolment in education at ages 3 and 4 between 2005 and 2013 among countries with available data, although it remains below the OECD average. About 52% of 3-year-olds and 66% of 4-year-olds are enrolled in education, compared to an OECD average of 74% and 88%, respectively. Among OECD countries, Poland had a higher ratio of children to teaching staff in pre-primary education: 16, compared to 14 on average in other OECD countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|oecd olds poland average education|9.257324|2.6863697|2.8201387
3442|Investments in desalination and the reuse of treated wastewater in the region have become so prevalent in some countries that there is even some doubt as to whether they can still be considered nonconventional water supply options. This type of practice promotes the use of water of varying qualities for different purposes. The reuse of these water sources is dependent upon whether it is treated at the primary, secondary or tertiary level.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|reuse treated water doubt qualities|0.89199597|7.396465|2.8558943
3443|In the emerging economies analysed in this chapter, self-employment represents 20% of total female employment (compared to an OECD average of 10%) and it reaches very high levels in countries like Colombia (42%) and Peru (37%). However, evidence from Latin America shows that this difference disappears when larger firms with similar labour and capital inputs are compared (Bruhn, 2009). These patterns span both urban and rural areas. In the agricultural sector, women tend to farm smaller plots with lower yields and less profitable crops than men (World Bank, 2012). The figure for India is based on the assumption that all employed workers with missing information on paying social contributions work in the informal sector. Informality rates for China, Morocco, the Russian Federation and TUnisia are missing given the unavailability of comparable data on social security contributions and business registration.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|missing contributions unavailability compared span|8.398454|4.344296|5.48894
3444|Rural areas generally face higher costs of service because they have less dense networks, meaning that more infrastructures needs to be built and operated to serve the same number of people. Other factors affecting the cost of service include the quality of the water source (and thus the cost of treating the raw water to obtain drinkable quality), the type of technology applied and additional service elements (such as the level of water quality monitoring or the quality of customer service). In some cases, the organization of the sector can be a major factor in determining the cost of service provision: fragmentation of service provision in rural areas among a large number of small services providers prevents achieving economies of scale and results in higher average cost of service provision.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|service cost quality provision water|1.6835375|7.343972|2.4827065
3445|For example, income grants reduce the need for workers to send remittances to their families, thus increasing the wage available for their own consumption, or for skills upgrading. This, in turn, could increase productivity through better health and human resources outcomes. Higher productivity will increase overall output and labour demand. If a basic income grant is successful in boosting long-term growth, the fiscal burden of the transfer would be reduced. The issue of whether a basic income grant can serve as a key intervention for poverty reduction has been debated in the case of South Africa. According to them, taxpayers will oppose financing universal programmes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|grant income productivity basic oppose|7.1547484|5.8458323|4.4738946
3446|Both approaches were concerned with investment planning and both (albeit to different degrees) recognized that expanding output ahead of demand would give rise to further complementary investments and innovations. This was particularly true of infrastructure investments, given the significant indivisibilities those involved. Indeed, the two theories began w ith the challenge of a divergence between social and private returns, employed much the same conceptual framework - indivisibilities, externalities, increasing returns, complementarities in supply and demand - and acknowledged a central role for the state.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|returns investments divergence demand theories|3.883058|3.9491842|2.0471406
3447|Across OECD countries the range of treatments that the practitioner can employ varies. For example, in treating depression, most primary care practitioners in OECD countries can initiate and adjust prescription of antidepressants, and in most countries this includes both tri-cyclics and SSRIs. In some countries, for example Korea, primary care practitioners are not allowed to prescribe SSRIs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|practitioners countries prescribe primary practitioner|10.21853|8.818468|1.6523246
3448|It stresses that sexual violence should be excluded from any amnesty provisions in a peace process and that equal access to justice should be ensured for victims of sexual violence. The subsequent follow-up resolutions have focused on preventing and responding to conflict-related sexual violence, and called for, inter alia, the appointment of a special representative on sexual violence in conflict, a team of experts and women protection advisers to advise Governments and peacekeeping missions in dealing with sexual violence. Resolution 1325 (2000) referred to the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women and children, while at the same time acknowledging that women are not mere victims of conflict, but also active agents with an important role to play in conflict prevention, peacekeeping initiatives, conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts.77 This was an important departure from references to women as victims or vulnerable groups.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|conflict sexual violence victims resolution|10.111032|5.0068526|7.6103516
3449|This leads to a reassessment of the magnitude of welfare states and to a greater similarity in social expenditure-to-GDP ratios across countries. Figure 5 suggests that countries obtain a similar redistributive impact through drastically different size and progressivity combinations (Figure 4, panel B). For instance, in Portugal and the United States transfers attain about the same reduction in inequality but for different reasons.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|similarity drastically states progressivity figure|6.820254|5.2210436|4.427919
3450|Thus the NEET include unemployed and discouraged young people as well as those who are considered to be out of the labour force or inactive (OECD, 2010). It is calculated as the sum of youth in all types of employment as a share of the labour force. The status groups are separated by the types of economic risk they represent and the amount of time spent working. Vulnerable employment is a measure of people who are employed under relatively precarious circumstances as indicated by the status in employment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment force types status discouraged|8.281532|4.105211|4.1835146
3451|These countries not only have large proportions of students performing at the highest levels of reading proficiency, but also relatively few students at the lower proficiency levels. Countries where the impact of socio-economic background on reading skills is high include New Zealand, France, Austria and Hungary (Figure 7.9).6 Like reading skills, civic competencies too are strongly influenced by socio-economic background. Equity in Learning Opportunities and Outcomes. Among OECD countries, the reading gap amounts to 39 score points, equivalent to more than half a proficiency level or one year of schooling.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reading proficiency background socio skills|9.514116|2.532808|3.328845
3452|To achieve this goal, universal policies and those focusing on the most marginalized must work in tandem. The sustained involvement of gender equality advocates will be critical to turn promises into progress for women and girls on the ground. Comprised of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 169 targets and 232 indicators, it aims to address the economic, social, environmental and political dimensions of sustainable development in a comprehensive and integrated way.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|promises tandem sustainable comprised advocates|9.210515|4.376286|7.2824774
3453|Its ambitious, cross-cutting approach is farther-reaching than the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted 15 years ago, which focused on increasing official development assistance and improving a series of social indicators. Its aim is to create peaceful, better-governed and inclusive societies, with no individuals or groups left behind. Pursued in combination with UN agreements on Financing for Development and combating climate change, the UN Global Goals set the stage to integrate national, regional and international efforts to promote sustainable development. Goal 9 is to ‘Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation'.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|development inclusive goals promote peaceful|2.5733316|4.3647933|1.6749125
3454|Commonwealth countries should closely monitor this area of negotiations and take the necessary steps to ensure that they are able to benefit from the final result. This source of funding is actually a number of different sources, with funds flowing from various donors through the World Bank and other agents to countries that take action to reduce emissions from their forestry sectors. The GCF is the vehicle the Parties will use to channel the financing ($100 billion of private and public money by 2020) that was committed before the advent of the Agreement.|SDG 13 - Climate action|advent flowing gcf channel agents|1.8539376|3.7975504|1.2717121
3455|Time use data for partnered men and women aged 20 years or above who live in the same household as a spouse or cohabitating partner. Employment rates for partnered women aged 20 years and above who live in the same household as a spouse or cohabiting partner. Employment rates for Norway for partnered women between 15 to 75 years.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|partnered spouse partner years aged|9.12596|5.100071|5.382556
3456|The PNPSB includes a minimum price policy for socio-biodiversity products. As benefiting from such programmes tends to be easier in sustainable use protected areas, some producers have requested protected area status, in particular that of extractive reserve, for the areas they live and work in. The SNUC was established by Law 9985/2000 and is regulated by Decree 4340/2002.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected extractive decree benefiting requested|1.5897652|5.1514482|4.0040846
3457|On the other hand, threats of price caps or phase-outs act as deterrents to investors. This holds, in particular for nuclear power, which as a supplier of baseload power for long periods of time is dependent on the predictability of its future revenue. It is not even necessary that the threat is realised, a positive probability suffices to have investors look elsewhere.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investors outs power caps predictability|1.5945046|1.8190728|1.7241051
3458|First, it describes the main trends within educational evaluation, with particular emphasis on the expansion and diversification of evaluation and assessment procedures. Second, it reviews the contextual factors shaping the development of evaluation and assessment in school systems. More specific trends within student assessment, teacher appraisal, school evaluation, school leader appraisal and system evaluation are analysed in the respective chapter. In the last two decades, most countries have introduced a wide range of measures intended to improve evaluation and assessment at all levels from the student to the school system itself.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation assessment school appraisal trends|9.780431|1.7272757|1.4755714
3459|This may in turn spur expenditure growth and prices, excluding more vulnerable groups. Indeed, the joint reimbursements by statutory and complementary insurance plans for the same basket of medical goods limit incentives for more efficient health-care spending, as households cannot easily distinguish reimbursement rates and as some complementary contracts also cover all forms of co-payment (Table 2). Better coverage by complementary insurance plans appears to have increased demand for high-fee specialists (Dormont and Peron, 2016).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|complementary insurance plans reimbursements spur|8.531292|8.836286|1.9420868
3460|"Electric utilities (often private or quasi-public) must be involved and help with investments in recharging infrastructure, and must take a leading role in developing ""smart grid"" systems. The pay-off is that utility-level technologies will help to maximise the benefits of EVs with regards to load management. Third-party providers - i.e. companies that develop EV-related services - can help to connect the dots between the stakeholders."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|help ev quasi maximise connect|2.1139517|1.8806455|2.0965748
3461|Career mentoring is designed to support students in pursuing their post-secondary goals, including through formal connections with the high school graduates for two years after high school. Each student is assigned a Student-Rjrent Support Worker (SPSW), who monitors school attendance, academic progress and programme participation while helping the student build stable relationships with parents, teachers and other students. Pathways' financial aid, such as bus tickets and lunch vouchers, was designed to remove financial barriers that hinder school participation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school student designed tickets participation|8.984056|2.2121944|2.5704432
3462|The illegal buildings and illegal connections are responsible for damage to the sewerage system designed for a capacity of 200,000 people in the 1960s. No new wastewater infrastructure has been built to keep pace with the increasing population in Tirana, which now stands at almost one million. In the new suburbs there is no sewerage infrastructure; new buildings are equipped with septic tanks which are emptied by pumping trucks, and sludge is discharged into the sewerage system.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sewerage illegal buildings new sludge|1.6136839|6.925985|2.5524848
3463|By 2050, this share is expected to grow to about 33% (Passel, 201 l[8j). In 2009,17% of immigrant youth were white, non-Hispanic (the majority group in the overall population), 58% were of Hispanic origin and about 16% were Asian. Despite the apparent challenge of diversified classrooms, students in Canada have been excelling through their diversity; about 82% of first-generation immigrant students and 81% of native students attain baseline academic proficiency.|SDG 4 - Quality education|immigrant students attain diversified classrooms|9.886812|2.55337|3.123575
3464|It must be implemented, monitored, reviewed and evaluated. Municipalities have an important role to play in communicating consistent criteria for language learning. Every municipality should have an action plan for language learning in line with the overall Ministerial policy and a consultant or coordinator for migrant education who can give consistent guidance to school leaders and help share good practices between schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language consistent learning consultant communicating|10.019551|2.60935|2.4767735
3465|A statement was made by the observer for the European Union. A statement was also made by the representative of FAO. Statements were also made by the observer for the International Union of Forest Research Organizations, as well as the representatives of the farmers and small forest landowners major group and the non-governmental organizations major group. The Forum considered agenda item 8 at its 5th to 9th meetings, on 7, 13 and 14 May 2015.|SDG 15 - Life on land|observer statement organizations union forest|1.5673227|4.679939|3.678598
3466|Data are available from the FAOSTAT database (FAO, 2017d). As FAO statistics lack data on post-consumer (recycled) wood supply and use, an example is presented for European countries based on data from the European Panel Federation. Data are available from the FAOSTAT-Forestry database (FAO, 2017d) and 2000 was used as a base year for the index.|SDG 15 - Life on land|faostat fao data database european|1.4466448|4.7333746|3.8181212
3467|Third, since the principle of the rubric as a tool for formative assessment was new to teachers, they were invited to experiment with this method during training sessions through exercises on stylised rubrics specifically created for that purpose. Co-ordinators reported that this process proved very useful to build teachers' comprehension of the project's tools and methods. Co-ordinators therefore planned the intervention as a system of steps intended to support teachers' acquisition of new knowledge and tools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ordinators teachers tools rubric experiment|9.401045|1.5616575|1.408087
3468|An important ongoing effect is the increased miniaturisation of electronics. Despite a large increase in unit sales of TVs, monitors, laptops, and tablets, the total amount of 'electronics' and, thus gold content, is rapidly declining. However, recovering a larger range of more diluted materials poses future recycling challenges.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|electronics tablets recovering gold poses|0.69251513|3.798271|3.0687768
3469|This fact, coupled with Korea’s underdeveloped primary care infrastructure perhaps goes some way toward explaining Korea’s high volumes of potentially avoidable admissions for certain chronic conditions. Korea has a moderately high prevalence rate for diabetes and it also has a high admission rate for uncontrolled diabetes. In this regard Figure 3.5 suggests that Korea’s admission volumes for uncontrolled diabetes are considerably higher than expected, even after adjusting for diabetes prevalence.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diabetes korea uncontrolled admission volumes|9.25898|9.030658|1.9249183
3470|The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) implies establishment of monitoring programmes for assessment, enabling the state and impact of the marine waters to be evaluated on a regular basis. Recently, several marine litter activities have been initiated parallel with the implementation of EU MSFD in Europe and thereby also in some of the Nordic countries, i.e. Sweden, Denmark and Finland. In Norway and Iceland, although not members of EU, national management plans for the marine environment in these countries also include many of the same important elements as in the EU MSFD and also targeting marine litter. For the other Nordic countries that are not EU Member States, i.e. Faroe Islands and Greenland, marine litter can also be relevant for their national marine management plans, although it is not at the moment targeted as a specific element within these plans.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine litter eu plans nordic|0.04559989|5.640658|5.8178477
3471|There is also a small negative gap in the probability of being currently employed. This gap should however be contrasted with the positive gap in the share of the working life spent in paid jobs, estimated at 6.9 percentage points in the case of males and at 3.7 percentage points in the case of females. Overall, the evidence we have on different ISCED levels suggests that vocational education does not perform as well as academic education when earnings are concerned, and performs slightly better than academic education when employability measures are considered.|SDG 4 - Quality education|gap academic points education percentage|9.033722|4.278205|5.508326
3472|This shows an example of a gender gap for STEM education in line with the male bias noted above, in figure 3.8 for tertiary education. Closing the gender gap in tertiary education needs to factor in the strategic opportunity that graduating from STEM fields represents for African women and girls, as well as the overall benefits to the economy as a whole. Ethiopia has made good progress while narrowing inequalities, and although it remains far from the target, it is advancing towards the goal.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stem tertiary education gap graduating|9.36538|3.724603|5.9040103
3473|Assessing whether adaptation measures contribute to reducing a country’s exposure and vulnerability to climate change requires aggregating information horizontally across climate-sensitive sectors, as well as vertically across different levels of government. Another important spatial dimension is that of transboundary climate risks, which can be unintentionally imported or exported across countries, for instance through international business supply chains or trade. There are emerging examples of climate risk monitoring at the transnational river basin level.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate aggregating horizontally vertically transnational|1.3604764|4.9227533|1.7857696
3474|Sons, daughters, and parental behaviour', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(3): 340-356. Child deprivation, multidimensional poverty and monetary poverty in Europe', Office of Research Working Paper 2012-02. Issues in the measurement of poverty', The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 81 (2): 285-307. Material Deprivation Among Children'.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty deprivation sons scandinavian daughters|7.2992177|6.4492016|5.1532483
3475|These include marginal abatement cost curve analysis, options analysis, impact assessments, cost-benefit analysis, and multi-criteria analysis. However, information and data constraints can limit their application. In particular, limited evidence and knowledge to provide good appraisals and identify market failures and barriers as well as inherent uncertainties in appraising climate adaptation projects are cited as key barriers to identifying effective projects ex-ante. Such methodologies can help to direct allocation of future climate finance to projects and programmes with the highest overall results (for example, the UK’s DFID/DECC Greenhouse Gas Appraisal Guidance and the World Bank Source Book).|SDG 13 - Climate action|analysis projects barriers appraisals dfid|1.5548465|4.369103|1.293818
3476|The forestry sector is also important: the formal forestry sector is estimated to contribute more than USD 600 billion, or 0.9% of the world’s GDP, and provide employment to 13.2 million people (FAO, 2014). Concurrently, forests, particularly in the tropics, provide habitat to 80% of global terrestrial species and a variety of ecosystem services (UN SPF, 2017). Fisheries play an important role for food security and nutrition, and fishery trade is especially important for developing nations, in some cases accounting for more than half of the total value of traded commodities (FAO, 2014).|SDG 15 - Life on land|forestry fao important terrestrial provide|1.5554057|4.622333|3.87889
3477|Furthermore, also prior to the reform the participation rate of French mothers with young children was already quite high compared to most other OECD countries. Org/10.1016/i.iPubeco.2014.12.013: Geyer, J., P. Haan and K. Wrohlich (2015), “The Effects of Family Policy on Maternal Labor Supply: Combining Evidence from a Structural Model and a Quasi-experimental Approach”, Labour Economics, Vol. An Evaluation of a French Reform of Childcare Subsidies”, Labour Economics, Vol.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|french vol economics reform quasi|9.116421|5.223892|5.392033
3478|Exports of major items, such as garments and rice, also softened amid increased competition driven by Myanmar’s liberalization and Viet Nam’s engagement in free trade agreements. Reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers under the ASEAN Economic Community should be used as an opportunity to accelerate economic diversification, especially because the role of garment exports in driving the economy may not be as strong as in the past. In August 2015, the Government launched a new industrial development policy that is aimed at expanding the industrial base beyond garments and food processing to such areas as machinery and electrical equipment assembly and agro-industrial production. To realize such a development, it will be important to attract FDI into higher value-added sectors and channel more credit to upgrade the industrial sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|industrial garments tariff exports garment|4.7997155|4.598077|3.8886034
3479|While this outcome represents a major challenge for employment policy, particularly in the context of increasing pressures for fiscal consolidation, it is better than might have been expected given how sharply output fell (see Section 2). Comparing unemployment rate trajectories during this and previous recessions0. For certain countries, these may differ from the harmonised unemployment data used in Figure 1.2.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment trajectories harmonised sharply consolidation|7.389129|4.5923266|4.134075
3480|This is the ultimate goal of sophisticated private sector management for sustainability. Corporate and government strategies that help to restore natural capital can help to enhance livelihoods and earn the respect and support of local communities. Community support can also be achieved through a focus on this, as described in a previous section of this chapter.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|help restore ultimate sophisticated earn|1.8762027|5.011278|3.4348564
3481|The CICC has been an important driver of policy development on climate and has engaged the main ministries in this area. In 2005, for example, SEMARNAT’s General Directorate of Environmental Information and Statistics established a National System of Environmental Indicators (SNIA) covering terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems, among others. It comprises a set of 49 indicators of environmental performance plus three key headline indicators.|SDG 15 - Life on land|indicators environmental headline semarnat terrestrial|1.1281303|4.701072|1.9320036
3482|In contrast, finance channelled through the national budgetary processes is non-earmarked, and therefore its allocation is less transparent than finance disbursed through extra-budgetary channels14. According to recipient countries and supporters, applying a budget code to track climate related expenditures across all sectors can help to increase transparency and accountability of finance, but the majority of countries do not yet have a tracking system in place. One example is the establishment of a climate fund portal to operate within the budgetary system, as an experimental mechanism to manage climate finance inflows.|SDG 13 - Climate action|budgetary finance climate supporters disbursed|1.5314561|3.8557963|0.6767184
3483|"One of the main goals of these strategies has been to increase the growth and productivity of the business community - and to make it easier and cheaper to establish digital infrastructure. Such regional examples can be found throughout the Nordic Region. For instance, Region Norrbotten in northern Sweden initiated a project called ""Platform Lumiora"" in cooperation with the municipalities of Norrbotten, Norrbotten County Council and IT Norrbotten, with the aim of speeding up the expansion of high-speed Internet in the region. Also, Region Holland, located on Sweden's west coast, has developed a strategy for the cross-border expansion of high-speed broadband to ensure that 100% of households in rural areas will be offered a fibre connection."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|region speed expansion sweden speeding|4.7548733|3.4036324|1.5125661
3484|A negative attestation decision leads to the suspension of the school’s license. The attestation report contains a list of the violations found and sometimes identifies the liable individuals within the school. While the focus of the report is an account of the violations to the regulations, it generally also contains a range of recommendations for the improvement of school pedagogical practices.|SDG 4 - Quality education|violations contains school report suspension|9.764275|1.8899703|1.5240154
3485|Targets under Goal 6 make specific references to equitable access to water and sanitation. Target 6.1 calls countries to achieve by 2030 universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. Target 6.2 calls countries to achieve by 2030 access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|equitable calls sanitation access achieve|1.7207062|6.20248|2.0698245
3486|If appropriate and co-ordinated follow-up is provided after discharges, patients are not usually re-admitted to hospital within 30 days. A high rate of unplanned re-admissions is therefore an indicator of the quality of several dimensions of the mental health system. In order to monitor quality of mental health care and mental health system performance, unplanned 30 day hospital re-admission rates are used by organisations in various OECD countries such as the Canadian Institute for Health Information, the Care Quality Commission in the United Kingdom and the National Mental Health Performance Monitoring System in the United States.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health unplanned hospital quality|10.338552|8.96625|1.8313193
3487|In addition to the reinforcement and extension of the grid, the need to cover strongly varying residual load would not only continue to generate long-run adequacy costs but also impose added ramp costs on dispatchable operators. The latter have not been accounted for explicitly in this study due to data issues but have been qualitatively discussed in the context of load following of nuclear plants and should not be neglected in a more complete analysis. For instance in California, where peak demand is reached in the middle of the day due to air conditioning, solar power, which reaches its maximum contribution with some regularity during almost the same hours, has a relatively high capacity credit (this rather favourable situation in California and the south-western United States cannot be extrapolated to the rest of the United States).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|california load qualitatively ramp reinforcement|1.4722748|1.3296226|1.8581802
3488|In effect, the frequency and percentage of individuals that go through different judicial processes and use legal services are not the same for men and w'omen. International evidence suggests that civil and family matters are likely to be the most relevant for women. New Zealand, for example, provides sex-disaggregated data in its Family Court Statistics, w'hich show that in 2007, 91% of applicants requesting protection orders against violence were female, 61% of applicants requesting custody of children were female, 62% of applicants requesting the division of property were female and 51% of applicants requesting one-partv dissolution of marriage or civil union were female.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|requesting applicants female civil family|9.987819|5.054447|7.3112493
3489|"Statement at a joint hearing ofthe Committee on Commerce and Committee on Foreign Relations ofthe US Senate by A.J. Parkinson from the Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services, on the Arctic Human Health Initiative, 26 September, 2006. Tuberculosis in Canada 2006, Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. Suicide among Indigenosu Sami in Arctic Norway, 1970-1988"", European Journal of Epidemiology No.9 September 2006."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|arctic ofthe september committee canada|9.7182255|8.678033|3.0595999
3490|Improvements in health coverage as measured by access to services is demonstrated in some key metrics, such as reductions in unmet health care needs, reductions in waiting times for an appointment, and increased perceptions of quality by service users (Figures 1.12, 2.2 and 1.13 respectively). As with extension of financial protection, improved access to services has mostly benefited the poorest Colombians: reported unmet health care needs in the past month fell from 33.2% surveyed in 1993 to 2.0% in 2013 (compared to 7.3% and 0.9% respectively amongst the richest quintile) and preventive health care consultations (in the 12 months prior to being surveyed) rose from 30.1% of the population surveyed in 1993 to 62.8% in 2010 (compared to 50.2% and 78.9% respectively amongst the richest quintile). The vast majority of these health system contacts (85%) were in the ambulatory care sector (MSPS, 2013a). Reassuringly, only 15% of health system contacts involved complex emergency care and/or hospital admissions, which suggests that the system as a whole is not adversely biased tow'ard hospital care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care surveyed health respectively contacts|8.61724|8.738643|2.287957
3491|Consistent with Sweden’s culture of local empowerment, trust and shared values, this agenda is not nationally mandated. The responsibility for continuing professional education for all employed medical staff rests with the employers, i.e. county councils, municipalities and private providers. It is unclear whether these ad hoc, local arrangements offer adequate opportunities for up-skilling GPs and other primary care staff, including in providing and co-ordinating care for the growing volume and complexity of physical and mental health needs of an ageing population.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|staff skilling rests care local|9.423404|8.995005|1.7653235
3492|The SERCs are responsible for specifying the renewable percentages in their states. Renewable generators receive a higher tariff for electricity sold to the distribution companies. The tariffs are being set by the SERCs following guidelines from the CERC. So far, 21 states have introduced renewable quotas between 1% and 14% for 2010/11 (MNRE, 2010b).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable specifying states percentages generators|1.7437311|1.7798041|1.9134111
3493|Aid has frequently been provided for with non-economic objectives, such as emergency assistance following disaster relief, or for political or geostrategic reasons. During the Cold War, billions of dollars of aid supported corrupt and tyrannical dictators such as Joseph Mobutu of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Jean-Bedel Bokassa of the Central African Republic. In other cases, aid may have had a negative effect on growth through ‘Dutch Disease’ effects - where inflows of capital reduce the competitiveness of the export sector through the appreciation of exchange rates. More generally, the cross-section ‘aid and growth’ literature is bedevilled by all the econometric problems associated with the ‘trade and growth’ literature, to which we referred earlier.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|aid literature growth republic corrupt|5.4067183|4.9677153|4.215885
3494|Some countries also report more specific objectives for some parts of the housing sector. Objectives for the social rental sector, for example, include reducing its construction and running costs (Denmark); improving its regulation (the Czech Republic); or enabling a more diverse range of providers (New Zealand). The phenomenon is significant in other OECD and key partner countries as well: around 30% of the urban population lives in slums in in India and Brazil, 23% in Indonesia and South Africa and 19% in Mexico (see UN Millennium Development Goals Database, 2014). Due to rapid urbanization in developing countries, the number of slum dwellers is projected to grow in the coming years (UN-Habitat, 2014) and eradication of urban slums by 2020 has been included by the United Nations among the targets of the UN Millennium Development Goals (Target 11 of Goal 7).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|slums millennium goals objectives urban|4.4900765|5.1643343|2.2685232
3495|This is known as infill development. However, while infill development is allowed in Chilean cities, private-sector developers, which account for 80% of urban investment, tend to find greater returns on investment in undeveloped land outside urban cores. One important tool is to increase the flexibility of zoning, in part through conditional planning.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|infill undeveloped cores urban investment|3.9904857|5.495067|1.6583802
3496|Consequently these challenges cannot be solved by unilateral actions confined within national borders. A mechanism that guides concerted action at the global level is required. Global governance can serve as an effective tool in addressing global sustainability issues that require governance across national borders. The key function of global governance is coordination across various dimensions. The objective of this framework is to identify coordination issues in each of these dimensions as part of the design of global governance on sustainability issues. As a case study, the global governance of agri-food is examined, with particular attention to the problems of securing the quantity and quality of food.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|governance global borders issues coordination|4.04685|5.3465533|3.9986212
3497|The following section examines the role of incentives in promoting the cost containment role of primary care. A concluding section discusses the broader alignment of health system design with that objective, and the policy implications. In this domain, the prime role of primary care might take the form of conventional disease prevention activities, such as vaccination programmes, or influencing behavioural change aimed at reducing the risk of future disease.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|role disease section primary vaccination|8.793848|8.934962|1.8755666
3498|As a result, women are highly under-represented in most security system institutions. In order to achieve equitable representation of men and women, measures need to be implemented to increase the recruitment, retention and advancement of women and other under-represented groups. Full participation also entails consulting with men and women on security and justice issues and involving both men and women in effective civil society oversight.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women men represented security consulting|10.15426|4.769899|7.5232215
3499|About 39.9 per cent of the women workers were employed as skilled agricultural and fisheries workers in 2011-2012 as against 28.1 per cent of men workers (Table 9-1). Though 8.3 per cent of men workers in 2011-2012 were legislators, senior officials and managers, only 3.8 per cent of the women workers were in that category. The place of work of about 34.9 per cent of women workers in 2011-2012, as against 11.4 per cent of men, was own dwelling or adjacent areas (Table 10-1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|workers cent men women table|8.906285|4.3675504|5.6624475
3500|But they succeeded because of the time and effort they invested in educating teachers and fostering peer collaboration. At the end of the process, they not only obtained reliable student-performance data, but teachers also had a good understanding of the nature of the assessment and how students responded to the different tasks. Perhaps most important, teachers had a better sense of how teachers in other classrooms and other schools were grading similar student work.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers student grading educating succeeded|9.544438|1.6171579|1.7674484
3501|In most of the EAC countries, judicial officers handle cases of sexual and gender-based violence according to laws relevant to the acts specifically charged. A number of relevant cases have been identified and appear in the annex to this paper. Kenya makes mention of ‘forced marriage’ in the definitive part of Protection against Domestic Violence Act under section 4 but it does not create an offence of ‘forced marriage.’|SDG 5 - Gender equality|forced marriage violence relevant cases|9.895798|5.378391|7.392538
3502|There is a uniform rate nationwide whatever the quality objective or diluting capacity of receiving waters (OECD, 2008c). Under the principle of compensation recognised under Korean law, revenues collected from downstream beneficiaries are used to compensate upstream residents for losses due to land use regulation, an important step towards truly integrated water and land management at the river basin level. In the EU and the United States, farmers are paid for a variety of environmental stewardship measures, including reducing nitrate contamination. While these have been primarily funded through public budget allocation - implicitly recognising society as a whole as a beneficiary - it is possible to design alternative funding mechanisms with specific fees or levies on water bills, fees for recreational uses or fisheries and levies on flood plain dwellers, so as to allocate costs more directly to direct beneficiaries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|levies beneficiaries fees plain land|1.5937648|7.376994|2.3612459
3503|"Hard"" conditionalities have had positive effects on children’s school enrolment in some contexts,51 but in others the results of conditional transfers for children are often no better than unconditional ones52 or are associated with the existence and quality of public services.55 Moreover, women’s time and efforts to meet conditionalities bring no additional social benefits.54 The loss in women’s well-being imposed by conditionalities can be greater than the cash benefit, as evidenced in the case of Guatemala.55 This provides support for the removal of conditionalities. Where sex-disaggregated data exist, statistics show that coverage for women is lower. This is particularly the case in countries with contributory pension systems, as women’s low and intermittent formal employment patterns make them less able than men to make payroll contributions.58 In contributory pension systems, a way of recognizing unpaid care and domestic work is through credits."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|conditionalities contributory women pension make|8.651988|5.2283936|5.6363273
3504|In many cases, the principle of equality between men and women is enshrined in the national Constitution and overrides any contrary customary practice. An agricultural holding is an economic unit of agricultural production under single management. Percentages of women and men holders by country do not always sum to 100 in case of e.g. joint holdings or unreported gender.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|enshrined unreported men agricultural holdings|9.088933|4.634299|6.8369894
3505|Costa Rica also has the National Observatory for Human Resources in Health (Observatorio Nacional de Recursos Humanos en Salud) to monitor workforce trends and support dialogue between professional associations, the Ministry of Health, the CCSS, private employers, academics, and other stakeholders. However, existing estimates are built mainly on feasibility (CCSS concerns regarding training “space”) or political (Colegio Medico) considerations, rather than a forecast of anticipated needs and demands, and a simulation of the necessary profiles and possible reform scenarios that would lead to a set of human resources better suited to resolve main challenges in the system, such as the long waiting lists for health services. For each indicator, a national target is set.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ccss health human salud set|9.12088|8.751419|2.4575894
3506|The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatoiy Agency (MHRA) as an executive agency of the Department of Health (DH) to enforce the regulations relating to the safety of medicines and medical devices in the UK. The Governments of the devolved nations then work closely with the MHRA For example, The Northern Ireland Adverse Incident Centre acts as a regional centre for reporting and investigating adverse incidents involving medical devices and nonmedical equipment, while MHRA's alerts to NHS Wales are made through the Welsh Government’s Public Health Alert System. Its powers include conducting reviews and carrying out inspections and investigations, and reporting on arrangements by statutory bodies for the purpose of monitoring and improving the quality of the health and personal social services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicines devices adverse medical agency|9.143643|9.590269|1.5978217
3507|Expenditures on other cash benefits share a positive association with child poverty rates (columns 2 and 3), which suggests a reverse causality effect, that is countries with higher child poverty rates tend to spend higher amounts on other cash benefits, all else being equal. Concentrating on associations with changes in expenditure on social cash transfers, columns 4 to 6 of Table D 1 suggest that, ceteris paribus, many social cash transfers frequently share no real clear and systematic association with changes in relative child poverty rates over time. Given a certain level of pre-transfer child poverty, changes in per head spending on unemployment benefits, on parental leave benefits, on family allowances, on incapacity, and on other cash benefits share no clear and significant association with changes in the relative child poverty rates.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cash child benefits poverty association|7.484519|5.922547|4.5873895
3508|Conditions for investments for energy companies might be more favourable in urban areas because the average income, electricity consumption and population densities in cities are generally higher than in rural populations and because infrastructure is partly developed. Solutions for rural populations will differ in many cases from urban solutions and may require building of demand and infrastructure. Slums in adjacent to urban areas, although decreasing in relative numbers, continue to expand and are increasing in absolute numbers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|urban solutions populations numbers rural|2.3587067|1.9919769|2.5569897
3509|"A contact for a patient who is admitted as a day-care patient, but then due to a complication is retained, should be re-classified as an inpatient case, where feasible. A day patient (or ""same-day patient”) is usually admitted and then discharged after staying between 3 and 8 hours on the same day. Services for non-admitted patients that are extended to formal admission for day-care are considered as day care."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|day patient admitted care retained|9.229508|8.858468|1.655541
3510|Thus, even if a given payment to farmers were to be designed so as to have the smallest conceivable static effects on production (e.g. a lump sum payment without any relation to given outputs or inputs), it is still likely to induce additional production because of its risk effect. Perhaps one of the more surprising results was that risk effects, often disregarded in policy debates, can be significant in quantitative terms, in some cases even larger than the traditional relative price effects. One implication of the analysis of risk effects is that insurance subsidies and other measures intended to reduce the variability of farm revenue or income may have strong impacts on production and trade. It was also found that policies that have the effect of smoothing the variability of domestic prices relative to fluctuations of world prices may have a large impact in increasing the variability of world prices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|variability effects prices risk production|3.457253|5.548029|3.9047017
3511|Jordan’s National Agenda 2006-15 sets an objective to increase women's share of employment to 20%. Egypt’s Sixth Five-Year Plan 2007 to 2012 sets a target to increase the female labour force participation rate to 25%. Qatar’s National Development Strategy 2011-16 aims to raise the female labour force participation rate to 42% by 2016 by changing public perceptions of the role of women in the workplace, in trade and industry, and society as a whole, and encouraging women to assume leadership roles. A number of ministerial strategies include provisions for increasing women's participation in entrepreneurial activity. As examples, the Jordanian Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation’s Executive Development Programme 2011-2013 reinforces the role of women in the economy by including a focus on upgrading women’s vocational and entrepreneurial skills and facilitating their access to finance. In Kuwait, the UNDP-sponsored “Economic Empowerment of Kuwait Women” project, run through the Ministry of Social Affairs, has a component to promote entrepreneurship and to help women start their own businesses.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women kuwait entrepreneurial participation sets|9.102812|3.4768412|6.663181
3512|While areas at risk of forest fires may be less easy to organise into zones, decisions to extend urban boundary limits would do well to take into account whether this would extend development into zones of fire risk. One important reform would be to increase the flexibility of zoning, in part through conditional planning. Another would be to create greater incentives for infill development and mixed use, both of which are permitted but perhaps not adequately incentivised. Better enabling infill development would also help address concerns about the availability of developable land within urban boundaries.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|infill extend zones incentivised development|3.909265|5.47692|1.7170085
3513|Both of these figures suggest a more intensive use of hospital resources in Latvia compared to the OECD average. The number of inpatient procedures, however, is generally lower than the OECD average. For example, there were 106 hip replacement surgeries and 46 knee replacement surgeries per 100 000 population in Latvia, compared with the OECD average of 161 and 121 respectively in 2013. This may signal a lack of access due to actual services (as opposed to the hospital infrastructure) because of the annual quota system discussed earlier.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|latvia replacement hospital average oecd|9.093419|8.880593|2.1180584
3514|It also benchmarks OECD countries in relation to their CVD and diabetes lifestyle rankings. The majority of CVD is caused by risk factors that can be controlled, treated or modified. These risk factors include high blood pressure, cholesterol, obesity, lack of physical activity, tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption. For example, estimates suggest that around 54% of the fall in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality can be explained by risk-factor improvements.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cvd risk factors cholesterol rankings|9.152444|9.149019|2.8882434
3515|For instance, according to Eurobarometer data, half of Latvian workers who report carrying out undeclared work state that a reason for doing so is that both parties benefit from such an arrangement (European Commission, 2014b). Since opportunities for employers and employees to collude do exist, balanced and credible legal consequences for both employers and workers should become part of the strategy to make misreporting and evasion less attractive and less socially acceptable. Financial and legal consequences can also be tailored to the type of misreporting (for instance, fines should not apply to employees working unpaid overtime).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employees employers consequences legal instance|8.064427|4.4549184|4.3490024
3516|"It does so by measuring the extent to which RFMOs apply best practices against IUU fishing and pointing to the remaining gaps. Information gathered from RFMOs' resolutions and recommendations introducing conservation and management measures (CMMs), other publicly available sources and direct communication with RFMOs"" secretariats was analysed and summarised into five indicators reflecting the most important management tools targeting IUU fishing at the disposal of RFMOs. Indicators show overall progress among RFMOs, but discrepancies remain, suggesting scope for improvement by learning from best performers."|SDG 14 - Life below water|rfmos iuu fishing best indicators|-0.12009095|5.536466|6.705085
3517|Exclusionary and fear-based politics are deepening societal divisions and breeding conflict and instability; millions are being forcibly displaced due to violent conflicts and humanitarian catastrophes. Amid global socio-economic and political turmoil, not only is gender equality out or reach but women's rights are facing renewed resistance from different kinds of fundamentalism. Civic space is shrinking and women's human rights defenders are facing threats and persecution by both state and non-state actors.'|SDG 5 - Gender equality|facing rights amid deepening divisions|9.892653|5.0293317|7.3873014
3518|Roelen, Gassmann, and de Neubourg (2011)28 compare child poverty outcomes in Vietnam on the basis of an absolute monetary approach with a country-specific multidimensional approach that aims to be a direct measure of child poverty beyond economic resources. The degree of overlap between the two methods of identification was found to be limited. The analysis also reveals that targeting of policies on the basis of monetary poverty potentially has unfavourable effects for those identified as multidimensionally poor, and vice versa.|SDG 1 - No poverty|monetary poverty basis child neubourg|6.9221563|6.5285044|5.1694574
3519|Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) and academia could contribute, be it only to reflect the interests of the “unheard voices” (such as the environment). An independent review, commissioned by and reporting to ministers, could help shed better light on relative and absolute efficiency, accountability and oversight for the full breadth of water services. This includes ensuring that those who generate liabilities with regards to water management also bear the costs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|liabilities breadth academia voices shed|1.1909635|7.033273|1.6060997
3520|The Federal Budget Law 2013 comprises detailed regulations on outcome-oriented administration including the consideration of the objective of effective equality of women and men. In the future, equality aspects will explicitly be a factor throughout the management cycle of administrative action, from planning to implementation to evaluation. In a subsequent step, these federal authorities have to define concrete measures (outputs) and indicators in order to realise and monitor the respective gender equality outcome. Furthermore, § 41 of the Federal Budget Law 2013 and the Regulation on the presentation of information on outcome orientation in the Annual Federal Budget Statement and the Explanatory Budget Documents regulate the details of gender budgeting application regarding outcomes, outputs and indicators.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|federal budget outcome equality outputs|9.690921|3.8803108|7.6447277
3521|The companies may be subject to inspections by CAR authorities to verify compliance with these conditions. In the chemicals sector, companies voluntarily participating in Responsible Care, described below, are expected to follow the guidelines on accident prevention specified in this programme. The CCS and ARLs assist companies by providing reference materials for dealing with occupational and environmental safety of factories.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|companies verify ccs factories voluntarily|1.3885775|6.365861|1.8488334
3522|In Atyrau, for example, the average class size of small-class and other schools is about the same and the average size of small-class schools (134 students) almost doubles the national average. By contrast, small-class schools in Kyzylorda only have 34 students on average, which more than halves the national average, and classes are on average four times smaller than in other schools. This suggests that Kyzylorda applies stricter criteria to classify a school as a small-class one.|SDG 4 - Quality education|class average kyzylorda schools small|9.51711|1.9789932|2.604583
3523|It can be concluded that the inertia in the response processes following changes in a given habitat and at a given site may distort the picture of species of plants and invertebrates expected to be present at the site or in the habitat. With an increase in field size, the actual amount of non-arable, small-scale habitats such as field edges, hedges and wild corners of the fields will decrease. Together with other small-scale farmland habitats, field edges, hedges and field corners that are left without regular cultivation make up a network of small, natural habitats that have profound effect for the occurrence and distribution of biodiversity in the farmland landscape.|SDG 15 - Life on land|field habitats farmland habitat site|1.7204237|5.286324|4.0301785
3524|The rate increases over time; eventually, enough organisations have adopted the innovation, making the rate of adoption self-sustaining. Closely related to this is the demand side: citizens are expected to take up the new modes of service delivery. Ordinarily, where there are no supply-side constraints across geographical regions, again an s-curve is expected to represent the innovation uptake rate among citizens (Figure 5.1).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|rate citizens innovation expected sustaining|5.189042|3.2822864|2.3696449
3525|From the middle of the 20th century to today, there have been drastic changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations and dynamics in many marine areas. Currently there are over 500 hypoxic systems covering over 240 000 km2 around the globe related to human activities. The great future challenge will be to integrate agriculture and other land based activates with aquaculture in a manner that addresses the multiple needs of humans but also protects ecosystem services and function that humans depend on.|SDG 14 - Life below water|humans hypoxic protects dissolved drastic|0.20496216|6.0810947|6.119987
3526|However, two respondents pointed to promising results from the lung cancer programme, which indicated that genomic analysis of tumours was likely to prove beneficial in guiding therapy; while one observed that a personalised medicine approach was already being implemented in a number of areas including treatment of HIV and prescription of anticoagulants and tamoxifen. The benefits that respondents expected to accrue from such work include improved safety and efficacy through genomic stratification, leading to reduction in healthcare costs, with the expectation that innovation in healthcare should ultimately be cost-neutral. In addition, one respondent suggested that work in stratified medicine was driven by political expectations that leadership in healthcare innovation would help to bring with it national economic development and growth. Other drivers mentioned by respondents included the role of researchers, the availability of new biobanking and genome screening technologies, and the political power of patient organisations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|healthcare respondents genomic medicine innovation|8.566916|9.387777|2.4884512
3527|Geojournal, 67(1): 41 -55; J.A. Yaro. A study of livelihood activities in rural northern Ghona. The Journal of Modern Atricon Studies, 44(1): 125-156; Codjoe ond Owusu, 2011 (see note 70); I. Connolly-Boutin ond B. Smil. Regional Environmental Change, 16(2): 385-399. Liveslock-in-kind credit: helping the rural poor to invest and save. Washington, DC, World Bank.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|ond rural dc livelihood save|4.3253818|5.38611|3.6907406
3528|For simplicity, the clusters of trajectories identified in the analysis are nonetheless referred to as ‘school-to-labour-market pathways’. It then presents the pathways identified by this clustering mechanism and provides descriptive evidence on the personal and household characteristics of the young persons who follow these pathways. This wording should of course not be understood as suggesting that a young person always has full control over her way into the labour market or that periods of unemployment or inactivity are necessarily voluntary.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|pathways identified young wording clustering|8.2865|4.1552186|4.076567
3529|Energy efficiency measures helped to reduce energy use worldwide. Without the 13% improvement of global energy efficiency between 2000 and 2016, global final energy use would have been 12% higher. Whereas GHG emissions present a global physical limit to increasing production with current technology and methods.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy global efficiency use helped|1.610051|2.8764887|2.4990823
3530|The authors also wish to thank the UNICEF National Committees in Australia, Canada and New Zealand for their support in accessing the relevant data sources used for the analysis. The analysis includes all the 27 European Union countries, as well as Iceland and Norway, and Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, Switzerland and United States. In particular these studies confirmed the relevance of a relative approach for understanding poverty in the context of economically advanced countries. Indeed, relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific time and space. “|SDG 1 - No poverty|zealand canada australia relative analysis|6.9180923|6.3814764|5.123911
3531|Not every centre offers every type of service, and each centre specialises in RVCC in certain fields of training or in specific qualifications. Qualifica Centres do not offer training but are often found in institutions that do. Staff in centres includes a co-ordinator, technical staff specialised in RVCC, as well as trainers or teachers specialised in the fields or qualifications for which the centre provides recognition.|SDG 4 - Quality education|centre specialised qualifications fields centres|9.124993|9.016556|1.5448034
3532|The global and African craft sector is also generally recognized to be a large employer of women and a sector that encourages female entrepreneurship (Matsinde, 2015). Such employment can provide supplementary income, for example during low farming seasons, and expand in response to demand from tourists. Globally, the tourism sector has up to twice as many female employers than any other sector. Africa follows this trend, with 30.5 per cent female employers compared with 20.8 per cent overall.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|female sector employers craft cent|8.890869|3.7658572|6.1630516
3533|The river flows between steep hills and has many rapids. It discharges into the Varangcrfjord in the Barents Sea, and is known to be good for recreational fishing, in particular of salmon. According to long-term monitoring and the Russian water quality classification, the Upper Tuloma Reservoir and the rivers Notta and Lutto can be described as slightly polluted.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|barents polluted steep salmon reservoir|0.49280107|6.940816|2.7484853
3534|This reduces the capacity of Ethiopia’s social protection system to perform a transformative role and break the inter-generational transmission of poverty. Increase access to quality social services such as education, health and other services for children and adults with special needs. Improve completion rates among primary school children. Encourage the introduction of early childhood care where such facilities do not exist.|SDG 1 - No poverty|generational children transformative break completion|7.258433|6.1826625|4.6773996
3535|Taken together, the time spent by 15-year-olds in school-based instruction and self-reported instructional time outside of school (43 hours) is slightly lower than the OECD average (44 hours). Education at a Glance 2016: OECD Indicators. Table D 1.1, liltn://dx.doi.org/10.1787/cag-2016-cn. Men account for 18% of the lower secondary education workforce and only 3% in primary education, both of which are below the OECD and EU average.|SDG 4 - Quality education|hours education oecd cn glance|9.416011|1.8981818|2.9037232
3536|The stimulus packages were biased in favour of the financial sector, which caused the crisis in the first place. In practice, the stimulus packages showed little, if any, gender sensitivity. In fact, the main components of the various stimulus packages seem to still reflect “gender stereotypes” in policy- making.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stimulus packages gender biased sensitivity|9.035666|4.573301|6.5272846
3537|Among transgender women, drug abuse, including by injection, is also common, ranging from approximately 30 per cent in the United States of America, to 42 per cent in Australia and up to 50 per cent in Portugal and Spain. Particularly vulnerable young people, such as those who are homeless, may begin injecting in their early teenage years. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent transgender injection immune deficiency|8.368692|10.146714|3.5596156
3538|Prevention is based on a health promotion strategy that involves a process to enable people to improve their health through the control over some of its immediate determinants. This includes a wide range of expected outcomes, which are covered through a diversity of interventions, organised as primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. The goal of primary preventive measures is the reduction of risks before they generate some effect, e.g. via vaccination.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|prevention primary vaccination preventive health|9.327337|9.155828|2.5835419
3539|Most CDDCs contribute modestly to anthropogenic GHG emissions but are highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change. This heterogeneity explains in part the disparate formats and ambition levels of the mitigation and adaptation commitments of these countries. Some CDDCs have committed to undertake climate change mitigation measures that could restrict their policy space for promoting economic growth and development in the short and medium terms.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cddcs mitigation modestly disparate formats|1.1867507|3.4796622|1.2693168
3540|One study projects that urban land cover in Latin America could increase by 74% by 2050 if current densities remain constant - or by up to 187% if densities were to decrease by just 1% (Angel et al., In recent decades, population growth has been fastest in the municipalities surrounding the core municipality of Puebla, even if in absolute terms the city of Puebla has still accounted for a large share of Puebla-Tlaxcala’s growth. Of these, San Martin Texmelucan is the only municipality that does not border the city of Puebla.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|puebla densities municipality city angel|4.0345416|5.651013|1.5036534
3541|Some of these cover teachers in the municipal sector only (as noted in the table). The table also shows the relative weight of each specific allowance for the “average” teacher in a municipal school in 2010 (with the RBMN forming 40.2% of the average overall salary). Country Background Report for Chile, prepared for the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|municipal table school forming average|9.828807|1.5748246|2.565235
3542|A comprehensive approach to food security needs to include investments to promote income generating activities for the poor and thus improve their ability to purchase food. Importantly, the payoff from hunger reduction in terms of economic growth can be substantial. Throughout the 1990s, the value-added per worker, in countries where 2.5% of the population was undernourished, was 20 times higher than in countries where more than 35% of the population was undernourished. Sources: www.fao.org/wsfs;www.fao.org/wsfs/fbrum2050/wsJs-forum and www.oecd.org/agriculture. In more extreme cases, production zones might shift.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|www org undernourished fao food|4.428611|5.594688|4.4005904
3543|"Recent evaluations indicate that participants are more likely to follow national food-based dietary guidelines, pay attention to nutrition labels, increase their consumption of fruits and vegetables and improve their meal planning (USDA, 2009). Such campaigns are also known as ""social marketing"" as they use commercial marketing methods to achieve the social good. This aims to raise awareness, through use of the media, about the health risks associated with overweight and obesity and the importance of nutritious diets and of physical activity for good health. The programme consists of four phases: awareness-raising; assessment of the diets and physical activity levels of children; distribution of customized ""family information packs"" and distribution of additional information to lower-income families (Croker, Lucas and Wardle, 2012)."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|diets marketing awareness activity physical|4.6652193|5.8187966|4.5870476
3544|Attention to the inter-linkages between tourism and other related policy sectors such as land use planning, infrastructure and services, environmental management, public health, education and transport has not typically been a high priority. However, there are significant long-term benefits to be gained from taking a broader inter-linked policy perspective where a range of public agencies can participate in policy discussions so that the needs of the tourism industry are incorporated into each stage in the PPRR approach. The organisation seeks to provide leadership and counsel on an individual and collective basis to over 80 government tourism agencies, 50 international airlines and a large variety of travel and tourism industry, media organisations and education and training stakeholders (PATA, 2013).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism inter agencies policy industry|6.4204865|3.8463182|2.8857067
3545|One method to induce a sensation of travelling at high speed is through the use of so called “psychological traffic calming” where road features and markings are used to create a heightened awareness of the need to slow down and/or of entry into a lower speed zone. An example of an entry treatment is the now widely used installation of a “gateway” at village or town entry as shown in Figure 6.5. One example is the study of Jamson et al. ( A major criterion used in the testing was the durability of the effect, i.e. a demonstration that it would work on repeated experience rather than wearing off after the initial encounter.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|entry speed used wearing travelling|4.2969785|5.1449394|0.02045828
3546|Its population growth is 2.5 percent per year. Forests cover 33 percent of land area; it has mixed landscapes in the uplands with interspersed trees, crops and arable land, and dense tropical forest with larger-scale agriculture in the lowlands. Guatemala is exceptionally rich in biodiversity and 70 percent of forest land comes under some form of protection. Although Guatemala is experiencing solid economic growth, poverty rates remain high and are not falling: they were estimated at 56 percent in 2000 and had risen to 59 percent in 2015.|SDG 15 - Life on land|percent guatemala land forest lowlands|1.5518857|4.568203|4.0029144
3547|The tests are based on information technology, they are self-scored (local teachers do not mark the tests, but get the results returned) and adaptive, which means they adapt to the individual student's ability during the testing process. Furthermore, teachers have an opportunity to exchange experience. The website also provides students and parents with information about the evaluation, which gives especially the parents an opportunity to understand the aim of the tests and evaluations. Teachers are obliged to write an individual student plan for every student from preschool to grade 10.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tests student teachers opportunity parents|9.641405|1.8405737|1.4902108
3548|Precipitation is high and water is stored in freshwater bodies such as lakes, groundwater aquifers and glaciers. Water, in its various forms-water, snow and ice, is a valuable asset for many economic sectors. In Finland, both surface and groundwater are used for drinking water production, but groundwater is generally preferred and its use for this purpose is expected to increase.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater water glaciers snow ice|0.62635434|6.8805466|2.9585865
3549|It is not only strongly affected by the impacts of climate change but is also a significant contributor to GHG emissions that fuel global warming. In this context it is important to note that reducing the GHG footprint of food production is a necessary condition for achieving SDG 12, which calls for ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns. Climate-smart crop management practices can have a strong impact on both agricultural GHG emissions and the resilience of the sector to climate variability. Fertilizer use and livestock production are the two main sources of GHG emissions from agriculture. In this regard, improved fertilizer management (such as timed-release fertilizers and fertilizers with nitrification inhibitors), conservation tillage, rotational grazing and altered feed composition can help reduce GHG emissions. For instance, integrated soil fertility management can increase crop productivity while reducing GHG emissions from the use of nitrogen fertilizer (Roobroeck et al.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|ghg emissions fertilizer fertilizers production|1.5148448|4.0559206|3.0588198
3550|For instance, patient surveys in both primary care and inpatient specialised care show that doctors sometimes fail to tell patients about the side effects of their medicines and warning-signs about their condition to watch out for. Based both on international comparisons and domestic patient surveys, the report identified inadequate care co-ordination as a weakness in Sweden’s health care system, particularly in relation to specific groups such as psychiatric patients and the sickest elderly. The barriers to co-ordinated care identified are reimbursement systems, vertical organisation of health care that makes it difficult to co-ordinate care processes horizontally, and lack of assistance for patients in negotiating their way through services involving multiple providers, as in care for patients with complex conditions or posthospital rehabilitation care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care patients patient surveys identified|9.275271|8.92894|1.7942357
3551|The WBCSD estimates that buildings are responsible for at least 40 per cent of energy use in most countries (WBCSD, 2008). Moreover, energy use is growing rapidly in many developing countries with booming construction sectors. Knowledge and technology are already available to reduce the increase in energy use through EE improvements of the building envelope, space heating and cooling systems, water heating systems, lighting, household appliances and business equipment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|heating energy use systems lighting|1.9182261|2.7859135|2.506363
3552|Continuous reform has reshaped the Lithuanian health system to meet health care needs more effectively and deliver health services more efficiently. Lithuania has the highest level of alcohol consumption in the EU (50% higher than the EU average) and more than one in three men report heavy alcohol consumption on a regular basis. Obesity is relatively low but increasing, particularly among adolescents. As a share of GDP, health spending has increased from 5.6% in 2005 to 6.5% in 2015 but is the sixth lowest in the EU.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu health alcohol consumption lithuanian|9.220982|9.432799|3.1714284
3553|The challenge facing ECE Region governments, forest owners and forest stakeholders is to develop and establish, in an equitable and efficient way, a transparent and objective institutional and governance system to achieve this. The challenge for other ECE countries is to support them in this effort. A necessary first step is to ensure that national development plans recognise the importance of forest sector issues.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ece forest challenge recognise transparent|1.5630983|4.6503115|3.718037
3554|Higher investment in education is likely to provide stability for education administration and management. Then, this stability would contribute to high education performance. Even though all the aspects of the accumulation of human capital are important, the most critical part of public education is the public provision of primary, lower and upper-secondary education. Education is tightly inter-correlated with inclusive growth.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education stability tightly accumulation correlated|8.9616375|2.193338|2.5999355
3555|Images and videos are useful to identify species. The use of image recognition software to detect and classify caught species automatically, which is already being tested or used in selected fisheries, could result in disruptive improvement of on-board observations and catch reporting and much better understanding of stocks and fisheries. The information they provide, when combined with catch reports, can radically change the number and quality of environmental and stock assessments.|SDG 14 - Life below water|catch species fisheries videos classify|-0.23143981|5.7507534|6.7888885
3556|In particular, the contributions of immigrant and native-born populations to the different expenditure and revenue elements are estimated, as described in the individual sections, and then added up. Then, the share of taxes paid and benefits received by immigrants are estimated. Based on these estimates, the final section presents the estimated net fiscal contributions of foreign- and native-born individuals.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|estimated born native contributions immigrants|7.205795|3.6825225|4.245158
3557|However, it is also worth exploring the effects of additional actions that may shift future trends. In essence, these require additional reform and action by governments, producers and consumers beyond the levels observed in the past. Countries without observations represent those where undernourishment impacts less than 5% of the population, resulting in the model estimates of changes being insignificantly different from each other. Producers respond to these higher food prices and increase production. Meanwhile, consumers with higher incomes worldwide adjust their diets, creating more pronounced shifts in demand towards meat and dairy products. Worldwide consumption in 2024 from plant-based products is close to 141 bln kcal/day (0.7% greater than the baseline), while calories from consuming livestock products is 60 bln kcal/day (1.7% greater).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|kcal bln products worldwide consumers|3.9026377|5.281587|4.4211874
3558|"The Technion, as a globally competitive technical university draws highly qualified students from throughout Israel and other countries, but also has a number of targeted initiatives at the secondary and pre-academic level for students in the Galilee, including Arab students (see Box 2.2.). The Tel Hai Academic College, which describes its role as a ""national college located in the region,"" has developed to a scale and a level of prestige that it now recruits substantially from the centre to the extent that 60% of its undergraduate academic students come from outside the Galilee. However, with the exception of Arab colleges, the enrolments remain largely Jewish."|SDG 4 - Quality education|academic students galilee college arab|7.779795|2.3637383|2.7446735
3559|It is, however, important to note that there are only two years for which adaptation data are available, and as such these figures represent only a snapshot of activity. Moreover, as this is a new system for adaptation, there is still some variation between countries with respect to how they have applied the Rio Marker criteria (Figure 3.9). These focus primarily on capacity building rather than implementation of concrete adaptation measures. From the location and project descriptions, these projects do not appear to have been systematically designed to exploit the expertise gained within Austria on management of natural hazards in mountainous regions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation snapshot mountainous descriptions marker|1.2253658|4.7968693|1.5151907
3560|However, the innovation system is a broader concept, also encompassing research and education systems, government, civil society and consumers. The key aspects of innovation systems are the capabilities of these various actors, the connections among them, and the enabling environment for innovation that they create. This includes a range of capabilities, from absorptive capacity (to assimilate existing knowledge and technology) to the ability to engage in advanced R&D and technological innovation. Firms’ capacities to introduce innovations in local, national and international markets are a prerequisite for technological upgrading and improving a oountry's productive capacity.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation capabilities technological absorptive encompassing|5.474631|3.3849695|2.474112
3561|Income mobility aids the diagnosis of sodal cohesion by quantifying winners and losers from past economic performance. The second part of the section reviews job mobility between 2004 and 2008 with a focus on movement across type of employment, industries and jobs with different skill levels and skill mismatches. The final part of the section examines children's educational aspirations with the aim of identifying factors shaping inter generational inequality in Viet Nam.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|skill mobility section winners quantifying|6.310093|5.300703|4.492825
3562|While Swedish schools draw on the help of psychologists and social workers, having further experts on call (such as trauma therapists) like in Austria would be beneficial in supporting immigrant and refugee students’ wellbeing. These policy pointers would entail some financial implications, but could offer teachers significant support in teaching and working with immigrant and refugee students. Additionally, learning Swedish continues to hold high importance even after finishing traditional schooling; many researchers and academics have concluded that it is a prerequisite for individuals to play an active role in Swedish society.|SDG 4 - Quality education|swedish refugee immigrant pointers students|10.001844|2.6704118|2.5928276
3563|From a system-wide perspective, the overarching objective is thus to strategically steer the portfolio of technologies, to attain a generation mix suited to the country’s resources and future needs. This is likely to shift the balance of advantage decisively towards renewable technologies, where recurrent costs are a much smaller part of the total. However, while the availability of external financing is thus relevant to technology choices, it is important that such choices be driven by local circumstances, and not simply by the availability of financing.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|choices availability financing technologies strategically|1.6275411|2.0752504|2.0167832
3564|Overall, the near-term growth outlook is clouded by more modest fiscal support at a time when fiscal consolidation is needed. The Government is trying to consolidate fiscal debt levels which reached 245% of GDP in 2015, and achieve a primary budget surplus by 2020. The slump was underpinned by sharp declines in mining sector investments, weaker external demand for coal and copper, particularly from China, and deteriorating terms of trade.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fiscal copper deteriorating underpinned consolidate|5.699945|4.9152927|3.707611
3565|Bird population indices are available from Europe and North America. More accurate and comparable time-series data on wildlife populations still need to be developed. Many natural ecosystems have been degraded, limiting the ecosystem services they provide. The targets agreed in 2002 by parties to the CBD to “significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss” by 2010 were not met, at least not at global level. Scientific consensus projects a continuing loss of habitats and high rates of extinction throughout the century if current trends persist. Many species are threatened by habitat alteration or loss, both within and outside protected areas (e.g. on farms and in forests).|SDG 15 - Life on land|loss extinction cbd bird wildlife|1.5746493|5.3116145|4.0608435
3566|Nevertheless, they do show that female-owned enterprises contribute substantially to job creation. In the United States, women owned 7.8 million firms in 2007 and employed 7.6 million workers (US Department of Commerce, 2010). In Italy in 2010, they fully owned or majority-controlled about a quarter of all companies - almost 1.3 million (Italian Chamber of Commerce, 2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|owned commerce million chamber italian|9.037007|3.851944|6.1606894
3567|Those with the best performance in groups with similar characteristics would successively set the standard for the next phase which laggards will aim to achieve. For example, Japan might be the top runner that sets the standards and targets to be achieved by other technologically advanced economies in terms of end-use energy efficiency. Other examples might include business people responsible for highly energy-intensive patterns of consumption of transport services, or high-income house-owners.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|technologically energy house owners phase|1.9547421|2.766929|2.4638958
3568|In volume terms, Australian fisheries production increased slightly, by 476 tonnes to 237 540 tonnes. The volume of aquaculture production increased by 10% from 75 188 to 84 605 tonnes, accounting for 36% of total Australian fisheries production while that of capture fisheries declined by 4% to 157 505 tonnes. Stocks improved overall in 2013, compared with previous years.|SDG 14 - Life below water|tonnes fisheries australian production volume|0.3957036|6.0036407|6.7159786
3569|In the 1990s and the 2000s, Thailand and India both applied a lower tax rate on unleaded fuels, rather than increasing taxes on leaded fuels, to (successfully) phase out leaded fuel (Cottrell et al., In Viet Nam, environmental tax revenues increased between 2000-2015 and in China, too, revenues increased between 2000-2014, and further changes are planned which are expected to perpetuate this trend. In Thailand, new measures to reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector were introduced in 2015, including a new system of vehicle registration taxes based on carbon dioxide emissions, expected to raise THB 10 billion, as well as a new system of transport fuel taxation based on carbon emissions and other measures to deal with waste, water pollution and transport.125 The World Bank's Partnership for Market Readiness programme reflects a broad interest in the region for carbon pricing schemes of one sort or another.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon emissions transport thailand fuels|1.7207326|3.0964463|2.2224565
3570|Providing workers with a larger, more broad-based skills set would therefore be important to increase their employability in other industries. Thus, for former employees of multinational enterprises, the combination of training and their experience in such enterprises could help create competitive firms or firms able to supply parts of products which meet the standards of multinational enterprises (Fosfuri, Motta and Ronde, 2001; Gorg and Greenaway, 2004), provided that adequate entrepreneurial policies are implemented in the country. Yet, at the same time, significant increases in productivity, particularly in labour productivity, have also taken place in the region. Since the 2008 economic and financial crisis, economic growth and productivity growth have, however, been on a downward trend.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|enterprises multinational productivity firms employability|5.912182|4.0024595|3.4029071
3571|The PNAEE relies on this same combination of measures to deliver the greatest energy savings in the transport sector (Table 5.3). It was restricted to cars with low C02 emissions levels in 2009-10 and has been restricted to electric vehicles as of 2011. Vehicle scrapping incentives (and other types of subsidisation of environment-friendly vehicles) are generally less efficient than charges based on pollution by road transport and represent government expenditure.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|restricted vehicles transport scrapping subsidisation|3.795792|4.6211243|0.6875456
3572|Water quality monitoring in RS has been systematically carried out since 2000, including analysis of biological, physical-chemical, chemical and microbiological parameters and specific pollution substances, as well as of parameters from the list of priority substances since 2007. Quality assessment is carried out in accordance with the Decree on Water Classification and Categorization of Water Courses (RS Official Gazette, No. The development of the environmental monitoring network and the results of parameter analysis in RS between 2004 and 2010 are shown in table 7.1 below.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|rs substances parameters chemical carried|0.8705336|6.787949|2.588143
3573|Box 4.2 describes three idealised scenarios of efficient water allocation between urban and rural consumers (for the case of a renewable resource). Policy makers might in some cases favour the equity and fairness of the resulting allocation profiles over their economic efficiency. For example, low-income farmers in water-stressed regions may not receive enough water to sustain their livelihoods; an equitable allocation would therefore require shifting water resources to the more vulnerable groups in society at the expense of economic efficiency. Chapter 5 will further emphasise procedural equity, i.e. participation of all stakeholders in the way water is managed as a whole, especially when it crosses urban and rural areas.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water allocation equity efficiency rural|1.2720482|7.3406568|2.262759
3574|While there is a myriad policies that shape the urban form, this section takes a closer look at policy tools related to housing, transport and environmental policies. Access to housing is precisely reported as one of the five most important objectives of housing policy by all 26 OECD countries that took the recent Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing (QuASH) (OECD, 2014d), including 18 countries that explicitly mentioned improving the affordability of housing (Salvi del Pero et al., As documented in Chapter 2, people living in large cities are, on average, less satisfied than the national average (by 13.3 percentage points) with the affordability of housing. For example, national fiscal frameworks may make greenfield development more attractive to cities than infill development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing affordability cities infill greenfield|4.7831645|5.6215487|2.07338
3575|They have helped strengthen the relationships between environmental NGOs, the government and organisations working with indigenous peoples. Several other such initiatives are under way, some of which are supported by the National Environment Fund (Chapter 2) and international organisations. Co-ordination between programmes and involved institutions is weak, however (Irving, 2010).|SDG 15 - Life on land|organisations peoples ngos helped relationships|1.976685|4.5074763|2.1078568
3576|The scheme is recognised as an effective intervention; it is also important, however, that such teachers should not become a substitute for goal that all teachers be able to adapt their teaching to immigrant students. Training opportunities, materials and funding for extra resources are mostly ad-hoc and dependent on the size of school budgets and/or the amount of support provided by the municipalities or counties. School leaders play a key role in promoting the participation of teachers in training where necessary.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers training school substitute counties|9.999864|2.533901|2.5636182
3577|The PPRn can cover a single natural hazard or multiple hazards, and can cover one or more municipalities. Its prohibitions and restrictions on construction in natural-hazard areas apply to all construction, both public and private-sector. While the PPRn are created by the national government, they are developed in close consultation with regional and municipal officials, and the public. Beyond specifying construction conditions, the PPRn are intended to inform land-use planning decisions in areas vulnerable to natural hazards.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|construction hazard natural hazards cover|3.6220818|5.424995|1.7759391
3578|In many cultures, women’s domain is in the market, in religious groups, among other mothers and, increasingly, in the medical and counselling professions. If information about peacebuilding programmes is circulated only through male social networks, women will not have the knowledge required for active participation. Moreover, the failure to include women’s networks in peacebuilding programmes can restrict the ability of leaders to gain the consent and support needed to implement peace agreements. The paradoxical logic of patriarchy condones or ignores private and structural forms of violence against women, while prohibiting public violence against or repression of women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peacebuilding women networks violence prohibiting|10.338971|4.894646|7.64121
3579|This chapter uses the term “protected area” to refer to stricto sensu protected areas as defined and governed by the SNUC Law. In 2010, the parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-20 with the mission of halting biodiversity loss and enhance the benefits biodiversity provides to people. The Strategic Plan includes 20 targets (the Aichi Targets), organised under five strategic goals.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity strategic protected targets plan|1.5311022|5.1833444|4.036081
3580|Approved by the Inter-ministerial Economic Planning Committee (CIPE) with Deliberation No. Law 267/1998 establishes the legal basis for the identification and funding of urgent preventive measures. The research will enable adaptation to climate change, according to environmental and socio-economic sustainability criteria, and considering the increasing economic value of water resources, wvnv.agroscenari.it. However, this estimate does not take into account the higher risks deriving from climate change scenarios, for which no assessment currently exists.|SDG 13 - Climate action|economic deriving climate change establishes|1.5961993|4.533281|1.6542152
3581|To address this, an adaptive management approach based on a predetermined-harvest model has become more commonly used. It is important that high-quality catch, effort and other data be made available in a timely manner and shared among stakeholders, e.g. scientists, decision-makers and fishers. Assembly of such data into integrated databases prior to assessments can greatly facilitate analysis. Knowledge bases such as FishBase2 and SealifeBase3 already provide easy access to comprehensive ecological and biological knowledge.|SDG 14 - Life below water|knowledge predetermined bases scientists databases|-0.3338641|5.866641|6.6829724
3582|In addition, the health of irregular migrants is frequently endangered by the precarious and unsafe conditions in which they live and work, as well as when they are in immigration detention. In some countries, public health concerns underlie policy decisions to provide certain services to irregular migrants, notably vaccination and prenatal care and treatment of communicable diseases. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2010), p. 258.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|irregular migrants detention underlie vaccination|9.019795|8.555301|2.3561351
3583|The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|republic governments forefront united answers|5.757392|3.7799761|2.5303001
3584|It needs to be investigated in its own right as there is not a simple one-to-one relationship between cost reduction and market effect. For example, where a measure is implemented such that the cost reduction is fully transferred to the buyer as a pure rent (for example, food aid to recipients who could otherwise not buy any food in the market), it does not change conditions in the rest of the market. In this context it was emphasised that the concept of “additionality” is crucial. It was shown, for example, in an illustrative quantitative exercise based on the OECD’s Policy Evaluation Model (PEM) how the additionality of given quantities of food aid provided could be estimated for selected countries based on particular assumptions and parameters.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|additionality food aid market example|4.268026|5.20417|4.1210055
3585|The group of NEETs has however become older since 2007, with the share of 15-19 year-olds among NEETs having declined in nearly all countries. There is no evidence however that the change in the age distribution among NEETs was stronger in countries most affected by the crisis. The average gender gap in NEET rates is 5 percentage points, but the difference is much larger in Turkey (30 percentage points), Mexico (27 percentage points), Chile (16 percentage points) and the Czech Republic (10 percentage points). This confirms that some NEETs face important additional barriers to labour market entry.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|neets points percentage confirms neet|8.494958|3.927387|4.188936
3586|Of course, this partly reflects behavioural responses to the provision of welfare benefits: if pensioners, the unemployed and the ill know that they will receive state benefits their incentives to provide for themselves or to insure against the risk of income loss are reduced. Generous welfare-state provision may therefore lead to a large number of people with no market income and higher levels of inequality of market income. The second point to note from Table 2.2 is that redistributive policies have very different effects on final poverty outcomes across countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|welfare income provision insure benefits|7.073122|5.341674|4.402048
3587|The Commonwealth's guiding principles and values in the 1991 Harare Declaration, reaffirmed in the 2011 Perth Commonwealth Heads of Governments Meeting (CHOGM), emphasised improving gender equality and women's empowerment in the Commonwealth, and called on Heads to demonstrate commitment by entrenching measures to advance women's political participation and leadership at all levels of decision-making. The proposed 'target of no less than 30 per cent of women in decision-making in the political, public and private sectors by 2005' (Commonwealth Secretariat 1996) is attracting increasing support from member countries. Actions to realise this global target, especially the equitable representation of women in the political arena, are constantly evolving.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|commonwealth heads political women target|10.12251|4.3913164|7.290514
3588|Every state government will form a State Food Commission to monitor the implementation of the Food Security Act. The composition of the State Food Commission is regulated by the Food Security Act: it will consider experience, gender and caste. The act also makes provisions for vigilance committees and grievance redress mechanisms.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food act state commission security|4.339845|5.491694|4.4420047
3589|While internal renewable water resources, represented by annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from endogenous precipitation make-up the major part of a water balance, water generated outside the border of a country can also be important, such as natural inflows from upstream countries (groundwater and surface water), and part of the water of border lakes or rivers. Similarly, not all the water resources generated by endogenous precipitation in a particular country are available for that country. This is because, for example, a certain quantity of water must remain to maintain the natural flow of the river which ultimately leaves the nation's (nations') border. Thus, the water balance equation of a country also needs to include the external renewable water resources that naturally flow into that country and the amount of water generated by endogenous precipitation that naturally flows out of the country.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water endogenous generated country precipitation|0.96897984|7.2229767|2.5837052
3590|Top inequality is measured as the ratio between average income in one top decile (e.g. the eighth) and overall average income, and therefore informs about the gap between the rich and the average households. Hence the analysis can allow for the possibility that different forms of inequality have different consequences for growth. The baseline results are reported in columns 1 to 4 of Table 1.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|average inequality eighth informs columns|6.697345|5.253089|4.732527
3591|This takes place in the framework of the programme of innovation for fisheries sustainability which will develop guidelines for access to markets. This increase is explained by a 19% increase in the quantity and 10.3% increase in price. Seventy per cent of the exported value is provided by aquaculture, representing 45% of the quantity exported.|SDG 14 - Life below water|exported quantity increase representing aquaculture|0.32054633|5.9414306|6.7484593
3592|Retrenchment of survivor pension can result in effectively lower protection for women in a context in which their individual pension rights are not always guaranteed. In countries such as Austria, Germany and Spain, widowed women obtain most of their income from survivor pensions (Ahn 2004: Table 6). Some countries have mechanisms to protect pension entitlements after divorce (Choi 2006: 24-25).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|survivor pension divorce guaranteed entitlements|8.42958|5.468295|5.312449
3593|The Jordanian minister of Water and Irrigation and Israeli water commissioner periodically attend JWC meetings and oversee the institution. For instance, the 1997 desalination dispute and the 1999 drought required emergency meetings between the state leaders of Jordan and Israel. See section on Water Resources Management above for detailed information on the plans. Jordan was the driving force behind the agreement and was motivated by its ambition to build a dam on the Yarmouk - a structure discussed in the various development plans that preceded the Johnston Plan.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|meetings jordan water plans jordanian|0.93831784|7.441503|2.1493723
3594|Other aspects of risk - including how to target extensive, everyday risks - also need to be better understood. Risk management and resilience criteria should be part of all budget allocation processes. A 'tagging and tracing' methodology, that allows the tracking and calculation of allocated funds, could, therefore, be beneficial. Building resilience aspects into concessional loans may provide a useful additional funding stream.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|resilience aspects tagging risk everyday|1.6875521|4.976649|1.7064793
3595|Vertical budget allocations operate, while monitoring systems are part of the overall initiative’s framework. A guidance manual on child-friendly approaches for quality primary education has been made available to participating schools. In general, the MoE recommends that there must be a strong focus on capacity development.|SDG 4 - Quality education|moe manual recommends allocations vertical|9.681402|2.121537|2.022229
3596|However, the operational agreements and the joint bodies established were diverse and demonstrated that while based on principles of customary law, there is no universal solution for what these should look like. Countries reported barriers to reaching agreement. However, some actions are much less visible.' Today, as the demand for fresh water increases, awareness is focusing on ensuring that the limited capacity of the natural environment to sustain the multiple services that society has come to rely on is maintained, Water-related ecosystems underpin other SDGs, and yet they also depend on them, particularly those relating to food and energy production, biodiversity, and land and sea ecosystems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ecosystems underpin fresh customary visible|0.9429919|6.993298|1.9273062
3597|Support for this picture emerges from an examination of the ratios between mean white per capita income and the mean per capita income of other groups from 1970 to 2001. Census data suggest that the period 1970 to 1996 saw this disparity ratio of African to white mean per capita incomes decrease from 15 to 9. This ratio fell for Coloured and Indian/Asian groups too.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|mean capita white ratio coloured|6.464895|5.424167|4.8352404
3598|Because of this, women are forced to start their own businesses to earn a living for themselves and their families. In other words, for many women, starting a business is not a choice, but a necessity. The same holds true for efficiency-driven economies, although not to the same degree. In Africa, for example, the ratio of female-to-male early-stage entrepreneurship is 0.96, while in Asia and Oceania, the ratio among factor- and efficiency-driven economies is 0.93.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ratio driven economies efficiency oceania|8.950217|3.6900685|6.229074
3599|They have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope. On average, 82% of 25-34 year-olds have attained at least upper secondary level in comparison to 64% of 55-64 year-olds. However, dropout remains high in some countries; labour market perspectives of young people remain challenging, and many education and VET programmes do not have strong links to the labour market. To respond to these challenges, there is a wide range of policy options to strengthen transitions across education levels and into the labour market.|SDG 4 - Quality education|olds labour market options year|8.890648|2.7669606|2.9246721
3600|An interstate compact is a negotiated agreement among the states that, once ratified by Congress, becomes both a federal law and a contract between the signing states. Beginning in 1922 with the signing of the Colorado River Compact, 22 such compacts currently divide the waters of western American rivers. Information is needed on cost sharing arrangements between irrigators and public suppliers of irrigation, impacts on water savings at the project level as well as at the basin scale from infrastructure improvement.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|signing compact interstate colorado irrigators|0.89086515|7.2129517|1.7600657
3601|On the other hand, lower discrimination in the destination country attracts female immigration. While the levels of SIGI in origin and destination countries have no significant impact on the extent of female migration flows, they exhibit negative and significant coefficients in the selection equation. These results suggest that gender inequality in social institutions only affects the probability to migrate.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|destination female attracts significant migrate|8.704366|5.2723536|7.0704436
3602|Air pollution is a particular challenge in the state, especially in the larger cities, and sustainable transportation investments are an important strategy to reduce these pollutants. In recognition of this, over the past few years, die state government has aimed to modernise public transportation in order to provide efficient and high quality services that generate less harm to the environment. It will be important to assess the impacts of these investments on air quality outcomes and mobility patterns.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transportation air investments modernise state|3.7695675|4.8634152|0.96635693
3603|While infrastructure has substantial impacts on growth that may vary across countries, time, and within infrastructure subsectors (see, for example, Estache and Garsous, 2012, and Dissou and Didic, 2013), infrastructure development can also promote growth spillovers to neighbouring countries (Roberts and Deichman, 2009). Importantly, investments in water supply, sanitation and roads are critical to growth and have benefited the poor in East Asia and the Pacific (Jones, 2004; van der Geest and Nunez-Ferrer, 2011). At the country level, numerous studies have shown that infrastructure development leads to sustained economic growth and is a significant factor for reducing poverty.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure growth subsectors roberts jones|3.915946|3.9891002|2.023594
3604|The fossil fuel-based energy sectors - oil, gas and coal -generate significant GHG emissions both upstream and downstream (Figure 1.3). By way of comparison, the downstream emissions from mining and metal industry, such as steel, iron or aluminium production, may be up to 30 times higher than the mining sector’s own upstream operational emissions (Soliman et al., For example, the extraction of bauxite ore generates relatively low emissions compared to the electrolysis to aluminium, which is an extremely energy-intensive process (Schlosser et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emissions aluminium upstream downstream mining|1.3268205|2.7254298|2.447877
3605|"It addresses issues such as the decline in corporate profits and corporate investment, the impact of high unemployment on the skills market and on households’ demand for technology and innovation, and the loss of firms’ productivity. It also addresses issues such as fiscal consolidation and its impact on public R&D budgets and public support for innovation. It sketches a “new deal"" for STI policy makers that calls for new partnerships, a more strategic use 0/ public procurement, strengthened policy evaluation and a streamlining 0/STI policy action."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|sti addresses corporate public policy|5.26458|3.45456|2.3692455
3606|As the demand for skilled labour rises owing to globalization, technological advancements and the changing organization of work, quality education and appropriate training will be key to addressing employment challenges. The education-employment nexus is pivotal to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda. Work is the foundation on which economic stability and prosperity are built.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|pivotal globalization employment nexus prosperity|8.29988|2.9112668|2.9026206
3607|There seems to be little shared understanding regarding what constitutes adequate, good and excellent performance in different subject areas. Teachers do not benefit from national guidelines to translate the competency aims expressed in FEPs into concrete lesson plans, objectives and assessment activities. Teachers in their classroom assessments tend to use their own personal reference points, based on their experience and school-based expectations. Their reference points are generally a mixture of norm-referenced (in relation to other students), content-referenced (in relation to what I taught) and self-referenced (in relation to growth of the student) and are quite different across different teachers and schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|referenced relation teachers reference different|9.623973|1.5165945|1.5030888
3608|Central banks and other financial regulators, if they have authority, may need to take action to examine the risks that climate change poses to the real economy. Stock exchange regulations could, for instance, demand more precise disclosures of carbon content in listings. This would increase the overall costs of implementing ambitious climate policy.|SDG 13 - Climate action|disclosures climate regulators poses precise|1.6983763|3.6702354|1.2487452
3609|Many of the agreements focus on water sharing and water allocation, but implementation is often poor — the agreement on the Chu and Talas Rivers between Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan focusing on the joint financing and use of certain dams and canals being one of the few positive exceptions. Moreover, Afghanistan has not signed water management agreements with its neighbours downstream. Under this agreement, countries confirmed the principles for water allocation as developed under the Soviet Union.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water agreements allocation agreement canals|0.66580665|7.1887035|2.1823735
3610|"Cities are also key to finding solutions for new and emerging challenges, which the world is facing, from stemming the rise of plastic waste in our oceans to the introduction of new technologies as part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The NUA addresses more specifically the means and approaches on how cities need to be planned, designed, managed, governed and financed to achieve sustainable development goals, focusing on the three transformative commitments: Social Inclusion and Ending Poverty; Sustainable and Inclusive Urban Prosperity and Opportunities for All; and Environmentally Sustainable and Resilient Urban Development. Cities of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network, currently have 180 cities across 72 countries, that are committed to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the New Urban Agenda integrating culture and creativity across a number of their goals and targets. It is worth noting that the NUA does not have a standalone framework for monitoring the targets, but serves as a framework for the means of implementation for global agendas in cities. Therefore, it relies heavily on the urban monitoring systems that are already in place such as the SDGs monitoring framework and the comprehensive City Prosperity Initiative (CPI) tools developed by UN-Habitat""."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities nua urban prosperity monitoring|3.7495253|4.810515|1.7288184
3611|Capacity replacement is much larger in the North because of its huge existing stock of power plants and their substantial ageing. In business-as-usual scenarios with continuous reliance on fossil energy, especially coal in the United States, China, India and the Russian Federation among others, the total new capacity to be installed is almost 50 terawatts electric (TWe) or at least 12 times the current global installed capacity. Even under these scenarios, developing parts of the world would expand installed renewable capacity through 2030 equivalent to that of all power plants in the world today and half as much again as that in additional nuclear plants. The potential improvements of this installed capacity are truly huge in the developing countries alone, indicating important investment opportunities for the private sector. However, in this scenario their impact in terms of climate mitigation would be dwarfed by the expansion of traditional fuel sources. Capacity expansion refers to new power plants, while replacement capacity refers to the power plants that are built in place of those that are to be retired between now and 2030.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|capacity installed plants power huge|1.3903235|1.8900129|2.2700486
3612|By 2020, the government plans to have 70% of schools with inclusive facilities, 20% of schools with barrier-free access and 50% of students with a disability in mainstream schools (MESRK, 2010). Initiatives include support and facilities for various groups (e.g. those needing speech and language therapy) and updating of special education programmes, textbooks and learning packages for hearing-impaired children (IAC, 2014). There is no coherent medium or long-term funding strategy for school physical infrastructure and overall capital expenditures represented only 2.5% of the overall budget for school education in 2011 (see Figure 3.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools facilities iac speech overall|10.119567|2.3893247|2.107785
3613|It closes with a short conclusion. The combined uibanisation level of ASEAN-5 (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries increased from 29.5% in 1980 to 51.4% in 2015, and is expected to reach 67.7% in 2050. The aggregated urban population of these five countries increased from 79 million in 1980 to 271 million in 2015, and is forecasted to reach 452 million in 2050. Most of the population growth is happening in small and medium-sized cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|million reach happening increased population|4.353724|4.893357|3.0443625
3614|Country rankings will be presented for the fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband baskets, with the latter including both prepaid and postpaid packages and computer-based and handset-based plans. The analysis of fixed-broadband prices will include 2008-2017 price trends and a discussion on changes in broadband speeds (offered for minimum broadband plans) as well as developments in terms of the data volume included in broadband offers. From 2015, mobile-cellular prices have plateaued and the price of the ITU mobile-cellular basket (51 minutes and 100 SMS per month) has converged to PPP$ 20.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband mobile cellular fixed plans|4.869519|2.8128138|1.4592493
3615|Raising awareness of the technology’s value-adding characteristics, as well as education about its drawbacks due to inefficient designs (e.g. energy consumption for proof-of-work consensus algorithm used in Bitcoin), are essential and need to be broadly understood by decision makers. This could also result in mitigating blockchain designs with high-carbon footprints by actively engaging with industry consortia and the private sector to develop protocols and network designs that are less energy intensive. Observing a variety of DLT technologies (e.g. hashgraphs and tangles) with differing contribution and adverse effects in the low-carbon transition, it will be of essence to develop a strong understanding of the key differences.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|designs carbon develop drawbacks consortia|4.0250196|2.5270164|2.0726583
3616|While the share of direct OOP payments has decreased slightly over the past decade following a series of government measures to put a threshold on the amount of out-of-pocket payments for services covered by the NHI and to reduce co-payment rates from 10% to 5% for cancer patients and people w ith cardiovascular diseases, direct OOP payments as a share of total health expenditure remained in 2013 almost two times higher (37%) than the average across OECD countries (19%). This raises concerns in terms of access to care, notably for people with income below the average. There may be numerous barriers to access to health care, including for financial reasons (if the cost of health care is considered by some people as being too high) or geographic barriers (if there are too few doctors and other health care providers in certain geographic areas).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|oop payments care health geographic|8.673324|8.824707|2.2763736
3617|Oceans, for example, contain nearly 300 000 identified species (though actual numbers may lie in the millions) and have absorbed one-third of the carbon dioxide resulting from human activities (Bijma et al., Today, 60% of the world’s major marine ecosystems have been degraded or are being used unsustainably (UNEP, 2011). Many fisheries are over-exploited, with some stocks on the verge of collapse, and coral reefs are bleaching due to exposure to high temperatures and other pressures.|SDG 14 - Life below water|reefs coral absorbed collapse degraded|0.062731184|5.918221|6.0057473
3618|"Outside of Malacca, MIGHT has also engaged with other federal agencies in formulating smart city frameworks for different cities. In doing so, it integrates components that are designed specifically for each city, which facilitates the development of sustainable, competitive and green city models for cities across Malaysia. Government service delivery” and ""information communications” are two key focuses of the blueprint."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city cities integrates blueprint formulating|4.0922694|4.128689|1.4703288
3619|In addition to providing the right types of skills and knowledge (as discussed in the previous section), a good education system teaches how to learn and fosters curiosity and creativity rather than the mere pursuit of certificates. In the case of Zhejiang Province, only Korea and Finland performed better in reading and neither did in maths nor in science in 2009, when the trials took place (Figure 1.9). Fangshan and Jiangsu also performed well above the OECD average.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performed maths fosters mere trials|9.602993|2.3224404|3.2066863
3620|The prevalence of undernourishment in North Africa remained low, at below 5 per cent, from 2000 to 2016, while it dropped from 30 to 22.9 per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa) during the same period. Across the whole of Africa, some 217 million people were undernourished in the period 2014-2016, an increase of 6 per cent from the 2010-2012 period. Second, agriculture, notwithstanding the commitments made for targeted investment under the Maputo Protocol, remains highly underinvested.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|africa period cent north maputo|4.29499|5.698244|4.516528
3621|In 2009, the Lander covered 72.2% of expenditure in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (both public and private). Local authorities covered 17.5% and the federal level 10.3%. Out-of-school education in the dual system is largely funded by companies, whereas vocational schools are funded by the Lander.|SDG 4 - Quality education|lander funded covered secondary dual|9.20488|2.084126|2.6500192
3622|See Chapter 14 on accounting rules for more detail on the selection of allocation keys to apportion expenditure. The aim is to protect health and to reduce mortality and morbidity due to health hazards through in particular field epidemiology as well as training in technical standards. This would involve e.g. the capacity to acquire or expand resources very quickly, and preparations for changing the handling and referencing of patients, such as patient triage and restructuring coverage in line with the nature of the emergency. However, in all cases health rules and a health infrastructure should be prepared to cope with emergency health care needs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health emergency rules keys preparations|8.579877|8.866898|1.8662987
3623|Mandaue City is the only exception, requiring the 20% allocation to be built within the LGU. This statutory provision has not been given the due recognition and should be fully adhered to. In Catalonia, Spain, it is mandatory that residential developments keep 30% of total amount of dwellings for both social housing (20%) and price-controlled housing (10%).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing lgu dwellings statutory controlled|4.708141|5.714006|2.0152354
3624|A secondary prevention programme for people with mild cognitive impairment was set up in 201S, with the objective to slow disease progression. The compulsory social health insuance coverage rate stood at 95.2% in 2015. However, this is not perceived as a problem in the country, nor is it something that features on the agenda of policy-makers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|impairment stood mild progression cognitive|10.100177|8.74281|1.9323828
3625|Both Iran and Turkmenistan financed the project equally and are sharing benefits through the joint management committee. Wikipedia, 2016o) Iran’s surface water for irrigation is priced between 1% and 3% of the crop value that is cultivated (Keshavarz et al., Inogate, 2015) Water for irrigation is also supplied free in Turkmenistan, which falls into set limits of water supply (EBRD, 2009).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|turkmenistan iran irrigation water ebrd|0.64480036|7.2554727|2.5171123
3626|Lower autonomy and higher job demands increased the association of several chronic health problems (mental illness, circulatory diseases, MSD, diabetes) with sickness absence (Leijten et al., An international study shows that diabetes is significantly associated with a 30% increase in the rate of labour-force exit across the 16 countries studied, and at the national level, this association is significant in 9 of 16 countries (Rumball-Smith et al., The association between diabetes and employment varies by disease gravity.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diabetes association circulatory gravity al|9.473133|9.009284|2.7176273
3627|Domestic violence - Gender inequality perpetuates violence against women and violence against women restricts women’s ability to use their capabilities. The economic, social and the health related costs of domestic violence and violence against women is extremely high. We recognize that the scale and complexity of gender-based violence means there are no uniform global solution and a multi-sectoral strategy is needed. National, local and family interventions initiatives play an important role in defining solutions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence women domestic restricts gender|10.026959|5.4228044|7.4448776
3628|The legal implications of carrying out such an exercise and its consistency with FAO’s mandate, as well as different approaches to the benchmarking question will be discussed at a forthcoming meeting of the FAO’s Sub-Committee on Fish Trade. The development of an assessment or benchmarking methodology, without carrying out the benchmarking itself, will be one option discussed. The need for a separate or integrated process for private standards related to aquaculture was also raised but not debated.|SDG 14 - Life below water|benchmarking carrying fao discussed debated|0.25384387|5.906354|6.683556
3629|Box 5.6 summarizes the positive experience in South Africa in establishing quotas and becoming the leading African country for women on corporate boards. South Africa’s experience offers a valuable lesson on the benefits of extending affirmative action beyond the electoral process. It can be extremely difficult and politically sensitive to amend a constitution to include a quota provision, but its effects are proven to trigger dramatic increases in women participation in the organizations targeted by them (Fridell, 2009). Women’s representation in local governments has proven to make a difference.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|proven women south africa experience|10.145739|4.220919|6.8866506
3630|The total own-source tax revenues (OZB-propertv tax, sewage and waste and other taxes) are less than 8%. At the same time, local governments are stimulated to provide services in a cost-efficient manner to make the most of allotted transfers. For land-use policy, Dutch municipalities have less pressure to increase owm-source revenues, including the property tax.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tax revenues source stimulated sewage|1.8774478|7.46962|2.2034793
3631|In the model, the probability of risks will depend on water uses and/or impact at present (Annex 4.A1). The incentive compatibility constraint (equation 1) remains essentially the same. Voluntary and anticipatory responses to water risks can be expected w'hen the risks of not acting exceed the cost of taking action today.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|risks compatibility hen equation acting|1.323241|6.9983997|2.5640087
3632|Boys who learn to think and act in non-discriminatory ways can educate their parents on behalf of their sisters, for instance. They may be less likely to perpetrate violence against girls, such as through bullying or sexual harassment, and may uphold egalitarian notions once married. Champions of positive norms, such as local leaders and religious figures, including influential women, can be powerful and convincing voices for change in these cases. Men and boys may be well positioned to persuade other men and boys to discard discriminatory ways of thinking.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|boys discriminatory ways discard convincing|9.86289|5.1946096|6.801561
3633|"In addition, 2.2 million ha of forest is part of a category called ""protected landscape areas"". As a result, only around 500 ha of forest (mostly public) is converted to other uses (mostly industrial) each year, pursuant to the 1995 Act on Protection of Agricultural and Forest Land. If there is no master plan, such exclusion may be impossible. A recent report of the Polish Academy of Sciences revealed that only 28% of the territory is subject to plans that define uses for land, such as housing, industrial or green areas (Kowalewski, 2014)."|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest ha uses industrial pursuant|1.3947703|4.8459725|4.129454
3634|Since gender bias in social institutions may affect total factor productivity, labour force, human and physical capital accumulation,3 equations 2-5 measure indirect effects that discriminatory social institutions have on income. Combining the growth accounting framework (equation 1) with the equations of the indirect effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income (equations 2-5) yields an equation for income as a function of the SIGI (equation 6). Hence, equation 6 is a reduced form regression that omits total factor productivity, labour force, human and physical capital accumulation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equation equations accumulation institutions indirect|9.1643505|4.6016006|6.7609806
3635|The Social Protection Programme for the elderly (PPSAM) targets the poor (Sisben 1 and 2) above 65 years old who are entitled to a monthly transfer of COP 62 500 (about USD 35). However, only 38% out of the 2.2 million elderly poor actually receive the benefit, reflecting budget constraints. Access is prioritised by age and there is a waiting list: when a recipient dies, the next person on the list moves onto the programme.|SDG 1 - No poverty|elderly list sisben dies poor|7.818748|5.605732|4.5610147
3636|Given the limited other supports available for the long-term unemployed, disability benefits may also have acted as a substitute. Social security data shows for instance that the number of disability applicants sharply increases following recessions, with a peak in 2010.“ This does not mean however that that there is a causal effect.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|disability acted recessions applicants substitute|7.6222925|5.052251|4.243698
3637|Description: This indicator shows the importance of organic farming. The reduction of use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals, combined with enhanced management of natural resources, not only improves the health of ecosystems but also fosters the health of animals and people and increases income generation and communities’ self-reliance. When possible the area of primary forest should also be reported on. The forest area is defined as “land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.|SDG 15 - Life on land|trees forest spanning area situ|1.4947752|4.596854|3.8171952
3638|The historical trends suggest this is eminently possible if resources allow (Figure 5.1). Its new vision aims to increase the proportion of learners enrolled in SMK schools to 60% by 2020, with 40% in academic senior secondary schools (sekolah menengah atas, or SMAs), compared with the current division of 49% in SMKs and 51% in SMAs. Although enrolment rates in SMK institutions are growing, the tendency is that junior secondary school students are more likely to enter SMA schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|smk schools secondary junior learners|8.866923|2.3583765|2.6633148
3639|It pays particular attention to the water-energy nexus and to regional disparities in terms of water availability, quality and access, as well as institutional capacity to address those challenges. The chapter also covers the impacts of climate change and the difficultly in dealing with uncertainty. The average annual water flow amounts to 180 000 m3/s (ANA, 2014).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water ana nexus dealing pays|1.0397285|7.2892385|2.8791926
3640|"Characterising the Income Poor and the Materially Deprived in European Countries."" Income and Living Conditions in Europe, 133. Childhood Experiences, Educational Attainment and Adult Labor Market performance'ln K. Vleminckx & T. Smeeding (Eds.), Child Wellbeing, Child Poverty and Child Policy in Modern Nations: What Do We Know. Bristol: The Policy Press. D. Gordon, and E. Marlier."|SDG 1 - No poverty|child materially bristol gordon eds|7.2037506|6.7039437|5.2651925
3641|At the time of the first oil price shock in 1974, the former unemployment insurance law was replaced by the Employment Insurance Law. From 1975 measures under the heading “Services, etc. In addition to traditional public works which aim to absorb unemployment, which are financed outside the 1974 Law, from the 1980s measures under the Employment Stabilization heading of the Law included lump-sum wage subsidies for firms newly hiring middle-aged and elderly workers and subsidies for SMEs that require human resources for business conversions and expansion (Genda and Rebick, 2000; Ohtake, 2000 and 2004). In the early 2000s, younger workers were recognised as another group facing significant difficulties in the labour market, and a range of youth measures were introduced.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|law heading measures insurance subsidies|7.882089|4.5420165|4.075739
3642|The most common form of contributory social security scheme is “social insurance” which mainly covers formal wage employment. National Provident Funds would be an example of this. This includes, for example, social pension, health insurance, life insurance, disaster insurance and so on. The non-contributory schemes on the other hand are social assistance schemes based on condition of entitlement to receive benefits and provide conditional or unconditional transfers in cash or kind (ILO, 2010/11). Social assistance as the Department of International Development (2006: 1) notes, “comprises non-contributory transfers that are given to those deemed vulnerable by society on the basis of their vulnerability or poverty”.|SDG 1 - No poverty|contributory insurance social schemes transfers|7.6070223|5.7744417|4.2435417
3643|The growth effects of infrastructure depend on where infrastructure investments take place, and how these investments are planned, executed and sequenced. The links between infrastructure and transformation are best forged when infrastructure projects are clearly designed and placed as part of a wider development strategy that recognizes and actively fosters the positive feedback loops between infrastructure, productivity and growth. These experiences provide an effective counter to the bankability approach, since they show that development strategies are not best pursued through emphasis on individual projects determined solely by criteria of financial viability.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure best investments loops projects|3.7935412|3.975146|2.0082426
3644|Governments must impose solutions, but it is also essential that climate change be addressed sustainably at the human level. Developing a sense of ownership and accountability begins with explicit acknowledgement that it is the behaviour and lifestyles of individuals and the societies in which they live that are ultimately responsible for the emissions that drive climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|acknowledgement lifestyles climate change sustainably|1.4817978|4.799732|1.9190392
3645|At the same time, median collection coverage is still around 50% in low-income countries and figures are much lower in some countries. It also drops sharply in the more rural areas of many countries. It is estimated that at least 2 billion people worldwide still lack access to solid waste collection.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|collection drops countries sharply median|0.4405819|4.0099535|3.1247802
3646|The Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) system has collected sensor data and images throughout the trial period and accoiding to the vessel electronic-logbooks the vessels were at sea for approximately 80 000 hours, carried out approximately 1114 fishing trips and conducted approximately 9 800 fishing operations during the project period. Small reductions in revs resulted in substantial reductions in fuel usage. This infoimation proved very useful in setting the optimum revs of the engine whilst the vessel was steaming to the fishing grounds with a minimal loss to vessel speed.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessel fishing approximately electronic reductions|-0.24858004|5.8139534|6.784886
3647|As explained earlier in this chapter, mainstreaming a gender perspective in statistics means ensuring that gender issues and gender-based biases are systematically taken into account, in the production of all official statistics and at all stages of data production. This strategic process ensures (a) that national statistical systems regularly collect, analyse and disseminate data that address relevant gender issues; (b) that gender-sensitive concepts and methods are used in data collection in all statistical fields; and (c) that the presentation and dissemination of gender statistics aim to reach a wide range of users, including policymakers, advocates, researchers and analysts whose primary concerns are not necessarily focused on gender. In the more developed regions, gender is already mainstreamed in the production of many national statistical systems and the quality of gender statistics is ensured by way of overall quality frameworks for statistics. However, in the less developed regions, many countries are still struggling to produce, on a regular basis, quality data that can be used to tackle relevant gender issues.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender statistics statistical data issues|9.694351|4.3935366|7.9273567
3648|As shown above, their levels of farm support are rising, and there has also been a tendency to resort to more distorting policy measures. As a result, the centre of gravity in global farm support is shifting from the OECD area to the emerging economies, and possibly also to less developed countries. In addition, some of the emerging economies are large and have sizeable agricultural sectors. This means that substantial sums of money are transferred to agriculture in some of the emerging economies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|emerging economies farm sums gravity|3.977538|5.161552|3.84391
3649|Regional patterns may be observed among NUPs, though these are not definitive. Taking them into account would assist nations developing and implementing NUPs to observe and learn from the experience of other nations, including sharing their experience of managing urbanisation at the national level. Regional networks of national governments may be an appropriate means through which to share NUP development practices and to identify what works and what does not work in given circumstances.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nups nations experience definitive regional|3.5597172|5.017914|1.7227259
3650|Improvements in human capital influence the acquisition and assimilation of information, and the learning, mastery and implementation of technology. Human capital also has an impact on farmers' ability to adapt technology to a particular situation and to changing needs (Schultz, 1972; Zepeda, 2001). Even in the absence of innovation, farm productivity may be enhanced by investments in education.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|capital technology assimilation human acquisition|4.156776|5.1543417|3.8080056
3651|Consequently, young people often live with their parents until they can afford to buy a home. Unsurprisingly in a homeowner society, renting is also less popular than owning a place. This creates a burden for firms that consequently have greater difficulties to attract the talent they need or in turn need to prop up pay.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|consequently unsurprisingly renting owning talent|5.038926|5.75961|2.2005358
3652|Surface water resources in the territory of the Russian Federation arc estimated to be approximately 0.593 kmVyear, and groundwater resources are 0.0219 kmVyear, fora total of0.6!49 kmVyear in the Russian Federation, or 53,700 mVyear/capita. Of the withdrawal, 87% was for domestic purposes and 13% for agriculture. Flooding is reported to have a widespread but moderate influence.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|federation russian fora arc withdrawal|0.46900854|6.9859767|2.9024906
3653|While national strategies are not the focus of this network, ACSN will help to improve the inter-operability of smart city initiatives among cities in the network, and will work towards creating opportunities to harmonise different national systems (ASEAN, 2018). The organisation’s scope of work includes advocacy, capacity building and training, research and knowledge management, project development and management, and decentralised co-operation. Regarding capacity building, UCLG ASPAC specialises in four areas that are of relevance for smart city strategies: sustainable mobility; climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction; tourism and culture; and local economic development. To promote capacity building, UCLG ASPAC has organised several training workshops and peer exchanges over the years.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|building smart capacity network city|3.715571|4.674474|1.5952698
3654|In this case, the formulation of the target itself clearly reflects that the definition of the subsidies that should be included in this target is very contentious. As discussed below, there are many types of fisheries subsidies, and their impacts vary widely. We chose to label this target simply as “fisheries subsidies”, being understood that this limits the inferences that can be made based on the tables. Some are local in nature; others are national; still others are regional or global.|SDG 14 - Life below water|subsidies target fisheries contentious chose|0.007848935|5.4222207|6.856192
3655|That was strongly opposed by the fishery sector. The main argument was that an ITQ regime would concentrate the cod quotas on a “privileged few”. The critics aimed to maintain the existing fleet structure but did not take into account the vessels’ poor economy and the potential for changes in ownership - a situation that amounted to an invitation to big institutional investors to take over most of the trawler fleet in northern Norway.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fleet itq privileged cod concentrate|-0.22004357|5.7322693|6.9030147
3656|Korea has also introduced various regulatory policy instruments, including reinforced building codes, mandatory estimation of energy consumption and the submission of an energy savings plan when applying for a building permit. The government has also introduced the Eco-Friendly Building Certificate and Energy Efficiency Grading instruments to provide the housing market with information about energy efficiency. However, challenges remain in determining how to efficiently regulate energy consumption in residences.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|energy building introduced instruments consumption|2.1702576|2.7150373|2.4152796
3657|The countries are all relatively close to the line, indicating that the model explains most of the variation in growth rates across countries. In fact, adding cognitive skills to a basic model that just includes initial income and years of schooling increases the share of cross-country variation in economic growth explained by the model from about one-quarter to about three-quarters. The quantity of schooling is statistically significantly related to economic growth in a specification that neglects educational quality, but the association between years of schooling and growth turns insignificant and is reduced to close to zero once cognitive skills are included in the model. In other words, added years of schooling do not affect growth unless they yield greater achievement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schooling model growth cognitive variation|9.057043|2.5887885|3.132764
3658|It is led by the Ministry of Construction of Viet Nam, which is also in charge of urban development in the country. Viet Nam Urban Forum (cont.) The VUF works as a network/platform for discussion between all these stakeholders, and is divided into seven member groups, as follows: multilateral donor organisations, bilateral donor organisations, government ministries and agencies, professional associations and academic institutions, cities, private sector corporations and NGOs. Currently, the VUF has 150 members and plans to expand to 200 by 2020.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|donor viet nam organisations urban|3.851163|4.9690423|1.676836
3659|Life expectancy at age 65 is also much lower than the OECD average, at 18.6 years for females and 13.7 for males in Latvia, compared to 21.1 and 17.8 OECD averages, respectively. Overall, the mortality rate among men is 1.9 times greater than the rate among women. More specifically, mortality for men across all age groups is 6.9 times higher than women for suicide, 3.2 times higher for transport accident, 2.1 times higher for cancer, 1.8 times higher for ischemic heart diseases and 1.3 times higher for stroke.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|times higher mortality ischemic age|9.304613|9.0182085|3.1561565
3660|At the secondary level, the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) sets standards for student performance. Students are evaluated against written criteria, which are accompanied by exemplars showing expected levels of student performance. Since 2008, Maori assessment experts have been developing assessment tools to be used in Maori-medium settings (see NZ Ministry of Education (2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|maori student assessment nz performance|9.779391|2.0370612|1.6634293
3661|The strength of government commitment to schooling is reflected by a sustained high level of investment in schooling and favourable conditions for teaching across schools, as indicated by comparatively low class size and student-teacher ratios. Recent changes to the system for distributing operating grants and staffing went in line with substantial increases in the overall budget for schooling. Parental choice is supported by the school funding system, in particular the commitment of the Flemish Community to free education. Regardless of the choice of school, parents do not have to pay tuition fees for publicly recognised schooling and there is a uniform approach to recurrent funding of schools in all networks.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schooling commitment choice funding schools|9.481674|2.295076|2.2706676
3662|While some of those arguments are valid, there is more to the picture. The bottom-up approach should be scrutinised concerning the linkage between international objectives and the agreement's power to push national climate law and policy to be more ambitious. Furthermore, the standard to evaluate each state's NDC, as demonstrated by Voigt (2016), is set to the highest possible climate ambitions regarding the circumstances for the country.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ambitions linkage ndc climate valid|1.211295|3.67456|1.2749492
3663|Education that occurs in conjunction with other interventions to improve access to diverse, nutritious foods can be particularly effective, as noted in the discussion of food assistance programmes above. The ultimate goal is a change in behaviour so that individuals choose more nutritious diets and healthier lifestyles. Impacts are heightened when the interventions are culturally sensitive, easily accessible and based on local products (Shi and Zhang, 2011).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|nutritious interventions zhang heightened healthier|4.520125|5.521357|4.3488264
3664|The suggested approach by type of city is almost applicable to all types of cities; however, some key messages that each type of city should keep in mind as relatively high importance compared to other types are as follow: Type III cities (young cities, ageing slowly) need to bear in mind that such strategies will build the community’s understanding of the needs of older people in the long run, as well as of the demands of ageing societies that it will have to confront. Those strategies can provide instructive opportunities for learning to adjust to such changes. For Type II cities (young cities, ageing rapidly) whose generational balance is changing, such str ategies will become a key to a successful navigation to demographic change.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities type ageing mind types|4.160774|5.1173863|1.8452669
3665|Students with whom the review team met confirmed that they experienced adequate support for assignments completed outside of school, and found those assignments to be usefully integrated with their in-school work. The total school-based instruction time in basic education is shorter than the OECD average (6 577 hours as compared to 7 257) - about one year less by the end of compulsory schooling. In recent years the duration of instruction has been extended with the introduction of compulsory pre-primary education in 2016, the objective of which was to better prepare students for primary schooling.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assignments instruction compulsory schooling school|9.290102|2.0096793|2.8185763
3666|To support this ambition, Norway recently launched a national non-communicable diseases strategy. There, the Quality Indicators in Community Healthcare (QICH) programme covers six areas of primary care activity (as shown in Figure 3.8) and reports performance at individual provider-level, after adjustment for health need and sociodemographic factors. Of note, QICH is neither mandated nor reliant on financial incentives; instead, its success is thought to be due to its robust scientific basis, consensual development of the indicator set involving GP and health insurance companies early on, clear patient-oriented objectives and, crucially, systematic and continuous feed-back of comparative data to both professionals and the public. These include management of chronic diseases such as depression, COPD, diabetes or heart failure; routine care such as childhood vaccination and provision of contraception and aspects of effective practice administration. As well as being able to identify individual patients that are sub-optimally treated, the system allows them to benchmark their practice against other practices at municipal, regional, and national levels (see Figure 3.9 for an example relating to diabetes management). Patients can also monitor their own clinical data.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|qich diabetes diseases patients practice|9.296402|9.420969|2.0437803
3667|"Fees collected from those who benefit from fishing are used to restore fisheries resources and for environment protection. For example, Zhejiang province has initiated a campaign to eliminate illegal fishing gears according to the ‘""Regulations on the Prohibition of 13 Unregulated Fishing and the Use of Fishing Gears with Minimum Mesh Size”, as w'ell as fishing vessels that do not possess inspection certificates, registration certificates, or fishing licenses (referred to as the “3 non-compliances”). By the end of 2015, about 16 000 fishing vessels had been banned and about 550 000 fishing gears confiscated throughout the country."|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing gears certificates vessels banned|-0.046058994|5.850786|6.893405
3668|One problem with this kind of study is that it ignores the price effects of transfers. Cash transfers essentially reduce the cost of obtaining services, and thus should lead to higher demand (for example, for children’s education) or usage of social services (for example, health-care centres). Therefore, the net effect of cash transfers should depend on the relative size of the price and income effects. More importantly, such findings of adverse incentive effects (or negative income effects) on labour supply imply that the poor are poor either because they are “lazy” (in other words, they prefer more leisure), or because their expectations are “low” (in other words, they work for a low minimum target income).|SDG 1 - No poverty|effects transfers words cash income|7.504162|5.957135|4.566585
3669|As the accreditation of a National Implementing Entity (NIE) for direct access to the Adaptation Fund is a resource intensive procedure, recipient, supporters and providers have worked together to build capacity to accelerate access to the Fund. At the same time, they are also raising awareness that finance available from international climate funds is so far relatively limited, but designed to play a catalytic role in mobilising additional finance. Country readiness to usefully direct climate finance depends on the availability of programmes and maturity of project pipelines in line with national strategies, project/programme investment criteria, national co-ordination as well as enabling environments, policy and legal frameworks and accountability systems.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance fund direct national project|1.6226064|3.9315848|1.2843227
3670|Other sexual offences that now have a maximum of 30 years imprisonment are: sexual intercourse with a person under 13; incest by a male (if the other person is under 13); and sexual intercourse with a stepchild, foster child, ward or dependent (if the other person is under 13). Marital rape carries a maximum sentence of 14 years imprisonment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|intercourse imprisonment person sexual maximum|9.854154|5.5058856|7.2994213
3671|Generally, household resources, the returns earned on those resources, labour market participation behaviour, and demographic characteristics all contribute to the make-up of the income distribution. However, it is necessary to identify how these factors interact in a particular country context and are affected by exogenous forces before forming sound policy recommendations. The problems many countries face in addressing the upward pressures on skilled wages from shifting wealth and associated increases in returns to education also provide convincing evidence that, rather than focus on increasing average education attainment by any means, governments should specifically try to raise the minimum level of education in their countries. The political processes in which societies come together to address and aggregate individual preferences about the nature of the income distribution can build national identity, establish a shared sense of community, and promote greater social harmony.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|returns education distribution harmony convincing|6.7728524|4.899527|4.4637947
3672|Establishing these thresholds or profiles would, however, require additional work with samples that include both a parent report on parent experiences, and direct measurement of child experiences and/or developmental outcomes. There also is no guarantee that child well-being can be adequately predicted from parent reports. Children have unique experiences of food insecurity; parents are not always knowledgeable of their children's experiences, and therefore cannot report accurately or reliably about them. The extent of inaccuracy may depend on context, the survey interviewer, respondents1 perceptions of the agency conducting the survey, and how the data will be used.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|experiences parent survey knowledgeable child|4.4899564|5.7720547|4.8116765
3673|Similar initiatives focused on microcnterpris-es have also been launched. Improved knowledge and skills in agriculture and entrepreneurship could enhance productivity and promote better nutrition. The energy and capabilities of young people are needed to kick-start more robust economic activity in rural areas. The challenges include limited and expensive airlinks, poor local transportation networks, limited accommodations and tourism activities outside the capital, Dili, and a lack of skilled hospitality workers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|kick limited hospitality es robust|4.302368|5.233285|3.67606
3674|The total share of the population who can be considered as poor under either line stays roughly constant at around one-third of the population. In fact, whereas the total poverty headcount under a combined measure stayed constant in Brazil, if trends continue as they have in the past in China, they may actually increase further in China. In both countries, it is clear that even once dollar-a-day poverty is eliminated, a substantial poverty problem will remain, much as the poor remain socially excluded in many OECD countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|constant poverty remain china stayed|6.3172607|5.8021717|5.0663404
3675|"The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families states that migrant workers and family members should be able to receive ""any medical care that is urgently required for the preservation of their life or the avoidance of irreparable harm to their health"", regardless of ""any irregularity with regard to stay or employment"" (art. In practice, however, the services that municipalities and cantons offer vary widely.0 In Poland, medical rescue teams provide emergency care free of charge, but hospital emergency departments do not necessarily do so, because no legislation establishes who will bear the costs.8 Liability to pay the full or partial cost of medical care can also block access to emergency medical care. In the United States, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act requires hospitals to screen and stabilize all individuals, including irregular migrants, who seek care in an emergency room, regardless of their ability to pay. Vulnerable groups, including children, the elderly and pregnant women, require unrestricted access to emergency health services."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|emergency medical care regardless migrant|9.076999|8.763967|2.005789
3676|Thirty-one operate as municipal enterprises and seven as joint stock companies. Water supply systems in rural areas are managed by water user associations with the status of NGOs. The main problem of the water supply and sanitation system is the uneconomically small areas of exploitation of some municipalities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water supply thirty areas exploitation|1.3737056|7.269988|1.9427388
3677|Similarly, in Chile, according to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, only 44% of the unemployed dismissed for economic reasons claimed that they had received some form of compensation. Among those who should have received a payment but did not, 22% said that they had reached an agreement with their employer, while 44% stated that the employer had simply refused to pay (Sehnbruch, 2006). For a general discussion concerning enforcement issues in OECD countries, see Bertola et al. (|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|employer received dismissed refused claimed|7.90994|4.7142797|4.006142
3678|Therefore, food and nutrition security goals need to be addressed with comprehensive strategies, adapted to the regional circumstances. Each of these interlinkages poses challenges to the aspects of availability, access and utilization of food by the poor and will be discussed in relation to post 2015 MDG implications.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|interlinkages food utilization mdg poses|4.3735094|5.429416|4.358424
3679|"It further highlights the fact that by 2030, there will mechanisms to facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support, particularly to help least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States overcome such large differences that these countries face in terms of infrastructure development vis-a-vis developed and other developing countries. In this context, Goal 9 further emphasizes the need to support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring that the policy environment is conducive to, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to the export of raw commodities. In doing so, the Forum should improve ""alignment and coordination among established and new infrastructure initiatives, multilateral and national development banks, United Nations agencies, and national institutions, development partners and the private sector"".3 This will also help to promote linkages between Goal 9 and the process of industrialization and innovation, especially for CSN."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|developing vis countries development infrastructure|4.041512|3.7735958|2.0981781
3680|The RECS certificates can be voluntary traded. The last-resort electricity suppliers (mainly EDP Servigo Universal) are obliged to purchase all the electricity from renewables (and cogeneration plants) produced under the PRE for resale to end-customers. Portugal should consider shifting from such a system to one in which all suppliers must source a quota of their output from renewables (IEA, 2009a).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|suppliers renewables electricity cogeneration resort|1.8389616|1.9519042|1.9013323
3681|The share of nitrous oxide in total AFOLU emissions is small, but accounts for as much as 75 percent of global anthropogenic emissions of the gas. Organic soils (those with a high concentration of organic matter, such as peatlands) and the burning of biomass (e.g. savanna fires) account for relatively smaller amounts of emissions. Forests also mitigate climate change by removing GHG from the atmosphere through forest growth, as seen in the negative values. However, the average contribution of forests to carbon sequestration has fallen from 2.8 Gt annually in the 1990s to 2.3 Gt in the 2000s, and is estimated at 1.8 Gt in 2014.|SDG 13 - Climate action|gt emissions organic forests nitrous|1.3314644|4.396981|3.781935
3682|This process often involves multiple iterations, aimed at identifying opportunities for success, which might be described as “thinking out of the box”. Innovative pricing and financing strategies, as well as modified business processes, have also proved critical. Tables 1.4 and 1.5 illustrate these issues. They show that while cost reduction was generally the main criterion, other factors (including ensuring product quality and the application’s usefulness) were critical too.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|critical usefulness criterion modified tables|3.912926|3.9606364|2.5306437
3683|However, as with any subsidy instrument, careful design and periodic re-calibration are necessary to ensure that objectives are achieved at the lowest cost to society, and this requires strong government capacity. Regulatory capture, where entrenched industry interests are able to extract subsidies even after the legislative objective has been attained, is common. Yet, energy technology change has slowed considerably at the level of the global fuel mix since the 1970s, and there is no evidence to support the popular notion of an acceleration of energy technology change, either at the fuel or at the sector, plant or unit levels.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fuel technology extract entrenched acceleration|1.8341057|2.8107183|2.2009294
3684|New knowledge and tools are available to assist in reducing uncertainties for the development of policy responses. Equity should be considered with regards to who the costs and benefits of policy reform fall upon and the needs of future generations. Policy coherence is required to ensure initiatives taken by different policy sectors (e.g. agriculture, urban planning, and climate) do not have negative impacts on water quality and freshwater ecosystems, or increase the cost of water quality management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|policy quality uncertainties water generations|1.3393053|7.138292|1.6672239
3685|Groundwater resources are estimated at 0.218 km3/year. Total water resources in the Armenian part of the Vorotan sub-basin are estimated at 0.966 km3/year, about 13,270 m3/year/capita. ”Thc increases in concentrations may be due to diffuse pollution from agriculture and/or pollution from municipal wastewater.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|year pollution estimated diffuse resources|0.5423006|7.0001225|2.8843746
3686|There are relatively few students in colleges techniques in Tunisia, which suggests that a merger would cause little disruption. There appears to be a potential for creating a dialogue around this reform option in Tunisia (NA, 2012). Around 10% of the total number of upper secondary students is enrolled in VET programmes in Tunisia, which compares with an average for the OECD countries of close to 50% (see Figure 4.7). Indeed, academic routes continue to be perceived as leading to better labour market outcomes in Tunisia, compared to VET programmes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tunisia vet students merger programmes|8.506081|2.7460039|2.8400054
3687|The effects of climate change are being integrated into policy development through the concept of “permanent adjustment”. This recognises that climate change is only one of a number of natural and socio-economic processes that will drive the extent and magnitude of natural hazards. The recurrence of torrents, avalanches and other natural hazards has led to a policy of “living with natural hazards and risks”. The relevant adaptation options in the Austrian NAS include support for individual risk prevention and management (one-stop shop for information about climate change adaptation and natural hazards, provision of climate-relevant information, improvement of early warning systems, increased awareness of private insurance options, promotion of technical options to protect assets), sustainable land-use planning to avoid exposure of assets to natural disasters, and water management through water retention and deliberate flooding to avoid discharge peaks. Additionally, the NAS includes a package of actions to improve disaster risk management, such as increased flexibility in financing for disaster risk responses and extension of training courses for disaster risk management coverage.|SDG 13 - Climate action|natural hazards disaster nas risk|1.4144969|5.085231|1.7546184
3688|Pour chacun de ces instruments, le document presente les differentes approches nationales, analyse les problematiques communes auxquelles les pays doivent faire face, et formule des recommandations d’action visant a soutenir l’elaboration et la mise en ceuvre des politiques publiques. Developing effective mechanisms for skill recognition becomes increasingly important, as workers need to learn throughout their careers in the light technological progress, new forms of work (e.g. Uber) develop potentially useful occupational skills and migration flows create a pool of workers with skills that often remain unrecognised. It may yield one of the following three benefits, speeding the path to formal qualification: access to an education or training programme; reduced programme duration; qualification without a training programme.|SDG 4 - Quality education|les qualification des programme ceuvre|8.325228|2.856017|2.792621
3689|The restrictions to access are also associated with lack of data sharing protocols, or data sharing restrictions embedded in local and international legal instruments. With different return periods by hazard types of different intensities, there is a strong need of continuous data collection, for which most cities and countries are not prepared. Monitoring target 11.5 requires not only efficient data collection systems, but also the existence of a governance framework including institutional arrangements with enough human and financial capacity and resource. Coordination between different actors and ministries has also been identified as a hindrance to disaster monitoring and management in many countries.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|data restrictions sharing different collection|1.5803891|5.143378|1.6774188
3690|Since January 2013, the county LDCs are mandatory pre-trial bodies, except, until July 2017, in cases of termination of employment contract, suspension from work, non-pecuniary damages, as well as collective labour disputes, which were the unique prerogative of courts. The new labour code expands the role of the LDCs by making them the mandatory pre-trial body in all cases of labour dispute. Up to now, LDCs have managed to solve all the cases, with no case being brought forward to court.13 This may nevertheless change with the extension of the scope of LDCs notably to termination of employment contract and collective labour dispute. Cases are rare and mostly relate to contract termination, representing less than one per 1 000 of the total number of terminations. Since July 2017, the SLI is also in charge of collecting new data such as the number of employees’ representatives, the number of temporary labour contracts, and the number of termination of labour contracts as well as grounds for it. The county divisions of the SLI will also have to assess reasons for firing or changing work conditions in a less favourable way for an employees’ representative.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|termination ldcs labour cases contract|8.040937|4.58468|4.250534
3691|England, for example, has unique, comprehensive and routinely available data for every practice on quality of care. Its Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) is one of the most advanced monitoring systems across OECD countries. The programme is designed to incentivise and standardise the provision of evidence-based, high-quality care in general practice covering several major LTCs including mental health problems such as depression. It also includes indicators relating to public health and other services provided in primary care (contraception, screening and immunisation).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care quality practice qof routinely|9.982653|9.302535|1.8530033
3692|Also, there is much room for improvement in the capacity to manage such funds effectively in the fight against HIV/AIDS. In July 2005, UNAIDS published and disseminated Guidelines on Construction of Core Indicators to aid in reporting on the progress made from intervention activities. The average range and number of indicators reported compared well with other world regions, as can be seen from Figure 4.1.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|unaids indicators disseminated fight room|8.319038|8.887139|3.1823702
3693|In Ukraine, gas prices for both households and municipal heating utilities have traditionally been heavily regulated and subsidized. However, the prices rose steeply in 2016 after Ukraine's commitments to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Antonenko et al. The possibility to control the temperature and indoor climate will bring along health benefits to residents. Remarkable decreases in heat consumption will shorten the payback period of investment costs and increase the resale value of the building or apartment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ukraine prices payback indoor subsidized|1.8350072|2.2595193|2.3031647
3694|Last but not least, Velvet private advisers are all female. Fursati offers its women customers topic-specific seminars to meet the needs of women in business. The objective is to support the development of entrepreneurship and develop investment skills while also giving women valuable opportunities to network.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women advisers seminars topic customers|9.098516|3.472398|6.6550426
3695|Table 2 outlines what information is collected in selected climate finance systems or reports, and highlights how this fits with information needs under the Paris Agreement. Three surveys were carried out by the DAC Secretariat between 2013 and 2015 with the objective of developing methodologies to report and measure in the DAC system, avoiding double counting.6 From 2017, reporting on amounts mobilised from guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in common investment vehicles will be included in the regular DAC data collection. A further survey, launched in July 2016, is pilot testing further methodologies for credit lines and investment in companies.|SDG 13 - Climate action|dac methodologies investment fits counting|1.4821668|3.8473978|0.65710753
3696|Poor women and men who do not have sufficient funds to finance their start-up stay out of the entrepreneurial markets and in poverty. Gender-specific effects are more pronounced in those countries where women have limited access to property rights or control over household assets (Chapter 2). However, recent research proves clearly that capital injections might not be enough to enable growth, especially in female-owned micro-enterprises.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|proves pronounced entrepreneurial stay women|8.789784|3.6034284|6.3870845
3697|Among households in the lowest income quintile, only 16% have completed tertian' education - while among households in the highest income quintile 80% have done so. Lithuania does not monitor key populations with respect to participation and achievement in tertiary education. It has no policy targets.|SDG 4 - Quality education|quintile households lithuania income education|9.3420725|2.2135217|2.6487737
3698|The government has noted the lack of available technological solutions for the transport sector and considers that opportunities for cleaner transport are limited. Electricity is supplied by the government-owned Tonga Power Ltd (TPL), which is regulated by the Tonga Electricity Commission. The rural areas in Tongatapu have grid electricity supplied by TPL and the outer islands have solar power or mini-grids that are operated on a community-based management model. The average residential electricity tariff in 2013 was US$0.52 (Figure 9.5). Tonga has used solar energy since the late 1980s although biomass remains the primary renewable energy source. There is no potential for hydro energy and assessments indicate that geothermal energy is uneconomical.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tonga electricity energy supplied solar|1.8128572|2.0920823|2.6164217
3699|Source: Authors’ calculations using OECD tax-benefit models. There have been efforts to lower the tax burden on low earners in recent years in Estonia. The tax free allowance has been increased from €144 per month in 2014 to €170 per month in 2016 and a new income tax rebate for low earners that reduces income tax liabilities by €228 per month for those whose annual income is below €7,818.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tax month earners income liabilities|7.0825577|4.9006996|4.3008633
3700|Without the use of a social justice lens for energy planning, large-scale renewable energy projects can be environmentally damaging and may do little tc enhance gender equality. Decision-making in the energy sector often excludes women, and policies are mostly gender-unaware. In many cases they are creating their own pathways to clean energy technology that level the playing field in regard to economic and social opportunity. It has the potential to reduce development initiatives directed at gender and energy since the deep inequalities in the energy sector cannot easily be quantified. Enabling the creation of local renewable energy user groups and co-operatives, and empowering women to fully participate all levels of decision-making, is essential for sustainable energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy gender renewable decision unaware|9.125672|4.19167|7.2290716
3701|Furthermore, some would argue that the critical mass of women is contributing to the passage of legislation that addresses women’s concerns. Women have been able to successfully lobby for greater allocation of health-care spending, for example, as well as enact changes to land inheritance laws to be more favourable to women (Norville 2011). This suggests that encouraging Commonwealth countries to adopt NAPs can have the beneficial effect of helping to institutionalise and normalise the perception that women should be included in political institutions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women enact naps passage lobby|10.165389|4.6141114|7.370491
3702|Often, this will be all the patient needs but in the case of a need for referral for acute care, this can be done in such a way that takes into account the totality of a patient health care needs. Ultimately, such a system could help in identifying resource needs and priority setting for successful outcomes. A key facet of Korea’s registration projects has demonstrated the benefits of proactive outreach both in raising awareness about risky health behaviours that might lead to the development of chronic disease and also in moderating lifestyle habits of those with established chronic disease.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|chronic patient needs disease risky|9.2846985|8.976277|1.7628133
3703|These stations collect real- or near-real-time data on river levels and rainfall and related issues - which is disseminated through a web-based platform. This Regional Flood Information System may now be integrated into the operational flood monitoring and early warning systems in the respective countries. For this purpose, there are two important enabling steps. The first is to fully understand the transboundary risk - from regional to local levels.|SDG 13 - Climate action|flood real regional disseminated levels|1.3429568|5.6139503|1.7893369
3704|This also helps tackle the immense investment needs in the sector. Savings from reduced energy-related social subsidies after eneigy-efficiency investments are implemented creates a revenue stream, which is consolidated through the newly established Energy Efficiency Fund. Parliament recently adopted the Law on the Energy Efficiency Fund (2017).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|efficiency energy fund immense consolidated|2.116169|2.7326682|2.307272
3705|An effort is also made to identify difficulties in availability and quality of information, for contributing to the generation of better data for the multidimensional measurement of poverty. Therefore, the indices presented here in this section are basically exploratory in nature and are not presented as a definitive multidimensional measurement of poverty in the region. Next, different dimensions and thresholds are considered, bearing in mind the selection of those that are most relevant and feasible for measurement in the regional context.|SDG 1 - No poverty|measurement multidimensional presented definitive basically|6.538974|6.367036|5.131555
3706|"The magnitude of some of these differences suggests that new teachers may require more support to develop effective pedagogical strategies for teaching content in some countries than in others, possibly due to limited pre-service or in-service training. In countries such as the Czech Republic, Iceland and Sweden, the gaps between the proportion of new and experienced teachers feeling ""very well"" prepared in classroom practice in the subject field(s) are greater than 30 percentage points. However, in France (4 percentage points) and japan (7 percentage points), the differences between the groups are much smaller, and there are no statistical significant differences in Finland and Korea."|SDG 4 - Quality education|points percentage differences teachers service|9.602326|1.4298936|2.6149836
3707|It builds on the understanding that people care for the environment, sustainability and future generations, but they are also busy, and do not have the time to carefully think about how these issues connect with each other. These widespread concerns have formed a sound basis for the Good Chemistry campaign from the Danish EPA, which highlights nine good habits for pregnant and nursing mothers regarding chemicals in cosmetics, in products for children and in toys. According to the third good habit, consumers are advised to buy products with Swan label and the EU flower. The study from the Danish EPA suggests that the Nordic Swan ecolabelling has significantly increased its market share in the personal care sector in Denmark as a result of this campaign.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|epa campaign good danish products|1.8711078|3.631801|2.6743107
3708|In Mexico, fathers tend to lose time with their families, while mothers often drop out of the workforce entirely. The wage premium to long hours has been identified as a crucial remaining obstacle to gender pay equity (Goldin, 2014). Within the workplace, men and women often break from long hour norms in different ways.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|long obstacle hour break premium|9.685811|4.4621625|5.7161307
3709|This solution may be appropriate for a specific bounded water body such as a lake or reservoir, where there are a limited number of identified polluters (typically industrial companies, wastewater utilities or mines) whose discharges have a clearly identifiable impact on surface water quality. Polluting agents (firms, utilities, etc.) Polluters w'ould be allowed to buy and sell these licences. The total volume of licences could be reduced overtime with the aim of reducing overall pollution. The latter would save money by buying licences rather than undertaking abatement themselves. In time, the desired amount of pollution abatement would gravitate towards “efficient” polluters, at a lower cost to society compared to the situation where every firm was obliged to abate, whatever the cost.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|polluters licences abatement utilities pollution|1.4515593|7.094748|2.2146592
3710|Finally, 5.2% was spent on general psychiatry and 0.9% (the least of all medical specialties) on child psychiatry in regional hospitals. This implies that the county hospitals bear the largest share of specialist psychiatric out- and inpatient services (SALAR, 201 lb). Sweden has been a proactive actor in the advancement of national mental health, developing locally targeted policy and programmes, as well as cooperating with international mental health efforts.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychiatry hospitals mental specialties cooperating|10.251901|8.857676|1.7337728
3711|The database could be shared, for instance, with the DHS/Centerlink and local social service administrations to ensure confidentiality. After youth and their families have been contacted and agree to participate in a programme, information would be transmitted by these authorities to local service providers. Service providers would then need to inform the referring administration on the situation of youth on a regular basis. They address the causes of non-attendance through a regular exchange of information and dedicated follow-up services; and avoid youth falling through the cracks by systematically offering alternative education or training pathways to school drop-outs. Since 1994, each county has its own “Follow-up Service” with a mandate to keep an overview of the activity status of all young people who finish compulsoiy lower-secondary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|service youth follow regular providers|9.647593|2.343897|2.1272058
3712|This number increased slightly to 60.3% in 2008. The existing middle class remained rather stable (73% of those who were middle class in 2004 remained middle class in 2008), while attracting a significant portion of the poor (58.5% of the poor in 2004 became middle class in 2008). Viewing the middle class as essentially stable can be misleading.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|class middle remained stable misleading|6.8344398|5.6511984|4.999382
3713|Using data from 4 000 households in rural Indonesia, Gibson and Olivia (2010) showed that improved access to roads and electricity positively affected both employment and income for nonfarm enterprises. The Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) Mandiri Rural Infrastructure Support helped villagers of Trimulyo to develop the local economy by constructing an all-weather road. The new road lowered transportation costs, which allowed greater use of fertiliser and in turn increased outputs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road rural lowered constructing outputs|4.2498736|4.438723|1.8247381
3714|These figures highlight the problem of low productivity that always characterises the small business sector. Mi Tortilla, which is the programme that the study visit has more specifically met, also supports producers through a quality logo that helps them compete with large companies and through a grant in change for old polluting equipment so that this is not sold in the second-hand market. Together with an economic objective of improved productivity, the MI series has also a social aim in seeking to formalise through participation in the programme the large swaths of informality that connotes the microenterprise sector in Mexico.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|productivity programme polluting large informality|4.5205965|4.929203|3.5644825
3715|The second trend is the increase in the use of biomass. In 2012, four times more biomass was used by the residential sector than in 1988. This trend is also supported, although to a much smaller extent, by the increasing gasification of households. The principal objectives of climate-related policy are the development of a highly efficient and green energy sector and establishment of a single internal energy market, while overcoming the high energy and carbon intensity of the economy and dependency on energy1 imports.|SDG 13 - Climate action|biomass energy trend overcoming sector|1.659768|2.827937|2.77468
3716|The paper concludes with a brief note on the way forward. For the OECD as a whole, the tax to GDP ratio rose from 28.6% of GDP in 1975 to 34% in 2015. The tax mix also varies, reflecting a host of determinants, including among others the structure and openness of the economy, inter-governmental arrangements (e.g. unitary versus federal structure) (Box 2), the institutional capacities of the national and sub-national government administrations, and collective attitudes toward income redistribution and the use of progressive taxation. Sub-central entities generate their own revenues, to varying degrees.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|structure sub gdp tax unitary|6.9067163|5.0433154|4.3917193
3717|Decentralisation also means giving more prominent role to the Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS) in aquifer management, strengthening the organisation and functioning of the River Basin Councils and their auxiliary bodies, and consolidating the governance functions and regional organisation of the CONAGUA. There is no “one size fits all” model for enhancing public governance in the water sector and overcoming institutional obstacles to implementation but it is critical to diagnose the main governance challenges experienced across ministries and public agencies, between levels of government and across subnational actors and review existing governance instruments. This will help clearly define roles and responsibilities of public authorities and set-up to dispute resolution mechanisms.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance organisation public diagnose auxiliary|0.9816029|7.193615|1.5301467
3718|These countries have acquired the potential to put in place social policies that foster human development and social cohesion. This refers to absolute poverty measured by the international poverty line of USD 1.25 PPP (purchasing-power parity) per day. The growth elasticity of poverty reduction derived from the regression line in Figure 4.2 is -1.12.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty line elasticity regression acquired|6.2838335|6.0101333|4.943866
3719|Tertiary specialist hospitals were also worse affected. This includes the national children’s hospital, where average waiting time for surgery was remarkably long, at 701 days. It is interesting to note that waiting times in the hospitals belonging to the INS insurer-provider network (see Box 1) are typically less than a week. Although the INS offers a restricted set of services compared to the CCSS, its short waiting times include elective surgery.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|waiting ins surgery hospitals times|9.1318245|8.872859|1.968351
3720|Psychiatric inpatient care has increased amongst adolescents and young adults. In 2009 - 2011, 72 497 women (516 per 100 000 population) and 80 479 men (572 per 100 000 population) were treated in psychiatric inpatient care. Figure 6 illustrates the trends in psychiatric inpatient care for both men and women between 1991-2011, a period during which the number of psychiatric beds declined sharply.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychiatric inpatient care men population|10.277033|8.91979|1.8070369
3721|Looking at the economy of the U nited States from 1948 to 1985, he concluded that infrastructure investments led to productivity increases, finding that a 10 percent rise in infrastructure stock over time was associated with a 4 per cent increase in productivity. The study even showed that the converse also held: declining infrastructure investment from 1970 to 1985 was responsible for declining output per capita over the same period in the United States. These findings triggered a spurt of empirical research examining the contribution of infrastructure to growth.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure declining productivity states triggered|3.895231|3.9659536|2.034442
3722|Moreover, many employers have the view that they should not provide of structured training, but rather that school-based programmes should provide them with trained and ready workers (OECD, 2017). National employers’ organisations have been traditionally included in the advisory bodies designing VET provision, but in 2014-2015, the Ministry of Economy signed collaboration agreements with sectoral employers’ associations (e.g. hotels and restaurants, aviation, IT, engineering, etc.). For that purpose, sectoral qualification standards are being developed for particular sectors of the economy (OECD, 2016,38)).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employers sectoral economy aviation restaurants|8.467377|2.8503537|2.8078423
3723|Encourage various forms of mutually beneficial business partnerships. Indonesia has extensive experience in developing partnership arrangements between large investors in agriculture and smallholders acting as their suppliers. Contract farming is the most common partnership scheme, but mixed models are also widely used, with investments in a large-scale core enterprise at the centre involving out-growers under contracts to supplement core production. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the FAO Voluntary Guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security provide useful guidance.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|partnership core guidelines growers multinational|3.6540024|5.1313863|3.6976767
3724|The Danish government should work with universities, speciality groups and regions to review the structure of medical research facilities and ensure that they evolve to make the most of the opportunities provided by larger scale specialist hospitals. For example, whilst not losing their valued generalist role, further skill specialisation amongst some GPs could be explored. Interested GPs could develop extended competencies in defined clinical areas (e.g., dermatology, ear nose and throat, paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gps generalist obstetrics speciality losing|9.287445|9.151258|1.6287544
3725|It starts with a short analysis of the volume of official development finance for infrastructure. Next, it highlights some of the strategies pursued by donors that are particularly active in this area and presents several case stories. It concludes with some observations about how to improve the effectiveness of support for trade-related infrastructure investments. Together Japan, the World Bank Group, the European Union (EU) institutions, Germany and France disbursed over three quarters of all funds during the period 2006-15.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure disbursed stories starts pursued|3.776715|3.8495705|1.9768362
3726|Critical to successful tax reform is the need to have more effective coordination among relevant agencies, such as departments within ministries of finance, foreign investment promotion agencies and local governments. Greater use of information technology in tax administration also matters, especially its capacity to help increase tax compliance through risk-based auditing and third-party information sharing. However, excluding Japan, growth slowed from 6.2% in 2014 to 5.7% in 2015, mainly due to declining merchandise exports as a result of an economic growth moderation in China and tepid global demand.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tax agencies auditing merchandise slowed|6.4470353|4.8970337|4.1324925
3727|Water authorities need to work with other constituencies, including the agriculture and energy sectors, while taking the environment into account; they also need to work at different levels of government (local, basin, municipal, state and federal levels). For example, there has been long-standing co-operation between Canada and the United States through the Canada-US Boundary Waters Treaty and the Canada-US Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe operates the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, providing an important framework for international co-operation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|canada lakes operation constituencies watercourses|1.134271|7.037041|1.6832206
3728|Therefore, countries of the region should step up their efforts to improve the living conditions of the poor. Although the worst of the crisis is expected to have passed by the second half of 2009, meaning it would have been shorter lived and not as deep as initially predicted, there is, nonetheless, still a possibility of a slow recovery and of employment only recovering after a long contraction. Given the macroeconomic context, which is less vulnerable in this crisis, and given the progress that has been made in the area of social protection, there is a possibility that the social fallout from the crisis can be mitigated more effectively. That highlights the need for governments to take action to close the social gaps and make progress towards social cohesion.|SDG 1 - No poverty|crisis social possibility progress contraction|6.803569|5.713163|4.3428416
3729|It considers how women still prefer to study humanities to sciences and asks what can be done to combat persistent stereotyping. Finally, it looks at the gender gap in financial literacy, and how to ensure women are as well-equipped as men to carry out long-term financial planning. Exceptions are chiefly countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In Eastern, Middle Central and Western Africa and in Southern Asia, teenage girls are less likely than boys to stay in school.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|asia africa stereotyping humanities chiefly|9.167727|3.812228|5.8635855
3730|Among executives knowledgeable about blockchain technology, 18% already participate in a consortium, 45% are likely to join one, and 14% are considering forming one. Industry consortia are focusing on developing solutions to their business issues with the help of blockchain technology, whereas technology consortia are focusing on developing use case agnostic blockchain technologies, and are mostly formed by blockchain technology providers. These technology providers drive innovation for consensus algorithms, transaction efficiency, and interoperability across different blockchain platforms.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain technology consortia focusing providers|4.050619|2.545995|2.0697336
3731|In the current system of national accounts, they are accounted for as non-profit or charitable institutions. Such deficiencies remain a decisive factor in the region’s high levels of poverty. Primary income distribution is corrected through wealth redistribution schemes which can function provided that there is a revenue collection system which taxes current income, wealth, profits and consumption and which, for workers, includes the obligation to contribute a proportion of their income to finance benefits and transfers to be paid when their working lives have come to an end. There are also voluntary, solidarity-based redistributive mechanisms, which involve not only gifts among private households but also participation by community organizations.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|wealth income charitable current decisive|7.12829|5.54795|4.4345937
3732|Closing the gender gap in the labour force promotes diversity and stability, and improves the competiveness and integrity of the recruitment process for both public and private sector employment. In fact, estimates from an OECD study suggest that reducing the gender gap in employment is correlated with an increased impetus for economic growth, amounting to an overall rise of 12% of GDP over 20 years in OECD countries (OECD, 2012a). The study found that OECD countries that currently have larger gaps in employment would have higher gains in GDP if the gender gap were to be reduced (OECD, 2012a: 24-30).’ Evidence from global studies also suggests that women tend to spend a greater share of their income on the education and health of their children and, therefore, an improvement of wage equality for women often translates to better welfare outcomes for individuals within the household (Qian, 2008).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|oecd gap gender employment gdp|9.159653|4.3607125|5.9469495
3733|The emphasis is mainly on soil water nutrient levels, acidification, heavy metals, organic pollutants, and leaching of nutrients from the site. Nevertheless, some studies have addressed these issues in different Nordic countries. For example, the effect of final felling of forest stands on runoff water chemistry and discharge has been widely studied, as has the effect of wooded strips along streams (buffer zones) on runoff water chemistry and aquatic organisms in northern Sweden. In Finland the role of forest land in artificial recharge of high quality groundwater resources to compensate for water extraction has also been studied.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|chemistry runoff studied water forest|0.6679831|6.7677975|3.008245
3734|The challenge was to redraw a new line dividing German Togoland into two separate territories. In 1919, the ‘Milner-Simon agreement’ between the English and the French attributed 60% of German Togoland to France and 40% to Britain. The provisional line mainly followed natural features. According to Raunet (2016), when the Milner-Simon line cut communities in two, villages could decide whether they wanted to be under British or French rule and had six months to relocate on either side of the line.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|line simon french german dividing|3.7948675|5.8073354|1.7323583
3735|The assessment of a school leader’s exercise of tasks and responsibilities includes a test on professional preparation (5%). The appraisal framework described for Mexico throughout this chapter refers to the exclusive appraisal scheme for school principals at centrally managed public schools at ISCED level 3. For further details on the external element (external school evaluation), see Chapter 6.|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal school external chapter isced|9.998412|1.1262671|1.4921273
3736|It also explains how to connect travellers with the businesses' local cultural assets to enhance the visitor experience. Through a free interactive on-line tool companies can develop a prospective vision for their business. The easy-to-follow guides demonstrate tangible ways to enhance product development, marketing and sales initiatives. One such initiative that aims to support tourism SMEs with an online presence but without online booking capabilities is the Australian Tourism Booking Widget (Box 20).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|online tourism enhance visitor guides|6.389532|3.8224332|2.8569224
3737|They support women to access better employment opportunities and reduce social and intergenerational inequalities by making extra -familial care available and affordable for lower-income and disadvantaged households. In order to reap the 'double dividend' in terms of women's economic empowerment and child health and education, the ways in which services are delivered is fundamental. As with water, poorer and rural households are much less likely than wealthier and urban households to have access to improved sanitation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|households familial reap wealthier dividend|8.980721|5.024112|6.055944
3738|In order to contribute to this objective, the OECD Joint Network of Health and Budget Officials on the Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems was established in 2011. This joint network aims to identify and disseminate good practices in managing healthcare budgets, alongside other policies that can ensure fiscal sustainability. It also aims to improve institutional dialogue, clarity of roles, and common objectives between officials from both health and finance ministries, and other relevant policymakers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|officials joint fiscal aims sustainability|8.707472|8.903084|2.08739
3739|"According to the Special Rapporteur, the State's due diligence obligation under international human rights law consists of preventing, investigating, punishing acts of violence against women, protecting women from violence, and providing an effective remedy and reparation to victims of violence. For human rights law, the standard serves as a tool for rights holders to hold duty bearers accountable by providing an assessment framework for ascertaining what constitutes effective fulfilment of the obligation, and for analysing the actions or omissions of the duty bearer. This is especially important if the potential infringement comes through a duty bearer's failure to act, as it can be difficult for rights holders to assess if an omission constituted a violation of their right without some normative basis for the appraisal. Cotton Field"") v. Mexico (Judgement of 16 November 2009), concerning the abduction, sexual violence and killing of two children and a woman by non-State actors, was one of hundreds of similar cases of disappearance, rape and murder of predominantly migrant women and girls that had occurred in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|duty violence rights holders obligation|9.811344|5.288149|7.557152
3740|With a view to facilitating this crucial choice, the Policy Guidance for Investment in Clean Energy Infrastructure aims to assist governments in identifying ways to engage private enterprises in developing and financing clean energy infrastructure. Countries at different stages of technological and economic development will find different issues more relevant to their specific situation. Every context is different and the Policy Guidance will thus need to be adapted to the needs of each individual country.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|clean guidance different infrastructure energy|2.091896|2.6619403|1.9949459
3741|That is why the OECD is investing in both, to strengthen the evidence base, in close collaboration with the UN and other key development partners, including bi-lateral donors, through the DAC Network on Gender Equality (GENDERNET, see Box 6), CSOs, the private sector and foundations. With the support of the OECD Secretary General, the Policy Dialogue initiative is co-ordinated jointly by the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate, the Development Centre and Statistics Directorate, bringing together their unique expertise and networks. The initiative aims to identify policy and programme solutions to promote women’s economic empowerment, including by recognising, reducing and redistributing women’s unpaid care work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|directorate initiative oecd bi redistributing|9.772695|4.0578303|7.084786
3742|The teaching challenge is then to teach in a way so that most students apply a deep approach to learning using the higher cognitive level processes3. While these characteristics include for example subject matter, class size, student ability and assessment practices, they vary enormously between departments, faculties and institutions. Complex and ever-changing societal, political, economic, technological and demographic forces also affect what might be understood as effective teaching.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching faculties enormously teach deep|8.886185|1.4945564|1.7680819
3743|Because many of the policy innovations presented in this section involve the use of economic instruments, the chapter begins with a brief review of some of the characteristics of water that limit the extent to which the resource can be managed as an economic good. Policy solutions with the potential to contribute to resource decoupling are described for the agricultural, industry, and municipal water supply sectors. In addition, systems-level policy approaches with the potential to encourage efficient use across sectors are also described. The section concludes with an examination of equity considerations that should be included in the design of policy measures.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|policy described resource section sectors|1.3443769|7.251725|2.1280577
3744|They are therefore critical for creating an enabling environment within which substantive equality for women can be advanced. They have also artificially constrained the resources available to governments to finance policies and programmes for gender equality. This can enhance the realization of rights over time, the mobilization of resources for gender equality, the reduction of discrimination and the democratization of economic governance.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality artificially mobilization gender realization|9.669017|4.6255713|7.084801
3745|Analysis conducted by the IEA, using its data on fossil-fuel consumption subsidies in developing countries, estimated that a phase-out of these subsidies between 2011 and 2020 would lead to lower emissions of air pollutants such as S02, NOx and particulate matter, which are harmful to public health and the environment (IEA/OPEC/OECD/World Bank, 2010). Recent research by the GSI based on modelling in 20 countries found that the removal of fossil-fuel subsidies between now and 2020 could lead to average national emission reductions of approximately 11%. This research also found that if 30% of the savings from subsidy removal are redirected to renewable energy and energy efficiency, the national average emission reduction estimates increase to 18% (Merrill, L.etal., However, defining these policies as subsidies is uncommon in the region and cross-subsidies often remain “invisible” for society at large.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidies removal iea emission fossil|1.6211936|2.9197881|2.2490125
3746|If there is no demand for product, then consideration should be given to removing the tariff quota altogether. This action is needed to ensure the protection of human, plant and animal health, improve Viet Nam’s regulatory reputation and support the export of value-added agricultural goods. It is important that import requirements for food safety, quarantine, and standards and labelling purposes are implemented in a transparent manner, consistent with international guidelines and practice.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|quarantine reputation altogether labelling removing|4.0328|4.801123|4.152789
3747|Chile also needs to improve access to quality tertiary education for students from medium and low socio-economic backgrounds. Finally, in terms of activating and using skills effectively, a key goal should be to reduce skill mismatch, which contributes to low productivity growth. This requires more flexible labour markets, investing more in vocational education and training, and promoting the participation of more women in the fields of engineering and computer science.|SDG 4 - Quality education|mismatch low computer backgrounds engineering|10.127434|1.9273483|2.4824052
3748|The challenge is to support the creation of a gender-responsive security system in a society where gender inequality, stereotypes and discrimination still exist. Reforms within a security system institution can spur social changes if accompanied by broader national reforms - such as national plans on violence against women or legislative reform on equal rights - education, and awareness-raising strategies. In turn, it is important for security system institutions to support social changes in parallel to institutional reform, through education reform or awareness-raising campaigns on gender issues at the national and community level.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reform security gender raising awareness|10.157146|4.74229|7.5213265
3749|Under the baseline projections of the ITF International Freight Model, the growth in international freight volume is far from uniform, being significantly stronger along maritime routes and inland connections in Asia. The North Pacific corridor facilitated the highest volume of international freight flows in 2015; this was due mainly to the high volume of international trade from China to the United States. As Figure 9 shows, it is estimated that the volume of freight in the North Pacific corridor will increase significantly by 2050.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|freight volume corridor international pacific|4.6279955|3.9571888|2.4452221
3750|It has traditionally been considered a second chance option for the three poorest quintiles of the population. In 2013 there were some 1.9 million applicants for 1.5 million places in vocational education and training (VET) institutions, reflecting growing demand (Interview with TVET Director, MOEC). The new vision is to build on that demand by increased investment and expansion of vocational schools widely across the whole of Indonesia.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational million tvet demand quintiles|8.53177|2.575736|2.754286
3751|Successful completers are awarded a Senior Certificate of Education, giving access to both general and vocational programmes. There is a well established flexible qualification system that provides autonomy and innovation, underpinned with data and research. Current reforms have aimed to shape a more demand-driven VET system (see Spotlight 2), introducing more flexibility in the length of apprenticeships and ensuring support through a common procedure for assessing them. It has the sixth highest graduation rate among OECD countries in academic programmes (tertiary-type A), and the eighth highest graduation rate in vocationally oriented programmes (tertiary-type B). About 19.8% of all tertiary students are foreign, the highest rate of foreign tertiary students among OECD countries in 2011. The participation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in higher education is below that of the Australian population as a whole.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary highest graduation rate programmes|8.625527|2.7453885|2.874188
3752|Firms with product, process, organisational or marketing innovations or with ongoing or abandoned product or process innovation activities. Market novelties are product innovations that are new to the firm’s market. Innovation co-operation as part of product or process innovation activities. Data for 2006-08 and 2008-10 only include R&D expenditures and expenditures for the acquisition of machinery, equipment, software and other external knowledge.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|product innovation innovations process expenditures|5.4153733|3.366934|2.4736698
3753|Second, it implies a potential need for more intensive management of the nearby hillsides, and more precisely, the identification of specific areas that can be devoted to the needs of the local population. They reflect conflicts about specific parcels of land because some uses may be perceived as harming the interests of nearby land owners. A media analysis of land use conflicts in Puy-de-Dome illustrates this point well. It was found that the majority of conflicts are brought forward by rural residents who would like to maintain the natural environment against the land uses of businesses and industry (Mann and Jeanneaux, 2009: 129). Of the 35 conflicts identified in the area in the study, three quarters were resolved in the residents’ interest—a fact the author of the study notes demonstrates that ex-post decision protest behaviour can result in political decisions that maintain or improve the quality of residential life.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|conflicts land nearby residents maintain|3.901745|5.6799345|1.7059411
3754|Nonetheless, the special characteristics of this segment (strong growth, rapid technical progress, and highly changeable regulatory frameworks) mean that the business model still differs from the rest of the sector, and it is largely controlled by specialized firms. Many of the large electricity firms that invest in this segment do so through specialist subsidiaries, such as Enel Green Power, CPFL Renovaveis or Iberdrola Renovables, which recently has been reabsorbed by the parent company for financial reasons. These barriers are lowered still further if the project is mainly financed with debt, as is usually the case, thereby reducing the capital contribution necessary from the firm in question to no more than 30% of the total cost. This level of leverage is possible because most wind farms have been developed with long-term PPAs, and because nearly all of the production cost is fixed capital which is invested at the start of the project. In terms of wind power, the turbines account for 70% of the cost (BNDES).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|segment cost wind firms bndes|2.1529539|2.051654|1.9212261
3755|While residential developments along establish roads ways are to be encouraged since they take advantage of existing infrastructure, they are problematic when the costs of servicing these areas are bom by the municipality and the externalities associated with such a location are not reflected in the costs paid by home owners. This is to be expected to some degree as lower interest rates increase an individual’s ability to purchase a property. Supply constraints also increase demand—for instance, high demand to live in a particular area because of its amenities or cultural heritage. In comparison to other departements in the region, these are low figures; Puy-de-Dome had the lowest percentage change in terms of housing prices over the period and the second lowest in terms of household income.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|lowest departements servicing demand terms|4.5807905|5.647331|1.983779
3756|Instead, this chapter focuses on the role of structural transformation in reducing poverty as the title of this report indicates. The total number of people living in extreme poverty, based on the purchasing power parity (PPP) yardstick of $1.90 per day, declined from a peak of 144 million in 1999 to 44.6 million in 2015. Today, the average poverty headcount ratio in these economies is 11.1 per cent, compared with 45.7 per cent in 1999.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty million cent title headcount|6.187196|5.936836|5.01232
3757|State administration entities and locally elected officials—of illicit cultivation and State Police operations to eradicate such cultivation. In Belarus, a system of measures to stabilize the drug situation and a comprehensive action plan to counter drug trafficking, prevent drug abuse and facilitate the social rehabilitation of drug abusers were approved in 2014. The National Committee for the Coordination and Planning of Drug Responses of Greece drafted a new national strategy on drugs (for the period 2014-2020) and a new action plan (for 2014-2016).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug cultivation plan action drafted|8.332854|10.214887|3.520878
3758|As such, action that is in effect adaptation may not be viewed as such by the company in question. This paper has adopted a broad perspective, in that it includes as adaptation measures that have been taken in relation to existing climate extremes which additionally improve companies’ resilience to climate change, and measures that have either been identified by the respondents as relating to climate change, or to circumstances that have been made worse by climate change. Information on companies’ adaptation experiences has been obtained by directly contacting 16 companies (see Annex 2 for a full list of companies). Based on companies’ responses to the 2009 CDP questionnaire, companies which were particularly active on climate issues were identified and requested to participate in this analysis.|SDG 13 - Climate action|companies climate adaptation change identified|1.3961226|4.6976094|1.6484448
3759|"Licensing thus soon proved to be insufficient, particularly given the ambitions of the Chinese wind energy programme, which aimed largely at the commissioning of large-scale wind farms employing megawatt turbines (1.5 MW and higher). The focus shifted away from licensing to the commissioning of ""original constructions” delivered by international design and consulting firms. This has had two advantages: first, the cost of design tends to be substantially lower than licensing fees (one third, according to one Chinese expert); second, in general, once the design firm has delivered the blueprint, the Chinese client owns the intellectual property rights to the design."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|licensing design chinese commissioning delivered|2.2425973|1.8868614|1.9614755
3760|The third level consists of several existing national and local measurement systems that are used to measure and drive improvement. It defines 12 priority areas required to deliver the 2020 ambition across the domains of quality of care, population health, and value and sustainability. The priority areas are: person-centred care; safe care; primary care; unscheduled and emergency care; integrated care; care for multiple and chronic illnesses; early years; health inequalities; prevention; workforce; innovation; and efficiency and productivity.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care priority illnesses ambition centred|9.076208|9.422687|1.8882992
3761|The Government has been able to reduce the gap between supply and demand for electricity. Power generation capacity (including captive) has been increased from 4,942 Megawatts (MW) in 2009 to 13,883 MW in 2015. At present, 74 per cent of the population has electricity coverage and the per capita power generation has reached 371 kWh.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mw generation electricity power kwh|1.6424867|1.9098982|2.416671
3762|Papua New Guinea is currently a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and has observer status in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Papua New Guinea’s exports to China, for example, increased from $122 million in 2001 to $817 million in 2011 on the back of increasing Chinese demand for Papua New Guinea’s petroleum products. Meanwhile the exports of Solomon Islands to China, dominated by timber logs, reached $348.4 million in 2011.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|papua guinea million exports new|4.1928377|4.625474|4.0284348
3763|The monitoring and evaluation frameworks assessing the effectiveness of the national approach on adaptation must be adjusted accordingly. With an integrated approach to adaptation, a country’s resilience to climate change reflects the change brought about by individual adaptation interventions, as well as that caused by socio-economic trends and policies implemented for reasons other than climate change. The report also considers the potential role development co-operation providers can play in helping partner countries to implement the four tools and build on the information they generate.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation change approach climate considers|1.2686799|4.755711|1.5154105
3764|The initial focus was on improving understanding of extreme events, but it has expanded to include research into climate impacts and adaptation responses. Further funding for climate research has been provided through the Austrian Climate Research Programme. In addition to this domestic research agenda, Austria has been an active participant in EU-funded research, such as the CIRCLE I and II projects co-ordinating transnational research funding on climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|research climate adaptation funding impacts|1.3340448|4.648324|1.7351192
3765|If humanitarian relief is excluded from social protection, spending falls to 1.4% of GDP. Domestic financing for social protection has increased significantly, although donors financed around 60% of social protection spending on average in recent years. Spending on the RPSNP has declined significantly in real terms while the number of beneficiaries has largely remained steady.|SDG 1 - No poverty|spending protection social significantly humanitarian|7.129745|5.775969|4.163039
3766|Thereafter, new targets or re-organisation takes place (including consideration of the creation of new programmes). The programme has to be updated when the new administration begins. Generally, policy instruments are designed with the intent of diverting waste from landfills and creating more jobs in processing plants through commercial activities related to the recycling and reuse of materials and the or caloric waste treatment).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste new diverting caloric intent|0.6296328|3.9797006|2.9765048
3767|In addition, 47% of Mexican women who have had at least one intimate male partner report having been victims of violence. One major factor behind underreporting is mistrust in the criminal justice system (see Chapter 3). Important legal instruments protect women from violence, and the Mexican government has rolled out a multi-pronged approach to addressing VAW, entitled the Integrated Programme to Prevent, Address, Sanction and Eradicate Violence Against Women, 2014-2018. This programme proposes several strategies and policies to eradicate VAW and includes many government actors.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|vaw eradicate violence mexican women|9.892592|5.3921|7.56713
3768|Figure 27.1 shows that almost all adult women in high-income countries have a formal account, while there are wide disparities in the financial inclusion of women across low-income countries (Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper, 2012). For example, 1.5% of women in Niger had formal accounts with and/or obtained loans from financial institutions in 2011, while 12% of women in Mauritania had an account and 7% received a formal loan. The differences in the proportions of men and women who hold an account also tend to diminish with countries’ income per capita, even if, once again, the size of the gender gap varies significantly across poor countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women formal account income countries|8.788915|3.6934903|6.3002048
3769|Special measures, including quotas, are necessary to achieve equality between women and men by addressing structural disadvantage faced by women. But greater numbers of women representatives are not sufficient to advance gender equality in society. Broader participation of women and autonomous women’s organizations are critical to the achievement of policy that advances substantive equality between women and men. Undemocratic practices at local levels such as patronage and corruption prevent transparency and accountability and reduce women’s effective participation (ibid, para.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women equality participation men substantive|10.044825|4.279372|7.1706147
3770|The participation rate of men attains the maximum in the 25-34 age group, while women of that age are mostly married and engaged in childbearing and child rearing. The gender gap in LFPRs is thus the highest in this age group. The LFPRs of women attain the maximum level later in life and decrease almost instantaneously. Thus, there is never a steady state for women’s employment; peak employment comes later in life, so any possible gains in increased wages are short lived. While women agricultural workers still make up the majority of those employed .their numbers have decreased for various reasons. The share of women workers in manufacturing, however, has now surpassed men’s.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lfprs women age maximum later|8.931555|4.476258|5.5623674
3771|This can only be achieved with leadership at all levels of the health system. Meanwhile the populations and individual patients these systems serve are becoming clinically more challenging. In previous centuries, the key challenges for health care were managing injury and combatting infectious diseases. As developing countries cross the epidemiological transition they now' face the same challenges.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|combatting challenges epidemiological centuries infectious|8.481144|9.02943|2.880165
3772|The second manual, entitled Handbook for Producing National Statistical Reports on Women and Men, was published by the United Nations, in 1997. This manual provided guidance in producing gender-focused analytical publications and integrated data analysis and data presentation for a series of subject-matter topics related to gender. After Beijing, a great deal of the work on gender statistics developed by global and regional agencies has focused on producing gender indicators, perhaps for two reasons. First, there has been a need to monitor, at the global and regional levels, countries’ progress in achieving gender equality goals.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender producing manual focused handbook|9.708248|4.4612885|7.8444386
3773|That is, water demand measures the total amount of water withdrawn from the environment (gross demand) rather than the amount of water withdrawn after accounting for the volumes returned (net demand). Gross measures of water use include consumptive and non-consumptive uses of water. By contrast, net water demand only measures consumptive uses of water, so is a measure of water consumption rather than water demand. Because only a part of what is withdrawn is effectively consumed (Table B.5), most of the flow is returned - usually at a lower quality - to the water systems, where it can be reused. Water withdrawals for energy generation - hydropower and thermo-cooling - are on the rise, but energy is one of the economic sectors that consume the least water and it returns most of the water withdrawn back to the water system. Withdrawal per capita ranges from 20 m3 a year in Uganda to more than 5 000 m3 in Turkmenistan, with a world average of 600 m3 (WWAP, 2009).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water withdrawn consumptive demand returned|1.1263117|7.338765|2.9116843
3774|"School systems that continue to differentiate among students in these ways need to create appropriate incentives to ensure that some students are not ""discarded"" by the system. This does not necessarily mean that if stratification policies were changed, students in stratified systems would have better instrumental motivation to learn, since PISA does not measure cause and effect. However, policy makers in highly stratified systems need to consider not only the equity aspect of education outcomes but also non-cognitive outcomes, such as students' attitudes towards learning. The scope of evaluations and assessments is not only limited to student assessments; most schools use various forms of evaluations, such as self-evaluations, external school evaluation and teacher appraisals as well."|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluations stratified students systems assessments|9.746587|1.8395519|1.9699379
3775|To avoid perceptions of inequity, a different approach is to pay the same cash transfer amount throughout the country, but to add subsidies or vouchers for the urban poor to allow them to access transport and other services. Yet urban poverty and deprivations are rising even though national poverty rates have halved. Moreover, anti-poverty policies and social protection interventions remain biased towards the rural poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty vouchers inequity halved poor|6.9848576|5.8029165|4.4466476
3776|Shocks to trade patterns and markets leads to benefits from diversification in products and markets (Daw et al., The resilience of fishing communities depends on robust markets for seafood products to support the economic base. Regulations that strengthen the economic and biological condition of the fisheries will also provide the basis from which the fishery will be resilient to climate change.|SDG 14 - Life below water|markets products seafood robust diversification|-0.07370188|5.812051|6.5056014
3777|It is also incumbent on urban planners to understand the implications of inequitable access to infrastructure (UN-Habitat, 2016). Where a large proportion of urban households without access to electricity live in informal and unauthorized settlements, efforts to extend access may be constrained by lack of legal tenure, possibly requiring resettlement and complementary measures. Rural-urban linkages also have important implications for rural electrification. Many countries in Asia and Africa have a pattern of temporary and circular rural-urban-rural migration whereby agricultural workers seek work in urban areas as domestic workers or seasonal staff in the hospitality sector during agricultural slack seasons (IOM, 2015; Srivastava and Kumar Pandey, 2017). This means that rural dwellers are by no means necessarily unfamiliar with modern electricity or electrical appliances.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|rural urban implications access electricity|2.341293|1.858799|2.658992
3778|However, when the concentration in cities has reached a certain level, negative externalities such as pollution, cost of land, cost of labour and travel time, among others, tend to increase and affect their competitiveness. The urbanisation process then continues to spillover to nearby places where the cost of land is more accessible, replicating the process of saturation again. The state of Morelos has put environmental sustainability at the heart of decision making.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cost land process spillover morelos|3.9384341|5.1134415|1.6248022
3779|A further White Paper will be presented to the Parliament by the end of 2008 to report on actions implemented. The North arctic cod has been under particular pressure due to illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing (IUU-fishing) in the Barents Sea, but there has been a significant reduction in IUU-fishing of cod and haddock in the Barents Sea since 2005. The reduction is to a large extent due to implementation of measures to combat IUU-fishing, including an entirely new scheme for Port State Control (PSC) within the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) area.|SDG 14 - Life below water|iuu fishing barents cod sea|0.04533444|5.753015|6.7265363
3780|The taxation is currently based on 33% of the earnings before tax and then distributed on the different species with considerations for operational costs and value created on land. Hence, Iceland has also experienced the negative and positive effects of quota markets and the related public debates and controversies. Despite recent changes to the ITQ system through the introduction of the open-access coastal fishery scheme and the increased resource renttaxation, the Icelandic development also prove the long-term stability of market-based instruments and property rights in fisheries management. However, as indicated by the recently elected government, which has declared that it will increase the support for coastal fisheries and reassess the resource rent system, discussions are not over.|SDG 14 - Life below water|coastal fisheries resource itq icelandic|-0.1734676|5.7398367|6.972692
3781|This means that the large majority of unemployed do not have access to unemployment-related benefits, including previously informal workers, labour-market entrants and individuals who quit voluntarily . The FGTS - established in 1967 - represents a fund that can be used for special occasions, including dismissal without just cause; the acquisition of a home; and retirement. Withdrawals in the case of unfair dismissal account for about two-thirds of FGTS expenditure (Caixa Economia Federal, 2009).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|dismissal occasions entrants voluntarily withdrawals|7.804567|4.9863377|4.048651
3782|Environmental impacts from the same substance or activity may vary across space (e.g. ecosystem, medium, topology, human population) and time (e.g. season, weather). It is also the case that environmental issues interact, so that, for example, water-security policies may need to include policies for the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change, as well as the provision and protection of water resources. For example, an economic instrument that affects prices will not be effective if consumers are not aware of prices, or the means by which they can respond to price increases.3 That said, instrument mixes are not always either necessary or efficient (OECD, 2007a).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|instrument prices mixes environmental substance|1.4522525|7.0120106|2.2332559
3783|However, forests are under threat from deforestation around the world. Net loss in forest area declined from 8.3 million hectares annually in the 1990s to an estimated 5.2 million hectares (an area about the size of Costa Rica) each year from 2000 to 2010. In spite of this improvement, deforestation remains alarmingly high in many countries.|SDG 15 - Life on land|hectares deforestation million area spite|1.4345711|4.6101832|3.9321103
3784|Some 30-40% of the people with a mental disorder suffer from at least two mental disorders (Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005; see also Chapter 1). Co-morbidities of mental and physical disorders are also frequent (Harter et al., In the United States, for example, persons with a severe mental disorder, in combination with a physical health problem, have a benefit recipiency rate of over 70% - twice the recipiency rate of people with severe mental disorders who do not suffer from a physical problem.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental disorders recipiency disorder physical|10.328867|8.837787|1.9291154
3785|The analysis is based on existing literature, legal analysis and findings from the 2014 OECD Survey on Gender Equality in Public Life, which involved interviews with parliamentarians, judges and legal experts. To address barriers to women’s advancement, the chapter identifies a set of good practices and policy avenues that can support governments in improving the gender balance in senior positions in public life. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations on breaking the glass ceiling in public life.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|life legal public avenues chapter|9.944303|4.2397904|7.0787406
3786|Moreover, specialised professionals work directly with students and collaborate with classroom teachers so that they acquire teaching skills that respond to students’ specific special needs. Altogether, these efforts can better facilitate effective integration of students with special needs into mainstream schools. Also, Chile has an initial teacher education programme for learning disabilities in place. This is a particular strength as schools can have access to qualified teachers that respond to students’ needs. Qualitative evidence suggests that schools select the type of special educational need they respond to depending on their resources for both diagnosing the educational needs of students and attending to the students’ special needs. As a result, mainstream schools tend not to work with students with permanent disabilities as these imply more specialised resources, greater teaching materials and additional investments in infrastructure.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students special needs schools respond|10.229798|2.29028|2.1012235
3787|In both entities, one main gap in the information available is that there is no monitoring of agricultural water use, which means that neither is there any reliable data available in relation to irrigated areas. One important document for the future development of irrigation systems in RS is the irrigation strategy, which was finished in 2006 and foresees the reconstruction between 2011 and 12 of two big irrigation systems for an area of 79,000 ha, in the framework of a World Bank project. Within this project, water balancing at all potential sources for irrigation has been recommended and appropriate technical solutions proposed to ensure sustainable use of water resources. In the Una river subbasin, for instance, there are only 3 out of a possible 19 hydropower plants, which makes the Una the most under-used watercourse with its tapping potential for power generation utilized to only 1.7 per cent of possible capacity.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation una water possible project|0.98167694|7.2396364|2.5449667
3788|In particular, there are no clear, measurable targets to reduce gaps in performance across students and schools from different backgrounds nor are there reliable means to monitor progress. Clearer targets and more effective monitoring would be helpful in sustaining momentum across policy cycles and ensure resources are targeted towards those most in need. The new curriculum marks a profound break with previous approaches to teaching and learning. It requires a transformation in pedagogical strategies away from teacher-led, rote-memorisation methods of instruction towards student-focused, competence-based approaches, w'hich encourage students to engage in their owrn learning, think critically, and apply what they know to solve real-world problems.|SDG 4 - Quality education|targets approaches learning students marks|9.435749|1.6971141|1.7352792
3789|While the average wage per day of rural men in 2011-2012 was Rs.188.95, it was as low as Rs.120.62 in the case of women (Table 11-12). In urban areas, the wage rates were Rs.404.89 for men and Rs.319.32 for women. However, it decreased to 36.2 per cent in 2011-2012. In the case of urban areas, the wage gap during 1999-2000 was 25.4 per cent.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rs wage men cent urban|8.764163|4.436506|5.7911673
3790|Also, sea temperatures and sea levels are rising and ocean currents shifting, resulting in biodiversity and habitat loss, changes in fish stock composition and migration patterns, and higher frequency of severe ocean weather events. The prospects for future ocean development are further aggravated by land-based pollution, in particular agricultural run-off, chemicals, and macro- and micro-plastic pollutants that feed into the ocean from rivers, as well as by overfishing and depleted fish stocks in many parts of the world. The projections suggest that between 2010 and 2030 on a “business-as-usual” scenario basis, the ocean economy could more than double its contribution to global value added, reaching over USD 3 trillion.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean sea fish aggravated currents|0.12539679|5.846623|6.0719633
3791|Support for agricultural production and subsidies for variable inputs continue to misalign incentives to farmers and aggravate the overuse and pollution of water. In the context of climate change, the water-energy nexus is also emerging as a critical policy area. The development of non-fossil fuel energy sources, such as hydropower and biofuels, has put serious pressure on water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water nexus energy biofuels hydropower|1.1879272|7.1055202|2.7535787
3792|Indeed, over the entire twentieth century, energy use in industrialized countries has been persistently above the levels seen in developing countries despite accounting (currently) for one-seventh of the global population. This situation reversed after 2000. Scenarios suggest that by 2100, developing countries could account for between two-thirds to three-quarters of total global energy use.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|seventh persistently twentieth global developing|1.6583257|2.6645384|2.5875216
3793|Third, the management of educational programmes has shortcomings. There is a strong sense among budget officials both in the Ministry of Education and in the Ministry of Finance (DIPRES) that there exist instances of multiple programmes serving similar goals and that efficiencies could be gained by either consolidating them or through better co-ordination. Fourth, regional and provincial services of the Ministry (Education Regional Secretariats, Secretari'as Regionales Ministeriales, SEREMI; Education Provincial Departments, Departamentos Provinciates de Educacion, DEPROV) appear to be large and more focused on ensuring compliance with the instructions and priorities of the Ministry than in helping schools and school providers in managing their schools. The Chilean government set as an explicit aim to have an “equality of opportunity floor” so that all students have access to quality schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ministry schools provincial education educacion|9.97597|1.9145079|2.273934
3794|While the use of those substances is increasingly affecting youth in the region, the limited data available prevent the accurate estimation of their market size, sources and trafficking routes. Seizures of “ecstasy”-type substances increased sharply in Brazil in 2014, with 877,853 tablets seized, an increase from 183,289 in 2013. In Colombia, seizures peaked in 2013, when 117,101 tablets were seized, increasing from 6,664 tablets in 2010, but seizures decreased again, to 39,792 tablets, in 2014. Guyana reported, as a new development, seizures of small quantities of “ecstasy” in the past two years. In 2014, Colombia reported four separate seizures of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), amounting to 14,068 units in total.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|seizures tablets seized substances colombia|8.280302|10.296154|3.5926943
3795|The committee added that “Without status as nationals or citizens, women are deprived of the right to vote or to stand for public office, and may be denied access to public benefits and a choice of residence. An adult woman should be capable of requesting to change her nationality; her nationality should not be arbitrarily removed because of marriage or dissolution of marriage or because her husband or father changes his nationality”. Nationality is governed by the law of blood or by birth and by priority to the father over the mother. Some w'omen lose their nationality when marrying foreigners.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|nationality father marriage requesting marrying|9.399051|5.181925|7.04254
3796|The monitoring of behaviour, perceptions and attitudes among city dwellers could also add value. It seems natural, however, to focus on casualties as the measurable outcome which matters the most to people. This material should be used to support a more vigorous approach to road safety management, with a goal of closing the gap and matching the best-performing cities. It should also be noted that no single indicator could capture all aspects of performance: a city may perform well on some aspects and poorly on others.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|aspects city casualties measurable dwellers|4.2322187|5.232914|0.0024751173
3797|The work of NACA focuses on determining priority needs for aquaculture development in the Asia Pacific Region and areas in which technical cooperation between member countries and specialist institutions can make significant contributions to meet those needs. Salmonids, tuna, edible oysters, pearl oysters and prawns accounted for 86% of this value, contributing AUD 884 million in 2012-13. The production value of farmed salmonids fell by 3% between 2011-12 and 2012-13, to AUD 497 million.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aud million farmed edible value|0.40967116|6.037114|6.617887
3798|Through the ITU Academy, which has more than 10,000 users, and its Centres of Excellence network, it delivers in-person and e-learning courses. The annual Al for Good Global Summit also provides an important opportunity for global and inclusive dialogue on Al. Hie Forum explored policies and actions for advancing STI to achieve the SDGs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|hie academy delivers al global|4.9323554|3.3015783|2.002261
3799|Another example is Italy, which set up a National Strategic Framework (NSF) within which the Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea collaborates with regions to set targets for the quality of integrated water services. In Mexico, CONAGUA and other federal institutions are a strong support for the Desarrollos Urbanos Integrales Sustentables (DUIS), whose goal is the building of cities with basic services that do not damage the environment and quality of life. There are also inter-institutional agreements between governmental actors involved in infrastructure management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|environment set conagua quality services|1.4154347|7.0716896|1.5425545
3800|Decisions about whether, when or how often to become pregnant must be made free from any form of discrimination, coercion or violence. Reproductive health and reproductive rights are specific aims under one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, and integral to realizing all the goals. People have more information about their reproductive rights and choices, along with a greater capacity to demand their rights. Each set feces national policy concerns about population trends.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reproductive rights goals coercion realizing|9.418652|5.652244|6.309709
3801|On the one hand, if the tax is shifted on to consumers, house prices increase, increasing the demand for smaller housing units and thereby population density. On the other hand, the property tax can promote urban sprawl as it reduces the capital-land ratio and thereby the number of housing units per unit of land area and density. A proposal being discussed in Germany is a land-use tax, which would differentiate land tax rates depending on how land is used and the associated environmental costs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land tax density units hand|4.4893503|5.617158|1.9327033
3802|The Northern Territory in Australia has introduced a coaching model that involves evaluators and school principals as part of its School Accountability and Performance Improvement Framework. This coaching model aims to encourage school principals’ commitment for the wider school evaluation, school self-evaluation and individual appraisal process and to develop related competencies. The province-wide appraisal system in Ontario, Canada, requires district school boards to provide training for evaluators to ensure effective implementation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school evaluators coaching appraisal principals|9.940522|1.1424106|1.5290933
3803|Available at: http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lnformationresources/Factsheetsandbroch ures/WCMS_105036/lang-en/index.htm ILO, 2013: Decent Work Indicators. Guidelines for producers and users of statistical and legal framework indicators, 2013. The indicator relates to the quality of employment for the citizens of a given country who have worked abroad and to the efforts of combating forced labour by governments of destinations countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ilo indicators combating htm destinations|8.222847|4.4814777|4.498905
3804|These countries have inherited their pension systems from the former USSR which they have to reconsider in terms of eligibility criteria, retirement ages, and the linkage between contribution rates and benefit payments in order to safeguard the financial sustainability of their pension systems. This balance is desirable as different segments of the population tend to benefit from different forms of social protection. This balance is lacking among low-income countries, where, spending per recipients of a social insurance benefits is very high at over 60% of GDP per capita.|SDG 1 - No poverty|pension balance benefit inherited linkage|7.700652|5.6442814|4.427919
3805|This rendered the water unsuitable for artificial recharge of groundwater, and the plant had to be closed. Thus, opposite meteorological extremes had the same practical impact, highlighting the potential implications of climate change for the control and management of artificial groundwater recharge with river water. Rising temperatures may result in the northward extension of cultivation of a whole range of crops. Hotter and drier summers are likely to increase the demand for seasonal supplementary irrigation, both within and beyond existing irrigated lands. Modelling studies in the Guadalquivir River Basin suggested an increase in seasonal irrigation requirements of 15% to 20% by the 2050s, and even in the United Kingdom irrigation demand is likely to increase,20 These substantial demands may be difficult to predict and plan for. Policy choices to mitigate impacts are important, and some promising efforts are already being made in several of the major transboundary basins - the Rhine, Meuse and Danube.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation recharge artificial seasonal groundwater|0.7876881|7.269627|2.887092
3806|Aggressive smart metering roll outs approved by regulators may or may not deliver the demand response potential that can contribute to ensuring security of supply during periods of scarcity. In the United Kingdom, the ongoing nuclear policy began in 2008 and the first new nuclear reactors are not expected before 2018, if the reform proceeds successfully. After two years of active consultations, several barriers must still be removed.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear outs reactors aggressive roll|1.1503|1.7246101|1.8831834
3807|Information sharing and pooling potential customers would be one way of approaching this. Job opportunities could also figure more prominently in building energy-efficiency plans, particularly in retrofitting projects, which could potentially provide job opportunities for local residents. First, recycling rates could be increased through introducing recycling sorting bins alongside household waste collection, rather than just at collection points.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|recycling collection job prominently opportunities|2.1433008|2.4160576|2.6156638
3808|The National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards include requirements about involving consumers in the governance process. These apply across Australia, including in health services in rural and remote areas. Western Australia, for example, has established District Health Advisory Councils to give country residents a voice in how their local health services are managed. Victoria’s boards of management in rural public hospitals enhance consumer participation, as they lead the service’s strategic planning.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health australia service rural victoria|9.177734|9.290059|1.6344934
3809|Africa has achieved the same transformation in almost half the time: 60 years. Africa’s urbanisation is estimated to have gained 5.9 percentage points between 2000 and 2015, second only to Asia, which gained 10.7 percentage points during the same period. In 2015, almost 472 million Africans lived in urban areas (authors’ calculations based on UN DESA, 2014). The size of Africa’s urban population nearly doubled in 20 years from 237 million in 1995 to 472 million in 2015.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|africa gained million points percentage|4.478077|4.921772|2.155685
3810|This historic experience gave SNC the ability to predict that it could meet the P reduction targets of the wastewater treatment plants. The annual fluctuations are the result of who applies: if there were no applications for particular type of project type, there will be zero for that project for that year. Moreover, since there was limited money each year, projects were ranked on water quality improvement. Some project types may have been ranked too low to quality for the limited funding.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ranked project type snc limited|1.4927573|7.063823|2.3135514
3811|The future of regional demand also depends largely on whether South Asia realizes its full potential, for which regional economic cooperation and integration could critically complement domestic efforts. These risks are increased trade protectionism and heightened economic policy uncertainty in developed economies. While the baseline projections did take into account these developments to some extent, a sharper-than-expected increase in the degree of protectionism and uncertainty is possible.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|uncertainty sharper regional heightened critically|4.681762|4.477604|3.3778126
3812|In the United States, city and regional planning, land use management, and implementation of urban planning principals are predominantly undertaken by state and municipal governments. The US federal government structure assigns most responsibilities to state governments, other than those which are reserved for the federal government, including constitutional issues, inter-state issues, and foreign affairs, foreign trade, defence, military, etc. This allows for both local and direct rule - where decision makes are more directly connected to the residents they serve, allowing them to be better aware of local conditions and more responsive to local needs and concerns. This also allows for a variety of initiatives, policies, and levers to be developed.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|state allows local federal foreign|3.9267645|5.553655|1.6606841
3813|Annual transition rates are calculated over the following periods for China (2008-09), Colombia (2009-10) and Tbrkey (2010-11), while the figures for South Africa represent bi-annual transitions calculated over the 2010-12 period. This is particularly striking in South Africa, where the economic crisis led to a dramatic flow into inactivity, which was particularly significant among informal workers. Overall, it appears that informal jobs are highly volatile. The results are summarised in Annex Figure 5.A3.1.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|calculated informal annual south africa|7.957825|4.1734424|4.608129
3814|Japan introduced a maximum total payment limit for medical and long-term care since 2008, although separate limits were available previously. The new payment limit has improved the financial support for patients with expensive care needs, including cancer patients. In Chile, for exceptionally high cost treatment, the Central Commission, composed of oncologists in Santiago, evaluates each case.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payment limit patients exceptionally evaluates|9.2192545|9.17716|2.1160684
3815|However, with the onset, and lasting effects, of the recent global financial and economic crisis, greater attention is being given to the negative long-term impact of rising inequality, and to the role of fiscal and social policy in shaping and curbing these effects. Berg and Ostry (2011) examined the relationship between income inequality and economic growth across 174 countries, to reveal that income inequality was a strong determinant of the quality of growth, even when market structure and other institutional factors were taken into account. Countries with low levels of inequality tend to sustain high rates of growth for longer durations, while growth spurts tend to fade more quickly in more unequal countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality growth tend berg effects|6.5352945|5.0844216|4.703992
3816|In fact, this report shows that professionalism depends on collaborative learning and design, and active networking. It is precisely through the idea of teachers as designers of learning that innovation at the level of practice can be seen as a normal side of the teaching profession to solve the daily challenges in a context which is in constant change. The framework incorporates a particular philosophy and precepts for action that are holistic, and works as an alternative to the fragmented and disaggregated research and policy perspectives that often prevail in addressing pedagogy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning philosophy professionalism designers prevail|9.0113125|1.4715201|1.845584
3817|This paper reviews the literature on the role and status of forced migrant teachers in education in emergencies, exploring some of the issues facing these teachers and the impact of them on educational service provision in emergency contexts. This is placed within the context of the institutional framework affecting migrant teachers. This is followed by a case study of Southern Sudanese refugees in Uganda. An analysis of the possible application of the principles of the CTRP in education in emergencies is then presented.|SDG 4 - Quality education|emergencies teachers migrant exploring refugees|10.011772|2.7803845|2.7120187
3818|People grow frustrated when they perceive that opportunities to improve their own lives are inaccessible, and the resultant protests can also lead to social unrest. This has shown itself in the wave of demonstrations seen around the world in response to the economic and financial crises and austerity measures, and in the social and political protests in the Middle East and North Africa. The discontent has not necessarily been always related to the absolute level of inequality, but to a combination of rising expectations and limited opportunities.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|protests resultant inaccessible discontent opportunities|7.0175824|5.746316|4.8635736
3819|It gives an analysis of recent efforts to upgrade the quality of teachers and discusses the barriers to change that the country faces, particularly in rural areas, to provide children in Kazakhstan with good quality teaching. Further, the chapter offers a description of the pre- and in-service training of teachers and efforts made to attract higher level applicants to system with comparisons to successful programmes in other countries. It also looks at the conditions of work of school principals, discusses their importance for educational change in Kazakhstan, and looks at the role of teachers in policy formulation. The chapter concludes with recommendations on improving policies for teachers and school leadership.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers looks discusses kazakhstan efforts|9.463735|1.6808645|2.3786638
3820|The value of UK seafood exports fell by 7.4% to GBP 1 349 million while the volume grew 7.8% to 469 000 tonnes. In the United Kingdom, Seafish in conjunction with the Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership (MCCIP) are exploring the effects of climate change on the UK seafood industry (domestic and import) to help the industry adapt.|SDG 14 - Life below water|seafood uk industry gbp conjunction|-0.15101276|5.994437|6.216582
3821|Being able to walk to a restaurant or a grocery store is a key benefit from living in a mixed use urban neighbourhood, as is having a home in a rural commune next to a forest preserve. This suggests that a key challenge for land use plans is not simply to apply exclusionary zoning that separates different uses, but to identify which uses are compatible with each other and support those, while discouraging those that conflict from being in close proximity. They are fond of different dimensions that can only partly be fulfilled in the city: natural areas, recreation areas, nearby farms and locally produced food that is authentic to the region In Nantes Saint-Nazaire, this desire for both nature and preserved, but transformed, landscapes, is particularly strong.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|uses authentic walk nazaire nantes|3.8475447|5.8180466|1.7002088
3822|Compared to other Nordic countries, health expenditure was the second highest after Denmar k. Of total net expenditure on health and medical care services in Swedish county councils and regions in 2010 (202 billion SEK), specialist psychiatric care accounted for 8%, pharmaceuticals excluded (SALAR, 201 la). In terms of total health expenditure, the share of private insurance is marginal, accounting for merely 0.1% in 2000, which increased only to 0.3% in 2010 (OECD, 2012b). It typically provides supplementary coverage (mainly coverage for elective surgery) to the public health system. In 2010, 382 000 people had supplementary voluntary insurance, compared to approximately 103 000 people in 2000 (Anell et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expenditure supplementary health insurance coverage|8.647899|8.872132|2.1172497
3823|There are particular concerns wdth the increase of bilateral flows in waste destined to emerging economies and developing countries wdth underdeveloped waste management capacity (Farrelly et al., Claiming that waste imports are polluting the environment, China has announced to impose import restrictions on waste and scrap taking effect in several phases starting from January 2018 (See Box 1). The question is rather if traded waste and scrap is processed and recovered in an environmentally sound manner and closely in-line with circular economy objectives (OECD, 2010; Shinkuma and Managi, 2011).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste scrap claiming circular underdeveloped|0.592191|3.8929183|3.0320287
3824|A focus on urban road safety is therefore twice beneficial: in addition to preventing a number of deaths and serious injuries, the unlocking of active travel options is at stake. Research is needed to put a value on this fear and reveal the true scale of urban road safety benefits. Since the fear of crashes is a major burden in cities, it is natural to recommend measuring and monitoring it.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fear road safety recommend stake|4.2440696|5.2121024|-0.00198806
3825|Submarine canyons, particularly in northern South Africa and northern Mozambique (Parson and Evans 2005, Green 2011), are also a common feature at the shelf edge and upper slope. Estimates of continental shelf areas of the WIO to the 200 m depth contour, ie FAO Area 51. It is now thought that the majority of these features do not actively transfer sediment to the adjacent deep ocean basin (Green and others, 2008). There are few available studies on shelf sediment distribution patterns in the WIO; qualitative reference is made to muddy sediments off river mouths, such as on the Sofala Bank in Mozambique, and Malindi-Ungwana Bay in Kenya (Munga and others, 2013). Detailed studies have been confined to the east coast of South Africa, and were undertaken by Flemming and Hay (1988) and Bosnian and others (2007); surface sediment distributions described in the latter have been recently improved and expanded by Green and MacKay (in press) and Figure 8.3 below.|SDG 14 - Life below water|shelf sediment wio mozambique green|0.019420607|5.8887696|5.73531
3826|While there has been an enormous growth in microfinance, with particular outreach to poor women, this has not compensated for the failure to increase access to a broad range of financial institutions for the majority of small-and medium-scale entrepreneurs (see chapter V). Fiscal space” has been restricted by the need to attract and retain mobile domestic and international capital, leading to a steady decline in the incidence of taxation on capital (ILO, 2008a). This has resulted in limited domestic resources to invest in structural policies which promote development priorities. Low levels of taxation hurt poor women in particular. Budgets at the national, local and provincial levels are an important mechanism for governments to ensure that women benefit from public-sector expenditures.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|taxation women hurt capital domestic|8.881622|3.5508404|6.3501754
3827|Tracking Tool for Climate Change Mitigation Projects,Washington, D.C., http://www.thegef.org/gef/tracking_tool_CCM. Philippines Climate Change Adaptation Policy Initiatives - National Climate Change Action Plan, Manila, Philippines. National Development Plan -2030, National Planning Commission, http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFile Action?id= 154431.|SDG 13 - Climate action|philippines http www climate change|1.2201867|4.715315|1.4033356
3828|Prepared using the same methodology as was applied for Latin America, the estimates allow multidimensional child poverty in Caribbean countries to be compared with the rest of the region. This had not been possible hitherto using monetary poverty statistics, which are constructed under different methods. There was a marked difference between the continental countries (Belize, Guyana and Suriname) and the island countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Jamaica, Santa Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago).|SDG 1 - No poverty|suriname santa hitherto barbuda antigua|6.908091|6.3394213|5.302933
3829|Tertiary education is free for students and there is a generous student loan system for living expenses. Higher education lasts for around four years for a professional bachelor’s degree which prepares students for specific professions, such as nursing, social work or journalism. A longer cycle is provided in universities, which conduct research and offer research-based education. University graduation rates are higher in Denmark (50%) than the OECD average (40%).|SDG 4 - Quality education|education lasts students prepares research|8.965875|2.5721488|3.0144756
3830|Second, in order to enable international energy trade, it is necessary to have the logistic infrastructure available. Worldwide, transport infrastructures such as roads, rail tracks, ports, pipelines and re-gasification terminals for LNG are thus required. For certain of these geographically isolated countries, imports of primary energy may also be more awkward due to the reliance on few and far-away suppliers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|logistic terminals lng pipelines geographically|1.54405|2.2539182|2.2053423
3831|This affects the forest products sector in two ways: 1) indirectly through increased demand for agricultural crops, which could increase land use change; and 2) directly by creating demand for second-generation liquid biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass, including woody crops and wood waste. The minimum GHG reduction increases to 50% by 2017 and to 60% for new installations from 2018. A European Commission review of progress towards the 10% target found that the projected share of renewable energy in the transport sector across the EU was 5.7% in 2014, with some EU countries making good progress and the EU dedicating 3% of total cropland to biofuel production. The review concluded that the target is challenging but feasible (European Commission, 2015c).The European Parliament voted on 28 April 2015 to approve the indirect land use change (ILUC) Directive, which imposes a cap of 7% on the contribution of biofuels produced from food crops and establishes an indicative target that at least 0.5% of transport is fuelled by second-generation biofuels (European Parliament, 2015).|SDG 15 - Life on land|biofuels european crops target eu|1.5364606|3.2581058|2.7717347
3832|The first-digit categories identify the purpose of health care, or the various potential needs of a consumer of health care. The list reflects the aggregates used by most countries to develop a comparative spending profile. Memorandum items are included, to be measured when relevant at national level, such as where countries have an interest in tracking continued prevention and public health categories according to SHA 1.0.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|categories health memorandum digit aggregates|8.891708|9.045938|2.0174496
3833|More than half of national students in first degree programmes in tertiary-type A education (54%), benefit from scholarships and/or grants. The reform aims to improve the quality and impact of polytechnics, and operating licenses of polytechnics will be revised, with emphasis on quality and impact. The reform is expected to take effect in 2014. Reform of the student financial aid system will be introduced (effective 2014) to accelerate completion of studies and strengthen incentives in financial aid to students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|polytechnics reform aid students scholarships|8.891505|2.2524023|2.7507184
3834|"The intent is also to encourage collaboration between the colleges and the new medical school in the training of nursing and allied health professionals2. As noted in the regional self-evaluation report, the ""CHE has taken a decision to prioritise and encourage the development of study programmes in related fields. The Safed College, located in proximity to the anticipated medical campus, has applied for programmes in health, social work, and medical imaging” (CHE, 2009)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|medical encourage imaging allied campus|9.254331|9.19045|1.5109293
3835|This allows us to explore which dimensions have the greatest impact on female emigration. First, bilateral migration data present a high occurrence of zero values, which may bias our estimations. Second, our gender inequality variable may be correlated with the error term, due to potential reverse causality, since gender inequality may be a determinant of international migration but at the same time migrants may shift gender attitudes in their origin countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender migration inequality causality emigration|8.709135|5.249542|7.054304
3836|Across nearly every issue in education, school leadership is the crucial determinant of whether this connection occurs or not. However, the extent to which system-level actions enable and incentivise action at the local level impacts on both effectiveness and sustainability. Both New Zealand and Queensland have used this mechanism to communicate and mobilise action to achieve the target (Box 5.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|action queensland incentivise determinant communicate|9.77857|1.4745483|1.7933068
3837|Eco-, phyto- and bioremediation are concepts that use ecosystem restoration to reinstate a diverse system of plant communities in a particular ecosystem so that its buffering or remediation capacities are enhanced. Other concepts, tools and approaches partly related to NBS include ecological restoration, ecological engineering, forest landscape restoration, green or natural infrastructure, ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate adaptation ecosystem services (Cohen-Shacham et al., N BS also support the concepts of green growth or green economy, which promote sustainable natural resource use and harness natural processes to underpin economies. The Natural Capital Protocol3 is being increasingly recognized by a wide range of stakeholders, including business, and supports the use of N BS by highlighting the flow of benefits that can be derived from using nature.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ecosystem restoration concepts natural green|1.7078211|5.141694|3.5654123
3838|These include improving quality information to enable performance-based contracting, creating room for providers and health insurers to develop alternative payment methods based on performance and financial risk-sharing (e.g. risk-adjusted capitation payments) and allowing (limited) vertical integration of health insurers and providers. In addition, hospitals’ access to capital markets could be expanded by revoking their mandatory non-profit status, a move that should be accompanied with measures to secure the orderly exit of bankrupt hospitals, notably in terms of providing essential services, and to ensure an effective and transparent merger control. They could also encourage patients to make choices that take price and quality into consideration.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurers hospitals providers orderly performance|8.65721|8.98887|1.6109114
3839|Iskandar Malaysia’s Green Economy Guidelines (GEG) manuals are another promising tool for facilitating green growth in the private sector. The manuals cover a wide range of green actions, such as procurement, operations and supply chain management (Box 2.2). The iron and steel industiy further reduced SO* and other emissions in response to more stringent local pollution monitoring and controls and increasing pressure from the public. The pollution reduction through energy conservation accounted for 33% of the total reduction, the second-largest contribution after the energy’ supply shift (phasing out coal power plants).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|manuals green pollution reduction supply|1.9920405|3.4761534|2.3544354
3840|"Organizations and governments have attempted to take stock of the various actors. In India, for example, the Government publishes a ‘Directory of institutions and resource persons in disaster management’, and in Indonesia, the Government publishes the ‘Profile and directory: disaster risk reduction organisations in Indonesia’.6 There are also directories at the international level, maintained, for example, at preventionweb.net."" During or immediately after a disaster, for example, this could be within 12-48 hours, up to 72 hours, one week, two to three weeks, or four to six weeks.10 For the post-disaster phase, for ‘building back better’ the information flow could take place over many years.11 Again, however, there are considerable differences between developed and developing countries. The first priority action for the implementation of the Framework is “understanding disaster risk”."|SDG 13 - Climate action|disaster publishes weeks indonesia hours|1.5501022|5.1554217|1.6883969
3841|The EU Commission's Climate Action and Renewable Energy Package, published in 2008, sets the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% in the period 1990-2020 and increasing the share of renewable energy to 20% of total energy consumption by 2020 (EC, 2010). The share of renewable energy in total energy use in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2008 and their 2020 targets are shown in Table 2.1. The percentage (%) share of renewable energy in final energy use in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2008 and targets for 2020.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy renewable baltic share nordic|1.4989436|2.9987345|2.3115823
3842|An important channel of knowledge exchange is the internship system employed by several colleges in the Galilee (see Box 2.5.). Such internships provide an entry point into the workforce as some students continue working for the industry partner after the internship. Internships also take place in college business school, for example in the Western Galilee College and Nazareth Academic Institution also aims to combine practical and theoretical education. The students participate in the project work in regional industries (from the end of their second year) for 500-1 000 hours.|SDG 4 - Quality education|internship internships galilee college nazareth|7.5896916|2.5031042|2.6717696
3843|Colleges allocate scarce resources to remediation activities, while students commonly use federal grants and subsidised loans to cover the cost of remedial education. This leaves them fewer resources for their post-secondary studies and increases the chance of dropout, and financial distress. Some examples of initiatives designed to help those who encounter difficulties once they start college are given below. The strategy is based on the principle that skills taught in one course and reinforced in another are more likely to be mastered.|SDG 4 - Quality education|distress remediation remedial encounter taught|8.630795|2.4215152|2.6556046
3844|In Brazil, the government introduced the Family Farming Insurance (SEAF) programme in 2004 to support loans made by the National Programme for Strengthening Family Farming (Pronaf), in case of losses due to natural disasters, pests and diseases that affect crops. Currently, SEAF covers costs and agricultural investment contracts, where there are relevant agronomic studies available. In case of losses, the beneficiary farmer has 100 percent coverage for credit repayment for that year, and receives up to 7 000 reais (about US$3 100) in compensation for any shortfall in revenues. Guarantee prices are fixed at the beginning of the crop cycle, using production costs as reference. As this price guarantee was designed to benefit poorer farmers, the bonuses are currently limited to 5 000 reais (about US$2 200) for funding contracts, and up to 2 000 reais (about US$900) for investment contracts.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|contracts guarantee farming losses currently|3.4429054|5.2894683|3.6866572
3845|It is particularly beneficial when conducted jointly for pre-primary and primary teachers. Its effectiveness is also greater when trainings are specific and coherent, and when staff from the same centre participate together. In 17 countries both pre-primary and primary teachers require a bachelor’s degree, and in 6 countries a master’s degree is required at both levels.|SDG 4 - Quality education|primary pre degree teachers trainings|9.497415|1.2282267|2.3765588
3846|"As described in the assessment of the Daugava Basin, a review and development of the groundwater monitoring network in Belarus is planned. A NATO project launched in late 2009 aimed at upgrading flood monitoring and forecasting capacity in the Pripyat Basin, involving setting up automated monitoring stations on tributaries in both countries (-20 in total). A draft management plan for the Pripyat River Basin was developed in the framework of the TACIS project “Transboundary River Basin Management: Phase 2 for the Pripyat Basin”. The chemical regime of the rivers in the basin has remained ""stable"" for the past five years. According to the classification adopted in Belarus, some 76% of water bodies are characterized as ""relatively clean"", and some 21% as ""moderately polluted”."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin belarus monitoring river project|0.46121156|6.958442|2.6773272
3847|The principle of NDA is to regulate the leaching of nitrogen at the output level and leave some flexibility to farmers with respect to their farming practices as long as they observe pollution limits. Around 100 livestock farms operating in the Lake Taupo catchment area are now being allocated their discharge allowances based on the measurements of the nitrogen they are leaching. The NDAs can be traded among farmers. This underscores one important feature of pollution trading schemes, such as NDA: they typically enable cost-effective solutions for specific environmental problems, but can be demanding in terms of design and administration. Since the mid-1980s, a series of studies in New Zealand have focussed on this issue. Although covering different farm/industry types and done in different economic and policy situations, these studies help to understand the relative importance of farming risks and to see how the farming risk environment has changed over time.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farming leaching nitrogen pollution farmers|1.2039299|6.2438474|3.2160845
3848|The MoEP is currently promoting mapping and the preparation of detailed plans for rivers, in accordance with their specific ecological systems’ requirements. Expenditure is expected to increase to some USD 1 billion/year between 2011 and 2020, in order to finance the upgrade of all wastewater treatment facilities to at least tertiary level as well as the construction of new and expanded wastewater treatment facilities. These reported costs are approximations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater facilities treatment upgrade mapping|1.3902901|7.2563252|2.419158
3849|All the information can then be used on a metropolitan-wide platform. Data collection should take advantage of future fare integration initiatives to collect information on whole origin-destination travel, rather than trip segments only. Solid models based on long-term population and employment trends should be developed and used to decide on the projects that should be included in the mobility plans.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|trip fare used information segments|4.1125073|5.175352|0.8010738
3850|A special fund has also been set up to compensate for layoffs in sectors undergoing capacity reduction. As a remarkable step towards universal health coverage, a health insurance scheme was introduced to cover one third of the population when people have to make hospitalization expenditures, and a universal basic income scheme is under consideration (India, Ministry of Finance, 2017a). To accommodate such ambitious programmes, the Government is reprioritizing expenditures (by phasing out fuel subsides, for instance), enhancing expenditure efficiency (such as by reducing leakages through direct benefit transfers) and pursuing tax reforms - to boost revenues by curbing tax evasion (for example, through demonetization), reducing distortions (by imposing a nationwide goods and services tax, for example) and enhandng progressivity (such as by adding a surcharge on top incomes).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tax expenditures universal scheme reducing|8.539897|8.604674|2.2714226
3851|Therefore, there is limited evidence so far on what professional development programmes really work for more effective teaching in diverse classrooms. The National Agency offers various programmes within eight different themes, one of which is newly arrived and multilingual children and students' learning. For instance, some of the courses within this theme are on the study and vocational guidance for newly arrived students as well as language and knowledge development within subject instruction for new arrivals. Another example of continuous professional development offered for teachers is A Boost for Teachers (Lararlyftet).|SDG 4 - Quality education|arrived newly professional teachers development|9.305809|1.5737174|1.8737462
3852|Urban planning helps cities accommodate growth and adaptation in a sustainable way; to upgrade the existing built environment to a more sustainable one (hardware) and to manage related risks and needs of communities in order to make them more resilient (software). As local implementation is highlighted, many development programmes remain 'spatially blind'. When many interests are superimposed on the same urban space, conflicts arise that often lead to spatial inequity, and thereby marginalising the disadvantaged.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|hardware spatially blind sustainable inequity|4.014871|5.1770935|1.7941271
3853|They, nevertheless, face administrative constraints and their R&D base is narrower than those of OECD countries. In terms of research quality, Malaysian universities underperform with regard to main competitors in Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The government has been concerned not only with FDI investment, the acceleration of technology commercialisation and boosting business spending on R&D, but also with the need to increase local innovation capabilities and it has concentrated its interventions on the elaboration of R&D tax incentives and the encouragement of strategic investment. Numerous schemes have been launched but so far the volume of grants channelled to university research has remained modest.|SDG 4 - Quality education|encouragement malaysian narrower research taiwan|6.603719|2.828563|2.5082762
3854|"The forecasts are then used by LLE staff to seek a match between labour supply and demand and assess the need for labour market vocational training. Reliance on employers’ survey implies some weaknesses, as employers tend to be rather short-sighted and to overestimate their skill needs (Gruzevskis and Blaziene, 20 15|48j). The forecasts are nevertheless widely used by representatives of education policy, vocational education and training institutions, and individuals seeking to obtain certain skills, and are presented during the sittings of the Tripartite Council, as well as at ministerial events."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|forecasts vocational employers overestimate tripartite|8.321494|3.0297267|3.0185416
3855|"It is assumed that the target remains constant after 2035 and that the policy does not expire."" Some low-carbon energy technologies are already competitive or close to becoming commercial and should be the first to be deployed on a massive scale. This is the case of nuclear energy, on shore wind and solar PV in certain regions."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|shore deployed massive energy pv|1.3484111|2.6496854|1.9641618
3856|A draft for a Presidential Decree on PES regulation covering watershed, eco-tourism and REDD has been prepared. The Government has shown its commitment to PES with announcing Guiding opinions on the pilot works of ecological compensation in 2007 and is working on many pilot PES projects. Apart from providing eco services like clean water, reduced soil erosion and biodiversity conservation, such projects have shown tremendous social and economic benefits.|SDG 15 - Life on land|pes eco pilot shown projects|1.7629632|5.2474985|3.460385
3857|Some importing countries have neglected investments that improve agricultural productivity, which has increased their import dependence. While the current pattern of agricultural trade may reflect some of these failings, this does not negate the insight that the balancing role of trade makes a fundamental contribution to global food security and to food security in developing countries in particular. There are many reasons why current food importers might expect to experience a steadily deteriorating comparative advantage in food production. Net food importing countries have, in general, more rapidly growing populations and more rapidly growing food demand per capita than net exporters.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food importing rapidly net growing|4.3590407|4.9320693|4.222342
3858|The country only exploits the basin's water resources for small-scale agricultural activity and domestic use. It diverts water at the confluence of the Adhaim and the Aq Su Rivers. The scheme diverts floodwater from the Tigris through the 64 km Tharthar Canal to the Euphrates River. Box 4).42 Iraq constructed several other canals in the Tigris Basin, including the East al Gharraf Drain and the Tigris East Drain, for the purpose of land reclamation and drainage.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tigris drain basin east euphrates|0.57066834|7.241328|2.2760465
3859|Of the 15 major central banks in the Asia-Pacific region, 13 have explicit numerical targets for inflation and 5 have made exchange rate stability a policy objective. While financial stability is not an explicit objective for most central banks, it is clearly an issue of concern given its implications for the real economy. This was possible because, despite better-than-expected economic growth and the spurt in oil prices, inflation was benign and well within the target range of central banks in most countries. At the same time, exchange rates were stable, with major regional currencies gaining against the United States dollar as capital inflows to the region rebounded.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|banks central explicit inflation stability|5.4451594|4.954427|3.779098
3860|As education attainment is easily observable for employers, it acts as a powerful signalling device for youth trying to enter the labour market. The OECD Skills Outlook 2013 has also shown the importance of cognitive skills (literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments) on labour market outcomes (OECD, 2013b). As shown in Figure A, having attained at least an upper secondary education reduces the probability of having low literacy skills. However, individuals with a similar level of education may not have the same skills, as skill formation depends on the quality of the education system in addition to other factors.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills education literacy shown having|8.923557|2.767468|2.9940662
3861|They also help to change the culture that constructed these barriers, as employees will influence their managers to take a different view of working together. In the Academy's experience, too, many of these concerns are often unfounded and are associated with traditions handed down from employee/manager to employee/manager without anyone really questioning matters. Partnering for the purpose of skills development makes sense just like any other kinds of collaborative initiatives, and this is in fact the guiding principle of the Experiences Academy.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|academy manager employee handed partnering|8.844146|2.15099|2.2343228
3862|The value of ecosystem services lost annually worldwide has been estimated at between US$ 2 and 5 trillion a year, as of 2008. With populations and economies continuing to grow, the value of these increasingly scarce services is only going to increase. Extreme weather events and degraded slopes combine to increase the likelihood of flash floods and landslides and.|SDG 15 - Life on land|flash slopes value landslides degraded|1.6024749|5.451908|3.6396623
3863|There has been a significant reduction in IUU-fishing of cod and haddock since 2005 due to measures to combat IUU-fishing, including an entirely new scheme for Port State Control (PSC) within the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission area. Of this, exports of caught fish account for NOK 18.7 billion and farmed fish accounts for NOK 26 billion. The government terminated The General Agreement from 2005, but some of the social elements have been prolonged and funding is allocated annually in the National budget. In 2009, NOK 64 million was granted by the budget.|SDG 14 - Life below water|nok iuu fishing fish budget|0.12099429|5.6885514|6.760032
3864|To avoid this multicollinearity issue the approach has been to include a direct measure of the gender gap in educational attainment in the growth equation - rather than separate indicators on male and female educational attainment (Klasen, 2002; Knowles et al., This approach involves assuming common technological change, common population growth, and common growth convergence patterns. However, population growth differs considerably across countries, and the evidence on multifactor productivity growth patterns across countries does not fit with the assumption of common technological change (Lee et al.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|common growth attainment technological patterns|9.36438|4.3488884|5.865883
3865|Caseworker attitudes toward their clients may also play an important role. Several studies from Switzerland and Germany found that caseworkers who apply tough rather than softer, more co-operative attitudes towards their clients may be more successful (Behncke et al., The authors also find a clear positive correlation between jobseeker outcomes and PES office co-operation with private placement agencies, which may be complementary to direct employer contacts.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|clients attitudes contacts placement operative|7.972009|4.427213|3.687856
3866|The share of children whose fathers took up parental leave benefit rose steadily, from 20.8% in 2008 to 34.2% in 2014 (Figure 3.6). And while there is no fully comparable data available for the years before the 2007 reform, data do show that, in 2006, only 3.5% of fathers received the child-raising allowance (Destatis, 2012). They received only a partial parental allowance (Teilelterngeld), while each month that they worked counted towards the benefit as if they had not worked at all and taken full benefit (see Example 1 in Table 3.1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|allowance fathers benefit worked parental|8.975055|5.3296666|5.304972
3867|Formula funding combines both horizontal equity - schools of the same type (for example, primary schools) are funded at the same level - and vertical equity - schools of different types (for example, general academic and vocational schools) are financed according to their differing needs. It can also provide incentives for a better use of resources. Schools have no incentives to reduce their expenditures or increase their efficiency.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools equity incentives differing formula|9.464812|2.134782|2.3000174
3868|"A new Forestry Act (LMD 2005] was approved in 2005, and a White Paper on Agriculture and Food policy (LMD 2011] was presented in 2011, with a chapter on ""Sustainable value chains for forests and forestry."" The reason for this chapter was to stimulate the forest industry and other kinds of forest related value creation, combined with ambitious goals concerning forests and energy needs, climate change, natural and cultural environment, outdoor recreation and public health improvement. It also proposes a more goal directed environmental effort in forestry and a yearly report on ""knowledge about conditions and developments on forests- and environmental values"" (SSB 2008)."|SDG 15 - Life on land|forestry forests forest chapter value|1.5943993|4.7807846|3.797599
3869|Includes respondents living in a dwelling owned by a third individual (not a household member, but possibly a relative of family member) and not paying rent. In the Soviet era, these networks were based on inflated demand forecasts, and in single-industry towns (monotowns) utility networks were reliant on financial support and technical expertise from the town’s dominant industrial facility (ADB, 2012a). During the transition period, little or no investment was made in maintenance and repair of municipal networks. However, this recently changed, and repair and maintenance of municipal utility networks is prominent in the State Programme of Infrastructure Development (Nurly Zhol).29 Through this programme, municipal utility companies can benefit from heavily subsidised loans for which they apply through their local administrations. There are often no alternative heating options for urban households, since there is no natural gas supply infrastructure (except in urban centres in southern Kazakhstan, including Almaty City).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|networks utility municipal repair maintenance|2.288362|2.1706963|2.5570161
3870|However, approximately three fourths of total flows, particularly those from the private sector, were invested in their country of origin (Buchner and others, 2014).6 The 2015 report confirms these trends: about 74 per cent of total finance and 92 per cent of private investments were raised and spent within the same country. East Asia and the Pacific was the largest destination of climate finance flows accounting for $119 billion, while Western Europe was the second main destination with $93 billion (Buchner and others, 2015). Significant data gaps impede a full report of climate flows, including for example private sector investments in energy efficiency, including transport, land use, and adaptation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|buchner flows destination private billion|1.8146971|3.830015|0.97158355
3871|Levels of state pensions have fallen, although by less than for other groups, and this group is less well-off than before. Nonetheless, greater private pensions mean that pensioners comprise a steady rather than declining level of the poor. There are poor paid-employment prospects and older people are increasingly active in unpaid or informal sector work, including in the voluntary and charitable sectors. Older people working in these sectors provide increasingly important support services for vulnerable groups that were previously provided by the state.|SDG 1 - No poverty|pensions older increasingly charitable sectors|7.7690234|5.5449424|4.4957676
3872|These structural impediments exacerbate risk and vulnerability related to food, energy and commodity price increases, as well as to economic instability and slowdown. The need to focus on removing structural barriers to allow domestic demand to contribute more effectively to development is heightened further by the expectation that the export channel to the developed world will be less important for an extended period. However, declines in poverty in the region have been accompanied by greater levels of inequality (see figure 1.19), with the population-weighted mean Gini coefficient for the entire region increasing from 33.5% in the 1990s to 37.5% in the latest available year.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|structural impediments region heightened expectation|6.567468|5.394076|4.9924197
3873|Kanaiaupuni (2000) studies whether the determinants of migration differ by sex, using Mexico-US data. She finds that high-skilled women are more likely to migrate than high-skilled men or low and moderate skilled women. This may be explained by higher gender discrimination faced by women and few occupational rewards in their home country, and thus they benefit more than men from migrating internationally, whether their skill level is high enough to allow them to meet the job demand. Recently, Baudasse and Bazillier (2012) suggest that non-wage motivations for emigration include gender equality in the workplace.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|skilled high women migrating men|8.705241|5.240529|7.0022426
3874|As of late 2015, 314 SHPPs exist in Tajikistan, with a total installed capacity of over 26,000 kW, but about one third of them (103 units, with a total capacity of about 5,700 kWh) are currently not working. Many SHPPs in remote rural areas have been built in a makeshift manner without adequate expertise. Many are poorly designed, freeze in the winter, lack technical maintenance and become non-operational after a relatively short period. This can be due to the absence of well-established or functioning supply chains for SHPPs, which would ensure the broad availability of such systems and better service support for end users.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|kw capacity total kwh winter|1.8701729|2.1035936|2.480727
3875|There is recognition that it is a fundamental right and obligation for parents to be involved in their children’s education. And parental partnership is critical in enhancing ECEC staff knowledge about their children. Furthermore, research has shown that parental engagement - especially in ensuring high-quality children’s learning at home and communicating with ECEC staff- is strongly associated with children's later academic success, high school completion, socio-emotional development and adaptation in society.|SDG 4 - Quality education|children ecec parental staff communicating|9.297786|2.7009175|1.868399
3876|However, even when innovation actors are in proximity, the presence of an international border is a barrier for collaboration, one that is increasing in recent years. For many regions, there are a number of reasons why collaborating with an international neighbour makes sense for both sides. For innovation purposes, the definition of the “functional” area for cross-border policy requires some assessment of both the innovation relationships that are (or could be) relevant, as well as the other functional ties and institutional arrangements.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation functional border collaborating sides|5.124292|3.770706|2.6539774
3877|This strategy stresses the need for prevention and early recognition of problems in children and their families and the importance of specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) (HM Government, 2011). For the first time ever this enabled the setting of access and waiting time standards in mental health services. The document Closing the Gap, the new mental health action plan, sets out our priorities for essential change in mental health: 25 areas where people can expect to see and experience the fastest changes. It shows how changes in local service planning and delivery will make a difference, in the next two or three years to the lives of people with mental health problems.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health problems changes fastest|10.437954|8.813401|1.683376
3878|Tasks involving social interaction (for example within healthcare or sales) are less easily outsourced or replaced by technology, even when they require fairly low skills. Empirical studies generally find less pronounced effects from globalisation than from technological change, but globalisation can have persistent negative effects in affected regions and communities (Forster and Toth 2015, Eurofound 2017 and OECD 2017b). A much more diverse picture can be found in European countries, with polarisation in some countries (e.g. the Netherlands, France and Germany), and upgrading in others, with growth mainly in high-paying occupations (e.g. Italy, Portugal and Luxembourg) up until 2007. During the recession years from 2008 to 2013, polarisation was more widespread across European countries (Eurofound 2017). This development was accompanied by increasing employment shares in high-paying occupations in Sweden and Denmark, and by growth in low-paying non-routine service sector occupations in Finland and Norway (Goos et al.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|occupations paying polarisation globalisation european|7.0726376|4.450893|4.318897
3879|But promoting informed-patient choice is only possible when quality-related information is made publicly available. Without information, users cannot participate in their health. Among those at the forefront of attempts to help patients make informed choices are Australia, Denmark, Korea, Portugal and the United Kingdom. All these countries use tools to ensure that information regarding health care providers’ performance is transparent.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|informed information forefront attempts health|9.060875|9.607536|1.8136934
3880|Reducing such disparities and enabling women to have rights and freedoms equal to those of men constitute an important priority for action for governments in the region. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Some of these instmments were adopted on a universal level by the United Nations, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) or UNESCO, while others were drafted on the regional level.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|endowed drafted freedoms spirit unesco|9.689904|4.6670537|7.2071767
3881|About 47 of the EE projects are being undertaken in India alone (UNER 2008b). Due to the large quantity, dispersed end-use requirements and preferences of individual owners, the third category presents characteristics of long-tail energy use. The total primary energy was inferred considering that the leaves correspond to 25 per cent of the juice and bagasse content, because good plantation practices require that half of this biomass remain in the fields to be recycled.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plantation dispersed recycled energy correspond|1.5637337|2.6090403|2.7122614
3882|A relapse or recurrence is another potential outcome, in which case the treatment has to be re-established or modified. Sequelae, the negative consequences of a condition, can persist. Both an acute and a chronic condition may deteriorate, causing disability of some degree of severity, from mild to complete. A decline across several domains of functioning could leave the individual unable to handle their own care, and when rehabilitation is not feasible, a long-term care (HC.3) option is pursued. This aims to maintain the best quality of life and to reduce suffering and limit deterioration.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|condition hc deteriorate handle mild|9.857737|8.983693|2.1186512
3883|Countries are grouped into one of five groups: 1) data not reported/not categorised; 2) up to two public places completely smoke-free; 3) 3-5 public places completely smoke-free; 4) 6-7 public places completely smoke-free; and 5) all public places completely smoke-free. Countries were categorised into one of five groups: The groupings for this indicator are: 1) data not reported; 2) none; 3) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and/ or some cessation services (but neither cost-covered); 4) NRT and/or some cessation services (at least one of which is cost-covered); and 5) national quit line, and both NRT and some cessation services are cost-covered. Countries were classified into five groups: 1) data not reported; 2) warnings cover < 30% of pack surface; 3) warnings cover > 30% but no pictures or pictograms; 4) warnings cover 31%-49% including pictures or pictograms; and 5) warnings cover = > 50% including pictures or pictograms.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|smoke warnings completely cessation places|9.175708|9.370161|3.0127249
3884|Inequality and unemployment in a global economy”, Discussion Paper No. Inequality and poverty impacts of trade-related policies using the GTAP model”, chapter 4 in K. Anderson, J. Cockburn and W. Martin (eds.) ( Estimating the poverty impacts of a prospective Doha Development Agenda”, The World Economy, vol. Shocking a single-country CGE model with export prices and quantities from a rest of the world model”, pp.|SDG 1 - No poverty|model inequality gtap impacts economy|6.3038898|4.7958827|4.447592
3885|The scientific community recommends that more research is needed on the postrelease effects of transgenic crops. There is also a need for more targeted post-release monitoring and better methodologies for monitoring (ICSU; FAO, 2004). The roles and provisions of these bodies are described below. This provision goes beyond the general scope of the Convention in that it requires also that risks to human health are taken into account. Invasive alien species are considered as species introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their natural habitats where they have the ability to establish themselves, invade, replace natives and take over the new environment.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|species icsu monitoring alien transgenic|1.6644454|5.505094|4.1826344
3886|They collaborate in a structured way to improve the quality of the lessons they teach. This gives all teachers a reference for good practice and opportunities to leam from each other to become more effective. It also puts peer pressure on those with poor teaching skills as well as giving them the means to improve their work. Good teachers also have incentives to collaborate with peers to become even better. They can become a master teacher and move up the career ladder of increasing prestige and responsibility.|SDG 4 - Quality education|collaborate teachers good prestige improve|9.33994|1.4122975|2.082943
3887|This does not mean that a framing regulation is not necessary or that monitoring will operate in a voluntary manner, but some of the transaction costs encountered with other instruments will be shifted to the collective of operators, and may remain lower overall. Some of these, such as the need to monitor and enforce restrictions, are common to all water regulations and to environmental regulations in general. Others, such as the need to understand local and regional hydrology and how these control groundwater flow, recharge, and surface water-groundwater interaction, are specific to groundwater management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater regulations framing hydrology encountered|0.8996134|7.351741|2.159124
3888|A good starting point would be for developing countries, particularly in Africa, to include rural electrification objectives in their national appropriate mitigation action plans (NAMAs) and in their national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs). Renewable energy and rural electrification projects have so far been given relatively little importance in NAPAs, even though the implementation of all or most other listed priority projects requires the utilization of energy. The electrification of poor rural communities constitutes a prerequisite for poverty reduction and development.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification napas rural action namas|2.2539983|1.8531466|2.615033
3889|Such improvements to the seafood trading environment are likely to reduce pressures on global fisheries and improve the return New Zealand obtains from its seafood exports. Seafood exports to China have attracted tariffs of over 10%. The FTA will lead to reduction and eventual removal of those tariffs, expanding high value live and chilled seafood product exports to China.|SDG 14 - Life below water|seafood exports tariffs china fta|0.45940325|5.8051844|6.8459945
3890|Companies that make capital expenditures to reduce their energy consumption are eligible for a 100 percent investment tax allowance on the qualifying expenditure over five years. The package also features import duty and sales tax exemptions (APERC 2010a). A cost-based tax incentive offers a 125 percent tax break on investments improving energy efficiency. A performance-based incentive allows companies to deduct 30 percent of the energy savings from their taxes up to a ceiling of $60,000.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tax percent incentive energy companies|1.9749191|2.6454952|2.2286618
3891|With the type of services often delivered in primary care settings (such as physician advice and the treatment of common conditions) attracting lower fees than specialist services, the current payment system pushes service providers towards delivering additional services that provide higher fees. A further challenge to increasing fees for patient counselling and more cognitive services has been the poor coding showing which services are actually delivered when a doctor provides a standard consultation in a health clinic. Better coding could provide policy makers with the possibility of increasing fees for consultations for patient counselling and offsetting this through reductions in fees for consultations associated with lab tests such as radiology and endoscopy. There is a risk that such a policy may fail to change the underlying culture of doctors not prioritising counselling their patients, and indeed, could simply be absorbed as a higher payment for a similar amount of work.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|fees counselling services coding consultations|8.850313|9.07141|1.643676
3892|Certainly if the ambition of the NDCs is ramped up to match the scale of action needed as per the Agreement’s 2°C objective, it will imply a transformation of the global economy on a scale unparalleled since the Industrial Revolution. This in turn will imply a massive increase in investment, trade and new technological development in fields such as energy, transportation, construction, waste management and agriculture. In the area of energy, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has built scenarios for global energy demand and investment assuming that the global community is successful in its ambition to limit anthropogenic climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|energy ambition imply global scale|1.3853174|2.8308446|1.9915471
3893|At the beginning of 2015, it grasped the opportunity offered by falling world oil prices to scrap its existing petrol and diesel price-setting regime. In India, it is estimated that the implicit subsidy on oil is seven times higher for the richest 10% of households than the poorest 10% (OECD, 2014g) and yet reform often faces public resistance. Greening infrastructure is required to avoid technology lock-in over the long term. For example, a coal-fired power station that comes on line today is likely to last 50-60 years, locking in local impacts from air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come unless its economic life is prematurely curtailed (Corfee-Morlot et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|oil prematurely scrap morlot locking|1.4183947|2.6001332|2.2212293
3894|"These three types - negative assessment, acceptance under specific conditions and total acceptance without any conditions - are based on the anticipated risks and profits together with ideas about femininity (Rocheva, 2016). These risks are mostly concerned with ""morality"". In the words of a male informant in a Kyrgyz village who used to work in the Russian Federation, women are more difficult to ""be returned to the road of good"", and thus it is undesirable for women to go to the Russian Federation. A recent household survey in Kyrgyzstan (UNFPA, 2016) showed that a considerable number of people connected migration with female ""immorality"": 38 per cent of females and 45 per cent of males supported the view that ""A woman in migration, working far from home, starts behaving immorally""."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|acceptance federation russian migration risks|8.767333|5.2730002|7.062463
3895|Hydrogen technologies may in the future bring innovation to the current supply of rural electrification technologies. The advantage of hybrid systems is their ability to avoid fluctuations in the system's energy supply, which is the main disadvantage of stand-alone renewable energy technologies such as wind and PV. A hybrid system will provide a relatively constant delivery of energy even when one of the supply devices of the system is unable to generate power (lack of wind in the case of a windmill or of sunlight in the case of a PV).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hybrid pv technologies supply wind|1.729955|1.6908773|2.108324
3896|A reduction in C02 intensity would involve less fossil fuel consumption, and therefore less depletion and less need to develop very water intensive non-conventional resources. Therefore, one of their co-benefits would be to limit the energy and water bottlenecks. On the other hand, as outlined above, increased reliance on bioenergy may aggravate the competition for scarce land.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|bioenergy bottlenecks depletion water outlined|1.341443|2.7314487|2.2247229
3897|The Mexican authorities also established a Reform Plan for the Health Service 1995-2000. Several changes aimed at widening access of the uninsured population to health care services were put in place, including special programmes to extend basic health care coverage such as the Coverage Extension Programme (PAC). Those states with greater capacity and resources (Tlaxcala, Nuevo Leon, Guerrero, Jalisco, Baja California Sur, Morelos, Tabasco.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage health guerrero uninsured leon|8.543548|8.672766|2.4301033
3898|River beds and their surroundings are under the authority of CONAGUA, while land use and urban policies are the responsibility of the municipalities in 60% of the country’s territory and are often designed with very little link to information about environmental risks. The establishment of FOPREDEN also demonstrates the federal government’s commitment to a comprehensive risk management approach. Prioritisation of investments in prevention and mitigation should be performed based on the National Risk Atlas, and with a wide consultation and co-ordination of the policies among key federal agencies, including CONAGUA, SEDESOL, SEGOB, CFE, SEMARNAT, the states and the municipalities to prioritise and channel prevention funding accordingly. In this respect, the development of the 2030 Water Agenda indicates a major shift in CONAGUA’s approach to flood risk reduction.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|conagua risk prevention federal municipalities|1.2894412|6.869457|2.0502777
3899|An alternative reason is that African women entrepreneurs generally rely on smaller business networks and might have greater difficulty in dealing with bank officials. One indication of the networking disadvantage women face as entrepreneurs is the fact that only 2.5% of African female-owned firms have suppliers who offer them credit or customers who pay advances (versus 5.2% of men-owned firms). Data on micro-enterprises (less than 15 employees) in Brazil, Mexico and South Africa show that the great majority of business owners did not use loans to start up, but relied entirely on their own funds and on support from family and friends (Figure 27.3, Panel A).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurs owned african firms business|8.770955|3.54867|6.305108
3900|Pedagogies need to be understood holistically rather than broken down into unconnected practices and techniques - hence the focus on combinations, clusters of pedagogical approaches and networks. Looking beyond the effectiveness of specific teaching methods, there is need to understand the power of these when combined (and done expertly - see connoisseurship below). A school with an overarching pedagogical design has made a collective decision about how to combine several pedagogies to meet multiple educational goals.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogies pedagogical broken combinations need|8.785113|1.5027226|1.8273851
3901|Unfortunately, many of those in Finland whose parents were bom abroad appear to inherit the integration challenges of their parents; struggling with language difficulties and lacking the local knowledge to navigate Finnish society and the Finnish labour market. While the concentration of foreign bom adults at the lower end of the wage distribution has been falling over the past 20 years, the opposite trend has emerged among their children. Recent research indicates that it can take students many years to develop the academic language used in school environments and language learning is an ongoing process that requires effective support beginning in early childhood education and continuing throughout compulsory and upper-secondary schooling. This is particularly the case given the complexity of the Finnish language.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language finnish bom parents inherit|9.873219|2.5628731|2.6170387
3902|Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 89, Bundesamt fur Naturschutz: Bonn. However, this may be changing, for example in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive. More indirectly, valuation studies through recognizing and demonstrating values have spurred a number of payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes around the world. Worth noting here is the review of such PES schemes specifically for watershed services (Porras, Grieg-Gran et al.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pes schemes und spurred fur|1.7811378|5.2582364|3.4252129
3903|This implies a reversal of the sequencing suggested by the financing gap approach. Instead of starting with the identification of gaps between actual and needed investment for infrastructure, followed by rigid assumptions of government expenditure capacity, estimating private financing required and ending with project design strategies to attract private capital to fill in the gap, the start should be with a national development strategy. This would then be followed by a consideration of the infrastructure development needed to support this strategy, how government planning can support this process, how fiscal space may be expanded and what public-private investment mix could achieve these goals. For instance, to what extent will a “favourable” international investment framework, understood as a condition to make a project “bankable”, rob a national government of precious space to pursue its policy goals?|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|investment private space followed government|3.7527132|3.9929779|1.9845562
3904|However, there has also been historical provision made for SMEs to receive a separate contribution towards the costs of developing and implementing their IP strategies, with patenting costs reclaimable at 80%, up to a maximum of EUR 140 000. This may be viewed as a more explicit acknowledgement of the contribution intellectual property may make to business growth. In addition, the UK Intellectual Property Office (UK IPO) sponsored research into the issues around IP-backed finance with its Banking on IP report (Brassell and King, 2013).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ip intellectual uk property contribution|5.2688465|3.2681925|2.4754739
3905|Member States shall collect and maintain information on the type and magnitude of significant anthropogenic pressures to which the water bodies in each river basin district are liable. River basin management plans (RBMPs) containing concrete measures to be implemented have to be established with public participation and regularly reviewed (every six years) to take into account recent information. Within transboundary river basins, requirements for environmental objectives as well as programmes of measures should be coordinated for the basin as a whole.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin river rbmps liable measures|0.8203966|7.135221|1.8253349
3906|The largest deposit is at Tkibuli (268 million tons of proven reserves and 700 million tons of potential reserves, 80 per cent of the country’s total). Indications are that coal deposits may be found elsewhere in the country, but exploration has been discontinued since the 1980s. Plans call for boosting oil production to 3 million tons per year by 2020, and gas production to 2 bcm by the same date. Within the last five years, there has been a steady increase in coal production, reaching 189.5 ktoe in 2012.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tons million reserves coal production|1.2240847|2.4039724|2.414553
3907|Furthermore, any time a poverty threshold expressed in per capita terms is used, there is a tendency to underestimate the minimum amount needed to cover the basic needs of those who live alone, as is often the case of older persons (see box 1.5). In most of the countries in the region, the poverty femininity index is higher than 1.0.11 The highest index ratings are in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Panama and Uruguay, where the poverty rate of women is 1.15 times or more that of men. Several countries have seen the gap widen between men and women.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty index republic men ratings|7.1977057|5.806722|5.3467026
3908|The programme is also helping to develop vocational and academic training to develop the skills required to operate and use wind power. Denmark's Low Carbon Energy Efficiency Project and Green Investment Facility is providing guarantees to SMEs in the ceramics and brick industry to enable them to invest in energy efficiency. The project is also supporting the government to develop and implement a new building energy code to promote energy efficiency in buildings.|SDG 13 - Climate action|energy develop efficiency project guarantees|2.0963886|2.7155035|2.3184109
3909|Decentralisation processes, undertaken for a series of activities formerly provided by the central government, led to major modifications in how the water sector was managed and operated. The only exceptions to this trend were Azerbaijan, Belarus and Turkmenistan, where water sector management has remained strongly centralised. In Azerbaijan, for example, the national company AZERSU JSC supplies water to 65% of the population, with 10% provided by small private operators and 25% by households themselves.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|azerbaijan water provided modifications turkmenistan|1.4150124|7.3132663|2.0931103
3910|These areas are all highly informationintensive (and thus are well-suited to the platform revolution) and are already undergoing rapid technological change. Connecting - being informed about what affects the enterprise and its business ecosystem - is a crucial ingredient of firm competitiveness. To lower risks when exporting, it is necessary to acquire relevant market information (on foreign prices, consumer preferences, standards and testing requirements) and information regarding the establishment of appropriate distribution channels abroad (see case study on Saint Lucia in this chapter). Average prices for market reports are not necessarily affordable for SMEs, as these range from $1,500 to $8,000 for standard reports and from $15,000 to $35,000 for reports on specific product or seivice market trends.25 When asked about their top priorities for boosting exports in a 2015 survey, firms ranked highest improved access to information about export opportunities.26 The need for improvements in access to information on export opportunities had considerably more significance for SMEs (over 60% of responses) than for large firms (over 40%).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|reports information smes market export|4.8255773|3.3545334|2.5956848
3911|Their situation is made worse by loss of land which they depend on for medicines. Women are also at high risk of getting HIV because of interaction with neighbouring communities, at risk of rape and having to exchange sex for necessities. Access to testing and care and treatment is a challenge, as they have to pay for services, and health workers do not treat them well.25 Coordinated action is needed by all sectors to improve the health of the Batwa peoples. The cost of accessing medical and health facilities in Kenya is also costly and often beyond the reach of many indigenous communities, who may not have the means to travel long distances to purchase certain prescribed drugs that are unavailable in public health facilities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health facilities communities necessities unavailable|8.496245|8.823056|3.2331662
3912|Nonetheless, the behaviour of inflation in individual countries also will depend on the fiscal and monetary policies being implemented and private expenditure trends, among other factors. Up to September 2008, total inflation in the previous 22 months had risen in all countries, and, with one exception, the food price index had outpaced the overall index (see figure 1.8). In line with the drop in international prices since the middle of 2008, domestic inflation eased in the second part of the year in most countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|inflation index outpaced eased countries|5.273183|5.0226865|3.8476663
3913|Both conditions matter for current health status and, even more, as predictors of medical conditions in the future. Overweight and obesity were not retained as primary indicators since they refer to health outcomes that are not necessarily severe, but since they are known to be important risk factors for serious illnesses, including hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory problems (asthma), musculoskeletal diseases (arthritis) and many others, they were retained as secondary indicators. A caveat on the use of indicators of overweight and obesity is that the associations between these indicators, the percentages of body fat and health risks may differ for some ethnic groups and populations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indicators retained overweight obesity diseases|9.209898|9.178064|2.952278
3914|When used in a non-technical context, there is generally a presumption that tax-benefit systems reduce inequalities by transferring resources to those in greater economic need (i.e., by taxing people and using the revenue to finance transfers). However, public policies alter income inequality even when no interpersonal transfer takes place. For instance, a progressive tax reduces inequality by itself, even if the proceeds are not used to finance transfers, while a lump-sum tax increases it.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tax transfers inequality finance taxing|6.9200706|5.2140603|4.4337797
3915|In the extreme, these transaction costs may be so high that the farmer remains cutoff from the market altogether, producing only for home consumption (that is, subsistence). Under these circumstances a subsistence farm household may not benefit from higher farm prices, and could in fact lose via induced increases in land rental rates or in the prices paid for locally available inputs. A third aspect is that rural households are heterogeneous in terms of their income sources, expenditure patterns and ownership of factors (particularly land), and will therefore be affected diversely by the direct and indirect impacts of policies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|subsistence farm prices land altogether|4.055256|5.348845|3.8160431
3916|It coincided with the review of the Autonomous Region of Andalusia and followed the reviews of the Canary Islands and the Region of Valencia that took place during the first round 2005-07. The review report for Andalusia: Higher Education in Regional and City Development: Andalusia, Spain (OECD, 2010) has a strong focus on how to improve the relevance of educational provision and the employment and entrepreneurship outcomes of university graduates. The recommendations and good practice examples in the Andalusian report are also relevant for the universities in Catalonia, and readers interested in them should refer to this report. The OECD would like to thank in particular the lead coordinators and other active local counterparts for this review.|SDG 4 - Quality education|review report readers coincided region|7.562869|2.5381184|2.4526238
3917|In Myanmar, Ooredoo of Qatar is a mobile group with a presence in a dozen countries while the state-owned incumbent Myanma Posts & Telecommunications (MPT) has a strategic partnership with Japan's second largest mobile operator KDDI.155 In Bangladesh Telenor is joined by Robi, owned by Malaysia's Axiata, a mobile group that operates across nine Asian nations. Other operators include Banglalink owned by Dutch headquartered mobile group GTH and Teletalk, a state-owned operator. Other factors driving rapid growth were low fixed broadband penetration and strong fiber backbones; coverage obligations and tower sharing also drove investment in Myanmar.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mobile owned operator myanmar group|4.8764844|2.8683727|1.4050356
3918|Measuring preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage at the national and subnational levels requires more elaboration on the indicator's method that is progressing and being tested. However, in recent years, the economic and social benefits that cultural heritages offer to cities across the world are increasingly recognized as keys for sustainable development. There is an emphasis on participatory and collective practices that aim to achieve inclusivity. As culture is a locally specific goal, local governments are important actors between global and regional development forces, and citizens. They have the ability to support citizens and communities by implementing policies and localizing the global agenda. Local governments are also able to change ideas and incorporate new ones into culture through policy initiatives, planning and infrastructural development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|culture citizens cultural keys progressing|4.087785|5.014569|1.938082
3919|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Climate Change Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policymakers and other decision-makers.|SDG 13 - Climate action|papers useful oversees climate change|8.096657|3.061124|1.5617425
3920|As personal income, wealth and inheritance taxes all tend to be progressive, the distributional impact would depend on the relative progressivity of each tax but may be broadly neutral. When examining inequality in individual labour earnings, the unemployed and people not looking actively for a job are assigned zero income. As the focus of the first three income concepts is on market income, the population covered is the working-age population. The determinants of inequality for each of the five income concepts are discussed in greater detail in a series of OECD Economics Department Working Papers, in particular Hoeller et al. (|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|income concepts inequality working progressivity|6.951795|4.993951|4.570791
3921|For the first lime, PISA 2012 also included an assessment of the financial literacy of young people, which was optional for countries. It emphasises the mastery of processes, the understanding of concepts, and the ability to function in various types of situations. In a range of countries and economies, an additional 40 minutes were devoted to the computer-based assessment of mathematics, reading and problem solving. The items were organised in groups based on a passage setting out a real-life situation. A total of about 390 minutes of test items were covered, with different students taking different combinations of test items.|SDG 4 - Quality education|items minutes test assessment passage|9.684212|2.0678546|3.0326555
3922|By implementing an automated monitoring service (such as through sensors that automatically record and transmit quality checks), data from non-compliant air quality stations, and their operator can be flagged and reported to responsible authorities. As data is recorded on the blockchain, automated and even smart reporting and monitoring services can be enabled, bringing together a patchwork of data sources such as satellite imagery, remote IoT sensors, engineering reports, and regulatory reports. Authorised organisations may track the compliance of new infrastructure projects and their financing by setting a compliance and anti-corruption reporting standard that is incorporated on the blockchain network. Compared with other technologies like cloud storage and computing, blockchain technology provides a significantly deeper interaction with processes.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain sensors automated compliance reports|4.0504594|2.560938|2.0627785
3923|The main advantage of the social insurance model is that it earmarks a relatively predictable stream of revenue - based on social insurance contributions - to health care. However, the government has generally less cost oversight over social insurance-based health care systems than over tax-financed ones as social insurance schemes are characterised by weaker budgetary controls over their funding and spending decisions. Also, contributions can have large distortionary effects on the labour market.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurance social contributions distortionary predictable|8.451842|8.4647045|2.3308032
3924|At a practical level, such a model has been trialled in mental health. The city of Seoul has contracted with a major private hospital to staff the mental health centre as well as a new centre for suicide prevention. Such an approach has also allowed policy makers to overcome the limitations of fee-for-service and to attract full-time physicians to work in the centres. They could provide both capital investment and pay recurrent costs through the fee schedule augmented by a pay for performance scheme.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|fee mental centre pay augmented|9.004528|9.065479|1.6445894
3925|In practice, national frameworks are constrained by domestic data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity. Given the diverse set of initiatives contributing to a country’s level of climate resilience, good co-ordination between the producers and the users of the information is important. Separately, each tool will ideally capture a distinct component of the climate risks and vulnerabilities; combined they can contribute to a better overview of the larger picture.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate ideally vulnerabilities separately distinct|1.4237735|4.957575|1.7136575
3926|Each group carries out a different activity, but the general subject matter of all activities is the same. Many of these teachers speak the same language as the immigrant students in the classes. For example, one teacher concentrates on the subject matter and explains tasks, while the special-needs teacher primarily focuses on social issues, supports group-building processes and attends to those who need special attention.|SDG 4 - Quality education|matter subject teacher special group|10.095611|2.3394604|2.1255918
3927|Vocational Training: International Perspectives, Routledge, New York. All polytechnic colleges are public and charge relatively low tuition fees. Access to polytechnics is selective. While the vast majority of entrants are recent high school graduates, an increasing share of entrants hold postsecondary qualifications (up to 6.3% in 2010 from 0.6% in 2003): in 2010 5% of entrants had a junior college degree and 1.3% a university degree.|SDG 4 - Quality education|entrants degree postsecondary polytechnics junior|8.517534|2.5550413|2.8299706
3928|In this case, training in moderation skills was needed given the lack of experience with collaboration. The KwaZulu-Natal initiative in South Africa like the Innova Schools Network in Peru were clear that this calls for a culture change to move to more active modes of teaching and learning from traditional methods that fail far too many students. Innovation is necessary because repeating variants of conventional approaches have failed to dent such stubborn and persistent problems as continued low achievement among the same groups of students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|repeating variants natal students failed|8.749714|1.7995201|2.009128
3929|We see this power at work in countries across the world. In Bangladesh, ICTs have enabled students to access quality online teaching, even when qualified teachers may be scarce. The Jaago Foundation of Bangladesh (UNESCO 2016 Prize Winner for the Use of ICTs in Education) is working towards providing education to underprivileged children in rural areas.|SDG 4 - Quality education|icts bangladesh prize unesco enabled|8.805816|1.6640309|2.2772322
3930|It also advocates for changes in lifestyle and alternative ways of urban development. All 4 300 residents of the neighbourhood made their daily commuting, shopping and leisure trips by foot or non-motorised modes. The city government believed that the project would not be successful without full citizen support and participation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|foot shopping motorised believed commuting|4.2152667|5.2138076|1.1867946
3931|There is some consensus, in both developed and -though less so - developing countries, that globalisation is a growth-enhancing force, but there is no consensus, and mixed empirical evidence, about its distributional implications. The effects of globalisation on overall income inequality have mainly focused on the earnings dispersion channel as opposed to the employment channel. Main results are presented in Table 5.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|globalisation channel consensus dispersion distributional|6.6046576|4.877631|4.5341887
3932|As many of the targeted users are unbanked, the alternatives are cash or mobile payments. Cash payments are especially vulnerable to corruption and crime, making blockchain-based transactions an alternative (Frankson, 2017). In developed countries, blockchain could be used similarly in order to set incentives for responsible consumption, giving different countries a means to help transition upwards in the waste hierarchy from disposal, to recycling and waste prevention, depending on the country's specific infrastructure and consumer prerequisites and needs (Cooper, 2018). In addition to high battery costs, there is room for improvement in the required charging infrastructure. Among other factors, the interoperability between charging networks is restricted and leads to an unattractive customer experience.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|charging blockchain cash payments waste|4.00857|2.5338166|2.0626175
3933|It targets the state’s strategic sectors, which are dominated by tractor companies. Courses are subject to a local feasibility study vetted by the Federal office. Numerous channels of communication with state offices give information about which companies are present in the state and which ones are arriving, and courses can be based on specific needs of a company which requests training. Students study in CONALEP for two years.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|courses state companies study arriving|8.20051|2.616975|2.724058
3934|Population development and the changing range of illnesses among the population), is a priority for mental health and addiction as it is for diabetes or COPD. In line with the expectations of the Coordination Reform, municipalities are to take primary responsibility for prevention and early intervention in the course of a disease (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, 2009). “ Prevention” was also included as part of the services that municipalities were expected to deliver in the Escalation Plan. When looking to address mental health, municipalities are in some respects well-placed to lead prevention efforts, given their responsibility for public health, kindergarten and pre-schools, education (up until age 16), for social services, and community services, which are key loci for prevention and early intervention, programmes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|prevention municipalities services health intervention|9.869046|8.94966|2.0144362
3935|With women across every economy in the world undertaking more than twice the load of domestic work than men, they are left with less time to do the important task of networking. Financial institutions might consider this as an opportunity to strengthen their relationships with the women’s segment through partnerships with women’s business associations or even by creating their own internal networking forums. Conversely, more experienced, urban women are often underestimated in terms of their knowledge of financial services products and ‘cite a lack of respect, poor advice, contradictory policies and a seemingly endless tangle of red tape’ (Silverstein and Sayre 2009a).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|networking women tape seemingly cite|8.801346|3.474817|6.398462
3936|Land use, land-use change and forestry (2005) as presented in Chapter 2 of this report. Limited availability of nitrogen, along with relatively low summer temperature and short growing season, acts as a limiting factor for the growth of Nordic forests (Linder 1987, Kellomaki etai. Thus nitrogen fertilization is considered an important forest management practice in the Nordic regions. It enhances the forest growth and thus increases the carbon sequestration particularly in less fertile sites (Norden 2013, Hyvonen etai.|SDG 15 - Life on land|nitrogen nordic forest fertilization land|1.1580184|4.52852|3.8896134
3937|At first sight, this result seems counterintuitive, as one would expect an inequality-reducing rather than an inequality-increasing impact of an equalising transfer system. However, it should be kept in mind that regional transfers, as opposed to individual transfers, are not directly targeted at reducing interpersonal income inequality. Instead, their central purpose is to reduce fiscal disparities between jurisdictions, which in turn may have an indirect impact on household income inequality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality transfers reducing interpersonal sight|6.9227896|5.2271457|4.4124494
3938|The resource constraints and other political barriers are the reasons for this delay. Therefore, the proposed energy efficiency laws and by-laws are fully in accordance with the EU requirements, due to the fact that development of the energy efficiency sector is mainly driven by fulfilment of the obligation that Bosnia and Herzegovina undertakes by ratification and signing of various international treaties such as Energy Community Treaty and Energy Charter Treaty. Both on the state and entity levels a lot of activities were done in order to develop energy efficiency framework that will promote EE, raise awareness in this area and attract foreign and domestic investors to invest in EE projects.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy treaty ee efficiency laws|2.0087416|2.7118979|2.1312518
3939|The programme was funded at USD 16.9 million and USD 16.8 million for 2006 and 2007, respectively. The entire Sea Grant programme covers a range of activities unrelated to fisheries. The transfer amount given in this table is the share of the Sea Grant programme that supports fisheries and aquaculture science programmes.|SDG 14 - Life below water|grant programme sea fisheries usd|-0.022928506|5.7024794|6.5718746
3940|Cooperation could include generating data and comparable metrics, achieving cncrgy-cfficicncy targets, enforcing industrial energy-efficiency targets and standards through international value chains, conducting joint R&D, building capacity, disseminating industrial energy-efficiency technologies and facilitating access to international finance. Cooperation would have to take place under the highest canons of ethics and corporate social responsibility to be credible, legitimate and effective. This would involve working not only on the scientific basis of targets and monitoring criteria but also with governments and the private sector to ensure that targets and standards are realistic and achievable.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|targets cooperation industrial standards efficiency|1.9879646|2.8719916|2.067783
3941|The second section describes the overall configuration and main actors of the STI governance system - primarily ministries, councils and agencies -with their respective roles. The next section discusses the innovation policy mix currently in place in Croatia, dealing with resource transfers in the form of direct public support and tax incentives for R&D and innovation, and the transfer of authority and institutional reconfigurations associated with an ongoing process of delegation of tasks and competences. The potential role of regulation and public procurement is also discussed.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation section configuration delegation croatia|5.2864223|3.5200691|2.4687226
3942|However, the available information is too scant to allow measurements of this type for a sufficient number of countries in the region. This risk decreases, however, when using an aggregation scheme in which the presence of one deprivation is not sufficient for identifying a person as poor. Furthermore, some of the indicators included here serve as a proxy, albeit an imperfect one, for health and employment dimensions, which were not measured in the two indices analysed in the foregoing sections and which are relevant aspects of well-being. In the first case, the presence of at least one young person in the household who was neither in education or paid employment was taken as a threshold of deprivation because, with the alternative options (half or all), the more young people in the household, the less feasible it would be to classify a household as deprived.|SDG 1 - No poverty|household presence person deprivation sufficient|6.7955465|6.278191|5.087733
3943|The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. While traditional disadvantages faced by women and girls persist in most countries, men and boys are increasingly exposed to uncertain job prospects and need to adapt to changing tasks and societal expectations. Although men continue to score higher than women in a number of areas, no gender consistently outperforms the other and the gender gaps in well-being have being narrowing in recent decades.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men gender narrowing disadvantages persist|9.295493|4.5367312|6.287925
3944|At the same time, research emphasises that the benefits from early interventions are conditional on the level of “quality” of ECEC children experience. Starting Strong III: A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ECEC, brining positive effects on early child development and learning. The OECD Secretariat would like to thank the national co-ordinators, Viera Hadjukova and Marcela Hanusova, for their work in providing information.|SDG 4 - Quality education|early ecec quality ordinators toolbox|9.359135|2.734564|1.9305333
3945|The associated environmental pressure could potentially have heavy impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function and services. A trawling-ban that was initiated for navigational safety reasons alone, resulted in unexpected benefits for seafloor fauna, vegetation and fish stocks. The construction of a fixed link across the Sound (bridge and tunnel) exemplifies another benchmark for its precautionary approach to both local and regional environmental concerns.|SDG 14 - Life below water|tunnel precautionary unexpected environmental fauna|0.004899423|5.7736797|6.255106
3946|For example, one of the core indicators that the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience use in their evaluations is the extent of integration of adaptation into national and sector planning (CIF, 2012), which is to be done via a qualitative assessment using a standardised scorecard. Further, evaluation of some programmes with broad aims (including, but not focused on adaptation) has focused on evaluating the outputs of specific pilot activities: this illustrates the difficulty in conducting broad-based evaluation of impacts of adaptation actions on a country’s overall climate resilience and vulnerability (UNDP, 2012). However, both Finland and France have done mid-term evaluations of their adaptation plans. France’s mid-term evaluation of its 2011-15 Adaptation Plan found that while 92% of planned actions had been initiated and 60% of them were proceeding according to plan, 35% of actions were now expected to only partially reach their initial objectives (MEDDE 2013).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation actions evaluation evaluations pilot|1.2088943|4.809438|1.4946584
3947|Similar results have been found by epidemiological and primary-care studies in different countries (e.g. Kessler et al., Treatment rates increase with age. Data from the national surveys of Australia, the United States and Switzerland show that treatment is most prevalent in the age groups 45 and over, and particularly low among those under age 35. Eurobarometer data confirm this pattern, showing a continuous increase of treatment rates across age groups (Figure 3.4). The average of the 21 OECD countries is 9% for younger people (15-24 years), 14% for adults (25-54 years), and 17% for seniors (55-64 years). Source: OECD calculations based on national health surveys for disorder prevalence, and Eurobarometer 2005 for treatment rates.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|treatment age rates years surveys|9.12091|8.574055|2.7727933
3948|Most require that these bonds carry at least investment grade ratings. Institutional investors rely on agencies’ ratings to give them guidance and comfort especially in new, fast-moving areas. However, risks specific to clean energy related projects make this vital investment grade rating difficult to secure. The only way around this is to find a creditworthy entity prepared to step in and take the risks.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ratings grade risks comfort investment|2.30123|2.9662526|1.6797535
3949|Across OECD countries, for every 10% reduction in CVD mortality, life expectancy at age 65 increased by around 4.3%. The decline in CVD mortality accounts for around 30% of the cross-country variation in life expectancy gains. Change in CVD mortality is a stronger predictor of life expectancy at 65 among males than females.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cvd expectancy mortality life predictor|9.162978|8.801551|3.1809747
3950|This provision should increase the number of women who have registered property titles, thereby making it easier to access business loans. A 2008 International Labor Organization report (2008) noted that women made up nearly half of all MSMEs but had less than 10 per cent of the available credit and less than 1 per cent of agricultural credit. Furthermore, because women have lower levels of education and are segregated into lower paying jobs, they have lower savings with which to start a business.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lower credit women business msmes|8.724714|3.467418|6.3787756
3951|By 2045, net-C02 emissions from land use are projected to become negative in OECD countries. Most emerging economies also show a decreasing trend in emissions from an expected slowing of deforestation. In the rest of the world (RoW), land-use emissions are projected to increase to 2050, driven by expanding agricultural areas, particularly in Africa.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions projected row land slowing|1.4961293|3.584859|2.5559099
3952|The Poprad and Dunajec rivers, with their subbasins shared by Poland and Slovakia, as well as the San76 River, arc smaller transboundary tributaries to the Vistula. Available groundwater resources in the Polish part of the Vistula River Basin District (including not only the Bug River, but also several smaller rivers discharging directly into the Baltic Sea) are estimated at 8,041 xl0‘ m5/day. Natural riverbeds have to be restored due to the effects of the mining and chemical industries, now no longer operating.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river rivers smaller discharging tributaries|0.4406025|6.9744177|2.7805312
3953|Countries that are encouraging renewable energy penetration in their grid are also innovating in storage and grid management. Moreover, as the penetration of intermittent renewable energy in the supply mix rises, innovation in storage and grid management increases. However, other findings indicate that this is conditioned by other factors.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid penetration storage renewable conditioned|1.7089709|1.5730364|2.148776
3954|Gender roles and stereotypes of what it means to be masculine or feminine or a ‘true man or woman’ often pervade social interactions. Subtle social control mechanisms can often limit the expression and full potential of people’s social and emotional development. Whether you want it or not, you have privilege as a man, and you either fight against it and reject it by becoming a feminist man, or you enjoy the privileges that come with it.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|man social masculine feminine privilege|9.954709|4.8464007|7.419278
3955|The degree of this inequality in Denmark is elevated in comparison to other countries (Figure 4.7). Visits in the past three months in Denmark. Data show that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are less likely to participate in breast cancer and uterus cancer screening, and are at higher risk of being readmitted to hospitals for preventable conditions (Devaux and de Looper, 2012).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer denmark preventable elevated breast|9.226856|9.396665|2.6995115
3956|To minimise cost shifting to parts of health systems not covered by caps, they have often been complemented with global and supplementary spending ceilings on ambulatory' care and pharmaceuticals. Many countries where health care systems are financed through social insurance contributions (e.g. Belgium, France, Luxembourg) feature relatively mild budgetary constraints. In this setting, budget caps have tended to provide indicative rather than binding targets. Targets are set in relation to expected social insurance contributions and the government has limited direct control over them as social security rates are determined, to a different extent across countries, by the social security funds (Paris and Devaux, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|caps social contributions insurance targets|8.526112|8.80785|2.1104107
3957|Despite the problems identified in the HCP, the quality of care is likely to be higher than that received by children whose mothers combine work and care at home (Leroy et al. On the demand side, long-term investments in human capacities are constrained by the lower quality care that children receive as a result. In terms of policy,the goal would be to scale up programmes such as HCP so that women’s care responsibilities no longer pose a potential squeeze on time, entailing a movement towards a more gender egalitarian, high road strategy of social reproduction.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|care squeeze egalitarian children quality|9.047898|5.0856404|5.8504257
3958|There is a need to strengthen regional cooperation through confidence-building measures in order to ensure food security. Technical cooperation is also important, which can be provided through capacity building and technical assistance in terms of food production and distribution. With growing food demand and future food supply uncertainties, the trade system has to play a critical role in managing both short-term and long-term imbalances.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food cooperation technical building term|4.38687|5.114237|4.2624416
3959|We focus on emerging economies because most of the new EE investments required will be in China, India, and other emerging G20 countries. However, the investment barriers analysed and the policies recommended apply to both the developed and the developing world. Figure 1 graphically summarises our view of risk perception as the principal barrier to private EE investments.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee emerging investments summarises perception|2.2596319|2.7417293|1.8903627
3960|Beyond immediate incomes, price support may be used to offset market failures, which in the case of developing countries may result in low level poverty traps. But fundamentally price support tackles the symptoms rather than the causes of those market failures. From a political standpoint, price policy responses with associated changes in border measures are also a quick and visible way of responding to shocks such as the 2007-08 food price spike.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|price failures standpoint traps spike|4.1498675|5.008452|4.2113833
3961|Consequently, they have less social capital than men, who occupy more central and more remunerative positions in the value chain. This marginalisation of women requires public policies that consider not only the attributes of women but their social relations. Structural causes also explain the fragmentation of the governance network involved in the economic activities of women (Chapter 51.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women remunerative marginalisation occupy attributes|9.281301|4.2858605|6.6513734
3962|Portuguese national campaigns have raised awareness among pedestrians of the dangers they face in traffic. For instance, campaigns have promoted the wearing of reflective equipment by older age people when mobile in urban environments. While this can reduce fatality numbers in the short term, it does not address the root causes of road danger, which are the volume and speed of motor vehicle traffic, symptomatic of a car-dependant urban development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|campaigns traffic wearing reflective portuguese|4.2501993|5.2115393|0.005963169
3963|But institutionalisation increases the risk of engagement “fatigue” and/or “capture” from overrepresented categories to the detriment of unheard voices. It should be flexible to take into consideration place-based needs and changing circumstances while fostering a change in the “mindset”, daily practices, professional skills and culture of decision making. Provisions for stakeholder engagement should be aligned coherently and holistically across the water chain and policy domains related to water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|engagement fatigue detriment overrepresented voices|1.1683904|6.8626113|1.4589676
3964|Reducing the timing of slurr)’ application from winter to spring, for example, can reduce the risk of nitrate leaching but potentially increase ammonia emissions (Collins and McGonigle, 2008). More attention to a holistic approach to nitrogen mitigation on farms is necessary, supported by adequate research of the issue (European Commission, 2010; Godlinski et al., This may in part be due to the perceived high costs by farmers of implementing nitrogen abatement management practices (Oenema et al, 2009), but also the lack of awareness of many farmers to the links between their farming activities and water quality.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|nitrogen farmers leaching nitrate al|1.1185396|6.273138|3.1596348
3965|From 2016, the scope of the grant has been extended to include tuberculosis. The grant operates in 33 hospitals across the nine provinces. The urban areas of Gauteng and Western Cape receive the largest shares of the grant because they provide the largest proportion of high-level, sophisticated services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|grant largest tuberculosis cape sophisticated|8.656173|8.903247|2.194807
3966|It offers two main products, subsidised loans and guarantees, the latter being its predominant form of SME support. As with other federal institutions, NAFINSA works through an auction process in which the delivery of the policy is granted to those intermediary organisations that make the best offer in terms of credit conditions for the SME clients. For example, in the visited state of Queretaro, NAFINSA had developed special credit programmes for tier-2 and tier-3 suppliers of the strong local automotive sector and was equally in the process of bolstering the incipient aeronautics sector. In Mexico City a specific scheme was conceived for taxi drivers, while in the state of Leon were the footwear and leather industries to be targeted. Most of the loans supported by NAFINSA seem therefore rather thought for working capital requirements or, at most, small-scale investments.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sme tier loans credit incipient|8.385886|3.2811375|6.278784
3967|While participants in Fast Track for Migrant Teachers (Snabbspar) take part in Swedish for Immigrants or ‘Yrkessvenska’, the KPU programme does not offer any specific language training. For the ULV programme, the University of Gothenburg will offer from 2019 a full-time introductory course in Swedish language for those students who do not pass the new compulsory language placement test. However, this is not the case at other universities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language swedish offer introductory gothenburg|9.935714|2.609768|2.6347709
3968|It is possible to work during this period, but the benefit amount is reduced if earnings exceed the minimum benefit amount (31% of the average wage in 2014). In principle, this should make part time work attractive for members of Group C, but part time working is uncommon in Estonia. As discussed in Section 4.1, this arises both because of the minimum social tax for employers, which makes it expensive to hire workers part time - though this does not apply to workers with children under 3 years old - but also for cultural reasons. Generous maternity leave provisions give women a strong incentive to gain work experience before starting a family. However, Estonia’s parental leave benefit is not conditional on prior work experience: those who are not in paid work when they become pregnant: those who did not work in the year prior to the birth receive the minimum level of parental leave benefits until the child is 18 months old, which weakens this incentive. A stronger link between parental leave benefit entitlement and previous work history would strengthen the incentive for women to gain work experience before starting a family, which might strengthen their subsequent labour market attachment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|work leave parental benefit incentive|9.089423|5.1268554|5.4390235
3969|Assessment and recommendations are made across health system domains -from the role of accreditation and standards, to patient voice and professional training. Cutting across these domains, the priority should now be for Wales should be looking to increase accountability for delivering good quality and improving quality, and trying to establish some more concrete levers for positive system change. This report assesses the governance model, institutions and policies in place to assure, monitor and improve health care quality in Wales.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|wales domains quality assure levers|9.130352|9.482734|1.6280545
3970|Moreover, it reduced the country's overall poverty gap by 21 percent and by 54 percent for households with older people (Omilola and Kaniki, 2014). The analysis by Barrientos (2003) also indicates that the social pension reduces the likelihood of falling into poverty by 12.5 percent. In place of conditions, some programmes include specific messaging recommending how transfers should be spent.|SDG 1 - No poverty|percent barrientos recommending messaging poverty|7.633714|5.6820383|4.52613
3971|However, existing studies are to a large extent confined to the effect of gender inequality in outcomes. Empirical work finds a positive association between gender parity in education and income per capita (Dollar and Gatti, 1999; Klasen, 2002; Thevenon and Salvi del Pero, 2015). For example, in OECD countries, a balanced gender ratio in education would increase income per capita by 0.8% in comparison to a scenario where women have no access to education (Thevenon and Salvi del Pero, 2015). In the same vein, gender gaps in education contribute to 28% of the difference in the annual growth rates between East Asia and South Asia (Klasen, 2002). Other studies find that gender inequalities in labour market outcomes hamper economic growth (Klasen and Lamanna, 2009; OECD, 2012; Cuberes and Teigner, 2013; Woetzel, J. et al.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|klasen gender thevenon del education|9.279355|4.371791|5.95461
3972|Designing Public Works Programmes and Cash Transfers to Promote Growth and Mitigate Violence. Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India. The American Economic Review: 92(4): 1029-1043. Cash for women’s empowerment? A mixed methods evaluation of the Zambian Child Grant Program. World Development, 95: 55-72.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cash violence dowry bargaining designing|8.643907|5.335443|5.9711113
3973|But water reforms are frequently long-term endeavours that involve planning, ex ante evaluation and consultation, several stages of implementation and ex post evaluation. Short-term considerations and vested interests can result in potentially counter-productive action; inversely, long-term planning and commitment can face strong bottlenecks on the ground because of political discontinuity. It is therefore important that strategic plans consider timing and political discontinuity in relation to water policy. Ensuring transparency across different constituencies is essential for the effective implementation of water policies. The process is not always transparent and certain measures, such as shortening of the decision-making process, increase the risk of capture and corruption, especially when local governments lack the capacity to monitor investment and civil society is not fully engaged. In the 1990s, Latin America saw a decrease in government provision of public goods and an increase in private sector participation in the water sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|discontinuity ex water term evaluation|1.227526|7.263485|1.4846889
3974|The main strength of the PTAL approach is that it is easy to understand. Unlike more sophisticated modelling approaches, PTAL allows for direct data visualisation using a contour map, where patterns of public transport provision are clearly shown (Figure 2). The formulae take into account the walking time from specified points of interest to all public transport service access points (SAPs), i.e. bus stops, rail stations, light rail stations, underground stations and Tramlink stops, within a defined distance threshold. This is combined with the average time a user must wait for the next service. Several parameters define the walk catchment area.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|stations stops rail points transport|4.243486|5.1735487|0.60196483
3975|During the trial, in 2006, traffic volumes within the controlled area fell by approximately 20%, while public transit ridership increased by some 6 to 9% (Pike, 2010). The initial public view of the system had been negative, with a disapproval rate of 55%, but following the trial period this had changed to 53% taking a positive view. This shift took place in a context where the area involved was extensive - some 34 square kilometres - and where a modest charge could nevertheless add up significantly: vehicles entering at one of 17 charging pints would pay up to 20 Swedish Krona SEK, roughly USD 3, with a daily maximum of 60 SEK and daily passes available.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sek trial daily view ridership|4.3237977|4.778306|0.71353245
3976|Policies to promote investment in health thus form an important component of any strategy to facilitate socioeconomic mobility. Under certain conditions, inequality can contribute to social instability and undermine trust. This is particularly the case where the gap between rich and poor is large and continuing to grow. The result has been greater social stratification and residential segregation.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|stratification instability undermine segregation social|6.74321|5.4885974|4.547389
3977|Also, the start of operations of Tamiz Shahar JSC was broadly publicized in the local press and on the Internet, and a meeting with NGOs was held at the Balakhani disposal site. Total land area affected by the dumping of waste is estimated at nearly 450 ha. The largest sites include Azizbeyov, Balakhani, Garadagh and Surakhani (Table 8.2). These sites were created or appeared in the past when the city management did not have the technical and financial resources to ensure concentration of MSW at a single disposal site, and their permanent use was not envisaged.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|disposal site sites msw dumping|0.32370058|4.156591|3.226108
3978|According to the PLANSAB (2013), 93.3% of the Brazilian population is connected to a network for water supply. It is estimated that 90.4% of the population has sewage collection, but only 39.7% includes treatment and is considered adequate, although according to the IBGE (2010), only 48% of domestic sewage is collected and 39% is heated. The efficiency of sewage treatment plants varies significantly and is considered not entirely satisfactory in some cases.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sewage treatment considered according satisfactory|1.6058127|6.908283|2.6097982
3979|The gender gap is wider within indigenous populations in all countries with respect to the amount of time spent on unpaid work. Indigenous women may spend up to eight hours more per week on unpaid work than non-lndigenous women, as is the case in Mexico. This underscores the importance of considering the strict sexual division of labour in indigenous households, the need for care policies and basic infrastructure to support indigenous families, particularly those living in rural areas, and the barriers to women's economic autonomy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|indigenous unpaid women underscores work|9.706071|4.444654|5.6723123
3980|Then, the methodology adopted to perform the research is summarized. Following the description of the methodology, the primary findings from the surveys are summarized. This is done by first presenting the findings from the household surveys, responding to the various hypotheses raised, and then disclosing the regressions, which summarize the determinants of the contribution of the urban poor to the economy.|SDG 1 - No poverty|summarized methodology findings surveys hypotheses|6.6637945|5.6881585|5.050544
3981|This is emphasised by OECD (2005). At the same, they estimate that across the whole group that became eligible for the subsidy (including those who were not hired), the subsidy had no significant impact on exit rates to unsubsidised employment or job stability. Permanent payments are often lacking in active character, and only those that compensate for partial (or complete, but potentially temporary) loss of work capacity are counted as active programmes in the OECD/EC Labour Market Programme Database (Eurostat, 2013). However, permanent in-work benefits that are phased out in line with eamings can have a large impact on the labour market: see Immervoll and Pearson (2009) and the discussion of UK tax credits and Universal Credit in OECD (2014a). The Norwegian inclusive workplace agreements date back to 2001 and are a central framework for tripartite co-operation between the government and employer and employee organisations.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|permanent subsidy active oecd tripartite|7.8345046|4.552427|4.0204153
3982|Policies in land use, housing, transportation and sustainability could be strengthened if an integrated approach to their development and implementation were adopted. The current land-use planning system could better contribute to efficient urban development if the zoning system were made more flexible; if infill development was more strongly incentivised; and if there were a national framework for designating and developing natural-hazard risk zones in urban areas. Revisiting these policies is an important step in creating and implementing a national urban vision. It then examines relevant practices in OECD countries, and recommends policy changes that national policy makers may wish to consider when designing a national urban policy framework.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban national policy infill incentivised|3.7993698|5.3595705|1.7213218
3983|These independent immigrant women reject passivity and dependence on the welfare system and their husbands to a great extent, they are able to have a career and manage to employ their qualifications in the business, and they exhibit tendencies similar to native entrepreneurs in choosing branch and niche. This example can be also considered as the second category of immigrant women entrepreneurs defined by Abbasian and Bildt (2009). This category includes women who, despite a certain level of independence, are still dominated by men in their business, their decisions and actions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|immigrant category entrepreneurs women business|8.845417|3.6691115|6.281699
3984|As result, the vast majority of the urban housing stock is now in private hands: in 2014, only 3.2% of the housing stock was in public ownership.22 Moreover, while the public housing stock has been fairly stable since 2004, the private sector accounted for almost all the growth in the urban housing stock between 2004 and 2014 (an increase of 38%). The public housing stock accounts for less than 4% of the overall housing stock in almost all large cities, including Astana and Almaty City, except in Rudnij and Pavlodar. According to Kazakhstan’s law on individual housing construction and the Land Code,23 every citizen has the right to receive a land plot for individual construction purposes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing stock construction public individual|4.688348|5.5596237|1.9618136
3985|Here, we show that these countries are vulnerable to climate change, using a physical vulnerability index that is independent of policies. The idea of an assessment of physical vulnerability is consistent with common vulnerability frameworks, as explained in Guillaumont and Simonet (2011a), and also with the SREX (2012) conceptual framework, but it involves making a systematic distinction between what is and what is not independent of a country’s policy to be more accurate with the development challenges. This section relies on a new index of physical vulnerability to climate change, as presented by Guillaumont and Simonet (2011a), that has already been applied to differentiate African countries from other developing countries (Guillaumont and Simonet 201 lb). The index qualifies the vulnerability of the LDCs and underlines the heterogeneity of the vulnerability among them.|SDG 13 - Climate action|vulnerability index physical independent lb|1.3075508|4.9499817|1.8020298
3986|While in some countries gains in life expectancy have outpaced gains in living standards, in others the reverse has been observed. The Russian Federation saw life expectancy decline in the 1990s, due largely to societal changes, increases in external causes of death and other risk factors such as excess consumption of alcohol; there is evidence that this trend is now reversing and life expectancy has started to increase again (Popov, 2011). In South Africa, life expectancy has also fallen recently because of the devastating HIV/AIDS epidemic. Years gained are calculated starting from 1961 for Canada, New Zealand and Italy. For the Russian Federation the gain is nil.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy life federation russian gains|9.040433|8.643898|3.3359838
3987|Overall productivity is variable but, generally speaking, is lower than the production potential of specific forest habitats. State forests have a larger increment (about 2.7 m3/ha on average) than private forests. Low density results in part of the forest resource being, in practical terms, out of reach for any kind of intervention: forest use, forest protection and silviculture. The average road density in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 9.97 m/ha. These densities are significantly below those in other European countries with a similar topography: Switzerland has 40 m/ha, Austria 36 m/ha, Germany 35 m/ha and France 26 m/ha. There were particularly frequent and catastrophic forest fires in 1999, 2000, 2003, 2007 and 2012.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ha forest density forests topography|1.3257385|4.6867194|4.031475
3988|For developing countries, these schemes can be problematic, as they would raise the price of existing energy sources and other inputs, which could disrupt economic development, at least until new energy sources became available. And they can be particularly problematic, given the potential impact of higher energy prices on the poor. Industrial policies to encourage diffusion of green technologies provide an alternative policy prescription.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|problematic energy sources disrupt prescription|1.9329126|2.9070423|2.2020667
3989|For instance, compulsory' health insurance with community rated premiums (e.g. the basis of the Swiss health care system) offers a high degree of risk pooling with minimal income redistribution. The presence of many social insurance funds results in fragmented risk pools, which lower risk pooling, but risk-adjustment mechanisms (e.g. Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany) can mitigate this problem. Community' rated premiums allow for a larger degree of risk pooling than risk rated ones as the latter enable to pool people with approximately the same level of risk, only.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|risk rated pooling premiums degree|8.455384|8.530175|2.2487786
3990|These aspects might lead enterprises to dedicate more resources to developing sustainable infrastructure. If the platform grows in size in terms of available crowdfunding opportunities and the number of investors, it may then become suitable for the full spectrum of projects and investors, from large-scale to micro-investments. Investors could be given the opportunity to securely invest in projects that would normally not be open to crowdfunding due to high administration costs (e.g. funding for a low quantity of solar panels for a local community). Identifying and addressing market, legal and regulatory issues and providing an enabling framework for investments from institutions and end consumers alike are essential. Enterprises in the energy, mobility and agriculture sectors should be approached in the early development stages in order to ensure common standards for further scalability. It is also important for regulators to set regulatory and compliance standards early on.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|investors enterprises regulatory investments standards|2.5777774|3.299205|1.8360634
3991|Right holders may voluntarily provide licenses to generic manufacturers. Voluntary licenses are producing promising results in the area of HIV, but do not yet address increasing needs across a broader range of health technologies. Full incorporation and use of TRIPS flexibilities will thus continue to be important to encourage pharmaceutical companies to license their products in order to increase access while not discouraging innovation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|licenses discouraging incorporation voluntarily license|8.25975|9.6636095|2.5587022
3992|The production is distributed to Mali (55%), Senegal (30%) and Mauritania (15%) (Wikipedia, 2016e). As part of the OMVS agenda, the dam was planned over Senegal River in 1972, but construction could not begin due to lack of funds. In 1979, the World Bank declined funding for dam construction, highlighting the unreasonable investment. After securing financial aid from Europe, construction of the dam began in 1982 (Wikipedia, 2016e). At the same time, another dam was built downstream in the Lower Senegal River’s delta to prevent backwater flows.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|dam senegal construction river mauritania|0.9205995|7.037411|2.2398424
3993|The bio-economic basis for sustainable fisheries management is explored in this section. First, the section will define what is meant by the sustainable use of fisheries resources. Second, it will introduce a bio-economic model of a fishery to explain how overfishing - essentially, depletion of the fish stock at too high a rate -occurs under open access.|SDG 14 - Life below water|bio fisheries section sustainable overfishing|-0.13921736|5.9082193|6.5924463
3994|The public financing of efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation is likely to have played a role in catalysing this private sector participation by lowering risks linked to country participation, and improving country readiness in terms of the necessary institutional frameworks. Large institutional investors are also redirecting investments to align them with climate objectives, such as reducing emissions from deforestation. For example, the Norwegian Pension Fund has begun to divest shares in companies associated with unsustainable palm oil production, which can be viewed as an alignment of private financing with global climate change mitigation objectives. No comprehensive assessment is available to track climate finance from domestic budgets, and there is no agreed classification system for national climate budget tagging that permits international comparisons or aggregation. However, evidence from 11 countries indicates that domestic resources are a significant and, in some cases, even a dominant part of climate change expenditure (UNDP, 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate deforestation institutional financing emissions|1.9140475|3.8240232|1.5363275
3995|"Estimates by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation show somewhat different leading causes of DALYs for Colombia in 2010, where the leading cause of DALYs is interpersonal violence, followed by ischemic heart disease, major depressive disorder, HIV/AIDS, lower back pain and road injuries (IHME, 2014). The prevalence of overweight (Body Mass Index >25 kg/m"") was 35% in Colombian women aged 16-64, compared to 34.1% in men (2010). More Colombian women are obese (Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2) than the OECD average (20.1% vs. 17.9%) (OECD, 2015a). Colombian men, however, are healthier than average on this measure (11.5% vs. 17.4% OECD average)."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|colombian dalys vs kg mass|8.908284|8.915262|2.8795204
3996|Silo approaches in water policy result in incoherence between subnational policy needs and national policy initiatives and reduce the possibility of success for implementation of cross-sectoral policy at the sub-national level. If individual ministries or public agencies operate independently, rather than undertaking cross-sectoral initiatives, the opportunity for “whole government” approaches is minimised. At the same time, possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in cross-sectoral public services may be lost, and sub-national development adversely impacted.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sectoral cross policy sub approaches|1.3286684|7.097504|1.4333161
3997|Each month, on the basis of national quota allocations, the Minister for Agriculture Food and the Marine, following consultation with the industry, decides on management regimes for the following month. These management regimes involve catch limits per vessel and are implemented by means of Fishery Management Notices. Such species are subject to additional management measures controlling times, areas and weekly or monthly amounts fished.|SDG 14 - Life below water|management regimes month following fished|-0.21345773|5.7903914|6.840515
3998|The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. First, it describes the main trends within educational evaluation. It is apparent that evaluation and assessment are increasingly being considered as levers of change guiding improvement, accountability, educational planning and policy development within school systems.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation educational levers guiding apparent|9.749259|1.8056692|1.5559247
3999|The most important species landed into foreign ports were Atlantic mackerel, Atlantic herring which together accounted for 30.5% of the value of landings to foreign ports. Common shrimp, blue whiting and blue mussels w'ere the most valuable species landed into domestic ports in 2016 and combined accounted for 65.1% of these landings. Prices of most other species also increased, with only prices for turbot, halibut, anglerfish, and ling decreased compared to 2015.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ports landed species landings atlantic|0.3021446|5.915068|6.6651216
4000|The production, refinement, transportation and storage of oil are also sources of methane emissions, as is incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. No combustion process is perfectly efficient, so when fossil fuels are used to generate electricity, heat or power vehicles, they all contribute as sources of methane emissions. Many developing countries have large untapped fossil fuel resources that they intend to use to develop their respective economies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fossil methane combustion fuels emissions|1.4200094|3.1311948|2.5797815
4001|On the other hand, in Greece, Japan, the Netherlands and Turkey, women are slightly more represented in the labour force than in general government employment. According to the most recent figures, women represent only 24% and 36% of general government employees in Turkey and Greece, respectively. These figures are generally similar to those in 2000.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|greece turkey figures general government|9.178535|4.15189|5.813881
4002|Women and girls must have equal access to financial services, infrastructure, the full range of health services including sexual, reproduction and health rights, water and sanitation, the equal right to own land and other assets, a safe environment in which to leam and apply their knowledge and skills, and an end to discrimination so they can receive equal pay for equal work, and have an equal voice in decision making. ( First, it outlines women’s employment trends in the MENA region, including in the public sector. Next, it assesses the legal framework for labour force participation, including its conformity to international standards. The chapter also examines policy measures used in MENA and OECD countries for improving female participation in the labour market.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equal mena including conformity participation|9.437137|4.5866723|6.387693
4003|Although bike share operators provide guidelines regarding best practices for parking (e.g. avoiding locations that block pedestrian travel), there are generally no penalty mechanisms by which good parking practices can be enforced. The question of who is entitled to the rights to the data generated by these systems also constitutes a novel issue for policymakers. If made available to researchers, for example, this type of data could be used for public transport blind spot analyses, biking hotspot analysis and prediction, multimode transportation analysis, and lifestyle impact analysis. Increasing mode shares of cyclists in cities also has implications for safety (ITF, 2018a), and may also necessitate infrastructure changes, such as reducing car lanes and increasing bike lanes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bike lanes parking analysis practices|4.1936216|5.1136093|0.1949311
4004|This means that today the Mexican health system is beset with inefficiencies and fragmentation, with resources split across multiple independent subsystems. Though coverage and public health expenditure has increased, which should be commended, access to services remains far from equal. Not only are some 21.5% of Mexicans still without health coverage according to survey data (CONEVAL, 2012), but levels of services differ significantly between sub-systems, and accessing care often demands a significant out-of-pocket expense.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage health subsystems mexicans inefficiencies|8.591688|8.714117|2.4104478
4005|In such a case, autonomous sources of onsite power such as diesel generators or “passive systems” driven by gravity would constitute the next line of defence (see also Section 2.3). The general conclusion that the size and the quality of the electricity grid are especially important issues for nuclear power remains thus unaffected. In an industry with only limited means of economical storage this poses a challenge in ensuring continuous supply security for as vital a service as electricity. In particular, it means that back-up capacity from alternative technologies needs to be available for the periods when a given plant is unavailable.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity means power gravity economical|1.2159423|1.4752092|1.9049207
4006|This has given rise to the best present and robust practices of early warning systems, community education, evacuation, emergency shelter, high technology-assisted search and rescue, retrofitting, ‘building back safer’, and family, business and sovereign insurance. Current investments in DRR are important and necessary, but after Maria, no longer sufficient. This applies to hurricanes in particular and to natural disasters in general.|SDG 13 - Climate action|rescue evacuation maria hurricanes sovereign|1.526751|5.2079287|1.7240509
4007|Additionally, extensive desk research for this study was carried out by the International Transport Forum. This will have an impact on the nature of public transport. The convergence of public transport and ride services in particular provides an opportunity to deliver better mobility outcomes for a broader share of the population.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport desk ride convergence public|4.267979|4.959814|0.5574827
4008|The sample analysed for this study however, consists mainly of enabling interventions. Risk reduction activities are less common in the sample from all the agencies except for JICA that primarily focuses on the development of climate proof infrastructure. Across the agencies, comprehensive programmes that focus on the overall country approach to climate change adaptation tend to include measures for policy and administrative management.|SDG 13 - Climate action|sample agencies jica proof climate|1.3741671|4.832163|1.6279724
4009|For example, drought and heat-resistant seeds can help increase farm productivity in drought-prone regions. Seed varieties that are tolerant to heat and dry spells have been developed for a range of major food crops, including maize, rice and wheat. Other seed varieties have been developed that can improve the resilience of crops affected by flooding, including intrusion by saline water, which could become more frequent with climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|seed varieties drought heat crops|3.1957877|5.488423|3.9236972
4010|Stakeholders along the agriculture and food value chain are affected by a disconnect between production and consumption patterns and knowledge about nutrition, which results in a poor overall nutritional status among too many people. So, in order to achieve Zero Hunger, which is at the core of the SDGs, it is crucial to improve dietary patterns and production systems. This over-reliance on one staple crop is a leading cause of persistent malnutrition and low dietary diversity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|dietary patterns production staple malnutrition|4.0363364|5.5302825|4.356077
4011|To shed light on the relative importance of these two factors, they will be discussed separately as far as possible. A number of measurement choices are crucial for the interpretation of results. Some of them are dictated by data availability, while others are a reflection of the purpose of the study at hand. The purpose in this paper is to isolate the direct impact of government redistribution policies on income inequalities among non-elderly households.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|purpose dictated isolate shed reflection|6.9630857|5.1771717|4.589435
4012|Unprecedented and worldwide coordinated measures are needed to transform the global energy system into an almost carbon-free one by 2050. For example, following the discovery of the giant Groningen natural gas field in the Netherlands, the natural gas share went from 1 per cent in 1958 to 5 per cent in 1965 and to 50 per cent in 1971. Portugal increased its share of renewables, including hydro, from 17 to 45 per cent in a matter of five years, from 2005 to 2010, and plans to become the first country to inaugurate a national network of charging stations for electric cars in 2011.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cent gas natural discovery share|1.522781|2.7996917|2.415266
4013|It is in the process of preparing a partnership with Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE) chapters in Moroccan universities to strengthen its links within the university network; this will also help to generate more innovative projects from young educated women. The Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) funded the Casablanca incubator; UN Women supported the Rabat incubator and the National Human Development Initiative (INDH), a government initiative, provided the space to create the incubator in El Jadida. Funding has also been provided by AECID, MEPI, the Dutch Embassy (for the incubator in El Jadida), and the OCP Group.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|incubator initiative el partnership moroccan|8.921821|3.294575|6.4935627
4014|Considerable innovation follows and, as a result, the impact of water shortages on productivity is reduced. In well-designed regimes, local allocation trades can be completed within one or two days and, if conducted in a manner consistent with pre-agreed rules, are not subject to appeal. Entitlement trading, often called “permanent” trading, allows efficient planning for long-term changes in demand and supply conditions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|trading trades appeal entitlement follows|1.2077533|7.638673|2.3194582
4015|Data validated and updated by MESRK for the purposes of the OECD review. Data validated and updated by MESRK for the purposes of the OECD review. Although these numbers indicate improvement, data from a MESRK report on the qualitative composition of the teaching workforce in 2010-11 suggest that in 2010 there were still 13% of teachers who have not completed higher (tertiary) education (MESRK, 2010a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|validated updated purposes data review|9.009138|2.3590794|2.5845196
4016|This goal-by-goal review shows that gender inequalities remain pervasive in each and every dimension of sustainable development. In 89 countries with available data, there are 4.4 million more women than men living on less than US$1.90 a day. Unequal access to and control over economic resources lie at the root of women's poverty. Gender inequalities in the labour market persist, largely due to occupational segregation and gender pay gaps. Women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions, and in other areas, such as maternal mortality, child marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM), progress is unacceptably slow and uneven. In situations of unrest, instances of sexual and lethal violence increase and are commonly perpetrated not only by intimate partners but also by police and military personnel.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender inequalities goal women fgm|9.8846655|5.1763053|7.2546406
4017|In this regard, the mobilization of the diverse potential of small and medium-sized cities and their surrounding territories is important, since small and medium-sized cities make up 94 per cent of the country’s urban settlements and are more evenly distributed throughout the country’s territory in contrast to the more peripheral location of oblast cities. They represent a backbone of the country’s urban settlement system.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities sized medium country evenly|4.2871585|5.3864098|1.9283588
4018|"Queuing characterizes patterns in Namibia and Uganda (although at different levels of overall U5M), while Cambodia’s pattern is mixed, showing that richer groups enjoy lower mortality rates, but the rates among poorer groups are not as extremely high as those observed in Niger. Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries"", Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. What about the trends in health inequalities over time? Trend analysis requires at least two different data points, and only a handful of developing countries have conducted health surveys whose results are comparable at two or more different points in time."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|different health points bulletin groups|8.891831|8.54602|3.4076014
4019|It includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets set by the UN General Assembly in 2015. The paper highlights how the Paris Agreement makes national climate policies become international law and suggests an implementation of Paris principles on non-state actors. The exposition further suggests that a legal perspective may enrich the understanding of today's climate governance. The replacement of the Kyoto protocol top-down approach for developed states only with a bottom-up pledge-and-review system, accommodating all states, has indeed changed the rules of the game for global climate law and policy.|SDG 13 - Climate action|paris climate suggests law accommodating|1.2090224|3.6929474|1.4637284
4020|Students can pursue VET in upper secondary and in polytechnics at the tertiary level of education. Initial vocational training programmes take three years to complete, including at least half a year of on-the-job learning in workplaces. Upon completion, the qualification provides formal eligibility for tertiary education. Graduation rates in pre-vocational/vocational programmes are high (99% compared to the OECD average of 47% in 2011), but only 54% of students in these programmes graduated before the age of 25, compared to an average of 80% in OECD countries. Those with tertiary qualifications have high rates of employment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational tertiary programmes graduated compared|8.537435|2.662554|2.8067172
4021|Rearrangement of student learning time, next to reduction of class size and increase of teachers’ salaries, has emerged as one of the key ideas for reallocation of newly available resources in countries with a decreasing number of students. Since it is argued that “the most valuable resource in the educational process is no doubt student learning time” (OECD, 2004: 240), optimising this resource has been presented as one of the key measures in improving student achievement (Carroll, 1989; Scheerens and Bosker, 1997; Marzano, 2003). While students acquire skills and knowledge in many different ways, this paper will concentrate primarily on the time students spend learning in regular school lessons and also consider their participation in summer and after-school programmes and extracurricular activities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student learning students time resource|9.4133|1.8962517|2.763005
4022|System-level data that are not derived from the PISA 2015 student or school questionnaire are extracted from the OECD's annual publication. Education at a Glance, for those countries and economies that participate in that periodic data collection. For other countries and economies, a special system-level data collection was conducted in collaboration with PISA Governing Board members and National Project Managers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa collection data economies extracted|9.551382|2.0761144|2.9866228
4023|Steps have been taken to allow for the use of gender mainstreaming tools such as the collection of gender-disaggregated data by an especially dedicated gender statistics unit. Elements of gender analysis of draft legislative acts and Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) within some public entities have been also implemented. However, this chapter observes the need to improve the scope, depth and use of existing gender-disaggregated data, to widen the application of Gender Impact Assessments beyond primary legislation and to better link the allocation of public budgets to expected gender equality results. This chapter examines what tools and mechanisms Kazakhstan is currently using in pursuit of its gender equality objectives.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender disaggregated tools equality observes|9.563723|3.980771|7.536451
4024|Sweden will need to expand the coverage of MPAs to meet the Aichi target of protecting at least 10% of coastal and marine areas by 2020. It should also ensure that all MPAs have management plans and the means to implement them. It provides a good model for similar initiatives, based on the effective participation of local communities in decision making.|SDG 14 - Life below water|mpas aichi protecting expand coastal|0.13485964|5.559143|5.9827323
4025|We call this the gender egalitarian (GE) case. Note that gender egalitarianism is also reflected by a number of factors associated with the high road: smaller gender wage gaps (to the extent they stem from good wages for women as opposed to low wages for men), an extensive and high quality market care sector, lots of public provision of care services, and good reproductive infrastructure. We call this the feminization of responsibility and obligation (FRO) case, borrowing a term developed by Sylvia Chant (2006) to replace the concept of feminization of poverty.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|feminization gender wages good lots|9.010183|5.0125465|6.0124154
4026|This can be seen from the middle graph of Figure 7.3, Panel A, which expresses the size of benefits in terms of a “tax rate” measure (and therefore shows negative values for benefits, see Box 7.1). In general, where benefits did become more or less targeted towards the poor since the mid-1980s, this did not change the overall trend in redistribution that would result from trends in average benefit rates alone. That said, benefits in the United Kingdom did, however, become less redistributive despite being now more tightly targeted towards the poor.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|benefits did targeted tightly graph|7.0514207|5.2014017|4.3866816
4027|In some countries, unmarried mothers cannot register their babies, and the children of unmarried parents have limited nationality rights. The actual choices and coping strategies of young women who become pregnant vary greatly depending on their social and legal environment. In Morocco, of the 78 percent of married women who would prefer to avoid a pregnancy, 67 percent use contraceptives, and 11 percent do not.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|percent unmarried babies contraceptives nationality|9.372914|5.83271|6.131472
4028|In the case of Metrobus, the documentation available on the conditions negotiated for the different bus lines show that the transport authority and regulatory agency have been able progressively to negotiate agreements more likely to allow for financial sustainability (Flores-Dewey and Zegras, 2012). In addition, corridors for trolley bus services running in a dedicated lane (zero-emission corridors) were also introduced recently. A short description of these projects is provided in Table 3.1.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|corridors bus metrobus flores lane|4.135981|5.049635|0.71871024
4029|Employers, both women and men, may discriminate in favour of men, who are seen as “unencumbered” by reproductive responsibilities, or use womens assumed status as secondary earners to justify paying them less. Discriminatory laws, policies and programmes can reproduce gender inequalities through assumptions about mens primary wage-earning roles and womens domestic roles which often bear no resemblance to reality. Agency” is concerned with the extent to which women and men are able to challenge the constraints in their lives.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|womens men roles reproduce discriminate|9.286736|4.6473856|6.41603
4030|It is estimated that only half of Mexico’s 5 000 water operators are official utilities. In small communities, where resources and capacities are limited, service provision is ensured through community solutions, thus complicating the assessment of the total number of operating wells in the country. Mexico also has more water concessions than water availability, which has contributed to water imbalances.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water mexico imbalances ensured wells|1.846085|7.1451144|2.0297055
4031|The OECD has identified five effective policy levers to encourage quality in the sector: 1) quality goals and regulations; 2) curriculum and guidelines; 3) workforce; 4) family and community engagement; and 5) data, research and monitoring. Of the five aspects, Sweden considers improving quality through curriculum as a priority; it considers a well-designed balanced curriculum as key to providing high-quality ECEC with the most favourable holistic outcomes for children. It can also ensure continuity between ECEC and primary schooling, ensuring that children are equipped with the knowledge and skills needed for primary school and further learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curriculum quality considers ecec primary|9.472109|2.5797088|2.006843
4032|It is not a Party to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention). Tajikistan is not a Party' to the Water Convention’s 1999 Protocol on Water and Health. In 2012-2013, Tajikistan participated in target-setting under the Protocol, facilitated by ECE with support provided by Norway; however, the targets were not endorsed by the Government (chapter 14). Tajikistan has local offices of the scientific and information centres of the two Commissions and also hosts die secretariat of ICWC, which was moved from Khudjand to Dushanbe in late 2013. Tajikistan is a Party to the 1992 Agreement on Cooperation in Joint Management, Use and Protection of Water Resources of Inter-State Sources; the 1993 Agreement on Joint Action to Address the Problem of the Aral Sea and Surrounding Areas, Environmental Improvement and Ensuring Socioeconomic Development of the Aral Sea Region; and the 1998 Intergovernmental Agreement on the Use of Water and Energy Resources in the Syr Darya River Basin.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tajikistan party aral convention water|0.74956185|7.1190734|1.9508061
4033|The long travel times involved in the coastal corridor are compounded by the lack of modem and efficient rail infrastructure. In this geography, combined with typical obstacles to cross-border integration, Western Scandinavia currently lacks a clear unifying vision for development. While Western Scandinavia mostly functions around its three large metropolitan areas, signs of grow'ing interlinkages between them underline their potential to work closer together as a megaregion.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|scandinavia western ing interlinkages underline|4.4773664|4.345881|1.3226464
4034|The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela showed the sharpest poverty reduction: by 5.6 percentage points (from 29.5% to 23.9%) in the case of poverty and by 2.0 percentage points (from 11.7% to 9.7%) in the case of extreme poverty. In Brazil, poverty diminished by 2.3 percentage points (from 20.9% to 18.6%), while extreme poverty declined by 0.7 of a percentage point (from 6.1% to 5.4%). Peru recorded a 2.0 percentage-point decrease in its poverty rate, while in Argentina and Colombia, the reduction was slightly above 1 percentage point. In these three countries, extreme poverty did not show any appreciable variation compared with the 2011 levels (see figure 1.3).|SDG 1 - No poverty|percentage poverty extreme points point|6.4021564|5.7332554|5.2134852
4035|This chapter presents the main findings from the survey. Respondents were also requested to signal any recent or ongoing reforms of allocation regimes. In countries where there are a number of different approaches to water allocation (for example, different allocation regimes for surface or groundwater, or variations in allocation from one province/state/river basin to another) several examples from each country could be provided.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|allocation regimes different requested signal|1.0760779|7.507031|2.3016593
4036|Their work maps the distribution of the world’s population with respect to relative water demand that is measured as the ratio of water withdrawals from industry, domestic use, and irrigated agriculture (DIA) to the mean annual surface and subsurface (shallow aquifer) runoff (Q) on an annual basis. Their results indicate that in many areas, water stress is a serious concern. Their study also highlights the fact that water stress is not limited to poor counties or those nations with severely limited water resources, but is also a serious concern in a number of OECD countries such as Australia, Spain and the United States. These studies consistently predict that some regions of the world will face water crises: India, northern China, north and sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water stress concern annual limited|1.0901797|7.346713|2.9258177
4037|Against this background, the provision of equal opportunities in a legalistic sense may not be sufficient to achieve gender equality as women’s access is limited de facto. One example is the option for parents to work part-time until the child’s 7th birthday. While this option addresses both fathers and mothers, it is mostly taken up by women (Chapter 1). For instance, while reduced working time may be individually preferable, myopic behaviour may not fully internalise long-term effects on pension entitlements and risk of old-age poverty.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|option birthday internalise preferable individually|9.216604|4.978406|6.218738
4038|These include externalities, public goods, decreasing marginal costs, common property resources, and uncertainty (Young, 1978). The presence of these market failures gives rise to an inefficient allocation of water and related capital resources under competitive market conditions. Economic analysis of public water resource management has long emphasized market failure as justification for public intervention into the development and allocation of water for irrigation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|allocation market water public justification|1.2880856|7.564747|2.5206285
4039|From sixty-nine varieties of local rice landraces, after a participatory varietals selection, they came up with eight improved varieties that are expected to be adapted to several climatic impacts, such as rainfall and long droughts. However, this also puts farmers in a situation of risk as they have fewer choices and they become dependent upon companies for provision of the improved varieties. Awareness, knowledge and dependence on a broader range of agricultural techniques reduces the risk of climate related losses from farms and increases the capacity to adapt income generating activities to changing weather conditions. Farmers have to adapt to changing situations in order to be able to survive and compete with others. They often have to shift from land-use practices based upon organic subsistence farming towards modernization and intensification. These modern systems can raise productivity of crops, but at the same time they are costly for local communities and expose them to risks of disruption of supplies of inputs or failures to access markets.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|varieties adapt changing farmers improved|3.451802|5.350689|3.999986
4040|The criteria for the inclusion of a model are as follows. The model must be global or include regions that together cover the whole world. Models focusing on regional impacts or adaptation (e.g. IGEM, CLIMPACTS, CanCLIM, RegIS2) and other models reviewed in Dickinson (ibid.) The model must include an energy/economy module, a climate module and a representation of climate impacts.|SDG 13 - Climate action|module model models impacts include|1.2537386|4.769408|1.640924
4041|One striking example of the impact of fuelwood use on vegetation is the use of teresken (Ceratoides papposa) shmbs in eastern Tajikistan, which has led to the virtual disappearance of this vegetation type in many areas. According to the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources, by 2012, CO2 emissions in the energy sector amounted to slightly more than 2 million tons; in terms of carbon equivalents, this amounts to 12-15 per cent of the 1990 level. The contribution of the fuel extraction and energy generation sector to overall CO2 emissions is insignificant.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|vegetation energy emissions disappearance fuelwood|1.2468811|4.4104342|3.8129644
4042|Such an approach is crucial not only because inequality has negative impact on growth and creates tension between communities but also undermines democracy. Indigenous peoples have called for post-2015 framework to be based on a foundation of human rights. This is highly relevant as the right to life is broadly interpreted as not just protection from arbitrary killing, but also as creating material conditions where food, clean water, and medicine are available to all.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|killing undermines tension arbitrary democracy|9.601842|8.221855|3.3731387
4043|Many prosperous cities have developed or transformed their transport systems from traditional to sustainable and smart systems. Sustainable transport systems offer social, economic and environmental returns that support the goals of Agenda 2030. Given that the transport system is a space where people spend significant amounts of time every day, governments and city decision makers need to consider comfort and safety issues as well as conditions of dignity for users.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport systems comfort prosperous sustainable|4.069262|4.964659|0.65899765
4044|This is required to developed clear success criteria for such policies. It is typically subdivided into at least two sub issues. Strategic energy security is about reducing the dependency of imports of fossil fuels from what is commonly projected to be an ever decreasing group of producers, located in potentially unstable regions of the world.4 System energy security is about ensuring the constant availability of access to energy in real time, preventing power outages etc.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy security outages unstable dependency|1.2254008|2.0723264|1.9875823
4045|An excellent example of such an approach is Japan’s Top Runner programme, which turns the most efficient product into a standard to be met by other manufacturers within a given time period. Upgrading towards technologies that are low on emissions and highly energy-efficient should be a key objective of industrial policy. Achieving this goal with existing agricultural technologies and production systems would entail further increases in greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, deforestation and land degradation, which in turn would impose further environmental limits on food production growth itself.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|efficient emissions technologies turns production|1.9121542|3.1793096|2.4599786
4046|Kennisnet is demand-driven and continuously monitors specific needs in ICT and education. In the report, four overall perspectives are proposed for teacher education. One of these perspectives promotes information and communication technology as a resource for education.18 The government is expected to submit a bill to the parliament proposing a new' teacher education during 2009. Note that it is possible for a country to meet several levels at the same time.|SDG 4 - Quality education|perspectives education teacher proposing monitors|8.735719|1.4523761|2.1938937
4047|Further work is needed to increase the coverage of spending data and validate its quality. Nevertheless, the data available for a minority of countries suggest that the spending mix tends to favour homeownership, which is often not consistent with tenure-neutrality goals nor with supporting households who are most in need, as they are under-represented among owner-occupants. Section 3 outlines a number of possible areas of work that can be developed to improve the availability of monitoring indicators, better understand the prevailing obstacles to access to good-quality affordable housing, and provide policy recommendations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spending neutrality homeownership occupants validate|4.985893|5.728919|2.2163892
4048|The unit of observation is the proportion of each category of land use changed to another land use over a given period. Land use defined in this way establishes a link between land cover and the actions of people in their environment. A given land use may take place on one, or more than one, piece of land and several land uses may occur on the same piece of land.|SDG 15 - Life on land|land piece use given establishes|1.7019151|5.4379187|3.5676823
4049|From 1970 to 1987, pollution of oxygen-binding substances was reduced by 80%, in spite of increased economic activity. Reductions were especially significant for companies discharging to state waters, reflecting the earmarking of revenues for pollution-control subsidies and the supporting activities of RIZA. Between 1970 and 1989, over 70% of industrial investments for water-pollution control were financed by subsidies provided from the state levy.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pollution subsidies control discharging state|1.3445699|7.0861397|2.1645432
4050|The IPCC estimates the costs of adaptation to be between 70-100 billion per year (Chambwera, et al, 2014). However, the UNEP Adaptation Gap Report 2015 (UNEP, 2016) estimates that the costs of adaptation are likely to be two-to-three times higher than current global estimates of adaptation costs by 2030, and potentially four-to-five times higher than current estimates by 2050. The Paris Agreement notes that the scale of the adaptation challenge and its associated costs are linked to progress on mitigation, i.e. less progress on mitigation will increase the need for and the costs of adaptation, while more mitigation will reduce the need to adapt and make adaptation less costly (article 7.4).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation estimates costs mitigation unep|1.2822322|4.596393|1.459581
4051|Schools have less autonomy than the OECD average in both resource allocation and responsibility for curriculum and assessment. Teachers have at least a bachelor’s degree and one year of pre-service teacher training, which includes teaching practicums. Teachers have heavier teaching workloads than in other OECD countries, with more teaching time at both primary and secondary levels.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching teachers heavier bachelor oecd|9.495605|1.3513247|2.6128275
4052|Roe (2010) examined the degree to which biodiversity-poverty links have been recognised in NDPs (predominantly PRSPs but including other development plans listed by the World Bank as the equivalent of PRSPs) and found that just over 25% show a relatively high level of recognition of the importance of biodiversity; just under 25% have a low level of recognition and 50% fall in between). Just under half of the PRSPs reviewed have a relatively narrow interpretation of biodiversity - the focus being on wildlife, forests or protected areas - but some interpret biodiversity in a broader sense, noting the importance of genetic resources (e.g. Dominica) and agricultural biodiversity (e.g. Bangladesh, Nepal, Viet Nam) and others recognise the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services (e.g. Cambodia, Lao, Liberia, Uganda, Zambia). Following liberalisation, Myanmar has faced the need to revisit its policy directions and formulate new short-term and long-term strategies (OECD, 2015a).|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity just recognition importance relatively|1.6826583|5.2817316|3.7605758
4053|In labour-abundant countries, trade liberalization is expected to switch production from capital-intensive and inefficient import-substitutes towards labour-intensive exports. In addition, the Stolper-Samuelson (SS) corollary to HO posits that such a shift leads to the convergence in the prices of goods and remuneration of factors. Thus, domestic inequality is expected to decline in countries endowed with an abundant labour supply.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|abundant labour intensive expected ss|6.09627|4.721892|4.290225
4054|The national level has been important in facilitating gender-responsive budgeting initiatives at all levels of government in Indonesia by issuing decrees. Presidential Decree 9/2000 and Ministry of Home Affairs Decree 132/2003 have provided regulations that gender-responsive budgeting advocates are able to draw upon to argue the case for making budget allocations more gender responsive (Sharp and Elson 2008). Gender-responsive budgeting had the early support of the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment, which undertook a gender budget pilot in the provinces of South Borneo and South Kalimantan (Sharp and Elson, 2008). The Ministry' sees gender budgeting as an entry point for strengthening gender mainstreaming in ministries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|budgeting gender responsive elson decree|9.708195|3.9075239|7.6170077
4055|Secondly, there is a wide variety of different types of climate responses and contexts in which they take place. This means that results frameworks for different activities will need to be tailored to their specific circumstances, and may encompass a wide range of different indicators. However, developing indicators that are e.g. specific, measurable and achievable by an intervention is not necessarily a straightforward task (Cesar et al., Further, developing an appropriate number of indicators is also challenging: for example, Germany has developed 103 indicators for national monitoring and evaluation of its adaptation activities (OECD, 2013).|SDG 13 - Climate action|indicators different wide achievable specific|1.3048015|4.768596|1.6174871
4056|Countries pointed out that given the small number of officials working on climate finance in national ministries, just one staff member working on tracking and monitoring would be a large proportion of their human resources. Developed countries have committed to provide financial support to cover the full cost incurred by developing countries in complying with reporting duties towards the UNFCCC16. For example, as part of national Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews (CPEIRs), a group of international organisations and research institutes are collaborating to assist countries in tracking climate finance across national budgets. It was widely recognised that tracking flows to a certain level of granularity is also a pre-condition for monitoring outcomes and outputs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|tracking climate countries national monitoring|1.5358315|3.8579834|0.6431204
4057|How diets change in the next decade may have important implications for domestic and international commodity markets. It describes projections for major agricultural commodities, set against anticipated macroeconomic, demographic and resource conditions. Finally, the chapter concludes with a review of important risks and uncertainties facing India’s agriculture over the next decade, and what these may mean for both domestic and international markets. Besides providing food to a growing population, agriculture has provided income to rural areas, released labour for downstream industry, provided savings for investment and has increased demand for industrial goods.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|decade markets domestic agriculture provided|4.07314|5.164604|4.335546
4058|Since more redistributive tax-transfer systems tend to be more effective as a backstop to widening earnings gaps, redistribution in the US was also less effective at offsetting the substantial increase in the market-income inequality in the 2-3 decades leading up to the GR. Focussing on more recent policy changes, we then calculate income gains and losses that can be attributed to reforms shortly before and after the GR at different points in the earnings spectrum. The results show that a combination of discretionary and automatic policy changes in the US have significantly narrowed the pre-GR gap between the equalising capacities of US and European redistribution measures, and between their abilities to cushion the effects of economic shocks on household income. We argue, however, that this is unlikely to signify any longer-term convergence, and that Europe/US comparisons need to go beyond the common focus on differences in redistribution levels.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|redistribution earnings income cushion shortly|6.9430366|5.1364245|4.4173536
4059|Abortion is illegal except to save a woman's life in 13 Arab countries, and abortion is legal to save a woman's life or preserve her physical and mental health in eight.40 Only in Tunisia is abortion legally available without restriction.41 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in the six countries of North Africa alone, nearly 1 million unsafe abortions were performed in 2008.42 Complications from these abortions accounted for 12 percent of maternal deaths in the subregion. The unavailability of legal abortion puts the weight of the state behind the existing dissonance between later marriage and the taboo on premarital sexual activity. The disconnect is especially notable in countries such as Lebanon and Libya, where the highest marriage ages combine with the strictest positions on abortion.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|abortion abortions save woman marriage|9.396997|5.7678537|6.2356176
4060|Environment Agency Austria contributed technical expertise to the design and implementation of the NAS. It also established an adaptation website4 and managed the stakeholder participation process (see below). In the late 1990s, the government created two groups addressing mitigation policies. Their remit was later expanded to encompass adaptation policy as well.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation nas remit encompass stakeholder|1.5261184|4.540292|1.4415988
4061|Amico Robot also seeks to emphasise lab work so as to promote learner participation and peer collaboration and tme, deep learning - compared with “the traditional learning sequence” seen as superficial (“in the end these learning experiences rather slip down like raindrops on window glass, and do not transform into deep learning.”) The six Executive Functions are: Focus of Attention, Working Memory, Inhibition Control, Cognitive Flexibility, Planning, and Goal-Directed Behaviour. Planning for the development of the six EF skills is intrinsic to the BMT approach.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning deep lab planning ef|8.874666|1.8021822|1.9296478
4062|About 26% of students are required to repeat and 14% are estimated to drop out in 7th grade, the highest rates across all levels of compulsory schooling (MEP, 2016). Improving retention in secondary' education is a top priority of the current government, which has designed a flagship initiative Yo Me Apunto (I'm in) to ensure that schools with the highest dropout rates receive additional support (Chapter 4). Among those 15-year-olds who are still in education, PISA 2015 shows that while socio-economically advantaged students tend to perform as well as their peers in many OECD countries, disadvantaged students are behind by the equivalent of around two years of schooling.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students schooling highest mep flagship|9.443366|2.2834892|2.9276617
4063|This has entailed the expenditure of substantial resources on running two separate education systems - mainstream and special education. Special education, both in special schools and in integrated mainstream education, is seen as the responsibility of special education teachers, but is not what all teachers do. Inclusive education requires all teachers to adjust their teaching methods so that they are accessible by all learners.|SDG 4 - Quality education|special education teachers mainstream entailed|10.222743|2.3624012|2.0266402
4064|Core funding for the Centre is provided by the Government of Italy and UNICEF. Additional financial support for specific projects is provided by governments, international institutions and private sources, including by UNICEF National Committees, as well as by UNICEF offices in collaborative studies. The European Union (EU) is amongst those bodies that have recognized the need for child-focused indicators in monitoring poverty and social exclusion and is currently in the process of developing, testing and comparing single indicators of child well-being across member states. In this paper we seek to add to this debate by providing a micro-analysis of the breadth of child poverty in the European Union, considering both the degree of overlap and accumulation of deprivations across monetary and multidimensional indicators of poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|unicef child indicators poverty union|7.0651093|6.616512|5.1904783
4065|The consolidated city of Changw'on started building a second Anmin tunnel at the end of 2016. The previous cities of Changw'on and Masan are connected through a congested general road and a bridge (Machang bridge, built in 2008). This bridge reduced the travel time from 35 minutes to just 7 minutes between the two cities. The construction of the bridge was privately financed (Hw'ang, 2016). Transit-oriented development: The Plan 2030 proposes a package of measures, including networking of railways (trunk line) and buses (feeder line). The city government negotiated with national and regional authorities to obtain intergovernmental grants for the construction of two subway lines, but its request w'as turned down due to low economic feasibility.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bridge minutes construction line city|4.068406|4.8709097|0.9669464
4066|The response rate was 77 per cent. Other available indicative information on municipal waste generation in the country for specific locations provides different figures. For example, the 2010 State of the Environment report for FBiH estimated the average generation of municipal waste at 269 kg per capita per year.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|municipal waste generation indicative kg|0.49074852|4.0473537|3.1108384
4067|They are also supported by the ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR), which seeks to provide food coverage across the region in times of severe, short-term need. However, while the regional frameworks identify a number of the key policy areas where action will be required - such as those related to the development of regional agro-food markets, sustainable production and increased investment in the sector - reform has been slow and, in some cases, current policy choices are actually undermining food security (Chapter 3). Self-sufficiency in particular has often been strongly promoted by a number of ASEAN governments as a strategy to reduce vulnerability to world price movements, such as those observed during the food price crisis of 2007/08.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food asean price regional undermining|4.0636086|5.235213|4.1953025
4068|It aims to establish a unified road transport system (including for the transport of goods) with the latest monitoring and control systems. It also aims to improve vehicle registration and technical control, meeting international standards, the project is founded on the transfer of know-how in regulating areas such as transit transport, driving hours and rest periods, and weights and dimensions of load (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 58). The resulting structural transformation can help farmers, for example, to move from subsistence to commercial agriculture or to non-agricultural activities. These impacts can lead to increased welfare, raising higher incomes and reducing poverty.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|transport aims control monitoring weights|4.265248|4.6537867|1.0427693
4069|In the local perspective, the emphasis is on the local and decentralised optimisation of the available resources that are physically close to the final consumer generator or the load. The global approach looks at the system as a whole, and aims at using the best available generation mix by connecting all available resources. The idea is based on integrating the smaller-scale local generation close to the consumers (e.g. PV on rooftops).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|available local close generation optimisation|1.8279928|1.5374981|2.1946447
4070|Les taux d’emploi feminins reagissent aux variations de taux d’imposition, aux politiques de conges, mais l’offre de services d’accueil pour les enfants de moins de trois ans semble etre le facteur cle du developpement de la participation des femmes au marche du travail. Les differentes mesures politiques interagissent et leurs effets se renforcent mutuellement. En particulier, la couverture des services d’accueil de la petite enfance ont un effet plus important sur la participation des femmes au marche du travail dans les pays offrant une plus grande protection de l’emploi.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|les la du des taux|8.995268|5.714874|5.072818
4071|The risk analyses and prevention and action plans are conducted in collaboration with prevention advisors and employee representatives. Employers have to appoint a prevention advisor to assist them in implementing the risk prevention policy. For companies with up to 50 employees, the prevention advisor must be from an external provider to avoid conflicts of interest.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|prevention advisors risk employee conflicts|9.358514|9.203835|2.5143857
4072|"The Secretary-General was clear throughout his messaging that achieving the outcomes of the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development would be impossible without ambitious and urgent action to mitigate climate change. The Action Agenda aimed to: facilitate adaptation and mitigation on the ground; secure a comprehensive climate change agreement applicable to all parties with legal force under the UNFCCC; and strengthen, defend and use climate science to make and promote evidence-based policy.89 These three objectives guided the Secretary-General's engagement on climate change through the adoption of the Paris Agreement and beyond. In March 2014, he visited Greenland to witness the impacts of climate change, stressing while there that ""we cannot negotiate with nature. .. We have to take action now."|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change secretary action agreement|1.2006961|3.9454913|1.4281951
4073|In Bangladesh, India and Pakistan more than 60% of the workforce occupy jobs in the informal sector. This not only results in a vicious circle of poverty, but also represents the loss of a potential tax base that could be used to finance social protection and other pro-poverty measures. Indeed, measures to enhance the productivity of workers and formalize the labour market are essential for ensuring that these countries capitalize on their demographic dividend.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|vicious measures occupy dividend circle|7.8041754|4.389032|4.6676593
4074|The most relevant three employment barriers are low skills, weak work incentives resulting from high nonlabour incomes and health limitations. Although 72% report full-time work during most of the reference period, 82% declared zero or near-zero earnings. There can be multiple different reasons why survey data record very low earnings for individuals who seem to be working.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|zero earnings declared low work|8.090002|4.578997|4.579342
4075|In cases where digital technologies affect trade in both goods and services, the impacts will be discussed in turn. On the other hand, services form the rapidly evolving digital infrastructure that enables services to be supplied electronically and goods and services to be purchased online. These two facets of services, as enablers of digital trade and products supplied by means of digital technologies, have significant impacts on trade.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital services supplied trade goods|4.6425753|3.0865552|2.3723514
4076|In other words, the causal direction of this association cannot be determined. However, in more than a third of countries and economies, including many that compensate for disadvantage in schools by allocating more teachers to those schools, teachers in the most disadvantaged schools are less qualified and/or experienced than those in the most advantaged schools (Figure 1.2). Sometimes, the very policies that channel more resources to high-need schools might, in fact, deter more-experienced teachers from teaching in these schools. Where centrally set rules for promotion and mobility of teachers privilege teacher preferences and give priority to more senior teachers, and where teachers' pay does not vary greatly across schools or across teachers with similar experience and qualifications, it appears difficult to avoid attracting a high concentration of the most experienced teachers in the most prestigious schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers schools experienced privilege deter|9.593525|1.5682652|2.5206053
4077|Probably not, and therefore cycling as a mode for senior citizens should also be considered, particularly now that the electrical bicycle has come about to cover greater distances. Certain subgroups need special attention, namely subgroups which are growing (oldest old, older women and persons living in single-households), those which appear especially disadvantaged and at risk of social exclusion (e.g. low income groups, rural residents), and those for which both criteria apply (e.g. ethnical minorities). Increasing women’s confidence and experience in driving in order to keep them safe and mobile implies a strong need for future research.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|subgroups bicycle oldest cycling minorities|4.2539186|5.1440744|0.267672
4078|First and foremost, the generally attractive results in terms of poverty and inequality alleviating effects from trade policy reforms, whether unilateral or multilateral, provide yet another reason as to why it is in the interests of countries to seek further liberalization of national and world markets. According to the Indonesia study, for example, unilateral trade liberalization is expected to reduce poverty only very slightly, but liberalization by the rest of the world is expected to lower poverty very substantially. In the Philippines, domestic reform alone from current levels of protection might marginally increase poverty rates, whereas rest-of-world liberalization would almost fully offset that (and more than offset it in the case of only agricultural reform).|SDG 1 - No poverty|liberalization unilateral poverty offset rest|5.746271|5.026615|4.370813
4079|However, even with this consultation, the Disi conveyance project is expected to increase water supply to residents of Amman, with potential consequences on behaviour and water consumption practices. It is therefore important to assess customers’ opinions and expectations about the Disi project in order to anticipate - and curtail - any changes in water consumption patterns that can undermine the potential benefits of the project. In the Amman management contract, there were no public awareness campaigns before the private partner was brought on board, and there was little participation of civil society throughout the contract (Suleiman et al., The private contractor argued that it did not have an obligation to divulge information to the public other than issuing invoices and providing information about changes to the water rationing programme (Suleiman et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water project contract rationing consumption|1.1259407|7.100262|1.8123506
4080|The wind power sector offers a good example of China’s rapid creation of local capacities. In 2010, investments in commercial diffusion amounted to between $1 trillion and $5 trillion, substantially more than the $150 billion-$180 billion invested in market formation and the $50 billion for RD&D. RD&D and Government-driven market formation investments focused on power and fuel supply, whereas the majority of private sector diffusion investments were for end-use and efficiency. The R&D intensity of the energy supply industry was comparable with that of the textile industry, but much lower than that of manufacturing.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|rd billion diffusion investments trillion|2.0826356|2.536245|1.844244
4081|At the same time, it can be argued that our base scenario does not go far enough with respect to the share of new capacity which is devoted to renewable energy sources. With respect to these issues, let us note that the parameter R can be used as a composite parameter to explore other scenarios reflecting lower ambitions in terms of electricity generation capacity and higher ambitions in terms of renewables share. For example, if we assume that countries that are presently below the target consumption threshold will only go halfway to bridging the gap from now to 2025, but that the share of renewable energy sources is 40 per cent instead of 20 per cent, the subsidy size does not change.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|parameter ambitions share respect renewable|1.6033216|1.8903599|2.1708443
4082|Some of these indicators, mainly HISEI index, parental education levels, and family structure, have a small number of missing observations. To ensure that the sample size and performance distribution are untouched by the matching exercise, missing values for matching covariates were imputed through multiple imputation models (Royston 2004). The PISA survey has a complex structure, similar to methods commonly used in other educational surveys, such as the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement’s (IEA) Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), or the United States’ National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), with sampling conducted with different probabilities in two stages within separate strata. This complexity should be taken into account by using probability weights when calculating point estimates and by adjusting for clustering and strata design when estimating standard errors.|SDG 4 - Quality education|strata educational matching missing international|9.66089|2.21455|3.097732
4083|A number of governments have taken further actions to fight obesity through health promotion efforts. Nationally co-ordinated programmes have been launched in countries such as the United States (Let’s Move), United Kingdom (Change4Life), Switzerland (Actionsante), and others (OECD, 2012). There is a trend in these programmes to include multi-stakeholder frameworks, involving business and civil society actors in the development of public health policies. These comprehensive programmes target obesity through an extensive variety of measures that include mass education campaigns as well as more targeted interventions aimed at high-risk individuals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|obesity programmes united include let|8.956482|9.081612|2.7770402
4084|The average is relatively close to the most favourable situation, suggesting that the great majority of young people with jobs are from socio-economic categories that do not experience many barriers to labour-market entry. The differences are also very pronounced with respect to having a wage, as the likelihood in the best case is double that of the worst case. With respect to expected wages, the average represents more of an intermediate situation than in the case of having a job.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|case respect having situation average|8.008645|4.1669154|4.1906967
4085|This is largely because i) meat and dairy product demand is more elastic than demand for crop products, leading to greater impacts from income and domestic price variations, and ii) macroeconomic uncertainty has an impact on feed costs, which are directly linked to production. For meat, uncertainty from macroeconomic variables affects traded volumes much more than yield uncertainty, particularly in the case of pork (Figure 1.18). Accordingly, the effect of yield uncertainty on world market prices is very low compared to macroeconomic uncertainty.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|uncertainty macroeconomic meat yield pork|3.8512328|5.115159|4.4718704
4086|Similarly, UK-based Lightsource BP has adopted a flexible approach, offering its customers shorter solar PPAs of 5 to 10 years, and re-deploying the energy systems elsewhere, when the agreements are not extended (Golubova, 2016). For example, Redavia is a German-based company specialising in rental solar power solutions for corporate clients and communities. Its innovative business model allows its customers to rent solar PV plants for a fixed monthly fee on a short-term extendable contractual basis.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|solar customers deploying contractual rental|1.8724202|1.9421552|2.0937884
4087|The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species. The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2 Rice, T. (2007). A Catalog ofDealers' Pricesfor Shells: Marine, Land and Freshwater, 23rd edition. In A Field Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the western Indian Ocean Islands (ed.|SDG 14 - Life below water|iucn red list species edition|1.3902891|5.350265|4.330523
4088|In 2015, the consultancy Incentive supported by Dansk Bygningsarv A/S presented the results of a study commissioned by Realdania (www.realdania.dk) - a large non-profit organization focusing its financial assets on preservation of the built heritage and development of local communities in Denmark. The study clearly demonstrated that listed buildings - apart from the obvious values to their inhabitants and people living nearby or visiting the neighborhoods - also bring a considerable added-value to the housing market. For instance, single-family houses classified as preservation-worthy were on average sold for an 18% higher price per square meter. The added-value was even higher-30% - if only houses with the highest preservation values were included in the comparison. It was clearly demonstrated that a majority of tourists visited the town due to its cultural or built heritage, and that the economic impact of the visitors was considerable in term of job creation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|preservation heritage houses demonstrated built|4.2944355|5.023735|1.8474232
4089|The question is particularly relevant in the case of poverty analysis, as inclusion of non-cash incomes can represent considerable relative changes in income to low-income households. Consider two singleperson households with each USD 1000 cash income. Person A is ill and receives public health care worth USD 200, whereas person B is healthy and needs no health care.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|person cash income usd households|6.8463335|6.180791|5.065519
4090|Pathways may be via waterways, the atmosphere or direct into the ocean (e.g. from shoreline littering). There are very significant regional differences in the degree to which waste is subject to collection and management, either as wastewater or solid waste. The quantities that reach the sea, on a global scale, are unknown.|SDG 14 - Life below water|waste waterways atmosphere unknown quantities|0.028105756|5.6987925|5.6923165
4091|Usually such outcome payments are focussed on intermediate outcomes, for instance controlled blood pressure or blood glucose level, and only more rarely outcome measures such as survival rates. In the inpatient sector the share of provider revenue is much smaller, frequently around 0.1% of hospital budgets and never exceeding 4% (Milstein and Schreyogg, 2015). While P4P programmes can be expected to include at least some performance or outcome measures, most if not all P4P programmes also include simpler ex-post payments linked to service delivery (e.g. completion of certain data and recording, care plan establishment).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|outcome blood payments simpler recording|8.796497|9.1623125|1.7228423
4092|The estimates of the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation show a 50 per cent decline in infant mortality from 2000 to 2010, but the country’s rates still remain rather high - among the top 10 in the European region. Congenital anomalies and pneumonia, which could be partly attributed to environmental chemical hotspots and indoor air pollution from hazardous heating and cooking sources, particularly in poor areas, are among the main causes of mortality, accounting for 22 and 18 per cent respectively of all deaths. According to the estimates, in 2008, Albania was among the 10 countries with the highest maternal mortality in the European region, with poor sanitary conditions, among other contributing factors. Thus, considerable effort is needed if MDG 5, which aims to reduce the maternal mortality rate by three quarters between 1990 and 2015, is to be attained.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality maternal estimates european pneumonia|8.798673|8.419277|3.6384904
4093|This has made women more visible in local politics, strengthened healthy competition, built capacity and impacted on social policies, while at the same time the women also serve as role models for political aspirants. Wide sensitisation on gender issues has contributed to the steady elimination of patriarchal norms and cultures. At least 13 provinces in Bangladesh and 14 provinces in India have adopted the 30 per cent quota for women, while the remit of financial rewards to political parties who have achieved the quota has encouraged the increase of women to 50 per cent in some local government councils in India.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women quota provinces india political|10.57484|4.1846695|6.9940605
4094|Candidate clinical outcomes might for example be readmission rates, prevalence of complication from surgeries or mortality rate from percutaneous coronary intervention. A last option would be to extend the coverage of hospitals costs paid under the DPC component such as clinical tests and diagnostics that are performed in outpatient departments (particularly when patients are admitted later). At the same time, Japanese authorities might want to take advantage of the fee schedule to introduce stronger financial incentives to drive improvement in quality of acute care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|clinical diagnostics candidate admitted schedule|9.203911|9.119939|1.9019933
4095|This equation measures the total effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income and is used to estimate the income loss associated with discriminatory social institutions. Male and female human capital and labour force may be considered as separate factors of production (Knowles, Lorgelly and Owen, 2002; Klasen and Lammanna, 2009). This empirical analysis tests whether the strength of the relationship between gender-based discrimination in social institutions and income may vary with the country's level of economic development.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|institutions discrimination income social klasen|9.1673765|4.582978|6.7666078
4096|This is a welcome development that should promote better gender analysis, programming and results in the 40 countries that meet the criteria. However, to ensure more even attention to all countries and because country offices are expected to prepare gender plans, it is suggested that regional bureaux take specific measures to support the preparation of these multi-year, country-specific gender plans and monitor and report on their formulation and implementation to the GSIC. This process will provide an opportunity for offices to assess their needs and gaps at the country level and to articulate expectations for support from the regional service centres in terms of promoting GEWE. In order to address this issue, UNDP should codify the way it wishes to monitor, report, evaluate and audit its contributions to gender, and this framework should be used for rigorously tracking results for GEWE at the country, regional and global levels. Action should be taken to harmonize various assessment scales in a manner that is most meaningful for corporate programming, reporting, evaluation and audit.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gewe gender audit country programming|9.976652|3.9628341|7.8697157
4097|Water management activities are carried out by the 12 Regional Directorates for Environmental and Water Management, and coordinated at the national level by the Central Directorate for Water and Environment. This includes protecting and improving water resources and the quality of drinking water, consistent with the EU WFD. A total of eight River Basin Districts form the administrative areas for coordinated implementation of the EU WFD.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water wfd coordinated eu directorates|0.8656358|7.074837|1.7632477
4098|These systems are becoming more popular globally and in the region; similar congestion pricing systems are being planned or considered in other large Emerging Asian cities, including Beijing and Jakarta. While the number of vehicles entering the city each day in Singapore increased by 22.1%, from 246 000 to 300 400, between 2004 and 2014, average speeds on expressways and arterial roads remained mostly unchanged and within their target ranges (Table 2.8). However, the design and pricing of these systems can create unintended consequences.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|pricing systems jakarta speeds unchanged|4.242562|4.763513|0.7449368
4099|Primary school enrolment has become almost universal, and the gap between LDCs and ODCs has virtually been closed (table 19). In principle this means that LDC populations are gradually becoming more prepared for the requirements of a modern production process, i.e., better skilled and more adaptable. A more educated labour force is more productive, learns more easily, is more open to new ideas and technologies and adapts more easily to new conditions.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|easily adaptable odcs ldc closed|9.088132|2.3430474|2.715413
4100|For example, the budget operated very close to the deficit limit during 2014-17. This raises concern that fiscal space could be unduly limited in a future economic downturn if fiscal buffers are inadequate, even more crucial given muted monetary' policy. Within the current framework the deficit limit can be exceeded in exceptional circumstances, including severe economic downturns.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|deficit fiscal limit exceptional downturns|5.7500076|4.9771643|3.7484753
4101|They can also contribute to engage further dialogue between non-governmental organisation (NGOs), academics, and citizens and local governments and service providers on water-related issues. This can help gain greater citizen buy-in, a shared understanding of the issues at hand and more informed inputs to the decision making. Selected examples include water users’ associations (WUAs), the Highlands Water Forum, the National Water Council and customer satisfaction surveys.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water highlands issues academics citizen|1.1651278|7.0387473|1.6188745
4102|In most developing countries, older persons need to work beyond the statutory retirement age due to the lack of comprehensive social security programmes. To fill the gap between what they need and what they earn, older persons rely heavily on assets accumulated earlier in life and in some countries, also on their families. In the majority of these countries, public social programmes play a minor role. Conversely, older persons in developed countries are less likely to work into old age.|SDG 1 - No poverty|persons older countries age programmes|7.8911333|5.4625735|4.5167856
4103|These programmes aim to foster the recovery and long-term conservation of priority species; that is, those endemic to Mexico, rare, threatened,12 with high ecological value or of strategic importance as keystone species, or with a high level of social, cultural, scientific or economic interest. Between 2007 and 2012, 27 PACEs were published and implemented. The species covered include jaguar, several eagle species, vaquita, scarlet macaw, Mexican grey wolf, grey whale, manatee and Baird’s tapir.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species grey whale endemic threatened|1.4976194|5.3542113|4.1292963
4104|The Norwegian state also operates two upper-secondary Sami schools with a special focus on Sami education, including integrated or specialized traditional knowledge programs (arts/craft/reindeer herding/music), and there are multiple county upper-secondary schools throughout the country delivering Sami language programs. While boys outperform girls on a few individual subjects, overall girls are doing better in terms of formal schooling. This holds true across the Circumpolar North.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sami programs upper girls secondary|9.58909|2.1082833|1.8726842
4105|Sluggish growth in manufacturing after the slowdown of 2008-09 has prompted concerns about the sustainability of the current growth path and the international competitiveness of agriculture, manufacturing and tradable services. This is seen as a potential hindrance not only to rapid growth in employment and income, but also to the achievement of a more inclusive growth path, notably in view of the low intensity of direct employment in the minerals sector. Innovation offers possibilities for entering new activities as part of a cumulative process of economic diversification. New kinds of increasingly skill-, capital- and knowledge-intensive activities will add to the productivity growth achieved through the increasing efficiency of existing activities.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|growth path activities manufacturing sluggish|5.447258|3.8736565|3.1370845
4106|Both approaches study partial equilibria by design; for instance, the elimination of the cross-subsidisation of financial sector wages may influence wage dispersion in other sectors. The empirical analysis shows that workers in the financial sector contribute a small but noticeable amount to economy-wide labour income inequality. Financial sector wage premia make up most of this contribution.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|financial sector wage subsidisation premia|7.111001|4.75289|4.571957
4107|Countries differ widely in the dispersion of earnings among full-time workers, with Chile, the United States and Portugal being the most unequal countries and Belgium, Denmark and Switzerland being the most equal ones (Figure 5.2). Inequality is higher in all countries when extending the analysis to part-time workers or the entire working age population (i.e. also including the unemployed and the inactive), reflecting the large income differentials between these groups and full-time workers. This effect is particularly large for countries where part-time workers make up a sizable share of total employment (e.g. Australia, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom) and where unemployment and inactivity rates are high (e.g. Belgium, Chile, Hungary, Italy).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|workers time belgium chile countries|7.3391404|4.706669|4.65947
4108|Taken together, the reports identify links between education and all the SDGs, with the notable exception of SDG 14 on oceans. For most of the SDGs, causal links are identified in both directions, from education to other goal areas and vice-versa. The most emphasized connections are those between education and growth (SDG8) and gender (SDG5). By contrast, links with energy (SDG7), water (SDG 6), cities (SDG 11), sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12) and climate change (SDG 13) receive much less attention in the sum of UN flagship publications.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sdg links sdgs education flagship|0.17909193|5.4280457|5.904835
4109|"In other cases, pervasive norms that see women’s caring responsibilities as “natural” explain the absence of claims around unpaid care work. In the run-up to finalizing the design of the Uruguayan SNIC, the government opened “national dialogues"" to raise awareness and incorporate local realities into the design. Yet the dialogues saw a departure from the women’s movements’ agenda that sparked die process."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|dialogues design departure pervasive realities|8.987099|5.1836634|6.0230556
4110|In theory, governments could allow companies to make losses on poor investment choices in the face of this uncertainty. However, in practice, energy sector investments tend to involve quite a high level of political involvement, so it may not be easy to separate political and commercial decision-making. In many countries, governments remain sole or majority shareholders of their major energy companies. Commercial investment decisions are therefore often closely tied to political decisions with respect to the development of the energy sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|political energy commercial decisions companies|2.0682528|2.5221765|2.231969
4111|Among the different individual factors considered (market prices of coal, gas and C02, change in electricity demand, electricity import/exports, investments in new conventional plants and phase-out of nuclear units in Germany, availability factors of nuclear and hydro plants), the deployment of variable renewable energy has been the largest individual contributor to the price drop: -24% in Germany and -35% in Sweden. However, because of the intrinsic complexity of such analysis, most of the studies focus only on one or two components of system costs and, to the knowledge of the authors, a complete and comprehensive analysis of the system effects has yet to be performed. Also, many studies analyse and describe the impacts of large VRE penetration on the system, but do not explicitly calculate the system costs. The only attempt in this respect has been performed by the NEA publication (2012) in which the system costs of different conventional power plants have been compared with those of VREs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plants performed conventional nuclear costs|1.412733|1.7936314|1.8617368
4112|Since women on average live longer than men, pension systems that use gender-specific life tables in the calculation of benefits (i.e., one life expectancy estimation for women and another one for men) generate still lower monthly benefits for women. In contrast, the use of unisex life tables generates equal monthly benefits for women and men who have equal pension fund accumulation and retire at the same age. While this involves a subsidy from the average men to the average women, gender-specific life tables, in contrast, privilege the actuarial link between contributions and benefits for each individual and offer higher benefits to men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men tables benefits life women|8.420463|5.4579973|5.300436
4113|Of the total EUR 6.4 billion budget available from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF), France was allocated the second highest envelope, with EUR 588 million at its disposal between 2014-2020. Regionalisation means that management authority will be delegated to French coastal regions for some measures of the EMFF. For Outermost Regions, compensation schemes for additional costs are integrated in the EMFF.|SDG 14 - Life below water|eur regions delegated maritime french|1.9461586|6.960763|2.8254635
4114|World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculhtre were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Data on aquaculture production were sourced from the China Statistical Yearbook 2016; differences with FAO total figures are under review.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture yearbook production sourced fao|0.48658696|6.0901794|6.651321
4115|Two major aspects of this relationship are the strength and the slope of the socio-economic gradient. When a student's actual performance is not the same as would be expected given his or her socio-economic status (as when the dots in Figure 1.6.5 are far from the dark line), the socio-economic gradient is considered to be weak. When socio-economic status becomes a good predictor of performance (and the dots in the figure are close to the dark line), then the gradient is considered strong.|SDG 4 - Quality education|gradient socio dark economic line|9.69496|2.2122593|3.0359945
4116|In practice, however, it is common for several water utilities to serve the municipalities of a single ATO. For example, eight ATOs in Emilia-Romagna are served by 16 utilities. As of 2009, 58 utilities were still publicly owned and 31 involved mixed ownership companies with selected partners, while in seven cases concessions had been given to the private sector, including four private concessions awarded in Sicily.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|utilities concessions private awarded served|1.3313826|7.329163|1.8688548
4117|These gender roles are firmly engrained in the local culture and institutions. While it was implicitly assumed in the past that the household head would compensate family members for their labour with the income gained from oil palm production, in reality, female household members were often not being compensated for their work. In many cases, this led to intra-household struggles and to women withdrawing their labour from loose fruit collection and focusing instead on vegetable production, which allowed them to earn, and keep, an income.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|household members withdrawing firmly struggles|8.913688|4.5812883|6.2963405
4118|Although there are many other vulnerability factors, those below have been selected for analysis due to their relative importance for food availability and access as identified in Part 2 of the report. The impact of climate variability and extremes on agriculture and food security: an analysis of the evidence and case studies. Inter-seasonal Climate extremes ■ i -i., Climate data are aggregated over cropping areas smoothed for small geographical scale events, especially in large countries. The production and import data time series have been detrended by applying a LOESS approach.158 Detrending refers to removing a trend from a time series, where a trend usually refers to a change in the mean over time. Figures 29 and H show in white the countries where part of the production (or imports) variability is explained by climate indicators (and the correlation is statistically significant).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|extremes climate variability refers series|1.5377122|5.1914554|2.4087365
4119|The massification, the internationalisation as well as the diversification of higher education influence also what is defined as effective. Hence, effective teaching increasingly involves successful management of the complex context in which learning and teaching take place (Devlin and Samarawickrema, 2010). The most widely accepted criterion of effective teaching up to date is student learning and the most widely accepted criterion of student learning in instructional effectiveness research is performance on standardised examinations (Marsh, 2007, p. 338).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching criterion accepted learning effective|9.459525|1.5275865|1.6265225
4120|Trade policy management and trade-related education both increased by USD 165 million and USD 18 million respectively, though trade facilitation at USD 420 million saw a small decrease of 5.4% compared to its 2014 level. The latter rose from USD 27 billion in 2014 to USD 31.7 billion in 2015 a 17.3% increase. In volume terms the main increases were in mining up USD 1.4 billion and industry up USD 1.3 billion.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|usd billion million trade facilitation|4.549221|3.4520411|2.5876777
4121|These statistics will also form the basis for efforts to improve health-care quality in Turkey, which have already been growing in recent years. Many OECD health systems separate responsibilities for running and monitoring health-care services quite definitely, and the creation of 4 affiliated agencies under the ministry is a sign that Turkey is seriously considering the benefits of greater devolution of responsibilities for the health system. In the future Turkey might consider putting greater distance between functions such as accreditation and health technology assessment and the central Ministry of Health, especially when quality governance activities apply to public health-care services as well as private health-care services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health turkey care responsibilities services|9.165729|9.428745|1.8504705
4122|Increased copayments for medicines and for inappropriate use of hospital emergency services were implemented in most regions following the introduction of the Deficit Reduction Plans. Recent policies promote the prescription of generics by requiring GPs to explicitly state the active ingredients of prescribed drugs to facilitate substitution. The challenge now will be to find suitable positions in the health system for all of these new graduates.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|copayments generics ingredients inappropriate prescription|8.558943|9.299235|2.1141558
4123|This intersection carries large flows of bus, pedestrian, and motor traffic. The Ring Road, which is a major arterial road, and Aurobindo Marg forms the AIIMS grade-separated interchange. Traffic data collection allowed the study of road user behaviour earlier when the AIIMS junction was an at-grade, signalized intersection and presently when the site is a grade separated interchange with no traffic signal control.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|grade traffic intersection road separated|4.170509|5.057303|0.25407633
4124|However, so far results have been mixed, with progress made on a new provider (DRG) payment system but stalled implementation of hospital reorganisation plans and continued accumulation of debts. Numbers of physicians and particularly nurses are low compared to the EU average. Following the country's accession to the EU, the outward migration of health workers to other Member States has increased and contributed to the workforce shortage in the Croatian health system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu outward debts stalled reorganisation|9.130526|8.77627|2.0940764
4125|Indeed, students who had attended between two and three years of pre-primary school score 35 points higher than students who did not attend and 50 score points higher than students who had attended less than one year, on average (Figure 5.3). In New Zealand, 92% of 4-year-olds participated in ECEC in 2014 (the 2005 enrolment rate of 4-year-olds is not available for New' Zealand). Rates for Canada are not reported (OECD, 2016b).|SDG 4 - Quality education|attended score students olds year|9.4449215|2.77437|2.6139011
4126|The United Nations defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life (United Nations, General Assembly, 1993). Women who are victims of violence are more likely to have poor mental and physical health, including reproductive health, than women who are not. They are also more likely to have negative health behaviours, including substance abuse such as alcohol and drug abuse. Health problems stemming from such abuse include chronic pain (headaches, back pain, fibromyalgia); neurological problems and symptoms, including fainting and seizures; gastrointestinal disorders; and cardiac problems.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|abuse pain violence problems including|9.98174|5.454999|7.3927817
4127|This implies setting up monitoring mechanisms to collect and update data from reliable sources and on a regular basis. Such data should cover, amongst others, consumption levels, the quality of drinking water and wastewater, as well as tariffs. This important information will enable “informed” citizens to take part more effectively in discussions related to drinking water and sanitation. Such an independent stock-taking and assessment exercise should clearly set out the upsides as well as downsides of change and raise awareness among priority target audiences (e.g. households) on the role, responsibility and contribution of the private actors in the water sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|drinking water audiences update data|1.1957095|6.9554677|2.3603902
4128|That high proportion is significant, as there is evidence that a gender-balanced workforce offers a greater variety of skills, competencies, perspectives, experiences and backgrounds, which fuels better organisational and financial performance (OECD, 2012; McKinsey & Company, 2013). Achieving substantive equality between women and men in public service employment is also linked to gender-balanced policies and quality service delivery, w'hich prompt perceptions of the civil service as exemplary, responsible, responsive and legitimate and, in turn, contributes to greater public trust in government (OECD, 2009; OECD 2014). Against those yardsticks, Mexican women are still affected by lower occupational and sector-related segregation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|service balanced oecd prompt mckinsey|9.974885|4.1979585|6.166442
4129|Cloud-based computing services and tools for offline or real-time analysis may also be used. Smart city initiatives have been applied in many sectors around the world, including pollution and emissions monitoring; energy projects, such as smart grids and metering; flood management and other water-related projects; the management of public transportation system and of road use; solid waste collection, sorting and management; improving governance and transparency with open data and other projects; disaster preparedness and resiliency; and addressing crime and security (OECD, 2016b). In Indonesia, smart city activities include the smart city strategy for Bandung included in the 2013-2018 ICT Master Plan, which emphasises e-government and digital infrastructure. The city also plans a new district designed to attract investment from the technology industry. Efforts to reform transportation are also being perused as smart city initiatives in Medan.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|smart city projects transportation management|4.0872736|4.1336045|1.4767776
4130|For further details, see www.ipeadata.gov.br. In other words, 39.92% of the Brazilian population was below the poverty line used in this study, while 17.76% of these people were living in extreme poverty. The lowest amount to be registered, 160.13 reais, was for Piaui in 1983, while the highest, 1,266.63 reais was for Sao Paulo in 2012.|SDG 1 - No poverty|br paulo sao gov poverty|6.329639|5.7051163|5.233371
4131|The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) also adopted the Paris Agreement, through which United Nations Member States committed to limiting global warming, which implies a critical role for national governments in climate-change adaptation and mitigation in urban settlements, which are most responsible for and most vulnerable to climate change. Lastly, in October 2016, the Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) adopted the New Urban Agenda (NUA), advocating for proactive policies to leverage the dynamics of urbanisation as instruments of sustainable development. Well-designed national policy frameworks can help countries and cities achieve economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nations conference urban united climate|3.544833|4.906411|1.7475308
4132|Care should also be taken to expand partnerships with gender-aware and women’s rights organizations at the global, regional and country levels. Pathways to achieving gender results are complex and depend on a variety of institutional and contextual factors. The evaluation learned that demonstrating a direct correlation between UNDP institutional reforms and development results was challenging for a number of reasons. Data constraints posed a key problem, but the far more important factor was the complexity of gender programming.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender institutional results posed contextual|10.024213|4.0097594|7.795362
4133|Ideally, no manufacturer should use an excess of raw materials in the production of a good if the same good could be made with fewer raw materials and thus at a lower cost. Vet instances abound of products which are designed in a manner where replacement is intrinsic to the product - for example disposable razors or cigarette lighters. The sustainable use of resources must be considered during all the stages of a product’s life-cycle: in its design, its manufacture, its usage and even at the end of its life, where the possibility of reusing or recovering scarce materials used in its production becomes a distinct and often profitable issue. Resource efficiency is only possible if consumers - individuals and institutional buyers alike - demand sustainable products.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|materials raw product products good|0.75478554|3.799618|3.06203
4134|One reason might be that, as poor people are very close to the poverty threshold, annuities from reverse mortgages could just lift them out of poverty. However, Coda Moscarola et al. ( In Belgium, Denmark, Spain, and Switzerland, poverty would fall by one-third or more, though not by as much in Germany and Sweden.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty mortgages lift reverse belgium|7.1724195|5.8054543|4.8103433
4135|Much depends on the higher education policy and regional strategy to mobilise higher education institutions and stakeholders. At the same time the capacity of the local economy needs to be improved so that it can absorb tertiary education graduates and new innovations. For this to happen, supportive policy instruments and incentives need to be put in place.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education absorb happen mobilise higher|7.722098|2.4634624|2.4614408
4136|Manufacturing jobs tended to move from the Northeast and Midwest to the West and South up to the late 1990s. Some of the affected workers were able to move to the higher-end of the job distribution, but many had to take up jobs in the lower-wage service sector, potentially displacing lower-skilled workers. This shock was especially strong in the Western states, which lost about 8% of construction jobs between 2007 and 2008.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs displacing workers northeast lower|7.528315|4.4443483|4.227427
4137|Lack of electricity or belonging to an ethnic group produces twice as high a probability of poverty. The high impact of indigenous identity on likelihood of poverty warrants particular attention, because it is indicative of exclusion based on a group identity, regardless of these groups’ more limited access to education or to basic sendees. As well, the higher the level of schooling attained, the greater the additional impact in terms of reducing poverty probability. This suggests that the impact of a change in an explanatory' variable on the probability' of being poor depends on the initial value of that probability.|SDG 1 - No poverty|probability identity impact poverty group|6.82725|6.0082517|5.043907
4138|As home ownership becomes more inaccessible for families at the lower-end of the socio-economic distribution, housing policy interventions should focus on outcomes that protect low-income tenants from rent increases. Targeting housing benefits towards low-income families, increasing social housing stock and prioritising placement of families with the greatest needs are options that can better help meet the housing needs of poor families. The reduction of child poverty could be identified as a specific objective of the recently launched poverty reduction strategy. The development of measures of children’s exposure to income poverty and of unmet needs in terms of food, health, education and housing would make it possible to set targets for children and monitor progress for this particular population group. The number of childcare places created, access for low-income children, and the quality of services provided will be important metrics to monitor in order to measure the results of public spending on poverty reduction. In this case, getting out of poverty and its consequences presupposes that barriers to employment are addressed, and that obstacles that limit access to care, quality housing can be eliminated, and that financial aid can be granted.|SDG 1 - No poverty|housing families poverty income reduction|7.3126354|6.275773|4.836256
4139|Of comparable impact is flooding, with the highest water levels in spring. In the area of Lvov and Busk towns in Ukraine, a high level of pollution by ammonium-nitrogen is observed. In the Ukrainian part, in the light of hydrochemical indicators, water quality got somewhat worse in 2009 as compared with 2008, which is consistent with a stable trend of deteriorating water quality as a result of the increase in discharges of non-treated and insufficiently treated urban and industrial wastewaters into the Bug. With the exception of Ambukov, located below the confluence of Hutshva River (where water was in quality category 4, class III, i.e. clean water according to the Ukrainian classification), water quality has been in category 3, class 111, i.e. “relatively clean water”. In the river section in Ukraine close to the border with Belarus, the most commonly occurring quality problems in 2008-2009 were phosphorus, nitrates and metals. Belarus reports that water flowing from upstream has an elevated level of dissolved solids.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water quality ukrainian belarus ukraine|0.5921483|6.869632|2.7901568
4140|The share of 15-29 year-olds not in education and not employed (11.5%) is below the OECD average (see Figure 4), but there is scope to increase the capacity and responsiveness of skills developed in vocational education and training. A challenge shared by countries at this level is to provide relevant education that will prepare young adults for work and, at the same time, provide capacity for further learning. In Australia, 84% of 25-34 year-olds attained upper secondary level education (above the OECD average of 82%, see Figure 2). In most cases, Australian general and vocational programmes are offered in upper secondary schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education olds vocational upper secondary|9.022297|2.7794857|2.919421
4141|This model of gender mainstreaming, which is in accordance with the Bahrain’s requirements for gender mainstreaming, outlines the structure and processes of integrating women's needs in the development process. In regards to the situation of Egypt, the Constitutional Declaration of 18/01/2014 is applicable until the modifications of the current Constitution of 201;, the Constitution of 1971 is no longer applicable. Most countries also reported conflicting demands on the scarce time and resources of these focal points.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|constitution applicable mainstreaming modifications bahrain|9.929565|4.498304|7.3905044
4142|"It is particularly noteworthy that the SME Masterplan is still the reference framework in the Eleventh Malaysia Plan focus area ""‘Growing dynamic SMEs” (EPU, 2015a). The National SME Development Council has spearheaded other actions, such as the change of the definition of SMEs, the centralisation of training programmes,25 the launch of additional schemes and the monitoring of the implementation of the SME Masterplan (Hashim, 2015). Table 5.8 shows that all the possible challenge areas of SMEs are covered by at least one dedicated support scheme. The institutional setting for the co-ordination of this vast array of instruments also seems well in place with the National SME Development Council and SME Corporation."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|sme smes council centralisation noteworthy|5.5881777|3.4938536|2.572368
4143|Although global factors may be difficult to address, countries could ease domestic constraints to private investment. In China, a priority is to address excess capacity in certain sectors, facilitate deleveraging and create a level playing field between State-owned enterprises and private firms. In India, a priority is to repair bank balance sheets, especially those of public sector banks. For all countries, in the medium term, increasing infrastructure investment and enhancing the business environment could stimulate private investment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|investment private priority address sheets|5.1807556|4.476211|3.4669762
4144|Overall, out-of-pocket payments comprise 17.2% of total health expenditure, lower than the OECD average of 19.8% (OECD Health Statistics 2013). The fee for consulting a primary care physician varied between EUR 11-22 in 2011 and consultations with a nurse are free (Anell et al., The national ceiling for out-of-pocket payments for health care visits within a year is EUR 122 annually. Copayments for prescribed drugs are regulated by government and are uniform throughout the country.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pocket eur payments health copayments|8.603797|9.014984|2.1659334
4145|However, the expected median size increased from 0.5 MW in 2010 to 1 MW in 2015 to 3 MW in 2020. In other words, the Chinese project of 200 MW skewed the mean in IEA/NEA (2015: p. 50). There appear to be many small, “large” PV projects and a few large “large” projects, most of which are being built outside OECD countries.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mw large projects skewed nea|1.473084|2.018523|2.3540905
4146|This means that children who are below the relative poverty line in France or Germany may be significantly better off in actual living standards than children who are living at the median income level in Poland or Portugal.v Or to take another example, a child living at the relative poverty line in the Netherlands lias double the income of a child living at the median income level in a country like Hungary (Figure 3). An income of 830,000 in country A, where such services are free or heavily subsidized, may imply a very different standard of living from the same income in country B where such items must be paid for at market rates. But when using this yardstick to make comparisons between countries, it is probably better to restrict the comparison to those generally wealthier countries where living on incomes below 50% of median implies a similar level of risk of social exclusion. Figure 4, for example, restricts the comparison of relative child poverty rates to the 20 OECD countries with annual per capita incomes of more than $31,000. Within individual economically advanced countries, direct measures of child deprivation are sometimes available.|SDG 1 - No poverty|living median child income relative|7.3114047|6.357805|5.1710076
4147|Forest policy, legislation and silviculture play important roles in the likelihood, extent and severity of forest fire (World Bank, 2014; Rosleshoz, 2014). A key output of the FLEGT Action Plan is the signing of voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) between the EU and tropical timber-supplying countries. As of May 2014, six exporting countries had signed VPAs - Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Congo, Ghana, Indonesia and Liberia; this number was unchanged as of May 2015. Nine other countries are in negotiation with the EU on VPAs, and 11 countries have expressed interest (EU FLEGT Facility, 2015).|SDG 15 - Life on land|eu forest countries signing congo|1.7989748|4.487068|3.3765395
4148|On balance, their positive characteristics outweigh the negative ones, in particular because the market entry issue can be addressed by standardising long-term contracts and thus rendering them tradable. Similar considerations apply to the question of unbundling vertically integrated energy companies that operate the gas or electricity networks through which they transport their energy. From a pure security of supply point of view, rather than from a market efficiency point of view, some degree of vertical integration can provide stability and market power in negotiations with importers for domestic energy companies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy market view point companies|1.8032093|1.9630636|1.998326
4149|Although most of the EE opportunities are in the rapidly industrializing countries, it is estimated that almost 30 per cent of the EE potential can be exploited in other developing countries (McKinsey Global Institute, 2008:22). Demand-side EE measures may be particularly cost-effective. Yet there are many well-documented obstacles to EE improvements. Some of these obstacles are greater in developing countries, such as lack of awareness of and information on benefits of EE, lack of capital, proliferation of inefficient equipment (including through imports of used and/or inefficient equipment), the desire to minimize initial costs and energy-supply constraints (e.g. limited availability of commercial fuels in rural areas, which often impedes switching to more energy-efficient equipment).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee equipment inefficient obstacles lack|2.2312295|2.4959931|2.1860926
4150|The development of photovoltaic installations was also promoted for industrial policy reasons which led to a more consistent and less erratic support programme of the energy system than in the Netherlands (Vasseur and Kemp, 2011). Policies should support a wide range of technologies and cover an innovation portfolio, not only particular steps in the value chain (Grubler et al., This resulted in a wider and stringer innovation system in Germany, also due to higher R&D support by the government.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|support innovation erratic photovoltaic installations|1.9065049|2.0527637|1.9444184
4151|The level of tertiary attainment in Poland is also high: about 75% of tertiary-educated adults have a master's or equivalent degree as their highest tertiary qualification, whereas the majority of tertiary-educated adults in OECD countries have only a bachelor's degree or equivalent. Following general OECD trends, labour-market opportunities increase with the level of tertiary attainment in Poland: about 93% of those with tertiary education at doctoral level are employed against 82% of those with a bachelor's degree. Only slightly more than half of the students undertake their studies full time.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary bachelor degree poland educated|9.063674|2.7019095|3.1713588
4152|Non-use” values refer to water that people will not actually use themselves at any point, but may want to preserve for others, for future generations, or simply because they attach a value to their very existence. It is particularly difficult in situations when irreversibility and possible disastrous outcomes enter the equation, and when the resilience of water systems is being - or is close to being - overrun. This is not an argument against trying to make as good an assessment as one can, but it makes it particularly important to take into account those cost and benefit elements that cannot be expressed in monetary terms.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|disastrous attach particularly equation argument|1.3053726|7.361529|2.5411615
4153|"Carbon trade - the amount of carbon emissions embodied in production of goods and services exported to and imported from foreign countries' -has grown steadily. Such relocation of carbon emissions across national borders, known as the ""carbon footprint of nations"",2 has become increasingly important in volume and complex in nature, as many ASEAN economies have emerged as key participants in global supply chains.3 The relocation of carbon emissions also may have been facilitated by the developed countries that have made mandatory commitments to reduce carbon emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. Such economic dynamism also manifests itself in the region's carbon dioxide (C02) emission trends."|SDG 13 - Climate action|carbon emissions relocation dynamism embodied|1.4683436|3.3337073|2.1082392
4154|There are exceptions to this rule, for example KCATA's use of the agency's unionised bus drivers for the Bridj pilot described in the previous section. They are also an important motivator for early action as they provide a tangible reason to act. But going forward, it is not clear that cost savings are either a sufficient motivation or even a major motivation for seeking better synergies between ride services and public transport - at least where there is a desire to improve mobility and access outcomes for as broad a group as possible. Under this framing of the question, the potential for ride services and other innovative mobility options to draw away riders from specific routes does not necessarily imply that overall ridership would drop. In fact, if core services are improved and the convenience of using public transport as part of a trip chain increases, then overall ridership may even increase. In the broader picture, adding a more convenient mobility choice into the mix may improve overall access and mobility outcomes even as it reduces the need to own a car.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility ridership ride motivation overall|4.2449746|4.8872604|0.48957103
4155|All states and territories have recently introduced reforms to increase the number of students who participate in VET. Students may demonstrate some of the required competencies through prior work experience or education in a process called “recognition of prior learning (RPL)”. Some students leave school at this point may opt to take up an apprenticeship, or train directly through an RTO. They can choose to pursue a VET qualification through an Australian School-based Apprenticeship (ASbA) but this requires an employment relationship as well as an RTO (see “Apprenticeships” section). Vocational learning is becoming aware of the world of work and includes career education. It is an important precursor to VET, and helps secondary students identify career options and equips them to make effective decisions about subject choice, post-school education and training and career pathways.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vet career students apprenticeship prior|8.552002|2.6808443|2.8148592
4156|Accordingly, marine and coastal research in these countries was driven by the perspectives of remote decision-makers who relied on reports rather than direct local engagement. Importantly, however, a number of developments which took place during this period are the foundation for some of the institutional capacity currently existing in the region. Whilst early expeditions focused mainly on the collection of biological specimens and plankton, the study of biological and chemical processes, inventories of marine life and resources, particularly fisheries, and recording of basic oceanographic processes, the later IIOE encompassed almost all marine science disciplines, except perhaps fishery research and marine microbiology (Rao and Griffiths 1998). The IIOE contributed a wealth of knowledge on many aspects of the WIO including the discovery of the mid-Indian Ocean ridges (including the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge) the famous triple junction south of the Seychelles, where the southern end of the Carlsberg Ridge meets the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge (Rao and Griffiths 1998), the effects of the monsoons on the Somali Current, and upwelling off the Somalia coast.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine indian ocean biological processes|0.018057652|5.7259007|5.9997272
4157|One important conclusion so far is that thorough information making use of real-time data, presented in an appropriate way, has a great potential to enhance confidence in the public transport system. Electronic boards giving real time visual information about vehicle movements had already been fitted at city centre stops. Later, audio announcement modules were added to make the real-time information available to blind and partially sighted people.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|real information time fitted blind|4.2580843|5.155295|0.27529204
4158|In Denmark alone, the number of farms keeping cattle has decreased from 96,000 to 12,000 in the same period, with the average number of cattle in each farm increasing from 12 to 55. If grazing is discontinued or if the grazing pressure is reduced, the natural succession processes will lead to overgrowing of the meadow vegetation with taller grasses, herbs and shrub. The biodiversity of tall-growing vegetation is lower than that in the open, grazed areas. A large number of plant species, bird species and some insects are regularly monitored within their areas of distribution and used as indicators for the occurrence and quality of grazed meadows and grassland.|SDG 15 - Life on land|grazing vegetation cattle species number|1.9494117|5.29404|4.0735264
4159|The UN Secretary-General established the Panel in January 2016 as part of his efforts to ensure the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development has a real, demonstrable impact on the lives of women, and builds stronger, more inclusive economies. In September20i 6,the Panel published itsfindings about proven and promising actions to address gender gaps and promote women’s economic empowerment. To that end, the Panel identified seven primary drivers of transformation, including most notably, improving public sector practices in procurement and employment (United Nations, 2016).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|panel builds secretary proven promising|9.551149|4.363122|7.1214714
4160|"There is high variability across the Basin in terms of supply and demand for these different types of rights, so they follow regional and local trading rules under the Basin Plan and the Basin States’ water sharing plans. In this way, the market operated both to maximize the market value of irrigated production, and to ration scarce water between competing uses without the need for government intervention. Reliability"" refers to the average frequency (based on historical records and forecast future water availability) with which water allocated under a water access entitlement can be supplied in full."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water basin maximize forecast market|1.0991645|7.52487|2.535993
4161|Moreover, the proportion of poor children living in a single-parent family has increased significantly since 2007 in Luxembourg and Norway, as well as in the Czech Republic, France, Hungary and the Slovak Republic. Single-parent families have an average risk three times higher than families with children and at least two adults, and this ratio is higher than 5 in Australia, Czech Republic, Finland, Iceland and New Zealand. Moreover, this risk depends strongly on the employment status of the parent since on average, more than two-thirds of jobless singleparent families are poor income and the proportion is three times less than their lone parent works (Figure B 2 in Annex B).|SDG 1 - No poverty|parent families republic czech single|7.4681177|6.0235467|5.1717925
4162|In Hai Phong, w'ater-quality monitoring has been conducted since 2006 in channels, lakes, estuaries and rivers of the Re River, Gia River and Da Do River. However, the number of parameters covered and the frequency is not sufficient, given the limited city budget (City of Hai Phong, 2015). In addition, to strengthen pollution source control with industry, the city should invest in installing real-time monitoring stations in major water systems and make the data available to the public. The sewer system of Hai Phong City, which is similar to other systems in urban areas across the country, is a tributary drainage system in which rainw'ater and w'astewater flow through the same system.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|phong hai city river ater|1.3349448|6.556346|2.4765825
4163|New energy technologies are attractive for their ability to perform a particular task or deliver a new or improved energy service. This is often circumscribed by a specific set of needs in a particular context: a market “niche.” End-users in such niches are generally less sensitive to the effective price of the energy service provided or have a higher willingness to pay for its performance advantages (Fouquet, 2010).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy niches service niche particular|2.0870237|2.424242|2.3352869
4164|In Alberta, Manitoba and New Brunswick, the participation rate of girls slightly exceeds that of boys. The tendency for girls to more likely be in education than boys at age 15-18 is also found among non-Indigenous students in each of these jurisdictions. In contrast, Indigenous boys in New Brunswick are more likely than Indigenous girls to be enrolled in education at this age. In Alberta and Manitoba, the participation rates of Indigenous boys and girls are similar at this level of education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|boys indigenous girls alberta education|9.876469|2.8225393|2.8892746
4165|The remaining countries had limited pension systems and their old-age poverty rates were very similar to those of the total population. Universal minimum old age pensions: Impact on poverty and fiscal cost in 18 Latin American countries. The World Bank: Policy Research Working Paper No. The poverty threshold used was 50 per cent of the national median equivalised income. *|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty old age equivalised median|7.7518735|5.5840454|4.6953845
4166|For example, at sub-national level, urban flood controls and ecological preservation or restoration of urban waters often conflict. In the past, exclusive emphasis on structural methods of flood control led to the destruction of habitat as well as the deterioration of water quality. When the objectives of flood control, ecological preservation and spatial planning converge, the impact on other policy areas can be minimised. This requires long-term commitment from relevant stakeholders that extends beyond political changes and electoral calendars.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|flood preservation ecological control minimised|1.0765309|6.709216|2.1743298
4167|This chapter looks at the fundamental components that store and exchange data within a nation: Internet exchanges, data centers and cloud computing and hosting services. This digital infrastructure remains largely hidden to most people but is indispensable for enabling Internet applications, services and online content for citizens, businesses and governments. The elements of core Internet infrastructure—Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), country top-level domain names (ccTLDs), web hosting and data centers—are inextricably linked (Figure3.1).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|internet hosting centers exchange data|4.774146|2.8895707|1.6632231
4168|"In contrast, Free State and the Northern Cape are ranked first and second respectively on provincial HIV/AIDS spending per capita, whilst their HIV/AIDS prevalence were only the fourth and eighth highest amongst the nine provinces. For the Northern Cape, this reflects in part its relative geographic inaccessibility and low population density. Refers to HIV prevalence (%) (total population), 2015. Refers to provincial expenditure on the sub programme “HIV and AIDS"" per capita, 2014/15."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hiv aids cape provincial refers|8.384416|8.847788|3.378293
4169|Household food insecurity, its determinants and consequences [20] adapted from Habicht et al. [ The relationship between poverty and food insecurity is complex. For instance, in the United States in 2013 more than 55% of poor households (those below 100% of the Federal Poverty Line (FPL)) were food secure, and 24% of all food-insecure households had incomes at or exceeding 185% of the FPL [calculated from 22]. The relationships between poverty and food insecurity vary across contexts and population groups.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food insecurity poverty households exceeding|4.483415|5.6647143|4.668476
4170|In such cases, providing better information on the success rate of female-led businesses at school or through broader awareness campaigns may have a positive effect on female entrepreneurship. As such misperceptions are often the result of lack of experience with female borrowers, facilitating women’s access to credit through the policy levers discussed above may have the added positive effect of dissipating harmful stereotypes. Effective anti-discrimination laws can also play an important role. This places significant constraints on their time availability for paid employment with detrimental effects on their labour market outcomes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female positive effect levers borrowers|8.768743|3.4135218|6.3098974
4171|As noted earlier, the increasing marginal cost of urban water supply in most cities in the developing world points to the urgent need for more efficient use and conservation of the resource. At the same time, sanitation remains a critical priority. Together, these services represent essential building blocks for more resilient cities, while reducing the vulnerability of the poor.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities blocks urgent resilient marginal|1.6333817|6.859934|2.5102224
4172|There is nothing either inherently ‘good’ or ‘bad’ about an import surge. Rising imports are not necessarily a negative thing for developing countries, as they add to food availability and to the reduction of hunger. It is often presumed that an import surge of a particular commodity disrupts local markets and pushes down prices, negatively affecting the livelihoods of people relying on the production of that commodity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|surge commodity import presumed pushes|4.420861|4.847822|4.1471343
4173|The suicide rate has stayed fairly constant amongst women over the last 20 years (around 5 suicides per 100 000 population), with both men and women seeing a slight rise in suicide mortality since 2008, which could be related to the economic crisis (see Figure 2, from ONS Suicide Data, 2011). There are some specific groups in England that are known to be at above average risk from suicide. Helping people back into employment is a key priority for this Government.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|suicide suicides stayed seeing slight|9.710273|8.895597|3.1444263
4174|For the past thirty years the school education curriculum framework in each jurisdiction has had to comply with and support the national goals of schooling and their curriculum has had to align with national statements of learning across English, mathematics, science, civics and citizenship as well as information and communication technology. National funding and testing has been linked to these curriculum areas. Outside of these nationally agreed priority areas, jurisdictions have had flexibility to include other curricula.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curriculum national thirty statements jurisdiction|9.42268|1.99099|1.9721565
4175|Continuous Medical Education (CME) and continuous professional development are the most well-known mechanisms but OECD countries have also introduced different forms of professional assessment, peer review and re-licensing. The extent to which CME, CPD, peer review, professional assessment and relicensing are mandatory differs from country to countiy and varies from a mandatory amount of accredited CME courses over a certain period of time to a relicensing system based on a thorough individual assessment of performance over, for example, the past four years. Standards for medical specialty training do not seem harmonised over the various specialties and CME structures are voluntary and differ between specialties.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cme specialties professional assessment peer|9.375426|9.230333|1.5790645
4176|It runs several networks and helps create connections between firms, universities and different regional organisations. Svinesundskommitten also participates in a 2017-20 working group within the Nordic Council of Ministers focusing on innovation and resilience within Nordic border regions. It works specifically on advocating for joint investment in better and more sustainable transport and logistics between Oslo and Gothenburg as a way to make the area more attractive to people and businesses.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nordic participates gothenburg advocating oslo|4.537825|4.3023443|1.44904
4177|Families often fill the gaps when social protection systems or healthcare for older persons and those with disabilities are inadequate, including where austerity measures have cut back services and welfare. Since care is almost always seen as primarily women's work, the burden is borne disproportionately by female family members. And to be effective, public support in the form of legislation and public policies needs to be based on the reality of how families are structured and constituted rather than on an 'ideal' of how families should be.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|families austerity constituted borne ideal|8.9667015|5.214237|5.940952
4178|An outpatient is not formally admitted to a facility (physician’s private office, hospital outpatient centre or ambulatory care centre) and does not stay overnight. The NHIFA is obliged to contract with providers that are approved through the capacity regulation process of the government. Family doctors are mostly private entrepreneurs and contract with local governments to serve the local population.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|outpatient contract centre private admitted|9.205739|8.912376|1.6443136
4179|An important channel of knowledge exchange is the internship system employed by several colleges.8 Internships provide an entry point into the workforce when students continue working for the industry partner after the internship (see also Chapter 2). For example, the Best to Industries Programme at the Computer Sciences Department of the Tel Hai Academic College provides an example of systematic collaboration with the local high-tech industry that improves students’ learning outcomes, strengthens the links between higher education and industry and helps attract and build high tech industry to the northern-most part of the country (see Chapter 2 Box 2.5). The Knowledge Transfer Partnership Scheme in the United Kingdom has been running successfully (previously as Teaching Company Schemes) since the 1970s.|SDG 4 - Quality education|industry internship tech knowledge chapter|7.6508307|2.5760837|2.5750098
4180|Increasingly, vocational colleges provide an important route into tertiary education: one in four university students, and almost one in two students at universities of applied sciences, are now vocational college graduates. However, since the Austrian vocational college programmes combine elements of upper secondary and post-secondary education, they have few international parallels. The new regulations permit those with an advanced vocational qualification general access to academic higher education and holders of other vocational qualifications a subject-specific access to higher education. To support those pursuing this pathway a range of measures have been piloted or rolled out nationally and initiated locally such as advancement scholarships or bilateral credit transfer systems between individual vocational colleges and universities of applied science.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational college colleges education universities|8.377308|2.5760276|2.7526593
4181|Continued population growth and expansion of the economy, combined with the resulting growth of income levels, will put increasing pressure on scarce water resources. Based on the concept of integrated water resource management, the approach aims to take due account of equity, efficiency and ecology. The 1998 National Water Act reversed the historical approach, in which landholders were deemed to own the water resources on their land. Instead, it made the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs the trustee, on behalf of the national government, of the nation’s water resources. Water resources management, including water quality, is an exclusive national competency.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water resources national approach ecology|1.1573956|7.1312995|1.9165126
4182|It achieved this result by diversifying the energy mix, and in particular the electricity mix, as well as by reducing the overall share of fossil fuels imported from outside the OECD area. Consistent with the mandate of the Ad hoc Expert Group on Nuclear Energy and Security of Supply “to identify a relevant quantitative approach to measuring the contribution of nuclear energy to security of supply”, the study then presents a broad range of indicators and models that quantitatively assess a country’s level of security of energy supply. It subsequently develops a specific composite indicator that allows the measurement of the level of security of energy supply as well as the contribution of nuclear energy over the past 40 years, for those OECD countries for which a consistent data set was available.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy security nuclear supply mix|1.058224|1.8005029|1.8829514
4183|Forest management in Finland's boreal zone typically involves managing even-aged stands. Therefore, the forest landscape is mostly mosaic-like due to differences between individual stands in age structure, the timings of regeneration and management procedures, and tree species composition. The amount of unmanaged forests is 4%, of which nearly 60% are located in protected areas (State of Finland's Forests 2012).|SDG 15 - Life on land|stands forests finland forest regeneration|1.2295977|4.6313944|3.936757
4184|Almost all 4-year-olds are enrolled in early childhood education (98% in 2011, above the OECD average of 82%). A one-year pre-school class (for 6-year-olds) aims to ensure a smooth transition from pre-primary to primary education and prepare children forthe educational programme at school. Denmark has comprehensive education from ages 6-7 until age 16, including one year of pre-school class, nine years of primary and lower secondary education integrated within a single structure, and a voluntary tenth year.|SDG 4 - Quality education|year pre education primary olds|9.413403|2.746944|2.4815056
4185|In recent years, urbanisation has accelerated in Rwanda, with an annual rate of 4.1 per cent, and will continue to increase with demographic growth, rural-urban migration and the reinstallation of displaced persons and refugees. Indeed, Rwanda's urban policy stands out for its positive and anticipatory approach, embracing urbanisation as a key priority area in national development strategies. Rwanda's national development strategy: Vision 2020, elaborated in 2000, seeks to stimulate economic growth in order for the country to achieve middle income status.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rwanda urbanisation embracing urban elaborated|4.375159|4.964065|2.0850422
4186|This indicates that while native-bom individuals on average received more than they contributed, the opposite holds for foreign-bom individuals. More precisely, contributions made by native-bom individuals cover roughly 70-80% of final expenditures made in their favour, while most foreign-bom contributions more than cover their respective expenditures (118 -159%). The net fiscal contribution is higher for the foreign-born (cont.)|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom foreign individuals native expenditures|7.2221594|3.669497|4.242515
4187|In such cases, states often do not have the financial and capacity resources to carry out their water responsibilities, especially in rural areas, which heavily rely on grants and transfers from the federal government to build, extend and maintain infrastructure. As Figure 3.2 shows, this can be achieved in various ways. Typically, the most developed economies, most of whose population is connected to water and sanitation infrastructure, rely largely on tariffs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|rely infrastructure water extend carry|1.5223728|7.38756|2.3552442
4188|The content varies to reflect each country's circumstances, but the profiles take a similar approach, examining domestic and international climate policy determinants, locating climate diplomacy within broader foreign policy and using these determinants to explain the BASIC cooperation. Since hosting the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, at which the Framework Convention of Climate Change was originally signed, Brazil has remained an active and engaged partner in international climate change negotiations. This trend has been reinforced in recent years - most recently through former President Luiz Inacio da Silva's interventions atC0P15 in Copenhagen.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate determinants locating silva janeiro|1.231814|3.8892334|1.4162284
4189|In many countries the fiscal stance is shifting to tackle unprecedented deficits and rising debt-to-GDP ratios. Cuts in social spending are part of many fiscal consolidation plans, and pressure on social spending is set to increase further. Yet, little is currently known on who are the young most at risk of long-term poverty, what their main barriers to stable employment are, and how they can be helped in attaining financial independence.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fiscal spending stance attaining unprecedented|7.049194|5.7138195|4.3147907
4190|Suppliers have few obvious incentives to target poor customers (or Base of the Pyramid (BOP) markets), which are usually considered to be riskier and more challenging. In report published in 2009, the International Finance Corporation identified a number of challenges for expanding coverage of safe-water technologies, including the lack of awareness about water-quality issues, the lack of sustainable financing and the need to understand the target population behavioural attitudes. The Safe Water Systems incorporate three elements: (i) point-of-use water treatment by consumers with a locally manufactured dilute sodium hypochlorite solution; (ii) safe storage of treated water in containers designed to prevent recontamination and (iii) behavioural change techniques, including social marketing, community mobilisation, motivational interviewing, communication and education to improve water and food handling, sanitation and hygiene practices in the home and in the community. Along the way, program delivery shifted almost entirely from governments and NGOs to a single social-marketing organisation, Population Services International.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water safe behavioural marketing target|1.3555604|7.052618|2.22419
4191|This administrative capital is also expected to attract private business and diverse industries such as health care, welfare, culture and international cooperation and advanced technology. In order to promote balanced location of administrative functions. Ten innovation cities are being developed nationwide, relocating 154 public agencies from the Capital region to the provinces. Innovation cities are constructed to accommodate not only government organisations but also private actors including enterprises and universities, pursuing to create innovative clusters.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|administrative innovation cities capital private|5.3882427|3.4478588|2.435634
4192|A more ambitious reform of the insurance system could separate medical goods and services covered by statutory and complementary insurances (Askenazy et al., This could ease negotiations with care providers for goods and services. Complementary insurance plans would then specialise in “supplementary” medical goods and services, such as optical care, some dental care and hearing aids.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|goods complementary care medical insurance|8.552675|8.797226|1.9730738
4193|Reducing avoidable food waste might also be regarded as part of this overall strategy. The aim has been that the project will have a lasting impact, and that it will progressively extend its scope within Europe, reaching as wide an audience, and raising awareness among the greatest number of citizens possible.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|audience avoidable regarded progressively lasting|3.966357|5.2679863|4.213109
4194|Or should it be updated in a regular and systematic way in order to preserve its relationship with contemporary living standards? In which case, setting the poverty line at a percentage of each nation’s median income and updating it every year might, after all, be a strong contender. This is why the Innocenti Report Card series, in common with both the European Union and the OECD, continues to use a child poverty line based on a percentage of median household income. Why introduce the Child Deprivation Index?|SDG 1 - No poverty|median line percentage child innocenti|7.0311723|6.5704145|5.135392
4195|Whether formal or informal, these businesses lack the infrastructure, equipment, access to materials and markets which any firm of any size anywhere needs to expand— and create higher quality jobs. The net result is low employment generation in the Colombian capital as a whole, the bulk being in the informal sector. This was confirmed by findings of UN-Habitat’s City Prosperity Initiative recently implemented in 23 Colombian cities.39 Technical assistance and strategic, temporary subsidies would enable smaller firms to overcome these obstacles, leveraging them into higher efficiency and breaking the current cycle of low productivity: this is an effective policy to consider. As noted earlier, over 90 per cent of New York businesses employ fewer than 20 staff; but since 2001, 67 per cent of new firms employ fewer than five. High-end New York firms are now mostly located in Brooklyn where fixed costs are lower than in Manhattan, turning New York into “the second Silicon Valley” of the US.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|york colombian firms employ new|5.344134|4.096666|3.2345965
4196|In Portugal, mortality amenable to health care interventions has been reduced - by 40% between 2000 and 2014 - and is now below the EU average. However, the rate is higher than in neighbouring countries such as Spain and France. Ischaemic heart diseases accounted for 23% of amenable deaths in 2014. Other important causes of amenable deaths were cerebrovascular diseases (20% of the total) and cancer of the colon and rectum (15% of the total). Timeliness of treatment is greatly aided by effective screening: for breast cancer the screening rate for Portuguese women aged 50-69 is over 80%. There are no permanent inter-sectoral structures or bodies, and decisions in areas such as urban planning or transport are not carried out in partnership with the health sector.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|amenable screening cancer deaths diseases|9.24824|9.382237|2.6694765
4197|The government announced £1 billion of capital funding for the first full-scale CCS demonstration project in the UK. The government has also committed to a further three demonstration projects on gas- and coal-fired power stations. However, final details of the funding mechanism for these three additional projects are yet to be announced. Released in draft form in March, the Carbon Plan is a government-wide carbon reduction plan, including domestic and international emissions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|demonstration announced government carbon funding|1.5201337|3.460645|1.6159648
4198|Like other resource-based economies, Finland tended to import established technologies and to produce commodities containing little value added, and to which further value w'as then added in supply chains abroad. The subsequent period of industrialisation allow ed Finland to develop its owm technological competences and increased Finnish capacity in producing capital goods, especially heavy machinery and equipment that could also be sold on international markets and in some of which Finland gained leading positions. Finland built capacities in various kinds of manufacturing-related innovation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|finland added value ed industrialisation|5.3181252|3.595524|2.7045124
4199|Typical examples include the assessment of third party impacts, environmental impact assessments or existing users foregoing use (for instance, in situations where the catchment is closed). An inventory of available water resources is produced and existing water uses and demands are identified. Water resources assessment methods have been developed for the whole Spanish territory, as well as simulation water resources models that take into account: conventional and non-conventional water resources, environmental flows, water demands, hydraulic infrastructure, water use priorities and exploitation rules in order to establish water allocations and reserves.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water resources conventional demands assessment|1.0189104|7.395333|2.4527504
4200|For example, Financing Energy Efficiency (Taylor et al., However there is little treatment of how the risks perceived to be associated with energy efficiency projects affect investment decisions, nor why current mechanisms fail to address risk perception in project selection. We hope this report contributes to unravelling the riddle of unrealised EE potential by raising the question: does only money matter, or are there other factors affecting apparent shortfall in EE investments?|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee efficiency taylor shortfall hope|2.258421|2.7032251|1.8301574
4201|The emphasis is on understanding how increasing gender equality in the labour market will affect larger processes of growth and what kinds of limits the structure of social reproduction places on the potential for development and growth. Nous relions en-suite ces regimes a des groupes de pays organises en fonction de leur structure economique et leur niveau de developpement et evaluons les consequences macroeconomiques d'un recul des inegalites entre les sexes sur le marche du travail. La reproduction sociale est definie en termes de temps et d’argent necessaires pour produire, maintenirde la main-d’ceuvre,et investir dans celle-ci.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|en leur et reproduction les|8.9772835|5.409836|5.3678746
4202|This implies an improvement in eco-efficiency by a factor of 3.2, which is almost as ambitious as the “factor 4” goal of doubling wealth and halving resource use, originally suggested by von Weizsacker, Lovins and Lovins (1998). Thus, even world average levels of energy use of less than 70 GJ per capita would be achievable by mid-century, in line with the target suggested by the present Survey (see below). Thus far, however, these international efforts have had a relatively small effect on the global energy transition.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|suggested factor achievable von halving|1.7989992|2.6887703|2.6005986
4203|While all public social expenditures serve a redistributive role to some extent, only a minority part of total social spending is in fact devoted to cash benefits with a direct impact on the incomes of the non-elderly. Annex Table Al shows that, over time, almost all countries devoted declining shares of total spending to cash benefits that mostly benefit children and working-age individuals.14 On average the share of these “non-elderly” benefits declined from 26.5 percent in 1985 to 21.4 percent in 2005 (without counting early retirement benefits; the decline is somewhat smaller, but still substantial, when they are included). Despite growing overall public social expenditure, this drop is sufficiently large to translate into a significant reduction of “non-elderly” benefit expenditure relative to GDP on average (from 4.9 to 4.5 percent across 29 countries, upper panel of Figure 4).15 Between the mid-80s and the mid-90s, however, sizable reductions were only observed in a few countries (Belgium, France, Ireland, Netherlands) while the majority of countries recorded increases.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|elderly percent benefits devoted non|7.5882015|5.677093|4.3798437
4204|In particular, a variety of new contractual arrangements are leading to uncertainty about the boundary between self-employment and wage employment. An example of an ambiguous case is when employed persons are working as sub-contractors (thus sharing some characteristics of the self-employed), while being economically dependent on one single client (similar to employees). Aspects of security that are directly related to the (type of) contract - such as duration of employment - are only relevant to employees, while other dimensions of security concern the self-employed.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employed self employees employment security|8.130689|4.4074054|4.3960605
4205|Why then do consumers and investors shy away from paying a little more for the energy efficient alternative? Energy-saving technologies may look and outwardly perform just as inefficient ones, so consumers need help in making informed purchase decisions. Energy consumption is also deeply rooted in the economic activities in which the consumption takes place. These economic activities are, in turn, governed by embedded incentive structures, consumer behaviour, rules and regulations, infrastructure design and construction practices, investment decision making and even cultural considerations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy consumers consumption making activities|2.0616603|2.571281|2.613643
4206|Measuring biodiversity in monetary terms is not considered to be useful or interesting. Future developments should be based on indicator systems. In general, there is currently a strong interest in identifying legislation and other incentive systems that conflict with the goals of biodiversity protection.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity systems interesting measuring developments|1.6003792|5.400162|3.86814
4207|When households cannot access sufficient food, women are often the first to go hungry. While girls are increasingly doing better in school and university than boys, this has not translated into gender equality in the labour market. The gender pay gap stands at 23 per cent globally and, without decisive action, it will take another 68 years to achieve equal pay. While women have made important inroads into political office across the world, their representation in national parliaments at 23.7 per cent is still far from parity, and women politicians and voters face threats and attacks, persistent sexual harassment and online abuse. One in five women and girls have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner within the last 12 months.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women sexual girls pay voters|10.045863|4.9191303|7.1344795
4208|Monitoring prices is critical for developing policies that aim to make ICT services affordable for all citizens. Least developed countries (LDCs) saw a 20 per cent drop in mobile-cellular prices, the strongest decrease in five years. The price drop is linked to the growing availability of prepaid packages that bundle SMS and local calls.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|drop sms prices cellular strongest|4.871389|2.8128006|1.4603626
4209|The unemployment insurance payment system was automated, staff training was improved and job-matching services were revamped to include a classification system that speeded up the process of referring jobseekers to appropriate jobs (Kameyama, 2001). The main Hello Work offices tend to prioritise placement services for jobseekers, and spend less time on individual counselling, due to the large number of people seeking their assistance (Sano, 2004). The main offices have separate counters for people with disabilities and some other groups such as social assistance recipients.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobseekers offices assistance hello main|8.184513|4.8304553|3.9590755
4210|Water demands for individual HPPs are conditioned by installed capacity, which is designed based on cost-effectiveness principles. As a result, it is expected that greater parts of the rivers could be subject to negative impact, especially in water biodiversity. In practice two methodologies coexist: for the oldest dams the Soviet standards are applied, and for the most recent ones a more simplified methodology is adopted (table 4.2).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hpps coexist conditioned oldest simplified|1.0857989|7.334953|2.4795656
4211|It also established the teacher performance evaluation system (also referred to as Docentemas) within the municipal school sector in 2003 following a tripartite agreement between the Ministry of Education, the Chilean Association of Municipalities and the Teachers’ Association (Colegio de Profesores). This system is complemented by a range of reward programmes which involve some type of evaluation: the Programme for the Variable Individual Performance Allowance (municipal sector only) (A VDI); the Programme for the Accreditation of Pedagogical Excellence Allowance (covering the entire subsidised school sector) (AEP); and the National System for Performance Evaluation (SNED), which provides group rewards for teaching bodies of given publicly subsidised schools. In addition to these formal programmes, private schools (both subsidised and non-subsidised) autonomously organise their own performance teacher evaluation systems and any school is free to organise extra internal systems of teacher evaluation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|subsidised evaluation performance teacher organise|9.864401|1.6847454|1.791812
4212|Extreme weather events also have a negative impact on agricultural production. Recent food price spikes and supply shortages caused by exceptional conditions of drought in the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and countries in East Africa, as well as floods in Pakistan, Australia, and the United States, are prima facie evidence of the catastrophic impacts of adverse climatic conditions, possibly related to climate change. For instance, it is estimated that in Africa and South Asia, average crop yields could fall by 8 percent and fisheries by 40 percent by 2050 (Knox et al., While yields may increase in some high latitude areas such as China and the UK, overall decreases are predicted to offset any increases even with only moderate warming (Knox et al.,|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|yields percent africa conditions latitude|1.6170841|5.256311|2.5120182
4213|The main target, set at municipality level, was to improve students’ reading skills, so the reading programmes were allocated more time than the AfL programmes. This is also one of the main findings from struggling municipalities that were included in this report: they do not seem to be able to co-ordinate competing programmes initiated by the Directorate, and so sometimes AfL is not prioritised due to lack of capacity. Both school leaders and teachers express concerns and a sense of guilt when they are not able to work on AfL, as they know it is a part of the Education Act. Despite the shortcomings listed above, how'ever, the school leader from School 1 was satisfied with the municipality-level support in general.|SDG 4 - Quality education|afl reading municipality school programmes|9.719478|1.5371603|1.3171421
4214|Psychological therapy and similar therapeutic interventions for mild-to-moderate disorders have been significantly developed in recent years. Investment in such therapies can be seen somewhere between primary care services (GP services, primary care clinics) and specialist services, historically concentrated on severe and enduring disorders, as they are generally offered as secondary service, but not by CMHTs. Community services have developed over the last ten years; however, there is a lack of data about how they work (Audit Scotland, 2009).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorders services enduring primary therapy|10.325734|8.828263|1.6679014
4215|"An economic downturn or recession may result primarily in layoffs of employees with short-term contracts, who are often younger and less experienced workers. When an economy begins a period of expansion, businesses may wish to avert risk and keep costs down, at least initially, by cautiously hiring workers on shortterm contracts. In the aggregate, the decisions of companies regarding their employees during the business cycle depend on the economic structure, product/service demand and prices in the output market, as well as labour supply. Main variables in the EU-LFS with connection to the indicator: • STAPRO (2 = ""Self-employed without employees""; 3 = ""Employee"") • TEMP (2 = ""employee has temporary job/work contract of limited duration) The LFS EU-LFS does not include the required information about short-term work or instability of work."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|lfs employees employee contracts work|7.881811|4.396672|4.27591
4216|These foreign workers typically come from far afield (many from the Philippines, for instance). Various other forms of community support are provided, some directly by the Ministry of Welfare and Social Services, others by the health funds, which have certain obligations under NHI. Institutional care is supervised by the Ministry of Health and provided by a mix of government-run institutions and facilities run by the health funds. In particular, under the previous government the Ministry of Health proposed a reform that included putting both institutional and domestic long-term care under the responsibility of the health funds, and increased subsidies to households, for example through widening the provision of “in-kind” hours of domestic support. Making the health funds responsible for long-term care certainly has some potential benefits; for instance, it could enhance attention to preventive care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health funds care ministry run|8.698599|8.688289|2.0447998
4217|The finding may either indicate acknowledgement of women’s qualifications in required areas or the fact that they are being overlooked both for full-time, secure employment and in recruitment processes for senior positions (INMUJERES, 2011). More data on the profile of consultancy positions filled by women are not currently available and the rationale behind hiring them remains unclear. According to information supplied by the Secretariat of the Civil Service, there is no gender distinction in the public service in relation to classes of job.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|positions service acknowledgement consultancy filled|10.030002|4.2086167|6.8505836
4218|People are more likely to accept the risks associated with familiar and freely chosen activities, even if the risks are large. In risk analysis, the following questions should be kept in mind: Who bears the risk and who stands to benefit? Who decides what risks are acceptable? Furthermore, newer, more complex genetically transformed foods may be more difficult to assess and may increase the possibility of unintended effects.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|risks bears genetically newer decides|3.1530423|5.768473|3.9324906
4219|The case studies cover a wide spectrum of commodities-from oil in Nigeria to sorghum in Mali. They also analyse different impacts: from Zambia’s dependence on copper exports to the strong linkages between unskilled wages and the price of rice in Bangladesh. The analysis demonstrates how different commodities have affected national economiesthrough multiple avenues, and the policy responses that have aimed at strengthening resilience to global commodity price shocks, while at the same time leveraging commodity sectors' contribution to development, poverty reduction and food security.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|commodity commodities price avenues sorghum|4.4379797|4.9026594|4.0088396
4220|The challenges observed include poor enforcement mechanism, lack of resources, low capacity and citizens’ awareness. However, this has not been fully complied w'ith in Metro Cebu as some SWM plans have expired (Table 2.4). In addressing the land-filling challenges the metropolitan area is facing, an ambitious “zero-waste” target could be considered for all the LGUs, so that the metropolitan area could demonstrate its commitment to drastically divert w'aste being sent to landfills.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metropolitan aste challenges expired divert|0.46580845|4.0403457|3.0950503
4221|The final terms reflected, in large part, the priorities of the advanced countries. Market access gains were concentrated in areas of interest to developed countries including services, intellectual property and advanced manufacturing. Far less progress was made in areas of interest to the poor countries such as agriculture (including subsidies to agriculture) and textiles. The effect was to concentrate tariff reductions on products exported by the rich countries. Exporters in rich countries were able to quickly take advantage of greater market access, but the poor countries found their ability to export to rich countries was limited by a range of constraints including non-tariff barriers, weak infrastructure and supply constraints.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|rich countries tariff advanced constraints|4.9305677|4.494791|3.8160064
4222|Increased uptake and use of data to inform decision-making and ensure accountability will be crucial for achieving SDG 6. Achieving universal access to safe and affordable drinking water requires extending access to the 844 million people who still lack even a basic water service. It also requires progressively improving the quality of sen/ices for the 2.1 billion people who lack water that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from contamination. Universal access also implies providing access in services in schools, health-care facilities and other institutional settings.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|access universal achieving water requires|1.6776599|6.6429324|2.0504215
4223|Data refer to 2009 for Switzerland. Unfortunately comparable time-series on life satisfaction are rare; for this reason this section focuses on differences in life satisfaction at one point in time, while referring to national studies for getting a sense of how trends in life satisfaction have evolved over time (Box 4.2). This pattern is broadly in line with previous research, which has shown fairly small gender differences in all age groups (Diener et al., Significant differences by gender are found only for employment and health status, which are stronger drivers of life satisfaction for women than they are for men (Boarini et al., This is insufficient to identify trends in life satisfaction, which are likely to change only at a slow rate. Recent research has provided evidence of a decline in women’s life satisfaction in the United States and across a variety of European countries (with Western Germany being an exception).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|satisfaction life differences trends time|9.180867|4.810018|6.0671825
4224|In the Netherlands and Denmark, where EU-SILC finds it difficult to meaningfully distinguish between market-rate and social rental accommodations, all renters are placed in the market rate category. Additionally, the Australian, Canadian, and American surveys used here do not ask whether rent is subsidized. All respondents paying any level of rent in these countries are included in their survey's “market plus subsidized” rental category. In Sweden, although subsidized housing is a survey response option, very few respondents select this option.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|subsidized rental rent respondents option|4.9897733|5.748915|2.205249
4225|As shown in table 10.2, fossil fuel energy exports represent almost one-third of the GDP of Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, half of the merchandise exports of the Russian Federation, and more than half of the total merchandise exports of Azerbaijan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Kazakhstan. On the other hand, energy imports are equivalent to almost 10% of the GDP of India, and more than one-third of its total merchandise imports. Even the advanced diversified East-Asian economies of Japan and the Republic of Korea spend 30% of their total merchandise imports on such energy commodities. Values of energy exports taken from United Nations COMTRADE data, downloaded from WITS database (accessed December 2013).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|merchandise exports imports azerbaijan energy|1.6309253|2.3890152|2.6814363
4226|"The AEF project is a work-in-progress ""data revolution"" targeting all the 17 SDGs and is intended for implementation in the Digital state of Cumberland, United States. It does not constitute a governmental ortechnology plan, but rather a multistakeholder commitment and social inclusion agenda. The strategy also states that, in order to build a knowledge-based society, it is important in the long term for Qatar to create an open, transparent culture where knowledge bases are kept current and easily accessible, which, in turn, develops the capacity and culture for routinely processing, sharing and interpreting information."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|culture knowledge interpreting routinely bases|4.709669|3.2124062|1.9921275
4227|Cities of similar size and similar geographical locations (Riga, Tallinn and Vilnius) can also vary substantively in terms of emission levels (figure 2.41 )v. The main sources of energy generation for electricity and heating purposes may explain these differences. These are mainly the capitals of the EU member States, while the capitals of the countries with economies in transition do face challenges in combatting the high concentration of these two pollutants (figure 2.42.). As for the C03 emissions, the values are also at city level and not for urban transportation only. Therefore, further measures to limit the concentration of particulate matter would need to be applied throughout the sectors where solid and liquid fuels are combusted, in particular in the energy, industry and transport sectors.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|capitals concentration similar combatting riga|3.5520833|4.727326|1.1145008
4228|"To make children ""ready, the approach often taken involves exposing children who are still in ECEC to the culture of primary school. Known as ""schoolification”, this can drive ECEC settings to adopt practices that are usually more related to primary school, such as higher staff-pupil ratios, longer hours away from home, more teacher-directed pedagogies, greater attention to academic content and less playtime. However, research is increasingly highlighting that the more age- and child-appropriate the pedagogical practices, the greater the benefits for children’s social and cognitive development. This is why some countries - especially the Nordic countries -take a child-centred perspective, adapting the cultures of both ECEC and school to the needs of the child. This implies that it is not just the responsibility of ECEC to prepare children for school; schools also need to be ready for children."|SDG 4 - Quality education|ecec children school ready child|9.472261|2.6183188|2.1035178
4229|Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. This paper greatly benefited from the experiences and insights shared during the CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change, on 14-15 March 2017 in Paris. While relatively few countries to date have designed and implemented a national system for adaptation monitoring and evaluation globally, many more have indicated in their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) that they are developing one or that they plan to do so.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ccxg ndc benefited march insights|1.2014511|4.71893|1.4669939
4230|In many years, it has been nearly double the national average rate. Youth have also been strongly affected by the growing incidence of non-regular forms of work. Freeter status, avoiding commitment to a stable job in the 1980s, was often seen as a choice of lifestyle, but more recently attention has focused on the problems of freeters who are unable to find a permanent job. In order to support young unemployed and freeters who wish to be employed as regular workers, special counters have been established at Hello Work offices to support the search for regular employment by holding seminars and joint-recruitment events, one-to-one consultations and guidance by full-time staff, exploring job offers and placement services, and guidance on adaptation to workplaces after being employed. In addition, Job Cafes - one-stop-service centres for young people - were established in 2003 to provide integrated counselling, training and guidance services (see Box 3.2).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|job freeters guidance regular employed|8.190021|4.7928762|3.9832675
4231|The distribution and abundance of tuna stocks are influenced by the currents, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrient supply (Bell et al. Collectively, these states, which are also members of the Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA), control the world’s largest sustainable tuna purse seine industry. Only around 20 per cent of catches occur outside the waters of the Commonwealth Pacific small states, including in Indonesia’s and the Philippines’ waters, and up to 7 per cent occurs in international waters.|SDG 14 - Life below water|waters tuna seine bell dissolved|0.10387717|5.7326922|6.4905543
4232|Four areas of reform would need to be considered. First, further improvements to international financial regulatory framework are needed to stem excessive risk-taking and capital flow volatility, including through appropriate capital controls and macro-prudential regulatory reforms imposing counter-cyclical biases in rules for reserve requirements and loan-loss provisioning. Second, as new systems of regulation are being elaborated, there is a need for a fundamental revision of existing mechanisms of compensatory financing designed to cope with external shocks. Such revisions should ensure more adequate availability of and easier access to international liquidity, especially for developing countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|regulatory capital provisioning revisions compensatory|1.8097765|3.8457925|1.1814561
4233|To date the health-care system, centred on four health funds, is widely acknowledged as providing a basket of universal services, with good quality primary and secondary care, while also accommodating demand for private health care. However, there are challenges and tensions in the system. Currently the authorities are having to rapidly expand the number of places in medical schools and nurse training because large cohorts of health-care professionals are heading for retirement. More broadly, there are concerns that the core notion of a universal basket 0/services is being eroded by co-payments and the increasing demand for the additional services and options provided by private insurance.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care basket health universal services|8.932428|8.906386|1.7484488
4234|Oceans and seas cover over two-thirds of the Earth's surface, provide food and minerals, generate oxygen, absorb greenhouse gases and keep in check climate change, determine weather patterns and temperatures, and serve as highways for sea-borne international trade. Healthy oceans and seas are thus essential to the quest for a more sustainable future for all, and in particular for small island developing states (SIDS) and other coastal developing states. Oceans and seas are, however, facing significant environmental and economic risks that can affect all states. Such risks arise from climate change, a rise in the sea level, acidification of sea water, over-exploitation and poor management of marine resources, and deposit of pollutants and fertilisers in the seas, damaging the seabed and oil, gas and mineral extraction.|SDG 14 - Life below water|seas oceans sea states risks|0.12084828|5.797459|5.913834
4235|An added stipulation requires early notification of intention to fish. Open and closed seasons are imposed where necessary'. A whitefish quota management committee, comprising of members of the industry and national administration officials, meets monthly to undertake detailed analysis of key stocks including Cod, Haddock, Whiting, Hake, Monk, Megrim, Nephrops, Sole and Plaice, as well as deep sea species (see below). The majority of quota fisheries are controlled by means of separate Fishery Management Orders made by the Minister which restrict the fisheries as necessary, by setting catch limits per boat, according to the size of the vessel based on recommendations of the committee. The principal objective is to maintain access on an equitable basis throughout the year.|SDG 14 - Life below water|quota committee fisheries necessary boat|-0.2242156|5.7348356|6.9750214
4236|Earmarked resources, wherever possible, can assist the transparency of road safety investment and its value. Revenue sources for road funds typically come from fuel taxes, vehicle registration and licensing fees, and road user charges for heavy vehicles. For example, in the New Zealand Road Safety to 2010 strategy, the road fund finances the national road safety enforcement programme, national road safety education, national publicity and awareness campaigns, national strategy management and coordination processes, national and local low-cost safety engineering measures, and general road network investments that contribute to improved road safety outcomes. User fees are usually collected on a cost-recovery basis and may represent a substantial proportion of a country’s total road safety investment.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road safety national fees user|4.1638727|5.3261647|-0.10815346
4237|These issues are discussed below. Aside from reducing the total amount of climate finance devoted to climate activities, funds or programmes with large transaction costs will disfavour small-scale projects, e.g. that take place in small island developing states (SIDS) (Maclellan, 2011). Governance structures can affect the ease with which developing countries access international climate finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance small developing aside|1.9154506|4.004779|1.4266523
4238|Coal 5 of EFA - gender equity in education - remains a distant hope for girls and women with intellectual disabilities. We define quality in this study as having four main dimensions - positive and enabling attitudes for inclusion, supportive and trained teachers, adaptable curriculum and assessment, and accessible and supportive schools. The 'supply' of all these educational components is foundational to a good education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|supportive adaptable distant hope intellectual|10.328056|2.4726021|2.0919178
4239|Clearly there are many other factors at play - notably a range of social barriers and determinants. These can be related to gender, class, ethnicity, caste, language, and religion - arising from ingrained social structures, norms and processes that accept and even encourage unfair distributions of wealth and social resources. For example, people living with HIV and some other chronic illnesses, face high levels of stigma and discrimination that hinder their access to medical testing, treatment, care and support. Governments aiming to improve health standards will therefore want to improve the status of women, provide effective reproductive health services, implement comprehensive breastfeeding programmes in line with current recommendations and increase community-based pressures against sex-selective abortion. Poor people, lacking education and information, or the funds for healthier options, are more vulnerable to the impact of NCDs than the rich and are likely to die earlier. Directly and indirectly, NCDs will have far-reaching impacts on progress towards the MDGs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ncds social breastfeeding improve caste|9.457017|5.8516297|6.170654
4240|This indicator was obtained as a weighted average of EPRC and EPT, with weights 7/12 and 5/12. However, as discussed in the previous section, increasing the flexibility of the labour market by relaxing firing regulations for regular contracts or hiring restrictions on fixed-term contracts is not neutral. In fact, different reforms tend to have significantly different effects, and a few of them appears more desirable than others.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|contracts firing weights different weighted|7.672156|4.5659537|4.2049937
4241|The Act also requires the government to include aviation and shipping emissions, or provide an explanation why not, by the end of 2012. This scheme replaced the Energy Efficiency Commitment, with a greater focus on more substantial and robust household energy saving measures such as insulation, and a component targeted at those most vulnerable to fuel poverty. The total lifetime savings required from energy suppliers over the duration of the scheme until 2012 is 293 million tonnes CO2.|SDG 13 - Climate action|scheme energy aviation insulation shipping|1.703532|3.1142693|2.0811756
4242|Further, we have summarized the most relevant ICT-standards and medical-managerial Guidelines involved, enabling interoperability in contemporary home-care and assisted-living. Finally, we have created various home-care related “patent-maps”, by employing the European Patent Office (EPO) search-engine esp@cenet and other sources. By combining these three steps, we have attempted to use the early disclosing potential of published IP-documents, to reduce eventually intentional obscuring of IP-portfolios, as it will be presented in details, in the following sections. If some patented technology is “essential” for the implementation of a standard, then the corresponding patent granted is called Standard Essential Patent (SEP).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patent ip standard essential home|8.400632|9.628839|2.3444061
4243|As of early 2015, 145 countries had enacted policies to regulate and promote renewables in the power generation, heating and cooling, and transport sectors, the majority of which are not gender-sensitive (REN21 2015). Uganda's Renewable Energy Policy has special gender strategies, including promotion of microfinance, to ensure that women can benefit from renewable energy technologies in their household tasks. India's national biofuels programme specifically refers to the role of women in cultivating biodiesel crops.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable cultivating microfinance biodiesel gender|9.081128|4.1798244|7.199383
4244|More particularly, Australia could borrow ideas from a number of countries on how to reach workers retrenched individually or from smaller firms better and earlier (Box 3.4). The programme lasts up to 12 months and includes a range of measures aimed at improving re-employment prospects such as job-search assistance, intensive counselling, meeting a caseworker, skills evaluation, access to training, and follow-up support. The cost of the programme is shared between the public employment service, the employer and the employee, providing incentives for all actors to facilitate co-operation. The employer must offer the CSP to all workers they plan to dismiss before actual dismissal takes place and is subject to a significant fine in case of non-compliance.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employer csp lasts workers borrow|7.955107|4.597512|3.927373
4245|In order to reduce such risks, global and national governance and regulatory policy frameworks are necessary, as is appropriate attention to local knowledge and practices of women and men (UnmuBig, 2014; Fairhead, Leach and Scoones, 2012). Biofuel production policies could run counter to local food security needs. But the same study also shows women's greater responsiveness to environmental, health and climate concerns, compared with men. These findings may very well apply globally and would have implications, for example, in terms of better provisioning of sustainable and accessible public transport and universal access to modern energy services. Women's voices and participation in diverse forums is of critical importance, both as an issue of justice and equality and because the active presence of women can put gender-specific concerns on the agenda and contribute to collective actions that are more effective in meeting the three dimensions of sustainability (Agarwal, 2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women concerns leach men provisioning|9.193927|4.2718015|7.137231
4246|Recent years have seen further internationally pioneering activities related to patient safety, such as the Danish Safer Hospital Programme. Another important component is the Danish system for adverse event reporting, co-ordinated by the National Agency for Patient Rights and Complaints (NAPRC). In doing so, many actors across the health care landscape have concurred in making quality of care a key priority.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|danish patient pioneering safer complaints|9.218324|9.646936|1.5879517
4247|Through these instruments rents are set below-market levels and the duration of contract is longer than what mandated by law for private rental contracts, in exchange for rental income tax relief. Social Rental Agencies (SRAs) also take on this role in some countries; SRAs are non-profit organizations that act as intermediaries between private landlords and vulnerable tenants providing guarantees to the landlords (typically rent payments, management and administrative tasks, and physical quality of the dwelling) and support services to tenants. Evidence shows that landlords capture a sizeable share of public housing allowances by raising rents in Finland (Kangasharuju 2010, Viren 2011), France (Fack 2005, LaFerrere and Le Blanc 2004), the United Kingdom (Gibbons and Manning 2006), and the United States (Susin 2002).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|landlords rental tenants rents dwelling|5.0014067|5.750816|2.206268
4248|The average annual percentage point increase was calculated from the initial year to the end of the period. A combination of economic and regulatory support is therefore necessary in order to boost deployment of renewable energy and make the renewable energy targets effective and credible. As in the rest of the world, feed-in tariffs (FIT) are the most common policy mechanism to support renewable energy in Emerging Asia.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable energy credible fit support|1.6102868|1.9488873|2.5447993
4249|Post-war Rwanda and Afghanistan, for example, have seen better access for women to representation in political institutions (i.e. parliament). This complexity applies to all categories of global civil society organizations: liberal humanitarian and relief organizations, politically or financially coopted organizations and militarily embedded organizations. Liberal humanitarian organizations are more likely to promote a progressive gender agenda and may positively interact with local civil society, but can also reiterate hegemonic power relations on the base of culture, race and class.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|organizations liberal humanitarian civil society|10.201233|4.619118|7.361643
4250|This reflects the reality that poverty reduction depends on inequality, both levels and changes, and sectoral and geographic patterns of growth. However, poor people are often not located where growth takes place (being in rural and fragile regions) and typically face constraints in moving to areas where growth is occurring. Further, political economy constraints within countries often hamper the implementation of policies of redistribution. However, unequal distribution of land ownership may constrain the poverty-reducing effect of agricultural growth.29 Similarly, since poor people usually have less skills, growth which expands sectors which use unskilled labor relatively intensively will be more poverty reducing than growth which expands other sectors. Empirical evidence from African countries supports the view that the structure of growth matters for poverty reduction.|SDG 1 - No poverty|growth expands poverty constraints reducing|6.15582|5.5494657|4.72959
4251|However, since the decline of phosphate production from its peak in 1975, the domestic residential sector is now the dominant user. Nauru relies entirely on petroleum (Figure 9.1), with fuel imports accounting for 8 per cent of GDP in 2014 (SPC, 2016). The Nauru Utilities Commission (NUC) provides all energy services to Nauru except for the Australian refugee camp and the main processing plant of the Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation (RONPHOS), which generate their own power. The government purchases petroleum for supply to all customers except RONPHOS, which does its own purchasing.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nauru petroleum spc refugee purchases|1.7542839|2.2252157|2.6736584
4252|Households in rural areas are deemed not deprived if they have some form of sanitation (including latrines) with removal and disposal of waste neither aboveground nor in rivers or seas. Households are said to be energy poor when they do not consume enough energy to meet their daily requirements and use fuel that is hazardous to the health of their members (Nussbaumer and others, 2011). The resources of households have been linked to the level of toxicity and the efficiency of the fuel that they use, with the worst fuels being waste matter, wood and charcoal, in that order16 (Duflo and others, 2008).|SDG 1 - No poverty|households fuel waste latrines charcoal|1.7376788|2.647432|3.0286067
4253|Indeed, several countries have already established adaptation plans or strategies aiming to mainstream adaptation -independent of requests in the UNFCCC framework. For example, in 2009, Caribbean Community (CARICOM) members established a regional adaptation strategy that aimed to mainstream adaptation into development strategies (CCCCC, 2009). More recently (2011-13), several countries (e.g. Cambodia, Mozambique, Samoa, Tonga, Zambia) have developed a “strategic plan for climate resilience” in the context of the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, PPCR (CIF n.d.).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation mainstream resilience established strategies|1.2774568|4.7120647|1.5675496
4254|Until 2013 such consent was not required for areas of less than 0.5 ha. If the owner has been granted a cutting permit, exemption from payment of the fee applies in some cases (e.g. for safety reasons). The act also imposes a penalty for damaging trees through “inappropriate execution of maintenance procedures”.|SDG 15 - Life on land|execution imposes exemption inappropriate damaging|1.4780807|4.7693334|4.015951
4255|"The metropolitan government lias developed the Buildable Lands Inventory, a detailed and sophisticated land-monitoring process to inventory vacant land and track the “refill rate”. This is defined as the rate at which new development occurs through ""infill” (when more units are constructed on an already developed lot) or “redevelopment” (when a structure is removed and another built in its place). For nonindustrial use, 52% of new capacity was built on developed land (Metro, 2009)."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|inventory land developed built infill|3.952965|5.4180713|1.6087521
4256|In seeking to make the connection between ethical perspectives and poverty reduction we ignored the political dimensions of justification, the arena in which ethics exercise practical influence. It was well beyond the scope of the paper to tackle this. We hope our paper stimulates further research on these research gaps.|SDG 1 - No poverty|paper stimulates ethics justification arena|6.705231|6.235901|4.555108
4257|Almost one in four students underperformed on PISA 2009 and did not achieve the level that is considered necessary to participate effectively in society. Inequitable system-level practices, such as early tracking and streaming into special schools, can hinder equity and quality. Progress is also hampered by a lack of systemic support to ensure the capacity of teachers and school leaders to address diverse student needs and provide more inclusive education and by a need for greater clarity to guide schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools streaming inequitable hampered hinder|9.738901|2.224143|2.5844245
4258|For small-scale fishers and fish workers, the benefits of being part of an organization include: (i) experiencing a sense of belonging and identity; (ii) generating market power for better opportunities as well as for devising the ways and means to obtain the best return for the products of their labour; (iii) being involved in developing policies to improve the fisheries sector; and (iv) conservation of the fishery resources and protection of their ecosystems. Founded in 1985 by a group of small-scale fishers, its goals are to improve both working conditions for artisanal fisheries and the positioning of their products in the market. This process revealed that the link between the Tarcoles fishing community and its marine resources was not limited to a dependence on them as a source of income and livelihood. In recent years, and with the support of CoopeSoliDar R.L., CoopeTarcoles R.L. has promoted a series of participatory strategies for sustainable management of fishery resources, including the generation of new knowledge.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishers fishery resources fisheries products|-0.13189362|5.8135633|6.6814046
4259|However, it can also raise the cost of some policies and cause dependency on public policy support. The first case was especially evident in the case of financing policies, where the cheapest schemes for client firms in terms of interest rate and credit conditions were those directly managed by SEDECOs without drawing on any further external organisation. As the SME Fund’s rules are getting more complicated over time, entry barriers to the use of the Fund are on the rise. This holds back competition to the advantage of consolidated intermediaries who already master the Fund’s mechanisms and who can apply higher administrative charges on their programmes. In the long term, this may cause dependency on public support for some intermediaries who draw more than others on the Fund.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fund intermediaries dependency cause cheapest|5.659721|3.2837899|2.5516765
4260|This suggests that as GDP increases, a reduction in the physically and time-intensive tasks of unpaid care work (such as collecting water or fuel) can be observed for (mainly) women, but this does not lead automatically to a more equitable distribution among household members (Ferrant, Pesando and Nowacka, 2014). For a definition of income groups see http://data.worldbank.ore/data-cataIoe/world-deveIoDment-indicators. In Ethiopia, Peru and South Africa time use data is available for girls and boys from age ten, revealing that ten-year-old girls spend on average 44 minutes in unpaid care work compared to 24 minutes for boys of the same age.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|minutes boys unpaid girls data|9.042059|4.8480577|5.4950175
4261|For example, Ipsos MORI (2010) contacted a range of UK businesses and only 23% of those surveyed reported having taken action in response to the risks of climate change. Actions to improve businesses’ resilience or to manage environmental or climate risks may occur as part of standard risk management or planning processes, and may not be explicitly categorised as an adaptation response to climate change. The second challenge is that there are weak drivers for companies to publicise their actions on adaptation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate businesses response actions adaptation|1.4370737|4.7820945|1.7581187
4262|As a result, it is difficult for authorities to expand service provision to match the pace of urban expansion. In the case of public transport, the difficulty of providing bus services is complicated by development whose roads are unable to accommodate buses. The lack of access to public transport in many areas is further exacerbated by increasing motorcycle dependence. For example, the city should ensure the implementation of its plan to put 220 eco-friendly buses into operation by 2020.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|buses transport exacerbated accommodate complicated|4.252049|4.9433336|0.5182606
4263|A widely used poverty indicator is the $1 a day poor, which refers to income, or consumption poverty that is comparable across countries and can be used to analyse regional and gjobal poverty trends. For calculating $1 a day poor, nationally representative household survey data are used to generate per capita consumption or income aggregates in constant PPP $ for each household in a country for a given year. These aggregates are then weighted by the size of the household and the number of people each household represents, from survey sample weights, to generate a distribution of individual consumption or income for the country. Aparame trie specification of the underlying Lorenz curve is then fitted for the distribution.|SDG 1 - No poverty|household aggregates consumption poverty used|6.4937706|5.9600234|5.0944195
4264|Mental health strategies in OECD countries have ranged from a broad-brush establishment of key principles for the mental health system -for example, a need to move towards “deinstitutionalisation” - to strategies that articulate future steps for the mental health system in much greater detail, broadly in line with the outlines set by the WHO. As in many countries, mild-to-moderate mental health problems are too often excluded from mental health care in Norway. Across OECD countries concerted efforts to improve mental health care have been focused predominantly on severe mental illnesses, and have been seen as outside of the remit of specialist services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health strategies remit articulate|10.363583|8.940812|1.7730689
4265|Developing a mechanism to prioritise urban green growth actions would be key, as seen in an example of Cambodia (Box 3.3). A simple “quick win” would be to give more w'eight to the population density in built-up areas. Giving points for better co-ordination with surrounding cities on urban infrastructure investment could also be considered.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban win quick prioritise surrounding|3.359553|4.7404523|1.866921
4266|"It is also important to understand the dynamics within the shift in the indicator, since a decline may result from a fall in the number of women without incomes of their own or from a rise in the number of women aged 15 and over who are not studying. For the other countries, the decline in the indicator is explained solely by the rise in the number of women aged 15 and over who are not in education. The drop in the proportion of women without incomes of their own is much greater than the rise in female labour force participation (in fact, the female activity rate held fairly steady, see chapter III), which means that much of the decline in the indicator is due to income from State transfers. As analysed in Cecchini and Madariaga (2011) and in ECLAC (2013c), a hallmark of the conditional cash transfer programmes implemented in the region's countries in the first decade of the twenty-first century is that they are ""feminized"", insofar as mainly women receive the benefits."|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|women indicator decline rise aged|8.755766|4.9924736|5.8733234
4267|Every Brazilian worker with a formal employment contract governed by the Brazilian Labour Code (Consolidagdo das Leis do TVabalho, CLT) is eligible to FGTS. To constitute this fund, the employer deposits 8% of the worker’s monthly eamings into a saving account in the worker’s name (2% for fixed-term workers). Moreover, workers with more than three months of tenure are entitled to an indemnity based on the total amount deposited by the employer in their FGTS account.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|worker brazilian employer deposited account|7.680256|5.273355|4.1695037
4268|That said, the majority of workers who are registered through such schemes tend to be informal workers in the formal sector, w'hereas most informal employment in fact occurs in unregistered firms (Berg, 2010). An additional problem raised by Almeida and Cameiro (2007) is that such policies can lead to an increase in unemployment if firms find it too costly to abide by the rules. This is why, in Brazil, the focus of inspection has not merely been on inspecting and sanctioning, but also on trying to find durable solutions in partnership with the firms concerned. As shown by Mello and Santos (2009), educational attainment is a strong predictor of sector of employment (formal or informal) at the individual level.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|informal firms formal berg unregistered|8.034284|4.1958084|4.579832
4269|Until 2011, it operated the Invitations to Technological Innovation and Development, a programme that funded innovations and technological developments intended to improve productivity and foster world-class industry. The “invitations” go primarily to the sectors that participate in the PTP. Vocational education and training makes up 89% of the training delivered.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|technological training operated delivered innovations|7.712513|2.6985278|2.588558
4270|Past growth in manufacturing and related services sectors has absorbed large numbers of workers into productive jobs and increased the prosperity of their families and communities. Industrialisation and structural transformation remain at the core of many national and regional economic development strategies. In view of greater automation and digitisation, this chapter also discusses the implications ofthe changing nature of industrialisation and the production process for the future of manufacturing development.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|industrialisation manufacturing absorbed automation prosperity|4.9834685|3.2414618|2.6803715
4271|Engaging school communities in the definition of these criteria and allowing for local variation can ensure that they are sensitive to local context and can significantly ease their implementation (OECD, 2018(49]). The Netherlands has successfully implemented a weighting scheme in which schools are supplied with additional money for each disadvantaged student enrolled. Notably, there is ongoing debate over including migration status in the categorisation of disadvantage (Fleers, 2016(92]).|SDG 4 - Quality education|categorisation weighting local ease supplied|9.723308|2.2778049|2.5958893
4272|Evidence suggests that women's representation among clients of these services is very low. At the national level, a number of existing “industrial modernisation centres”, “mise a niveau” programmes, technology and innovation centres, and so on, target enterprises in the manufacturing sectors that have been in operation for at least two years, have a minimum number of employees (perhaps 10 or more) or are working in high-technology sectors. The vast majority of women-owned enterprises do not meet these criteria. At this time, the governments of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia created Young Entrepreneur Programmes to provide start-up training, counselling, assistance with business plan preparation, incubation, and seed capital for unemployed graduates of technical institutes and universities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|enterprises centres technology mise sectors|8.9659605|3.3898458|6.516179
4273|The medium-term challenge for the health care system is to increase available resources to significantly enhance health outcomes. As there are relatively weak mechanisms to regulate quality and prevent unnecessary care, further improving efficiency is also of key importance. Healthy individuals are likely to enjoy longer and more productive lives and invest in their human capital, thus boosting the growth prospects of an economy.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|unnecessary care boosting regulate enjoy|8.917738|9.031894|2.3179958
4274|Developing countries, specifically those dependent on commodities, are particularly vulnerable to climate change, but also, the commodities they produce affect the climate. On the one hand, extreme weather patterns such as heatwaves, floods, hurricanes and frequent seasonal abnormalities have been adversely affecting crop yields and fish production, and destroying infrastructure in the mining sector. On the other hand, clearance of forests for agricultural expansion, including rearing of livestock, and for mining and drilling projects for the extraction and use of fossil fuels, are the greatest sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are largely responsible for climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mining commodities climate hand drilling|1.4631832|3.9224145|2.8602195
4275|Some countries achieve lower child poverty rates by redistributing family allowances, while for others the greater reduction in child poverty is obtained with a redistribution of housing benefits. This depends on the gains for poor families but also the potential losses for families initially above the poverty line but receiving different types of benefits. In the first group of countries, the lowest child poverty rate is achieved when housing benefits are redistributed to cover all poor children. This scenario holds the largest drops in child poverty rates in Denmark, Iceland, Ireland and Luxembourg.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty child benefits housing families|7.4487977|6.0027084|5.0055676
4276|It is also required to assess the economic benefit of improved water resources management in a particular basin or catchment. Robust economic analysis can support informed discussions in councils, beyond ideological or misconceived statements. Federal authorities (the ANA or the CNRH) could consider setting general rules, such as lower bounds for abstraction or pollution charges, list of pollutants to be controlled and monitored (mandatory and river-specific), rules for expenditure spending and publishing of accounts.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|rules ideological ana statements publishing|1.0152444|7.159508|1.7588727
4277|It also demonstrates that individuals with similar levels of educational attainment vary in their information-processing proficiency, which may reflect differences in innate ability as well as variation in the quality and degree of skills acquisition, both in and outside the education system. All other things being equal, educational attainment and specific skills related to field of study have a strong effect on entry wages, although the education-wage relationship weakens somewhat with age/experience. College graduates receive sizeable wage premia, although those who have degrees in the humanities or in teacher training and education earn less than social science graduates.|SDG 4 - Quality education|graduates attainment wage education educational|9.104079|2.6914623|3.1050384
4278|This issue has also been highlighted by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Network on Gender Equality, in reference to the gender issues enshrined in the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the 2008 Accra Agenda for Action (OECD, 2008b). A study of gender differences in student performance at age 15 has presented evidence of the different ways in which boys and girls learn and progress in education (OECD, 2009a) and a study of equity in education has looked at policies to improve student performance of different groups. It is therefore relevant to study how educational facilities may cater to differences in gender in order to improve performance.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender performance study student oecd|9.718519|4.1345778|6.5710373
4279|"Owners have to seek approval from the administration for all the work they do in their forests. One of the most dominant issues facing private forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina is fragmentation. Private forest owners cannot attract investment to the forests due their size and fragmentation. This situation results in abandonment of forests by their owners, w'hich leads to further devastation and degradation of private forests. The forestry' administration system is reportedly well functioning (comprising forest law', action plans, annual planning, management and a monitoring system). Forest and forestland areas are divided into forest management areas, w'hich are controlled and exploited by the Public Enterprise ""Sume RS""."|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests forest owners hich fragmentation|1.3892819|4.7783656|4.061762
4280|This can only be accomplished with a clear roadmap involving the participation of multistakeholders, respecting the rights of local people and taking into consideration the various commitments of GMS countries to regional and international conventions and agreements. Almost all these actions require a continuous and integrated approach rather than serving as one-off activities. Agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, logging, mining and forest fires are important negative drivers affecting forests in the region.|SDG 15 - Life on land|gms respecting roadmap accomplished fires|1.600022|4.779855|3.774813
4281|The site houses a versatile pavilion, a park, a playground, a sanitation centre with a rainwater-fed water tap, a day care centre and a new bridge. Local residents are involved throughout the project to learn about watershed issues, prepare proposals, and participate in the design process. The programme aims to create sustainable neighbourhoods and promotes a safe environment for children that encourages them to participate in social and educational activities and build a stronger relationship with their community.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|participate centre rainwater tap fed|3.7847724|5.0695276|2.0122297
4282|For example, a number of countries recently underwent setbacks in women’s representation in parliament (up to 6%). These results suggest that ensuring a continued balance in women’s representation requires ongoing vigilance. This is particularly the case when it applies to diverse groups. Backsliding is possible even when women’s political participation is a societal norm. A range of factors lead to these inequalities, including economic inequalities and access to finance, insufficient space for women to exhibit their skills, as well as internal party dynamics, attitude to gender issues and workplace culture. Unconscious biases that may manifest themselves through the association of leadership and managerial roles with men rather than women is another barrier for women’s advancement.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women representation inequalities setbacks manifest|10.436293|4.3846307|7.149985
4283|The agenda propels Thailand towards greater digitalisation, through plans such as equipping 75 000 villages with internet (digital infrastructure), digital literacy training (digital manpower) and moving towards a paperless and cashless society (digital government). Smart city strategies are highlighted under the “digital technology” component, where Thailand has identified six smart city domains (Table 2.3). Established in 2018, the committee had set and achieved a first-year target of establishing smart city action plans in seven pilot cities: Bangkok, Chachoengsao, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, Khon Kaen, Phuket and Rayong (Tortermvasana, 2019).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|digital smart city thailand plans|4.12536|4.088933|1.4987788
4284|The further development of these advanced applications needs a high bandwidth, low delay, stable and safe network to support data flows. The optical transmission network is an efficient information expressway and a stable data tunnel. This project lays the foundation for information communication in China and plays a key role in information technology, which enhances the ability of information communication and meets the information development needs of China. This project is relevant to SDGs 3, 8 and 9.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|information stable communication network china|4.7182393|3.024172|1.5404677
4285|The savings achieved by protecting natural capital can provide convincing economic, in addition to the well-known environmental arguments, for sound environmental management. Why are such incentives important? Although society benefits from ecosystem services - and also suffers when they are longer present - there is an opportunity cost associated with the provision of ecosystem services. More immediately profitable land uses, such as intensive farming, must be given up.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ecosystem convincing suffers environmental immediately|1.7572142|5.2155905|3.5571065
4286|Content from radio channel DRi and television channel TV2 was surveyed, and the results mirror the GMMP results. The study showed that 65% of all people appearing in the surveyed radio and television programmes were men and 35% were women. This indicates slightly less male dominance that the GMMPs have shown. The WIME study also included programme types other than news, and in terms of the surveyed news content women were less visible. A vast majority of 68% of all coded individuals in the news were men and only 32% were women (Andreassen 2016: 89).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|news surveyed television radio channel|9.979439|4.298846|7.75066
4287|Second, the Social Insurance Institution of Finland does not cover the expenditures of travel or the costs of medicine. The Ministry of Health (De-partementet for Sundhed/Peqqissutsimut Naalakkersuisoqarfik) has overall responsibility for all health services, from the operation of the tertiary care Queen Ingrid Hospital in Nuuk to health centres and rural hospitals in towns and villages. Greenland is organized into 16 health districts.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health greenland organized towns villages|9.065909|8.914687|2.223796
4288|This effectively breaks the time-honoured link between civic rights and nationality. The political inclusion mandate is taken one step further with voter education and awareness campaigns. In Colombia, the government guarantees basic services - water supply, sanitation, electricity, waste collection, telephone and gas - to all, including slum-dwellers. These technological innovations have resulted in new urban landscapes that would have seemed too futuristic and only remotely possible nearly 20 years ago, during the Habitat II conference.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|voter nationality telephone slum landscapes|4.3066907|5.2890587|2.1020849
4289|The lack of visibility and authority of such institutions may limit their ability to implement a “whole-of-government” approach to gender equality across policy areas. However, significant evidence gaps remain in a number of policy areas, such as gender-based violence, work-life balance practices, entrepreneurship, defence and the environment. Half of the countries responding to the OECD survey apply this practice at the national level, but its use at the sub-national levels is rare. Disparities can include discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence (Wikigender).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender defence visibility rare responding|9.675172|4.20984|6.9316025
4290|In addition, Norwegian aquaculture is governed by a number of regulations, which set out rules regarding licence requirements, fish health and fish welfare as well as technological standards for fish farms. Its principal tasks are regulation, guidance, inspection, monitoring of resources and control. The Institute of Marine Research advises the Ministry and carries out central tasks in the investigation and monitoring of fish stocks and marine mammals, the marine and coastal environment and work on aquaculture and sea ranching. The total first-hand value decreased from NOK 14.2 billion in 2012 to NOK 12.5 billion in 2013.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish nok marine aquaculture tasks|0.2686204|6.0338645|6.567521
4291|Private VHI has been growing over the years, but still only accounts for 5% of health financing, converging with the EU average. The total number of inpatient hospital beds has declined (2006-16), partly due to an increase in day surgery and the bolstering of the long-term care network. There has also been a decrease in the number of psychiatric beds by promoting mental health patients' integration into their communities. Secondary and tertiary care is mainly provided in hospitals, although some primary care centres employ specialists who provide specialist ambulatory (or outpatient) services. Dental consultations, diagnostic services, renal dialysis and rehabilitation are most commonly provided in the private sector.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|beds care dialysis provided converging|9.9349575|8.836934|1.7143828
4292|There is a general view that potential opportunities do exist but quantification remains difficult. Recent work by international bodies such as the United Nations, OECD, ILO and CEDEFOP has tried to assess both the current and future opportunities in relation to green growth, although much of this work is still in its infancy. Global markets for low carbon and environmental goods and services are growing. In London the growth of the low carbon sector has remained significantly above the trend growth rate for London’s economy despite the global financial crisis. Similarly, venture capital investment in green industry increased its overall market share between 2003 and 2008 from 1.6 % to 11 % and a net worth of $US3 billion by 2007.64 This suggests that a more buoyant financial services sector in Sydney could be well placed to develop green financial products and services, such as caibon trading and carbon finance, under a supportive policy and regulatory environment. Whilst the on-going decline of the manufacturing sector is problematic, this is being driven much more by deindustrialisation and global economic change than the shift to greener growth.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon green growth london financial|2.412484|3.9623826|1.9445933
4293|In 2011, a compilation of good practices (A/HRC/1 8/27) was presented, in which the High Commissioner observed five common features of good practices to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity in line with human rights obligations: enhancing the status of women by removing barriers to an effective human rights-based approach to eliminate maternal mortality and morbidity, ensuring sexual and reproductive health rights, strengthening health systems to increase access to and use of skilled care, addressing unsafe abortion, and improving monitoring and evaluation. The guidance is aimed principally at policymakers seeking to design maternal health policies in accordance with human rights requirements. It follows the policy cycle of planning, budgeting, implementation, monitoring and accountability, including details of the required steps from a human rights perspective at each stage.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights maternal human morbidity mortality|9.463792|5.774351|6.3101997
4294|"The focus here is on the aspects of poverty that reflect situations of human rights violations; this builds upon the proposition that poverty is a denial of human rights."" The lack of access to food prevents the poor from breaking free from hunger. Vulnerability to retrenchment without social protection subjects them to income insecurity. Discrimination experienced in social and political life deprives them of their dignity."|SDG 1 - No poverty|rights proposition human breaking poverty|6.628865|6.2249284|4.6089597
4295|Together, over 12TWe of renewable and about lOTWe of nuclear power plants would be installed, or five and half times more than the total installed capacity of all power plants in the world. The interesting feature is that half of all of these plants would be built in the now developing parts of the world and most of them as new capacity expansion and not as replacements of ageing power plants. First, there is a potential risk of lock-in in the traditional technologies if the needed new capacities are not built with the best technologies. In other words, there is a huge incentive for the capital to be attracted to the newest technologies and for there to be free access extended to those in the currently developing parts of the world (for further discussion, see chap. Second, there are real possibilities in developing countries of leapfrogging to the most advanced technologies, as the market is huge and would likely lead to large cost reductions and performance improvements (see also chap.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plants technologies chap huge installed|1.3670566|1.8719946|2.0419178
4296|These costs were provided for coal and nuclear plants in all editions of Projected Costs in the 1980s; for natural gas (combined-cycle gas turbines - CCGT), coal and nuclear in all editions since 1992; and for onshore wind and ground-mounted solar PV in all editions since 2005. Also, for some newer technologies with relatively steep learning curves, state-of-the-art technology today may have improved by 2010-2015. ( Compare this discussion with those in the 2010 and 2015 editions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|editions coal nuclear gas newer|1.365316|1.8311164|1.9134854
4297|Main concerns relate to the impacts of human activities on biodiversity. Pressures can be physical (habitat alteration and fragmentation through changes in land use and cover), chemical (toxic contamination, acidification, oil spills, other pollution) or biological (alteration of population dynamics and species structure through the release of exotic species or the commercial use of wildlife resources). Primaiy drivers are land use changes for conversion from natural state to agriculture and infrastructure, unsustainable use of natural resources, invasive alien species, climate change and pollution.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species use pollution natural primaiy|1.5909723|5.273938|3.8841212
4298|The mission of GS is to provide rural people with access to environment-friendly and pollution-free energy at affordable costs. Already, over 205,000 homes across Bangladesh have installed photovoltaic (PV) solar systems capable of powering lights and small-scale electronic appliances (so called solar home systems - SHS). Over 8,000 PV solar systems are being installed per month, and demand for the systems is increasing exponentially. The goal is to install 2 million such systems in homes by 2011 and 7.5 million by 2015, which would serve half of the total rural population of Bangladesh.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|systems solar pv installed homes|2.0107105|1.7927386|2.4372103
4299|At the end of compulsory schooling Lithuanian students have a slightly higher number of compulsory instructional hours than peers in the Baltic region, and substantially fewer than students in the EU-22 or OECD, on average - equalling about one year less of instructional time (6 577 vs. 7 540). Lithuanian students who participated in PISA 2015 assessment report that they spend on average 25 hours each week learning in a classroom and 18 hours for after-school learning activities, including the time dedicated to homework, additional instruction and private study. Their peers in OECD member countries spend on average two more hours each week in regular classes - and one hour less for homework (Figure 3.3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|hours lithuanian homework instructional peers|9.5285225|1.924664|2.894055
4300|Provision of information by CARs to produce national aggregates is a key weakness in the system. However, further efforts are needed on environmental health monitoring and on information to better support policy making. The air quality monitoring system is not sufficient for assessing compliance with environmental standards at the national level (IAvH, IDEAM, IIAP, INVEMAR, SINCHI, 2011). Incompleteness of the water user registry hampers implementation of regulatory requirements for water management (IDEAM, 2010).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|monitoring aggregates environmental registry weakness|0.97518265|6.6274176|2.2081146
4301|Therefore, financing commitment for renewable energies is ensured by the government. In addition, the government will formulate and implement rural renewable energy tax policies and regulations that encourage public and private investment in renewable energy service companies (RESCOs) and that ensure extensive renewable energy applications in the vast rural areas of China. China will also provide tax incentives on renewable energy technology development and utilisation, on technical research and development and on equipment manufacturing (NDRC, 2008).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable energy china tax rural|1.9475248|1.951697|2.4170454
4302|While the OECD DAC statistical system provides the most consistent source of data on climate-related development finance across bilateral and multilateral providers, some data gaps remain: a) coverage of OOF data, especially from DFIs, is incomplete, and b) there is no clear method to isolate development finance flows that support private sector engagement activities in their entirety. Whilst party reporting is often based on climate-related development finance statistics, not all climate-related development finance is reported as climate finance as some members may apply additional quantitative methodologies to identify climate finance. Hence the two are not directly comparable. To this end, methodologies on specific financial instruments - guarantees, syndicated loans, shares in collective investment vehicles (CIVs), credit line and direct investment in companies -have been piloted and implemented. The OECD DAC is also investigating the suitability of their approach for complex finance structures.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate dac methodologies related|1.6400135|3.983505|0.83949643
4303|The number of people at risk from floods is projected to rise from 1.2 billion today to around 1.6 billion in 2050 (nearly 20% of the world’s population). The economic value of assets at risk is expected to be around USD 45 trillion by 2050, a growth of over 340% from 2010. However, the appropriate responses will share several features: more attention will be paid to (ecologically sensitive) water storage, investment in water supply and sanitation, pollution control, and allocation issues. These costs are not well known, as information is scarce and patchy.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|billion patchy ecologically risk trillion|1.414427|6.984825|2.720094
4304|Just as groundwater resource characteristics vary widely, approaches also differ based on uses and institutional constraints (OECD, forthcoming c). The city of Topeka, Kansas, paid for groundwater rights in exchange for treated municipal wastewater; it fulfilled its conservation objective and reportedly did not use groundwater for seven years (Peck, 2007). Faced with the risk of groundwater depletion, the city of Wichita, also in Kansas, transferred a large volume of surface water into its section of the High Plains Aquifer. Meanwhile, the district of Santa Clara, California, created a conservation district and managed to stop land subsidence that damaged infrastructures; its management plan included monitoring groundwater use among rural and urban users, importing surface water and artificially replenishing the aquifer with treated wastewater (Borchers et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater kansas aquifer treated district|0.72600174|7.4668145|2.8325374
4305|"China, India, Turkey and Arab partners provided about 13% of total official support for infrastructure through South-South development co-operation. Seeking to address inefficient and costly infrastructure delivery, many governments over the past two decades have turned to public-private partnerships (PPPs) to build and operate infrastructure. The key characteristic of PPPs is the outsourcing and ""bundling"" of project delivery components (e.g. design, building, financing, operations), to incentivise the builder-operator to incorporate long-term operating-cost considerations into the design and construction phases of a project, and to reduce co-ordination costs."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ppps infrastructure delivery design south|2.6095185|4.296447|1.5594616
4306|Access to primary education is virtually universal, with room for improvement in timely progression and completion and in inclusion of the most neglected social groups. Access and timely progression in secondary education are substantially lower and differ more among countries. The gaps in secondary school completion rates exacerbate socio-economic inequalities by geographic area and ethnic background.|SDG 4 - Quality education|progression completion timely secondary neglected|9.381732|2.4001534|2.7540057
4307|Therefore, poverty lines are different across countries and over time, and are based on national currencies. Great success was also achieved by Thailand, where poverty declined from 58.1 per cent in 1990 to 13.2 per cent in 2011. In the early 1990s, during the period of transition from centrally planned to market economies, several countries of the North and Central Asian subregion experienced a high incidence of poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty cent currencies centrally subregion|6.0015955|5.7343087|4.723115
4308|As the latter are faced with the risk that a high share of variable renewables such as wind and solar reduces the number of hours during which a given demand is guaranteed (compression effect), the role of smart grids in this case is to reshape the residual demand curve. Through demand response, load shifting and integration of storage applications, smart grids might change the load curve and re-establish a stable, continuous demand for longer periods of time. This way, a minimum demand over a sufficiently high number of hours could be achieved, resulting in a role for nuclear baseload even in systems with a strong penetration of renewable energy sources.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|demand curve grids load smart|1.5781599|1.3409561|1.8918914
4309|In particular, conflicts can emerge when communities in upstream locations want to change land use practices in a manner that affects water quality or quantity for downstream users (e.g., by converting forests into agricultural areas). One approach for resolving such conflicts is through the use of the Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) model, where the user of an environmental service, such as water purification, pays the landowners who provide that service by maintaining the forest cover in the upper watershed. The basic logic is simple: those providing ecosystem services by foregoing alternative uses of the land should be compensated by the beneficiaries of the service. For PES to function, there must be a clearly defined user and supplier, as well as a number of other necessary conditions, such as land tenure security, systems for monitoring, enforcement and compliance, and an enabling legal framework. Remote sensing tools offer an effective way to equalize access to a common information base without needing to rely on direct information-sharing between the parties.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pes service conflicts land user|1.8149709|5.3625054|3.425121
4310|It complements telecommunication infrastructure belonging to existing operators in the region and provides open and non-discriminatory access to providers of wholesale and last-mile services. As such, the investment is helping to lower the investment barrier for next-generation access-network (NGA) services and eliminate the digital divide in areas currently without access to basic broadband services. The underlying idea of capturing the data and transmitting it over a wireless channel makes use of a specific wireless technique known as cooperative communications, which is low-overhead and can be implemented using low-cost radio sets.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|wireless access services overhead mile|4.840352|2.7718725|1.4412314
4311|"The project aims to promote ICT education from the grass roots and provide an enabling environment for use of ICTs in rural primary schools and for rural dwellers. Through the project, the Universal Access and Service Fund has created employment for ICT graduates in Botswana and promoted the growth of various small-to-medium-sized ICT enterprises that are providing computer equipment to the schools. The system supplies the ""smart water supply"" service, the ""smart parking"" service, the ""intelligent streetlight"" service and so on. The total investment is CNY 150 million. In 2017, the income of the loT intelligent platform was CNY 380 million."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cny ict service intelligent smart|4.7803464|3.0622435|1.8788968
4312|The Women Village Incubators project managed by the Syria Trust for Development through FIRDOS; the “Food for Thought” project launched by the Microfund for Women in Jordan; and projects delivered under the Yemeni national strategies for the development of women in rural areas are good examples of this. Also, in Yemen, the Small and Micro Enterprise Promotion Service (SMEPS) worked with the IFC to deliver “Women Get the Business Edge” training. This Fund offers integrated training and technical support to women entrepreneurs so they can develop small, innovative handicraft and service enterprises.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women project service training small|8.980469|3.332414|6.5773125
4313|Empirical studies also show limited overlaps between deprivations in different indicators. Deprivation in one indicator does not necessarily proxy deprivations in others. For example, the next table shows the deprivation rates of 10 indicators across 101 countries in the second row and second column.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivations deprivation second indicators row|6.878159|6.557147|5.242777
4314|Guaranteeing sexual and reproductive health and rights is key to ensuring that all people are equal and free to make decisions in all spheres of life, without discrimination based on gender, without sexual violence or coercion, and with the assurance of privacy. His report, Framework of Actions for the follow-up to the Programme of Action of the ICPD, was subsequently recognized by the General Assembly, at a special session in 2014, which called upon countries to fulfil the commitments made in Cairo and address widening inequalities and emerging challenges, as outlined in the ICPD Framework of Actions. The review points to significant progress in some areas, for some people.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|icpd sexual actions coercion framework|9.574056|4.7511396|7.2284837
4315|In Kainuu and neighbouring regions both sites and traditions related to the mythology of Kalevala, the Finnish national epos, provide inspiration and material for development of tourism products. Historical places referring to the Second World War and especially the Winter War 1939-1940 also attract the interest of both domestic and international visitors. It is possible to access the region from Helsinki by flight on a regular basis, and especially visitors from Asia have been targeted by the organization's marketing efforts.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|visitors war inspiration helsinki especially|6.1522818|3.8769217|2.7312074
4316|However, there are differences in how the data from these surveys are followed up by municipalities, school leaders and teachers (Ramboll, 2013). It is likely that strong parents will be able to claim these rights for their children, but those from families who are not able to have such a dialogue with the school may lose out. This is a delicate matter, though: if any quality control system is introduced to monitor teachers’ assessment practices, it will be interpreted as implying distrust.|SDG 4 - Quality education|able teachers delicate distrust school|9.862987|1.6048988|1.4001681
4317|It also provides microfinance and insurance through SEWA bank, training and maternity benefits and pensions. Its greatest impact has been raising self-esteem and bargaining power inside and outside home (Khera and Nayak, 2009). It currently has 1.3 million women members, mostly from rural areas (out of a total female labour force of about 100 million). Other measures have been a national law to protect street vendors in 2004, a social security law for informal workers in 2008, rights of home-based workers, Beedi and Cigar workers act, to protect about 4 million home-based workers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers home million protect law|8.522652|4.352077|5.8509264
4318|In contrast to incumbent operators, new market entrants are deploying gigabit fibre networks in cities, as they are not restricted by legacy investments in copper networks. This is the case with Gigaclear and CityFibre in the UK, and Google Fibre in the United States and Africa. Mobile broadband penetration in developing markets is still quite low, however, with a penetration level of 21 per cent in 2014. But mobile broadband is growing fast in these regions - in fact, growth rates are twice as high as in developed regions6. Figure 1.4 shows that 308 operators have launched or are planning various LTE deployments worldwide; 138 of these operators are in developing markets, which form a significant proportion of the global operator base. Figure 1.5 shows that 40 operators have launched or are planning various LTE-A deployments worldwide; 35 of these operators are in developed markets.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|operators lte fibre penetration markets|4.882377|2.8103259|1.4100419
4319|This process has contributed to the growth of mega-urban regions (Jones and Douglass 2008) with their great demand for water and other natural resources. These changes have intensified the demand for water and many have also been highly polluting of water. All these developments affect water systems through diversion of water, bringing new uses of water, creating ecological changes and allowing for more rapid extraction of other natural resources such as timber. They can also displace very large numbers of inhabitants and, in some cases, settlements that have long histories as cultural heartlands.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water natural mega displace changes|1.1999536|6.8549805|2.7526984
4320|This policy has had some positive effects since 2005, with a relative decoupling of TPES from economic performance and a resulting decrease in the energy and carbon intensities of the economy (Sections 2 and 3). However, until recently less attention has been paid to the demand side and energy efficiency in the end-use sectors, as reflected by still relatively high final energy intensity. The current policy framework is provided by the 2008 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (PNAEE) or “Portugal Efficiency 2015”.10 Prior to the PNAEE, there were few quantified energy efficiency goals (Table 5.1).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency tpes intensities decoupling|2.0419152|2.8251631|2.4181645
4321|The programme targets pedestrian safety issues through legislative measures and innovative street design, such as lowering speed limits and the reconfiguration of crossings. Launched in 2013, Sao Paulo observed a 20.6 per cent drop in traffic fatalities from 2014 to 2015. With better public awareness around road safety and lower speeds, there are 30 per cent less traffic fatalities. To ensure public understanding and support, the programme created a platform for discussion and education through multiple workshops.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fatalities traffic safety crossings paulo|4.240439|5.2182302|-0.035477586
4322|While the share of staple foods has declined in recent decades, they still represent half to three-quarters of daily energy consumption (Weinberger and others, 2009). In the Pacific islands, increasing reliance on and preference for imported, high-calorie and processed foods has resulted in changing dietary patterns. The combination of changed dietary patterns and increasingly sedentary lifestyles has led to significant increases in obesity, diabetes and other non-communicable diseases associated with changing diets (FAO, 2015; SPC, 2011).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|dietary foods changing patterns spc|3.9882631|5.420565|4.4633408
4323|This is likely to significantly increase the demands on the national education budget for a number of reasons. The budget is already being forced to accommodate the general up-rating of teacher salaries through the certification drive. Third, it is not clear how government will ensure that each sub-district has access to a SMK school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|budget smk rating accommodate salaries|9.293936|2.1317632|2.4101574
4324|Overall support has fallen since 2014 but it is not possible to assess the long term trend as the database does not contain data for Germany prior to 2014 at present. New fishing vessels can still only be put into service if at the same time old vessels of at least the same tonnage (GT) and engine power (kW) are removed from the fleet. Modernisation measures for existing fishing vessels that lead to increased tonnage or engine power are also only authorised if corresponding old capacities are withdrawn. This ensures that the fishing capacity of the fleet does not grow.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessels fishing engine fleet old|-0.13480552|5.8032174|6.800277
4325|For instance, Rwanda has communicated a range of adaptation actions to be fully or partially achieved by 2050 based on the Rwanda’s Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy that was put in place in 2011. For instance, Guinea-Bissau’s INDC adopts both short-term targets and medium- to long-term targets (i.e. 2025-2030), and each of the timescales has specific adaptation actions associated with it. Other countries use different timescales to communicate different financial needs (e.g. the INDC of Lao People’s Republic whereby, for instance, the estimated cost of adaptation until 2030 is indicated for the agriculture sector, and the costs of adaptation for transport and public health are estimated for the period until 2020). It will be important for countries to recognise what actions will need to be evaluated in the long run, and what will need more frequent monitoring and evaluation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation timescales indc actions rwanda|1.253817|4.5878325|1.3902125
4326|From an environmental point of view, unsustainable land use is an important factor in land degradation, may pose a threat to ecosystems, and lead to natural habitat loss and landscape changes. Degraded land includes land affected by soil erosion, deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological or economic properties of soil and/or long-term loss of natural vegetation. In many developing countries it is a major cause of poverty and further environmental damage due to overuse of national resources. The indicator can also be seen as an overall measure of the reduction in quality of land resources.|SDG 15 - Life on land|land soil loss natural environmental|1.4748445|5.244956|3.7860885
4327|The expenditure of the Gender Unit also saw a growing share of noncore resources as a percentage of its budget, from 23 per cent in 2008 to 39 per cent in 2013. This also impacted the number of global team staff, which grew from 4 posts in 2006 to 23 posts in 2010, and then declined to 8 by 2013. Evidence suggests that the majority of country offices have received support from gender practice leaders and that this guidance has been valued.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|posts cent gender impacted valued|9.971243|4.0340953|7.2942424
4328|Les prefectures et les municipalites offrent maintenant certains services pour l’emploi, tels que des cours preparatoires pour les meres seules et des centres de ressources pour les jeunes demandeurs d’emploi. Cependant, l’obligation de cotisation est desormais etendue a des contrats de duree relativement courte qui furent exempts auparavant, afin d’elargir la couverture sociale des travailleurs non reguliers. La plupart des periodes d’indemnisation sont courtes.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|des les pour emploi la|9.010824|5.78465|4.990853
4329|The forestry sector contributes to outdoor activities by building and maintaining forest roads and by carrying out silvicultural measures to increase the accessibility of forests. Using the forests for recreation and sports can have a positive impact on both physical and mental health. The right to hunt and fish is an exclusive right reserved landowners, but the public is granted the right to fish in lakes and rivers by purchasing licenses.|SDG 15 - Life on land|right forests fish landowners outdoor|1.590497|4.850549|3.8496659
4330|Across political decision-making in South Africa, the 50 per cent target has only been achieved at the level of provincial premiers, followed by deputy ministers with 45 per cent women. However, in parliament, local government, cabinet, provincial cabinets and among chairs of portfolio committees, women now constitute 38 per cent to 44 per cent of the total. This leaves Deputy Speaker, Nomaindia Mfeketo, as the only woman in the top hierarchy of parliament.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent deputy provincial parliament speaker|10.546084|4.2707224|7.1115417
4331|Over the past decade, many countries have developed a more holistic approach to education by integrating the development of these skills specifically into school curricula, fostering co-operation between schools and local communities, and introducing major reforms to education (Box 3.1). Firms are often better-equipped with the newest technologies - and ideally with the people who know how to use them and guide the learning - than educational institutions, and thus better-suited to provide practical training. At the same time, many cognitive skills, especially problem solving, and social and emotional skills - such as communication and conflict management - may be more effectively taught and learned in workplaces than in classrooms.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills workplaces better taught suited|8.723549|1.6735684|1.9929286
4332|"Thus the Atkinson Commission Report ""Monitoring Global Poverty"" (World Bank, 2017) rightly observes that the MPI is less data intensive than monetary measures: ""The creation of the overlapping poverty measure, or of the more general measures of multidimensionality developed by Alkire and Foster (2011a), in one sense raises the stakes with regard to data requirements. In order to ascertain the extent of overlap of deprivation across dimensions, it is necessary to have a data source at the level of the individual or household covering all relevant dimensions. At the same time, the number of questions required per dimension may be considerably less in the case of nonmonetary indicators than is the case with the measurement of consumption for the monetary policy indicator. The information required to calculate consumption is typically much more extensive."|SDG 1 - No poverty|monetary dimensions data required observes|6.4246154|6.586999|5.1349545
4333|Claimants must also be actively looking for work and, in most cases, unemployment has to be involuntary, although this may be difficult to observe in practice and the definition varies across countries. Benefit durations are limited in most, but not all countries. Insurance is mandatory for most employees, but voluntary in some Nordic countries. Job searchers whose entitlement to unemployment insurance benefits has expired, or whose work record is insufficient to make them eligible in the first place, may be entitled to unemployment assistance. In some countries, unemployment assistance is the main unemployment benefit.|SDG 1 - No poverty|unemployment insurance assistance countries benefit|7.8682075|4.817178|4.051553
4334|But the proportion quadruples to 26 per cent over die next 40 years, making it higher dian the projected OECD average of 25 per cent (see figure 1) (OECD, 2014). The world total fertility rate was 2.5 persons during 2010-2015, a reduction of 1.9 persons (-43.7 per cent) from the 4.4 persons during 1970-1975 (in bodi Latin America and Asia, die decline was -2.8 persons, while in Africa it was -2 persons). This decline resulted in an increase in die proportion of the older population.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|persons die cent decline proportion|9.040859|8.486667|3.4274766
4335|To maintain the reliability of the power system to cover the load, a more flexible operation of conventional units is required. In order to properly model the uncertainties of wind power, a scenario grid is constructed based on a cluster analysis of historical data. Figure 7.1A illustrates a simplified scenario grid describing the stochastic wind power generation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power grid scenario wind stochastic|1.5674008|1.4725715|1.9210193
4336|This was on average a reduction in the amount of the Allowance. In 2009, the 30% rate was increased to 40% and “in some cases to 50%” (NIC, 2009). However the Re-employment Allowance no doubt motivates some workers to participate in the Early (re-)employment support (programme, and the PES performance target for the early re-employment rate suggests that about a third of claims end early enough to qualify (see Chapters 2 and 3, and Table 5A.1). In 1995, about 40% of UI recipients received “some form of re-employment bonus” (Mazza, 2000).101 In 2007, there were 365 000 payments of Re-employment Allowance representing nearly a quarter of the number of first payments of regular El benefit, and allowance payments totalled JPY 60 billion representing 6% to 7% of total expenditure on regular El benefit (MHLW, 2008d).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|allowance employment payments early representing|7.852108|4.875694|3.9777536
4337|Growing evidence thus suggests that remittances are more likely to have a positive effect on income distribution (Brown et al. Remittances have been an effective strategy for reducing household risk. Emigration from Tonga and Samoa was initially costly, so the first migrants came from wealthier households, thus worsening national income inequality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|remittances wealthier worsening emigration tonga|5.926728|4.374626|3.8792367
4338|The increased debt burden weighed down already fragile consumer and investor confidence. Rebuilding corporate and household balance sheets will also take time. While such measures often offer short-term palliative benefits, they incur other economic costs and thus should be removed when stability returns.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|palliative weighed sheets incur rebuilding|5.5945582|4.874506|3.731907
4339|Resources are still limited in this sector. Private for-profit and community services (faith-based and secular) are the main direct providers of playgroups and kindergartens. Despite significant growth in this sector there are still a number of challenges to the provision of a more universal and consistent service for pre-school children.|SDG 4 - Quality education|faith kindergartens sector profit universal|9.431438|2.6982124|2.2343876
4340|These types of small scale uses are usually considered “insignificant” in terms of their impact of the overall resource. Source: See country profiles associated with this publication at iounu.oeccl.org/enuironmentAuater-resources-aHocation-9789264229631-en.htm. Several allocation examples (Yukon Territory in Canada, the Yellow River Basin in China, Costa Rica, Luxembourg and the Waikato Region in New Zealand) also indicate water use for emergencies or to deal with exception circumstances or threats, such as firefighting, floods, droughts or other emergencies do not require entitlements. In most cases, it is used to establish priority access to water during times of scarcity, when “exceptional circumstances” have been declared, such as in the case of drought.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|emergencies circumstances waikato yellow insignificant|1.1617992|7.4185996|2.4351058
4341|This reflects the need to reorient investments in the water supply sector by giving priority to the un-served cohort before investing in improving the level of service for those already with an acceptable level of basic services. Moreover, an apparent obstacle to improving water supply services in particular and sustainable development in general is the high population growth that seems to offset any progress made. As seen in figure 9, as of 2011, 92 per cent ofthe urban population had access to improved drinking water sources compared to only 73 per cent of the rural population.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|population water improving cent supply|1.5433563|7.082601|2.7092118
4342|The Israeli Water Authority permits water pumping and purification operators the freedom to minimise their energy demands during these peak daytime hours. To minimise costs and maximise profits, operators pump larger proportions of the daily water quotas during the night hours, and store these in numerous reservoirs throughout the country. They thereby reduce energy costs, while helping homogenise energy demands across the day-night cycle. In another instance, the Israeli Water Authority issues tenders for the construction of large-scale desalination plants that are as energy-efficient as possible.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|night energy minimise water israeli|0.9300667|7.687818|2.691075
4343|The economic and environmental costs associated with groundwater overdraft include foregone revenues from extractive uses and the loss of in situ values (Table C.7). Most large-scale assessments of the cost of groundwater overdraft are restricted to direct extractive uses. Indeed, the complex relation between aquifers, surface water and wetlands makes any attempt to assess the in-situ values difficult.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|overdraft situ extractive groundwater uses|0.8662451|7.5015736|2.8008778
4344|Its director also heads the association of the different statutory insurance schemes. In addition, 96% of people use complementary health insurance, through employer-based collective schemes, individual insurance plans or, for around 6%, a non-funded solidarity scheme (Panel D). The authorities introduced yearly public spending targets, known as the National Objective for Health Insurance Spending (ONDAM or Objectif national des depenses d’assurance maladie) in 1996.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurance schemes spending objectif director|8.49109|8.621303|2.170371
4345|They also help to establish treatment plans, to monitor responses to each treatment and to evaluate the results. They facilitate collaboration between medical staff and patients in different environments or geographically remote locations. Health services (telemedicine and teleconsultations) make it easier for patients to access expert diagnosis and advice for treatment that are not readily available.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|treatment patients telemedicine geographically diagnosis|9.072272|9.06867|1.6588398
4346|During this period, public expenditure on education rose from 3.2% to 4.6% of GDP (see Figure 3.1). This growth was sustained over time, except with a decrease in 2010. In spite of the recent efforts, public expenditure on education remains considerably below the OECD average and below the equivalent expenditure in other Latin American countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|expenditure spite education public sustained|9.085982|2.1628222|2.7843933
4347|This includes promoting reduced full-time working hours, i.e. less than 40 hours per week, particularly with regard to employees w'ith care responsibilities for small children. One proposal for such a model (Muller et al., On average this would involve shorter paid work hours of fathers and longer paid work hours of mothers with positive implications for family incomes and wellbeing, fathers’ time w'ith children, w'omen's career progression and w'ages.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hours fathers ith paid omen|9.165315|5.0731997|5.385927
4348|It enhances girls’ social status, increases their bargaining power within marriage, increases their use of health services and enhances the health and survival of their children. Evidence also suggests that rights-based and gender-sensitive comprehensive sexuality education programmes can lead to greater gender equality. The Commission on Population and Development, in its resolutions 2009/1 and 2012/1, called on Governments to provide young people with comprehensive education on human sexuality, sexual and reproductive health, and gender equality to enable them to deal positively and responsibly with their sexuality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sexuality enhances gender comprehensive health|9.648802|5.107686|6.4619856
4349|The types of households analysed are female and male lone-parent households on the one hand, and female and male one-person households on the other. In 16 of the 20 countries with available data in the region, the poverty rates for households of lone mothers with children are higher than they are for households of lone fathers with children by more than 5 percentage points. In the remaining four countries - El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama — the poverty rates for the two types of households are similar.|SDG 1 - No poverty|households lone male types female|7.206311|5.933512|5.3962746
4350|However, fertility, which is a commonly used measure in composite gender equality measures (see, for example, the UNDP’s Gender Inequality Index), is excluded as it provides only an indirect indication of women’s position. In doing this, the chapter follows, amongst others, Donno and Russet (2004: 588) who argue that although low fertility may be indicative of the degree of female reproductive rights, it may also “reflect coercive population policies enforced on women”. First, there is the very basic issue of women’s health.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fertility women indicative gender composite|9.373113|5.2091546|6.4005303
4351|Taxes and subsidies to stimulate green buildings and develop energy-saving technologies would also help to reduce GHG emissions. The combined impact of all these countermeasures is shown in Figure 5.6. As in other ASEAN countries, national economic planning hasthe greatest impact on activities that affect the environment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|impact asean stimulate saving greatest|1.6528182|3.175058|2.194072
4352|Teacher quality has also been developed through strong initial teacher education to a master's level with practical experience. The transfer of early childhood education and care services from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health to the Ministry of Education and Culture (2013) represents a major shift in perspective. Education and Research 2011-2016: A development plan aims to increase participation of students with immigrant background in preparatory education to improve their opportunity to finish upper secondary education, Curriculum reform is being developed from pre-primary through upper secondary education, to be implemented from 2016.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education upper teacher ministry secondary|9.473891|1.3813127|2.1863453
4353|Currently, a very welcome proposal is being discussed by the Legislative Assembly to make accreditation mandatory for all teaching programmes in private universities, as part of an effort to raise the quality of initial teacher preparation and bring courses into line with the requirements of a new school curriculum. Teacher assessments show that 40% of English teachers and 29% of Mathematics teachers do not master the content of the curriculum they are expected to teach. While national training courses have improved, teachers receive little regular support for and feedback on their teaching practice.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers courses curriculum teacher teaching|9.63317|1.1755424|2.152475
4354|"They face additional challenges of access to health services. This can be seen from the view of a President of an African country who said, ""How can you have a stone-age creature continuing to exist in the time of computers? If the Bushmen want to survive, they must change, otherwise, like the dodo they will perish"".’”"|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|stone computers survive president want|8.515392|8.885924|3.0545762
4355|For instance, the Standing Committee on Finance under the UNFCCC estimates that the global total climate finance, which includes public and private financial resources devoted to addressing climate change, ranged from USD 340-650 billion in 2014 in all countries (UNFCCC, 2016). The finance needed to achieve the mitigation and adaptation goals of the Paris Agreement, however, is much larger. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates the costs of the full implementation of climate pledges expressed in the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) by 150 countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance unfccc climate estimates pledges|1.5602009|3.7246287|0.9259674
4356|Instead they cover a range of geographies and types of intervention, from climate risk reduction in Ethiopia to financing of a field station in a Costa Rican national park. The objective, expressed in Austria’s Fifth National Communication to the UNFCCC, is to use development assistance to target the root causes of vulnerability to the effects of climate change. These efforts focus on poverty alleviation, conflict prevention and improving the management of natural resources. This mainstreaming process is intended to ensure that non-adaptation-related funding nonetheless contributes to reductions in vulnerability.|SDG 13 - Climate action|vulnerability rican climate alleviation root|1.4492248|4.683673|1.7527775
4357|Their purpose was to assess UNDP’s added value, partnership strategies and relevance of approach. In each country visited, there was an effort to meet representatives from the UN country team (UNCT) and the Resident Coordinator. Data were collected on six cross-cutting questions8 to assess nationally driven efforts to promote GEWE and whether/the extent to which the GES has provided guidance across the thematic area. The data analysed included a range of UNDP knowledge products, key publications, knowledge-sharing platforms and social media, such as Twitter accounts. An independent consultant was commissioned to assess UNDP’s performance in response to the plan, which included a meta-evaluation of 30 evaluation reports produced in 2014.10 The metaevaluation was conducted using the UN Evaluation Group Technical Note guidance for reporting on evaluation. The Gender Equality Strategy contains references to ‘gender explicit’ and ‘gender responsive’ outcomes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|evaluation undp assess gender guidance|10.014576|3.9226341|7.898538
4358|"Simulations for a 2°C average temperature rise predict significant negative consequences for the distribution of dark coniferous forests. A particular impact may occur due to ""multiple stresses"", where changes in soil humidity, rainfall, temperature and pathogens all contribute to high levels of tree mortality. Adaptation measures will require an improved information system for forest management to support changes in species planted and management interventions to prevent fire and the spread of pests and disease."|SDG 15 - Life on land|temperature humidity dark pathogens changes|1.2489148|4.831384|3.5994275
4359|Recently, consideration of the public health aspects of energy production has become increasingly prominent with respect to the global energy agenda (IEA 2016, WHO 2012, Osterholm and Kelly 2009). Globally gender is scarcely mainstreamed in energy policies, even in the case of the newest energy sectors. As of early 2015,145 countries had enacted policies to regulate and promote renewables in power generation, heating and cooling, and transport (e.g. the European Union had established new regulations governing the energy sector beyond 2020, setting a region-wide goal of a 27% renewable energy share by 2030) (REN21 2015).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy mainstreamed enacted cooling regulate|9.025739|4.1619625|7.222684
4360|They had very little money, and the stipend, food and clothes from UNHCR were not enough for their needs. As a young teenager in Nairobi, she was also vulnerable to sexual harassment and violence. In retrospect, this was the main reason she agreed to marry a Kenyan Muslim man who was a shopkeeper in their neighbourhood. Rabiya was pregnant at the time, and her first son was subsequently born in Australia.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stipend unhcr muslim clothes kenyan|9.374558|5.354873|6.7757525
4361|Individuals with tertiary education are more likely to be employed than those with an upper secondary education who in turn have a greater chance of being employed than those without an upper secondary education (Figure 1.8). The proportion of the population that has attained at least upper secondary education grew from 56% for the generation aged 55-64 in 2011 to 88% for the generation aged 25-34 in the same year. Lower secondary education is now virtually universal and enrolment rates for 15 to 19 year olds grew from 64% in 1995 to 76% in 2011 (OECD, 2011b). Student learning outcomes in Chile, as measured by PISA, while still considerably below the OECD average, have remarkably improved over the past decade.|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary upper education grew aged|9.517939|2.2814088|3.0279157
4362|Mainly salmon and tuna products as well as Alaska pollack fillets were imported, and in 2016 half of all imports (49%) originated from the EU. Poland was the most important single supplier of fish and fisheries products in 2016, ahead of the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”), and was instrumental in ensuring that the German market was supplied with adequate quantities of canned herring, deep-frozen breaded fish fillets and salmon products. In most federal states people are required to hold an angling licence if they wish to engage in independent pole-and-line fishing, which requires knowledge in the subjects of fish biology, hydrology, water management, animal welfare and water conservation.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish salmon products china pole|0.22534674|5.8575687|6.6929536
4363|Moreover, community mental health centres may involve both general mental health services as well as specialised mental health services. In Norway, for example, the municipal mental health services comprise both primary health care and social services, provided by psychiatric nurses, GPs, psychologists and other professionals. Additionally, these primary mental health services work together with specialised service units.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health services specialised primary|10.289425|8.885759|1.6914688
4364|Earlier versions of this paper received comments from Anthony Atkinson, Francois Bourguignon, Matthew Hammill, Johannes Jutting, Marco Mira d'Ercole and Martin Ravallion for which the authors are grateful. The authors are indebted to the World Bank for the online availability of the distributional data in the PovCalNet database; special thanks go to Shaohua Chen for providing some of the underlying data directly to the authors. The decade of the 2000s was the first to witness unconditional convergence across countries in a generation as poor countries, led by China and India grew faster than the advanced economies of the OECD. Rapid growth in the developing world has reduced extreme poverty dramatically: there are 620 million fewer extremely poor people in the world now than in 1990; the world is on track to achieving the goal of halving the number of people living on a dollar a day as it set out to do in the Millennium Declaration.|SDG 1 - No poverty|authors world indebted bourguignon poor|6.147465|5.7508802|4.786074
4365|For example, inclusion criteria are examined for the use of Herceptin, and approximately 120 to 140 patients with breast cancer are allowed to receive the treatment for free every year. The number of eligible women is expected to be raised to 200 in coming years. Ineligible patients, however, are required to pay the entire cost of Herceptin.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients breast cancer examined eligible|8.551318|9.375704|2.2328804
4366|When stating levels of concern for a number of environmental issues, including overfishing, coastal flooding and ocean acidification, the term 'pollution', particularly water and oil pollution, was mentioned frequently. Marine debris-related terms, such as 'litter', ‘rubbish’ and ‘beach cleanliness' were also reported, but much less frequently (Figure 9.1). Such surveys are helpful for catching the public mood, but some caution is warranted.|SDG 14 - Life below water|frequently pollution warranted debris acidification|0.04062567|5.7342973|5.754297
4367|It disaggregates this spending by source of financing: national and regional governments, contributory schemes and external support. The inclusion of regional spending data is a key innovation and represents an important way in which this report builds on the World Bank’s recent public expenditure review of social spending (Kiringai et al., It also shows the proportion of spending by source of financing and identifies trends both in spending and financing over the past five years.|SDG 1 - No poverty|spending financing source regional builds|6.9256263|5.7166686|4.029989
4368|Since these institutions in many countries plagued by widespread poverty do not act in a strategic and rational fashion, aid money tends to get tied up in red tape or misappropriated. Local government institutions that are closer to addressing poverty issues are starved of funds and rarely get them on time. For example, most African Governments have an 80/20 formula for sharing expenditures— four fifths going to central Government, one fifth to local governments. This is a serious misallocation of funds that has not been possible to correct despite pressure to decentralize funding and the establishment of special means to track public expenditure.|SDG 1 - No poverty|funds tape fifths plagued governments|6.592624|5.9240565|4.3269954
4369|However, the share of part-time employment is above average in all these countries, except Sweden. Cash transfers are often universal and household taxes tend to be largely proportional to household income. Overall, the dispersion in disposable income and the poverty rate are well below the OECD average. Inequality in labour earnings is driven by a low employment rate (in particular for Belgium, France, Italy and the Slovak Republic), while wage dispersion is well below the OECD average.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|dispersion average household rate employment|6.998189|4.960341|4.5156054
4370|Notwithstanding the revenue potential, environmentally-related revenues declined as a share of GDP in most OECD countries during 1995-2014 (Figure 8). Data not available for Greece for 1995. In judging the growth impact of environmental taxes, an important consideration is the use to which the revenues generated by the levies are put.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|revenues levies notwithstanding environmentally greece|1.5883735|3.0178618|2.2515535
4371|Nonetheless, for developing countries in aggregate, there is no support in these figures for the view that food import bills are becoming unsustainable. Aggregate figures may, of course, conceal difficulties experienced by particular countries. In many countries, they led to increased trade policy interventions (Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010; Demeke etal., In some cases they have reawakened interest in food self-sufficiency, which, if enforced through trade policy, implies prohibitive levels of protection.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|aggregate figures trade prohibitive food|4.37812|4.921728|4.262313
4372|While land resources are large, India’s high population density means that land resource endowment on a per capita basis is actually less than the world average. This means that higher aggregate production in the future will come from yield growth and increases in the cropping intensity rather than an expansion in agricultural area. Depending upon the availability of water, cropping activities continue year-round.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cropping means endowment land round|3.7263842|5.315929|4.224309
4373|Olmstead (2013) suggests that “while water prices, on the whole, do not seem to be higher in more arid regions, water marketing is more prevalent in arid regions. In a Coasian sense, the mere existence of the potential gains from trading water creates pressure for trade to occur, so long as the property rights are clearly assigned.” In Chile, Australia and the Western US, water trading has evolved in direct response to scarcity (Olmstead 2013). The National Water Code established in Chile in 1981 separated water rights from land rights and allowed the water rights to be traded. The response has been significant in the north-Central region (Bauer 2004). In Australia, water trading was introduced over the course of three decades, beginning in 1983 with South Australia.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water trading rights australia arid|1.1773758|7.5598025|2.330345
4374|Evidence suggests that as many as 40 per cent of female adult sex workers report having begun selling sex when they were 16 or younger. Adolescent girls face even greater barriers to negotiating contraceptive and condom use, because often their male partners are much older (UNFPA, 2013). A study by Kelly et al. (|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sex condom unfpa negotiating contraceptive|9.561471|5.160646|6.2865434
4375|Some capabilities that are needed by education institutions for self-management are not yet fully developed - and, likewise, authorities responsible for steering a decentralised system of education sometimes lack capacities needed to meet their responsibilities. Using EU funding more effectively and ensuring the sustainability of the initiatives as funding becomes less generous in the future will also be a serious challenge in the years ahead. Improved performance requires, at a strategic level, that Lithuania clarify and raise expectations of performance, align resources in support of raised performance expectations, strengthen performance monitoring and the assurance of quality, and build institutional capacity to achieve high performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performance expectations funding needed steering|9.635066|2.1313236|2.0791922
4376|Rural communities close to cities have seen more dynamic economic growth and, as such, it is important to strengthen the linkages between mral areas and small and medium-sized cities - this is recognised in Poland’s new Strategy for Responsible Development. In mral regions where tourism is less prevalent and where there are greater distances to urban agglomerations and markets, the profile of mral businesses is different - e.g. forms of manufacturing or industries related to the agricultural sector such as food processing dominate. The territorial location of mral firms impacts the size of companies, institutional frameworks and, in turn, the ways in which public policy supports entrepreneurship. This section examines a range of public interventions to support entrepreneurship - from financial lending and skills training to local economic development strategies and smart specialisation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mral entrepreneurship cities agglomerations specialisation|4.521432|4.883749|2.9216716
4377|As a result, regions holding the greatest concentrations of innovative sectors tend to outperform other regions in terms of employment and overall economic growth. Connectivity constraints and (more frequently) the weak absorptive capacities of individuals and firms located in these regions hamper adoption of new technologies and innovations produced elsewhere. For instance, firms located in northern regions of Sweden have been found to have more limited access to finance compared to those in the south of the country (Inlandsinnovation AB, 2014). At the European level, for instance, innovation capacities are particularly high in Denmark, Finland, Germany and Sweden, and relatively low in eastern and southern European countries - and that gap does not seem to be narrowing (Veugelers, 2016).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|regions located capacities sweden firms|5.3863688|3.6190658|2.591203
4378|"The fourth SDG aims to ""Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”. However, significant challenges remain for many countries with respect to achieving targets that measure learning outcomes and equity. Education is so central to the achievement of a sustainable, prosperous and equitable planet that failure to achieve this particular SDG puts at risk the achievement of the 17 SDGs as a whole."|SDG 4 - Quality education|sdg equitable achievement learning prosperous|8.730896|2.6867862|2.032193
4379|This contrasts with the debate of the early 1990s, when the rise in the average wage of the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) relative to that of the United States was used to allay fears about the effect of trade on income inequality. This may be partly due to a declining growth in labour supply and restrictions on geographical labour mobility (TDR 2010, chap. Moreover, the new labour contract law, which came into effect in 2008, stipulates minimum wage requirements and allows a strengthening of the bargaining power of employees.9 Finally, labour compensation has also increased because of rapidly rising labour productivity. According to Banister and Cook (2011), labour productivity in China's industrial sector (including manufacturing, as well as construction, mining and utilities) increased at an average annual rate of about 10 per cent betw een 1991 and 2008. The reason for this rapid productivity growth is a combination of sizeable and growing capital investment and improved education and skill levels of Chinese workers, along with the use of advanced technologies by transnational corporations (TNCs) engaged in international production sharing, as discussed below .|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|labour productivity wage tdr effect|5.7822123|4.5704203|3.9302573
4380|In 2009, the proportion of women with at least upper secondary education was considerably higher than among men in Brazil, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. These factors are interrelated, which often makes it difficult to distinguish causes and effects and/or provide immediate, targeted policy responses. The figure is 31% of total bilateral sector-allocable aid.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|interrelated distinguish immediate greece iceland|9.519876|4.209622|5.76032
4381|Thus, the service packages available for the Costa Rican population do not discriminate according to different insurance schemes. From there on, the percentage of the population insured oscillated between 85.6 and 87.6% until 2008. After 2008, health care coverage increased again, reaching 94.7% of the population in 2014 - representing significant progress towards universal health coverage (Figure 1.7).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|population coverage rican insured discriminate|8.787417|8.723278|2.5076108
4382|The IEA suggests that 80% of projected global C02 energy emissions to 2020 are already locked-in through the world’s current infrastructure asset base. Infrastructure assets have long operational lifetimes (the estimated average lifetime of a coal-fired power station is 40-60 years). About 60% of power plants in service or under construction today are projected to still be in operation in 2035, which will mean that the majority of power sector emissions in that year are already “locked in”, unless future policy changes force early retirement of existing plants or their retrofitting with carbon capture and storage (CCS).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|locked power projected plants emissions|1.3039415|2.656812|2.0028362
4383|Considering recent examples and participatory consultations, a core subset of dimensions is likely to include living standards, services, health, education, and the lived environment. It is desirable that the national MPI includes the dimensions of living standards, services, health, education, work and the lived environment. If national priorities are met (these have priority), and if in time, harmonized data are available, then for low marginal costs, both national and comparative measures can be built for UNECE countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|lived dimensions national living standards|6.3896775|6.600606|5.108649
4384|The sample in Model 2 is restricted to companies receiving at least one round of funding, and reporting the amount received. The subsequent columns show how these differences change once founders’ characteristics are included. When start-ups with one or more female founder receive funding, they also receive an amount that is 34% lower than that of male start-ups (Model 2) (Table 1, column 1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ups start receive model funding|8.917066|3.3525765|6.288052
4385|Then, the technical and safety requirements specific to nuclear power plants will be described, as well as their economical effects on the nuclear plant developer and on the whole electrical system. Especially in OECD countries, a strong opposition to large thermal power plants (and in particular to nuclear power plants) and the not-in-my-back-yard (NIMBY) syndrome have undermined or slowed down the planning, construction and grid connection of new generating capacity. Undoubtedly, wide public support or acceptance of the project and appropriate co-ordination with all stakeholders are key elements to its successful and timely completion.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear plants power syndrome developer|1.1487005|1.5601885|1.8719778
4386|For example, this was part of the NAPAs established by LDCs, as well as Technology Needs Assessments, biennial update reports and national communications. Many developing countries have also indicated adaptation support needs for adaptation (including finance) in their intended nationally determined contributions. As there is no single definition of what climate finance (or adaptation) comprises, it is unsurprising that different countries have established their proposals in different ways.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation established napas finance needs|1.4057668|4.4088974|1.3437464
4387|School principals in Denmark are less active as pedagogical leaders than on average across OECD countries. There has been progress in recent years to foster a culture of evaluation and assessment, and a national framework is being developed, guided by national objectives for student achievement. Schools and municipalities need further support to build their capacity to analyse and use data for improvement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|guided principals pedagogical analyse national|9.7199745|1.7192935|1.5601218
4388|The results are unclear for urban traffic. Discouraging the ownership of motorbikes may lead to a reduction in the number of vehicles, but could also worsen traffic congestion if more cars are used as a result rather than alternative modes of transportation (Phang, 2014). This issue may be particularly relevant in low- and middle-income economies, where motorbikes and scooters are popular modes of transportation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|modes traffic transportation worsen discouraging|4.231862|4.9948277|0.4238226
4389|Ecological concepts are applied to manage the interactions between agroecosystem components such as plants, crops, livestock, soils, climate, and humans. For example, the Promotion of Smart Agriculture Towards Climate Change initiative has as its objective to support the transition towards agroecology in West Africa to reinforce the resilience of vulnerable populations. The initiative aims at the adoption of practices by 25 million households by 2025.|SDG 13 - Climate action|initiative humans climate soils reinforce|1.728225|4.8314734|2.4533305
4390|There are no similar criteria established in the context of the SDGs (in terms of disctance or time) for sanitation facilities, as basic sanitation services require improved facilities that are not shared with other households (and are thus located on-site). While human rights laws do not require services to be provided bee of charge, States have an obligation to provide free services or put adequate subsidy mechanisms in place to ensure that services always remain affordable for the poor” (De Albuquerque, 2014, p. 35). Moreover, disconnection of water services because of failure to pay due to a lack of means may constitute a violation of human rights (HRC, 2014). A number of countries13 have defined national standards, and international organizations14 have developed recommendations in this regard.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|services sanitation facilities require rights|1.6069714|6.8341856|2.2831674
4391|Further ‘no person shall subject a child to female circumcision, early marriage or other cultural rites, customs or traditional practices that are likely to negatively affect the child’s life, health, social welfare, dignity or physical or psychological development.’ Trafficking in persons is committed when a person aims to exploit by coercion, fraud, deception, abuse of power, or bribery. In Rwanda, the laws on CEFM comprehensively protects the rights of the child. Rwanda has ratified almost all international conventions relating to the promotion and protection of child rights including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its additional protocols, the Convention on the protection of children and cooperation in respect of inter country adoption, as well as the African Charter of the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|child rights rwanda convention person|9.26798|5.1065984|7.1117163
4392|As a result, discharges from WWTPs into water bodies are polluted by organic substances, ammonium and nitrates. Another reason for poor wastewater treatment is the large capacity of WWTPs relative to the incoming wastewater. For more efficient wastewater treatment, the capacity of WWTPs must be adjusted; thus, the receiving waters will be in better condition and operating costs can be reduced.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater treatment incoming nitrates polluted|1.1045847|6.811854|2.6611724
4393|In contrast, the poverty figures estimated by ECLAC are generated with the aim of achieving the greatest possible comparability for various analytical purposes; and, given their different objectives and uses, they certainly do not seek to replace the national figures to describe poverty levels and trends in each country. As both data sets display similar trends, it is considered appropriate to use the national figures to describe the behaviour of poverty in each country. Meanwhile, comparable poverty measurements are used to construct regional aggregates and analyse the drivers of poverty and how different population groups are affected by it. Thus, ECLAC data contribute to a regional diagnosis that prioritizes evidence-based analysis on poverty-reduction policies.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty figures eclac trends aggregates|6.477685|6.0776286|5.0470934
4394|The OECD Development Centre projects the region to grow at an average of 6% in the next five years, while its population is expected to grow by 20% by 2030, reaching 700 million. Yet, the region has great potential to contribute to GHG emission reductions. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy could simultaneously address the challenges of diminishing non-renewable energy resources, job creation and poverty reduction in the region.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|region grow transitioning diminishing simultaneously|1.7307822|3.564651|2.2215939
4395|This would be appropriate to the first row of purposes in the table above. To accomplish the second row of purposes would require associating scores on the household food insecurity assessment with the onset of negative developmental consequences for children. Existing research in the United States indicates that, on average, there are negative developmental consequences for children living in households that affirm even one indicator of household food insecurity. Additional research comparing different thresholds to a definitive measure of child food insecurity (e.g., interviews with children), or to proxy measures such as outcome data on child development, would be needed to determine what threshold is appropriate globally.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity row developmental food children|4.5291133|5.780885|4.8254914
4396|Barkey found that settled Turkana men reported severe complaints and higher rates of infectious diseases than the nomads, including a significantly higher frequency of cold with cough, eye infection, and chest infection than the nomads. They also had higher body mass index. Comparing settled and nomadic Rendille children in Kenya and Nathan found that sedentary children under six years had significantly higher levels of malnutrition and anaemia than nomadic children.57 This was attributed to the consumption of three times more milk by the nomadic children. Indigenous peoples need to be made aware of the consequences of change in lifestyle and what they need to do to mitigate the negative effects.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nomadic settled infection children higher|4.6390133|5.813537|4.5918975
4397|"Yet a considerable proportion of youth in Latin America are neither working nor engaged in education nor training (NEET). These activities can help “NEETs"" develop skills that will pay off later by making them more employable or opening up better opportunities for career advancement. The NEET rate is a good measure of the youth educational and labour market reality, reflecting both the risk of unemployment and inactivity."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|neet youth neets inactivity advancement|8.401064|3.9507074|4.1326528
4398|However, RBF may not be appropriate in all situations, and will need to be explored further in order to understand how it best fits with the principles in the Paris Declaration and objectives of the UNFCCC. Identifying results of an intervention is important for transparency in both donor and recipient contexts, as well as in demonstrating the feasibility and success of projects in the context of attracting private finance. Understanding both the climate-specific and broader environmental, economic and development impacts of climate finance can facilitate a more robust assessment of the costs and benefits of more ambitious actions. Assessing effectiveness includes not only demonstrating results, but also building an evidence base of what, how, and why an intervention worked in order to inform better policies and interventions in the future.|SDG 13 - Climate action|demonstrating intervention finance order results|1.7553625|4.1587|1.1239274
4399|These reforms reflect changes in attitudes amongst Germans towards organising work and family life (Chapter 2), and evidence-based as supported by a range of policy evaluations (ZEW and FFP, 2013; Prognos, 2014; Bechara et al., This involves a range of measures and initiatives that encourage equal partnership at home and at work. This included 2015 parental leave reform that facilitates both parents to take leave on a part-time basis and provides a partnership bonus for at least four months when both parents work around 25-30 hours per week.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|partnership leave work parents range|9.251093|5.2287965|5.280132
4400|The rate of female participation in Belarus would have put it around 20th, had it featured in the GCI. Primary enrolment rates in the six countries range from 84% of the relevant age group in Armenia to 100% in Georgia, but in all the countries at least 98% of both boys and girls progress to secondary school. Secondary enrolment rates range from 80% of the relevant age group in Republic of Moldova to 98% in Azerbaijan. Ukraine, Republic of Moldova and Armenia devote an above OECD average share of public spending to education, and Ukraine exceeds the OECD average for the percentage it devotes to tertiary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|moldova armenia ukraine enrolment republic|9.174462|2.5097492|2.9189856
4401|But recent demographic trends, including falling birth rates and increasing urbanisation, coupled with concerns over the quality of small schools, raise questions about the viability of many rural schools. The urgent need to direct more resources to the most disadvantaged schools faces obstacles as a result (see Chapter 4). However, these reforms have not been embedded in a system-wide strategy to raise student learning achievement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools raise faces viability embedded|9.665389|2.1003373|2.4194891
4402|Strategic planting of these species and facilitation of their distribution is therefore an inexpensive way to restore woodlands in the area. We suggest that this should be combatted with extensive, relatively low budget measures based on strategic planting and direct seeding of native birch and willows to facilitate natural colonization and eventually widespread woodland restoration. This could serve as a model for similar projects in the vicinity of other major volcanos in Iceland.|SDG 15 - Life on land|planting strategic woodland inexpensive vicinity|1.2168142|4.794716|3.8471155
4403|As a result, official records such as the national census do not encompass the different ethnic groups, including indigenous peoples, in the country or their languages (International Labour Organization and African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 2009a, p. vi). In this regard, indigenous peoples have a desire to learn the majority language so that they can fully participate in public life, access higher education, influence political decisions and embrace economic opportunities (ibid.). While indigenous peoples possess their own education systems grounded in particular cultural contexts which have enabled them to survive for millenniums, they have also advocated for greater recognition and inclusion of those systems which incorporate their perspectives, cultures, beliefs, values and languages.|SDG 4 - Quality education|peoples indigenous languages advocated vi|10.180662|2.8282163|2.6541932
4404|The result is a property right regime that is conducive to the development of efficient markets. This entitlement is separate from any land title and may be traded among any willing purchasers. These are referred to as permanent trades. The allocation is made to an entitlement and recorded in the water account associated with the entitlement. Allocation trades, or temporary trades as they are called in Australia, can then be made by debiting one account and crediting another.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|trades entitlement allocation account purchasers|1.2253048|7.719403|2.3201094
4405|In July 2013, the official decision to cut the export refund for poultry to zero (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 689/2013), which for other meats like pork and beef was already the case, meant that, for the first time since the 1970s, no export subsidies would be paid on agricultural products. Further, at the latest WTO Ministerial Meeting (MC10), governments agreed to permanently remove agricultural export subsidies (Box 2.4). There is a lack of data on the subsidy equivalent of provisions relating to export financing, food aid and state trading enterprises making assessments of changes difficult. Despite this, based on notifications to the WTO, since the launch of the Doha round there appears to be some evidence to suggest positive developments in other areas of the export competition pillar (WTO, 2014a).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|export wto subsidies refund pork|4.219535|4.7758093|4.1307774
4406|The upper secondary general school-leaving certificate (Abitur) is obtained after 12 or 13 years of education. There is strong co-operation between educational institutions, employers and other social partners who also work together on adjusting curricula. In 2011, employment rates of adults who attained vocational upper secondary level were 17 percentage points higher than for those who attained general programmes (compared to the OECD average gap of 5 percentage points).|SDG 4 - Quality education|attained upper points percentage secondary|8.662554|2.5608084|2.808348
4407|As an example, Davis (2008) empirically studies the effect of a driving restrictions program on air quality in Mexico City. In the urban economics literature, the impact of urbanisation on air quality has been studied through different urban structure indicators. One can distinguish between two categories of such indicators: (i) indicators related to the internal composition of the urban area and (ii) urban area morphology indicators.2 Urban area morphology refers to the spatial disposition of the urban tissue (e.g. dispersed urban plots, linearity of urban areas) while internal composition refers to tissue composition (e.g. wetland, green spaces).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban composition morphology indicators area|3.603239|4.8900433|1.171482
4408|"Strategic objective H.2., “ Integrate gender perspectives in legislation, public policies programmes and projects,"" and Strategic Objective H.3, “Generate and disseminate gender-disaggregated data and information for planning and evaluation.” See also paragraphs 201 (b) and 205 (b) of the Beijing Platform, as well as paragraph 20 of the Beijing Declaration. As government entities, national women’s machineries tend to be perceived as prioritizing loyalty to State institutions over unequivocal advocacy for women’s rights. It also includes separate strategic objectives related to women’s political participation in the section pertaining to aimed conflict (see box below). Although many Arab States granted suffrage rights to women in the 1950s and 1960s, women have been systematically underrepresented in government, and it is only recently that they were able to vote and to stand for elections in some GCC countries.65 Nonetheless, recent years have been marked by positive trends in this area."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women strategic beijing objective suffrage|10.0704|4.4659834|7.34452
4409|Male control of both the public and private spheres hinders women's political participation. Women also feel insecure about the criminalisation of politics and use of 'money power', and frequently face discrimination from their male colleagues. They are often illiterate and unaware of rules, regulations and rights, which further hinders effective participation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hinders male unaware illiterate participation|10.399707|4.5089064|7.170686
4410|The Romanian government is now taking steps to develop a national action plan on AMR. Data used in international comparisons of health care quality, such as the in-hospital case-fatality rate for acute myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke, are not available for Romania Moreover, the data that are collected, such as rates of nosocomial infections in hospitals, are not reliable. The National Authority for Quality Management in Health Care, established in 2015, is developing a quality assurance strategy and will expand the accreditation process from hospitals to all health care providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals care quality health myocardial|9.0887985|9.447035|2.2587228
4411|Results from Model 2 suggest that the likelihood of an employed mother being in full-time employment falls as her partner’s eamings increase - with high-earning partners significantly less likely to work full-time than those with low- or moderate-earning partners. By contrast, the partner’s weekly full-time hours share no association with the probability of an employed mother being in full-time or part-time work, all else being constant. As discussed throughout this chapter, women's employment arrangements differ considerably from country to country', and the characteristics that drive full-time employment in a country where most employed mothers work part-time may not be the same as those in a country where full-time employment is more common. Table 4.2 shows results from for Model 2 but for each of the four country groups identified earlier separately.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|time country employed employment earning|9.122289|5.0641623|5.4619455
4412|"Similarly, indigenous peoples were three times as likely as non-indigenous people to live in houses in need of major repair, and over 22 per cent of dwellings in indigenous communities in 5 provinces and 3 territories (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut) were in need of major repair in 2006, compared with an average of 7.0 per cent in non-indigenous communities in Canada. Trans-cultural Psychiatry, 35:191-219. Postcolonial Suicide among Inuit in Arctic Canada""."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indigenous repair territories canada communities|9.736206|8.582678|3.1389122
4413|To date, most evaluations of the effect of training programmes on re-employment rates of unemployed youth have been quite disappointing. Job-search training is the only measure that has been shown to work. Unfortunately, only about 1 000 unemployed Greek youth choose to participate in such a measure each year. Job-search courses should be the top priority in individual action plans drawn with the help of personal advisers and participation should be mandatory after a period of unfruitful independent job search.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|search job unemployed youth measure|8.066381|4.2492213|3.849097
4414|The experience of Mexico City, for example, suggests that complementary resources are needed to help pay for the overall costs. The national government might allow cities to tax those who benefit most from public transport, such as employers, retailers and the owners of real estate. Charges can also be levied on automobile use, including parking charges and fuel taxes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|charges automobile retailers levied parking|4.022727|5.219661|1.1998953
4415|Pratki (India), a cookstove manufacturer and retailer, partnered with SELCO (India) due in part to its existing supply chain in selling solar powered lights to rural populations. Nascent supply chains for energy access in such rural areas will often need subsidies to get started (GVEP, 2009). Such early-stage investments by philanthropic entities are welcome by the governments and enterprises involved in the daunting task of installing more effective heating technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|india daunting nascent manufacturer powered|2.2008502|2.1412706|2.3711207
4416|"The wider and more cohesive the network, the greater its capacity to adapt to crises such as caring for children whose biological parents are absent for some reason (ibid.). Mothers and female relations are increasingly responsible for daily provision, while mothers and fathers are increasingly looked to for guidance around sexual relationships and morality, though their provision is usually judged inadequate, as described below. Further discussion of these structural determinants is provided under research question 2 below. For example, research using life-history interviewing over three generations of families in Cape Town found that young mothers are increasingly emphasising the achievement of personal goals and ""working on 'the project of the self""'(Moore, 2013).This newer conception of motherhood sits alongside aspirations to be a good provider and source of care to children. Unlike their own mothers and grandmothers, young mothers' commitment to motherhood is vested in their sense of self as ""educated, employed, self-respecting and responsible"" adults, rather than in the sole social identity of 'mother' (ibid.,"|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mothers motherhood increasingly self ibid|9.389563|5.1891017|6.2163587
4417|For example, the cash transfer programme, PROSPERA, formerly known as Oportunidades or Progresa, encourages disadvantaged families to send their children to school and to medical check-ups. It covers around 6.5 million Mexican families, and has helped to increase enrolment rates for secondary school, reduce the incidence of anaemia among children, and cut poverty rates in rural areas. Along with this, additional efforts need to be continued to improve the quality of education opportunities provided for all.|SDG 4 - Quality education|families anaemia oportunidades school rates|7.3213716|6.0400753|4.336492
4418|Effectiveness of the BAN-PHC is evaluated via actual deployments in Bangladesh. The result analysis shows improvements of the health conditions of examinees. For further acceptance in public health, we discuss machine-to-machine (M2M) enabled scalability to allow automatic and qualified health services. We then discuss issues that we have learned from BAN-PHC work.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|phc machine ban discuss health|8.926255|9.370282|1.8602961
4419|Hence, climate-economy models without explicit representation of impacts (e.g. most general equilibrium and cost minimization models reviewed in Stanton, Ackerman and Kartha, 2009) and models that only assess the probability of triggering a specific tipping element (e.g. dimrise - Zickfeld and Bruckner, 2003) are not included. The same applies to the coupling of exogenous climate scenarios with sector-specific impact models, e.g. GIM (Mendelsohn, Schlesinger and Williams, 2000), DIVA (Hinkel and Klein, 2009) and the UK “fast-track” studies (Ar-nell et al., The model must include quantitative data aimed at resembling the real world.|SDG 13 - Climate action|models williams triggering ar specific|1.2297674|4.4670224|1.8216263
4420|Good panel surveys that follow individuals over time and provide data on the longer term impact of evaluation and the dynamics of movement between different segments of the labour market are even rarer. Where LFSs exist, they are often outdated (more than five years old) and do not contain adequately disaggregated data (by age, gender, location). In the country expert survey only six respondents considered the government to have very good knowledge of the situation of youth in the labour market. The governments of 14 countries are considered to have only little or no knowledge. The lack of data makes it difficult for policy makers to understand the nature of the employment challenge and take informed decisions on how to support young people in the labour market.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labour market data considered good|8.241571|4.2507405|4.1628447
4421|It recommends additional measures to improve participation rates, encouraging strong teachers to work in the schools with highest needs, and providing teachers with the tools to help those pupils most at risk of disengagement and drop-out. It recommends measures to modernise programmes of study and qualifications, supporting teachers in implementing the new curriculum, while reforming certification arrangements for the Bachillerato to realise a more inclusive system. Finally, it recommends measures to strengthen and expand vocational education and training, establishing technical schools as specialised centres of vocational and professional training, and developing shorter professional programmes, to be undertaken in the specialised centres.|SDG 4 - Quality education|recommends teachers specialised measures vocational|8.543898|2.444811|2.7633274
4422|Another determinant is the substitution of informal care by more expensive formal care. Under the “healthy ageing” scenario, the cost curve for survivors is allowed to shift rightwards, progressively postponing age-related increases in expenditures. For non-survivors, two different demographic effects are considered.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|survivors postponing care substitution determinant|9.106477|8.631447|2.756813
4423|They are often concentrated in sectors in which they had previous work experience but are highly competitive and less profitable. Most women-run ventures are in fields that are not related to science, technology engineering and mathematics (STEM) (Marlow and Me Adam, 2012). They are therefore not well represented in sectors with high value added potential.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sectors ventures profitable stem engineering|8.910495|3.4702835|6.1994944
4424|Another reason is that pre-tax income inequality rose substantially in most countries, pushing up the gap between income-tax burdens faced by different income groups. To some extent, this offset the more generous tax treatment of richer households resulting from flatter tax schedules. In France, for example, the maximum benefit duration in the unemployment insurance programme was reduced while time-dependent reductions in payment rates were abandoned.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tax income pushing schedules burdens|7.087527|5.0613513|4.374064
4425|For that reason, many component manufacturers are also entering the power generation segment, such as Vestas, Alstom or ACCIONA in the wind power market. In the photovoltaic solar segment, panel manufacturers such as Sun Tech Power started to invest in generation in 2008, and the trend continues today (REN21, 2011). In terms of wind power investments in Latin America, the leading firms are SN Power (Norway), ACCIONA, Abengoa and Gamesa (Spain) and IMPSA (Argentina), alongside Brazilian enterprises such as Renova Energia or CPFL Energia, in addition to most of the traditional electricity firms mentioned in the foregoing subsections.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power manufacturers segment wind firms|2.1332648|1.935931|2.1380005
4426|Collision between vehicles driving at a crossroad; 9. Collision between vehicles driving straight in the opposite direction; 10. Collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle making a U-turn; 11. Collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle entering from non-public road ways (car park, pedestrian way); 12.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|collision straight driving vehicle vehicles|4.2716036|5.205162|-0.012742362
4427|The goal for those seeking to develop and deploy these technologies and innovations in farm management is to unlock the productivity growth potential and achieve sustainable food security. The prices of staple foods remain high - above their long-term averages - and over 300 million Africans continue to face chronic hunger. Ensuring food security in the region will require action to improve productivity and rural livelihoods, and to address international market imbalances and the structural challenges inherent in African agriculture.89 Th i s chapter argues that efforts to improve food security involve much more than just producing more food.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food security productivity unlock improve|4.205692|5.2805853|4.1834645
4428|A RENEWW Zone placed at the outer edge of an existing informal settlement would provide a bridge to an adjacent urban extension. In addition to the housing, transportation and planning provisions, the Agenda includes leveraging and protecting cultural and natural heritage; developing platforms for meaningful participation in decision-making; enhancing disaster risk reduction; promoting environmentally sound waste management; and providing publicly accessible open and green space.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|outer leveraging edge adjacent bridge|3.7181969|4.9484406|1.8290336
4429|They include the adequate availability of and access to safe, diverse, nutritious food; access to clean water, sanitation and health care; and appropriate child-feeding and adult dietary choices. The root causes of better nutrition outcomes are even more complex and encompass the broader economic, social, political, cultural and physical environment. Social assistance is an important instrument for improving nutrition outcomes among the poor but it cannot sustainably eliminate poverty and malnutrition by itself: additional, integrated action and complementary interventions are needed in agriculture and the food system in general, in public health and education. Small-scale home-gardening projects to boost household fruit and vegetable consumption represent one approach suitable for poor households that can accompany social assistance programmes. Home gardening is already widely practised, can be effective on a small scale and is feasible in most locations, although water and labour constraints may pose challenges and should be carefully considered in project design (FAO, 2013a). One home production intervention that was successfully scaled up is the Homestead Food Production project, introduced in Bangladesh by Helen Keller International nearly two decades ago.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|home food nutrition assistance social|4.5085073|5.5974836|4.210048
4430|Diarrhoeal diseases, including dysentery, typhoid and other diseases, are one of the causes of morbidity. A zone consists of a 50-100 m diameter circle around the spring, depending upon its flow rate. However, in several cases, the protection zone is not well defined and implemented and pollution sources can be present.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|zone diseases diameter circle spring|1.4564956|6.9066863|2.768322
4431|Unless fishery management decision makers and processes can produce a longterm sustainable EU fisheries, the likelihood of the CFP becoming subservient to the Integrated Maritime Policy seems to increase. Improvements in governance arrangements for fisheries are possible. There are a variety of choices available. While each must be tailored to the particular region and country context the tools exist. It should be of no surprise that each approach has a role in fishery management although they have very different rationales and serve different and complementary purposes.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery fisheries rationales surprise cfp|-0.13948965|5.629098|6.5785193
4432|V., Essen, www.vgb.org/en/lcoe2015.html?dfid=74042. Plant-level costs therefore integrate all different expenses needed to generate a given amount of electricity at the busbar of the plant but do not consider all the infrastructure and associated costs needed to provide the electricity to each customer. By construction, plant-level costs also consider each power plant in isolation, without considering how they interact with each other.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plant costs consider electricity needed|1.4398773|1.7442342|1.789565
4433|Women and girls have fewer educational opportunities and more domestic responsibilities. Lack of access to infrastructure for water and electricity compounds cultural constraints on women's time. Trading companies in landlocked countries are active in agriculture, wood and paper, but not in the women-dominated sectors of clothing and miscellaneous manufacturing.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women compounds clothing landlocked dominated|8.981425|4.111371|6.2381516
4434|It starts with a look at how well-prepared incoming teachers feel and then reviews some data from PISA on teacher-directed and student-oriented learning, as well as gaps between intended and implemented pedagogical practice. After that, it presents initial findings from a first assessment of teachers' general pedagogical knowledge and then concludes with some policy levers to shape innovative learning environments. However, the first phase of their careers can be strenuous and stressful, as they have limited experience for coping with many new and challenging situations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogical teachers learning incoming levers|8.984741|1.3908514|1.8736496
4435|Remittances may increase substantially as a source of development finance in the future (see chapter 10). At present, however, even if important to many low-income countries in macroeconomic terms, transaction costs for migrant workers and families to wire money to relatives back home remain high and incentives and mechanisms to channel resources to developmental investments tend to be weak in most countries. A more complex issue (because of its political ramifications) is arriving at a proper international framework to guide the international mobility of labour.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|ramifications arriving international relatives channel|5.909991|4.324483|3.8461034
4436|However, despite efficiency increases, Al and all the other emerging technologies clusters will require an ever-increasing use of electricity, creating more pollution and waste (e.g., e-waste, nano-waste, and chemical wastes). Such outcomes demand that environmental considerations be incorporated into the design of these technology systems from their inception. Ethical and normative considerations that should guide our thinking on these issues have to spring from our shared vision—the values contained in the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Rio+20 outcome “The Future We Want”, and most recently the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|waste considerations wastes charter normative|2.3621552|3.2940207|2.0210383
4437|This is why fundamental research is typically funded mostly by government while other R&D as well as demonstration tends to be mostly financed by the private sector. Ensuring that intellectual property right (IPR) protection is strong would also help to reduce underinvestment in RD&D caused by knowledge spillovers, while establishing a fund to buyout breakthrough technologies to reduce GHG emissions could reduce the perceived risks of expropriation discussed above as well as speeding diffusion. Pricing GHG emissions through a cap-and-trade scheme could help to reduce the political uncertainty that undermines investment in RD&D by building a political constituency for continued enforcement. Both public financial support and regulatory changes can help to overcome a lack of appropriate infrastructure for the development and deployment of some low-emission technologies.|SDG 13 - Climate action|reduce rd help ghg emissions|2.1036646|3.0224447|1.8125881
4438|Most of the action on universal access has to be focused at individual household level; provincial and national governments and utilities are the key players for this connectivity. However, regional cooperation will help some countries in the Region that have weaker capacity to enhance energy networks and thus improve energy access. This option is made possible by eliminating trade restrictions on energy and providing incentives for expanding energy networks beyond national borders.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy networks eliminating weaker access|1.5834298|2.1300538|2.2203386
4439|Third, EE improvements may help to increase a firm’s competitiveness, as they often go hand-in-hand with improved quality of products and processes, and thus may help it gain recognition as a “green” company. The international drive to greater EE may provide market opportunities for companies that are in a position to respond to growing demand for energy-efficient products, technologies and services.37 Many of the EE measures analysed in the previous sections apply to both domestically produced and internationally traded products. International trade offers opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of MEPS and other product-related EE measures by increasing scale and facilitating market transformation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee products hand opportunities help|2.4302208|2.5469105|2.177881
4440|They could also count as valuable assets for recruitment purposes. Selection and hiring practices still appear not very transparent and too much reliant on informal channels. Parental background still has a major influence on school choice and employment chances, so that opportunities of work engagement are not evenly distributed among school-leavers. In order to level the playing field among young people, local authorities should co-operate with the schooling system to strengthen connections with enterprises, for instance through internet portals, social media or other communication tools to manage student -employer engagement activities.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|engagement evenly leavers reliant school|8.797141|2.8945353|2.8811502
4441|Workers are guaranteed rights that include compensation and other benefits established by law, in the form of social security and welfare. A pregnant worker shall be entitled to rest during the six weeks prior to giving birth and the 20 weeks following, or for a longer time in the event of an illness which, according to medical opinion, prevents her from working. Employers with more than 20 women workers must maintain an education centre that has a room for breastfeeding, where adequate care and education is provided to the workers’ children of between three months and six years of age.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|weeks workers breastfeeding prevents pregnant|9.05133|5.1021576|5.591875
4442|The first was the announcement of President Trump in June 2017 that the US would withdraw from the agreement (effective November 2020). This announcement raised concerns about the resilience of the agreement, given the important role of the US as the world's second largest greenhouse gas emitter after China (Chan, Stavins et al. The second is the ongoing contestation over the agreement's implementing guidelines, also known as the 'Paris rulebook'.|SDG 13 - Climate action|agreement second withdraw november president|1.250417|3.6569986|1.3468782
4443|This chapter seeks to provide context and perspective. It begins by looking at demography in Germany and other OECD countries, with particular focus on fertility, family make-up, marriage and the rise of cohabitation. Section 3 addresses women’s role in the labour market. It finds that, although there has been strong growth in female employment over the last 15 years, German women continue to earn less than men and are all too often confined to part-time work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cohabitation demography confined begins finds|9.236256|5.224937|5.315608
4444|Despite these advances, water governance remains overly complex, largely emergency driven, and oriented towards short-term problem solving. To address current strategic and legal uncertainties, there is an urgent need to formulate a strategic vision for the water sector. This vision should include: more effective multi-level governance; better policy coherence and planning aligned with national and local priorities; more systematic use of economic instruments; a better alignment of river basin authorities with hydrological boundaries; comprehensive and consistent information systems; and better financing and regulatory frameworks for service provision.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|better vision strategic governance overly|1.028355|7.156274|1.654301
4445|"In Bangladesh, where the primary focus of the “graduation"" model programmes is to generate income through assets such as livestock, programme evaluations still report an increase in productivity due to complementary programme interventions in vegetable and homestead gardening. In the case of CLP, for instance, beneficiaries receive skills training in homestead gardening and the provision of quality seeds and fruit saplings, as well as assistance in developing compost pits and in marketing of surplus products (Marks & Vignon, 2009). This is particularly the case in the context of seasonal consumption and employment fluctuations and emergencies, where beneficiaries self-report an increase in the number of meals that they are able to eat (or a reduction in the number of meals that they miss)."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|meals beneficiaries clp report miss|4.558657|5.5116267|4.255125
4446|This cooperation between subject and DSL teachers needs to be formalised. School leaders must value such cooperation and they must provide timeslots in the schedule of both subject and DSL teachers to coordinate their instruction. Valuing the mother tongue of immigrant children is an essential part of developing a positive and appreciative approach towards diversity.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cooperation subject teachers tongue valuing|10.064243|2.669475|2.583835
4447|Restricting public health care provision would also affect the growth potential through a detrimental effect on health and hence the ability of individuals to participate in the labour market. The health status affects labour supply, which will be all the more important for economic growth as the old age dependency ratio increases. Individuals in good health are more productive, less often on sick leave and enjoy better opportunities to build up human capital. The chances that they retire early are reduced.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health individuals retire restricting sick|9.045064|8.715796|2.6540978
4448|She sold the cow's milk and used the money to pay for her own schooling and that of her brother. Stories like Sanchita's serve as beacons of hope - and as tangible proof that investments in girls can result in significant economic and social change. Girls around the world are putting the Girl Effect into motion when they are given the tools to do so.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls brother cow stories proof|9.692251|5.1921167|6.415194
4449|Nevertheless, the Chilean authorities recognise that the renewal of water supply and sanitation infrastructure is a major challenge. As a result, water loss from supply systems (due to leaks and unmetered uses) exceeds in many cases the 15% benchmark established by the water regulator. Recovering fully the capital and running costs of water services should allow for necessary investments in water infrastructure.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water leaks supply infrastructure recovering|1.4418736|7.3276544|2.4260633
4450|Marine research and monitoring costs are extremely high, which helps explain why we know much less about what goes on in the ocean than about what happens on land. The same also applies, to a certain extent, to human activities. This renders two-dimensional maps less useful, and increases the complexity of marine spatial planning and management. It also makes it more difficult to study the marine environment, how it works, how it is affected by human activities (see difference #2), and how the ocean benefits the economy and human well-being. What makes the ocean economy different from a land-based economy?|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean marine economy human makes|0.1685487|5.7499595|6.0256877
4451|The success of reforms to the curriculum and testing were seen as dependent on prior reforms that would have an influence on who teaches and how they are educated. Denmark faced this problem when it proved difficult to synchronise reforms to strengthen national testing with the pre- and in-service education of teachers employed by municipalities. Local and regional entities often do not have sufficient capacity to implement national policies.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reforms testing proved national entities|9.683632|1.8306013|1.4951531
4452|This exercise brings along a threefold contribution. First, it highlights the gender differences in migration determinants. This paper provides evidence that differentials in discriminatory social institutions between origin and destination countries only influence female migration. Indeed, high discrimination in social institutions in the home communities restricts female emigration and low discrimination in the destination countries attracts female immigration, while they have no significant effect on men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female destination migration discrimination threefold|8.711046|5.2663126|7.069876
4453|Additional funding of €85 million was allocated to the Department of Children and Youth Affairs in 2016 for early years care and education, an increase of 30% on the 2015 allocation. However, in the Netherlands, almost all children from age 4 have a legal entitlement to free access to pre-primary education in school settings (age 4 corresponds to the first year of enrolment in these settings, children are enrolled in pre-school education in day care centres and playgroups at age 3). However, a distinction should be drawn between pre-primary and early childhood educational development (ISCED 01). A general pattern emerges when both programmes are compared, with the share of public spending tending to be smaller in early childhood educational development (ISCED 01) in 9 out of the 14 countries with available data for both categories.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pre isced early age settings|9.398205|2.7510438|2.3155842
4454|The Ministry also started a project to help producers with training, auditing and certification matters. Some 60 producers so far have been certified and given the G logo. The key considerations taken into account for the green production projects were the effective use of environment-friendly raw materials, avoidance of chemical and hazardous substances, energy efficiency, recycling and production management. Since the inception of the project in 2006, 60 producers have obtained the G logo certification.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|producers certification project auditing avoidance|2.1227703|3.8625894|2.3174903
4455|The three-step programme: i) encourages knowledge sharing to strengthen water environmental governance; ii) fosters water solution information platforms through workshops and dialogues; Hi) creates policy makers’ networks for the improvement of water environmental governance. The WEPA contributes to facilitate mutual understanding on water issues between 13 member countries, each appointing a focal point who discusses solutions for environmental management challenges. The current members are Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam. They also suggested the importance of maintaining an up-to-date database on existing water regulation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water environmental governance republic hi|1.0559797|7.0210996|1.7108265
4456|In term of place cs variation is more flat and is within the interval of 40toalmost 300 places per lOOOf with the mean of some 130 and a median of 120 places. Looking at the bus service (figure 2.21.), As i n other cases, relatively large differences exist between cities. In general, cities that offer relatively high total place capacity have also a relatively high number of circulating buses during the peak hours.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|relatively places cities place interval|4.3102264|4.8432636|0.5969723
4457|Furthermore, of the 1.2 billion who lifted themselves out of extreme poverty, 1.1 billion were from Asia and the Pacific. Countries of the population living in extreme poverty such as Pakistan (from 64.7 per cent to 12.7 per cent), Cambodia (from 44.5 per cent to 10.1 per cent), Azerbaijan (from 25 per cent to only 0.3 per cent) and Thailand (from 11.6 per cent to only 0.3 per cent), have all reported significant decreases in the percentage of their populations living in extreme poverty. Although international poverty lines exist, there are no agreed international standards on how to measure poverty at the national level. As poverty measurement is essentially about wealth distribution, the more disaggregated are the data available about individuals and small groups within a population, the greater will be the value of the information that can be derived from analyses of poverty. Such measurements and policy measures are of relevance in Asia and the Pacific, especially in view of the steadily falling overall poverty rates now occurring despite the existence of persistent pockets of poverty. Indeed, to that end those Indian states already having statistical capability conduct state-level censuses on those living below the poverty line.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty cent extreme living pacific|6.1252317|5.845701|4.825219
4458|Furthermore, the regulation establishes an annual quota level for live cattle and beef based on the estimated shortfall between domestic supply and demand. This quota is allocated by MoT to importers in two six-month tranches: 1 January to 30 June and 1 July to 31 December, based on historical volumes. The quota has been introduced as one of the policy measures to achieve beef self-sufficiency. In practice officials have significantly overestimated domestic supply relative to demand and prices have risen sharply.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|quota beef mot overestimated domestic|3.7042303|4.966131|4.3980083
4459|In particular, some countries tend to have periodic limits specifically for abstraction for irrigation purposes (e.g. 12 years for Austria), while other limits are applied to other uses. In seven responses, it was noted that these rights are transferable, which can imply the possibility of permit ownership transfers, for instance linked to a change in land ownership, or may open the door for potential transactions and or markets. The beneficiaries of groundwater entitlements include mostly individuals, with a number of countries and regions allowing companies and collective bodies. Bundling groundwater with land property rights can make it more difficult for resource management as it leaves less freedom of operation for users (OECD, 2015c).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ownership limits groundwater bundling rights|1.0889381|7.681084|2.2871933
4460|Strong variations are also observed by year in the same aimag. The country plans to reach this objective in three phases. In order to reduce factors affecting preventable maternal and child mortality, Mongolia aims to improve the quality and accessibility of reproductive healthcare services and to reduce malnutrition.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|reduce preventable phases mongolia malnutrition|8.783293|8.357225|3.6872323
4461|Eighteen is the minimum legal age for marriage for women without parental consent in 158 countries (UNFPA, 2012). However, in 146 countries, state or customary law allows girls younger than 18 to marry with the consent of parents or other authorities; in 52 countries, girls under age 15 can marry with parental consent. A recent UNICEF paper reported, for example, that in India, where 47 per cent of girls are married before 18, only 11 people were convicted of perpetuating children marriage in 2010, despite a law forbidding it (UNICEF, 201 la). Such interventions seek to equip girls with knowledge and skills in areas relevant to their lives, including sexual and reproductive health, nutrition, and their rights under the law.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|consent girls marry law unicef|9.616174|5.434391|6.7489734
4462|Garcia Molla’s results suggest that traditional districts supported by state projects combined with ‘two-part tariff systems’ exhibit the lowest consumption levels. They also suggest that all districts using groundwater exclusively or in combination with surface water tend to consume more than those that rely exclusively on surface water resources, indicating perhaps unsustainable use. Rieu (2005) shows that, although demand in Charente is elastic, local authorities have established quotas to avoid the negative effects on farm income.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|exclusively districts surface suggest garcia|1.4925405|7.581002|2.4491851
4463|It should nevertheless not be forgotten that a simple carbon tax has much the same economic effect as a feed-in premium, all the while providing a simple and clear signal to all low-carbon technologies. This requires the provision of flexibility services in order to generate continuous matching of supply and demand. Between dispatchable back-up capacity, increased interconnection capacity, storage and demand-side management, energy markets need to be enabled to find the most efficient solution to provide system flexibility and ensure second-by-second matching of supply and demand.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|matching demand simple flexibility carbon|1.5177518|1.6304085|1.7940241
4464|These include systems that monitor official development assistance, other official flows, South-South flows, and foreign direct investment (Tirpak, Stasio and Tawney, 2012; Tirpak, Brown and Ronquillo-Ballestros, 2014). Second, existing financial monitoring systems can be built upon for more accurate monitoring and tracking of international climate finance specifically. Several countries have in fact begun bringing public sources of climate finance (national and international) into national budgeting and planning systems (Thamrin, 2016; Ministry of Finance, 2014).|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance systems official flows south|1.5512692|3.867256|0.7190561
4465|In addition, the prevailing culture within ministries is often not supportive of gender issues, thus leading to a low level of co-ordination and co-operation between gender units and the other directorates and units w ithin their respective ministries. The role of the unit is to look at the programmes, ensure they are available for both genders equally and to have a gender-sensitive budget. But in reality, [while] the units have been introduced, they do not have any authority to [make] any changes. (|SDG 5 - Gender equality|units gender ministries ithin directorates|9.942979|3.9959762|7.385081
4466|The low level of preventable hospital admissions for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) also tends to show that proper prevention and primary care interventions are in place (Panel C). However, some preventive practices are lagging: avoidable hospital admissions for diabetes are comparatively high, and vaccination rates for risky populations have declined (OECD/EU, 2016). Age-sex standardised rate of adults aged 45 years and over based on admission data. Defined daily doses are the assumed average doses per day for drugs used for its main indication in adults (e.g. 3 grams for oral aspirin). They are constant across countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|admissions hospital adults grams obstructive|9.078283|9.389264|2.1831644
4467|Appreciating the depth and breadth of these changes is critical to help governments reap the benefits that these technologies create and address the challenges that may arise. Finally, the ability to turn many forms of information that once existed solely in analogue form into digital information and to collect, store and analyse it has expanded enormously. The loT can improve consumers’ quality of life, for example by helping to track physical fitness and health or to better manage household tasks and supplies through smart appliances, such as connected refrigerators. For businesses, the loT can help to improve operational efficiency through better preventive maintenance of machinery and products, and can also provide opportunities to sell new digital products and services.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|lot digital products refrigerators enormously|4.62005|3.0855222|2.1279187
4468|This provision is in tandem with Article 16(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which strictly states that marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. The Organic Law instituting the Penal Code (OLPC) in Article 275 prohibits forcing a person to marry or not to marry a person of his or her choice. Article 274 prohibits kidnapping or confinement of a person with intent to live together as husband and wife. Article 194 prohibits living with or attempts to live together with a child as husband and wife, and a person who commits this offence is liable to life imprisonment. This article also makes it an offence to live with or attempt to live with a person, as husband or wife who has attained eighteen years of age but is below twenty years of age.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|article person prohibits wife live|9.723363|5.4677806|7.092275
4469|Rather, true prices free of distorting effects from regulation and taxes would - in almost all the Arctic regions - provide sufficient economic incentives to drive the transition into the 2DS or CNS. It is immediately evident that there is very little difference between the three scenarios in 2035. The major transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy happens independently of the C02 targets imposed in the 2DS and CNS scenarios.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|scenarios transition distorting happens immediately|1.3034102|2.6648364|2.0712364
4470|Abstraction and pollution pricing through charges and taxes are means towards the internalisation of environmental costs into prices (WS Atkins International, 2012). This includes households, municipalities, businesses, public institutions, farmers, etc. It also includes non-consumptive water users such as hydropower companies and thermal power companies and industries using water for cooling purposes, before returning it to a public water course. Although these penalties are theoretically part of a “command and control” regulatory regime, in practice these fines are often treated more like a “cost” of doing business, akin to a tax (OECD EAP Task Force, 2012b).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water companies includes akin eap|1.5348432|7.4856095|2.2968848
4471|It provides insights into the important roles of ecosystem services (ESs) and why their valuation matters. It describes the manual’s aims, focus, target audience, structure, content and limitations (in terms of scope and application). The module also introduces scenarios specific to the context of Bangladesh, which can be used as references, examples and exercises in considering the approaches, methods and concepts presented in the manual.|SDG 15 - Life on land|manual audience introduces module valuation|1.7643011|5.240338|3.5091689
4472|Over the period 1990-2011, a permanent trend is observed of increasing the tree biomass stock (by 30 per cent for coniferous species and 26 per cent for deciduous species). In spite of the decrease in emissions observed, the share of the removals in the total GHG emissions (in CO2 eq) is still remarkable. The reason for this is that the emissions in the other sectors have dropped dramatically.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions species observed removals cent|1.2755625|4.3431053|3.7798235
4473|Master service agreements, contract terms, modifications, extensions, appendices, etc. As an example, the building information modelling (BIM) guideline in Germany is to be implemented until the year 2020, aiming to collect relevant information of a building’s lifecycle in order to ensure transparent communication of all stakeholders (Bundesministerium, 2017). The visualisation of the versioning without a central counterpart creates an eco-system without any vendor locking.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|building locking guideline counterpart lifecycle|1.2654428|6.608776|1.5232326
4474|This project is part of a national E-strategy. It involves the deployment of 4G broadband network infrastructure to enable digital inclusion and provide access to information and knowledge, and make ICTs available for all. The deployed network also provides service to remote and poor connectivity areas.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|network deployed icts broadband deployment|4.8103175|2.9754896|1.6132014
4475|The report enumerates many of the most prominent multiple benefits of energy efficiency and, although the list is not exhaustive, it provides a rich menu of the variety of the benefits that may be of interest to policy makers. Based on a review of existing literature, this report summarises the significance of each of these potential outcomes of energy efficiency measures. In many cases, a ripple effect emerges when energy efficiency improvements take effect at the individual level, triggering benefits for a household and/or enterprise that have a multiplier effect on a specific sector and possibly the whole economy. In addition, as utilities (notably in developing countries) improve their supply-side efficiency, they can provide more electricity to more households, thereby supporting increased access initiatives which is often an important stated objective of supply-side energy efficiency activities in developing countries. The effect of increased spending and investment can in turn result in positive macroeconomic effects described below.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|efficiency effect energy benefits triggering|1.9730928|2.5485625|2.5658832
4476|Teachers are trained to adapt their teaching to different learning needs and styles of students. There is also emphasis on the teaching practicum which includes a minor portion of basic teaching skill practice in front of peers in student groups, and a more significant portion of required teaching practice at teacher training schools run by the university or at affiliated schools. In addition, other teacher groups, such as pre-primary teachers and vocational teachers, are required to have a tertiary education degree.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching teachers portion teacher practice|9.487157|1.2286156|2.2902913
4477|A first reform led to the 1999-2008 National plan for mental health which brought substantial improvement in mental health services, both at the primary and specialised health care settings. Then, the Regular General Practitioners scheme was instituted in 2001 to improve the quality and the access to primary health care services. A GP is normally responsible for a patient list size of up to 1 500 persons.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health mental primary instituted gp|10.095882|8.9169|1.6590015
4478|Capacity building efforts for forest conservation and sustainable management have been enhanced in the last six years through strategic forest programmes such as “ProArbol”. The poor remain the most heavily affected by the loss of forest and soil fertility. Thus it is relevant that the situation of indigenous and local communities has been taken into account when formulating policies for the conservation and sustainable use of forests and biodiversity.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest conservation sustainable formulating heavily|1.4275178|4.761775|3.7934468
4479|The state and municipal levels have been growing in importance in the last decades, as they have asserted their powers and are increasing their share in the distribution of tax receipts. Figure 3.1 provides an overview of the directions of the key financial flows in the Mexican water sector. Further information on the organisation and role of federal institutions for water management is provided in Chapter 1. In some cases, they directly provide water and sanitation services, which have to be funded.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water receipts directions powers mexican|1.8164172|7.1710567|1.9077116
4480|The most striking example is India, which is seen to have the lowest level of labour market insecurity due to unemployment (lower than the OECD average), but a large proportion of workers in subsistence-level jobs. This methodology, discussed in Annex 5.A1, delivers an estimate of upward mobility (the probability of transitioning out of low pay) and an estimate of downward mobility (the probability of transitioning into low pay). The two can be combined to derive a measure of the long-term incidence of low pay, which can be interpreted as the risk that a random worker in the economy will be in a low-paying occupation at a given point in time.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|transitioning pay low probability estimate|7.4283752|5.1263766|4.754908
4481|There arc controlled and uncontrolled dumpsites in areas where groundwater resources of the alluvial aquifers of the Drava and Mura rivers arc highly vulnerable to pollution. Uncontrolled landfills sometimes pollute surrounding soil and groundwater in Croatia. Industrial pollution in Slovenia (due to significant chemical industry) in the Drava sub-basin is reported to be in decline.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|uncontrolled arc groundwater pollution dumpsites|0.6573271|6.659824|2.890595
4482|Three climate change scenarios were considered: low emissions (RCP 2.6), medium emissions (RCP 4.5) and high emissions (RCP 8.5). Each scenario was projected using twelve different climate models, and the median result was taken as the value for the respective drought and flood indicators. Scenarios of no adaptation as well as low and high adaptation were taken into consideration. The greatest vulnerabilities are seen in areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South and South East Asia, where millions of people are likely to face greater risk of food insecurity as a result of climate change by the 2050s.|SDG 13 - Climate action|rcp emissions scenarios climate adaptation|1.4535197|5.0750146|2.0052702
4483|Least developed countries in the region had a lower unemployment rate of 4.0 per cent; in upper middle-income economies, the rate was 4.8 per cent and in high income economies it was 4.6 per cent. Landlocked developing countries faired significantly worse with unemployment at 6.9 per cent. ( The North and Central Asian subregion had the highest youth unemployment rate at 14.7 per cent in 2013; however, that rate represents a steep drop from the high of22.9 percent in 1998. Over recent years, the region has continued to grow as a major tourist destination.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|cent rate unemployment economies region|7.830645|4.126791|4.2863765
4484|World Bank, (also available at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/552891468229171088/Cambodia-Nutrition-at-a-g lance). World Bank, (also available at http//documents. Bangladesh - Nutrition at a glance. World Bank, (also available at http://documents. To tackle its underlying causes, it is important to address the problem from different angles, and link production, consumption and nutrition perspectives within a holistic food system approach.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|documents http nutrition bank available|4.4661536|5.548486|4.443492
4485|At every level of the workforce, women drop out or stall below top leadership positions, creating a ‘leaking pipeline’ of talent for New Zealand’s management sector. As the national women’s machinery, it is responsible for providing policy advice on how to improve the situation of women across the country, as well as suitable women nominees for state sector boards and committees. Additionally, the ministry provides support and policy advice to the National Advisory Council on the Employment of Women, an independent advisory body that monitors women’s employment. For MWA, stronger gender balance is not just a goal unto itself, but has long-lasting and countrywide impacts for organisational performance and productivity. Basing its theory of change on the growing body of international evidence demonstrating the economic value of increasing gender diversity, MWA asserts that more women in leadership will bring diverse views to the decision-making table. This correlates to better decision-making and organisational performance, as well as stronger connections to clients, stakeholders and investors.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women mwa organisational advisory advice|10.192927|4.07797|6.929633
4486|While the share of solar and wind in the overall energy mix still remains below the country’s potential (just over 6% in 2016), Chile has become a leading solar producer in the Latin American region. In response to Argentina’s curtailment of natural gas exports in 2007, Chile has initiated efforts to reduce its dependence on fossil fuel imports and tap into domestic renewable energy resources. Moreover, public discontent has put pressure on the future development of large-scale hydropower projects.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|solar chile curtailment discontent tap|1.8309903|2.0666356|2.303372
4487|Also because of the capital lumpiness in water supply this provides an incentive to expand the capacity in surface water storage at a single point in time rather than spread out over time, which can mean that it may be a considerable duration before demand materialises to use this capacity. Policy interventions in agriculture regarding water commonly involve changing the quantity and/or quality of access, as usually farmers have some access to water. Hence, to measure the benefit from an increment in water supply for farming in the receiving areas it is necessary to estimate the marginal value of water (marginal net profit) in the agricultural uses that would go out of production without the new increment of water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water increment marginal supply capacity|1.2575005|7.5724015|2.6192992
4488|However, replicating the development path of industrialized countries based almost exclusively on fossil fuels would result in a level of emissions that would preclude reaching meaningful global targets with respect to emissions reductions. Renewable energies could in theory address both issues, allowing developing countries to develop while limiting the growth in emissions from that part of the world. Such causality is best demonstrated at the micro level. There is a wide body of literature showing how access to energy, especially clean cooking energy and electricity, radically improves livelihoods and basic development indicators.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emissions radically causality industrialized energies|1.68634|2.7699983|2.44509
4489|For this to happen, it is essential to have the acceptance and support of such development from the communities that will reap the benefits and costs associated w ith tourism development. As in many countries, destination management plans (DMP) can be used to support tourism development and take into account local needs and characteristics (OECD, 2018a). They can help to co-ordinate public and private actors.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism development reap acceptance happen|6.358031|3.8599281|2.8615997
4490|In all cases, special measures should be instituted to address the particular justice needs of victims of sexual and other forms of gender-based violence. These might include special hearings on violence against women and/or men, boys or girls, victim support, prosecution procedures that uphold victims’ rights, and reparations that include health care services. Bratislava: UNDP, DCAF.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|victims violence special hearings uphold|9.984788|5.068539|7.625835
4491|Effective measures include agricultural research, technology transfer, and extension and advisory sendees. Food insecurity is a consequence of poverty, except in emergency situations where physical supplies break down. Tariff protection for staple foods, which is sometimes suggested as a means to improve food security, may expand domestic output and hence raise the availability of food, but it does not help poor consumers to gain access to the food they need.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food sendees staple foods break|4.3610635|5.299211|4.3165154
4492|In remote rural regions, food supply can be a major challenge, as can access to food. Moreover, because these regions have small populations that tend to be politically disenfranchised, they are not a high-priority constituency for national governments when food insecurity challenges emerge. For poor households, food consumption typically accounts for around half of all expenditures, making them particularly susceptible to price increases.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food regions susceptible politically emerge|4.450127|5.5289683|4.2995744
4493|Awarding a qualification is thus an official recognition of a student’s achievements by a competent body. In a further step, certification assures the documentation of students’ skills which allows them to communicate their competencies to others (OECD, 2007). As the end of upper secondary education represents an important point of decision for a student’s career progression in most OECD countries, assessment for qualification and certification at this stage of education carries high stakes, which leads to several particularities for its design and implementation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|qualification certification student awarding stakes|9.09329|2.2313194|2.0081332
4494|The close involvement these critical partners often determines the success of a biodiversity mainstreaming initiative, as the objective of biodiversity mainstreaming is to embed biodiversity considerations directly into the planning and operations of such production sectors. Through a strong community of practice in biodiversity planning, a number of biodiversity priority areas have been identified for terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems at various scales. Spatial biodiversity planning is conducted at national, provincial and municipal scale, and is based on best available biodiversity science including species distributions, climate change adaptation, ecosystem services and more. Avoided loss/degradation: By ensuring that biodiversity is properly considered during development planning and decision-making, loss of biodiversity priority areas can be prevented.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity planning mainstreaming loss priority|1.6049207|5.3937016|3.8998914
4495|While output is determined by demand, supply-side inefficiencies contribute to inflation. Overly aggressive monetary policy responses can also have strong output costs with limited effects on the underlying causes of inflation, as the case of India suggests. High budget deficits in most of these countries also have inflationary implications. Poor infrastructure and high relative public service costs are contributing factors. Exchange rate depreciation affecting a number of currencies in the subregion also resulted in price rises of imported commodities, including food and fuel. The persistence of high inflation in Pakistan is primarily due to entrenched expectations of inflation remaining high.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|inflation high output aggressive inflationary|5.4555335|4.975985|3.7715244
4496|In addition, children from poor households, who are more likely to be exposed to such diseases as pneumonia and malaria, are less likely to receive proper medical attention than children from better-off households (Victoria and others, 2003). At the global level, the net relative mortality risk of a child from the richest quin-tileis 81 per cent that for a child from the poorest quintile (figure 7). As observed before for the whole age range of 0-4 years (0-59 months), the net relative risk of infant mortality diminishes steadily with the level of household wealth. The relative mortality risks are 96 per cent for infants from the middle quintile and 94 per cent for infants from the rich quintile, compared to children from the poorest quintile.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|quintile infants mortality relative cent|8.783318|8.370045|3.6706498
4497|The New Urban Agenda, adopted at Habitat III, supports the implementation of SDG 11 and outlines a new paradigm. Fundamental to this paradigm is a shared vision where cities and human settlements fulfill their social function, engender a sense of belonging and ownership amongst all inhabitants, practise civic engagement, empower women and girls, meet the challenges and opportunities of future growth enhancing urban economies and value-added activities, and link people, places, services and economic activities. This includes cities and human settlements that strengthen sustainable urban transport and mobility, ICT communication networks, e-government strategies, as well as citizen-centric digital governance tools, tapping into technological innovations. Digital technologies have impacted urban development and management over recent years.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban paradigm digital settlements cities|3.8988252|4.6901813|1.6929878
4498|Furthermore, the green growth poles are self-dynamic in nature, with catalytic and spillover effects, notably in terms of income generation, enhanced technological and skills capacity, as well as lower pressure on material/resource depletion and related resource pricing. However, in some areas (e.g. EE in end-use sectors and renewable energy equipment), additional investments will have to be made by a large number of small investors, for which viable financing arrangements/facilities should be made available.54 Furthermore, mobilization of private investment in poor developing countries will not be straightforward, and will likely require significant additional official development assistance and other foreign assistance, as well as foreign direct investment. Similarly, a group of companies, including Sony and Nokia, have created an “eco-patent commons” with initial donations of 31 EE-related patents.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee foreign furthermore assistance resource|5.0061607|3.4538796|2.4101129
4499|The successful groups have managed to reduce headcount poverty rates from over 80% in the 1980s to close to 44% in 2007, while for the lagging countries, the total poverty rate has remained at well over 70% throughout the period. Both the headcount ratio and the number of the poor in this group of countries were declining over this period. Their share increased from about 13% to 18% of the total population between the early 1980s and 2007, while the percentage of their population living below $2 a day increased from about 16% to over 30%.|SDG 1 - No poverty|headcount period total increased lagging|6.225385|5.8908696|5.027176
4500|In private-subsidised schools, principals are employed according to the Labour Code. While the employment framework, therefore, differs, school principals in both systems need to have relevant training and teaching experience to be eligible for a position. Professionals from other fields outside education may only apply in exceptional cases.|SDG 4 - Quality education|principals exceptional differs code subsidised|9.884312|1.4509685|2.0001624
4501|The mean number of events per patient increased by 10% for each additional medication. Between 17-30% of errors were correlated with polypharmacy that could be reduced through the use of reminders in an electronic prescription /ordering system (Meredith et al, 2001). Complexity can be clinical as well as biopsychosocial.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medication prescription errors correlated electronic|8.834158|9.655153|1.8154719
4502|In 2010, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued interpretive guidance on climate change disclosure, but so far it seems to have had limited effects: 59% of Standard & Poor’s 500 companies do report on climate but, according to some, their disclosures have been disappointing (Ceres, 2014). This reporting requirement has not been changed in spite of the July 2014 repeal of the 2011 Climate Tax. In March 2014, the NDRC announced a new regulation requiring all firms emitting more than 13 000 tonnes (C02-eq) to begin reporting their annual GHG emissions. It is expected to be enforced from 2015 (Reuters, 2014).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate reporting disappointing disclosures emitting|1.3861694|3.6617575|0.95056343
4503|Several chambers of commerce, notably in the Gulf countries, have established businesswomen's committees to increase women's participation in these associations. Businesswomen's associations exist in all MENA economies and offer networking opportunities, mentoring, training, and in some cases business incubation, to women entrepreneurs. This is a dynamic business association of dedicated female professionals in Jordan working to increase women's economic participation in Jordan by harnessing the under-utilised economic and social capabilities of Jordanian women by drawing on the experience of its accomplished members, its resources and its networks, and providing effective services in response to the needs of its members, female professionals and business owners.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|businesswomen business women jordan associations|9.056294|3.3721094|6.653702
4504|These possibilities are, however, limited by the gendered violence that stems from strong ethnic identification, which seems particularly pronounced among Kyrgyz migrants. Even when females have not faced such violence on their own, the knowledge of such risks serves as a limiting mechanism. However, before doing so, a look will be taken at the plans migrants have for the future in order to consider whether this transnational migration is a desired way of life.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migrants violence kyrgyz stems transnational|8.839876|5.3321185|7.096447
4505|Interviews at regional and country level revealed that the lack of gender materials in languages other than English also posed a problem. Gender Net, a peer information-sharing and problem-solving network for UNDP staff, was initially set up as an email-based platform, later becoming an active network. In addition, communities of practice were established by each regional centre, curated by regional gender advisors/prac-tice leaders, and these were subsequendy transferred to the Teamworks platform. Participation dropped 30% to 40% from one year to the next according to statistics maintained by the knowledge management staff.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|platform regional gender staff problem|9.985826|3.971525|7.831343
4506|It has therefore decided to engage in a project dedicated to ‘Advancing the aquaculture agenda’. The overall project objective is to examine the policy challenges for a competitive and sustainable aquaculture sector in OECD countries. In addition, the project fully embraces the vision of the recent OECD Declaration on Green Growth (OECD, 2009) which states that 'the OECD can, through policy analysis and identification of best practices, assist countries in their efforts to respond to the growing policy demands to foster green growth and work with countries to develop further measures to build sustainable economies’.|SDG 14 - Life below water|project oecd aquaculture green policy|0.31902826|6.0472817|6.5398006
4507|Moreover, general medicine specialist training also includes tasks that require a deeper knowledge of common public health issues, mental health included (OECD Mental health questionnaire, 2013). As there is no gatekeeping in primary care to limit the access to specialist (mental) health services, many patients in need of treatment (for severe mental disorders in particular) may seek specialist level care directly. Psychiatric specialist services are mainly provided in psychiatric outpatient wards located in general hospitals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|specialist mental psychiatric health general|10.162026|8.811031|1.5965512
4508|Management institutions are unable to address compliance, while low skills and technological development in the region, which may otherwise permit improve public attitudes towards conservation, is inadequate. These social aspects are discussed in the rest of this chapter. There are nevertheless several examples of coastal communities in the region who have upheld resource use regulations informed by their sense of attachment to a resource base (Cinner and Aswani 2007). In some, fisherfolk describe their rights to marine commons as akin to communal ownership derived from their ancestors or a spiritual being.|SDG 15 - Life on land|resource upheld commons akin spiritual|0.024130376|5.8074136|6.3746557
4509|These indicate that commodity sectors feature prominently in these countries’ climate change mitigation and adaption commitments. Although CDDCs as a group have contributed only modestly to climate change, and notwithstanding their heterogeneity, they have pledged to contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change modestly prominently cddcs|1.1737931|3.4903643|1.2357463
4510|A better-designed approach could help win support from the city government and citizens. Diverse approaches to congestion pricing, including value pricing and area pricing, could be examined with a view to diversifying congestion fees in Korea, reflecting the characteristics of different urban development patterns (Boxes 2.20 and 2.21). The United Stales, by contrast, charges congestion fees by value pricing for travellers on a particular segment of a facility.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|pricing congestion fees boxes value|4.245416|4.8463063|0.77928036
4511|Women's election to urban local government has increased their social respectability and provided them with the ability to solve the problems of ordinary people (Ibid.). In Chennai, too, several Resident Welfare Associations concerned about the absence of educated middle-class citizen's in public life, fielded their members, including women, as candidates. Regardless of having a number of prominent and powerful female politicians, women's participation in politics in both countries is very low. Despite the provision for reservation of one-third of the seats in local governments, women members are not able to participate effectively.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women members chennai reservation resident|10.465246|4.3899126|7.134229
4512|This new investment cycle will constitute a major test for competitive markets and one of the last opportunities to decarbonise the electricity mix by 2050. Many economists, as well as the IEA (2007), recommend well-functioning electricity markets as the efficient solution, provided that prices can rise high enough during periods of scarcity, and that there is a stable regulatory framework. Yet a growing number of countries have recently adopted new rules mandating system operators to contract for generation capacity (New Zealand, Ontario, California, Norway and Sweden) or have introduced explicit margin or capacity targets (PJM, Italy, Australia's eastern states and Latin America).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|new electricity mandating markets recommend|1.8175145|1.7798845|1.8624961
4513|However, if abused, they can also be used to facilitate IUU fishing or, if not taken into account in fisheries management, can increase fishing power in general and result in overexploitation of resources. This is a risk with blockchains, for example, as they make it possible to gather more information and to use it more efficiently and effectively, thus increasing predictive capacity. Some new technologies have also created barriers for fisheries that lack the capacity or financial resources to adopt them. Similarly, it is essential to address barriers to fishers' and fish farmers' access to new technologies, and to build their capacity to take advantage of disruptive technologies.|SDG 14 - Life below water|technologies capacity fishing barriers fisheries|-0.09004486|5.575502|6.7830167
4514|See Annex 3 for notes fwww.oecd.ory/education/education-at-a-plance-19991487.html. It is crucial to provide and ensure access to organised learning opportunities for adults beyond initial formal education, especially for workers who need to adapt to changes throughout their careers and who have difficulty achieving high labour market outcomes (OECD, 2013). Social integration requires that individuals have the basic skills and knowledge needed to exercise their rights and responsibilities as citizens and enjoy the benefits of community life.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education html notes enjoy careers|8.878325|2.4925802|2.570352
4515|Now the court, because of the pressure of Palestinian women, introduced a law that forces at least a six-month waiting period before a woman can be asked to sign off her inheritance to a brother-in-law, father or brother. After this, she has to be aware of how much the inheritance is and how much the cost of it is. They explain that this is their right.”|SDG 5 - Gender equality|brother inheritance law palestinian father|9.250704|5.186428|7.1313562
4516|At the same time, in countries where 10-20% of pre-school age children were excluded (Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Malta, and Slovakia), there were no significant differences by income. However, missing values for Austria and Bulgaria are relatively low (7 per cent), while data for Sweden (35 per cent) need to be interpreted with extreme caution. There are no significant differences by income for the oldest age group, except in Slovakia, where poor children were more likely to be excluded. This helps construct the profiles of multiply deprived and/or poor children, identifying the most vulnerable sub-groups.|SDG 1 - No poverty|slovakia excluded children differences multiply|7.2558556|6.321893|5.22479
4517|By contrast, three out of four apprentices at the upper secondary level were in technical and industrial fields.) Some evidence shows that employment rates are higher for graduate apprentices than for students with equivalent school-based qualifications (Abriac, Rathelot and Sanchez, 2009). More than 160 000 adults aged 16 to 65 were surveyed in 24 countries and regions. Since ISCED 4, 5B and 5A each include both general and vocational programmes, short-cycle post-secondary vocational programmes were approximated by modifying ISCED 4 and 5B by reference to the field of study. The Survey provides information on the areas of studies for current education and for the highest qualification.|SDG 4 - Quality education|apprentices isced vocational secondary modifying|8.459701|2.6620562|2.8428547
4518|Tutoring is a rapidly expanding and profitable business with several providers listed on stock exchanges. In 2011, over 71% of families spent money on after-school tutoring, mainly at the primary and secondary levels. With rapidly growing household disposable incomes, as long as tutoring is a prerequisite to academic success, such spending will increase.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tutoring rapidly prerequisite exchanges profitable|9.056507|1.9707431|2.4988225
4519|"Poverty lines defined as a proportion of the mean or median are ""strongly relative"" in the words of Ravallion (2010), in the sense that the elasticity of the poverty line to mean income is unity. This property implies that a proportional increase in all incomes (or all levels of consumption) in an economy leaves the poverty measure unaltered (Ravallion and Chen, 2011). Indeed, their proposed poverty schedule has elasticity zero for mean incomes up to USD 1.95 a day and then elasticity rising from 0.5 at USD 1.95 a day up to an asymptotic value of unity. Indeed, when all incomes increase by a given proportion, the median increases by the same proportion."|SDG 1 - No poverty|elasticity unity mean incomes ravallion|6.336195|6.0108085|5.1527886
4520|Improving sanitation services: recommended activities. The plant would be built in Myasnikyan community, at the end of the operating collector adjacent to the irrigation canal. The emergency segments of the collector from Baghramyan to Myasnikyan (about 1 km in length), as well as the emergency segments of the collector passing through the area of Myasnikyan village (about 600 meters), should be restored. The renovation and expansion of the internal sewerage network is not planned at this stage.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|collector segments emergency canal restored|1.3818818|6.970883|2.3937004
4521|Replacing chemical fertilisers with organic alternatives for greener food production, diversifying renewable energy sources to close the energy access gap, integrating land use management with community forestry approaches, and tackling urban-level climate change are among the actions which are also currently outlined in the CRGE as having great potential to achieve accelerated economic growth, mitigate climate change and scale up development benefits. The 2008 global financial crisis saw these concepts enter political debate and frame economic decision-making, particularly when most G20 countries dedicated a significant proportion of their economic stimulus packages to green investments. The idea was that stalled growth and unemployment could be kick-started through investing in new ‘green sectors’ such as low-carbon energy, transport, buildings and other infrastructure. Others have viewed the idea as making changes in economic governance to tackle resource scarcities - how can the energy, transport, agriculture, water, and other resource demands of economic growth best be met (OECD, 2012).|SDG 13 - Climate action|economic energy idea growth green|1.988467|3.886918|2.1951106
4522|The growth pattern of the 2000s, which was relatively successful, is beginning to show fissures and vulnerabilities, and change is needed. Fissures provide opportunities to reshape institutional arrangements and forge new social and political agreements that are compatible with a development pattern founded on both more equality and more sustainability. The success of democratic societies lies in recognizing these challenges and negotiating the establishment of new institutions that adapt to new scenarios or foster the necessary changes.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|pattern new forge recognizing negotiating|6.2403355|5.23618|4.1705785
4523|The effects of these policies on lung cancer death rates remain to be seen over the coming decades. In 2012-14, the government established several small-scale programmes to fight excessive alcohol misuse among young adults through awareness-raising activities which are part of the National Action Plan 2015-2019 in the fight against drugs and related addictions. A national alcohol strategy is currently under development.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|fight alcohol misuse lung excessive|9.231913|9.646718|3.3742814
4524|But it also generates inequalities in access to health care, as only employees can benefit from it, and leads to duplication of services. Hence, it would be desirable to remove privileged access to primary care through the occupational sector. However, it is only conceivable if responsiveness is not affected. User fees, from which only the occupational sector is exempted, could be another contentious issue. The impact on private health care is more ambiguous.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|occupational care contentious ambiguous privileged|8.819917|8.76303|1.9880452
4525|A number of plans also include targets and indicators, such as those related to deforestation, land use and degradation (Colombia, Ethiopia), increase in forest cover (Nepal, Uganda), species in danger of extinction, and the number and size of protected areas. Most countries have devoted separate thematic sections to biodiversity, ecosystems or environmental protection more broadly. China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP) (2011-15) for example, addresses biodiversity under ecosystem protection and accelerated restoration, as part of the plan’s overarching strategy to build “a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society through green development”.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity fyp plan protection extinction|1.6004434|5.013306|3.8554916
4526|Studies in 2003 showed that when women and girls earn income, they reinvest 90 per cent of it into their families, as compared to the 30 to 40 per cent that men and boys contribute. Research has also shown that higher levels of schooling among mothers correlate with better infant and child health. Yes, this is the Girl Effect, and we have only begun to see its myriad effects.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|correlate yes myriad cent girl|9.203142|4.830098|5.996125
4527|It is very important that the commitment to gender equity and equality in the SSF Guidelines be reflected in this process, and that women in fishing communities and their legitimate representatives be integrally involved. The example from Brazil in Case study 28 is a good illustration of this process. There should be monitoring mechanisms that define gender-sensitive outcome and process indicators, and measure compliance in participation with the various stakeholders. Therefore, a balanced and equitable partnership approach and cross-sector collaboration are prerequisites for successful implementation (FAO, 2015b).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|process ssf illustration legitimate gender|0.027855828|5.784187|6.529189
4528|While each topic covered could merit much deeper analysis on its own, this paper takes a broad overview of these implications of Paris on trade. A crude picture can be drawn. The European Union and the USA, industrialised historic GHG emitters with emissions caps under the Kyoto Protocol, sought to broaden the agreement to require all states to make mitigation commitments.|SDG 13 - Climate action|caps emitters broaden industrialised merit|1.2614058|3.459805|1.6218656
4529|Urban challenges can be separated into two broad categories: developed versus developing countries, and within those categories, primate versus secondary cities. This simplified typology is not intended to be exhaustive but rather illustrative of some of the differences in urban conditions and challenges which exist and would influence policy recommendations and specific solutions of the New Urban Agenda. The levels of GDP per capita of countries are used as proxies for level of development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|versus urban categories challenges typology|4.1574483|5.1608586|1.9254738
4530|One model that seems to fit well with the findings of this paper is developed by Maclver and Maclver (2009). They suggest a strategy for dropout prevention that can be applied at all levels of the education system and which serves as a good example of a strategy that can be implemented even in a time of financial crisis. The report presents a strategy that combines targeting easily measurable ABCs of Disengagement (high absenteeism, behavioural problems and course failure) with comprehensive school reform and targeted interventions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|strategy absenteeism measurable dropout combines|9.42361|2.3636637|2.7367034
4531|"Among young adults under 50, rising mortality rates from accidental poisoning (a large proportion of which were due to drug misuse) increased overall mortality rates at these ages during 2011-16, making a small negative contribution to changes in life expectancy at birth in England (PHE, 2018c; ONS, 2018d). High or rising levels of drug overdose mortality are apparent in several high-income countries (eg the UK, Sweden, Canada, Australia) although not approaching the levels in the USA (Ho and Hendi, 2018). In the USA sharply rising death rates from the large-scale drug overdose crisis among younger men and women, and from unintentional injuries overall, are significant contributors to falling life expectancy (Box 6.2) (Sherry et al, 2018). The USA's opioid ""crisis"" includes use of both illegal opiates and prescribed opioid-based painkillers. Canada is also experiencing a serious opioid crisis, especially among young and middle-aged adults, which is slowing improvements in life expectancy (Government of Canada, 2018)."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|opioid usa expectancy drug overdose|8.654353|9.825934|3.3979564
4532|A dedicated Trust Fund for the Promotion of the Software Industry (FONSOFT) has been established. Managed by the National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion, it supports R&D projects, professional training, quality improvement and start-ups. It targets individuals as well as new firms. Financial support includes a subsidy of $45,000 to be executed over a two-year period. Activities eligible for funding include hiring professional services, obtaining technical assistance and a certain proportion of the entrepreneurs’ salaries.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|promotion professional executed hiring obtaining|5.99475|3.1344776|2.739248
4533|The assessment should be based on performance measures that teachers consider to be fair and accurate, which could include common professional teaching standards, and should provide incentives for behaviour that supports the overall goals of the education system (OECD, 2009). For example, teachers in Romania reported to the Review Team that they would like to be rewarded with professional learning opportunities. The ministry also currently has the legislated authority to award teachers a range of decorations, orders, medals and titles, which could be used to publicly champion teachers’ efforts to increase the equity of the education system by supporting success for all students. Improving appraisal processes to support teachers’ continuing professional learning and competency development, and providing teachers with greater opportunities to make use of their higher levels of knowledge and skills will benefit teachers, students, schools and the education system as a whole.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers professional education learning champion|9.658214|1.3829888|1.6580418
4534|The 2013 reform of MSW management replaced a poorly regulated system in which each household or building contracted separately for waste collection with one in which municipalities are responsible for MSW. Preliminary evidence suggests that this reform is helping achieve the main MSW policy objectives. Nevertheless, a range of challenges remains. In particular, municipalities need significantly more capacity and support to carry out their responsibilities and to ensure that waste management services are provided efficiently and effectively.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|msw municipalities waste reform contracted|0.42731997|4.0451756|3.1228786
4535|The largest vessel group consists of the smallest coastal vessels (less than 11 meters), they account for 79% of the vessels. The ocean-going vessels account for only 4% of the vessels. All 12 vessel groups showed a positive operating profit. The total operating revenues for the fishing fleet in the population w'ere estimated to NOK 13 billion, while the total operating expenses were estimated to NOK 11.1 billion.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessels nok operating vessel billion|-0.0985864|5.8933315|6.8229094
4536|However, while contribution credits can be a valuable tool to improve women's pension benefits, they are unlikely to close gender gaps in coverage and benefits on their own and need to be conceived as part of a wider package of gender equality-enhancing measures. In a context of gendered labour markets, contributory pension systems face several constraints to guarantee universal and adequate pension benefits for women. Women’s lives of work are different from men’s in a number of important aspects, and these differences affect gender equality in pension entitlements even under gender-neutral pension system rules.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pension gender benefits women equality|8.427184|5.4407043|5.3215218
4537|A number of participatory intersectoral assessments, informed by analysis, have been carried out in transboundary basins, such as the Alazani/Ganykh, the Sava and its tributary, the Drina, and the Syr Darya. This inclusive approach provides a good basis for identifying solutions jointly. Moreover, meetings and workshops on the water-food-energy-ecosystem nexus provide for exchange of experience on intersectoral impacts and trade-offs as well as good practices to address them. At the national level, the project aims at improving legal and institutional capacity of authorities involved in dam safety management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|intersectoral good tributary syr drina|0.86521924|7.1509547|1.8746288
4538|They use acts of violence and a series of behaviours, including intimidation, threats, psychological abuse, isolation, etc. They choose their tactics carefully: some destroy property, some rely on threats of abuse, and some threaten children. Any man who disregards a women’s “no” is raping her. Withdrawing support for the prosecution of her abuser may appear to be her safest short-term choice in a context of many difficult choices.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|threats abuse withdrawing prosecution threaten|9.963209|5.435102|7.44469
4539|"However, of greater value for monitoring SFM is ""intensity of use"". Work to understand how data is collected could inform proposals for common definitions and methods that could then be promoted across Europe to enhance the quality of this part of the indicator. This is perhaps the priority area for the development of social indicators for forestry at European level."|SDG 15 - Life on land|promoted proposals definitions inform forestry|1.4093637|4.686813|3.7538943
4540|The analysis also assumes a 50% increase in gas tariff by 2020. This flaw in the methodology limits operators’ investment, because they need to account for the risk that these investments may not be profitable and may not even cover the costs of capital. Also, there is a need to set asset value based on economic and not on accounting value, which in the case of old assets has a significant effect on the capacity of the operator to replace assets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|assets value operator need profitable|1.6870338|2.853683|1.6816375
4541|"Approaches to participatory and gender-responsive budgeting offer prospects for gender-responsive decisions in funding allocation decisions and for ensuring accountability for tracking and reporting on gender-specific financing benchmarks. International human rights frameworks offer important standards for holding states accountable. However, to achieve sustainable development with gender equality at its centre, women’s rights need to be brought far more fully into policy frameworks. Global efforts to integrate gender equality and sustainable development thus far have been mixed, ranging from “exclusion to nominal inclusion"" (Cela, Dankelman and Stern, 2013)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender responsive frameworks offer far|9.598644|4.144344|7.492513
4542|With a digital signature and its incorporation into a blockchain, for example, it is possible to check the authenticity and uniqueness of radio frequency identification tags used to track parts through a supply chain. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created a technical committee on blockchain and DLTs (ISO/TC 307).173 The standardization sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established a focus group on applying DLT. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) produces a variety of standards in the telecommunications industry, including those that enabled key global technologies, such as GSM'“, 3G, 4G, DECT™ and smart cards.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|standardization iso telecommunications blockchain standards|4.7465687|3.0105128|1.6669061
4543|In addition to sector-specific activities, Austria has taken steps to mainstream climate change adaptation throughout government operations. One such step was the Climate Impact Test, a mandatory test on climate change mitigation and adaptation applied to proposed federal regulations. It was later integrated into the new regulatory impact assessment process, in force since 2013.|SDG 13 - Climate action|test climate adaptation impact change|1.2796471|4.7360044|1.6333705
4544|The objective is to support an integrated and cross-disciplinaiy planning process, instead of a sector-specific one and to foster regional-local co-ordination on thematic topics. Evidence on the role of urban governance from five OECD countries”, OECD Regional Development Working Papers, No. Studies on the Agricultural and Food Sector in Central and Eastern Europe, Vol.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|regional thematic sector topics papers|4.0444117|5.4538703|1.78049
4545|At the same time, they may feel intimidated by ride services that combine technological elements that they may poorly master and the need to provide banking details in advance. In cities where frequent accessible buses and on-street hail taxis are available, this would mean ensuring that ride services licensed by public authorities provide services as accessible as those they complement or replace and that drivers are sufficiently trained. This may mean a substantial number of vehicles deployed would meet international accessibility standards. On-going monitoring of these outcomes is necessary.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ride accessible mean services taxis|4.252351|5.042185|0.41264883
4546|In comparison, system costs for dispatchable technologies such as nuclear, coal and gas are at least one order of magnitude lower, i.e. below USD 2 per MWh. For instance, a significant share of hydroelectric resources would provide some or all of the flexibility required to integrate variable renewables and thus limit the increase in system costs. Depending on their technical characteristics, which differ according to the reactor type, nuclear energy further contributes to the flexibility provision in low-carbon systems.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|flexibility nuclear reactor costs hydroelectric|1.4090877|1.6915787|1.7976038
4547|The short-term forces are related to the business cycle, as explained by conventional Keynesian theory. In the long term, the potential income of the poor is determined by the growth rate of the economy, the elasticity of employment with respect to output growth and the quality of employment. Quality of employment refers not only to the returns to labour, but also to a host of attributes of work that are subsumed under the notion of labour standards and the ‘decent work’ criteria set by the International Labour Organization (ILO), including, for example, protection against unfair dismissal, health and safety standards at work, the length of the working day, the right of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining with employers, and the scope for the workers to participate in decision-making processes.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment labour work standards organize|8.095121|4.4150066|4.5212607
4548|The difference between this indicator and the initial poverty rate is the distribution effect Both effects can also be calculated by exchanging the initial and end periods. Both obstacles can be overcome by averaging the calculated effects using each of the two base years respectively (Kakwani.i997>, which is the procedure used to perform the calculations in this chapter. Journal of Development Economics, vol. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1992. For this analysis, and in the absence of longitudinal surveys that would serve to identify changes in the income sources of the same households, the variations between 2012 and 2017 are studied for the same proportion of households (those whose per capita income at the start of the period was below the poverty line). Thus, if poor households represented 20% of the total in 2012, for 2017 the poorest 20% of households by income are selected, regardless of whether the households in that range are living in poverty or not.|SDG 1 - No poverty|households calculated poverty initial income|6.368672|5.6921597|4.9702
4549|These tools are contributing to the growing science of cities. This initiative envisions the use of circular economy techniques to link an urban extension to existing settlements. The initiative aims to incen-tivize ideas for decentralized, closed-loop models of spatial planning and peri-urban service provision that replace fossil energy with renewables; derive new water, biogas, and fertilizer from wastewater; and produce food and biofuel with recycled inputs, all co-generated at near net-zero waste. Each RENEWW Zone would offer, within walking or cycling distance, a green space for community recreation, recycling and sanitation services, as well as a place to purchase fresh food, recycled goods, biofuels and safe drinking water.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|recycled initiative loop peri biogas|3.629965|4.8830132|1.890654
4550|Several agencies supported countries developing STI policy frameworks, including UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNECE, UNESCAP and the World Bank (IATT-STI, 2017[3]). The declaration made at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in Istanbul in 2011 welcomed the establishment of a technology bank dedicated to LDCs. The Istanbul Programme of Action for The Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 included the establishment of a “Technology Bank and Science, Technology and Information supporting mechanism, dedicated to least developed countries which would help improve least developed countries ’ scientific research and innovation base, promote networking among researchers and research institutions, help least developed countries access and utilise critical technologies, and draw together bilateral initiatives and support by multilateral institutions and the private sector, building on the existing international initiatives. ” The AAAA and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development reaffirmed the importance of this mechanism and requested, through SDG target 17.8, for it to be “fully operationalised by 2017”.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|developed countries sti bank technology|4.800116|3.41636|2.133411
4551|The Effects of broadband Internet expansion on labor market outcomes.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, April 2013, vol. The Digital Road to Recovery: A Stimulus Plan to Create Jobs, Boost Productivity and Revitalize America. The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, Washington, DC.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labor dc stimulus washington april|4.9314427|2.964595|2.1614482
4552|For instance, the climate and early warning systems (CREWS) international initiative, launched in 2015, aims to increase the capacity of LDCs and SIDS to generate and communicate early warnings and risk information (WMO, 2018). These are expected to boost these countries’ resilience to changing climatic conditions and climate variability. In addition to mitigating disaster risks in the agricultural sector, strengthening emergency response and recovery systems can help limit the impacts of natural disasters on rural lives and livelihoods.|SDG 13 - Climate action|early wmo warnings systems climate|1.5208846|5.2036595|1.7126874
4553|However, the taxes are more onerous in LDCs where they account for a larger share of per capita income. Data for LDCs included in the GSMA study show that handset taxes range from 0 to 40% of the cost (see Box chart 4.1). The country has the second lowest taxes on handsets among the LDCs, which has an important impact on the price. By 2016, almost half of Cambodians had a smartphone.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ldcs taxes chart lowest capita|4.8308854|2.8182633|1.4689335
4554|"In this way, it attempts to value NEETs’ unpaid household work in monetary terms. Time devoted to non-market production by youth NEETs in Argentina is almost constant across the three age groups, but much higher among young women than young men. There are three possibilities within the input approach. First is the ""opportunity cost” wage that a person could be paid for working an extra hour in a market job rather than an hour of unpaid household work."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|neets hour unpaid young household|8.4064245|3.9923146|4.163545
4555|In turn, social norms are grounded on deeper principles and values associated with just social arrangements and institutions, articulated by competing ethical perspectives. Our discussion demonstrates the relevance and significance of ethical perspectives for poverty and poverty reduction. In particular they throw light on anti-poverty programme design features heavily contested in the literature.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ethical perspectives poverty contested articulated|6.7275577|6.212418|4.5326176
4556|It is likely that as each generation reaches old age, it will face similar difficulties as the pace of technology moves faster than people's ability to stay ahead of it mentally and physically. Given the likely increase in prevalence of digital interfaces - especially in the context of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) - designing services that are accessible for as wide a population as possible will become a core concern. This is already the case for Finland, a pioneer in MaaS policy and deployment (see Box 5). Over the past 30 years, in North America, Europe and elsewhere there have been developments, initiated by the civil rights movement and increasingly enshrined in law, to require all public transport to be designed and operated by vehicles and systems accessible to people who use wheelchairs, have walking difficulty, impaired sight or hearing, etc.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accessible enshrined sight impaired hearing|4.3131785|5.097998|0.46922043
4557|It was written to provide inspiration and good points of departure that may lead to improvements of the Korean road safety data system, the analysis of data and its use in policymaking and research. One hundred years later, this is still true. Another phrase very relevant for this research is: “You can't manage what you can't measure ”. It is advisable to consider these different sources as part of one road safety whole and clearly agree on who collects which data, with what frequency, and how data is managed and made available to users.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|data road safety advisable inspiration|4.216051|5.2572675|-0.05851104
4558|Through input indicators it is possible to account for the existence of legislation and policy instruments; the process indicators account for actions contributing to the achievement of outcomes (e.g. co-ordination and monitoring instruments). Indicators combine de jure (rules-based) indicators, since they concern legal, policy, and regulatory inputs and processes and de facto ones since they seek to capture the level of implementation of existing water governance dimensions (UNDP et al., It is based on the lessons learnt from the use of the indicator framework in the years to come, impact indicators could be developed in the future.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|indicators instruments account learnt facto|1.0653187|7.0031176|1.5541443
4559|Section 5 provides a detailed analysis of the availability and coverage of income-support programmes for youth. It suggests that a better design of benefit systems, e.g. unemployment or social assistance schemes, could help reach a larger share of the neediest youth in a number of countries, notably when economic conditions worsen. Often, one year of work only will however provide benefits for less than a year, and many young people, and in particular the NEETs, may not even have these 12 months of work experience.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth neets worsen year work|7.943314|4.7205734|3.987889
4560|Yet targeting efforts on specific concerns, such as water scarcity, flooding risk, or pollution is more likely to lead to effective results given the complexity of each of those problems for agriculture. This is probably because water quantity and quality are rarely affected only by one sector. At the same time, agricultural policies can be instrumental to progress on water objectives, and environmental policies can trigger action on agriculture. For instance, the EU directives affecting water benefitted from Pillar II rural development fund from the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water agriculture benefitted pillar directives|1.2082133|7.0789266|2.3009324
4561|Its original function was to provide funeral services and to support bereaved family members morally and financially, but its scope is now much wider (Abay, Kahsay and Berhane, 2014). In Lesotho, the cash transfer had no impact on credit, borrowing or debt (Daidone, Davis, Dewbre and Covarrubias, 2014). Also, Paraguay's Tekopara programme had a positive impact on access to credit, but only for the moderately poor, not the extremely poor. Beneficiary households had, on average, 7 percent higher access to credit than non-beneficiary households.|SDG 1 - No poverty|credit beneficiary households davis poor|7.437183|5.9162354|4.4956875
4562|The programme is called “Energy efficiency 2020”. It aims to achieve a reduction of energy intensity by 10 per cent by 2015 and by 25 per cent in 2020. The programme will incorporate nine areas, among which are energy-efficient enterprises, energy-efficient construction and transport, energy-efficient society as well as the innovative energy sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficient cent programme incorporate|2.0107384|2.7765443|2.3641493
4563|According to the Report on Drug Use in the Americas, 2015,3' annual cannabis prevalence among secondary school students in Central America was reported to be highest in Belize, at 15.8 per cent, and lowest in Honduras, with a little more than 1 per cent. Prevalence rates of less than 5 per cent were reported in Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. According to the Report on Drug Use in the Americas, 2015, the annual prevalence of cocaine abuse among high-school students in the Caribbean ranges from 0.5 per cent to slightly more than 2 per cent.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent prevalence americas saint honduras|8.303258|10.259425|3.572326
4564|What do we know about climate finance and what are the current knowledge gaps? Further, the exact amount of financing needed to address climate change will depend on many factors, including the level of ambition of mitigation goals and adaptation objectives, and the extent to which “correct” price signals are provided (OECD 201 la). Yet there remains international debate about what role private finance should play in fulfilling those commitments and how it should be measured when assessing progress towards the climate finance goals laid out above. This report addresses questions of private climate finance throughout. How do we measure performance and in particular what (lows of capital need to be tracked to answer this question? It is useful at the outset to outline a number of key definitions for use in this report.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate goals report outset|1.7877623|3.9568365|1.1207281
4565|Meanwhile, with support from the Commonwealth Education Fund, ACAMO aimed at developing a curriculum for children with special needs and bringing it to the attention of the Ministry of Education. Unfortunately, the work on a new curriculum was not completed due to CEF's lack of funding. At policy level, ACAMO participated in the preparation of Mozambique's annual plan for special needs education. There are only five special schools in the country and this should be used as an opportunity to develop inclusive education, not build more, as in donor aid programmes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|special education curriculum needs unfortunately|10.236646|2.3835115|2.0642638
4566|The Rio markers are descriptive, allowing for approximate quantification of financial flows. Not all climate-related ODA is reported to the UNFCCC as climate finance: out of total bilateral climate-related ODA in 2013-2014 (USD 25.1 billion on average per year), only a share is reported as climate-finance (preliminary estimate: USD 19.1 billion on average per year). This reflects how Party reporting to UNFCCC, whilst often based on, is not directly comparable to the DAC climate-related development finance statistics.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance oda unfccc related|1.6297485|4.0528593|0.77035004
4567|In particular, in the absence of a pumping constraint, this model would predict that each producer would pump until the value of the marginal product of water (or marginal benefit of pumping) was equal to zero. As the pumping constraint becomes more binding, the value of the marginal product of water will increase. The optimal choice of marginal benefit depends on the degree to which pumping must be constrained to meet the aggregate pumping target: the lower the desired value of the target, the higher the marginal benefit needed to achieve it, as each producer must be constrained more.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pumping marginal constraint benefit constrained|1.1402788|7.680731|2.506226
4568|Whatever the reason for the lack of a relationship between spending per student and learning outcomes, at least in the countries and economies with larger education budgets, excellence in education requires more than money. How resources are allocated is just as important as the amount of resources available to be allocated. One finding from PISA is that high-performing systems tend to prioritise higher salaries for teachers, especially in high-income countries (Figure IV.1.10).|SDG 4 - Quality education|allocated prioritise resources excellence high|9.304664|2.0206437|2.6979413
4569|The combination of quantitative (technical) and qualitative (policy) information provides the user with a systematic and reproducible assessment and ranking tool to quantify trade-offs between various technologies. Table 6 shows a proposed scorecard with the elements to be evaluated for each technology. The biggest criteria for choosing a technology are commonly economic, especially for wastewater.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|scorecard technology quantify choosing ranking|1.3745362|6.890775|2.09416
4570|Competition for all non-domestic customers was introduced on 1 April 2008, under the Water Services etc. ( This affects all of the utility’s 130 000 non-domestic customers. There is considerable evidence of companies offering a variety of smart technologies and utilities willing to adopt them, but they have typically been held back by policy debates that have an aiguable relevance to water scarcity issues affecting parts of the United Kingdom.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|customers domestic non debates april|1.4740434|7.5561233|2.362703
4571|Rather, policies should respond to the specific social context and gender power relations. Second, policies should be responsive to differences in how diverse groups of women and men engage with land, trees, water and other resources. Third, policies should pay special attention to women's rights in regard to tenure and property, as well as control over labour, resources, products and decisions within both the household and the community.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|policies trees resources tenure responsive|9.696123|4.417858|7.20704
4572|Accordingly, reports should use a gender-sensitive approach throughout, including in the recommendations. Gender-sensitive report writing does not simply refer to the choice of language or disaggregated data, but also relates to the report's content, structure and focus. This chapter will build on the guidance provided in the previous chapters and present aspects to consider when drafting a gender-sensitive report.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sensitive report gender drafting writing|9.827287|4.555083|7.8792796
4573|When Professor Jansen was at the University of Pretoria, he used to take his doctoral students to Mozambique and Namibia. Around Maputo there were schools where the bullet holes were still in the walls of the school, but yet such schools gave better discipline, commitment, results and outcomes than in the average township school in South Africa. He encouraged discussants to address the conditions under which teachers teach, as well as the loss of conviction for teaching.|SDG 4 - Quality education|maputo township conviction schools doctoral|9.059639|2.108042|2.585602
4574|As an illustration, nearly 50% of those in the second-poorest strata are in the two richest income quintiles, up from 31% in 2003. Anecdotal evidence suggests that measurement has been altered to widen access to subsidies for political purposes. This calls for a more systematic cross-checking of information, e.g. by using a unique identification number such as the cedula for all social and tax purposes. The Sisben is updated every 3 years, which may not be often enough to reflect changes in the personal situation (e.g. loss of job).|SDG 1 - No poverty|purposes sisben checking widen altered|6.611378|5.655719|5.0825233
4575|Among the factors cited as contributing to the malfunction of AFRO are a shortage of human resources and budgetary limitations. There were not even 10 staff members working in the department of AFRO handling emergency responses at that time, and the Office had also been limited by budget cuts in recent years. It has been pointed out that functions of AFRO pertaining to surveillance and support of countries where outbreaks of infectious diseases occurred did not function adequately (WHO Ebola Interim Assessment Panel, 2015, para. Regional offices are highly independent and operate based on rules under an organizational structure that is unique to their respective regions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|afro ebola outbreaks pertaining organizational|8.378935|8.920463|3.1187863
4576|In 1990, the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) issued a Resolution E/1990/68 on equality in political participation and decision making. The resolution recommended increasing the proportion of women in positions of leadership by setting incremental targets: 30% by 1995 and 50% by 2000. The 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing, reported little progress in achieving the ECOSOC target of 30% of women in decision making positions. Accordingly, the Beijing Platform for Action called on governments (as part of strategic objective Gl) to “commit themselves to establishing the goal of gender balance in governmental bodies and committees, as w'ell as in public administrative entities, and in the judiciary, including, inter alia, setting specific targets and implementing measures to substantially increase the number of women with a view to achieving equal representation of women and men, if necessaiy through positive action, in all governmental and public administration positions”. Where does the 30% “critical mass” for women’s political representation come from?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women positions beijing resolution governmental|10.3293495|4.38548|7.233837
4577|Such a discrepancy should have dramatic implications for India’s poverty estimates—a difference in the order of hundreds of millions. This also implies hardly any acceleration of per capita household expenditure, as surveys reported an equivalent growth rate of 1.1 per cent during India’s pre-reform period. However, corresponding data from the national accounts show that household expenditure per capita grew, on average, by 4.5 per cent annually over the past two decades. Thus, the survey data seem to fail to take account of India’s faster economic growth.|SDG 1 - No poverty|india capita expenditure household cent|6.113342|5.825599|4.8922267
4578|There are currently more than 4,500 private and around 600 public treatment and rehabilitation centres in the country. According to official statistics, in 2014 there were a total of 65,216 persons registered as drug users in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, compared with a total of 73,345 persons in 2013. The number of officially registered drug-dependent persons in Kazakhstan in 2014 stood at 34,221 persons, which is a significant decrease compared with 40,224 persons in 2013. In Kyrgyzstan, 9,024 persons were officially registered as drug-dependent in 2014, which is 8.8 per cent less than in 2013.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|persons drug registered officially kyrgyzstan|8.412682|10.025504|3.3371952
4579|The independent variables are sex, parental status (with a dependent child), the interaction between sex and parenthood, and relevant controls (age, education level and indigenous status). To evaluate the heterogeneous effects of being in a couple, the model is run three times on different sub-samples - for all men and women, for partnered men and women only, and for single men and women only. Mexican women are less likely to be employed than men, especially after becoming parents (cont.)|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men women sex status parenthood|9.2063|4.966976|6.0322766
4580|The National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAP) require countries to set targets for 2020 or 2030. A legal framework without tangible action plans and strategies will hinder effective change and growth in national economies. National integrative strategies should describe their objectives for adopting renewable energy (at national security, environmental, social and economic levels) and clear lines of action to follow to achieve their targets. After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Royal Committee on the National Energy Strategy found that a diversified national energy mix was required to safeguard against oil supply vulnerability. The Jordanian government decreed that renewable sources should meet 10 per cent of national energy needs by 2020.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|national energy renewable action targets|1.7310073|2.3734093|2.4431667
4581|There, a water supply company pays for the maintenance of environmental services, and an intermediary institution has been established to facilitate the payments made per hectare of area protected. In Lombok, a similar payment is financed through a nominal fee charged to water users, and an intermediary stakeholder institution mediates the payments that support agro-forestry and forest protection. Cambodia presents an excellent example with itsSeima Biodiversity Conservation Area project. Launched in 2002, this biodiversity conservation project pays local people for conserving bird-nests to address increasing threats to endangered species.|SDG 15 - Life on land|intermediary pays institution conservation payments|1.761319|5.254215|3.5232196
4582|The agri-environment and farmland conservation schemes evaluate either farmers’ behaviour, or hectares of cover crops planted. Very few of the studies use more specific impact indicators. Exceptions include an index of biodiversity decline (Waldron et al. An overview of all other results is provided in Annex 2.|SDG 15 - Life on land|agri planted farmland hectares exceptions|1.7783825|5.3470926|3.9323568
4583|"The aggregate amount of carbon emissions from six ASEAN nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam) surpassed 1 300 million tonnes in 2010.7 Although the region's relative contribution to global C02 emissions remained modest (at around 4%), the amount of carbon emissions from these ASEAN countries grew by 5.5% per annum on average between 1990 and 2010, compared with an annual increase of 0.7% in OECD countries. In Southeast Asia nearly a third of the region's total population still earn less than USD 2 a day (ASEAN, 2009). It is in this context that ""green growth"" has attracted much attention from ASEAN policy makers as an alternative to traditional export-led growth strategy (""grow first, clean up later""). Should it continue, this conventional strategy could increase human costs due to greater congestion and pollution and further reduce resilience to external natural shocks, such as extreme weather events, which often hit the region badly. On the one hand, the developed countries, as well as those in transition, make specific emission limitation and reduction commitments (as inscribed in Annex B), with a view to reducing their overall emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period from 2008 to 2012."|SDG 13 - Climate action|asean emissions region carbon strategy|1.5864701|3.3390183|2.2699387
4584|However, the new national health policy (2009) not only transfers females in the case of at risk pregnancy, but also consolidates low-risk pregnancies in clusters at regional hospitals. Between 1953 and 1992 women in Greenland gave birth in their local communities and as late as 2000, it was still uncommon for women to leave their communities to give birth. Females often feel isolated when they have to go to the larger cities, where hospital nurses and doctors do not speak Greenlandic.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|females birth communities greenlandic uncommon|9.300312|5.740911|6.0838733
4585|However, prices remained regulated for a limited number of products that were deemed to be economically and/or socially essential for the country, including fertiliser, sugar and rice. The government reduced its control on export and import activities to quotas applicable to 12 main commodities. Viet Nam switched from a fixed exchange rate regime to one in which the rate is permitted to float within a band determined by the State Bank of Viet Nam (SBV).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|viet nam switched band rate|4.1685066|4.839779|4.0492754
4586|These are crucial improvements, but major advances are still needed to mainstream gender in policy design, implementation, enforcement, and evaluation. With strong mandates and resources, Mexico can ensure that policies' intended effects are fully realised. Chapter 1 closes with a summary of policy recommendations aimed at promoting gender equality in Mexico.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mexico gender realised mandates advances|10.172163|4.1364856|6.4042416
4587|The reduction of load factors thus re-enforces the impact of the decline in prices with all the impacts for the working of electricity markets already mentioned. As already mentioned above, in the short run nuclear power with its low marginal costs may well be able to cope with somewhat lower prices, in particular if capital costs have been amortised. Where gas turbines lie idle due to insufficiently high prices, nuclear will go on producing regardless. In the long run, however, the prospect for high fixed cost technologies such as nuclear look bleak with reduced load factors. The optimal mix for the residual load curve created by the influx of renewables will entail a shift towards technologies with lower fixed costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load nuclear prices mentioned costs|1.3414782|1.5429066|1.789782
4588|The GES lays out desired ‘institutional results’ with outputs and targets to build UNDP capacity to mainstream gender within the organization. Achieving these facilitates the achievement of gendered ‘development results’ at country, regional and global levels. ‘ Gender results’were defined for the purposes of this evaluation as outputs or outcomes that have been found to be contributing (positively or negatively) to GEWE in UNDP interventions. The evaluation therefore drew extensively on previous evaluations, publications and UNDP’s own self-reporting as the primary data source for the analysis.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|undp outputs results evaluation ges|10.019022|3.9154358|7.9224777
4589|The manufactures exporters — namely, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Haiti — had a mixed growth and employment performance. The employment rate declined in Bangladesh (-0.6 per cent) but grew in Cambodia (5.6 per cent). Haiti not only registered a negative per capita GDP growth rate, it also had a decline in output per worker (i.e., labour productivity fell), in part due to the disastrous economic impact of the 2010 earthquake.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|haiti cambodia bangladesh disastrous manufactures|5.634217|4.6397595|4.0567727
4590|Since then, the increase in aggregate terms has been one of the most significant globally, but in per capita terms growth has been much more modest. Crop production remains most significant in India, given its largely vegetarian diet, but livestock production has grown more quickly from its small base. It is noteworthy that per capita growth in agriculture has been most significant in the period after the year 2000, and especially after 2005-06. It ranks second in the production of rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables, fruit and cotton.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|significant production capita sugarcane terms|3.9121017|5.242428|4.2145667
4591|However, skilled workers also send remittances, and the fragmentary evidence indicates that their remittances are sustained at levels above those of unskilled workers and continue for a long time, with decay not occurring until after 20 years (see section 6.4). This indicates that the economic costs of skilled migration are not as great as has been feared and are probably outweighed by the benefits, even if training is in the public sector and remittances are private (although it is impossible to accurately cost the health disadvantages of high levels of emigration). Although there are well-known general deficits in both the health sector and the education sector, little is otherwise known of the impact of migration on labour shortages in other critical areas.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|remittances indicates skilled known migration|6.0145187|4.3301687|3.8506835
4592|In most other countries gender pension gaps range from 10% to 40% and are close to 45% in Germany and the Netherlands. The pension gaps presented in Figure 13.4 only concern pensioners and thus reflect employment and lifestyle behaviours of past decades. Older generations of women often started a family earlier and generally spent less time in paid work than working women nowadays.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pension gaps nowadays pensioners lifestyle|8.499479|5.299948|5.319713
4593|In a country where women face very high levels of discrimination in social norms, they devote over five times longer than men do to unpaid care and domestic activities, compared to twice in countries with very low levels of discrimination. This is explained by both a decrease in women’s unpaid care work and an increase in men’s. Unfortunately, veiy little is known on how to challenge discriminatory social norms, although innovative programmes are proving that it is possible (see Box 8). Their main purpose is to raise awareness among men around issues of gender inequality and negative masculinities and advocate for working with men and boys to be considered a priority in gender polices and plans.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men unpaid norms discrimination polices|9.419827|4.898243|6.5319734
4594|Many families survive due to the borrowing of cash or in-kind supports from their relatives, friends or neighbours. Household and community relations and networking act as “safety nets” and as “shock absorbers” and help reduce the vulnerability of the poor. Social capital, wantok and kerekere systems greatly assist in this regard.|SDG 1 - No poverty|borrowing survive neighbours nets friends|7.395481|5.8440094|4.7119255
4595|States, particularly countries of origin, can address increases in vulnerability to trafficking-related discrimination and violence against women through a range of practical measures, such as providing safe shelter with medical, psychological and legal facilities for women experiencing violence. Longer-term measures that seek to address the social, cultural and structural causes of violence are also important. These may include: reforming legislation that either discriminates against women or fails to address violence against women; ensuring the prompt investigation and prosecution of complaints related to violence against women; providing access to effective remedies for gender-based violence; and implementing initiatives aimed at educating the public and relevant officials about violence against women. Promoting and protecting the human rights of trafficked persons, migrants, asylum seekers, refugees and internally displaced persons should be at the centre of all anti-trafficking measures.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence women trafficking address measures|9.70003|5.2817802|7.415767
4596|In 2011, it launched a professional development programme for current and aspiring school leaders (Plan de Formacion de Directores) - but there are some concerns about the quality of the training on offer. It has also introduced an induction process for school leaders recruited through the new standardised recruitment process for public schools. The creation of two national school leadership centres promises to support the development of the school leadership profession further.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school leaders leadership aspiring promises|9.809159|1.3417822|1.7740664
4597|In Honduras, specific primary care services are included in the basic health package for disadvantaged communities, while Uruguay runs a care and diagnosis protocol for older persons at the primary care level. It includes various types of assistance provided in their residences to enable them to remain at home and in their own environment. One of the main advantages of these services is that they reduce institutionalization and hospitalization costs while slowing the functional deterioration associated with old age. English-speaking Caribbean countries seem to have more extensive experience in providing social and health services for older persons.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care persons older services primary|9.045055|8.440024|2.6550732
4598|System-level policies, schools and post-secondary schools should focus on improving the educational success of students from diverse backgrounds and delivering quality education across all schools. A recent reform is looking to provide more choice for students through the development of new partnership schools, which will need to be managed to ensure equity. Org/10.1787/eaq-2013-enErrorl Hyperlink reference not valid. At the same time, students’ socio-economic background has more impact on their performance in PISA than the average across OECD countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools students valid backgrounds delivering|9.779505|2.162964|2.7998874
4599|Such modelling tools can be a useful for comparing sustainable transport policies and assisting policy makers to select the most effective measures to reduce C02 emissions in the inland transport sector. Pilot exercises for the model and organization of regional and national capacity building workshops are planned, which will provide opportunities to learn about various emission measurement methods and mitigation policies as well, as to apply model. Over 90 per cent of this air pollution is attributed to vehicle emissions, with older vehicles, poor vehicle maintenance, inadequate infrastructure and low fuel quality exacerbating the situation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|vehicle model emissions transport exacerbating|3.6078157|4.729225|0.9002965
4600|The technology for using coal to produce electricity is very well developed, and its relatively low cost has made it especially attractive to developing nations like China and India as a source of electric power. According to the United States Department of Energy, global coal use will rise by 65 per cent between 2005 and 2030, an increase greater than for any other major source of energy. However, when used in a conventional manner, coal releases more CO into the atmosphere per unit of energy produced than the other two fossil fuels, so an increase in coal use of this magnitude will result in a significant worldwide increase in C02 emissions, undermining global efforts to slow the rate of climate change. Because nuclear energy releases no C02 emissions, some energy experts see it as an attractive alternative to fossil fuels.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|coal energy releases attractive fuels|1.281766|2.5598726|2.1682065
4601|The volume of aquaculture production increased by 10% from 75 188 to 84 605 tonnes, accounting for 36% of total Australian fisheries production. Output controls with a total allowable catch and individual transferable quotas and input controls (limited entry, closures) applies. Longline trial started in the Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery in 2007 for a period of four years. A trigger point for total catch was established to provide for a decision making process should catch levels significantly increase.|SDG 14 - Life below water|catch controls total allowable production|0.15950988|5.920118|6.7921796
4602|Thus, the purchasing power of a LEAP cash grant may be much lower in urban than in rural settings. One implication is that programme impacts will be diluted. One 'rule of thumb' is that cash transfers should be worth at least 20 per cent of the household's pre-transfer consumption to achieve significant impacts (ILO 2016:51).|SDG 1 - No poverty|cash impacts leap implication rule|7.5122504|5.9687376|4.553932
4603|More needs also to be done to monitor ecosystem integrity and to develop indicators that better reflect the state of and changes in biodiversity at the habitat/ecosystem level. Many natural ecosystems have been degraded, limiting the ecosystem services they provide. The diversity of genes, species and ecosystems continues to decline, as the pressures on biodiversity remain constant or increase in intensity mainly, as a result of human actions. Scientific consensus projects a continuing loss of habitats and high rates of extinctions throughout this century if current trends persist.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ecosystem ecosystems biodiversity degraded integrity|1.604441|5.3397455|3.9701955
4604|This shows the adaptability of EEOs as an effective policy instrument. An IFC programme, the China Utility based Energy Efficiency Programme (CHUEE) provided USD 520 billion in loans that were leveraged to a total USD 936 project investments to 78 companies without a default loss. In its 3rd phase CHUEE moved beyond its utility base to work through a wider range of medium sized financial institutions to reach more industrial consumers and SMEs. ( Prokilowatt is a tender based funding programme based on a levy on transmission charges. From 2013 onwards, the maximum level of available funding is CHF 25 million.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|utility programme based usd funding|2.3459165|3.2036364|1.6857404
4605|Indeed, while 11 new cases were registered in 2005, 26 new cases were registered in 2016; the maximum number of new cases was 31, in 2014. Mortality related to HIV infection was also the highest in 2014, with five registered deaths. Infections transmitted through blood transfusion, medical assistance or from mother to child are not yet registered. Rodents are involved in several disease transmissions, such as plague and leptospirosis, and may be part of the tick-pathogen cycles.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|registered cases new infection blood|8.579693|9.058606|3.2699301
4606|The list of licensed products included live animals, dairy products, oilseeds, flour products, vegetable oils and margarine. In 1995, the export licensing and quota system for agricultural products were abolished. All export contracts had to be registered with the KIAE, mandatory minimum prices were set by the government for different grades of grain to prevent foreign exchange losses, and the KIAE controlled compliance of export contracts with the minimum price requirement. A 10% export tax was imposed on grain exports.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|export products grain contracts minimum|4.0412006|4.814059|4.180303
4607|The relative cost impact to CSP is similar to that of fossil fuel power plants (USDOE, 2009). In a Rankine steam cycle, the heat input is at a high temperature and rejected at a low temperature; these are called the source and sink temperatures, respectively. The efficiency of the cycle, defined as the ratio of the turbine work output to the heat input, is a function of the difference between the source and sink temperatures.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sink temperatures temperature heat input|1.2890083|1.9992768|2.1637068
4608|Research shows that these assumptions are only partially true, and Nordic policy makers provide interesting insights on the pros and cons of self-interest as a motivator for sustainable lifestyles. This is referred to in the literature as the Rational Choice Model of consumer behaviour. This in turn forms the belief that if we can change people's attitudes (through information provision] this will lead to a change in their behaviour. A range of consumption-oriented policies or policy instruments have been developed based on these assumptions. The majority of them focus on adjusting for market failures by providing more accurate information to consumers (e.g. ecolabelling and awareness raising campaigns] and by correcting prices (EEA 2009]. This type of intervention perpetuates the idea that sustainable consumption is most appropriately tackled through individuals making different choices, rather than through institutional and infrastructural changes and leadership from governments or businesses.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|assumptions behaviour ecolabelling correcting consumption|2.0565047|3.6068852|2.6676614
4609|The prediction of the state of poverty for children is estimated using a proxy means approach with a quintile-based regression model, which estimates consumption on a limited number of easily observable socio-demographic characteristics (table a2). The targeting carried out in this manner is robust (table 6). Finally, the annual individual amount is 20 479 FCFA.|SDG 1 - No poverty|table prediction observable regression quintile|7.050484|6.387284|5.122842
4610|A simple scatter plot of inequality and growth also shows no link (Figure 5.9). Still, specific structural reforms that aim at raising average living standards also influence the distribution of income. Table 5.2 provides a qualitative summary of the findings of new research on the GDP per capita and inequality effects of various structural reforms. The inequality measures refer to the late 2000s, except for France and Ireland for which they refer to the mid-2000s.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality refer structural reforms plot|6.719319|5.174766|4.697308
4611|Low salaries and difficult working conditions make it difficult to recruit and retain a sufficient number of skilled health workers. Since Latvian doctors and nurses are generally considered well-trained and highly competent many of them have found employment elsewhere in Europe, particularly after the financial crisis (Section S.2). However, the number of discharges remains slightly above the EU average.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|difficult latvian recruit competent number|9.075526|8.860973|2.2133715
4612|Likewise the Addis Ababa Action Agenda commits to financing sustainable development across its three dimensions, economic, social and environmental. The agreements urge countries to develop and implement coherent plans to deliver sustainable development financed by climate and development finance from a mix of sources (OECD, 2016d). Climate finance has too often been treated independently from development finance, failing to capitalise on the synergies for sustainable development, despite the fact that much climate finance qualifies as ODA (Brown et al, 2010).|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance development sustainable climate capitalise|1.8104271|4.099363|1.2297348
4613|For further information see “Guidance on commissioning targeted mental health and emotional well-being services in schools” (Department for Education, 2010a) and “Me and My School” (Department for Education, 2010b). The 4-tier system describes the services that should be available at different levels of need, responding to different complexities of demand, but both the affected child or adolescent and the CAMHS teams should be able to move between these tiers so that the most appropriate services are accessed and delivered. Support from an early intervention team is for a limited amount of time, usually three years.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|department services tiers commissioning complexities|10.476695|8.771375|1.655446
4614|European Review of Agricultural Economics 35 (2): 117-141. Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in Indonesia, Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI), International Institute for Sustainable Development (USD), Geneva. Non-Distorting Farm Support to Enhance Global Food Production, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food rome distorting global biodiesel|3.625363|5.0666237|3.9275095
4615|The growth will be primarily driven by gains in aquaculture output, which is projected to reach 49% of total fishery production in 2023. However, growth in aquaculture production is anticipated to slow down to 2.5% p.a., Relative to the previous decade, fish consumption growth in the outlook period will decelerate due to high fish prices and slower population growth. The main drivers affecting world fish prices for capture, aquaculture and traded products will be income and population growth, limited growth of capture fisheries production, sustained demand for fish, increasing meat prices, and high costs for feed, energy and crude oil.|SDG 14 - Life below water|growth fish aquaculture prices production|0.52424|6.1251316|6.6662817
4616|Other countries may be carrying out gender mainstreaming activities without a specific strategy. Although many countries employ some form of gender mainstreaming, according to the OECD Survey on National Gender Frameworks, Public Policies and Leadership, only a few MENA countries (e.g. the Palestinian Authority) take active steps to systematically integrate gender equality considerations in the design, implementation and monitoring of policies, programmes and laws. Since then, Sweden has consolidated its gender mainstreaming strategy, which aims at achieving equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for women and men, progressively into all policy areas.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender mainstreaming strategy palestinian consolidated|10.019421|4.0729976|7.435043
4617|However, recalling that this is not at present the main avenue for mitigation under the Paris Agreement, it remains to be seen whether demand for developing country emissions reductions will be a major source of exchange and opportunity or only play a minor role. It is also unclear whether the scope of the SDM will specifically favour LDCs or a broader group of developing or vulnerable states that reflects the specific circumstances of the SIDS - an issue that arose under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol20. Again, however, the vague nature of the Paris Agreement's provisions on technology transfer commends some caution as to how and when this element of the agreement will actually affect the global economy.|SDG 13 - Climate action|agreement paris avenue vague arose|1.3010482|3.4108694|1.5244836
4618|At the same time, remittances enable women to rent more land (Shahriari and others, 2009) and thus become wealthier. This is even more important as women in Tajikistan rarely own land; when they do own land, their land plots are smaller than those of men (Khitarishvili, 2016, p. 13). There are contradictory findings on die influence of male migration on die gender gap in labour force participation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|land die contradictory wealthier plots|8.716212|5.2411394|6.983335
4619|Some areas of teacher policies and of wider education policies with which teacher policies closely interact receive only scant, if any, coverage in this report. Greater school autonomy increases recruitment and management costs, making it harder to provide consistent service. For this reason, granting schools greater responsibility for hiring teachers could lead to greater disparities in teachers' qualifications and experience among schools (OECD, 2005, p. 12m).|SDG 4 - Quality education|greater policies teacher teachers scant|9.655488|1.4869876|2.379475
4620|It was created in 2013/14 through the merger of three previous grants. A wide range of health infrastructure projects are funded, including large projects to modernise hospital infrastructure and equipment, general maintenance and infrastructure projects at smaller hospitals, and the refurbishment and upgrading of nursing colleges and schools. It enables the shifting of teaching activities from central to regional and district hospitals. Conditional grants are designed to reflect differential need across provinces.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|projects infrastructure hospitals grants modernise|8.418761|8.815001|2.0756426
4621|Compared to men, women in the Asia/Pacific region are less likely to progress in their careers, with the share of women among legislators, senior officials and managers around 25% and declining since 2005. By contrast, women carry out most of unpaid work, providing care to children, elderly, and sick or disabled family members as well as doing other unpaid household work. In the Asia/Pacific region the gender gap in unpaid work is about three hours per day, and such gaps are particularly large in Southern Asia. Across the Asia/Pacific region about 40% of men and women hold bank accounts with a financial institution.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|asia unpaid pacific women region|9.020993|4.4825287|5.5541506
4622|"Such materials include biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores and non-metallic minerals that support the cultivation of food, the production of energy, infrastructure and transport systems, and production of consumer goods.6The term ""domestic material consumption""is defined as the total amount of materials used by an economy, extracted from the domestic territory plus all physical imports minus all physical exports. China (23.6 billion tons per year) largely dominated domestic material consumption at the regional (and global) level in 2010, followed by India (5.0 billion tons per year), Indonesia (1.6 billion tons per year), Japan (1.2 billion tons per year) and Australia (1.0 billion tons per year). Over the same period, consumption of fossil fuels and metal ores increased by 2.6 and 3.0 times respectively."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|tons billion year metal consumption|1.6384075|3.3673348|2.9795928
4623|Not only are financial and human resources often scarce, there is also low flexibility with respect to how resources are allocated and used. This is detrimental to a city’s ability to increase the quality of life for its residents. For example, an evaluation of 2011 sub-national financing dimensions relative to cities that scored in the top five for quality of life based on the Universidad Catolica's Quality of Life Index signals a moderate to strong correlation between higher rankings and a municipality’s ability to generate own-source income and the amount of income budgeted per resident (Table 4.1).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|life quality ability scored resident|4.485583|5.428664|2.0535336
4624|Further details of the calculations and the full set of values calculated can be found in the Annex. In such a case, the median income of the distribution is easily identifiable and the number of individuals subsisting on less than a certain proportion of the median (e.g. 40%, 50%, or 60%) is simple to count directly. However, given the wide variety and uneven coverage of household survey data, a number of tools allow poverty measures to be estimated directly from more aggregated data sources, such as grouped distributional data that can be derived from either household surveys or administrative sources.|SDG 1 - No poverty|median data directly sources household|6.7582192|5.7672973|5.0347104
4625|The current quality of biodiversity-related data has been considered insufficient to permit a comprehensive national evaluation of biodiversity, or to formulate concrete measures to promote conservation and sustainable use (CEPLAN, 2011). Insufficient information is listed as a key issue for various biodiversity components including forests, wetlands, open waters and soil. The Fifth National Report points out that one of the challenges in the implementation of the NBSAP has been in carrying out a comprehensive inventory of biodiversity resources and that consequently there has been minimal progress towards the target to integrate biodiversity values in strategies and plans for development, economic grow'th and wealth creation and incorporating them in national accounts and reporting systems by 2020.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity insufficient comprehensive national nbsap|1.6403469|5.342628|3.8056958
4626|In some cases improving coordination will require national level legislative action; in other cases is can be accomplished through better consultation between government agencies and non-governmental organisations (FAO, 2009). Multi-sector contribution is fundamental to a comprehensive approach to climate changes in fisheries and can assist in building institutions that are responsive to these broad-scale effects. Such co-ordination can usefully include international networks to share information experiences in fisheries and between fisheries and other sectors.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries cases usefully accomplished responsive|-0.2022162|5.755722|6.431169
4627|The social value and time burden of women's unpaid work is essentially ignored, and there is no real commitment to promoting gender equality in the distribution of that work (Daly 2011). However, the result for growth ultimately depends on the gender distribution of social reproduction. If a state is successful in using social and labour market policies to push an economy into (or maintain, in the case of changing structures of production) a wage-led regime, growth may still be elusive if the provision of care is constrained by the time squeeze associated with a more traditional gender division of labour. Maintaining such a division between women and men, with the consequence that women's labour market attachment is more limited, may help protect the production of human capacities, but at the cost of constraining women’s contributions to market production and lower overall economic growth.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women division production gender labour|8.990658|4.883868|5.9830256
4628|Although tax-benefit rules are not, in general, explicitly gender-specific, certain aspects of tax-benefit systems may be more relevant to either men or women, so exacerbating the unequal distribution of paid work and earnings. In many couple families, for example, the man is the main earner with his female partner frequently earning considerably less (Chapter 2 and OECD, 2015c, for the latest data on earnings broken down by gender). Figure 3.3 compares, on one hand, the net transfers to government of a dual-earner couple with two children where both partners earn 67% of the average wage with, on the other hand, the net transfers of a single-earner couple with two children and the same household earnings.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|earner couple earnings net hand|8.99682|4.786862|5.727293
4629|Discussions began with an overview of the four main areas of work which were agreed by the G20 agriculture ministers: agricultural production in the long run, transparency and information in international markets, international coordination and risk management and financial markets. The G20 discussions had led to the establishment of the new Agriculture Marketing Information System (AMIS), a joint OECD/FAO initiative that seeks to provide up-to-date data on agriculture markets to as wide an audience as possible. The agencies represented on the panel highlighted the various fora that are available for countries to discuss approaches for achieving food security and the types of changes these organizations are making to contribute to global food security.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|markets agriculture discussions security fora|4.0061736|5.2179627|3.9331706
4630|Worker skill is defined by educational attainment and therefore not the actual skill level of workers. Whilst this is not hugely problematic at the country level since the definition of skill levels does not vary within country, it can be cumbersome when calculating inequality at the global level. It also presupposes that educational attainment is directly linked to skill levels. Three other sources are identified. The first is the Gini coefficient from the Word Development Indicators (WDI) database—WDI Gini.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|skill wdi gini attainment level|8.740207|2.974988|3.2273672
4631|The diverse set of actors and sectors, including for commercial fisheries, aquaculture, renewable energy, tourism, and shipping transport, recreation, among others, often compete for resources and space. Sectoral policies, such as fisheries, agricultural, forestry or infrastructure-related policies, that most commonly lie outside the remit of environment ministries, also impact marine biodiversity (Schroter-Schlaack and Ring, 2011), although often in a negative way (OECD, 2015a; 1999).|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries ring remit shipping lie|0.13022685|5.636244|5.9537044
4632|The variation of performance explained by students' socio-economic status is higher (16%) than the OECD average (13%). Rurality is an important aspect of disadvantage in Costa Rica. Students in rural schools are more likely to drop out and fall behind in their learning than those in urban ones, with small rural primary' schools demonstrating the lowest performance rates in the country (PEN, 2013). The large number of small primary schools has enabled Costa Rica to bring education services to every small village.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools small rica costa pen|10.198204|1.662256|2.7340405
4633|However, there are concerns that people who have long been accustomed to driving might stick to their old habits. In particular, pull factors alone are often not enough because the door-to-door convenience that only private vehicles can offer may be too attractive unless the disadvantages of driving are felt more acutely. Another factor of complexity stems from the fact that Suwon is part of the functional urban area of Seoul (according to the OECD methodology), which requires collaboration across administrative boundaries.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|door driving acutely convenience pull|4.0210624|4.8475895|0.82837903
4634|A common estimate is that more than 80 per cent of remote area dwellers nationwide are San and for some areas, the figure stands at 100 per cent (Hays, 2011). Schools and hostels tend, however, to be unwelcoming to minority students, including many San students. San students at boarding schools experience feelings of pain and alienation which are at times acute.|SDG 4 - Quality education|san students schools boarding cent|10.003241|2.720678|2.907477
4635|These measures can be decomposed to reflect the contribution of sub-group poverty levels (e.g. by ethnicity; geographic area) to the overall poverty rate. They can also be broken down to show the relative contribution of each dimension to the poverty rate within sub-groups or within the overall poverty rate. The Alkire-Foster methodology has also been applied to multiple national studies of multidimensional poverty. It recognizes that poverty and deprivation may affect children differently to adults. However, MODA differs from both the Bristol approach and the existing applications of the Alkire-Foster method, such as the MPI, as it distinguishes between the needs of children of different ages: early childhood, middle childhood and adolescence. It acknowledges that different dimensions may be relevant for children at various stages of their life cycle.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty alkire rate childhood foster|6.6814365|6.531489|5.1155267
4636|Foreign ownership of quota or ACE is not allowed unless a specific exemption is granted. Spatial exclusions and restrictions apply, including by vessel size and gear type. In general, trawl fishers must use a minimum mesh size of 100 mm with some limited temporal and spatial rels must use seabird mitigation measures that depend on vessel size and gear type. The target biomass for orange roughy is 30-40% B0 (a proxy range for Busy).|SDG 14 - Life below water|gear vessel size spatial type|-0.21844104|5.706912|6.884813
4637|Following this is a priority to ensure that individual students receive learning adapted to their abilities. In addition, for Years 1-4, municipalities have to ensure that adapted teaching in Norwegian/Sami language and mathematics is provided and is especially directed towards pupils with weak abilities in reading and mathematics. Some subjects also have competence aims after Year 2. A Quality Framework defines the principles for developing optimal learning environments and learning achievements. Research and Education (NIFU), show that the reform has contributed to school owners being more engaged as a result of more accessible information about their school and school results, and that some objectives are well on the way to being achieved.|SDG 4 - Quality education|abilities learning adapted mathematics school|9.577117|1.8720294|1.905103
4638|By exposing students to college level coursework and college culture it familiarises and prepares students for the academic expectations of college. In 2001, 15% of high school students in Florida earned college credits. After several years of professional experience graduates from technical and agricultural vocational colleges are granted the title “Engineer”. The vocational colleges are also accessible for graduates from other upper secondary programmes. Increasingly vocational colleges provide an important route into tertiary education: one in four university students, and almost one in two Fachhochschulen students, are now vocational college graduates.|SDG 4 - Quality education|college vocational students colleges graduates|8.3968525|2.5957696|2.7520583
4639|In contrast, developing countries are affected by their limited capacity despite the overall importance of the fisheries as a source of food protein. Fisheries on the high seas and those for straddling stocks face unique challenges, as fish move across national boundaries. The following paragraphs identify the state of play at the national and international level, and in some cases illustrate how nations are seeking ways in which to deal with the four types of uncertainty identified earlier.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries straddling paragraphs protein seas|0.023952045|5.671636|6.686497
4640|The aim of the SHOKs w'as to reinforce global market relevance of publicly funded R&D and innovation by enhancing the joint involvement of industry (or public R&D institutions). They w'ere considered as being used mostly by large firms (incumbents) with limited participation by other firms (SMEs and new firms), and functioning under a rather closed regime and with a bias tow'ards existing technologies and products. There are, however, interesting cases of practice still under operation (such as DIMECC Ltd and CLIC Innovation Ltd), whose features and evolution should be examined and better understood. Active and promising innovation networks could be further mobilised and better utilised to address innovation challenges in high-priority areas such as bioeconomy/cleantech, the circular economy and digitalisation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation firms ards tow better|5.4117975|3.4595888|2.512403
4641|Through a collaborative effort among Ghananian-based professionals, local community members and international experts, the initiative developed strategies to convert a two-acre plot of land into an urban green space. Not only do roads ensure population mobility, they foster the local economy and prosperity in general. Between 30 and 35 per cent of a city's land area should be reserved for this essential urban backbone, in order to prioritise active and public transport.2 With limited to no streets, slums are socially and economically weak and disconnected from the rest of urban areas. In planned city areas, the street space may be unequally distributed or designed in favour of active and public transportation, the modes of mobility children and their families depend on.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban space mobility active city|4.315697|4.9919662|1.7480532
4642|Currently, however, across countries, it is those women and girls who experience multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination who are often the furthest behind. They fare worse than all other groups in key dimensions of well-being. Differences related to wealth, location and ethnicity, for example, combine to create deep pockets of deprivation across a range of SDGs— from access to education and health to clean water and decent work. They transcend national borders and have been the topic of landmark human rights treaties and Human Rights Council resolutions, but data on women and girls that experience these forms of discrimination are often lacking. This will make it possible to inform and develop policies and programmes that respond to their realities. But disaggregation by sex alone is insufficient.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discrimination forms girls experience landmark|9.530844|4.7519593|6.910981
4643|Nor is it ideal to rely on flying medical practitioners in and out of remote communities, as this is a costly way to provide health services and does little to promote continuity of patient care. As discussed later in this chapter, overcoming resistance to change and the more strategic use of local health professionals already living in these communities will be key. High-performing health services demonstrating strong governance should be identified and given greater freedom to develop and implement innovative models of care promoting quality health services and good outcomes. One idea worthy of exploration is that of Earned Autonomy, which has been adopted in the United Kingdom (Box 4.5).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health services communities worthy flying|9.164864|9.201052|1.5630369
4644|This can be especially important for young women in migrant or minority groups who experience oppression along lines other than gender. In this case, the family may represent a haven from discrimination in the outside world. The often violent conditions under the Israeli occupation have bolstered a Palestinian (neo-)patriarchy that is highly deleterious to women.44 However, a study of Palestinian women’s birthing experiences in Occupied East Jerusalem shows that husbands and family members are the most important support for young women in difficult times.45 Embattled situations can strengthen patriarchal society, while also strengthening young women’s reliance on and appreciation of family members. Young women not only participated in these protests, but many also took the lead in organizing them.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women young palestinian family members|9.760558|4.775476|7.2134438
4645|Surface water resources generated in Finland’s part of Paatsjoki/Pasvik Basin arc estimated at 5,140 x 10° m3/ycar, groundwater resources are 36.8 x 10s m’/year. Some 48% of the withdrawal was for industry and 32% for domestic use. The total water use (including non-consumptive) for hydropower generation is some 37 x 10° m5/ycar.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|consumptive arc withdrawal resources water|0.52541703|6.9262147|2.9350069
4646|The mismatch between demographics and education spending could indicate that the resources provided are insufficient or that the education system is inefficient. Although enrolment rates vary for EESC countries, 98% of students move on to secondary school. The EESC countries share a variety of disadvantages, among them top-down authoritarian governance in the education system, an outdated curriculum and no effective monitoring.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education demographics outdated disadvantages mismatch|9.191391|2.3234413|2.7301123
4647|The main objective of the reform was to anticipate and manage the risk of shortage by apportioning available water among water users. France was looking for an option for allocation reform that would combine the capacity of users to self-regulate and provide an incentive to farmers to act collectively. This option reflected French experience with the development of irrigation and the management of scarcity. In France, experience shows that when water users associations were in place at catchment level, over-allocation was properly managed, as the Chair of the water user association (along with the members) regulates water uses among members in cases of scarcity.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water users scarcity option allocation|1.1768838|7.513529|2.1782184
4648|Gender budgeting is often referred to as the capacity of government and individual government entities to develop realistic budgets on gender equality. “ Gender budgeting is an application of gender mainstreaming in the budgetary process. This integration of the gender dimension should happen in all phases of the budgetary cycle: from the budgetary' proposals, to the actual spending, to the evaluation and control of the money spent (Decuyper, 2009).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|budgetary gender budgeting phases realistic|9.683063|3.8982425|7.620069
4649|Many countries were already in the process of introducing ICT in hospitals and health centres. However, as mentioned, there is no agreed international definition for the description, and therefore measurement, of 'health facilities'. The closest established indicator is the number of hospital beds per 10 000 population.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|closest beds description health introducing|9.157761|9.2336|1.9332577
4650|This finding highlights that male and female incentives to migrate differ, suggesting gender-sensitive migration factors. Additional control variables are included: distance, contiguity, population of origin and destination countries, income and language differentials, female education and female unemployment rates in origin and destination countries. The exclusion variable in the selection equation is diplomatic exchange. ***, **,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female destination origin migrate equation|8.691039|5.275123|7.0589137
4651|Although temporary special measures are permissive, rather than mandatory, the CEDAW Committee encourages State parties to take such measures in order to correct under-rep-resentation of women in any area in which it occurs, particularly in relation to the inclusion of women in decision-making. Concluding Observations Peru Fifth Periodic Report.” Instead, difference must be accommodated by changing structu res.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|res measures concluding cedaw periodic|9.772277|4.7297535|7.0474753
4652|Open school choice, if not well managed with policies to mitigate its negative impact, can generate further inequities. According to OECD research, this can have a negative impact on students with lower academic performance if extensively practiced. In 2009, almost one-third of students in New Zealand's schools were Maori (22%) and Pasifika (10%).|SDG 4 - Quality education|negative practiced maori students extensively|9.811291|2.4167004|2.2376156
4653|Abused women also suffer from depression, anxiety and even post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, there is evidence that violence against women has a direct economic impact. According to one study conducted about 10 years ago, the cost of intimate partner violence in the United States alone was estimated to exceed US$ 5.8 billion per year, of which US$ 4.1 billion were for direct medical and health care services and US$ 1.7 billion for productivity losses due to absenteeism (Campbell, 2002). Globally, it is estimated that up to 60 per cent of women experience physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime (UN-Women, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence billion women direct estimated|10.059493|5.4884143|7.4350615
4654|The recommendation of the Center for Transit-Oriented Development (CTOD) to expand housing opportunities near transit provides useful insights into establishing a comprehensive TOD strategy in Korea. Strategies proposed by the CTOD include: i) identify and utilise opportunities for TOD; ii) provide incentives for mixed-income market response; iii) remove regulator}' barriers to higher density and transport plans and investments; iv) improve local capacity and partnership (Center for Transit-Oriented Development, 2007). This includes examining which portion of regional housing growth can be located around transit-accessible locations, and providing transit service to under-served areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transit center oriented housing opportunities|4.0566845|4.9080553|0.9803644
4655|It focuses on a broad range of items related to smart city planning and the optimisation of government services. It is centred on three key components: digital economy, digital government and digital society. The Smart Nation Initiative follows a multi-stakeholder approach and is highly inclusive; it aims at preparing Singaporean society for the digital era. For instance, it provides retraining schemes to the elderly, improving digital and physical infrastructure and cybersecurity and ensuring privacy of data.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|digital smart society optimisation retraining|4.101174|4.098088|1.5035307
4656|If the reefer is running as expected, only a quick visual inspection is performed prior to release - which is now the case for around 70 per cent of reefers, meaning faster turnaround times, better asset utilization, and operational savings for Maersk (Murison, 2016). The savings generated by the RCM system have led Maersk to launch a pilot project recently to extend the monitoring system to other types of containers. This allows for corrective actions to be taken in case the container is not operated optimally during any of the various stages of the cold chain, from the supplier's proper pre-cooling of the cargo, to the trucker ensuring that the reefer is plugged in, from accurate performance during the ocean leg, to the correct handling at destination and to final delivery to the end-customer.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|savings optimally cargo leg container|-0.16446902|5.7484593|6.5113525
4657|Most telling is the fact that at the southern end of Western Scandinavia, Skane generally frames its own development as part of the Copenhagen area as illustrated in the creation of the Greater Copenhagen and Skane Committee (see earlier description) and the common branding of Skane under “Greater Copenhagen”. Paradoxically, this is a case where cross-border governance to better control borders may have addressed one policy issue (migration) but aggravated others (labour market, environment). High-speed train (running at 320 km/hour) was supposed to connect Stockholm with Gothenburg in 2 hours and with Malmo in 2.5 hours by 2035.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|skane copenhagen hours telling frames|4.478111|4.364343|1.3526447
4658|Race to the Top, launched in 2009, prioritises improving STEM overall and in under-represented groups - including women and girls - in the grants it awards to states. The department’s Investing in Innovation programme also has a STEM focus. It seeks to increase the number of STEM teachers from groups traditionally under-represented in STEM - e.g. minorities, individuals with disabilities, women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stem represented awards groups minorities|9.28035|3.5397096|5.9169602
4659|The Law outlines some practical steps in the organization of the legal, financial, scientific and technical support specified in its provisions. However, weak institutional capacities at central and local levels inhibit enforcement of RES policies. Small HPPs with capacity below 1,000 kW are exempt from royalties.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hpps inhibit kw exempt res|1.9473059|2.067458|1.7401768
4660|The reduction and rationalization of subsidies and incentives for energy supply and for energy efficiency is a complex and often controversial process. Approximately 85% of those people live in rural areas, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The low level of electrification is due to a number of factors including poverty, a highly-dispersed rural population, a low degree of industrialization, a historically inefficient energy sector, and difficulties accessing capital to finance the development of modern energy sources (IEA, 2009). Biomass fuels such as firewood, charcoal, straw, agricultural residues, and animal dung supply 95% of all energy consumed in the Sub-Saharan African region (RISO, 2008). Most of these fuels are not traded commercially in the formal sector of the economy; rather they are gathered as needed by household members or, particularly in the case of charcoal, may be sold via the informal sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy charcoal saharan fuels sector|1.8432071|2.4669251|2.8818727
4661|Early intervention to prevent and remedy homelessness is warranted both from a social and cost-effectiveness point of view. In that respect, the strategy focusing on prevention, recently outlined by the Department for Communities and Local Government, is welcome (DCLG, 2012). But this is not the case in the United Kingdom, as children participation in ECEC is higher at the top than at the bottom of the income distribution (OECD, 2011c).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|warranted remedy welcome outlined ecec|7.36294|6.1675177|4.6912613
4662|Schools should be encouraged to use early warning systems to identify students at risk and support them as early as possible. Timeliness matters because later interventions are less cost-effective. This suggests reinforcing educational programmes targeted at early intervention such as the Community Teachers Programme, the Teacher + Teacher Programme (Maestro mas Maestro) and Aprender schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|early teacher schools mas timeliness|9.718304|2.0522354|2.0781567
4663|The global average degree of implementation of IWRM was 48 per cent (medium-low), but there were great variations among countries. Modest progress is being made, but most countries will not meet the target by 2030 at current rates of implementation. If the components of IWRM are broken down, most progress towards implementation is found in cross-sectoral coordination and public participation at national level (62 per cent), but financing (33 per cent), gender issues (33 per cent) and aquifer management (41 per cent) are areas of concern.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cent iwrm implementation progress broken|1.3419039|7.1462927|1.831569
4664|Trends in the use of biomass, energy, construction and other minerals show that while the economies of other regions of the world are becoming less resource-intensive over time, the Asia-Pacific economy is requiring more resources to produce one dollar of GDP as the economy grows (see figure 1.25). One factor behind this is the still-significant unmet needs of developing countries in the region. However, a large part can be attributed to economic growth strategies employed by countries. Notably, the region as a whole in 2008 used almost twice the input of resources'6 to create one unit of GDP as the global economy.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|economy gdp region grows minerals|1.8427671|3.3245225|2.9062939
4665|Stronger numeracy and literacy study in vocational programmes could not only improve the access of graduates to academic tertiary education, but also contribute to a stronger credit transfer system (Fazekas and Field, 2013). As shown by the example of the Netherlands in Box 5.3 (below) improving support for those with weak basic skills might benefit enormously from a system that facilitates information across institutions and teachers. When this information is comprehensive it also might allow policy development to tackle and anticipate the needs of certain student groups.|SDG 4 - Quality education|stronger enormously anticipate facilitates information|8.704732|2.6299381|2.7956374
4666|By extension, co-financing and conditionality mechanisms could be useful tools to bolster fiscal relations across levels of government. Finally, there are opportunities to give a more strategic role for the existing fora for sharing information, good practices and analysis on urban challenges in Mexico; SEDATU could follow up on the outcomes of these discussions. Modernising the municipal administration and, where appropriate, developing metropolitan governance arrangements, will be central to better urban planning and management. Measures could include enabling municipal re-election and/or longer terms in office for mayors (recent federal legislation has already paved the way for this change, to be determined at state level), in addition to creating incentives for urban planning and introducing city managers (professional civil servants to guide the day-to-day administration within municipal administrations).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|municipal urban administration day conditionality|4.036596|5.5453196|1.5242704
4667|Most of the ongoing projects aim to increase the capacities of the Balkan countries (in particular Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia, and Bulgaria) for lobbying and advocacy concerning e-waste management issues, and to raise awareness about proper e-waste management among citizens, government officials, and the private sector. Bulgaria, and Slovenia are members of the EU, and have therefore adopted the WEEE Directive. However, there is still no national legislation tackling e-waste in Kosovo.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste bulgaria lobbying kosovo macedonia|0.46316618|3.977097|3.063968
4668|Some experts (Barnes, 2007), however, warn that the necessary conditions for such economic growth lie in the parallel or complementary development programmes for the newly electrified communities. While electricity is indeed an important input to rural businesses, farms or other small rural structures, adequate local conditions such as organised rural markets and sufficient credit are necessary for such businesses to grow. Lack of such complementary development programmes in these regions may hinder their economic growth.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|complementary rural businesses necessary electrified|2.317344|1.8653892|2.6422198
4669|But it’s far from clear whether typical workers reaped any benefits during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution; many workers were clearly hurt.” Over just the past few decades, the number of people employed as telephone operators and shorthand typists has dwindled markedly. Other jobs will go in the future; including some “knowledge work” that today might seem to be immune to technology.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|hurt workers reaped immune telephone|5.0274825|2.9830637|2.335641
4670|The challenge is further complicated by the fact that people who are extremely poor or highly vulnerable to extreme poverty have very little access to retirement or other pensions (in most countries in the region, the proportion is only around 5% or less). At the same time, social security coverage (the percentage of employed workers paying contributions) is under 40% (ECLAC, 2006, p. 45). In view of this trend, ECLAC (2010b, pp. If this transfer were to be targeted at all over-65s living in vulnerable households, it would cost between 0.3% of Brazil’s gross domestic product (GDP) and 4.2% of the GDP of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.|SDG 1 - No poverty|eclac vulnerable gdp plurinational complicated|7.406675|5.680982|4.528849
4671|The 2013 stock-take of progress found that, of the 35 countries that reported on the indicator, 12 have systems to track and make public allocations on gender equality (OECD/UNDP, 2014: 66). Many more are stepping up their efforts to improve transparency and accountability in financing for gender equality. The strong take-up and interest in the global indicator, even from countries without a system in place to track and make public resource allocation, is a measure of the strength of government commitment to financing gender equality priorities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality track gender indicator financing|9.791981|4.1380024|7.2017474
4672|"The initial risk analysis is based on a review of each school’s outcomes, annual accounts and ""failure signals” such as complaints. For its inspection visits, the Inspectorate uses a detailed framework of quality indicators and a clear set of decision rules. As part of this framework, the Inspectorate of Education also evaluates the internal quality care undertaken by schools ."|SDG 4 - Quality education|inspectorate framework evaluates complaints quality|9.807467|1.8871309|1.5863382
4673|Drugs included in a positive list are reimbursed at three different rates (100%, 80% and 40%), using criteria such as severity of illness, availability of substitutes, the importance in the therapeutic process and financial burden. The contribution from the central budget to the CNS is legally determined at 40% of its total resources (with no budget cap). Given the resilience of public finances and the favourable labour market situation, the financial resources for health care are expected to be stable in the medium term However, a major health reform in 2010 introduced a number of cost-containment measures to prevent shortfalls in the health insurance budget that had been projected (Box 3). Despite this, Luxembourg's economy weathered the financial crisis quite well and revenue from health insurance contributions increased more than expected.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|budget health financial insurance expected|8.528895|9.093231|2.1101751
4674|The ability (or inability) of these projects to continue functioning as planned irrespective of climate variability will affect whether they can meet their stated objectives. In particular, the “Global Investor Statement on Climate Change” (IIGCC, 2011) outlines the elements of “investinent-grade climate and energy policy” necessary to attract large-scale investment, focusing on the clean energy sector. The IIGCC has 285 signatories, who represent assets of more than USD 20 trillion.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate signatories inability irrespective investor|1.7429975|3.786862|1.3504747
4675|This can be generally described as a pattern of growth in which resource use meets human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for generations to come. Therefore when examining the benefits of energy efficiency, it is not enough to solely look to the energy savings achieved but rather at the outcomes in terms of economic, social and environmental development. Although there appears to be clear evidence of multiple benefits resulting in welfare gains from energy efficiency improvements, they are difficult to quantify in many cases. A scan of the multiple benefits identified in this report would indicate that, aside from energy savings, the benefits associated with energy security, improved health, energy affordability, economic growth, and job creation are all outcomes that are also current priorities for governments.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy benefits savings multiple outcomes|2.0345864|2.7402184|2.5378625
4676|Similarly, female labour force participation rates have often changed dramatically within countries over time. While Tunisia’s female labour force participation rate is low by OECD standards, it has increased significantly in the past 50 years. In addition, women in Tunisia are considerably more likely to be active than women in other most other MENA countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tunisia force female participation labour|9.352619|4.163665|5.871116
4677|Rethinking Trade and Finance: Wigleyand Cary (2018), The Future is Decentralized: ITC (2018), Unblocking cross-border trade. She is also co-founder and CEO of the Digital Citizen Fund, which helps girls and women in developing countries gain access t< technology, connect virtually with others across the world, and obtain the skills needed to succeed in today's expanding global market. The company began as part of the Herat Information Technology Incubator Program and then grew quickly as I hired many women programmers and bloggers.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|itc ceo technology trade founder|4.8077|3.005031|1.8747009
4678|This chapter documents gender differences in life expectancy and birth rates (to cover health status); in average years of schooling, labour force participation, inheritance rights and marriage age (to cover socioeconomic status); and in parliamentary seats and suffrage (to cover political rights). A composite indicator shows strong progress in reducing gender inequality in the past 60 years in most regions. Only in East Asia and in Eastern Europe this decline stalled in the 1980s.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cover suffrage status rights stalled|9.301721|4.654874|6.2242317
4679|Indeed, although the spreading of alternative school arrangements widens the scope of users’ choice, it may exacerbate the correlation between socio-economic backgrounds and school resources and quality. Teaching practices could be also improved by reducing the extensive reliance of the system on test scores, and rather develop more comprehensive indicators of school performance. Indeed, despite being important, benchmarking is deemed to have incentivised grades inflation, “teaching to tests” and scarce attention to the development of non-cognitive skills.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|school teaching widens incentivised spreading|9.677714|1.877152|2.2103355
4680|The recent IMF agreement has prompted progress in energy price reforms and the energy policy dialogue with the EU aiming at gradual convergence of Ukraine’s energy sector with the EU internal market has been instrumental in efforts to liberalise Ukraine’s internal gas market and modernise its regulatory framework. These reforms are indispensable for putting in place and implementing energy-related projects co-financed by international agencies. Access to international know-how on financing options and technologies is important, especially in the sphere of energy efficiency and renewable energy investments.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy ukraine internal reforms eu|1.7415372|2.324262|2.1542437
4681|They actively use this information to tailor their education responses to individual students’ needs. The Starting Block equips teachers with resources to measure and record student progress and achievement in literacy, attendance and general conduct on a daily basis. At the end of each term, students’ families and community members attend Starting Block Awards ceremonies to recognise their achievements. The programme is designed to help children leam to set and realise personal goals.|SDG 4 - Quality education|block starting awards students tailor|9.444939|1.5044022|1.829192
4682|Taking average income as the benchmark point, the analysis focuses on the lower-half of the income distribution, i.e. moving progressively from median to bottom incomes. This is consistent with a Rawlsian approach to social welfare, which puts relatively stronger weight on the lower end of the distribution. It investigates the extent to which structural policies have differential long-run impacts on GDP per capita and household incomes at different points of the distribution. Relying on this assessment, different countries may implement different policy reforms, depending on various factors such as societal preferences and aversion to inequality, but also short-term budgetary and or political constraints.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|distribution different incomes investigates aversion|6.7792144|5.14443|4.617617
4683|While not reflected in market prices, researchers can nevertheless fairly well identify the external impacts of electricity generation and provision, often measuring them and sometimes even monetising them partially or tentatively. The full costs of the electricity generated by a given technology are thus the sum of the technology’s private, market-based costs plus its social costs. Since at least the early 1990s, when a raft of major studies on energy externalities was launched, accounting for the full costs has become part of the work of a large constituency of researchers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|costs researchers electricity technology market|1.7970482|2.0695114|1.904791
4684|Additionally, the degree to which these long-term emission reduction objectives are part of an internationally-binding agreement will influence clean energy investment decisions - and also potentially access to international finance. For example, international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol are correlated with increased innovation in mitigation technologies (Hascic et al., Emission reporting schemes can pave the way for implementation of carbon pricing.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emission pave international kyoto binding|1.4640008|3.271571|1.8146192
4685|Thus, although immigrants seem to decrease the employment rate of Ghanaian-bom workers, no effect is seen on the unemployment rate. This would suggest that if native-bom workers lose their jobs, they also leave the labour force (and are not among the unemployed). It seems therefore likely that immigration is detrimental for workers with a relatively weak attachment to the labour force.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom workers force ghanaian rate|7.239647|3.696|4.2375746
4686|These concerns abour wafting times led to the adoption of a Health Care Guaiantee legislation in 2005 that wovided guidelines on the maximum waiting times for a range of primary care and specialised care services In 2011. Substantial progress was achieved over the past decade in reducing mortality rates for people admitted to hospital for these life-threatening conditions, with the 30-day mortality rate now the lowest among EU countries with available data for ischaemic stroke (Figure 9). This reflects the streamlining of emergency care processes and the provision of better treatments, notably a greater use of thrombolysis for ischaemic strokes. Due to early diagnosis and effective treatments, people in Finland diagnosed with various types of cancer, such as breast, cervical, colon and rectal cancer, have higher survival rates than in most EU countries: (OECD, 2017), and overall mortality from cancer is among the lowest in the EU.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer ischaemic mortality care eu|9.256564|9.379996|2.702135
4687|Australian energy providers delivered another USD 100 million in spending (Crossley et al 2012), while Brazilian energy providers spend about USD 250 million each year (Mauer 2012). Energy providers have a strategic position in energy markets, often serving as middleman between energy producers and energy consumers. Energy providers have long-standing commercial relationships with even the smallest end-use customers, allowing them to influence energy saving activities in diffuse markets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy providers usd markets million|2.0993037|2.4193861|2.4760585
4688|This sub-section shows that while scheduling mandatory interviews may already generate positive employment impacts through a threat effect, such services are particularly effective if they are of high quality. While a high frequency of interviews may be desirable, it is often constrained by staff caseloads - the ratio of clients to employment counselling staff. As for initial eligibility reviews, counselling services may be more effective through the threat effect (i.e. causing flows off benefit prior to the actual interview) than through the actual delivery of the service (Graversen and van Ours, 2008; and Hagglund, 2011). A recent study for the United States shows that claimants who exited benefit before a scheduled job-search assistance programme had improved job prospects in the longer run compared with those who participated (Cebi et al.,|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|counselling interviews threat actual staff|8.013715|4.6544156|3.8535104
4689|"Within each pathway, a number of more detailed measures are defined. In addition, within the NDC landscape the Nordic countries are well positioned to help build ""the financing system we need for climate action AND from the global Agenda 2030 perspective"", and support the required financial sector and fiscal reforms not only in improving ""conduciveness"" of policies but also breaking apart unconducive policies such as the fossil-fuel subsidy schemes in an equitable and peaceful manner. Overall Nordic countries have been actively involved in adaptation funding through multilateral agencies with a strong adaptation mandate and addressed adaptation through crosscutting initiatives."|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation nordic peaceful breaking ndc|1.7254481|4.060603|1.4225224
4690|She joined the OECD Programme on International Management in Higher Education (IMHE) in 2005 to coordinate and manage the first round of OECD Reviews of Higher Education in Regional Development which took place in 2005-2007 and embraced 14 regions in 12 countries. She is leading the second round of reviews in 2008-10 which is reaching out to 14 regions and city-regions in G8 countries and emerging economies. She is the co-author and editor of the OECD publication “Higher Education and Regions - Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged” (OECD, 2007). Before joining the OECD, Puukka had experience in higher education and regional development in Finland as a national and local government adviser, programme manager, practitioner and evaluator.|SDG 4 - Quality education|regions oecd higher round education|7.8800797|2.4387062|2.4282928
4691|Rigorous and continuous methods to assess and anticipate skill needs are also needed, together with methods for quality assurance and the monitoring of training providers. The share of women on board of listed companies in Chile is among the lowest in the OECD (Figure 12, Panel B). The major obstacle Chilean women face to participate more fully is the traditional gender roles towards work and care.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|methods anticipate rigorous chilean obstacle|9.109193|4.322143|5.7825036
4692|Early marriage, which disproportionately affects young girls in some countries in the region, decreases the chances that girls continue studying or engage in economic activities, as they usually became responsible for home tasks and the care of children (UNICEF, 2005). The figure in this box shows that both in North and Sub-Saharan African regions married women are more likely to be NEETs than unmarried women. Young girls are much more likely than young men to be married early and therefore look for more flexible jobs that they usually find in the informal sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|girls young married usually early|9.41254|5.309399|6.247968
4693|"This separation of activities is maintained through norms of femininity and masculinity: women's fishing work is often conceptualized as ""not fishing"", as if this work were an extension of their traditional role of (unpaid) household labour (SPC 2007). The association of fishing from boats, especially on open seas, with maleness is supported by cultural practices and taboos around the world with respect to women in boats (Lambeth et al. The sex segregation of fishing is not merely the result of gender boundaries: in fishing communities fishing defines these boundaries (Yodanis 2000)."|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing boats boundaries spc masculinity|0.00042426103|5.7816157|6.4336505
4694|More positively, there are emerging signs of Cambodia expanding into products offering higher export growth opportunities than traditional products (e.g. footwear, unprocessed rice, and some electronics and transport equipment), although they still remain relatively limited compared to the more traditional export basket. Diversification across export destinations is also taking place to some extent but at a much slower pace, as the major export markets remain the US and the EU (Warr and Menon, 2015). While recent increases in the real minimum wage for the garment and footwear sector may be warranted from a social policy perspective, notably after years of stagnation in real terms in the 2000s (ILO, 2016), rapid surges in labour costs without productivity improvements put additional pressures on producers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|export real traditional remain products|5.182088|4.5862665|3.8784134
4695|"The type and quality of jobs can have direct effects on health through occupational hazards, or may affect health indirectly through income security or through psychological and social mechanisms. In Central and Eastern Europe, the Roma people routinely suffer deprivation.16 In Bulgaria, for example, their life expectancy at any age is five to six years below the rest of the population, while their infant mortality rate is six times the national average. In Hungary, infant mortality among the Roma is nearly four times the average for the country, while in Romania it is two and a half times greater.17 In Indonesia in 1995, mortality among non-Javanese children was 36 per cent higher than among Javanese, while non-Chinese children had mortality rates nearly four times higher than the rate observed among Chinese children (whose parents are likely to be wealthier). Social Determinants of Health, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999. The widening gap in mortality by educational level in the Russian Federation, 1980-2001"", American Journal of Public Health, vol. In Latin America, the prevalence of child diarrhoea and maternal mortality is significantly higher among indigenous people than among non-indigenous."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality times roma infant health|8.874413|8.475737|3.5547352
4696|The agricultural sector is responsible for approximately 47% of the world's methane (CH4) and 58% of its nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (Vermeulen et al., This necessitates a transition within the agricultural sector, which not only meets increased productivity, and meets poverty alleviation and adaptation goals, but also delivers mitigation benefits. On a global scale, the agricultural sector carries a significant potential to mitigate climate change, e.g. by reducing emissions and increasing productivity throughout the supply chain and by increasing sequestration through changing land use practices (Campbell et al.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|meets agricultural sector productivity emissions|1.4701174|3.9440508|2.9910102
4697|How labour market information could contribute to the design of various employment services is likewise a challenge given the wide-ranging services involved: job matching, vocational guidance, information dissemination, organising job fairs, subsidies for unemployed workers, wage subsidies, and on-the-job training. Flexibility in the management of labour market policies and programmes is central to optimising their contribution to competitiveness, inclusion and prosperity at the local level. Flexibility can take the form of the involvement of local offices in the design of programmes, freedom to choose how to spend budgets, the possibility to negotiate performance targets and choose target groups for programmes, and the opportunity to collaborate with other actors (see Box 3.2).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|job choose flexibility programmes subsidies|7.9098988|4.3760686|3.7195532
4698|Strengthened capacity in key sector ministries to include environmental sustainability in their strategies. Improved livelihoods and access to environmental and natural resources for the poor. A review' of these (below) illustrates the various approaches that are emerging. Strategic Goal A is to address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity environmental illustrates strengthened mainstreaming|1.732979|5.344722|3.7390852
4699|The Local Government Units Public Financial Management (LGU PFM) Reform Roadmap and Implementation Strategy, an initiative launched by the national government in 2015, could consider this particular topic. Given the horizontal fragmentation of LGUs in Metro Cebu and the need to develop infrastructure across the whole metropolitan area (e.g. water, transport), this is a critical obstacle to finance urban green growth. The Board should be entitled to borrow from banks and on markets to make the necessary investment to carry out the functions devolved by the Local Government Code. By legislation, Metro Vancouver districts are required to operate balanced budgets and any deficit must be repaid immediately the follow ing year.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metro government lgu repaid vancouver|3.686359|4.9790006|1.2734882
4700|"With funding of AUD 12.9 billion, the “Water for the Future’"" programme has targeted improving water use efficiency, securing water supplies and improving river health. A key aim of the programme has been to improve environmental flows in the basin. This is being achieved through a combination of voluntary buybacks of water entitlements (primarily from irrigators) and investment in irrigation efficiency upgrades, with a percentage of the “saved” water being held by the Commonwealth Environmental Water Holder and used for environmental purposes."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water environmental improving efficiency upgrades|1.1273404|7.2565403|2.211161
4701|Concurrently, pollution from land-based sources including marine litter is threatening species and marine habitats and climate change compounds these effects, altering both the thermal and chemical characteristics of the ocean as well as its dynamics and nutrient availability (Bijma et al., Since the 1980s, for example, an estimated 20% of global mangroves have been lost and 19% of coral reefs have disappeared (UNDP, 2012). The welfare costs that this imposes on society are high - estimates suggest that the cumulative economic impact of poor ocean management practices is in the order of USD 200 billion per year (UNDP.|SDG 14 - Life below water|undp ocean marine disappeared altering|0.05552968|5.897476|5.98484
4702|It covers all sectors except transport. On 30 November 2016, the European Commission proposed an update to the EED, including a new 30% energy efficiency target for 2030. These include indicative national energy-efficiency targets, strategies to reduce energy consumption of existing buildings, the introduction of energy-efficiency requirements in public procurement, obligations for energy companies to help customers save energy, and improvements to customer metering and billing.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency billing indicative metering|1.853552|2.8549557|2.3647676
4703|Metropolitan-wide planning raises questions about the appropriate scale to tackle land-use issues; the democratic legitimacy of decisions that take place outside of formal governmental institutions; and the ability to secure stable forms of funding and achieve long-term goals. Experiences from other jurisdictions demonstrate some potential strategies for Prague to pursue. Following this, strategies to manage inter-jurisdictional land-use conflicts are discussed along with the potential of rural-urban partnerships.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|strategies prague jurisdictional land potential|4.020851|5.4915056|1.5161263
4704|However, things may not be quite as straightforward from the point of view of a private investor. Given that in a liberalised market the marginal fuel (the one with the highest variable cost, i.e. gas) sets the price of electricity, the electricity price in a liberalised market tends to fluctuate with the gas price thus preserving a rather stable profit margin for investors in gas. In a market with regulated prices instead, investors in nuclear would benefit from a stable profit margin and investors in gas would have to cope with the volatility of their cost base.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gas investors liberalised margin price|1.4721487|1.9364891|1.6846756
4705|Vocational-technical education prepares individuals to acquire professional knowledge and a trade-specific qualification. There are 231 institutions offering programmes for secondary specialized education, including 12 private institutions. In 2014, 33,800 young professionals graduated from vocational training institutions and 41,400 students from secondary specialized vocational training institutions received a diploma. These numbers correspond to the overall demand for workers in the economy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational institutions specialized secondary graduated|8.421515|2.5934048|2.797613
4706|The skills are not only important to working in a job, but at the same time determine how easy or difficult it is to find another job, for example, in case of dismissal or problems at the workplace. For this reason, a further indicator measures employability, in other words, the self-perceived usefulness of the worker's skills and experiences for finding another job. Finally, a further indicator regards skills match, in other words, whether employed persons can actually use their skills in their current job.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|job skills words indicator usefulness|8.2706375|3.3219645|3.1452699
4707|Asymmetries of revenue and funding are also likely to undermine the co-ordination of water policies across ministries and public agencies. As water is a regional issue in Belgium, Flanders and Wallonia replied separately. Often, ministries of finance and economy are not directly involved in making decisions during water policy reforms, which can raise implementation challenges at a later stage.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ministries water flanders asymmetries undermine|1.2667693|7.166417|1.6214036
4708|It also seeks to help streamline smart sustainable cities' action plans and establish best practices with feasible targets that urban development stakeholders are encouraged to meet. The U4SSC is supported by 16 United Nations agencies, programmes, funds and secretariats.6 It has also developed key performance indicators for measuring progress towards achieving the objectives of smart sustainable cities. The key performance indicators are being implemented by 50 cities globally.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities smart performance indicators secretariats|3.8960414|4.4653196|1.6352023
4709|This results in the development of five-year education budgets that only weakly link to medium- and long-term strategies for the education sector. Nonetheless, in a positive development subsequent to the visit by the OECD review team, ANEP established annual targets for the period 2016-20 in its 2015-19 Budget Plan covering 61 indicators in a range of areas. There is the perception that education councils distribute resources so as to ensure some horizontal equity across individual schools (i.e. similar resources are given to schools with similar type of provision). The allocation mechanism seeks to ensure that, in each school, a basic level of resources is made available that enables students, regardless of their socio-economic background, to benefit from a similar schooling experience.|SDG 4 - Quality education|similar resources education anep schools|9.489657|2.1294403|2.2219868
4710|The City of Cologne, for example, co-ordinates water and spatial planning for new building areas to prevent flood damages because of heavy rainfalls. Municipal authorities in the Netherlands, through the “Water Assessment” instrument, take water management into account in their spatial planning decisions. Even though it is not binding, this tool is considered effective for linking water authorities and cities (OECD, 2014b). Energy production is strongly dependent on water for power generation, fossil fuel extraction, transport and processing, and irrigation of biofuels crops.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water spatial authorities planning ordinates|1.3178025|7.0497036|1.7404974
4711|Awareness and understanding of the achievements and challenges in implementation of the Platform for Action are important if gender equality is to be achieved. Gender equality is, in turn, important because it is fundamental to all persons — women, men, girls and boys — fully and freely exercising their fundamental human rights and freedoms, to their living lives with dignity, agency and voice, and for the “development” and preservation of inclusive, equitable, democratic and peaceful societies. While noting exceptions, a general trend is evident with a positive correlation between “human development” and gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality fundamental gender exercising human|9.609148|4.6421194|7.1460047
4712|Younger and better educated women have more opportunities to start their own business in the emerging knowledge-based economy. According to the study of Adrien et al. ( Between 2001 and 2004, revenue growth for firms run by single self-employed women rose by a cumulative 70% - three times faster than revenue growth among firms run by married women (CIBC, 2005). Third, better educated women are becoming the majority in most fields, they are gaining ground in traditional men’s areas such as business, natural and applied sciences, and engineering, they are entering in new growth sectors such as finance, insurance and real estate, and the growth rate of women’s self-employment in the emerging sectors related to the knowledge-based economy including health, social services and business services is rising (Adrien et al.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women growth business educated revenue|8.881855|3.694617|6.19347
4713|Increases in health insurance coverage then stagnated, but picked up again after 2008, reaching 94.7% of the population in 2014 (see Figure 1.7 in Chapter 1) -thus practically achieving universal health coverage (UHC). Together, these expansions allowed the uninsured population to shrink from 12.4% of the population in 2008 to 5.3% in 2014 (Table 2.1). Moreover, the coverage of SEM with respect to the salaried economically-active population was around 72%, while it was 80% among non-salaried economically-active population. Table 2.2 shows the insurance coverage of the population by income quintile, socio-demographic characteristics, by sex and detailed occupation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|population coverage salaried economically active|8.484826|8.556574|2.2550676
4714|A key component of the Basin Plan is the environmental watering plan, which co-ordinates all environmental watering across the basin. The Plan also contains a water quality and salinity management plan and water quality targets which influence how environmental flows and the water resources are managed. For example, in France, the minimum biological flow and the reserve flow required are based on the observation of ecological needs. Figure 3.14 depicts the proportion of allocation examples that report that key factors are taken into account in the definition of the available resource pool. Specific information about how this is done, such as the methodological approach used, are reflected in country profiles.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|plan environmental flow basin water|0.9354839|7.35952|2.3858244
4715|However, in the South irrigation is managed mainly by large Boards which are highly interconnected with urban and industrial water supply agencies. This is essentially due to the fact that most important water structures (e.g. dams, aqueducts, pumping stations) are constructed for multi-sectorial water use and their management is frequently under the Boards’ competence. The 183 Group is a not-for-profit organisation established in 1995 by Members of Parliament, environmentalists, and representatives of regions, local governments, trade unions and company managers.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|boards water sectorial interconnected pumping|1.0228211|7.2476397|1.7075752
4716|When using surveys and/or questionnaires, evaluators forming an ultimate judgement of a school leader’s performance need to bear issues of fairness and objectivity, validity and reliability in mind, especially where appraisal may lead to summative consequences. Different stakeholders may hold different expectations of their school leaders depending on their interests, levels of experience and involvement in the school’s affairs (Ginsberg and Thompson, 1992; Davis and Hensley, 1999). Not all decisions a school leader makes may be viewed equally favourable by all stakeholders (Reeves, 2009).|SDG 4 - Quality education|school leader stakeholders reeves summative|9.979861|1.1624653|1.5043975
4717|The majority (71%) of adaptation-related bilateral ODA targets adaptation as a significant objective (Figure 2.1). This means that the intervention has other prime objectives but has been formulated or adjusted to consider the effects of climate change. However, the OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System (DAC CRS) database includes data on the volume of ODA allocated to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). These figures also include financial flows targeting risks unrelated to climate, but the overall trends are informative.|SDG 13 - Climate action|dac oda adaptation creditor informative|1.510322|4.2471685|1.0325844
4718|Information on land take by urban and and other artificial land development in Europe is given as a complement. Their interpretation should consider the levels of economic development and the structure of countries’ economies and patterns of trade. Geographic factors and population density also play a role. Internationally harmonised data on conversions from one type of land use to another are not yet available.|SDG 15 - Life on land|land harmonised artificial interpretation complement|3.9890244|5.5044785|1.7123057
4719|This includes seasonal migration - a particularly important form linked to agricultural production cycles. These differences in opportunities also imply that migration has a high potential to contribute to economic, social and human development. Rural-urban migration in particular has always been, and will continue to be, an integral part of this process.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|migration cycles integral seasonal imply|4.485998|5.215329|2.748383
4720|Of note, qualitative evidence from the target population finds that many women believe the balance of benefits to risks is acceptable and welcome the opportunity to take part in breast screening (Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening, 2012). What is still lacking, however, is a national population-based system that issues personalised invitations to all Czech citizens regularly, based on age, gender and screening history. The plan has a number of objectives all linked to the ultimate aim of reducing the burden of cancer in the Czech Republic, including improving rates of early diagnosis, in part through more effective screening, accrediting treatment centres on the basis of workforce skills, equipment, self-evaluation and communication, and encouraging research and innovation. The Czech Society for Oncology exists as a professional network, a significant part of whose work is dedicated to supporting patients through education and information, including around screening and prevention.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|screening czech breast cancer personalised|9.204864|9.557056|2.614139
4721|This is largely due to the limited attention which GHPs have given to support activities and technical assistance in beneficiary countries, which has made it difficult for the poorest countries to maximize benefits from the GHPs’ programmes. In spite of the important achievements accomplished on HIV/ AIDS, it should be recalled that today the top killer diseases in most poor countries are respiratory and intestinal diseases leading to child deaths from pulmonary failure or diarrhoea (see table 6). Yet there is very little advocacy for addressing these problems, and there is no GHP to support them.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diseases pulmonary diarrhoea maximize accomplished|8.525939|8.9467745|3.1317353
4722|The prevention and control of epidemics through public health care programmes requires a high degree of coordination among different authorities and the prompt mobilisation of physical and financial resources. Most countries have legislation to avoid the spread of epidemics consisting of two parts: the identification of a health problem, and the actions taken to control it (Smith et al., Losses due to epidemics cannot be insured as they are not characterised by definite and calculable losses.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|epidemics losses control prompt insured|8.471177|9.102766|2.8372838
4723|For instance, pension contributions of many professionals, such as engineers, which are set at a fixed amount depending on the number of years of activity, regardless of earnings, could usefully be rationalised. The recent activation of two centralised, inter-linked, electronic monitoring systems is a welcome step in this regard. More specifically, the “Helios” scheme, monitoring retirement pay, is linked to the “Ariadne” scheme, that directly records major demographic changes, facilitating in this way the detection and suspension of ineligible pensions (EC, 2013b). Regional differences in the distribution of different categories of pensions in mid-2013, particularly regarding disability pensions, suggest the need for further monitoring of the social security system to avoid abuse in the future. The uninsured have a means-tested access to some basic health care services through the “health insurance book”, providing free access to public hospital and medical services (including pharmaceuticals).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|pensions monitoring scheme linked uninsured|7.8248534|5.614541|4.291011
4724|The highest risk ratings for in situ and development risks (respectively) are used to produce initial ratings. The setting of water security targets can be guided by several economic characteristics (in part, following OECD, 2008). However, achieving the targets can also entail significant economic costs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ratings targets situ guided entail|1.3157018|7.080982|2.5474184
4725|On one hand, a mix of power plants with different characteristics such as price and ramp up and ramp down times allows grid operators to optimize electricity generation costs and increases system stability. On the other hand, an electricity network consisting solely of sources with fast response would allow electricity generation to follow electricity consumption easily. These technologies, however, are often more expensive.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity ramp hand generation optimize|1.5749891|1.6661994|1.7609739
4726|Carefully designed policies, strategies and projects can work within existing cultural norms, through the public and private sectors, in ways that benefit both women and men (Box 9). Specific recommendations for closing the gender gap in access to land, rural labour markets, financial services, social capital and technology include the steps outlined below. Women have not always benefited from general land distribution and titling efforts, however, and in some cases have seen their customary rights eroded as formal rights have been extended to male heads of household. Many governments have attempted to strengthen women's tenure rights within marriage and as individuals, but these efforts are often frustrated by a combination of legal and cultural practices that still favour men. Many countries in the region have instituted legal reforms that have strengthened married women's land rights, but land-titling efforts have not always facilitated the practice of including both husbands' and wives' names. This section is based on FAO (201 Oh), which provides an extensive review of the relevant literature.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights land efforts women cultural|9.185217|5.012011|7.173743
4727|See Annex 3 for notes (www.oecd.org/edu/eag.htm). Education systems in OECD and most G20 countries now provide universal access to basic education, such that both pre-primary and upper secondary education are becoming universal in most countries (see also Indicator C2). The expansion of upper secondary education has been driven by both increasing demand and policy changes ranging from a more flexible curriculum and a reshaping of vocational studies, to efforts to expand access to education to the entire population. While the same changes have been made to tertiary education, participation rates at this higher level of education are significantly lower.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education universal upper secondary reshaping|9.035971|2.4589887|2.6447594
4728|In 2004-07, the OECD/IMHE conducted an extensive study with 14 regional reviews across 12 countries. This resulted in the OECD flagship publication Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged (OECD, 2007) with recommendations to benefit both higher education institutions and national and regional governments. In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national, regional and local governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|regional oecd higher education reviews|7.8378687|2.437904|2.4264877
4729|Working alongside ministries and agencies with direct responsibilities over environmental matters, the ICT regulator is likely to be a critical actor in formulating policies and strategies for addressing concerns about e-waste generated from ICT gadgets and devices. Good collaboration with related agencies is necessary in order to monitor all actors' compliance with e-waste governance requirements effectively. Organized by the Communications Commission of Kenya.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|ict agencies waste formulating actor|4.3249245|3.175554|1.9915367
4730|In addition to interfering with aquaculture and spoiling beaches for tourism, such algal blooms can lead to dead zones (anoxic zones) and low-oxygen zones (hypoxic zones). Such zones occur when algal blooms decay and the bacteria breaking up the dead algae use up the oxygen dissolved in the seawater. The zones drive mobile species away and kill the seabed (benthic) wildlife.|SDG 14 - Life below water|zones algal blooms oxygen dead|0.08294111|5.99737|5.9850597
4731|Since then, governments and the clinical community have slowly stepped up efforts so that every hospital is today accredited against these standards. Having achieved these service standards, the challenge for Australian policy makers now is to develop increasingly robust metrics linked to their implementation and impact, ensure that standards remain relevant to quality and safety priorities and to apply them beyond hospitals. The standards form the building blocks for a national approach to quality assessment and improvement.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|standards stepped blocks accredited metrics|9.238057|9.50104|1.6043632
4732|The types or regulatory tools that are needed in most capture fisheries are those that reduce the level of fishing pressure and promote flexible adaptation to change. Reducing fishing pressure can be accomplished through actions to reduce fishing capacity, eliminate harmful subsidies and reduce fishing effort. It is also accomplished through a precautionary ecosystem approach to fisheries management and targeted financial instruments to create incentives to switch to low-impact gear (FAO, 2009).|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing accomplished reduce pressure fisheries|-0.2823244|5.855097|6.672739
4733|Examples of indicators used for performance-related payments include national waiting time targets, preventive services, patient experience, registration in national quality registers and efficiency (e.g. prescribing of generic drugs). Fee-for-service payments, on the other hand, are said to provide little incentive to improve the quality of care and reduce use of services. The government’s expectation is that the reforms in primary care - with their focus on promoting choice, competition and transparency, supported by performance-related incentives- will reduce these negative effects and improve the access, responsiveness, quality and value for money of services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|quality payments services performance improve|8.757344|9.040478|1.7209561
4734|Other similar indicators can be developed focused on a minimum intake of different nutrients (e.g. proteins) rather than energy (see NutVal.net, an initiative from the World Food Programme WFP and the UN Refugee Agency UNHCR). The cost of the dietary energy needs — the food poverty line — is estimated based on the assumption of the energy requirement for a healthy life of a representative individual in a given population (usually 2 100 calories per capita per day) and the cost of a food basket required to meet that energy requirement, taking into account the need for a properly balanced diet and the food habits of a given population. The share of the population whose expenditures (or income) fall under the food poverty line is considered food poor. This indicator captures the access dimension of food insecurity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food energy requirement population line|4.4768395|5.6595964|4.6141057
4735|It produced 95 million tonnes of rice this year; after setting aside 89 million tonnes for its own population, it has 6 million tonnes surplus for the world market. The four-year ban on rice exports was lifted in September 2011. Wheat export too is free of export controls. Ports, rail transport, roads, and handling documentation and facilitation must improve if supplies to the poor are to be made at the lowest transaction cost.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|tonnes million rice export lifted|3.9517303|4.903824|4.1633105
4736|Also, 98.3% of Flemish lower secondary teachers had completed a teacher education bachelor’s programme, the 3th highest figure among the 34 TALIS participation countries (against a TALIS average of 89.8%) (OECD, 2014b). Teachers are hired into schools through an open recruitment procedure organised at the school board level and with considerable involvement of the school principal. Schools boards have autonomy in teacher recruitment, selection and appointment, and therefore act as the employers. However, schools need to observe regulations at the Flemish Community level regarding teacher required standard qualifications and the statutory rights of teaching staff.|SDG 4 - Quality education|flemish teacher talis recruitment schools|9.56693|1.4514058|2.5983784
4737|The various strengths and weaknesses identified with these different approaches are also summarised in the table, many of which also relate to how stakeholders are engaged. Overall, however, some combination of top-down and bottom-up governance approaches is likely to be more effective than single approaches (De Santo et al., Challenges in effectively engaging stakeholders remain, especially in times of, for example, budget constraints, as discussed in De Santo (2016). An example of how local communities are able to engage in the management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is provided in Box 3.4. Currently placed under the governance of the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, the French Marine Protected Areas Agency is to be integrated into the French Agency for Biodiversity as of 2017.|SDG 14 - Life below water|approaches french marine agency stakeholders|0.21874811|5.5233645|5.782014
4738|It is, however, still debatable if the growth rate is sufficient to keep up with the aging of the population, the growing burden of disease, migration of health professionals, and other factors that influence the supply and demand for health professionals in a specific country. It is, however, relatively certain that the prevalence of chronic conditions and the prevalence of people with multiple chronic conditions will increase over the next few decades. Therefore, educational systems should make sure that they are focused on better care for people with multiple chronic conditions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|chronic conditions professionals prevalence multiple|9.367591|9.042745|2.552258
4739|Mapping, GPS tracking and widely accessible mobile data have the potential to improve spatial efficiency and the way urban residents interact with public transit, transport congestion, the real estate market and monetary transactions. In Africa ICT is already enhancing urban-rural linkages, supporting the co-development of cities and their hinterlands through better market information, better access to services and easier cash transfers. The pattern of growth of African cities will no doubt be shaped by new technology. Incentives for dense and compact development fall as transport, trade and communication over longer distances become easier. But as density decreases, negative externalities (costs borne by society) increase, including congestion, pollution, segregation, infrastructure costs, loss of walkable commercial districts and the costs associated with public transit viability. Only those with cars and smart phones?|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|congestion transit easier costs cities|4.438463|4.7058606|1.793789
4740|The low share of non-R&D innovation expenditure results in an average level of innovation intensity, compared to the EU28, despite the high level of R&D expenditure in the Austrian business sector. In 2014-16, 22.7% of all firms reported new-to-market product innovations. This share has increased only slightly in the past ten years and at a much lower rate than the share of firms engaged in process, organisational or marketing innovations. In 2016, 12.6% of total sales originated from product innovation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation innovations share product expenditure|5.4829636|3.3381786|2.4886565
4741|Although the value generated from the first sale of fish products from Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries may seem relatively small compared with other sectors (representing less than 1 percent of regional gross domestic product [GDP]), the sector targets some of the most economically vulnerable communities in the region, making it a key player for sustainable development. In fact, the value at first sale as a percentage of GDP is six times greater in the developing countries of the southern Mediterranean than in the wealthier, northern Mediterranean countries. Furthermore, around 60 percent of employment in the region’s fishing sector is found in the developing countries of the southern and eastern Mediterranean, indicating that most of the jobs provided by this sector are located precisely where jobs are needed. This includes: improving the sources of data available for stock assessment; increasing the percentage of fisheries that are the object of specific management measures; incorporating past and current socio-economic characteristics of the fisheries; and studying the potential socio-economic impacts of alternative management measures.|SDG 14 - Life below water|mediterranean fisheries sale southern percent|0.046835948|5.846898|6.6802325
4742|In the seven countries with significant drops in poverty levels, labour income accounted for at least three quarters of the variation in total per capita income. Transfers (public and private, including pensions and retirement benefits) and other income (capital income, imputed rent, and others) also helped bring the poverty rate down, albeit to a lesser degree. The discrepancy is due basically to the fact that the price deflator used by the Institute to adjust the indigence line —which reflects the variation in the prices of the specific products that make up the basic consumption basket— rose less than the deflator used by ECLAC, which reflects changes in food inflation and is therefore composed differently. The discrepancy is due to minor methodological differences related to the calculation of aggregate income and the value of the lines used. Changes in demographic factors, labour markets, the overall economic climate and institutional responses to poverty, along with falling poverty rates, could have gradually reshaped the profile of persons living in need. For analytical purposes, the poor population is divided into two groups: the indigent and the non-indigent poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deflator income indigent discrepancy poverty|6.3016996|5.8980613|5.1717505
4743|Montenegro was the exception, with its share of livestock output being slightly greater than crop output. Since 2006-08, the composition of total output value has seen an increase in the share of crops in Albania and Kosovo, and an increase in the share of livestock in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The composition is fairly stable in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|output montenegro composition share livestock|3.9042811|5.071381|4.020862
4744|Monitoring has suffered owing to a general lack of national funding, even if recently the situation has improved in some countries due to an increase in national environmental budgets (e.g., Armenia). In Georgia, no systematic groundwater monitoring has taken place for the past 20 years. Improvement in microbiological and biological monitoring is reported in Armenia and Georgia. Self-monitoring of sewage water by enterprises has been introduced in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, but enforcement is not always strict.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|armenia georgia monitoring azerbaijan sewage|0.7529326|7.0261703|2.4816318
4745|Companies can receive grants for providing Trial Employment to freeters aged 25-34 and unstable workers in their late thirties, and further subsidies when they give these workers full-time positions after Trial Employment. Further measures include the extension of intensive counselling for this group of workers. As has already been mentioned, older freeters are also a target group of the Job Card system (MHLW, 2009a). In the context of the financial and economic crisis, a system of grants (again, JPY 1 million per person for SMEs and JPY 0.5 million for large companies) was introduced for employers who hire older freeters (aged 25-39) by allocating certain job openings to them (MHLW, 2009a).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|freeters jpy mhlw trial workers|8.146686|4.937986|4.0509443
4746|Discrepancies between the different sets of standards can hinder efforts to close the gender gap. Imported from French law, where the rules are incorporated into the civil code, the personal status code can be defined as the set of rules that relate directly or indirectly to the life of the family, including inheritance. Some countries prefer to use the term “family code” (qanun al-usra), but this is equivalent to the personal status code. Legislative change on family matters is needed to further women’s empowerment, both through full access to the economy and in their personal lives. These laws also define men’s roles, which have a major bearing on women’s autonomy. Under the Convention’s Article 16.1, States Parties “shall ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women: (a) the same right to enter into marriage; (b) the same right freely to choose a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent; (c) the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution.”|SDG 5 - Gender equality|code marriage personal family enter|9.539247|5.104942|7.1140385
4747|A number of inefficiencies have also arisen from this reform, however, in terms of the system’s financing and the distribution of its teachers. This understanding is supported by evidence that indicates that there is no more important empirical determinant of student outcomes than good teaching. The quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers (Barber and Mourshed, 2007).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers arisen inefficiencies quality determinant|9.352307|1.8763397|2.5055068
4748|Thus, programmes like the Teacher Salary Boost (Ldrarldnelyftet) could ameliorate the current teacher shortage in Sweden, but they also raise some concerns about equity among teachers. The programme aims to increase wages for up to 60 000 teachers per year, selected by the municipality or independent school provider based on a certain number of requirements. Additionally, Statskontoret found that the Teacher Salary Boost is linked to an imbalance in motivation; some principals reported that motivation increased among the teachers who received pay increases while it decreased among those who did not get pay raises. One reason could be that the financial contributions could create a perceived injustice.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher teachers salary motivation boost|9.535394|1.6396021|2.5938358
4749|In addition to this human cost, grade repetition has a financial cost for the system, in that children repeating years of schooling are effectively tying up more resources over a longer time period than those that do not. Once recognised, alternatives to grade repetition include remedial classes after school or during the summer. For students with an unfavourable out-of-school learning environment, spending more time in school can be beneficial (OECD, 2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|repetition grade school repeating remedial|9.416143|1.8903409|3.126021
4750|For example, 18 BURs contained information that could, to some extent, be compared with information on climate finance reported in the CRS database (e.g. consistent years; type of flow). Due to the above reasons, finance figures in BURs varied significantly from the CRS figures, from 4% of the amount in the CRS database for Chile, to 235% for Montenegro. In addition, Parties will also participate in a facilitative “multilateral consideration of progress” in relation to their “efforts” under Article 9.|SDG 13 - Climate action|crs burs database figures facilitative|1.4943051|3.8164008|0.60854876
4751|Additionally, Costa Rican students are more likely than their peers in OECD countries to arrive late, skip a lesson or miss a full day of school according to self-reported data in PISA. About 39% of 15-year-old students reported having missed at least one full day of school in the two weeks prior to the PISA test, compared to just 20% in OECD countries. About 38% of students in Costa Rica are in schools where principals consider that the shortage of educational materials (e.g. textbooks, IT equipment, library' or laboratory' material) hinders a lot student learning in their school, which is one of the largest proportions among PISA participating countries (see Figure 4.2).|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa students costa school day|10.109306|1.7440878|2.8004098
4752|"Box 3.1 provides a simple conceptual model of an unconfined aquifer with linked surface water systems to illustrate key aspects and dynamics of the coupled ""natural-human system"". This simplified model shows: a) that there are multiple flows in groundwater systems; b) that different wells can have different effects, depending on their relative location and depth; and c) that crop irrigation practices may also matter. A simple model of human-natural interactions in an aquifer Figure 3.1."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|model aquifer simple natural human|0.7141969|7.4640336|2.9074802
4753|This requires active communication to raise the profile of climate change issues. The Strategy envisages a broad, public-focused awareness-raising campaign, including printed and multimedia materials suitably adapted for different target groups. A series of media events, television programmes, workshops and other relevant awareness-raising events will be organized. The country ratified the Paris Agreement on 16 March 2017 (it entered into force for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 15 April 2017).|SDG 13 - Climate action|raising events awareness multimedia envisages|1.1667262|3.896176|1.3740405
4754|"They do not stand alone as isolated principles, but are rather informed by several broad-based international agreements and declarations.10 These principles respond to the questions: What is the direction of transformation? How does it connect to the world that we want? The key strategic components are considered as “development enabiers"" that can be thought of as frameworks for action in response to the multiple challenges raised by the often chaotic forces of urbanization; and also, at the same time, as frameworks for action to harness the opportunities that the same urbanization brings."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urbanization frameworks principles action declarations|3.8154101|5.361893|1.7034802
4755|"However, this type of job will undoubtedly appear more attractive to men than to women, and Hovgaard discusses the implications of this in his article. In the Faroe Islands, 56 per cent of the working women work part-time"" (Haagensen 2014: 88). The large pay gap, however, cannot be explained solely by the large number of part time employments. Overall, Knudsen ascribes structural inequalities as a contributory factor to the large pay gap between men and women. She highlights the company Faroe Seafood which, in 2009, consisted of 900 employees, a vast majority of whom were women. However, in 2009, none of the five members of the company's top management were women (Knudsen 2009: 336; 338)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|faroe women large company pay|9.055877|4.2585826|5.923062
4756|Children who are deprived while not living in poor households, tend to be slightly older, have a head of household who is less educated and more likely to work on a farm. More than one half of these children lives in rural areas. Children who are both poor and deprived are more likely to live with a head of household who is more likely to be: female, slightly older, and less likely to have a higher education.|SDG 1 - No poverty|likely head deprived children slightly|7.108937|6.2424693|5.218303
4757|The delta area accounts for approximately 85% of the city’s area, which spreads out in such communes as Vinh Bao, Tien Lang, An Lao, Kien Thuy, An Duong, and the South of Thuy Nguyen. The delta area stands between 0.7 metres-1.7 metres above the sea level (City of Hai Phong, 2015). The city is vulnerable to flooding on a periodic basis, and tsunamis at any time, as well as being threatened over the longer term by sea-level rise, localised flooding due to more intense rainstorms (precipitation) and ocean storm surges.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|delta metres city flooding area|1.6354055|6.2987485|2.4431665
4758|The total valuation of CSE portfolio companies goes beyond EUR 70 million, their total turnover of CSE portfolio companies exceeds EUR 18 million. Key success factors include close linkages between education and start-up support, recruitment and matchmaking of students and high-tech projects, action-based venture creation pedagogy and the structured venture development process and network centered around Encubator. Consideration should be given to the establishment of a business plan competition in Penang, devised around the key opportunity areas for new firms resulting from the strengths and weaknesses of the local economy. Penang has critical mass in terms of students and entrepreneurship support providers to experiment what is well-developed in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan area in Germany (Box 4.5.). The privately funded BPW has been organised every year since 1996 with a duration of eight months. It receives annually approximately EUR 250 000 of sponsor’s money for activities and prizes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cse eur venture penang portfolio|6.641356|3.0180516|2.6249442
4759|Rapid and well-informed interventions need more local co-ordination and better knowledge of needs, placing Local Education Services in a good position to play a key role in the management of education infrastructure. In the context of the new legal framework that does not allow private-subsidised schools to charge co-payments or to obtain profits from the school operation, there is a need to provide access to the financing mechanism suggested above in similar terms for both public and private providers. Incorporating private schools in the infrastructure cadastre established by the Ministry of Education appears to be a first logical step. Addressing this will require affecting not only teachers with fixed-term contracts but also those with open-ended employment contracts, including through the use of early retirement schemes, which are already in place.|SDG 4 - Quality education|private contracts education schools cadastre|9.47219|2.1745381|2.2231781
4760|She would like to thank Ivana Capozza, Brendan Gillespie, Nils-Axel Braathen, Felix Hiifner, Andreas Worgotter, Robert Ford, Andrew Dean, Karsten Neuhoff and German government officials for their valuable comments on previous drafts but retains full responsibility' for any errors and omissions. The author is also thankful to Thorsten Ehinger, Elie Chachoua and Joseph Curtin for their excellent consultancy work, Margaret Morgan for research assistance and Josiane Gutierrez for technical preparation. Despite significant GDP growth since 1990, primary energy use has been reduced by 6% and energy intensity has decreased on average by 1.7% per annum (Figure 1, right panel).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|andrew omissions ford robert drafts|1.7000543|2.7713645|2.5167737
4761|This mode continues to be advocated by major donors, but it is becoming much more modulated and open to newly recognized stakeholders concerned with ecological impacts, dislocation of local people, often minorities in the respective countries, and other undesirable localized social, cultural and economic outcomes that, in changing who benefits and who loses, challenge the use of social cost-benefit analysis to defend large-scale projects. The MRC region, in particular, has been able to become open to many more voices in research and at international forums discussing policies and project outcomes. This has led to proposals for “integrated water resource management” (IWRM), which is now supported by many international donor/lender institutions, including the Asian Development Bank (GWP 2003; Abdul-layev et al.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|open loses outcomes lender iwrm|1.2889379|7.125604|2.027327
4762|Grouping the State of Mexico with a large number of other entities makes it impossible to analyse waste management at the metropolitan level. According to the 2013-2018 Development Programme of the Federal District, 59% of the city’s territory is conservation land, located mainly in the south and southwest (see Chapter 1). The conservation land is critical for recharging the aquifers, improving air quality, protecting biodiversity, regulating weather and providing recreational opportunities, which in turn promotes eco-tourism.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|conservation southwest land grouping regulating|1.831145|5.61006|3.1260965
4763|Expectations reveal that this phenomenon will continue over the next few years. Such a situation will create a substantial pressure on the labour market. Its implications require the Arab region to carry out intensive efforts in terms of job creation. Across the region and according to most recent estimates, out of a total of 202.7 million people belonging to the working age, only 101 million are recorded as being active in the labour market.2 More than three quarters of the labour force are men (78 million), and only one quarter are women (23 million).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|million labour region belonging market|8.758439|4.113254|5.3655605
4764|There are many noncarbon reasons for Ethiopia to pursue greener paths of development: notably improving income from sustainable natural resource and biodiversity management, from cleaning up pollution, from recycling waste, and from export opportunities, e.g. exporting hydropower to neighbouring countries - yet different issues need to be analysed here. So the methodology, being narrowly focused on climate change, has missed these additional green growth opportunities. It could also have looked at resource efficiency - for example, identifying how waste energy and materials have been and can be used in a wide range of activities and enterprises suited to poor groups.|SDG 13 - Climate action|waste resource opportunities narrowly missed|1.9312817|4.292139|2.327904
4765|A growth incidence curve presents the growth in income of each percentile over a given period. The shape of the curve indicates the nature of pro-poor growth: a downward-sloping curve indicates that the poor benefit disproportionally more from growth, which is therefore pro-poor, while an upward curve indicates that the better-off do. As Gini coefficients merely quantify the rise or fall in inequality using a scalar measure, they thus tell the policy maker much less than a growth incidence curve about which part of the income distribution changed and affected inequality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|curve growth indicates pro incidence|6.658037|5.1300845|4.84654
4766|Over the last couple of years, fishers have also made important efforts in order to increase selectivity and reduce energy consumption. However, employment in capture fisheries decreased by 12.5 % between 2014 and 2015 to 499 persons. Sole and plaice are the two most important species, both in terms of value and volume.|SDG 14 - Life below water|couple sole important fishers decreased|-0.16096203|5.691278|6.6522055
4767|Support for such technologies in the past has proved both cost-effective and successful, thereby generating high social returns on investment (Fri, 2003). Much greater emphasis needs to be put globally on improving end-use energy efficiency, complemented by behavioural change and limits imposed on energy, land, water and materials use. Such a programme would promote cooperation among countries, communities and individuals so as to achieve lower primary energy use and lower greenhouse gas emissions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy use lower behavioural proved|1.8917631|2.794439|2.3143768
4768|Under LAPPs and IFQ regimes, major reductions in capacity have occurred in the BSAI crab, surf clam/ocean quahog, South Atlantic wreckfish, and Alaska halibut/ sablefish fisheries. In addition, harvest co-operatives were established in two federally managed fisheries starting in the mid- and late-1990s - Pacific Coast whiting and Bering Sea pollock - resulting in rationalized harvesting operations and reduction in overcapacity or transfer of some overcapacity to other fisheries. A new co-operative was recently implemented in the BSAI Groundfish (non-pollock) fishery. In 2006, the Administration including in its Ocean Action Plan an emphasis on increasing the use of market-based approaches to fisheries management.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries overcapacity ocean federally alaska|-0.10443025|5.725951|6.712188
4769|Today, mobile cellular penetration is approaching saturation with more than 7.5 billion subscriptions worldwide. Globally, 3.57 billion people are expected to be using the Internet by end 2017. Mobile broadband is the most dynamic market segment - globally, mobile broadband penetration is expected to reach 56.4 per cent with fixed broadband access expected to reach more than 979 million fixed broadband subscriptions by the end of 2017. The number of Internet users is growing, reaching 48 per cent of the world population.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband mobile subscriptions penetration expected|4.8668165|2.8162773|1.459133
4770|That is, in an inequitable world, efficiency can be improved by imposing higher carbon prices in richer countries. This is not to suggest that the problem of climate change can be solved in high-income countries alone. Rather, it means that it is equitable for richer countries to invest in more costly measures, higher up on their marginal abatement curves.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|richer solved curves inequitable imposing|1.4548011|3.2047613|2.0343175
4771|Buses are tracked in real time and provide information beyond the simple traffic flow. The system recognises whether a bus stops, accelerates rapidly or opens its doors, allowing monitoring of driver behaviour. The collected information on traffic flow's is made available to the public via smart phone apps and information boards at bus stations, which include the precise arrival time of the next buses, current traffic conditions and details on arrival of metros at neaiby subway stops.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|traffic arrival stops buses bus|4.234993|5.111198|0.3250332
4772|Blockchain technology can address these challenges by creating new ways of raising capital, providing transparency through an immutable record of transactions, and establishing new inclusive market mechanisms. It is likely that many technologies, operating in concert, will be needed to tackle the complexity of the problem at hand. Investment and innovation in energy storage, renewable energy generation, materials, transportation services, agricultural sciences, and digital technologies are some of the areas that are vital to the low-carbon transition.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|technologies energy blockchain sciences transactions|4.0362835|2.5429943|2.073809
4773|To further consolidate the evaluation and assessment framework, there is room to embed evaluation and assessment approaches with broader education goals, continue to build on teacher professionalism, and build networks and capacity for effective and forward-looking evaluation and assessment, in particular in the areas of classroom-based student assessment, teacher appraisal and school-self-evaluation. Following this overview, the succeeding chapters (3-6) will analyse the issues regarding each individual component in more depth. The term “assessment” is used to refer to judgments on individual student performance and achievement of learning goals.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment evaluation teacher build student|9.603949|1.6586883|1.4405876
4774|If sustained, this trend could increase the risk of refinancing and pose challenges for the financial viability even of existing projects. Power-purchasing agreements may for instance be changed to reflect increased use of refinancing as a result. Additionally, market uncertainty may lead banks to adopt a more conservative stance, potentially reducing their portfolio of projects they perceive as risky (e.g. renewable energy and energy efficiency investments, and smaller-scale projects in general). This context may also induce higher loan market concentration. All of these factors combined could likely lead to a higher cost of lending. With reduced access to long-term loans, clean energy infrastructure developers may therefore increasingly have to rely on loans with shorter maturities - and thus bear higher refinancing risks.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|projects loans energy higher lead|2.3355656|2.7284696|1.7200568
4775|"Rapid economic growth and human development since the 1950s have come at a significant cost in terms of global environmental pressures and impacts. Over-consumption as a cultural norm, and as a conspicuous signifier of modernity and class status, is a defining characteristic in developed countries and is increasingly an aspirational signifier in middle-income and developing countries. Neither are they evenly distributed on smaller scales, including at the intra-household level. """|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|aspirational evenly norm characteristic intra|5.9646277|4.7665277|4.2398257
4776|A second example in this category is New Zealand. On the one hand, service delivery and related infrastructure (municipal water supply and wastewater disposal) is generally undertaken by territorial authorities such as district and city councils, with the exception of large municipal areas where the regional councils may assist with bulk service delivery (e.g. Wellington). Alternatively, several territorial authorities may contract with the same Council-Controlled Organisation (e.g. Watercare in Auckland).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|councils territorial municipal delivery authorities|1.487163|7.241469|1.623588
4777|Acidified waters, which have increased by 25 per cent since the Industrial Revolution and are the tell-tale symptom of excessive greenhouse gas emissions, can impact the growth and reproductive patterns of fish and invertebrates. We are all in the same boat. This means tapping potential partnerships extending well beyond industrial production, and engaging communities and consumers in particular.|SDG 14 - Life below water|industrial invertebrates tapping boat tell|0.02795361|6.094178|6.1971884
4778|Available from www.ebrd.com/ what-we-do/economic-research-and-data/data/forecasts-macro-data-transition-indicators.html; Transition Report 2015-16 and Transition Report 2015: Rebalancing Finance (London, EBRD, 2015). Available from www.ebrd.com/ documents/oce/pdf-transition-report-201516-english.pdf, and www.ebrd.com/news/events/transition-report-2015-rebalancing-finance-.html, respectively. The area devoted to cultivation of the opium poppy fell in 2015 for the first time since 2009.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ebrd transition com rebalancing www|8.281177|10.250844|3.5974593
4779|Economic viability and technical feasibility determine whether or not these resources are exploitable. The parameters were used as criteria to delineate exploitable areas within the identified aquifer systems, as explained below. The Middle East Geological Map Series (MEG maps) were used to determine the depth to the top of these formations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|determine formations delineate geological maps|0.6628372|7.485549|2.9112446
4780|Enfin, il analyse, a partir des Statistiques de l’OCDE sur la sante, les relations empiriques qui existent entre le chomage et l’utilisation, la qualite et l’efficacite des soins de sante. Dans cette optique, il s’interroge sur la question de savoir si les mesures d’austerite ont contribue a attenuer les effets du chomage sur les resultats en matiere de sante. Pendant les periodes de crise, on observe une deterioration de la sant6 mentale et une augmentation de la frequence des maladies contagieuses ; mais le nombre de deces lies a des accidents de la route diminue. La relation entre la situation economique et les resultats d’ensemble en matiere de sante, tels que la mortalite et la qualite des soins, est de moins en moins evidente. Neanmoins, il apparait que plus le taux de chomage est eieve, plus le recours aux soins diminue, ce qui peut avoir des consequences a long terme encore non perceptibles dans les donnees disponibles aujourd’hui.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|la les des sante soins|9.037735|5.8552628|4.9300528
4781|As parliamentarians, they enact laws on security and arms-control policy. As civil society activists, they lobby Governments to increase security and build peace. When this happens, women's experiences are more likely to be discounted and their needs more likely to go unaddressed, which can, in the long run, facilitate and legitimize violations of women's rights and violence against women and can undermine sustainable development, peace and security.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peace security women enact parliamentarians|10.224834|4.65257|7.364713
4782|The results are similar for water-flow restrictor taps/low-flow showerheads and for water efficient washing machines. The reason for the higher investment in water efficient appliances is clear for those who pay by volume of water consumed. This may indicate greater level of water conservation awareness when there is at least partial cost recovery, even if there are no incentives to reduce consumption. Ownership status always has a positive impact on adoption of water-efficient equipment, and its marginal impact generally exceeds that of the household size and income.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water efficient flow washing machines|1.3227942|7.50265|2.656778
4783|It puts women’s health and lives at risk and is a violation of their rights and a manifestation of gender discrimination. Some countries have introduced legislation banning the practice (for example Djibouti and Egypt) but the law faces entrenched social norms and is not always implemented. Some interviewees also reported new types of violence and harassment such as Internet and mobile telephone stalking. Such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem; it is discriminatory when the woman has reasonable ground to believe that her objection would disadvantage her in connection with her employment, including recruitment or promotion, or when it creates a hostile working environment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|banning interviewees manifestation djibouti entrenched|9.975397|5.415484|7.3984194
4784|Across countries at different level of development and with different social institutions, women represent an important share of the owners of such enterprises (Figure 29.1). In Mexico and South Africa, for example, women tend to be more prevalent in the informal sector and account for the majority of informal business owners without employees. Ownership of a micro-business in the informal sector is often the most practical source of employment for low-skilled and poor women. Most of these businesses are operated from home, which makes it easier to reconcile business and family commitments.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|informal business owners women reconcile|8.768761|3.9043639|6.0849686
4785|According to the FAO Fish Price Index, international fish prices were 7% higher on average in the second half of 2016 compared to the same period in the previous year. Despite higher prices, consumer demand for fish was sustained, with an overall slight increase in per capita fish intake. Due to a revision of historical capture fisheries data new statistics indicate that since 2013 aquaculture has become the main global source of fish for human consumption, rather than 2014 as previously believed. Average nominal prices for both aquaculture and capture species are expected to remain relatively flat or decrease slightly up to 2020 but then begin growing up to 2026.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish prices aquaculture capture nominal|0.5223251|6.0824795|6.680632
4786|In many cases, data for 1990 were not available. In particular, a full analysis of revenues and expenditure for the water sector at city' level was not possible due to incomplete data on sources. Data were collected from respondents on the basis of their knowledge and available sources of information. It lias to be noted that some indicators (e.g. w ater loss, population in households connected to wastewater treatment) are regularly collected in some OECD countries, but a common methodology on these statistics lias proven difficult to establish thus far.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lias collected data sources available|1.396409|7.254023|2.9326131
4787|The courses are usually in the evening and include general subjects, management, and theoretical and practical vocational topics. Switzerland has opened Fachhochschulen to graduates from the dual apprenticeship system through the creation of a specific vocational matriculation examination (the Berufsmaturitat), to be completed in parallel to an apprenticeship programme, and providing access to tertiary education: around 12% of all apprentice graduates obtain the Berufsmaturitat and they represent half of the students in the Fachhochschulen (Fazekas and Field, 2013a). ( Access to Fachhochschulen is also possible through recognition of prior learning.)|SDG 4 - Quality education|apprenticeship graduates vocational apprentice evening|8.472436|2.5855498|2.723341
4788|Also following the 2009 economic crisis, the central government imposed an obligation to adopt regional recovery plans in regions with the largest deficits (Piani di Rientro), which have proven to be effective in reducing deficits. In this context, and under a set of assumptions regarding the health of the population and future economic growth, Italy's public spending on health care as a share of GDP is projected to rise modestly to 6.7% of GDP in 2060. More recently, the 2014 Pact for Health went a step further towards care integration, requiring regions to establish ‘primary care complex units' comprising GPs, specialists, nurses and social workers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deficits care health gdp modestly|8.991235|8.912233|2.2334697
4789|Fourthly, apart from delivering cash transfers, social assistance should link poor urban residents to basic services such as health care, through subsidies, vouchers or case management. Fifthly, urban contexts offer more opportunities to utilize new technologies, such as mobile phone networks and ATMs, to deliver social assistance. Finally, different targeting mechanisms have been used in urban contexts but compelling and comprehensive evidence on their impacts remains thin.|SDG 1 - No poverty|urban contexts assistance vouchers utilize|7.0812683|5.8866763|4.1681895
4790|Since many of the factors that are found to be relevant for how labour earnings are distributed among the working population can be influenced by policy makers, the article also draws some tentative policy conclusions from the empirical results. As far as possible, the analysis is based on comparable individual data for this wide set of countries, providing a unique country-by-country assessment of the drivers of earnings inequality. The empirical analysis mainly makes use of the unconditional quantile regression technique proposed by Firpo eta I. (2009). This method allows estimating the effect of the potential determinants on all parts of the earnings distribution and is thus better suited to answer questions about the drivers of earnings inequality than standard least squares techniques that only allow estimating effects on mean earnings.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|earnings estimating empirical drivers inequality|6.9981775|4.877486|4.6683297
4791|This calls for considerable capacity for GHG abatement project business planning, management and monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV), all of which is anticipated by the CRGE. However, international climate finance regimes face uncertainties on the part of too many countries and companies. Therefore, Ethiopia will do well to bear in mind other international possibilities, notably in regional markets for the goods and services produced by a green Ethiopian economy, in wider international environmental markets, and in global collective action.|SDG 13 - Climate action|international markets mrv verification ethiopian|1.9533083|4.341398|2.32785
4792|The review should make clear whether relevant gender issues, as defined by major data users, are covered by existing data collection programmes and made available to users. Based on this review, the strategy of gender main-streaming can involve collecting new types of data expanding data collection in some areas to fill existing knowledge gaps and better disseminating data already collected (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996; United Nations, 2002). The strategy of gender mainstreaming should be based on strong collaboration between users and producers of data, strong internal coordination within the national statistical office and the national statistical system, and data sharing agreements between the national statistical office and other agencies of the national statistical system or other producers of data.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|data statistical users national office|9.690661|4.4066696|7.94969
4793|"Target 8.3 of the SDGs calls for the global community to ""promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services.” Most businesses owned and operated by women are overwhelmingly micro- or small-sized businesses. But unlike their male counterparts, women business owners must contend with a unique and disparate set of challenges in addition to those challenges facing small businesses more broadly."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|businesses sized small micro challenges|8.985947|3.508742|6.4886394
4794|Selecting sites of special conservation interest outside protected areas would bring added value. In Kolkheti National Park, part of a Ramsar site was allocated for construction of the Kulevi terminal, and part of Kazbegi Protected Areas was allocated for construction of a hydroelectric power plant. The country’s drive for economic development, in particular the country's hydroelectricity generation and regional development strategies, are preventing progress towards the development of the network.|SDG 15 - Life on land|allocated protected construction terminal development|0.9692247|6.7884145|2.2359664
4795|But the first step is the need to acknowledge that there might in fact be a problem and that the VET system needs to take responsibility for addressing it. Interviews conducted during the visits suggested that even this first step may be a challenge. Because most young people in these countries leave full-time schooling after only nine or ten years, part-time vocational schools have a special responsibility to provide continuing general education alongside the more occupationally-specific education that is their main focus. In Germany dual system students receive only 160 hours annually of general education, and that time is divided among the subjects German, English, sports, and economics or social science. By contrast, Danish dual system students spend between 30% and 50% of their time in vocational school. This raises the larger question of how to ensure that the broader purposes of schooling are respected in a system principally focused on preparing young people for work.|SDG 4 - Quality education|dual time schooling step vocational|8.594631|2.7001765|2.8279943
4796|Conflict in one country shaves an estimated 0.5 percentage points off the annual rate of growth in a neighbouring country (Collier et al., It can create a refugee population, disrupt trade, provoke an arms race, provide a haven for rebels, and itself become theatre of a new war. This chapter aims to make a contribution by painting a picture of youth in employment and unemployment, the needs they have and the obstacles they face.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|arms disrupt refugee race country|8.053412|3.929736|4.013862
4797|Of the 500 largest corporations in the world, only 13 have a female chief executive officer. Women are abused physically and sexually by intimate partners at different rates throughout the world - yet such abuse occurs in all countries or areas, without exception. Younger women are more at risk than older women and since the consequences of such violence last a lifetime it has a severely adverse impact on womens family and social life.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women abused officer physically sexually|10.036466|5.238656|7.3090363
4798|Nearly all OECD countries that use capitation adjust for risk factors (including age, gender and health status) to ensure that the health care needs of specific groups (such as the elderly) are properly addressed. Capitation is usually combined with fee-for-service, to encourage particular activities. Costa Rica starts from a good base here, since it already has a blended payment system in primary care, and a rich understanding of local health and social care contexts through the family record held within EDUS. Ideally, payments to clinicians should reflect value, as far as possible.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|capitation care health blended clinicians|8.918846|8.646228|2.5807261
4799|Initiatives to increase the contribution of the nursing workforce are being considered, but reports suggest that logistical challenges - such as the unavailability of a room for nurses to work in - is limiting the impact of this change. In particular, more attention is still needed on indicators of quality of care. There is no national system for adverse event reporting, for example, and no information on hospital-acquired infections.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|unavailability logistical infections nursing acquired|9.224518|9.448742|1.5968064
4800|In the case of projects implemented directly by SEDESOL, the aforementioned departments serve as technical advisers (World Bank, 2013). At the present time, the population targeted by the PET consists of individuals aged 16 years or older who suffer a temporary income cut owing to a lack of demand for labour or the effects of an emergency (Government of Mexico, 2013). In 2012, the authorities included a new area of action related to climate change and increasing the resilience of communities by building infrastructure to provide protection against flooding or landslides, the strengthening of coastal areas against damage caused by hurricanes, water harvesting in arid areas and the maintenance of rural roads, among other activities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|pet sedesol advisers hurricanes aforementioned|1.6064461|5.1140943|1.8308934
4801|A study on this is likely to be commissioned in the near future. The strategy focuses on a few priority areas for conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of resources. The strategy contains actions to strengthen the knowledge base for conservation of biological diversity and to improve monitoring.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biological diversity conservation strategy commissioned|1.6033974|5.2656603|3.9700904
4802|Enrolment in basic education has been close to universal for many years. In 2015, the net enrolment rate is 100% in primary education and 98.3% in lower secondary education (Statistics Lithuania, 2016). Grade repetition is comparatively low. According to PISA 2015 survey, only 2.5% of Lithuanian students report having repeated a grade as compared to the OECD average of 12%.|SDG 4 - Quality education|grade enrolment education lithuanian repetition|9.411431|2.2456172|2.8778875
4803|But in my conversations with education ministers around the world, the challenges they most commonly cite are not about designing reforms, but about how reforms can be put into practice successfully. Schools, colleges, universities and other educational institutions are among the biggest recipients of public spending. And because everyone has participated in education, everyone has an opinion about it. Everyone supports education reform - except when it might affect their own children.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reforms education cite opinion participated|9.247921|1.9223008|2.4062028
4804|New Public Management also addresses increased demands for accountability and efficiency in education systems that are triggered by decentralisation reforms. As stated in the Eurydice Network’s comprehensive publication National Testing of Pupils in Europe, “In the last two decades, national testing has been increasingly introduced as a natural accompaniment to growing school autonomy, which has resulted in a need to systematise the monitoring of education systems, and in efforts to improve the quality of education” (2009: 21). In Europe, decentralisation reforms of the 1990s gave schools more autonomy, likewise increasing the need for results-based management (Eurydice Network, 2009). For example, in Latvia and Poland national-level measurement tools were implemented following reforms to increase school and teacher autonomy (Eurydice Network, 2009: 19).|SDG 4 - Quality education|eurydice autonomy reforms network decentralisation|9.621252|1.931613|1.6043593
4805|The relatively small female advantage in Africa in 2010-2015 is mainly a consequence of the differential impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on mortality levels by sex, with HIV prevalence estimated to be higher among women than among men. In the more developed regions, the female advantage is larger in Europe (7.4 years or 11.3 per cent) than in Northern America (4.7 years or 6.1 per cent) and Oceania, which includes Australia-New Zealand. The child mortality rate, also known as the “under-five mortality rate”1 declined at a remarkable pace of about 3 per cent per year between 1990 and 2015.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality hiv cent advantage female|8.54707|8.791737|3.4256785
4806|In the Oder Basin, for example, some 500,000 and 150,000 additional people in the Polish and Czech parts, respectively, are expected to be connected to sewage systems between 2005 and 2015. Continuing investment will still be required to increase coverage, and maintain or replace ageing water supply and sanitation infrastructure. The high infrastructure costs of meeting the requirements of the UWWTD place a particular burden on new EU member States, who arc therefore given more time to achieve compliance.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|infrastructure polish arc sewage replace|1.5455645|7.0630527|2.5747252
4807|Further analysis of the programme is deferred to the next section of this chapter where policies are discussed as they may affect the Outlook. With its National Food Security Mission of 2007-08, India has undertaken a number of substantive policy actions to further increase agricultural output and policies have been enhanced to promote its wider distribution. This section examines the prospects for India’s commodity sectors over the next decade and attempts to provide a framework against which the various challenges may be examined.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|india section mission substantive policies|4.0677514|5.1986275|4.1729836
4808|However, in three countries (Cyprus, Luxembourg and Spain), transitions from no employee income at all to at least some employee income are positively associated with falling into poverty. Although these effects are not very precisely estimated (p<0.05) and there are very few households with zero employee income at time / who are not poor and are still at risk of entering poverty (seeTable 7 pages 24 and 25), this suggests that moving into employment, everything else being equal, does not always protect from poverty. Compared to the risk in households where the same number of adults work in both years, children in households where fewer adults work at t+1 are more likely to move into poverty in Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain and the UK.|SDG 1 - No poverty|employee poverty households luxembourg spain|7.2962694|5.810227|5.062918
4809|The Central Asian Internal Drainage Basin is the largest and includes the Great Lakes Depression, including Lake Uvs, Lake Khar-Us, Lake Khar and Lake Khyargas. Mongolia's water resources are distributed unevenly throughout the country (with sufficient water resources in the north and extremely limited resources in the south). The flow of rivers is not stable. This is a result of the severe winter, which holds down the rivers for half a year and reduces or stops the flow, reduction of precipitation from north to south, and aridity' of the Gobi Desert region, where a lot of water is lost because of evaporation and infiltration.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lake rivers flow north resources|0.57378805|7.0040345|2.781667
4810|In Finland, medically certified absences were 20% higher among lifetime abstainers, former and heavy drinkers compared with light drinkers (Vahtera et al., A review of 22 studies from different countries observed a substantial economic burden of alcohol on society (Thavomcharoensap et al., In the United Kingdom, nearly 11 million working days were lost by alcohol-dependent workers in 2001, and the total cost of absenteeism due to alcohol was estimated to be £1.2 billion (UK Cabinet Office, 2003). In the European Union, alcohol accounted for an estimated €59 billion worth of potential lost production through absenteeism, unemployment and lost working years through premature death in 2003 (Anderson and Baumberg, 2006). Potential production losses were found to be an important part of alcohol-related costs in Scotland, France and Canada (Rehm et al., In particular, in the United States, lost productivity represented 72.2% of the total economic cost of excessive drinking.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol lost drinkers absenteeism al|9.305503|9.675979|3.5521526
4811|However, its deficit has overshot targets, as the recent monetary and tax reforms weighed on immediate economic activity despite the expected medium-term benefits (ESCAR 2017b). Another reason for the wider deficit was the debt restructuring of State power distribution companies. The national budget deficit target for the 2018/19 fiscal year is 3.3 per cent of GDR lower than the estimated 3.5 per cent deficit in 2017/18, but higher than previously set targets (India, Ministry of Finance, 2018).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|deficit targets weighed cent restructuring|5.710959|4.945699|3.734574
4812|This growth slowed in the 2000s. Energy use by transport has been relatively stable since 2005 (Figure 5.1), as the total number of vehicles and distance travelled per vehicle have stagnated. Emissions in 2008 were about 3% above the assigned amount (76.39 Mt C02 eq per year) under the Kyoto Protocol.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|travelled stagnated eq mt slowed|3.7071574|4.6077704|0.86417377
4813|Examples include the recent 700 MW wind project of the AES Corporation as well as Dow ChemicaTs investment in solar PV, among others. Their origins stem from variations in the financial capacity and strength, as well as the business objectives, of wind project developers. We are not going to discuss these specific financing models, but present the classification developed by Harper et al. ( And veiy often it is the solar and wind energy companies, which have themselves reached the utility stage, that become active investors in their respective sub-sectors.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind solar project origins veiy|2.2822735|2.571755|1.741859
4814|Org/I0.1016/i.marpol.2012.12.026. Whatever the building blocks, the essential consideration is that MSP must work across sectors and give a geographic context in which to make decisions about the use of resources, development and the management of activities in the marine environment (Gubbay, 2004) (see Chapter 5 for further discussion on policy mixes).|SDG 14 - Life below water|mixes blocks geographic consideration org|0.0635675|5.5466013|6.054074
4815|The smallest proportions are found in Costa Rica and Uruguay, although in each case informality encompasses just over one third of all non-agricultural workers. This highlights the fact that, despite the decision adopted by ILO members to abolish this type of practice, there is still a lack of protection for children and adolescents, especially in Guatemala, Paraguay, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Peru. Firstly, wage discrimination in employment between women and men is illustrated by the ratio between the average pay of women and men, which averages 86.1% among the countries for which information is available.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|men smallest firstly encompasses informality|8.693049|4.9089646|5.616982
4816|Faculty of Sciences of the University of Novi Sad, 2013. Ministry of Energy, Development and Environmental Protection and Ministry of Health. A certain number of river reservoir and retention ponds contribute to flood protection, but still a large part of the territory remains potentially threatened by floods.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ministry protection ponds faculty reservoir|0.97634953|6.767176|2.3121822
4817|It explores the ways in which development co-operation providers and their partners can be better prepared to exploit synergies between the different international processes outlined in this paper and maximise effectiveness at the country level. Nine factors are listed below which can influence the extent to which coherence between climate and development financing can be achieved in the overall pursuit of sustainable development (Table 2). The factors are informed by the principles of aid effectiveness, development financing and climate finance as set out in the Busan Partnership, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, Agenda 2030 and the UNFCCC, including the Paris Agreement.|SDG 13 - Climate action|development agenda effectiveness financing factors|1.9180222|4.2144833|1.2339021
4818|It includes provisions on professional development for teachers in numeracy and literacy, guiding materials for good practices and school-based programmes for class management. To increase student motivation and reduce the differences in motivation between boys and girls and between students from different social backgrounds, the action plan introduces more practical and varied instruction methods in lower secondary education, as well as a new subject with a practical approach, the Working Life Course (Arbeidslivsfagef). This reform builds on the Knowledge Promotion Reform (2006), a major curricular reform of the whole system (see Spotlight 1). The Programme for Basic Competence in Working Life (2006) targets adults who lack basic skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reform motivation practical basic life|8.728715|2.189893|2.4012423
4819|Building resilience can also help mitigate the potential negative effects on the sexual and reproductive health of women and adolescent girls. Since the first Ebola patient presented in Monrovia in June 2014, the number of new cases was growing every day: By August, it was topping 400 per week. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare was forced to suspend virtually all non-Ebola-related activities to focus on managing the crisis. The unintended result was that women of reproductive age in Liberia experienced some of the worst fallout from Ebola, regardless of their own infection status.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ebola reproductive infection liberia worst|8.373083|8.883766|3.1907363
4820|This underlines the potential to expand irrigated agriculture, which already for a number of countries generates a high and growing share in total agricultural production value (in excess of 50%) and value of exports (more than 60%), for example, in Italy, Mexico, Spain and the United States (crop sales only) (OECD, 2008). This is being achieved in many OECD countries through better management and uptake of more efficient technologies, such as drip irrigation, and adoption of other water saving farm practices. In addition, many countries are undertaking agricultural and water policy reforms that seek to transmit the value of supplying water to irrigators by lowering support for water supplied to agriculture, which in some cases has led to allocation of water to higher valued commodities which frequently require less water, such as vines and horticultural crops (OECD, 2010a). Australia stands out as the OECD country making the largest improvement in irrigation water application rates consistently over the two decades from 1990 to 2010 (Figure 8.3).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water oecd value irrigation agriculture|1.1631157|7.3304024|2.9813063
4821|Consequently, the level of GHG-intensive production and consumption activity is higher than is socially optimal. The most cost-effective means of ensuring that these external costs are internalised is to price emissions, either through an emission tax or a cap-and-trade scheme (which sets a cap on emissions and allows trade in emission permits). This will encourage producers and consumers to exploit abatement opportunities to the extent that their marginal abatement costs are less than the price of emitting GHGs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|abatement cap emission emissions price|1.4381475|2.8084157|1.9147482
4822|The annual budget of approximately EUR 1 185 000 (2008) is financed by the European Social Fund, the Berlin Senate Administration for Education, Science and Research and the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. The main partners include the TUB Alumni, Business Angels, VC, TUB Faculties and university institutes active involved in business start-ups, external business support organisations, Berlin networks, the Technologie Coaching Centre, colleagues in the rest of Germany and abroad, and organisations fostering women's entrepreneurship. The OECD's way of working consists of a highly effective process that begins with data collection and analysis and moves on to collective discussion of policy, then decision-making and implementation.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|berlin business organisations vc faculties|6.0614743|3.3927395|2.5786502
4823|Basin-level management, for example, may require upper-level governance to avoid inequities in water allocation within a water basin and also to ensure that the public good aspects and values of water are given sufficient recognition (OECD, 201 la). At the same time, while inter-municipal, supra-municipal and metropolitan bodies have been set up to respond to co-ordination challenges while creating economies of scale and improving the quality of service, there might be risks of duplication and overlap of responsibilities with low'er and higher levels of government. The OECD developed a risk-based approach consisting of three steps: “knowing”, “targeting” and “managing” (OECD, 2013d).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|municipal basin water oecd supra|1.1858393|6.9445252|1.6064767
4824|Successful BDS will link businesswomen, businessmen and their associations for mutual benefit. To be sensitive to the needs of women clients, services should be designed for delivery within short time periods of (less than a day and preferably not on a series of consecutive days). Wherever possible, BDS services should be near clients’ homes or businesses.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bds clients businesswomen preferably consecutive|9.015487|3.3240936|6.62902
4825|To enhance returns, projects should be able to generate sufficient revenues over their life cycle, through adoption of user charges, public sector support (typically in the form of “viability gap finance”) and additional funding. Proposed measures to reduce risks and uncertainties include: clear identification of actual returns and possible risks (including of default); development of governance structures to ensure approval of stakeholders, including through compensation schemes; provision of de-risking instruments such as sovereign and credit guarantees; and government mapping of long-term investment paths to reduce investors’ uncertainty' about the future (Woetzel et al., In addition, standardization of contractual terms is identified as important to attract funds to smaller projects, as is project pooling to reduce transaction costs and attract larger investors.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|reduce attract returns investors risks|2.5906923|3.4427|1.7197882
4826|Public subsidies to operators disproportionately cover these low frequency services in thin markets. Replacing these trips with less costly and possibly more convenient options could also free up public resources for other uses. According to the survey, car-sharing and ride-services were generally seen as competing more with taxi and private car use than with public transport. Even if there were, it would be difficult to generalise at this stage on how this impact, either positive or negative, might evolve as more and more people use ride services. But at present, there seems to be evidence that in certain contexts - especially where the provision of public transport services is expensive and quality is low -well-targeted policy to replace certain poorly-performing and expensive bus services may indeed increase the overall attractiveness of public transport. In these cases, public authorities and public transport operators can start to evaluate where these synergies are strongest by undertaking inventories of existing public transport routes and services to evaluate the potential for alternative service delivery models -including those based on co-operation with ride services.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|public services ride transport car|4.2658286|4.916974|0.45325604
4827|For example, the National Mekong Committees coordinate Mekong River Commission’s programmes at the national level and provide links between the Commission’s secretariat and the national ministries and line agencies. The Convention on the Protection of the Rhine (1999) requests Parties to report to the ICPR on measures they have taken on the basis of ICPR decisions and on problems arising in implementation of these measures. If a Party cannot implement the Commission’s decisions, in full or in part, it shall report this. The Commission organizes consultations and may decide that measures will be taken to assist the implementation of the decisions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|commission mekong decisions measures taken|0.8707777|7.1565747|1.6349652
4828|The construction of the three power stations and dams in the area north of Vestmanna was done in the period from 1953 to 1961. The hydropower station with two turbines in the northern part of Eysturoy (Ei5i) was connected to the system in 1989 and extended with a third turbine in 2003. Their expected total lifetime is up to 100 years, so most of the plants still have many years of production left. The annual production of hydropower in the Faroe Islands is around 106,000 MWh (or 33% of the annual electricity consumption).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydropower annual faroe turbine production|1.7627189|1.8894665|2.2197034
4829|Nevertheless, variable renewable producers benefit from a tolerance for deviation of 20%, while conventional producers are accorded only 5%. However, in this case renewable producers receive a regulated premium over and above the hourly electricity price, the premium payment representing the presumed positive externality stemming from the use of the renewable technology. In some cases, the remuneration for renewable producers has also seen floors and caps put in place to mitigate the uncertainty resulting from variable electricity prices (such as in Spain, Royal Decree 661/2007, NREL, 2010).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|producers renewable premium variable electricity|1.7268435|1.6533818|1.8491488
4830|As cities have adapted to accommodate greater car use, however, walking has been marginalised as a convenient and enjoyable mode of transportation, exposing pedestrians to environmental risks in the form of accidents and poor air quality. A high level of walkability is defined as involving good public transit connectivity, high residential density, and the presence of many local destinations within walking distance. A critical factor for maintaining walkability in larger cities is accessibility to public transit for longer journeys.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|walking transit cities journeys exposing|4.293633|5.1936255|0.4711331
4831|With the objective of integrating nature and biodiversity into the city, 40% of the city is allocated to man-made lakes and wetlands. As for road and transportation infrastructure, 70% of the network is allocated to public transportation with the goal to minimise private transport use. The township has 20 precincts, with the business and commercial activities concentrated in the core islands.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transportation allocated city township wetlands|3.862909|4.962745|1.8079478
4832|The share of this spend coming from public sources is particularly low. Only Chile (46%) and the United States (48%) report a share of public spending on health lower than Mexico (51%). The low public spending and limited total investment in the health system is reflected in national health resources. Mexico has 2.2 practicing doctors and 2.6 practicing nurses per 1 000 population, much less than the OECD averages of 3.3 and 9.1, respectively.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|practicing health mexico spending public|8.657191|8.771504|2.5311
4833|Significant regulatory issues, including questions of liability, such as insurance against damage, remain unresolved. As is the case with environmental ecosystems, there is no single definition for the term. The ecosystem described in this year's report is therefore the one most relevant for SMEs that trade or seek to trade. The business ecosystem for exporters is composed of a network of for-profit organizations - such as buyers, suppliers, distributors, financial actors and certifying bodies - and non-profit institutions - such as education providers, standard-setters and chambers of commerce.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|profit ecosystem unresolved distributors trade|1.6926876|5.129969|3.6442797
4834|The NHIF cut prices paid to providers but by and large protected primary care expenditure. There is overall little debt accumulated in the system. Lithuania has indeed reduced its hospital bed sector considerably since the 1990s, although not as drastically as its Baltic neighbours, and it still has the second highest ratio of curative care beds per population in the EU. In more recent years, downsizing mainly focused on mergers of hospitals as legal entities without changing the actual infrastructure.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|downsizing curative mergers drastically bed|9.220819|9.013919|2.0763316
4835|Without this first step, precious development dollars will continue to be spent without an analysis of the impact on related infrastructure assets and on the system as a whole. A variety of established statistical models and other techniques as well as tools are available that use rule-based approaches, indicators, random sampling, or statistical outlier detection to aid with maintaining high quality data. Tools like OpenRefine64 can also be used to clean-up data to some extent although there is no substitute for collection of high-quality data to begin with. It's easy to adopt an 'all or nothing' approach to information security.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|statistical tools data random detection|4.4355426|2.8889856|2.0572062
4836|The survey also found that adolescent birth rates are lower in higher-income groups, but in all income groups, higher literacy among young women is associated with significantly lower adolescent birth rates. Investing in girls’ education is also associated with the overall empowerment of girls, enhances their status in their communities, improves their health and increases their bargaining power in marriages. The quality of education and how girls are treated by classmates, teachers and staff are also important determinants of whether girls stay in school.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls adolescent birth associated groups|9.497659|5.1354184|6.1615868
4837|As a result, the incentive mechanisms for generics are costly (Cour des comptes, 2014c). Re-balancing part of the current support for generics towards more payments to pharmacists for care-services such as counselling, co-ordination between care providers, patient monitoring and coaching, would reduce the dependence of their income on pharmaceutical sales and would reward their counselling function. This could be associated with further expansion of their public health-care missions, notably for following up patients with chronic diseases, as foreseen in a 2009 law (Loi hopital, patients, sante, territoires), which remains to be fully applied. The CNAMTS introduced such incentives through their pay-for-performance scheme in 2009 and enhanced them somewhat in 2012.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|generics counselling care patients pharmacists|8.447824|9.434238|2.1856112
4838|The service is intended for users wishing to have Internet access at home, at work or on the move, without any volume limitation. This opening up to global connectivity and visibility will make for the availability of constructive high-class solutions using tools based on free software, with minimal investment and high levels of security and confidentiality. It is an appropriate solution for facilitating and meeting the requirements of start-ups and providing the computing infrastructure they need as a service on a cloud-based platform. A package of such services and resources for a limited period (e.g. one year), free of charge, is available to start-ups. This service, tailored to the needs of the user, provides constant and ubiquitous access to intranet and Internet resources. Each government agency's tasks include service delivery to citizens, making issues relating to information-storage reliability and uninterrupted information systems operation critical.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|service ups internet start free|4.7409587|2.93339|1.6896003
4839|Note that all anti-poverty programmes have conditions, even those characterized as 'unconditional'. Our focus is on behavioural conditions attached to anti-poverty programmes. The most commonly used conditions are those that incentivise physical asset creation (usually at the community level) or human capital accumulation in terms of education or health.|SDG 1 - No poverty|anti conditions unconditional programmes incentivise|6.5829177|6.203229|4.733438
4840|Following inspection of fishing practices, existing methods for exploiting hake have been modifed, while the distribution of individual quotas per vessel has been maintained in light of previous catches reported. Furthermore, as mentioned in the section on structural adjustment, plans to adjust the way certain stocks are fished have been adopted. Given the smaller size of the fleet associated with this fisheiy, it was felt that vessels should not be decommissioned but that reductions should be made in other areas to ensure the viability of fishing operations.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing fished exploiting vessel catches|-0.19658986|5.804559|6.83672
4841|Different forms of collective action can allow women to question current macroeconomic policies and, when needed, press for alternatives. Take the example of monetary policy, where women's voice is particularly silent in deliberations. Since central banks in most cases function independently from government, possibilities for participation and accountability through the state are often limited.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|independently voice press possibilities alternatives|9.38295|4.4272923|6.7690253
4842|They are characterized by a combination of practices and knowledge about the human body, and coexistence with other human beings, with nature and with spiritual beings. They involve all aspects of health promotion, prevention of illness and treatment and rehabilitation, but differ from most Western health systems in that they take an integral or holistic approach.8 Many indigenous families address illness with a variety of approaches and practices, using either traditional or Western medicine, or a combination of the two. If treatment administered in the home proves insufficient, the choice is made—often by a woman, who is the primary decision-maker in this arena—as to whether to send the sick person to a practitioner of traditional or of Western medicine. In the absence of state health systems that incorporate the philosophies and practices of both traditional and Western medicine, the choice becomes polarized between the two systems, often to the detriment of the sick person.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|western medicine beings sick traditional|9.610598|8.309592|3.2634318
4843|Ecuador, Haiti, Nicaragua and Paraguay, for instance, have public health spending below 50%, high out-of-pocket spending and a very low proportion of older persons. Given that the pace of population ageing in these countries will be very rapid, and that they must also face the epidemiological backlog amidst widespread poverty, the lack of health protection will definitely worsen unless measures are introduced to strengthen the public system. Inequity, on the other hand, stems from having to make out-of-pocket payments to access health services or buy medications (Titelman, 2000).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pocket health spending medications epidemiological|8.971399|8.50706|2.7287517
4844|However, an opportunity could be missed if ESF Funds are not made available to businesses in terms of subsidies, grants or even indirectly (through training and investments in technology), as it is businesses that will essentially create wealth and jobs from their green activities. Pomorskie, in the North, is perceived as having a more vigorous approach to the economy, while Podlaskie, in the so called Eastern Wall, is an economically challenging region. The analysis of GDP trends in Poland and in the two regions shows that both regions have a similar evolution (see Table 1). The problem exists, however, in the relatively low level of GDP per capita in Podlaskie, which represents about 70% of averages in Poland and in Pomorskie.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|poland businesses gdp wall regions|4.27973|4.7811565|2.8243816
4845|Original plans envisaged that existing GPs would progressively gain recognition as family physicians provided they completed ten days’ of preliminary orientation, followed by a two-year programme of specialist training. Efforts are being made, however, to increase the number of primary care doctors and reduce the list size for each doctor from current levels. Each public hospital service is paid by “package rates” that bundle prices for outpatient and inpatient services established by the Social Security Institute, within a global budget that is negotiated between the Social Security Institution (SSI) and the Ministry of Health. The payment of staff involves a salary and a performance-based component.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|security doctor negotiated envisaged preliminary|8.790873|8.993909|1.7015363
4846|Within this discussion it is also important to consider the interdependencies between the system of local taxation and finance as a whole. In the wake of the 2008 recession, the 2010 Crisis and Recovery Act was adopted in order to speed up the planning process by reducing or simplifying some of the permit requirements. At the same time, there were emerging discussions about how the spatial planning system could be further simplified and how' it might better address some of the growing tensions betw'een economic and environmental agendas that are embedded in sectoral policy responses. The national government forwarded a view that existing sectoral policies are increasingly ineffective in dealing with the interconnectedness of projects, activities and land uses. A policy brief at the time notes that “it is difficult to meet societal challenges relating to economic development, flood protection, supplies of raw materials, water and sustainable energy, housing, accessibility and agriculture while at the same time protecting environmental quality, nature and cultural heritage” (Government of the Netherlands, 2012: 3).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sectoral time interconnectedness planning betw|3.9039283|5.3735805|1.7330079
4847|While the allowance only covers those affiliate (i.e., in formal jobs), most low-income families are in informal work. Nevertheless, the programme (slightly) reduces income inequality and poverty, as its distribution is less unequal than the distribution of income (Nunez, 2009). In 2013, the benefit’s reference level in Arauca (the highest) was 35% higher than the national average, in Choco (the lowest) the reference level was 25% lower than the national average. Similarly, the proportion of workers eligible to the benefit ranged from 27% in Norte de Santander to 88% in Cordoba.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|reference income distribution benefit ranged|7.3395777|5.848091|4.4985967
4848|Based on its definition, it is not a requirement that an innovation activity or outcome is successful. It is also not a requirement that an innovation has a positive effect on society or the financial results of a firm. This new measure, total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD), aims to track all resources invested to achieve the SDGs, and will - for the first time - allow transparency of the full array of officially supported bilateral and multilateral financial flows to developing countries as well as South-South co-operation for sustainable development.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|requirement innovation south sustainable financial|1.7959751|4.0844383|1.0979556
4849|From the TAC an allowance is made to provide for recreational fishing, customary Maori uses and other sources of fishing-related mortality. The remainder is available to the commercial sector as the annual Total Allowable Commercial Catch (TACC). For example, if a quota owner owns 10% of the quota for a stock, and the TACC is set at 200 tonnes, that quota owner receives 20 tonnes of ACE. The quota owner may choose to fish the ACE or trade it.|SDG 14 - Life below water|quota owner ace tonnes fishing|-0.26029322|5.7095222|6.938104
4850|One of the goals of the Ministry is to prevent illness through promoting healthy, secure and nutritious food. The Ministry is responsible for formulating and monitoring all health policies, national programmes and national standards. National health agencies and health institutions at the local level have the role of implementing the health policies and programmes. In 2017, three staff worked on environmental health in the Ministry' and 18 worked in the Environmental Health Department at the National Centre for Public Health. Until 2013, one official in the Ministry was in charge of climate change and health but, since 2013, no action in this area has been taken.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health ministry worked national nutritious|8.685254|9.208529|2.4881048
4851|"Feasibility is supported by the experience of one health plan in the US that conducted a ""virtual all-payer"" PCMH pilot. Their approach could serve as an inspiration also for policy-makers and health care administrators in the Nordic countries. Thus, health care has to be rationed in one way or another. This article by Luigi Siciliani reviews the relative merits of three different forms of rationing: i) price rationing, which takes the form of a co-payment or a coinsurance rate, and two forms of nonprice rationing, ii) rationing by waiting, when a patient is placed on a waiting list before receiving treatment, and iii) explicit rationing, when the patient is explicitly refused treatment."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|rationing waiting patient forms health|8.627971|8.941427|1.7748927
4852|Although many countries have undertaken climate and disaster risk assessments, the systematic integration of these assessments into national financial and fiscal planning processes is still limited. This indicates the extent of policy coherence or integrated risk governance that is already being made possible under this mechanism. Projects are explicitly documented in relation to the SDGs that they help to implement.|SDG 13 - Climate action|assessments risk documented coherence explicitly|1.7092019|4.9699697|1.610428
4853|Both ministries provided financial resources, complementing the core support provided through European Union Structural Funds. As of 2015, ESD is a part of teaching and learning from Form 1 through to Form 12. Opportunities for teaching ESD concepts are presented in all subjects. All Estonian schools have to prepare the school curriculum on the basis of the National Curricula, which requires that sustainable development concepts be integrated into everyday school life.|SDG 4 - Quality education|esd concepts teaching form complementing|9.013676|2.3050287|1.9078876
4854|Notable exceptions include the Adaptation Fund, GEF, and SIDA, which include indicators for infection rates of climate-sensitive diseases, the number of health measures introduced, and sanitation and wastewater facilities, respectively. ( Mitigation and adaptation interventions can create jobs, secure incomes, and reduce losses in the face of increasing extreme-weather events. Recognising the economic dimension of resilience, some institutions have developed results indicators for tracking economic vulnerability. For instance, both the GEF and Adaptation Fund include indicators to assess the effectiveness of an intervention in diversifying and strengthening livelihoods and sources of income for vulnerable populations (GEF, 2012 and AF, 2011a).|SDG 13 - Climate action|gef adaptation indicators include fund|1.4306604|4.933707|1.6229137
4855|The risk of contamination of water supplies will also increase in response to reduced dilution of upstream pollution and potential increases in water-related disease outbreaks, harmful algal blooms and other health effects. Wastewater reuse will increasingly be a cost-effective alternative of conventional water supply. Soil shrinking due to reduced soil water content may induce cracking of water mains and sewer pipes, making them vulnerable to infiltration and exfiltration of water and wastewater. The combined effects of warmer temperatures, increased pollutant concentrations, longer retention times, and sedimentation of solids may lead to increasing corrosion of sewers, shorter asset lifetimes, increased risk of drinking water pollution, and higher maintenance costs (IPCC, 2014b).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water soil wastewater pollution reduced|1.0714442|6.8586235|2.7584684
4856|Mobile telephony has, for the first time, made immediate interactive communications readily available to the poor in low-income countries. Access to the Internet has grown more slowly and has had a substantial impact mainly on governments and larger businesses. Its relevance to the poor is currently more limited but may grow as the Internet becomes more accessible through mobile phones. Much attention is now being paid to the deployment of broadband infrastructure, which will enhance the capacity of fixed and mobile networks alike and has the potential to make faster, cheaper Internet accessible to the poor.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|internet mobile accessible poor alike|4.877799|2.854612|1.4872376
4857|For a more complete analysis of revenue and costs across for the total Mediterranean and Black Sea fleet, see Chapter 3 (Socio-economics). A breakdown of the percentage of revenue from SSF by CPC is presented in Figure 82. These figures, however, only consider revenue from first sale of capture fishery products and do not include revenue from other uses of the vessel, such as pescatourism, which has been shown to have considerable economic potential for SSF (Piasecki et al.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|revenue ssf vessel breakdown mediterranean|-0.08967315|5.843608|6.755759
4858|In 2011, the number of infant deaths estimated in the region was 2.36 million, which represents about 46 per cent of the total number of infant deaths worldwide. As mortality among older children has declined, neonatal mortality has increased as a proportion of all under-5 deaths. In terms of neonatal mortality, six countries have rates above 25 deaths per 1,000 live births, namely Afghanistan (36.2), Pakistan (35.6), India (32.3), Myanmar (29.9), Nepal (27.0) and Bangladesh (26.4).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deaths neonatal mortality infant afghanistan|8.827097|8.402086|3.6588366
4859|Source: Ministry ot Education. Internal Rates of Return (IRR) to education are a standard measure in the literature of the profitability of undertaking additional years of schooling and are used to summarise financial incentives, both costs and benefits, associated with studying. The most common methods are the discount method and the Mincerian approach. The discount method is an application of cost-benefit analysis to the decision making process regarding further educational investment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|discount method studying undertaking profitability|9.076384|2.348708|2.9343984
4860|"Why have most social protection interventions been focused and implemented in rural areas? One reason for this is the dominant perception that poverty and vulnerability are more widespread and felt more deeply in rural areas. Another reason relates to the assumption that, due to the vibrancy of labour markets in urban areas as compared to rural areas, a substantial part of the urban population has access to income security and social protection through employment. """|SDG 1 - No poverty|areas rural reason protection urban|6.8782883|5.752721|4.2722735
4861|Household surveys show that women of prime working age are more likely than men to live in a poor household, in 41 out of 75 countries with data. Properly designed fiscal, wage and social protection policies—including minimum wages, family and child allowances and old-age pensions—can be powerful tools to reduce poverty, redress women's socio-economic disadvantage and guarantee their right to an adequate standard of living. These are particularly important in the context of changing demographic, family and household structures and in the face of economic shocks. But the burden of doing this work is unequally distributed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|household family unequally age redress|7.663951|5.6553807|5.26581
4862|The remaining sub-sections will address the implications of the concentration of poverty among particular sections of the population for social cohesion. This will focus on three areas in which poverty has tended to concentrate in the past: i) young people; ii) the migrant population; and iii) area/regional deprivation. The section will assess how trends in family structure and poverty are likely to impact on poverty in these three areas, assessing their implications for social cohesion and public policy intervention.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty cohesion sections implications concentrate|6.8972816|5.837713|4.652532
4863|Currently, spatial planning in France is increasingly integrated across thematic areas (e.g. ecosystem protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation, management of land uses) and comprehensive, in the sense that inter-municipal planning is encouraged. As far in the past as during the years of the French Revolution, a struggle took place between the Jacobins, who favoured strong central power as a way to pursue the goal of equality for all citizens, and the Girondins, who instead valued local independence. Debates in the Constituent Assembly at the time centred around whether national unity and equality before the law could be reconciled with local liberty (Schmidt, 2007: 17).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|equality schmidt planning unity constituent|3.8159838|5.7577286|1.6975253
4864|This aims to prevent direct entry of livestock waste into streams, thereby reducing environmental pollution. Agricultural enterprises started disposing of manure jointly at four large-scale plants equipped with specialized technologies and facilities in 2007 with the intention to build stable infrastructure for manure processing and to efficiently manage livestock waste in areas with high-density livestock farms, including pigs. These facilities started to produce solid or liquefied fertilisers, partly motivated by the Korean government’s decision to ban the ocean-dumping of livestock excretion in 2012.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|livestock manure started facilities waste|1.1005334|6.2906046|3.1255407
4865|Some countries have also further committed to gender balance by moving from gender quotas (ensuring a minimum percentage of the under-represented sex) to the adoption of requirements for gender parity. Ecuador was the first in 2008, followed by Costa Rica in 2009, Bolivia in 2010, Nicaragua and Panama in 2012 and Mexico in 2014. The 2015 electoral reform in Chile establishes so-called “flexible parity,” allowing neither gender to exceed 60% (or fall below 40%) of all candidates.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender parity electoral panama nicaragua|10.416992|4.2217965|6.93954
4866|It is only if the entire community adopts sanitation simultaneously (as opposed to individual households adopting) that full health benefits can materialise and that the spread of epidemics (such as cholera) can be stopped. As a result, it is often assumed that significant reductions in the prevalence of diarrhoea can only be achieved when an entire community gains access to sanitation rather than isolated individuals. This observation underlies community-led approaches to sanitation, such as the Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) campaigns, which rely on eliminating open-defecation in a particular area.17 Barreto et al. The study was developed in the context of a city-wide programme (Bahia Azul) to increase sanitation coverage. When the programme started in 1995, only 26% of the population of Salvador (2.5 million inhabitants) was connected to the sewerage system. When the program officially ended in 2004, coverage had increased to 70% and it has since risen to almost 90% in the city itself.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sanitation community entire coverage led|1.8352032|6.8579288|2.5862486
4867|By measuring these discriminatory social institutions in key areas that affect a woman's life, the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), produced by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Development Centre, has been instrumental in documenting the persistence and prevalence of gender discrimination across countries at different stages of development. The SIGI also has been used increasingly to explore the links between discriminatory social institutions and gender disparities in well-being outcomes. Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right but also a critical economic challenge.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender sigi discriminatory institutions social|9.35934|4.559854|6.84872
4868|In addition, significant discounts for public transport fares and transfers were granted to Easy Card users (Najman, 2008). In Taipei, use of private vehicles has been significantly reduced by improvements in public transport infrastructure and services. Demand management has also played a key role. For example, since 1999, motorcycles have no longer been permitted to park along sidewalks, and motorcycle parking pricing was introduced in certain areas in 2004.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|motorcycles transport discounts taipei fares|4.021212|4.7756653|0.5575937
4869|Draining of agricultural land has also intensified nutrient emissions from the soil into groundwaters. As concerns the assessment of the relative share of pollution from diffuse sources, some of the non-EU countries in the region still lack experience on the use of proper evaluation methods or models, which makes the development of management scenarios difficult. The importance of pesticide use varies along the basin: in comparison with the upstream Danube countries, the level of pesticide use in the central and lower Danube countries remains relatively low.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pesticide danube use groundwaters intensified|0.8552952|6.8163924|2.8765008
4870|"One good example of this type of plan is the city of Los Angeles' ""Urban Mobility Plan in a Digital Age"" that re-orients the focus to Mobility as a Service. Where frequent accessible buses and on-street hail taxis are available, licensed ride services must not erode overall levels of accessible transport. App-based ride services can improve overall accessibility by better matching supply of accessible vehicles and demand - but only if the design of the service and of the partnership takes into account the specific needs of travellers with impairments. By undertaking inventories of existing public transport routes to examine the potential for alternative service delivery models, public authorities and public transport operators can evaluate where synergies with innovative mobility services are strongest."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accessible mobility ride transport service|4.243544|4.9880004|0.46711993
4871|From 1996 onward, prices began to increase in Germany, owing to rapidly expanding demand both domestically and for exports to emerging economies and later owing to higher commodity prices. Further, China mandated domestically produced components and, along with India, instituted domestic technology certification programmes. As in the case of Europe, wind power plants were not necessarily built in the most suitably windy locations: the local policy environment was a much more important factor. For example, in India in 2004, 57 per cent of wind power capacity was installed in Tamil Nadu which only has 7 per cent of the wind resources (Global Wind Energy Council, World Institute of Sustainable Development and Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturing Association, 2011).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind domestically owing india tamil|2.0241337|1.8668814|2.0119638
4872|However, the lack of evidence on the overall rollout of the SER concept, e.g. in the Netherlands, is not very surprising: the concept is so wrapped up in the overall Dutch safety strategy (which has been a general success story) that it is hard to single out the effect of this particular element. They tend to overestimate their speed reduction. This creates a need to reinforce the perception of driving speed, particularly at transitions to lower speed limits, on the entry to towns and villages, on the approach to intersections and on the approach to sharp curves.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|speed concept rollout intersections overestimate|4.3070016|5.159384|-0.01903522
4873|Across countries, however, risks and vulnerabilities associated with the informal economy (Chapter 3) disproportionately affect women. This chapter provides updated evidence on gender disparities in key informal employment outcomes, such as employment status and wage levels. It then examines the role of gender-based constraints in employment outcomes and access to social protection. Last, it reviews gender-sensitive approaches that have been instrumental in empowering women in the informal economy in a number of countries, with a view to identify priority areas for policy makers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|informal gender employment outcomes chapter|8.7846155|4.364236|5.747592
4874|The reform proposal, however, envisages introducing a flat tax rate of 10% on inheritances to dissuade individuals from evading this tax. The contributory pension system accounts for the bulk of total transfers to households and absorbs a large share of central government spending (more than 18% of central government spending in 2011). Yet, its coverage is low and the absence of a first tier minimum pension leaves many elderly in poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|pension spending tax central envisages|7.680268|5.637939|4.4871554
4875|The form such support takes also differs, leading to diverse reporting practices and classifications. Tracking progress towards collective commitments to mobilise climate finance may require information from non-Party actors such as multilateral development banks, environmental funds, international organisations and private actors, in addition to national governments. While the transparency framework for support also aims to provide clarity on support received by developing countries, this objective may take longer to fulfil since experience in this area is currently more limited and reporting of this information is not obligatory.|SDG 13 - Climate action|actors reporting support obligatory classifications|1.5509887|3.7401571|0.7937929
4876|The first section of the chapter presents a range of alternative solutions to the measurement of labour inputs. In doing so, it examines the various choices in collecting information on time-use. For instance, should data be recorded via a full time-diary, or less resource-intensive stylized questions?|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|time collecting examines recorded doing|8.922095|4.7580357|5.473078
4877|The response was that the extra cost on a new vehicle was negligible. Road safety management, speed enforcement plus ISA are tools that deliver. Serious consideration should be given to reducing the urban speed limit from 60 to 50 km/h, accompanied by additional implementation of 30 km/h speed zones.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|speed km isa negligible extra|4.307524|5.11474|0.039432276
4878|Moreover, in many countries the definition of domestic violence in national criminal justice systems remains ambiguous, such as in East Timor and Cambodia (Chapter 4). As domestic and sexual violence and harassment tend to proliferate during the immediate aftermath of armed conflicts, women are further victimized at an already particularly challenging time. In some cases the worst aspects of the male-dominated cultural norms can be rebuilt, such as polygamy, early arranged marriages and segregation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence polygamy domestic ambiguous aftermath|10.034223|5.4516325|7.3896394
4879|In addition, the Emergency Medical Service Act obliges the Ministry of Health and Seivices every year. These research centres were established as part of the Clinical Research Support Project. The research centres are responsible for developing practice guidelines, which are made available on the website of the Korean Guideline Clearinghouse. Assessment is based on a broad range of indicators covering outcome, structure and process. The Korea Institute for Healthcare Accreditation (KOIHA) also conducts audits to ensure that agreed minimum standards are applied in hospital as part of the accreditation programme.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|accreditation research centres guideline conducts|9.214103|9.41829|1.6577442
4880|The courses were compulsory within the mathematics subject cluster and were revised in 1990 and 1997 to respond to technological developments. When Thailand introduced a new basic education curriculum in 2001, it included standards for what students in all 12 grades should know about ICT. Technological education comprised ICT and content on design and technology. Thailand expanded its efforts to integrate ICT in education by developing a series of four-year strategy documents and amendments to the basic education curriculum.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ict education thailand curriculum technological|8.729132|1.5286596|2.2900405
4881|Just what “moderate” means is not easy to define, but an approximate definition is: “not much higher than people have been used to over the last few years and fairly close to the trend level of the corresponding border prices” (Fane and Ware, 2008). Another important aspect of this objective relates to ensuring an appropriate distribution of food throughout the archipelago, especially to isolated areas during periods of famine. For five food commodities - rice, corn, soybean, sugar and beef - targets have been set at levels that would achieve self-sufficiency based on the forecasted consumption (Table 2.1). Production increases for rice during the late 2000s, which averaged 3.8% per annum between 2004 and 2009, enabled Indonesia to once again claim self-sufficiency in rice in 2007.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rice sufficiency self famine corn|4.141731|5.2605934|4.2282867
4882|They can, upon attaining certain requirements, including a minimum population size and annual revenue, opt to become a city. Cebu Province comprises 44 municipalities. Finally, municipalities and cities are composed of barangays, the smallest independently elected LGUs; there are over 42 000 throughout the Philippines and 1 096 in the Province of Cebu alone. Metro Cebu, specifically, is composed of 13 LGUs in total, including three independent cities, four component cities and six municipalities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cebu municipalities lgus composed cities|3.818814|5.0321093|1.3455105
4883|The performance in solid waste and wastewater management is poorer in smaller cities. For example, only 5% of Class IV and V cities meet the national wastewater treatment criteria. Addressing this challenge necessitates the timely application of a clear and workable urban policy framework. A key to “getting cities right” is a holistic and integrated approach to urban challenges and policies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities wastewater necessitates urban getting|1.3172827|6.553141|2.4782066
4884|Availability of results of national assessments in Denmark: who has access to the results? Individual students, their parents and their teachers have access to information about individual student assessment result. Individual student assessment results are not shared with other teachers, except in specific cases such as join teaching. School principals have information about the average assessment results of their school in each assessment, the average results of each class and school data adjusted for socio-economic factors. Municipalities have information about the average mark of the schools in the municipality and the average results for each school as well as data for each school adjusted for socio-economic factors. At the national level, the national average test result for all schools together is published and available to the public.|SDG 4 - Quality education|results school average assessment individual|9.712975|1.7971791|1.5560107
4885|Figure 1.4 shows how much each income source influenced the variation in per capita income for households below the poverty line in countries where poverty rates have decreased significantly in recent years. In the countries where poverty lessened, labour income accounted for half or more of the change in total per capita income. Thus, in this most recent bout of poverty reduction, the labour market has been one of the main drivers of the upswing.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty income capita recent labour|6.407581|5.651654|4.990677
4886|Looking at these two types of deprivation in tandem suggests that French children who are monetary poor are also considerably more likely to be financially strained. However, it should also be noted that 65 per cent of children experiencing union poverty are financially strained but not monetary poor. Finally, children living in the UK are more likely to be either monetary poor, domain deprived or both with relatively high rates of union poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|strained monetary financially poor children|7.1752057|6.4473624|5.2299857
4887|Additionally in Costa Rica, where allowances can constitute a large proportion of a teacher’s salary, some form of external evaluation could help to ensure a much more effective use of financial rewards to recognise and incentivise good teaching practice. International research shows that career prospects, career diversity, and giving teachers responsibility as professionals are important to keep teachers motivated, particularly in systems like Costa Rica where teaching is a job for life (Schleicher, 2013). Each track includes several positions as depicted below. In 2008, the declaration of the Quality Schools as the Axis of Costa Rican Education (Centro Educativo de Calidad como Eje de la Educacion Costarricense) marked a turning point, affirming the importance of school engagement to raise education outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|costa rica career teaching teachers|10.226484|1.5244623|2.6442008
4888|Slovenia follows with 21.7% of cancer spending on prescribed medicines in 2006, and Korea with 12.6% of cancer care spending on prescribed drugs and 2.9% on over-the-counter medicines in 2005. They were also authorised rapidly in Switzerland, Chile, Sweden and France. For example, in the United States and Switzerland, seven out of the ten drugs were authorised before the year 2000. Some countries such as Japan, Norway and Hirkey were initially slow in authorising these drugs but caught up with the others by 2010, authorising all ten drugs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drugs authorised prescribed medicines cancer|8.475662|9.482407|2.2634752
4889|With the exception of South Africa all of the BRIICS countries experienced large increases in material extraction when average income rose indicating that material extraction rises rapidly at relatively low levels of income when average income grows. This is likely attributable to the high rates of population growth typical of lower income countries and to the strong connection between the size of the population and the use of materials, especially those required to fulfil basic needs. But there appears to be two distinct trends for OECD countries with average incomes exceeding 20 000 USD.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|income extraction material average briics|1.698944|3.3150551|2.9808357
4890|In particular, it called for measures of innovation in the public sector, including in the education sector. Measuring innovation in education responds to this call, offering new perspectives on measuring innovation in education. Thebook gives readers new international comparative information about innovation in education compared to other sectors, and documents change in a variety of dimensions of school practices between 1999 and 2011. It is a key resource for readers interested in educational innovation, but given the variety of practices covered, it also provides material of interest to a wider audience.|SDG 4 - Quality education|innovation readers education measuring variety|8.718924|1.8262191|1.9901484
4891|The reform has been implemented since the 2014/15 school year. As basis of this reform, the government set three national goals: i) the Folkeskole must challenge all students to reach their full potential; ii) the Folkeskole must lower the significance of social background on academic results; and iii) trust in the Folkeskole and student wellbeing must be enhanced through respect for professional knowledge and practice in the Folkeskole. These three goals were conceived to set a clear direction and a high level of ambition for the development of the Folkeskole and to provide a clear framework for a systematic and continuous evaluation of the reform. The three national goals are operationalised through four clear, simple and measurable targets that form the basis for dialogue and follow-up regarding the development of students’ academic performance and wellbeing at all levels.|SDG 4 - Quality education|folkeskole reform clear goals wellbeing|9.763819|1.7069516|1.706414
4892|The project focuses on treating the underlying factors that affect education and learning outcomes. Allied health staff from a range of specialisms address behavioural and learning issues for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students. The six schools receiving allied health care are located in remote geographic locations with limited specialist services.|SDG 4 - Quality education|allied learning islander strait torres|10.211781|2.607408|2.3212767
4893|Whilst all issues need attention, this is the area where policy makers in particular need to concentrate their initial efforts. Generally, the depth of the data is stronger and there is lower volatility in the solar resource compared to the wind, and generally there are fewer variables to be considered in the estimation. Investors are most concerned with the apparent mismatch between the long-term nature of capital commitments inherent in climate change financing and the relatively short time frame of climate change regulations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generally concentrate climate inherent mismatch|1.7171648|3.945681|1.2855315
4894|In this case, higher tariffs (which may also provide an incentive for more efficient water usage) are essential to generate the financial resources needed for the investment and ongoing operation of water services. This is particularly true of the underdeveloped wastewater services (ADB, 2014). Some of this pollution is caused by widespread and indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, but a greater source is discharges of untreated sewage from municipal water utilities (World Bank, 2014b).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water untreated dumping underdeveloped adb|1.4526912|7.1117315|2.3810618
4895|There are 45 NGOs that are focused on women's rights in Uganda. They do not work in isolation, but in collaboration with the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development. This organisation was formed to represent a united voice of women, as well as to create a platform where women would collectively put forward issues of their political and economic life and other kinds of discrimination in various spheres of society.' There is need for ongoing support and a dynamic day-to-day relationship between WROs and women politicians.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women day politicians spheres isolation|10.068295|4.6136394|7.2368274
4896|"Feminist Press, 2007), p. 212. It began to be understood as primarily an ""add-on"" to existing development policies.16 Specifically, this approach failed to factor women's reproductive and informal-sector work into its analyses. It also treated women as a homogenized category, missing the impact of intersectional discrimination as a result of class and race.17 In short, this liberal feminist model failed to have a transformative effect on the lives of women.18 Gender neutrality ignored gendered structural inequalities which had, and indeed continue to have, negative effects on women. The women and development approach further argued that the failure to integrate women as economic actors in their societies contributed to sustaining existing international structures of inequality."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women feminist failed existing neutrality|9.698551|4.5559015|7.1138577
4897|Overuse and misallocation of water resources due to incomplete or over-allocated water rights, under-pricing of water and deficiencies in long-term resource planning contribute to this imbalance, which in turn mechanically translates into higher water shortage risks. In water basins where there is structural water stress, water shortages are more likely to arise from even mild precipitation deficit. In short, water stress generates water shortage risks, and thus vulnerability to droughts.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water shortage stress risks imbalance|1.2685957|7.244656|2.6789749
4898|These have several advantages over capital-intensive technologies: They generate more jobs, have lower costs, can contribute to local enterprise development and capacity-building, provide more readily available maintenance and repair services, and can generate foreign exchange savings. Even more worrying is that the LDCs youth population (aged 15-24 years), which is becoming better educated and growing fast, is increasingly seeking job in rapidly growing urban centres. The main responsibility for creating these jobs rests largely with the LDCs themselves. Nevertheless, the international community can also play a role in helping to ease the constraints faced by these countries in creating sufficient jobs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs ldcs creating generate growing|5.226626|4.032292|3.1987853
4899|We expect to find a negative relationship between poverty and this variable. It is worth noting that the Brazilian economy showed growth in income per capita over the period 1995-2009. Thus, the absolute poverty indicator used is the proportion of poor people (/>0). This index is frequently used to express income inequality and may be linked to the so-called Lorenz curve, which is defined by the set of points obtained by plotting income shares against population shares in ascending order. On the basis of this curve, we then calculate Gini coefficients for each of the states between 1995 and 2009. As discussed in the previous section, the relationship between the Gini coefficient and poverty must be positive.|SDG 1 - No poverty|curve gini shares poverty relationship|6.399293|5.623741|5.1177077
4900|The pilot was so successful that we are now building a permanent digital platform for it. The same holds across countries: top-performing countries in PISA, like Japan, Singapore and South Korea in Asia, Estonia and Finland in Europe, and Canada in North America, also came out on top in the PISA assessment of collaborative problem solving. For example, Japanese students did very well in those subjects, but they did even better in collaborative problem solving.|SDG 4 - Quality education|solving collaborative pisa did problem|9.703065|2.0773897|3.0929835
4901|Tax payers finance about 55% of total water expenditure. Given the strong increases in federal budget for water supply and sanitation programmes, the federal government is currently financing close to 40% of all water expenditures that are currently tracked. State and municipal governments represent an additional 15% of water expenditures.8 Water users finance over 45% of total water expenditures through water and sanitation tariffs (MXN 27 billion from households, commercial and industrial users), water resources charges (MXN 6 billion mostly industrial users), bulk water tariffs (MXN 2.2 billion mostly from urban water users) and investments, operation and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure (MXN 4.3 billion from agricultural users).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water mxn users billion expenditures|1.7172242|7.4260707|2.1427052
4902|In Bangladesh, for example, by 2050, production of rice might drop by 8 per cent — and wheat by 32 per cent. Small Island states could suffer extended periods of droughts, interspersed with heavy rainfall, which could degrade the land and reduce soil fertility, though in high-latitude islands the effects could be beneficial. However, given the present context, it should be determined whether this is being achieved at the cost of food security. Of particular interest is bio-fuel production in the Asia Pacific region.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|latitude cent production bio droughts|3.614212|5.278856|4.176399
4903|This would to lay the foundation for a new generation of fisheries experts through mid- and long-term specialization curricula, in collaboration with regional and national research/training institutions. In addition, in order to build on ongoing cooperation and further strengthen fisheries governance in the Black Sea, the organization of a high-level conference and the launch of a regional, scientific and technical cooperation project for the Black Sea should contribute to further bridging gaps at the regional level. Finally, bolstering cooperation in the GFCM area of application, not only with the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department and its regional projects for the Mediterranean, but also with partner organizations with which the GFCM has an MoU, is predicted to foster synergies, avoid duplications and promote comparative advantages. Science-based regulations are strengthened and more fisheries are subject to multiannual management plans (see Chapter 7).|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries gfcm cooperation regional black|-0.1780935|5.696605|6.4054055
4904|Government subsidies in the fisheries sector can also have severe negative social and economic impacts for the most vulnerable countries and communities. The adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015 brings hope of addressing this unfair situation, specifically thanks to Target 14.6, whereby the international community has committed to prohibit fisheries subsidies that contribute to overfishing and to IUU fishing. Considerable resources would be saved if harmful fisheries subsidies were prohibited and spent to secure the implementation of other SDG14 targets for the conservation and sustainable use of the ocean, for example through a Blue Fund that would be established to that effect. Inaction on fish subsidies at the latest Ministerial Conference of the WTO held in December 2015 - three months after the adoption of the SDGs - is not an encouraging sign, but the upcoming High-Level United Nations Conference on Oceans and Seas in June 2017 may provide a new opportunity.|SDG 14 - Life below water|subsidies fisheries conference sdgs adoption|0.032609522|5.490454|6.4596496
4905|On MDB finance (concessional and non-concessional) flowing to climate change is the most difficult to estimate because there is comprehensive data set from which to draw and available estimates are now dated. Drawing on World Bank (2006), it is estimated that just over 4 bn USD flows to support climate action, remaining constant as what was reported in 2006-7; this is considered to be a minimum estimate. Export-credits vary widely from year to year; for this reason the authors use an average year estimate, drawing on data from 2002-2009; the low estimate of mitigation flows is estimated to be about 0.2 bn USD. Total funds pledged for adaptation are estimated to amount to $1 billion, of which a little over half has been committed.|SDG 13 - Climate action|estimate bn concessional estimated drawing|1.7077389|3.901063|1.0025421
4906|Sector Skills Councils and Sector Training Councils can play a role in this area but this requires that they expand their coverage and scope to other employers who do not actively participate in the Northern Ireland skills system. In Manchester and Leeds, local apprenticeship hubs have been successful in increasing participation in apprenticeship programmes while also offering coordinated support to SMEs. Lessons from the Leeds City apprenticeship hub highlight that local SMEs often found a fragmented advice and guidance system, which limits their knowledge about where to go to participate in apprenticeship programmes as well as the administrative requirements of participation.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|apprenticeship councils smes participate participation|8.364549|2.7941055|2.8126996
4907|And the rights of women have therefore not been honored in some places. But some countries, like Bangladesh, have made major strides in meeting the unmet demand for services. Bangladesh, which has seen declining fertility rates, has also made great progress in educating girls and in meeting other targets within the Millennium Development Goals. Evidence from a Social Experiment in Matlab, Bangladesh, 1977-1996.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bangladesh meeting strides educating experiment|9.435478|5.365976|6.4147534
4908|Alcohol is one of the four lifestyle-related factors tackled by the 2010 Non-communicable Disease Strategy. Legislative measures to cut binge drinking through restrictions that reduce access to lower priced alcohol and its consumption in specified areas were introduced in 2011. More recently, the first national alcohol policy was issued for consultation in 2016. Malta was one of the first countries to introduce a smoking ban in 2004 and has continually updated regulations on tobacco advertising and promotion.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol continually priced tackled malta|9.238081|9.630348|3.3729453
4909|The methodology for imputing multilateral flows estimates the share of multilateral ODA contributions by DAC members in a given year that are climate related. Imputed multilateral contributions are the product of a country’s multilateral contribution to an organisation multiplied by the share of climate-related projects financed by that organisation. Added to Rio marked bilateral flows, the imputed multilateral contributions represent “the provider perspective” of climate-related development finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|multilateral contributions imputed related organisation|1.595424|4.019972|0.8026022
4910|In the discount method, the optimality of the investment is assessed at the margin and the resulting rates of returns are compared with that of alternative investments. For instance, Blondal et al. ( While the discount method has the advantage of summarising various benefits and costs associated with further education, it often relies on more broadbrush average earnings across educational groups, failing to control for other relevant individual characteristics. In its simplest form, the log of gross earnings is regressed on educational attainment, linear (and quadratic) terms capturing labour market experience, tenure and other relevant individual characteristics. The coefficient of educational attainment is interpreted as the percentage wage differential due to an additional educational investment. The major advantage of this approach lies in its simplicity.|SDG 4 - Quality education|educational discount method attainment advantage|9.096381|2.482884|3.0305843
4911|A middle school principal has transformed the practices and plans in her school by studying the staffing models and more flexible timetables of a school in South Australia. Seeing” in this part of the CIEL programme is leading to deeper respect and to new possibilities. The call for disruptive innovation of education systems where schools, as we have known them, cease to exist has a certain appeal for those frustrated with the seeming snail’s pace of system change. Others urge systems to focus intensely and consistently on improving the quality of teaching and learning with a few strong and carefully constructed goals.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school disruptive staffing seeing transformed|9.493324|1.4163433|1.7590361
4912|In Estonia, rates fell by nearly 50% over the 20-year period, but not before rising substantially in the mid-1990s. Death rates from suicides have increased in countries such as Japan and Korea. In Japan, there was a sharp rise in the mid- to late 1990s, coinciding with the Asian financial crisis, but have remained stable since. Suicide rates also rose sharply at this time in Korea, but unlike Japan, rates have continued to increase.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|japan rates mid korea suicides|9.707978|8.92463|3.1623495
4913|This practice is mainly widespread in the coastal zones of Aden and Hadramawt, El Malira and Hodeidah, Although the Health Ministiy lias released a public decision for banning the practice of female genital mutilation in official hospital facilities, the Yemeni government continues to turn a blind eye to cutting practiced by traditional community women in particular locations. Articles 342-349 and Articles 291, 293 and 293 bis of the Algerian Penal Code of 8 June 1966. Algerian Penal Code of 1966.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|algerian penal articles code practice|9.857557|5.4207754|7.343637
4914|The back-casting period is 20 years, from 1951 to 2001. Prices include technology, expectations, government policies, and inflation of input factors. Population ageing and government health expenditures in New Zealand, 1951-2051. New Zealand Treasury Working Paper 04/14. Health expenditure trends in New Zealand. Wellington, Ministry of Health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|zealand health new treasury government|9.012637|8.787389|2.5746453
4915|Bycatch and discards work plan applies. The 2009 statutory management plan provides for the grant of individual transferable quotas and statutory fishing rights. The AFMA commission endorsed the management policy and entered into a memorandum of understanding with the Norfolk Island government to maintain a monitoring and advisory role in the fishery.|SDG 14 - Life below water|statutory plan discards bycatch memorandum|-0.16050039|5.7517905|6.689497
4916|Innovation policies also need to be consistent over time by using a portfolio approach with a long-term perspective. Driven by this insight, applied economic research on external effects, externalities or social costs have frequently taken the electricity sector as a starting point. In the 1990s and early 2000s, a series of broad, well-funded studies with dozens of high-level experts from different fields took on the full costs of electricity. Many of the results produced from these studies remain relevant today. While estimates of social costs inevitably display large uncertainties, the studies converged in the identification of key problem areas. However, decision makers never properly implemented the policy conclusions from these studies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|studies costs electricity converged inevitably|1.8372676|2.242896|1.8056424
4917|Overall, half of men have contribution densities lower than 47.5%, and half of women have densities of less than 12.8%. These low contribution are associated with work histories that include periods of self-employment, informal employment, unemployment or professional inactivity, and are particularly a problem for women and individuals in low income brackets. The recommendations of the commission will be examined by a special council of minister which will analyse which of the different recommendations could be implemented.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|densities recommendations contribution half brackets|8.938815|4.7933407|5.8004575
4918|Some opportunities exist to increase water abstraction charges, which do not cover abstraction costs and are currently regulated by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries (MoE, 2010c). The challenge will be to prioritise and phase investments over time to focus on areas with the best cost-benefit ratio and the highest positive impact on water resources. The classification of the whole of Slovakia as a “sensitive” area under the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive should be reconsidered, with a view to prioritising the most sensitive areas.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|abstraction sensitive prioritising moe slovakia|1.3630074|6.9628024|2.359045
4919|In addition, nuclear energy is the only dispatchable source of electricity that remains consistent with the original intentions behind the policy decision to support renewable technologies namely to reduce climate change inducing greenhouse gas emissions and to reduce import dependency. This should sufficiently remunerate dispatchable capacity, including nuclear, to keep it attractive for investors. Virtually all major OECD countries are currently looking at different designs for capacity markets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|dispatchable nuclear inducing reduce intentions|1.1988255|1.6107788|1.7942296
4920|A key challenge was the lack of available data specifically on indicators representing water renewability (SDG 6.3) and its sustainable management (SDG 6.5), which could hinder valid policymaking. This challenge was addressed in two ways. First, ESCAP provided training on the UN-Water’s Integrated Monitoring Guide for SDG 6: Targets and Indicators, which informs ministries on how data collection can occur. Second, it became evident during the National SDG 6 Workshop that many of the Interagency and Expert Group’s SDG indicators were not feasible under Sri Lanka’s national context. As a result, stakeholders and policymakers consulted in small working groups to consider more valid indicators and how to approach data collection and analysis. Encouraging official financial flows (SDG 10.b) can promote greater economic risk diversification (SDG 8.2) and inducing sustainable food production systems (SDG 2.4) and water-use efficiency in the agriculture sector (SDG 6.4).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sdg indicators valid collection water|1.6178491|6.673138|1.9865297
4921|In 18 countries, child poverty has increased by at least lppt, which can be interpreted as statistically significant.13 However, while focusing on changes in child poverty since the start of the economic crisis, it is important not to lose sight of the absolute levels. After a substantial increase in poverty, Iceland had some of the highest 'anchored' child poverty rates in 2012, but so did Romania after a 2ppt decrease in poverty since the pre-crisis levels. In both countries, nearly one-third of children were poor in 2012 based on the 2008 threshold.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty child crisis anchored sight|7.3428836|6.261878|5.259769
4922|In the bottom quintile, coverage is 40 per cent. However, pensions are small and contribute less than 10 per cent to total household consumption of the poorest households receiving a pension (World Bank 2009a). Pensions are an important component of social protection and contribute significantly to poverty reduction, although this is not their main objective.|SDG 1 - No poverty|pensions contribute cent quintile receiving|7.6375384|5.710751|4.437373
4923|In many countries labour market activity among childless men and women is fairly similar, but large differences tend to emerge once women become mothers and men become fathers (OECD, 2016). While in some countries, like Portugal and the Netherlands, mothers frequently return to paid work after a few months of paid leave (OECD, 2007; Wall and Escobedo, 2013), in many others the share of mothers actually at work rebounds only once children start to enter pre-primary education at around age three or primary school at about age six (OECD, 2016). In many countries, women who experience childbirth are far more likely than those who do not to suffer from a large drop in income from one year to the next (Figure 13.2). Indeed, in the Czech Republic, Iceland, the Netherlands and Sweden, women are approximately twice as likely to experience a year-on-year decrease of 20% or more in their household disposable income when they have a child.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mothers women year netherlands paid|9.151359|5.2121186|5.4745564
4924|"An additional poverty line is based on 60% of the median income measured in 2005 (income reference year 2004) and is then uprated with inflation for all the intervening years. Contemporary poverty lines are sensitive to sudden shifts in the income distribution: median household income may fall during an economic downturn, reducing the poverty line and resulting in an artificially lower child poverty rate even if the number of poor children remains the same. "" Anchoring"" the poverty line in 2005 (in real terms) helps circumvent this limitation by keeping the threshold fixed at a moment in time rather than allowing it to move with the current income distribution."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty income line median distribution|6.5084624|6.1102457|5.162741
4925|The America's Pledge Initiative was launched by California Governor Jerry Brown and the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Climate Action, Michael Bloomberg, to demonstrate non-state actor leadership on climate change in the absence of federal leadership. To unlock inclusive economic growth, 488 companies from 38 countries adopted emission reduction pathways in line with the Paris Agreement on climate change. The Paris Agreement has thus proven itself resilient against this first challenge.|SDG 13 - Climate action|paris climate leadership agreement michael|1.2078485|3.6644182|1.481773
4926|This will improve the understanding of the problems and strengthen the knowledge base for identification and implementation of appropriate management measures to reduce transboundary impacts and improve the status of transboundary waters. The Second Assessment is intended to serve as a tool to inform, guide and stimulate further action by Governments, river basin organizations, the international community, including donors, and concerned non-governmental organizations. It allowed riparian countries to discuss and highlight needs in transboundary cooperation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|transboundary organizations improve riparian discuss|0.80971545|7.0633917|2.0359395
4927|Therefore, the largest percentage of males in the Northern District (62%) require vocational/technical training at a level less than tertiary education, compared to 52% in the Haifa District, and 46% in the Central District. In contrast, 57% of the females in the Northern District are employed in occupations requiring a tertiary education, compared to 63% in the Haifa District and 64% in the Central District. Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract for Israel, 2009.|SDG 4 - Quality education|district central northern tertiary compared|7.893396|2.4463573|2.8337774
4928|Many of these redeveloped markets have fallen into disuse, with serious adverse effects on informal livelihoods. In the 1996 Istanbul Declaration, national governments explicitly recognized “local governments as our closest partners, and as essential in the implementation of the Habitat Agenda.” In the area of sustainable development, as environmental concerns started getting mainstreamed into the development agenda, the role of local governments was again deemed as crucial when it comes to identifying local sustainability priorities and implementing attendant long-term action plans.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|governments local agenda attendant closest|3.7771125|5.0195346|1.861438
4929|Another example of an early blockchain initiative is the incorporation of the Energy Web Foundation (EWF) as a global consortium of generators, integrated utilities, and related companies such as research institutes, IT service providers and start-ups. In addition to developing a new open-source core technology platform that is purpose-built for the energy sector, EWF has set up several specialised working groups and knowledge exchange forums in order for EWF “affiliates” to accelerate development of blockchain-based applications for certificate of origin markets for green power, demand response programmes, electric vehicle networks, and other application domains. On one hand, the development and piloting of several blockchain-based digital services is increasing, as most auto original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), tier 1 suppliers, and many software firms are working on solutions to current pain points, such as inefficient processes and data sharing.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain auto piloting working pain|4.078038|2.5668178|2.074094
4930|Phased implementation may be one strategy that can be employed, along with managing shortterm adjustment costs and building capabilities to exploit opportunities generated through trade. Of the roughly 3 billion people worldwide that have jobs, some 1.65 billion have regular wages or salaries, while another 1.4 billion work in farming, small household enterprises or as casual or seasonal day labor. The latter make up the majority of workers in the poorest countries, although there is little data on employment in many of the poorest countries, complicating analysis of their situation. The creation of jobs for those who want to work is critical, and as discussed in this report trade can drive the economic growth that delivers jobs along with the reallocation of people to better jobs, and improving aspects of the work people do.|SDG 1 - No poverty|jobs billion poorest people work|7.512598|4.146703|4.086611
4931|Planning and Aid Coordination (DSPPAC) (2016). Vanuatu 2030: The People's Plan: National Sustainable Development Plan 2016 to 2030, available at: http:// www.nab.vu/sites/default/files/documents/ Vanuatu%20Sustainable%20Dev.%20Plan%20 2030-EN_0.PDF (accessed 29 September 2017). Vanuatu Government (2015a), Vanuatu Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2016— 2030, available at: http://www.nab.vu/sites/default/ files/nab/vanuatu_cc_drr_policy_minus_att4v4.pdf (accessed 29 September 2017).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|vanuatu vu files default accessed|1.7413565|4.442352|1.5183543
4932|Innovation: the Network has developed an extensive database documenting innovations by the poorest, including in agricultural practices (e.g. natural pesticides), machinery and other sectors. The aim is to foster the diffusion of knowledge to a wider group of potential users. The Network's newsletter is printed in seven Indian languages.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|network documenting languages pesticides machinery|5.300125|3.5771816|2.5869102
4933|Professor Raghunath Anant Mashelkar, chairman of the National Innovation Foundation of India and president of the Global Research Alliance, defines it as “any innovation that leads to affordable access of quality goods and services creating livelihood opportunities for the excluded population, primarily at the base of the pyramid, and on a long-term sustainable basis with a significant outreach” (Mashelkar, 2013). This is strongly contingent on innovation, since providing high quality at a low price requires introducing new products, rather than adapting existing ones. It is even more complex from a global perspective encompassing developing, emerging and advanced economies, where the poorest have very different income levels.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation chairman professor encompassing global|5.354589|3.6345992|2.635172
4934|It then looks at the ways in which education policies can influence these factors to improve the educational opportunities for migrant students. Part two looks at system-level policies to allocate resources in order to support migrant education strategies. Finally, part three deals with school-level policies that seek to shape school and classroom environments as well as school-home relationships.|SDG 4 - Quality education|looks migrant school policies deals|9.915405|2.5758927|2.6214187
4935|Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary). Labour Force Surveys have the benefit of including information on all employed persons, both self-employed and employees. Household surveys have the advantage of reducing the risk of double counting active contributors since the person is counted and not the contribution record (note that a person may contribute to more than one scheme).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employed person persons surveys icls|8.321781|4.480348|4.5032897
4936|She suggests that East Asian countries (the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Malaysia) and Taiwan Province of China could be seen as “perhaps the best examples of countries that have been able to bring economic and social development policies into significant alignment” (ibid., In this sense, there has been a return to early development theories which implicitly assumed the existence of strong developmental states capable of carrying out the suggested coordinated investment programmes. However, times have changed and the tasks that are contemplated for developmental states today are much more complicated than those conceived in the 1950s. However, policy space cannot be of much use unless there is a government capable of using it. Wade (1990) has documented the important role that states played in “governing the market” in the first-tier East Asian newly industrializing economies as they went about achieving catch-up growth and poverty reduction. In recent years, the role of governments has also been vindicated by the experience of Latin America, where government activism has proved crucial not only in reducing external dependence and promoting aggregate growth, but also in reducing poverty directly through various innovative social policies (see, for example, Cornia, 2010).|SDG 1 - No poverty|developmental capable states asian east|6.0320473|5.163814|4.038752
4937|In addition, since 2011, work has been underway to develop local Integrated Resource Frameworks for health and community care, which enable local systems to quantify resource use across health and social care across populations (rather than organisations) and realign resources accordingly. The aim is to realign resources to deliver better value, and better patient-centred, care. There is clear innovation in its use of digital infrastructure to train health professionals so that they are equipped with the skills consistent with the needs of the NHS.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health resource better underway|9.044625|9.328406|1.7036948
4938|The index will draw on publicly available data regarding physical scarcity and water quality and overlay important factors including the regulatory regime and social and reputational issues that have not previously been incorporated into water risk measurement. The index measures four areas including: access to improved drinking water and sanitation; the availability of renewable water and the reliance on external supplies; the relationship between available water and supply demands; and the water dependency of each country’s economy. To date many modelling studies have simulated the impact of mitigation strategies on annual pollutant loss as opposed to pressures during seasonal ecological windows (Collins and McGonigle, 2008). Further development of these models to improve the targeting of policies, however, needs to pinpoint specific ecological windows of opportunity (e.g. salmon spawning season) as opposed to annual loadings and their abatement (Collins and McGonigle, 2008). Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 115A, HELCOM, Helsinki, Finland.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water windows opposed ecological index|1.1305621|7.1007895|2.6947677
4939|So, the ability of the Chinese growth pattern to generate more productive and remunerative employment outside agriculture played an important role. In addition, per worker output in agriculture increased dramatically from the early 1980s, reflecting the institutional changes described earlier. What is significant is that it continued to increase at a rapid rate thereafter, such that it nearly doubled in the decade after 1995. The growth was broad-based and widely shared because of the egalitarian land distribution as well as the simultaneous creation of non-agricultural employment opportunities. They found that government expenditure on education had the largest impact on reducing both rural poverty and regional inequality, and a significant impact on boosting production.|SDG 1 - No poverty|remunerative agriculture significant simultaneous egalitarian|5.028022|5.094642|4.0628943
4940|However, in Iceland, all increases were from a much smaller base. It is important to have the same countries in the model for every wave in order to be able to compare changes in the estimates across the waves of the survey. Italy had to be excluded because there is no data in the SaMip dataset for it from 2011 onwards. As before, the anchored poverty definition is used here: the dependent variable is whether the child under 18 lives in a household with equivalent disposable income below 60% of national median estimated in 2008 and then uprated for inflation.|SDG 1 - No poverty|anchored onwards dataset waves wave|7.354053|6.3706937|5.2165976
4941|Moreover, given that water supply growth is limited but domestic and industrial water demand are growing rapidly, a significant share of the additional water for domestic and industrial uses will come from the irrigation sector. This transfer will lead to a substantial increase in water scarcity for irrigation, giving rise to more conflicts, in the future, between water for food and water for other uses in many parts of the world. Policy reform including agricultural research and management in rainfed areas and changes in the management of irrigation and water supplies are therefore urgently needed to ensure sustainable water access and affordable food prices.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water irrigation uses industrial rainfed|1.1386325|7.3943043|2.8163996
4942|These practices are incompatible with the equal enjoyment of rights by women and with respect for their rights and dignity. They put women at special risk of violence and abuse. Poverty and unemployment force many women, including young girls, into prostitution. Prostitutes are especially vulnerable to violence because their status, which may be unlawful, tends to marginalize them. They need the equal protection of laws against rape and other forms of violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence equal women rights incompatible|9.888089|5.4340415|7.298815
4943|"A strong alliance of women and peace developed around the movement for nuclear disarmament (Frauenfriedens-bewegung)-, another important alliance was forged around the decriminalization of homosexuality.9 In the German Democratic Republic (former East Germany, GDR), the political scenario was a different one: the State formally supported women in the workplace and provided childcare as well as economic incentives, maternity leave and other provisions supporting pregnant women/mothers.10 While this did not change preconceived notions about motherhood and childcare being a primarily female task."" Under German law, abortion is a criminal offense but is not punished if the pregnant woman accepts counselling prior to the abortion procedure and within the first trimester, cf. In the GDR ‘model’, an authoritarian productivist regime, women's employment was mandatory, as was the creche for very young children; the labour force participation rate, at 91 per cent in 1989, was the highest in the world. Bundesministerium fur Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugendliche [Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth] 2015, p. 21."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women alliance abortion pregnant german|9.2545185|5.247598|5.3340135
4944|Central to understanding the impact in the fisheries sector is how the management system operates for the fishery in question. While fuel is an important input and tax concessions can have a significant impact on the fuel price paid by fishers, the impact of such support will be contingent on the management system constraints faced by and alternatives available to the fisher. In this case, support lowers the cost of effort, leading to more effort and a smaller fish stock in equilibrium.|SDG 14 - Life below water|effort impact fuel fisher lowers|-0.2017107|5.6492767|6.7493553
4945|The composition of the Council was renewed in January 2015. The Programme of Water Sector Reform for the period 2016-2025 prescribes the transformation of this Council into a National Water Council. The Network is supported by the TajWSS project implemented by Oxfam in Tajikistan in partnership with UNDP and funded by SDC.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|council renewed tajikistan water january|0.7787972|7.1523833|1.9073985
4946|These are important amendments that could reduce regulatory burden and streamline the building approvals process without reducing environmental diligence. As the investment climate in Kigali improved, so too the construction industiy. Combined with forward looking urban planning, focused on working with the community to improve the quality of public spaces and based on disaggregated data collected through tools such as the One Stop Youth Centres, this allowed us to guide urban development in the right direction.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|diligence streamline urban amendments stop|3.7888422|5.0747614|1.7379252
4947|Third, oil prices do have an impact on food prices, but the nature of that relationship has probably changed over recent years with the emergence of biofuels. Still, the extent to which biofuels impact food price remains a subject of discord amongst researchers. Finally, macroeconomic data is critical to an agricultural market outlook exercise, given their contribution to commodity prices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|biofuels prices food impact emergence|3.8846614|5.044216|4.3839197
4948|The share of students who expected to pursue a career in teaching also increased in Chile, the Czech Republic, Estonia and the Slovak Republic, but by less than two percentage points. Turkey shows the largest drop - by 19 percentage points - followed by Jordan, Indonesia and Tunisia (with decreases of between 10 and 14 percentage points). The declines in Turkey, Jordan and Indonesia might be related to the large increases in secondary enrolment rates, and in the share of 15-year-olds represented in the PISA population (OECD, 2016, Table 1.6.1 mi).|SDG 4 - Quality education|points percentage jordan turkey indonesia|9.442073|2.2830737|3.0265887
4949|However, with the very rough and ready metric for system adequacy used in this exercise, which is the ratio of total generating capacity over peak demand, ceteris paribus the SSDI would increase in response to increased renewable production. During their life cycle, nuclear power plants source up to 90% of their inputs in terms of value domestically. Imports of uranium, just as imports of rare earths for the rotors of wind turbines, are not a major concern as they are widely diversified and frequently stem from other OECD countries.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|imports ssdi paribus ceteris uranium|1.2005085|1.7162026|1.8619787
4950|Yet girls are still far less likely than boys to choose scientific and technological fields of study. This section looks at gender gaps in school enrolment rates, educational attainment and policies to address these gaps, including the role of aid in improving gender equality in education in developing countries. It examines gender differences in performance and attitudes in reading and maths, and the reasons why despite good performance women find it harder in many developing countries to find a job on leaving school.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender gaps maths performance school|9.554379|3.9892642|5.8206387
4951|In November 2009, a FAO-agreement on port state control was signed as a major step to reduce IUU-fishing globally. In addition, Norway has endorsed and fully implemented the regional scheme for port state control adopted by NEAFC, and has entered new bilateral arrangements with other countries in the field of resource control in the fisheries. Norway is of the opinion that there exists clear links between different types of transnational organised crime and organised IUU-fishing.|SDG 14 - Life below water|iuu port control organised fishing|0.025142364|5.72031|6.7981544
4952|Its prioritisation of gender equality is a whole-of-govemment effort, signalled through a tenfold increase in spending on gender equality across government between 2007 and 2010. As one of three thematic priorities within development co-operation, Sweden’s main approach to gender equality has been to systematically mainstream it into all programmes. Policy directives require that context-specific analyses, including clear gender equality perspectives, guide the design of all programmes and operational measures. The target for MDG3 - promote gender equality and women’s empowerment - seeks to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and, at all levels of education, by 2015.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender govemment preferably prioritisation|9.942742|4.0264945|7.3710027
4953|Data for the period 2002-04 refer to the year 2003. Sources: Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management, Facts and Figures 2006 and Austrian Water, Facts and Figures. Data include water use for fish farming. Average 1990-92 = average 1993-95, Average 2002-04: data for irrigation are used because data for agricultural water use are not available.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|facts austrian water data figures|1.212446|7.337375|2.9045484
4954|The impact of environmental risk factors on infant and early childhood health, nutritional status and mortality in West Africa. The impact of socio-economic inequalities on early childhood survival: Results from the Demographic and Health Surveys. How well do health programmes reach the poor? Social inequality in infant mortality: What explains variation across low and middle income countries? Social Science and Medicine, vol.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infant childhood mortality health early|8.793677|8.438997|3.639148
4955|And household taxes are more progressive in the United States than in most EU countries.15 However, some countries (including Chile, Korea and Japan) combine a relatively low tax burden with very little progressivity. The data are available for only a few years, which makes it difficult to assess the impact of tax reforms. Furthermore, most household surveys focus on the personal income tax, social security contributions paid by employees and, sometimes, property taxes.16 They do not therefore take into account consumption taxes, employers’ social security contributions and corporate income taxes, thus leaving aside more than 50% of total tax revenues on average across the OECD.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|taxes tax contributions security household|6.9276|5.0571775|4.385346
4956|The intervention was highly cost-effective, at about €214 per QALY gain. The annual cost savings were estimated at €771,602, which is considerable at the hospital level. Although the methodology developed represented a novelty in the world of generic service delivery evaluation, it points towards considerable potential savings if the transition from one level of care to another is strengthened.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|savings considerable novelty cost generic|8.632391|9.194211|1.9625095
4957|This study, building on regional studies by UN-Habitat and the OECD on the state of NUP for the 35 OECD member countries, provides a first attempt at assessing NUP trends, strengths and ways forward across member and non-member countries, and paves the way for the definition of a common methodology to monitor the progress of NUPs at the global level. In terms of NUP development stages, 92 countries (61 per cent) already implement their NUPs, whereas 58 countries (39 per cent) are in the process of developing NUPs. Only 19 countries (13 per cent) have reached the monitoring and evaluation stage. The stage of NUP varies by region.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nup nups member cent countries|3.550133|4.991199|1.7285713
4958|Furthermore, it discusses the planning of resource use (e.g. definition of priorities and targets, distribution of responsibilities for school funding); the monitoring of funds’ use (e.g. audit systems); transparency and reporting; as well as incentives for the effective use of school funding. In addition, it analyses the distribution of funding between the different levels of the administration (e.g. central, regional and municipal) and between individual schools (e.g. through funding formulae). In addition, the chapter places special emphasis on funding incentives to improve the effectiveness of the school network while analysing the equity implications of funding approaches. Both the source of funding for school education and its distribution to individual schools are centralised - central government provides around 70% of funding and the formula operated by the Ministry of Education determines the budgets of individual schools, with only limited scope for locally determined variation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|funding school distribution schools individual|9.443327|2.1068108|2.210879
4959|"However, the incidence of attempted suicide using medicine was high in the Nuuk, especially among females. The highest incidence of suicide attempts using medication was observed among females in the age group 15-19 years, who, as mentioned earlier, had the lowest self-rated health. In 2007 the first public health program in Greenland, Inuuneritta (""let us have a good life) was proposed."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|suicide females incidence using rated|9.766351|8.74503|2.9822853
4960|This strategy entails integrating and incorporating gender equality efforts at the institutional leadership level so that gender equality is not a separate area of specialisation, but rather an area that permeates decision-making at all tiers of the institution. A shift in gender equality efforts in academia has occurred in the Nordic region, and as already mentioned, the focus has been redirected from viewing female researchers as the problem to examining the research system and the way research is structured. The objective of the current gender equality efforts in academia is primarily to change the structural conditions that create inequalities and to use instruments that integrate gender equality in order to achieve the institution's other objectives.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender academia efforts institution|10.03626|3.9628437|7.517542
4961|Table 5.3 summarises the policy and regulation status of the countries targeted in this report. The two main electricity generators are the state-owned Bahamas Electricity Corporation (80 per cent of total electricity production) and the privately owned Grand Bahamas Power Corporation (20 per cent of total electricity production), and together they have a generating capacity of 137MW. Because of the archipelago geography of The Bahamas, its electricity system comprises 16 isolated grids, which leads to substantial diseconomies of scale. Except for Trinidad and Tobago, The Bahamas has the highest energy consumption per capita among the target countries.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|bahamas electricity corporation owned cent|1.8219125|2.0917423|2.5420742
4962|World Bank (2006 and 2010a), UNCTAD (2010). Importantly, the climate-friendly (mitigation-specific) flows are estimated to account for less than one-sixth or about 15% of the total flows to emitting sectors across these types of finance (Figure 1). More precisely, for FDI + CERs, the low estimate includes the primary transaction values of CERs only (about 4 bn USD; World Bank 2010), whereas the high estimate also includes UNCTAD (2010) estimates of low carbon FDI flows from developed to developing countries (about 37 bn USD). Similarly for Bilateral ODA and OOF.|SDG 13 - Climate action|bn flows unctad fdi estimate|1.6863334|3.9982176|0.83648527
4963|Concrete measures are needed to improve energy productivity, rationalize energy use, optimize energy resources, and deploy sustainable energy technology and infrastructure. Already the 2017 GTF results are a wake-up call for greater effort on a number of fronts. Increased financing, bolder policy commitments, and a willingness to embrace appropriate technology on a wider scale are urgently needed.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy needed technology optimize fronts|1.9411429|2.970849|2.1620078
4964|This is aligned with the OECD’s argument that linking urban areas with public transport is one of the three key characteristics of the compact city (OECD, 2012a). Several policy initiatives to promote public transport, in particular as expressed in government documents including the “Greening Urban and Building Initiative” announced by Korea’s Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs in 2009, should be continuously implemented, to send a consistent signal to local government and private investors. More roads could invite more traffic. “ The volume of car traffic almost everywhere is more or less arbitrary, depending on the available transportation infrastructure. Because we can always find new ways to increase our car use, building extra roads is a direct invitation to buy and drive more cars.” ( Since the 1989 earthquake, San Francisco has converted certain freeways to city streets, which has turned the Embarcadero into a city boulevard with trolley cars, trees and wide sidewalks.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city transport cars car roads|4.0620537|4.9185505|0.8708803
4965|This encompasses the following actions: define and communicate the role of instructional leaders; provide school leaders with training, support and capacity enhancement; develop networks for school leaders to share and work together on improving instruction. A pilot project was developed in preparation for school-based programmes on class management and professional development for teachers in numeracy and literacy. It resulted in recommendations for full-scale implementation of the programme: strengthen the competence of school leaders in pedagogical and collaborative leadership; establish and communicate clear goals for the project to all participants; strengthen professional working environments for teachers within schools (particularly the capacity of schools to reflect on their organisational and pedagogical practices and implement collective learning processes); and increase the quality of teaching methods and practices, including the learning and social environments for pupils.|SDG 4 - Quality education|leaders school communicate pedagogical environments|9.447535|1.4429742|1.9404192
4966|However, all countries should reduce maternal morbidity and mortality to levels where they no longer constitute a public health problem. Disparities in maternal mortality within countries and between geographical regions, socio-economic and ethnic groups should be narrowed. All countries, with the support of all sections of the international community, must expand the provision of maternal health services in the context of primary health care. These services, based on the concept of informed choice, should include education on safe motherhood, prenatal care that is focused and effective, maternal nutrition programmes, adequate delivery assistance that avoids excessive recourse to caesarean sections and provides for obstetric emergencies; referral services for pregnancy, childbirth and abortion complications; post-natal care and family planning.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|maternal sections care mortality services|8.777887|8.2035|3.8236678
4967|This national regulation will be succeeded by a technical regulation of the Customs Union, which is currently under the discussion within the countries, and should be approved by all three countries. Currently, most supermarkets in Kazakhstan sell milk on a commission basis and expect the dairy plant to send one of its own workers to pack the products in coolers, monitor expiry dates, and keep displays organised and clean. This section is based on interviews carried out in January and March 2012 for this Review. Usually the plant has individual-work contracts with farmers who have more than fifty head of cattle for milk supply.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|milk plant regulation currently dates|3.788631|4.9344306|4.3143287
4968|Investment flexibility is particularly valuable in deregulated electricity markets, where electricity market prices may have higher variability. In order to continuously re-establish the balance between load and generation, a certain amount of active power is kept in reserves: such reserves are usually referred as “spinning reserves”, but definitions vary among countries (Rebours and Kirshner, 2005; Kirby, 200; Bovo et al., In Chapter 2 those reserves were subdivided into primary, secondary and tertiary reserves depending upon the time window of availability.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|reserves electricity spinning deregulated window|1.458918|1.41964|1.8224943
4969|Each member state should calculate the 1.5% annual energy savings target for 2021-2030 by multiplying 1.5% with the energy sales (to final customers by volume) average over the previous three years prior to 1 January 2019. The savings should have a cumulative effect with 1.5% saved in 2021, reaching 15% in year 2030 (1.5% times 10 years). In practice, member States have a flexibility to ensure the achievement of their energy savings overthe whole period as long as the total amount is achieved by 2030. ( In new buildings of or when a building undergoes major renovation, individual meters shall always be provided - the proposal does not in this case include a clear cost-effectiveness criteria.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|savings energy member multiplying renovation|2.0258408|2.7861457|2.4335697
4970|An even higher default rate is expected for 2011 and beyond because of the revolution. The Fonds National de Promotion de lArtisanat et des Petits Metiers [National Fund for the Promotion of Crafts and Small Enterprises! The Banqne de Financement des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (BFPME) [Small and Medium Enterprise Financing Bank] provides loans for larger ventures (between TND 100 000 and TND 5 million). Indeed, according to a OECD and IDRC (2012) study on New Entrepreneurs and High Growth Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa, low enterprise activity rates in the region are in part due to the low levels of participation of women in the formal economic sphere, as both employees and business leaders.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tnd des enterprise promotion enterprises|8.7554455|3.406674|6.3985715
4971|Further stimulus was provided by the Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz), enacted in 2000 and amended later. It grants renewable energy project developers privileged access to the nearest grid connection point, which minimizes the risk of unforeseen grid costs for the investor. The investment certainty based upon the feed-in-tariff is complemented by low-interest loans and grants from the state-owned KfW bank. We inserted a marker for each policy tool implemented, which is considered to support investment in physical capital directly.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grants grid renewable kfw unforeseen|2.1875734|2.5178626|1.852113
4972|In practice, important sources of climate finance may also be domestic. The key definitional issue is that climate change finance has greenhouse gas mitigation or adaptation as an explicitly stated objective, or as a main outcome (i.e. reduction or sequestration of greenhouse gas emissions or reducing vulnerability to inevitable climate change). Climate change finance may also support climate change reporting as required under the Convention, e.g. preparation of national greenhouse gas inventory reports, national communications or biennial reports, as well as mitigation- or adaptation capacity building more generally.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate greenhouse gas change finance|1.7190756|4.085381|1.128546
4973|To do this, information is needed from MDBs, which have begun developing common classification and backing systems, as well as multilateral climate change funds (such as the Global Environment Facility), which also report to the OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System (OECD, 2015). The global stocktake could take into account information from such actors in addition to UNFCCC bodies such as the Technology Mechanism, the Capacity Building Committee and the Standing Cominittee on Finance. This will require a wide range of inputs on financial flows, including (i) information on the resources required for a low-GHG emission and climate-resilient development path (in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication); (ii) whether these resources are flowing and having an impact; and (iii) the magnitude of the gaps between resource needs and availability.|SDG 13 - Climate action|information backing creditor mdbs flowing|1.5753194|3.9551227|0.8026711
4974|Non-contributory benefit schemes co-exist with contributory social insurance systems. Narrowly targeted social assistance benefits aimed at the poorest households have been introduced in all countries. In some countries, these benefits replaced the ‘old-style’ categorical benefits, privileges and subsidies, while in others they are created in addition to the existing categorical benefits.|SDG 1 - No poverty|categorical benefits contributory privileges style|7.6406717|5.7554684|4.1545815
4975|A list of all the indicators and their methodologies is available at http://SDG4monitoring.uis.unesco.org. Some of the SDG 4 indicators correspond to indicators already published in other chapters of Education at a Glance. In those cases, the data are not repeated in this chapter, and reference is made to the corresponding indicator.|SDG 4 - Quality education|indicators uis glance repeated correspond|8.699318|2.652974|1.955921
4976|Efforts to break down stereotypes are also necessary. Gender stereotyping takes place from an early age and is pervasive across society: at home, in schools, in the media and through day-to-day social attitudes and interactions which embed and reinforce them. This contributes to the clustering of women and men into different subject areas in secondary school and higher education. As various studies have shown, the low representation of women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics is related to attitudes rather than ability: girls, for example, do not receive lower scores in mathematics.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mathematics attitudes day stereotyping clustering|9.506968|3.673251|5.7522388
4977|Another pillar of the NAS was extensive stakeholder engagement, involving about 100 organisations over three years. This approach, with active participation and involvement going far beyond normal practice, widened the scope from the original scientific focus, integrated perspectives of other relevant groups and helped raise stakeholder awareness. It also facilitated the emergence of a “climate change adaptation community”.|SDG 13 - Climate action|stakeholder nas pillar widened emergence|1.5296277|4.518109|1.4116014
4978|Criminal laws and other legal restrictions dis-empower women, who may be deterred from taking steps to protect their health, in order to avoid liability and out of fear of stigmatization. By restricting access to sexual and reproductive health-care goods,services and information these laws can also have a discriminatory effect, in that they disproportionately affect those in need of such resources, namely women. As a result, women and girls are punished both when they abide by these laws, and are thus subjected to poor physical and mental health outcomes, and when they do not, and thus face incarceration’ (ibid.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|laws health women punished stigmatization|9.888995|5.4058795|7.3545103
4979|In the context of the global financial crisis, this upgrading needs also to consider the potential to shift business models in a more sustainable direction in economic, social and ecological terms. First, the understanding of innovation needs to be broadened especially given the context of the stage of evolution of Mexico’s economy. In one sense, this means an acceptance that some activities may be carving out specialisms in inter-mediate or even relatively low-tech market niches, for example IT companies providing software solutions and contact centre functions. While such activities may not be considered to be at the very top end of high-tech, cutting edge and new technology development, they may still be worthy of support in the context of learning by doing and potential upgrading of their sophistication and value adding over time. Another area where local upgrading might focus is upon support for services for industry - for example in IT services, maintenance and distribution - that complements and builds upon the typical current focus upon direct materials. Larger firms typically outsource such services to large providers which can shut out local service firms.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|upgrading tech context services firms|5.445871|3.46815|2.6032228
4980|This chapter explores how Mexico can meet those challenges and the steps it can take to close remaining gender gaps in top public decision-making positions. Whereas women accounted for only 22.6% of members of parliament in the Camara de Diputados (Chamber of Deputies) in 2005, they currently hold 42.37% of the 500 seats. In the Camara de Senadores (Senate) they occupy 33.6% of the 128 seats, compared to 17.19% in 2006. Such representation is well above the OECD average of 28.47% of seats in lower houses and unicameral legislatures.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|seats legislatures chamber occupy houses|10.277014|4.1569457|6.4443965
4981|There are 161 species (including two subpopulations) listed as threatened (Table 10.1). The great majority of these, 126 species, are listed as Vulnerable (VU), with 27 considered Endangered (EN) and eight species listed as Critically Endangered (CE; a ray, three sharks, two fish and two marine turtle species). The full list of threatened marine species in the WIO is presented in Appendix 10.1.|SDG 14 - Life below water|species listed endangered threatened marine|1.4167465|5.4564276|4.323963
4982|The house is the space where children spend most of their time, especially as infants and toddlers. In 2016,' 880 million people were estimated to live in inadequate urban housing in cities. While private sector investment in housing has been steady over the years, the investment has not translated into affordable housing for low-income households. The global affordable-housing gap is estimated at 330 million urban households and forecast to grow over 30 pet cent to 440 million households, or 1.6 billion people by 2025.3The overall shortage of housing leads to overcrowding, homelessness, illness and even death.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing million households affordable estimated|4.653144|5.501424|2.102705
4983|At the international level, measures also have to be taken to prevent excessive food price volatility and to ensure that a pro-food security trade system is in place. For instance, when comparing the highest and the lowest income quintiles of the population in developing countries, the poorer children are almost 3 times more likely to be underweight than children in the wealthiest 20 per cent of households (United Nations, 2012c). Hence, increasing the income level of poor households will help ensure adequate food quantity and quality, and reduce the prevalence of undernourishment.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food wealthiest households ensure underweight|4.5504055|5.6692667|4.5123625
4984|Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay saw the largest declines in all three indices: at least 1.5% per year. While this is not a large value, it does represent a noticeable change. It is striking that Paraguay showed a significant drop in inequality according to the Gini coefficient and the Atkinson index (with an inequality aversion ratio of 0.5) but did not according to an index that assigns greater weight to the lower portion of the distribution. Nonetheless, the usual way of quantifying these deprivations is to equate poverty to the lack of economic resources because income is the means whereby most material needs can be met and inadequate income is closely associated with deprivations in other areas of well-being.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivations index inequality equate assigns|6.496904|5.6781497|5.2106404
4985|The USD 1.25 poverty line corresponds to the mean of national poverty lines for the 10-20 poorest countries of the world, while the USD 2 line is the median poverty line found among developing countries as a whole. People living with less than USD 1.25 a day are said to be in extreme poverty. The poverty data here concern low-and middle-income countries as categorized in line with World Bank definitions (http://data.uJorldbank.org/ about/country-classifications). At these low income -thresholds poverty rates in high-income countries are close to zero.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty line usd income countries|6.290651|6.0950756|5.0370913
4986|In countries where social institutions highly discriminate against women, gender norms are strongly enforced. Consequently, in those countries with high SIGI, both men and women are compelled to behave as expected by social institutions. Data on GDP per capita (in PPP), government expenditure and population in both origin and destination countries are taken from the Penn World Table.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|behave compelled institutions discriminate sigi|9.388724|4.555395|6.8869376
4987|"Populations of school-age children have shrunk in many OECD countries, while in others, enrolments in urban schools have swelled alongside internal migration to cities. Both situations have raised concerns about the quality and cost of small schools, particularly in rural areas. Rather than identifying an ""optimal size"", empirical studies indicate that the effect of school size varies across student groups and levels of education. In general, secondary school students tend to benefit more from larger schools than primary school pupils, and low-income and minority students appear to perform belter in smaller schools (Howley and Howley, 2004). Some studies also find evidence of diminishing returns to scale, suggesting that student performance improves up to a certain school size (which tends to be smaller in primary education than in secondary education) and declines thereafter. Many countries offset the higher cost of maintaining small schools by providing them with additional funding or promoting consolidation programmes to reduce the fiscal burden of a fragmented school network."|SDG 4 - Quality education|school schools size smaller student|9.536585|2.010739|2.563425
4988|This can erode the support for certain anti-poverty programmes despite their relatively low cost. This is particularly true when systems are split along formal or informal lines, which can reinforce barriers to moving between formal and informal jobs. When schemes for informal workers are comparable to those for formal workers but subsidised rather than contribution-based, informality is effectively being subsidised (Levy, 2008).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|informal formal subsidised workers erode|7.7987394|4.5301476|4.600691
4989|Particularly vulnerable to inequitable access are older and disabled people, economically disadvantaged individuals, women, young adults and those who live in remote and rural communities. The main focus was on why transport planning is failing to provide adequate transport services to large parts of the population. Discussants were Robert Cervero, Director of the Transportation Center at University of California, Berkeley, USA; Chantal Duchene, ChD Mobilite Transport, France; Angela Glover Blackwell, CEO of Policylink, USA; David Lewis, Senior Vice President of FIDR Corporation, Canada; and Professor Geetam Tiwari, Chair of the Indian Institute of Technology. It ensures access to basic needs such as education, health services, shopping, social interactions and working.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|usa transport ceo david robert|4.3128614|5.133514|0.54050696
4990|In light of limited financing and uncertainties about future impacts, developing countries require greater emphasis on early adaptation actions, 'low-regrets' options and the populations - including subgroups such as women and girls - these options will affect. Such options need to build in flexibility for longer-term decisions and formulate early planning for likely major future risks (UNEP 2016).|SDG 13 - Climate action|options early future subgroups formulate|1.4315352|4.910221|1.9388826
4991|These differ from the general policies reviewed in previous chapters which concern agriculture and other sectors as parts of the overall economy. This chapter presents the objectives of Turkey’s agricultural policy; it examines domestic price policies and payments based on various parameters of agricultural production, as well as based on environmental criteria. Trade policy measures associated with domestic agricultural policies are then examined, followed by an overview of land consolidation and rural development programmes.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agricultural policies domestic consolidation chapters|3.8935242|5.234733|3.7455626
4992|The condition of lichen grounds has been deteriorating for over the past two decennia due to the high level of reindeer herd grazing. This has also other negative impacts on the alpine flora and fauna including the deterrence of regrowth of mountain birch forest after autumn moth outbreaks. Other pressures on alpine habitats include tourism and off-road traffic. The disturbances by tourism in alpine areas can indudethe trampling and resultant erosion of vegetative cover (Ahokumpu etai. This is of concern as alpine ecosystems are often fragile and this can cause loss of resilience towards natural hazards: such as landslides, avalanches, erosion, and insect outbreaks. In Iceland most alpine habitats are seriously degraded.|SDG 15 - Life on land|alpine outbreaks habitats erosion tourism|1.1531335|4.9143267|3.829071
4993|Finally, Section 2.4 gives some insight into the costs of integrating the NPP into the grid. It is composed of a generation park consisting of different production groups (hydroelectric, fossil, nuclear, solar, wind, etc.), One or several transmission system operators (TSOs) assure the efficient operation, stability and safety of the electrical system at regional and national levels.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|npp assure hydroelectric consisting insight|1.4957072|1.4773161|1.9059024
4994|On the other hand, there is some evidence of the benefits of certain informal justice mechanisms, such as “womens courts”, which are often more accessible to women survivors of violence than the official court system, both in terms of their geographical location, and in relation to the language and manner in which court proceedings are conducted. An interesting example of integration of customary law into the formal justice system is the Criminal Law (Compensation) Act 1991 of Papua New Guinea, which allows survivors of crimes, including sexual violence and domestic violence, to claim compensation from the perpetrator. Claiming compensation for wrongdoing is a common feature of customary law in Papua New Guinea, and the enactment of legislation on compensation was intended to reduce the occurrence of “payback” crimes. In the United States, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996) created a Family Violence Option, which permits survivors of domestic violence to be exempted from certain employment restrictions related to receiving public assistance payments.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence compensation survivors crimes papua|9.808599|5.229944|7.5404987
4995|Macroeconomic policies have an impact on gender equality through markets and State interventions, which distribute key economic and financial resources and economic opportunities. Gender-specific impacts are mediated by the State’s willingness and capacity to intervene on behalf of less powerful groups within society and by the voice and influence of women within the structures of governance at different levels in society. While women’s access to education and employment improved in recent decades, the transformative potential of those changes has been curtailed by persisting inequalities in the gender distribution of resources.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender society persisting mediated state|9.365355|4.426631|6.797448
4996|Indeed, many of the scientific and technological advances in the pipeline are expected to have a transformational impact. Particularly striking are the potential innovation benefits to be reaped from combining different ocean technologies, constructing multi-purpose ocean platforms, co-locating ocean-based activities from different sectors, and seeking synergies from collaboration among different ocean industries. To this end, initiatives are proposed to create international forums that would bring together, for example, maritime clusters, or innovation laboratories and centres of ocean excellence, to foster multi-sectoral and multi-functional innovation in the ocean domain.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean multi innovation different locating|0.18730442|5.6548977|5.924331
4997|It is critical that governments take the necessary steps to ensure that the current economic crisis does not lead to unsustainable fishing. However, OECD production continued its long-term downward trend which has seen production decline by an average of 2.7% a year over the last decade. In 2006, the value of OECD marine capture production totalled USD 31 billion.|SDG 14 - Life below water|production totalled downward unsustainable oecd|0.20618588|5.9801664|6.722121
4998|Based on data from the EU-SILC survey, unmet need for medical care due to cost, distance and other reasons in Denmark is relatively low, with only 1.3% of the population reporting such unmet needs compared to the EU average of 3.2% (Figure 13). Coverage decisions for new pharmaceuticals are relatively quick, taking between one and two months in Denmark. Residents have the right to seek treatment anywhere in the country if their home region does not provide a service delivered elsewhere (in these cases, the home region needs to cover the expenses of treatment). This includes a project to collect and store genetic information from 100 000 people and a funding pool to enable precision medicine research. Patients with high annual outpatient medicine expenses (over DKK 3 04S or EUR 400) and those with low personal assets (below DKK 77 S00 or EUR 10 400) receive 85% reimbursement for all drugs (Commonwealth Fund, 2015).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|dkk unmet expenses medicine eur|8.513385|9.366755|2.2092013
4999|It suggests a three-level institutional structure which comprises: i) a programming entity, ii) an implementation unit and iii) a technical support unit. The chapter also suggests a possible division of responsibilities across these three entities, and describes the minimum operating regulations required to adequately manage the programme. Simple expenditure programmes (e.g. financing research or education, purchasing simple equipment or standard services) may be managed directly by assigning additional responsibilities to existing government institutions at different levels, using their regular staff and routine budget processes.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|simple unit responsibilities suggests assigning|1.5460266|6.903333|1.64697
5000|Indeed, many of the “soft” skills which experience in the tourism sector develops are valued by other sectors which may not necessarily foster these skills to the same degree (Box 5). Direct spending on travel supports 7.5 American million jobs. This rises to 14.4 million jobs - or 1 in every 8 private sector jobs - across many different sectors when indirect and induced effects are taken into account.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs million sectors skills soft|6.576944|3.9025795|3.035687
5001|The International Association of Public Transport Authorities (UITP) has detailed the challenges of developing AV use and has offered several insights regarding their introduction. The UlTP's SPACE project places public transit at the centre of the AV revolution, aiming to give members the tools and knowledge that will enable them to provide higher quality and more efficient services. The project's objective is also to assess the impacts of automated road transport systems, develop operational concepts and new business models, and advocate for a harmonised framework that would foster the safe operation of AVs as a mode that is integrated with other mobility modes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|av transport project advocate automated|4.1833615|4.9463086|0.51502424
5002|The Valle de Mexico should learn from the Dutch experience that without a system of laws and regulations for waste materials, and control measures established from the outset, all w'aste could end up in a landfill. If the authorities want to promote the participation of private waste-processing companies, it needs to give them the possibility of developing profitable activities. With mandatory and prohibitory provisions and taxes, a better grade of waste processing can be enforced. Table 4.5 presents a non-exhaustive overview of those policy instruments, which can be designed and implemented in different ways to influence their effectiveness. Those presented in Table 4.5 are options authorities in the Valle de Mexico might explore.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste processing mexico authorities aste|0.53388643|3.9966414|3.04535
5003|These policies can lead to substantial changes in the structure of generating capacity. In 2009, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), variable power sources such as wind and solar already constituted 27% of total generating capacity in Denmark, 26% in Germany and 24% in Spain (IEA, 2011a; 2011b). These shares have already increased in the past two years and may grow further in the years to come.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generating iea capacity constituted years|1.5242027|1.9904795|2.2492256
5004|Groundwater is used as drinking am) household water (some 7S% of (he jbsVKtion. Surface wan is used for agriculture and household needs. In the Ukrainian part of the basin, the flow is mainly regulated by the I’echeniz'ke (on the Donets) and Krasnooskolskoe (on the Oskol) reservoirs. Channels have been constructed that bring water to the basin.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin ukrainian household used reservoirs|0.57165176|6.9800897|2.75906
5005|While member countries are free to choose the energy mix they prefer, the combination of fixed feed-in tariffs (FITs) and grid priority for renewables, means that the latter have no incentive to adjust their load to overall market conditions. Utilities already make an increasing share of their profits in the balancing and adjustment markets for primary, secondary and tertiary reserves to adjust load to the variable production of renewables. While this may alleviate short-term commercial pressures, it is an inefficient manner in which to run an electricity system, creating additional costs that ultimately have to be absorbed by consumers through higher tariffs for transport and distribution.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|adjust load renewables tariffs absorbed|1.7775578|1.7133989|1.9728427
5006|Gender awareness gained through gender sensitivity training enhances understanding of the socially-determined differences between women and men based on learned behaviour which affects access to, and control over, resources. This awareness can then be applied through gender analysis into projects, programmes, and policies to increase development effectiveness. The definitions in this table have been simplified.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender awareness enhances sensitivity simplified|9.6462755|4.1635976|7.2160277
5007|Furthermore, Indonesia plans to realise its estimated 29 GW of geothermal potential, from the installed capacity of 1.3 GW in 2013. Indonesia has considerable further potential for biomass amounting to 13 GW of electrical output, of which less than 0.08 GW had been exploited in 2012. Because of their geographical constraints, Singapore’s and Brunei Darussalam’s technical potential for renewable energy is more limited, although Singapore is targeting a rapid development of solar PV.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gw singapore potential indonesia darussalam|1.5252421|2.054711|2.6311984
5008|Intentional releases happen primarily for safety reasons if needed to vent pressure, or during start-up or wind-down of production. Most intentionally released methane is burnt on release (flaring) and converted to C02, usually because the production site is too far away from a major demand centre to make transporting and selling the gas unattractive. Large but poorly quantified amounts of methane also escape through leakage from downstream distribution networks, as well as from refineries and various methane-consuming industries.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|methane refineries transporting intentional releases|1.3707577|3.235932|2.663687
5009|These strategies can potentially be implemented by other brands wishing to engage. Recycled-content yarns are often more expensive than virgin, and venturing outside the regular supply chain requires new routines in the company. Therefore, it is key that there is a drive for engagement at leadership level. Brands have tackled this through close cooperation with their suppliers in an iterative development of fabrics that both meet functional needs while including recycled content or being readily recyclable.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|brands recycled content routines virgin|0.6990157|3.8084786|3.0550413
5010|As in the previous section, the approaches and tools presented address, in turn, the policy, regulatory, and economic dimensions of the enabling environment. Energy efficiency investments can generate significant economic dividends, including job creation, reduced exposure to energy supply volatility, reduced vulnerability to energy price fluctuations, and improved industrial and commercial competitiveness. The policy will also facilitate co-ordination among these groups, and increase investment opportunities for energy efficient technologies from both the domestic and international private sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy reduced dividends fluctuations volatility|1.99677|2.6523561|2.3479137
5011|Second, it discusses opportunities and challenges to make collaboration more effective and fruitful. Third, it offers a set of insights on concrete steps that could help build a stronger, more integrated megaregion. Western Scandinavia brings together the Norwegian capital and the second- and third-largest Swedish cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|second scandinavia fruitful brings norwegian|4.515865|4.295972|1.4273707
5012|Cash crop cultivation, establishment of industrial tree plantations and shifting agriculture are among the key drivers of forest change. All of these activities have had an impact on forests, including primary forests. For Thailand, after 2005 the forest area remained constant, but there was still an increase in agricultural area. This is an interesting phenomenon and quite in contrast with other GMS countries. An explanation for this is that Viet Nam has promoted massive afforestation and reforestation programmes in the last few decades.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests forest gms area afforestation|1.5785843|4.549634|4.0694146
5013|In each participating country a minimum of around 4 500 to 5 000 students take part in the study. The number of participating countries has increased from 41 education systems in 1995 to over 60 in 2015. The first stage consists in selecting participating schools and the second stage consists of selecting one (or more) intact classrooms from the target grade of each participating school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|participating selecting consists stage intact|9.5024185|2.1692815|2.5368042
5014|In Tanzania, research and academic institutions were actively involved in the drafting of the Marine Parks and Reserves Act and the National Integrated Coastal Management Strategy and their implementation. As an example of the latter, the Institute of Marine Sciences played an important role in the establishment of the Mafia Island Marine Park and Mnazi Bay Marine Park between 1995-2000 as part of the implementation of the Marine Parks and Reserves Act. More universities in the region are now offering postgraduate degree programmes in areas of marine and coastal science and associated resource management disciplines.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine parks park reserves coastal|-0.037396017|5.5985894|6.1543455
5015|Project is financed by Swiss confederation and Greece, and co-financed by Macedonia, with total amount of EUR 9.5 mln. Due to their high discharge of organic and trophic material, they cause significant pollution in the rivers, which has a very bad impact on the aquatic ecosystem, with its aquatic communities such as fish fauna, macroinvertebrates and macrophytes. Dead river sections and decline in aquatic species have been reported.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|aquatic financed mln trophic swiss|0.70801693|6.620009|2.7919335
5016|High-quality vocational programmes embed core academic skills into an occupationally focused curriculum. In contrast, programmes that focus very narrowly on occupational skills can leave students ill-prepared to navigate career transitions, or deal with many other demands of modem life that require broader knowledge and skills. Participating in vocational training can allow students to acquire the skills needed to gain a firm foothold in the labour market, which improves their chances of having a successful professional career (OECD, 2010, 2014a). Evidence shows that high-quality vocational education pathways, particularly in upper secondary education, can help engage students who find it easier to master general concepts and theories when they are connected to practical problems and know-how.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills vocational students career navigate|8.504278|2.6687193|2.8416867
5017|Intentional aquifer recharge2 (Dillon, 2004) can result from different techniques (Tuinhof and Heederik, 2003) among which aquifer storage and recovery (injection of water into a well for storage and recovery in the same well) or infiltration ponds (ponds constructed off-stream where surface water is diverted and allowed to infiltrate to the underlying unconfined aquifer). For small volumes of water, aquifer recharge can be more economical than building storage dams that might lead to significant evaporation losses in arid countries. Many alternative water supply options have been developed in different parts of the world. Indirect wastewater re-use involves the mixing of reclaimed wastewater with another water supply source before re-use.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|aquifer storage ponds water wastewater|0.7564923|7.472378|2.9131885
5018|If children from disadvantaged backgrounds cannot attend high-performing schools because of financial constraints, then school systems that offer parents more choice of schools for their children will necessarily be less effective in improving the performance of all students. For example, cross-country analysis shows that in the systems where more students repeat a grade, the impact of students' socio-economic status on their performance is stronger. Furthermore, trends analysis shows that stratification is negatively related to systems' overall performance. Students in schools where no ability grouping is practiced scored eight points higher in mathematics in 2012 compared to their counterparts in 2003, while students in schools where ability grouping is practiced in some or all classes had lower scores in PISA 2012 than their counterparts in PISA 2003. In contrast, in comprehensive systems, schools must find ways of working with students from across the performance spectrum. These different incentive systems may help explain the greater level of equity achieved in systems that use stratification less.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students systems schools performance practiced|9.661878|2.1343296|2.8001318
5019|Over the past two years, sales in metropolitan France have fallen substantially, amounting to a 9% decline in constant Euros. National expenditure, which was strictly controlled, primarily related to research, fisheries inspection and, exceptionally, the payment of compensation to the victims of natural disasters. These efforts will continue in 2011.|SDG 14 - Life below water|euros exceptionally strictly amounting inspection|1.7925433|7.0179386|2.673755
5020|This will include learning, change and improvements that have occurred. In addition, Healthcare Improvement Scotland undertook an extensive consultation exercise with NHS Boards, clinicians, patients and other stakeholders in 2013, to understand how these systems could be improved. This feedback, along with existing evidence and good practice from Scotland and internationally, was used to develop Learning from adverse events through reporting and review: A national framework for NHS Scotland. The adverse events framework allows local boards to identify areas for change and improvement.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|scotland nhs boards adverse events|9.184469|9.563507|1.5737498
5021|The absence of adequate public support also reinforces the reliance on informal social security systems. Dependence on kinship and community networks can be deeply problematic from a gender perspective. On the one hand, these networks usually rely, to a significant degree, on women's unpaid care work. On the other hand, prevailing social norms and gender power relations in households and communities may limit the extent to which women's own needs are acknowledged and addressed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|networks hand kinship reinforces deeply|8.956884|5.1024103|5.982328
5022|Most of the companies that have joined the network are small family enterprises with a limited capacity to invest in international marketing on their own. Networking also enables co-operation on the practical level with regard to the capacity of the service providers. For instance, by developing the same type of product packages peaks in the visitor flow can be managed more smoothly. Training and capacity-building is also more easily carried out utilizing the existing network of entrepreneurs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|capacity network visitor utilizing peaks|5.073351|3.1767092|2.2751493
5023|Setting an expectation of continuous improvement through standards of practice for the profession would help put the conditions in place that encourage teachers to reflect on their practice. Strengthening pedagogical leadership in schools, which should include improving school leaders’ skills for classroom observation, feedback and coaching, and encouraging the further distribution of leadership and teacher leadership would also help establish informal feedback in schools, including from teachers’ peers. Considering the small size of the school leadership profession, measures that target this group can, furthermore constitute highly cost-effective measures for improving teaching and learning in schools (Pont etal.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|leadership schools profession feedback improving|9.811836|1.3208878|1.8023444
5024|Other countries support 16 Days of Action from 25 November until 10 December, but campaigns can occur at any time of the year. In 1999, White Ribbon Day was officially adopted by the United Nations as its International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. Today, the White Ribbon Campaign is the largest effort in the world (involving over 55 countries) that encourages men to condemn violence against women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|white day violence officially encourages|9.996761|5.036105|7.552479
5025|The chapter argues for the need to sharpen the focus of these assessments in several ways, targeting the importance of bringing inequalities to the fore. It is also argued that engaging stakeholders (policymakers, experts and researchers, vulnerable groups and local communities) in the design of policy scenarios and in the discussion of policy options is critical to strengthening the political process through which policy decisions are made. Bringing forth the evidence provided by integrated climate impact assessments with full transparency regarding both the use of data and the assumptions built into the modelling tools that facilitate those assessments will critically improve the knowledge base, policy options and political processes in countries seeking to build climate change resilience as an integral part of sustainable development policies. In addition, chapter III focuses on areas where capacities need to be strengthened so that developing countries can expand the construction and use of assessments.|SDG 13 - Climate action|assessments bringing policy options political|1.5171167|4.9742785|1.9471917
5026|"Urban Poverty and Household Strategies in Dhaka City, Bangladesh”, in Quality-assured Stream: in Conference Proceedings of the 2003 Sociological Association of Aotearoa Conference: “Knowledge, Capitalism, Critique"", 9-11 December, Auckland University of Technology, available at http://saanz.rsnz.org/hossain. Health and Social Conditions in the Dhaka Slums” (The International Society for Urban Health), accessed from www.isuh.org/ download/dhaka.pdf on 25 June 2008. New evidence on the urbanization of global poverty”, Policy Research Working Paper No."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|dhaka conference org sociological download|5.6654873|5.84169|4.525951
5027|"In Chile the question about the certification of teachers was adapted as ""authorised or enabled by the Ministry of Education"". The timing of the PISA data collection can have an impact on principals' responses to this question. For example, if most teachers in a country or economy had participated in professional development programmes during summer holidays and the PISA data collection was conducted before the summer break in this country/economy, the reported proportion would be an underestimate of the reality. The index of equity in resource allocation (staff) is the percentage of the variation on the index of shortage of educational staff explained by the school PISA index of economic, social and cultural status of the school multiplied by a negative or positive sign, depending on the sign of the relationship."|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa index sign summer question|9.830315|1.703279|2.6047742
5028|The Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from tire FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture production numbers reported value|0.42212424|6.038468|6.6266584
5029|Local governments can provide a platform - which can be a tourist service centre - to exhibit local arts and crafts, products and services. That can spur more start-ups and business dynamism in the tourism sector, of which the great majority are micro and small enterprises. However, banks holding more risk may increase lending interest rates in response.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|dynamism arts spur tourist exhibit|6.3945|3.8137689|2.8712163
5030|It is a condensed and updated version of the OECD Education Working Paper No. Parts of the analysis may be reproduced in individual country notes or the Final Synthesis Report of the OECD Thematic Review on Migrant Education. Often their access to high quality education is restricted by a range of factors, including residential segregation, selective mechanisms and resource inequality.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education reproduced synthesis selective thematic|9.780031|2.6903224|2.727703
5031|These diffuse sources cannot be precisely located due to the large area of contamination and are spread diffusely in space and time. The situation of the diffuse pollution sources is unknown and not analyzed. It is commonly thought that there are no problems with nitrate pollution, especially not from agricultural production.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|diffuse pollution sources analyzed nitrate|0.75498503|6.7453876|2.8810756
5032|By definition or by design, remoteness and reliability can support decentralized energy systems. Switzerland, for example, has mandated 100 percent reliability in the backup systems for its communication networks, creating a price insensitive niche market for off-grid supply. The US$12,000 per kW (in 2003$) of steam engines when first introduced are in the same ballpark as the current costs of fuel cells, which are often classified as prohibitively expensive.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|reliability prohibitively remoteness kw engines|1.5293963|1.8873656|1.9812076
5033|By 2015, around one third of Chilean banks were actively involved in financing renewables, including solar PV, wind and small hydro power projects (OECD, 2016). The increasing engagement of the Chilean domestic financial market shows the important role that development co-operation can play in building domestic investor confidence in the Chilean renewable energy sector, and improving the industry’s access to finance (OECD Development Centre, 2018). In addition, a banking consortium, advised by Milbank, and including Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Credit Agricole and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, provided a 15-year loan and a letter of credit facility.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|chilean banking credit tokyo domestic|1.9806024|3.4931684|1.3436844
5034|And which one should teachers be using for what purpose? Data from the PISA 2012 assessment indicate a prevalence of teacher-directed methods, but deciding how to teach mathematics is not as simple as choosing between one strategy and another. Teachers need to consider both the content and the students to be taught when choosing the best teaching strategy for their mathematics lessons. The results indicate that, teacher-directed practices are used widely.|SDG 4 - Quality education|choosing directed mathematics indicate teacher|8.925362|1.4506675|1.8758464
5035|The structure of the model enables a rich set of interactions and policy simulations on the grow'th impact of higher female economic participation and empowerment (Agenor, 2015). The model is calibrated for India based on existing studies on the various variables. It follows a similar model developed for Brazil (Agenor and Canuto 2013).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|model simulations follows enables interactions|8.70525|4.4026017|5.911625
5036|Table 2 gives an overview of early childhood mortality rates in Jordan by time interval prior to the survey. While under-five mortality has declined steadily over the three five-year periods prior to the survey, from 26 to 21 per 1,000 live births, this was mainly owing to similar declines in infant mortality. Child mortality, in contrast, has not moved much over time, hovering around 2 or 3 per 1,000 live births. In turn, the decline in infant mortality seems to have been driven mostly by the decrease in post-neonatal mortality, whereas neonatal mortality rates have not followed a clear time trend.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality neonatal infant births prior|8.832124|8.411826|3.6268222
5037|Transparent and complete reporting, combined with subsequent third-party consideration, helps to increase trust and confidence in the information reported. The current reporting component of this UNFCCC framework lays out which countries are to report what information, in which format and with what frequency. This framework is delivering mixed results: according to UNFCCC reviews, information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and trends is generally being reported in a transparent and complete manner by Annex I countries. The expert review teams also indicate that information on the provision of “means of implementation” (MOI), i.e. climate support via climate finance, technology or capacity building, by Annex II countries is usually “mostly transparent” and “mostly complete”.|SDG 13 - Climate action|transparent complete information unfccc annex|1.2000388|3.6298606|0.80314434
5038|Some of these latter organisations serve a very specific target group of either more established businesses with high-growth potential (Endeavor Egypt) or technology enterprises (e.g. Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center [TIEC] and iPark), where there is a much smaller pool of potential women clients from which to draw'. For example, the Caisse Centrale de Garantie (CCG) in Morocco developed a protocol with the Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Morocco (AFEM) to create a partnership in the organisation of regional caravans to create awareness and provide information to women entrepreneurs about ILYAKI, their new loan guarantee product designed for women. The Small and Microenterprise Promotion Service (SMEPS) in Yemen networks with microfinance institutions to promote its services among their women clients and organises open seminars and workshops to which women are invited.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women clients morocco entrepreneurs create|8.890979|3.330139|6.5249567
5039|Sensible heat thermal energy storage (SHTES) has been proven to reduce CSP capital costs, and as a result, several new installations have implemented SHTES. The disadvantages of SHTES include the large quantities of salt medium required to store the thermal energy, the two correspondingly large storage tanks, as well as the risk of solidification of the salt if the temperature within the storage tanks drops below the salt's freezing point (Mills, 2004). Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) is of particular interest because it stores thermal energy through solid-liquid phase changes and, when compounds with a high heat of fusion are used, it requires less storage medium relative to SHTES, reducing capital and construction costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|storage thermal salt heat tanks|1.5334543|1.6269261|2.275469
5040|Specialisations include medical devices and cloud computing. Good practice takes the form of working with start-ups from incubation and helping existing companies migrate to better value markets through specialised incubation and acceleration. It does this by focusing on niches, for example in ICT, where there is a cluster of 59 companies in software and mobile devices.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|incubation devices companies niches specialisations|5.3900533|3.265681|2.4008396
5041|In food processing, the authors argued that energy could be saved at the processing plant level by optimising and integrating processes and systems to reduce energy intensity (e.g. through better process control, advanced sensors and equipment for on-line measurement and intelligent adaptive control of key parameters). Likewise, they proposed the minimisation of waste through energy recovery and better use of by-products. In the food retail sector they note that significant progress in energy efficiency has been made in recent years, but that there still exists potential improvements in the efficiency of refrigeration systems, “heating, ventilation and air conditioning” (HVAC) and refrigeration system integration, heat recovery, and amplification using heat pumps, demand-side participation (DSP) system diagnostics, and local combined heat and power (CHP) systems and tri-generation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|heat refrigeration energy processing recovery|2.1396122|2.5344756|2.481303
5042|Following a limited deployment of utility scale solar in Indonesia, with only a handful of the more than 70 planned locations actually completing the tender process, the pace is now expected to pick up after the government introduced a new decree on solar FITs in July 2016 (Susanto, 2016). The deployment of renewables could further be facilitated by establishing a central co-ordinating authority for renewable energy projects. In Malaysia, foreign ownership is limited to 49% for a company to be eligible for the FIT system, while projects in the Philippines can only have 40% foreign equity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|deployment solar foreign tender projects|1.6354673|1.9692931|2.6265686
5043|However, rail transport has an important role to play in the growth and sustainable development of the African continent over the next few decades (AfDB, 2015). For instance, more than 95% of Ethiopia's trade passes through the port of Djibouti. The new Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway provides landlocked Ethiopia with railroad access to the sea. The new line was built between 2011 and 2016 and financed by China at around USD 4 billion.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|djibouti ethiopia passes afdb ababa|4.3747025|3.7755013|1.7652284
5044|The dominance of construction minerals is not surprising given their importance in the material mix of OECD countries (about 40% of total extraction) and their high weight to volume ratio. In Chile copper ore extraction grew from 70 million tonnes (Mt) in the early 1980s to well over 500 Mt by 2010. In Australia metal ore extraction grew from under 200 Mt to over 600 Mt between 1980 and 2010, with the extraction of iron ore, copper and zinc more than doubling.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|mt extraction ore copper grew|1.6863067|3.3018792|2.9833534
5045|Monetary policy directly affects the resources available for the realization of economic and social rights, especially the right to work, by influencing interest rates, exchange rates and the amount of credit available in the economy. However, central banks are rarely held accountable for human rights obligations. Central banks typically are expected to keep inflation as low as possible in line with policies of price stability. The trade-offs between maintaining inflation targets, the realization of rights and gender equality are rarely considered.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|realization rarely rights inflation banks|8.953314|4.272319|6.43409
5046|Countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States also face distributional challenges across regions, particularly in rural or isolated areas. For example, across Canada, many of the 37 specialised cancer treatment centres provide chemotherapy via satellite clinics, but there is still geographic inequality in access. In the United States, national experts indicated that, even with specialists travelling to clinics, access in the west and mid-west regions is still challenging due to long distances and travel times.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|clinics west canada regions travelling|9.179558|9.072285|2.1741705
5047|As implementation progresses and renewable-energy-based electricity generation increases, a re-orientation of incentives to promote improvements in grid quality will become increasingly necessary to accommodate a larger share of clean electricity generation. Is the regulation easily accessible and understandable to all investors? This is particularly important from an investor’s perspective since energy infrastructure is a fixed, long-lived and illiquid asset. High long-term visibility of the policy signal is particularly important for clean energy infrastructure: lower visibility increases the chances that a conventional power plant will be refurbished rather than replaced by a clean energy power plant (Blyth et al., Longer-term financial support reduces financing costs for renewable energy projects (Varadarajan et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy clean visibility plant generation|2.2044144|2.551074|1.8026541
5048|Countries such as Malaysia and the Republic of Korea - and more recently, China - have constantly upgraded their economic structures through appropriate policy and regulatory changes and forward-looking investments. Reform often started with the rural and agricultural sectors. The ine represents private investment flows.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|upgraded constantly malaysia forward looking|5.3125935|4.548906|3.5419264
5049|In the late 2000s, prior to the uprising in Syria, Syrian-Turkish relations had improved considerably with the establishment of the Turkish-Syrian Strategic Cooperation Council Agreement in 2009 (Table 9). Under this umbrella, the parties signed several protocols, projects and memorandums, mainly on security issues. They also agreed to cooperate in the domain of water, with specific reference to the construction of a pumping station on the Syrian stretch of the Tigris River, the improvement of water quality and the pursuit of joint efforts to combat drought.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|syrian turkish tigris stretch umbrella|0.57800275|7.2313685|2.0946112
5050|The Tunisian reforms induced changes in norms regarding women’s and men’s roles in the family and society and have led to women marrying at a later age (OECD, 2010a). The introduction of paid leave entitlements on a “use it or lose it” basis for fathers in a number of OECD countries has led to men taking longer parental leave (OECD, 2011c). One example of an economic incentive in a developing country context is the Indian programme called “Apni Beti Apna Dhan” (Our Daughter, Our Wealth).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|leave led oecd daughter tunisian|9.149222|5.094298|6.3954077
5051|National level plans are now needed to translate these interlinked agendas into mainstream planning, including at the sector level. This paper reveals a number of themes such as equity, country ownership and protecting the most vulnerable, which are common to all four agreements, and argues that there is a need to move away from the siloed approaches and individual sector goals that characterised the MDGs to a more integrated and mutually interdependent post 2015 landscape. It also provides perspectives on how development co-operation practitioners can adopt coherent approaches in their agencies and in their support to partner countries. Climate-related Official Development Assistance (ODA) has been increasing in absolute and relative terms since 2002.|SDG 13 - Climate action|approaches interdependent interlinked agendas themes|2.031924|4.271442|1.3014781
5052|Improving the quality and availability of facilities for childbirth and increasing the number of midwives and health professionals with obstetric skills is essential. Alongside this, community mobilization is vital to ensure that all pregnant women are making use of skilled childbirth services. This dual strategy is targeted at achieving universal coverage of skilled attendance at childbirth, within the context of the primary health care approach.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|childbirth skilled obstetric midwives mobilization|8.775962|8.053062|3.94456
5053|The majority of water intakes, larger canals and water mains, and reservoirs are under MoWE management and supervision. For example, MoWE operates 33,400 km of internal canals which are part of the irrigation network, including the Karakum Canal, which has a length of over 1,300km, incorporates 115 hydrotechnical facilities and features three reservoirs with a total capacity of 2.4 km3. It is also responsible for overall control of remedial actions and the protection of ecosystems, prevention of deterioration of surface and groundwater resources, monitoring of environmental media and ecological appraisal of projects.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|canals reservoirs intakes canal remedial|0.8605445|7.2382007|2.4598062
5054|The amount of aviation kilometres has increased and some travel agencies have paid attention to the environmental impacts of the concept. There are alternatives to long-distance travelling, namely domestic and nearby tourism, and plenty of projects promoting them as a line of business. There are also initiatives emphasizing the ecological and cultural sustainability options for travelling, especially local tourism (Project 12).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|travelling tourism emphasizing aviation kilometres|6.040047|3.9892704|2.7396026
5055|Some institutions who do report on these other activities also providing modelling estimates for those activities’ C02 impacts, (e.g. CIF, 2011 and GEF, 2011b). Additionally, a number of institutions include indicators on policies implemented or capacity building activities held (e.g. USG, 2012; IDB, 2012; KfW, 2011; and GoP, n.d.). While these interventions may not lead directly to GHG reductions, increasing technical knowledge and capacity can help facilitate enhanced mitigation actions subsequently.|SDG 13 - Climate action|activities kfw idb cif institutions|1.4817413|3.7958634|1.1064591
5056|Improving conditions with respect to these other factors can therefore also help attract investment in clean energy. Considering the numbers of risks faced by clean electricity generation projects (e.g. completion risk, technology risk, revenue risk, supply risk, weather risk, etc.) The inability to do so will affect both the risk and the cost of clean energy projects. Similarly, with regards to energy efficiency, it is crucial for energy service companies that their counterpart can be forced to comply with its obligations under the service contract.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|risk clean energy service projects|2.0400977|2.3525813|1.8612453
5057|In a large majority of OECD countries, women were also more likely to report suffering from activity limitations due to health problems than men (Figure 4.2, Panel B). In 2012, Italian women were twice as likely to report limitations in daily activities when compared to men. Similar gender gaps were found in Sweden, Spain and the Netherlands. On the contrary, men were more likely than women to report activity limitations due to health problems in Australia, Korea, Japan and Ireland.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|limitations report men likely activity|9.198995|8.942549|2.9787493
5058|An international body charged with identifying appropriate actions, co-ordinating responses and monitoring implementation of an information system would facilitate more transparent and consistent information, disseminated on a timely and coordinated basis. Country requests to the two organisations for capacity building in the development of in-house outlook and market analysis capabilities using the AGLINK-COSIMO model have increased recently in response to the volatile market situation. Co-operation agreements are under development with Brazil and China, and India has expressed an interest in greater collaboration in the areas of agricultural outlook and food security.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|outlook disseminated volatile market information|4.0374255|5.0864754|3.8377528
5059|Rural development policies have focused more on farm modernisation and the continued use of agricultural land than on targeted protection of water resources. Luxembourg must also meet the objectives of the new EU Directive on Ambient Air Quality (2008/50/EC). For the coming years, the Environment Administration is tasked with establishing an action plan to improve ambient air quality for Luxembourg City and its surroundings, in accordance with Directive 96/62/EC on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ambient air ec directive luxembourg|1.0628567|6.4538155|2.2411366
5060|They also involve a potential risk of exacerbating existing economic, social and technological divides, as countries with strong existing capabilities harness new technologies for development, leaving others ever further behind. Applying technology to the challenges of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals requires building local capacities and developing policies and an enabling environment - as well as unprecedented resource mobilizatbn, partnerships and multilateral global collaboration - to (a) fund research and development (R&D) that is relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals; (b) build networks; (c) strengthen the global science-policy interface; (d) transfer technologies; and (e) support the development of capabilities in developing countries. Current national and international efforts are seriously inadequate for this task.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|development capabilities goals technologies existing|4.7064376|3.3772292|2.1754074
5061|Taking this on board, and a growing body of evidence that shows that teachers’ professional development can have a positive impact on student performance and teachers’ practice (Yoon et al., Some jurisdictions and national organisations have also developed professional learning standards or their equivalent (e.g. Learning Forward, 2011; AITSL, 2012; GTCS, 2012), highlighting that standards for teaching need to be complemented by standards which ensure high quality learning opportunities for teachers and other practitioners. An OECD initiative on Improving School Leadership concluded that leadership development needs to be a lifelong learning process through different stages in the school leadership career (Pont et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning leadership teachers standards professional|9.597324|1.338384|1.877911
5062|With few exceptions, for example, all OECD countries have a nationally established list defining which medications are covered by their insurance schemes. Secondary insurance plays a role in almost all OECD health systems. Of particular note given structural similarities to Mexico, secondary insurance in Israel is very common.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurance secondary medications similarities exceptions|8.531998|8.820569|2.2393334
5063|In the first place, they need to actually know that financial institutions offer such policies at reasonable rates, particularly for low-income clients, since the annuity value declines as the interest rates increases and rises with declining life expectancy.31 Homeowners should also feel able to deal with the red tape that converting their home equity would pose. The y-axis shows percentage reductions in the risk of poverty for the over-65s and measured with reference to the 60% of the household equivalised income drawn from the SHARE survey. Financial assets encompass deposit accounts, bonds, stocks, mutual investment funds, life insurance, and investment and financial assets that include pensions.32 Drawing on two main sources, this section analyses such financial wealth and the part it plays in adequate retirement incomes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|financial assets tape converting life|7.6466775|5.636999|4.487888
5064|In Chicago, the city’s Climate Action Plan recognizes the uncertain nature of the challenge and is expected to evolve as new information from assessments and changing priorities comes to light. All three initiatives exemplify clear-cut approaches to avoidance of path dependence, constant re-evaluation of information and redesign of policy interventions so as to improve outcomes. Under the programme, research was conducted and pilot projects were implemented which demonstrated the importance of learning from experiences and from stakeholder dialogue and knowledge exchange.|SDG 13 - Climate action|redesign avoidance recognizes chicago evolve|1.435125|4.928855|1.756138
5065|A survey of activity within OECD countries (Agrawala et al., This is one element of the Spanish climate change adaptation strategy, for example. The most advanced country in this respect is Canada, where there is a requirement to incorporate the effects of climate change into the appraisal of major projects.|SDG 13 - Climate action|spanish climate change incorporate appraisal|1.2776312|4.665133|1.4897237
5066|The objectives of the Resolution include: ensuring adequate food supply sources for immediate- and long-term national food security, meeting nutrition needs and putting an end to food shortage and hunger; improving food consumption structure and quality and stepping up intensive rice farming; and ensuring that rice producers earn higher profits. In addition, it includes a commitment to ensure farmers receive a profit from rice production of at least 30% above the cost of production (Tran and Dinh, 2014a). The government develops legislation and regulation, and ten-year Socio-Economic Development Strategy (SEDS) and the five-year Socio-Economic Development Plan (SEDP) to implement these directions. The latest ten-year SEDS for the period 2011-20 approved in January 2011 reinforces the overall objective of making Viet Nam a modern industrialised country by 2020. It has been developed to give effect to Resolution No.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rice food resolution year socio|4.0468025|5.1354866|3.913904
5067|However, there does not appear to be a large margin for operators to also face the need to renew and replace ageing infrastructure, although very few countries provided data on this item. An analysis of specific cases (such as Finland, Switzerland or Belgium) suggested that efforts have been made to increase cost-recovery in many OECD countries, and in particular to cover the costs of wastewater management where larger investments are needed. These average figures hide some areas of “water poverty”, however, with WSS bills representing up to 4.2% or 7.9% of household income for the poorest decile in Mexico and Poland respectively.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|renew wss decile item margin|1.5815591|7.239641|2.5227096
5068|Given that broad unemployment is much lower among adults with secondary education than among those with primary education or less, mismatches seem to be a serious problem for young people with secondary education. In a survey among experts on 36 African countries about the major challenges youth face in labour markets, 54% found a mismatch of skills between what job seekers have to offer and what employers require to be a major obstacle. They were 41% to identify a general lack of skills among job seekers as a major obstacle (Figure 6.30.). The recruitment and temporary work agencies surveyed reported a general lack of targeted education and frequent major discrepancies between candidates’ profiles and the skills required for a job.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|major seekers job obstacle education|8.127968|3.9706748|4.049129
5069|"It is based on the availability of children's books at home as well as an indicator of formal childcare services attendance for children between the age of 3 and compulsory school age and ability to participate in school events that cost money for school-age children. Children aged 1-2 are assumed to be non-deprived on the second indicator, so their deprivation in the education resources dimension depends entirely on the 'books at home' indicator. Missing data on the education dimension (more precisely on the ""school trips"" indicator) tend to drive exclusions from the sample in these countries.2 To check if missing values are missing at random or are related to household material resources, we estimate the association between the probability of being included in the study and household income poverty, which does not suffer from missing data. Among the seven countries with more than 5 per cent cases excluded from the multidimensional child poverty estimation sample, the probability of exclusion does not vary significantly with income poverty in Ireland, Romania or the United Kingdom. This is particularly good news for Romania, with its high percentage of excluded cases."|SDG 1 - No poverty|missing indicator school books children|7.116173|6.4268293|5.2028623
5070|Radioactivity is monitored by Belarus in the Pripyat (at Mosyr) and in the Lower Braginka (at Gdcn), and Ukraine monitors for lwCs and ’“Sr at transboundary monitoring stations. According to the results, concentrations of radionuclides arc insignificant, and do not exceed permissible limits. Groundwater monitoring is carried out by Belarus in four points in transboundary areas (levels, temperature, physical properties and chemistry), but there is no joint monitoring.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|belarus monitoring transboundary chemistry insignificant|0.4068357|6.9425635|2.7243593
5071|The UNFCCC process and international peer pressure could play an important role in encouraging governments to raise the level of ambition of their commitments when domestic political conditions allow. The periodic review or consultation could have both substantive dimensions (e.g. consideration of commitments in light of the latest climate science) and procedural dimensions (e.g. the timeline and who undertakes the process). However, it would be challenging for all countries to synchronise their potential revisions of commitments because the length of policy cycles and dates of election cycles are different in every country.|SDG 13 - Climate action|commitments cycles dimensions undertakes timeline|1.3237692|3.7168472|0.81204563
5072|Failure to receive a comparability finding will lead to prohibitions on the importation of the exporting nation’s associated fish and fish products into the United States. The proposed rule also calls for any intermediary nation that exports fish and fish products to the United States to prohibit the re-exportation of fish and fish products from any harvesting nation’s export fishery that is subject to an import prohibition pursuant to this rule. The proposed rule is currently in clearance in HQ.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish nation rule products proposed|0.2045512|5.6619835|6.7592854
5073|The new corps of learning consultants can provide a further source of support to municipalities and schools for the development of effective formal internal teacher appraisal. Municipalities and schools should also be encouraged to co-operate and disseminate good practice through networks and partnerships to build capacity across the system (OECD, 2013b). To give an example from another school system, the province of Ontario, Canada, has developed a Teacher Performance Appraisal System based on the “Standards of Practice for the Teaching Profession” (Box 4.5).|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal municipalities teacher practice schools|9.806381|1.1960536|1.5061662
5074|"The social and economic benefits of urban green spaces are equally important, and should be viewed in the context of global issues such as climate change, as well as other priorities set out in the SDGs, including sustainable cities, public health and nature conservation. Thus, reducing socioeconomic disparities in the availability of urban green spaces can help to reduce inequalities in health related to income, minority status, disability and other socioeconomic and demographic factors.’ Air pollution contributes to rising temperatures and heat wave episodes, leading to increased rates of mortality from heart attacks or stroke as a result of heat stress, particularly in people with pre-existing NCDs."" Parks and green spaces provide people with the opportunity to walk and cycle more often and engage in leisure-time physical activity. Therefore, investments in city parks, green spaces, and waterways are an effective and economical way to both promote health and mitigate climate change. Cities should use this information to make decisions that will promote health, mitigate climate change and enhance the quality of life for residents."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spaces green parks health heat|3.4972625|4.760505|1.8686552
5075|As people without public health care coverage have to finance their health care services through private insurance or out-of-pocket payments they are especially sensitive to a drop in personal income. This is especially true for low income people who may forego or postpone health care services because too expensive. Devaux and de Looper (2012), comparing equity of access to health care services in 19 OECD countries, find that in countries with higher public expenditure the frequency of doctor visits are more equally distributed among people of different incomes. Also, Devaux and de Looper (2012) show that inequality in specialist (dental) visit is increasing in the share of out-pocket payment as percentage of total expenditure on specialist (dental) care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care dental pocket health specialist|8.619111|8.81261|2.1317651
5076|Indicators can facilitate the monitoring of climate risks and vulnerabilities over time and between locations. Since the identification, collection, and use of indicators is resource intensive, a carefully defined set of qualitative and quantitative indicators may be aligned to the adaptation priorities identified in the country’s strategic approach on adaptation. Alternatively, the indicator set may draw on existing datasets and, where possible, on indicators used to monitor and evaluate national development plans and policies.|SDG 13 - Climate action|indicators adaptation set datasets alternatively|1.3348829|4.9162717|1.590747
5077|I realized that social media could give women in conservative countries a digital voice. Digitization can connect them with other parts of the world and change their world - allowing them to live beyond the borders they have always known. In addition to helping free women from restrictions in conservative societies, technology upgrades our operations and raises productivity.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|conservative upgrades realized world connect|9.171415|3.7911043|6.514561
5078|At 23%, graduation rates for academic (tertiary-type A) programmes are below the OECD average of 39%, while graduation rates from more technical (tertiary-type B) programmes, at 17%, are above the OECD average of 11%. In contrast to many OECD countries, males have a higher graduation rate in tertiary education than females. To improve tertiary education and students' competitiveness, the national qualifications framework aims to align higher education studies with the European Higher education area. According to the ''implementation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary graduation education higher type|8.984369|2.683591|3.182295
5079|A large majority of national responses (80%) also note that groundwater management is at least partially linked with surface water. It is systematic for most countries or regions with mandatory management plans, but there are exceptions. Countries with no management plans can also have systematic connections, and some regions with mandatory plans only link the two in a limited fashion. Historically, water laws started to focus on surface water because groundwater was less visible and subject to pressure, but as some countries evolved, others lagged behind (Mechlem, 2012).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|plans mandatory systematic surface groundwater|0.818812|7.4292264|2.4190423
5080|Its recommendations will be presented to the Executive Group to be reviewed for implementation by GSIC. It will refresh the UNDP gender parity strategy with a view to achieving a more holistic approach to gender parity issues in UNDP. Greater focus will be put on improving capacity for gender analysis, accuracy and consistency in gender marker ratings and gender in areas of profession.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender parity undp ratings marker|9.987772|3.9786663|7.8638415
5081|They may also capture the experiences of adult survey respondents, providing guidance on the nature and prevalence of those respondents' food needs. In terms of measurement, existing systems do not tap children's perspectives on their own lives, nor do they flow from a conceptualization of food insecurity that is grounded in children's experiences, their roles within households, or the ways in which they make sense of their environments. Adult survey respondents tend to under-report child food insecurity, missing as many as half of children who, themselves report going hungry because there is not enough food [16]. In terms of delivery, these systems rely on household samples, which exclude children in institutional settings and homeless children, and can substantially under-represent them in highly vulnerable household situations (migrant workers, those living in urban slums, distant rural households, those living in refugee camps, multi-family or extended family households) [17].|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|children respondents food households insecurity|4.5118074|5.7912645|4.8247757
5082|Reactive power control is also available to enable voltage control of the plant output, even at no load in some cases. The graph below shows that traditional variability of consumption in France can typically increase by 6.5 to 7.5 GW in one hour between 6:00 and 7:00 for a typical winter day, during which generation has to be ramped up accordingly. Other generation plants such as hydro and gas turbines can technically provide high ramp rates and can be made available to follow load.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load generation control reactive ramp|1.4670306|1.3699002|1.8756794
5083|"The expected impact is mainly related to increased costs for infrastructure maintenance due to the expected increase of ""thermal stress"" on the road and railway infrastructure. Problems resulting from the thermal stress require strict adaptation expenses -an annual increase of adaptation costs by 0.4 to 0.6 per cent for road surfaces until 2070 and up to 83 per cent for railway infrastructure. In the realistic scenario to 2020, this area includes floodplain and riparian forests in a substantial part of Miziian forestry district, especially in the region of the Dobrudzha coast. In 2050, Zone A will also cover low sub-belt forests of durmast, beech and fir in the Balkan Mountains, Eastern Rhodope and Pirin subregion."|SDG 13 - Climate action|railway thermal stress infrastructure forests|1.2606889|4.8433156|3.9586852
5084|The evaluation of outreach noted that in some communities, the visiting specialist service was the “most stable” health service providing continuity for patients. Other issues were a lack of physical space to provide services, and broader social and economic issues affecting the most disadvantaged remote communities (Health Policy Analysis, 2011). A good example of this was in Aurukun in far north Queensland, where the general physician and paediatrician had conducted regular clinics in the community for more than 20 years.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|communities queensland service issues visiting|9.243708|8.743878|1.9788299
5085|Specific knowledge, skills and competencies are expected of ECEC practitioners. There is a general consensus, supported by research, that well-educated, well-trained professionals are the key factor in providing high-quality ECEC with the most favourable cognitive and social outcomes for children. Research shows that the behaviour of those who work in ECEC matters and that this is related to their education and training. The qualifications, education and training of ECEC staff are, therefore, an important policy issue (OECD, 2006).|SDG 4 - Quality education|ecec training research practitioners competencies|9.325911|2.7269769|1.8988484
5086|This means that some of the difference can be explained by observable characteristics, such as differences in education, choice of study field, employment history (e.g., interruptions due to child care when analysing the gender pay gap) or professional experience. In this regard, while the pay gap is a useful measure to the difference of earnings between groups, it is less useful for understanding the underlying reasons for which the gap exists (discrimination being only one possible explanation). Since means are sensitive to extreme values, users are also encouraged to also analyse median earnings and make note of any differences between a computation of the indicator based on mean and median earnings.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|earnings gap median useful difference|9.089515|4.363832|5.619958
5087|This means ensuring that schools comply with national education policies on administrative, technical and legal matters, and advising principals on compliance with school planning, management, and evaluation regulations. School supervisors are in regular contact with schools, visit them at least once or twice per year, and request from them a variety of reports (e.g., time arrivals, attendance). In 2010, the MEP clarified the roles of school supervisors to ensure greater consistency in supervision practices across schools and prevent unnecessary interference that could limit school leadership and autonomy (MEP, 2014). The 2012 initiative More Education and Less Paperwork {Mas Educacion, Menos Papeleo) sought to identify processes, controls and requirements that could be simplified or withdrawn.|SDG 4 - Quality education|mep supervisors school schools educacion|9.869401|1.598129|1.939639
5088|For instance, information contained in patient records was limited, making it not possible to trace all the amendments that may have been made. The audit raised concerns about the increasing use of social unavailability codes. The proportion of people waiting for inpatient treatment who were given a social unavailability code rose from 11% in 2008 to just over 30% at the end of June 2011.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|unavailability trace amendments audit inpatient|9.243006|9.456035|1.6699469
5089|Economic growth is obviously critical to achieving food security objectives. The scenario also leads to lower imports of vegetable oil and higher exports of wheat, rice and coarse grain result in marginally lower international market prices. One scenario result illustrated in this case is that with weaker markets, domestic wheat prices fall to MSP levels, causing public stocks to build as additional wheat is procured to support prices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|wheat prices scenario procured result|3.9799614|4.980993|4.2469954
5090|In 2014, the Russian Federation continued supporting the provision of law enforcement training in counter-narcotics at its national institutions to the Counter-Narcotics Police of Afghanistan as part of the UNODC regional programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries. That joint cooperation will be extended into 2016 and expanded to include assistance to the five countries of Central Asia. Moreover, the Russian Federation informed the Board about a number of initiatives to strengthen joint efforts to tackle the world drug problem, including the international conference of the Russian-African Anti-Drug Dialogue, held in Banjul on 23 July 2015, and the regional anti-drug operation, “Operation Channel”, for the period 2014-2015.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug russian afghanistan counter anti|8.330848|10.227077|3.5388067
5091|Even this does not provide a complete picture since, as in other countries, under-reporting of GBV is a huge problem. Although it already had legislation and institutions to address GBV, the government realised that this legislative and policy framework was deficient: it was not aligned with the country’s international commitments under various treaties, conventions and agreements, while the inadequate response to GBV in Grenada was mainly due to archaic laws, non-existent policies and institutional weakness in enforcement. These included: a Mapping of Existing Social Service Delivery Systems and Identification of Gaps in Current Services (2010); a Review of Policing and Prosecution of Sexual Offences: Country Report for Grenada (2010); and, A Study of the Existing Domestic Violence Act (2001) (cited in Ministry of Social Development and Housing 2014). These projects are supported by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UN Women and the UN Trust Fund to End Violence against Women. The government has multiple measures in place to address the issue of GBV, including revising related laws and policies to be more current and responsive to the needs of women victims of violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gbv grenada violence laws fund|9.98142|5.111248|7.5798335
5092|While HIV/AIDS and infectious disease control absorbed about 20 per cent of ODA commitments in the 1990s (12 and 8 per cent, respectively), these programmes accounted for 51 per cent of all commitments in 2005-2006 (35 and 16 per cent, respectively). Firstly, fighting against certain diseases (especially contagious diseases) is a global public good, and it therefore requires global and effective responses. Secondly, focusing on a specific disease can mobilize public opinion and resources in a more effective way.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent commitments diseases disease respectively|8.3726225|8.944128|3.221452
5093|While unemployment has fallen to very low levels and income is starting to pick up, other signs point to a less rosy picture. Labour force participation, including those ofprime age, has declined. Facing possible future shocks from automation taking stock of factors that help workers find jobs and remain in employment can help improve labour market performance. There are a number of economy-wide features, including providing workers with adequate skills, easing barriers to taking jobs arising from child and elderly care responsibilities, and addressing the problems of felony records and drug abuse can pose for job search.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|taking jobs workers easing pick|7.7863135|4.3042946|4.1372566
5094|Finally, better connectivity, across the subregion and beyond, can help leverage the subregion’s strategic location at the crossroads of Asia and the Pacific to re-emerge as the hub of East-V\fest trade that it once was. Growth was driven by buoyant domestic demand backed by supportive policies. Fourth quarter growth was particularly strong in several economies in the subregion. Strong economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in a growing middle class.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|subregion growth strong buoyant crossroads|4.6456075|4.073452|2.7219121
5095|This is particularly the case in agriculture where land is the most immediate asset for many of the poor, as it will constrain the potential for poverty reduction through the rise of small farmers or micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Thus, securing property rights and ensuring efficient land administration systems are critical factors in enabling pro-poor growth (Byerlee, Diao and Jackson, 2005). In the late 1940s and 1950s, both the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China carried out land reforms through dissolving land elites and conducting large-scale land redistribution. With these reforms, both economies began their high-growth phase in the mid-1960s with a low level of inequality and a Gini coefficient of around 0.30.|SDG 1 - No poverty|land reforms elites msmes small|5.248011|5.2315607|4.184507
5096|If that analysis is taken on trust then users can move quickly to considering implications and actions. Any move to a more inclusive and holistic approach may jeopardise the quality of the evidence due to lack of expertise on a variety of fronts. In particular, a stronger focus on the quality of learning and teaching in classrooms requires an evaluator to have more than personal competence as a teacher or school manager.|SDG 4 - Quality education|fronts manager quality classrooms competence|9.785656|1.5103767|1.4227569
5097|The EDI was originally developed in Ontario, Canada, and it is a measure of children’s development as they enter school. The results are aggregated to the group level (school, neighbourhood and city) to provide a population-based measure of children’s development. The data are not reported at the child or class level, which means they are not used as a diagnostic tool for individual children.|SDG 4 - Quality education|children measure ontario school originally|9.64263|2.3852048|1.9015378
5098|Gross fixed capital formation increased rather solidly in line with the improving investment climate. Public consumption also stepped up, with a slightly higher share in GDP in 2012 relative to the past several years. Employment growth, however, decelerated from 2.4% in 2011 to 1.3% in 2012. Higher job creation in the formal sector remains a key challenge for inclusive growth.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|stepped growth higher formation gross|5.587734|4.621778|3.6885536
5099|The paper proposed management instruments to promote efficiency and profitability in the fishing fleet. The proposals in the White Paper were also a continuation of the Structural Quota (SQS) System implemented in the coastal fleet in 2004 and the SQS in the ocean going fleet implemented from 2005, but with some modifications. A time limit of 20 years on the structural quotas was re-introduced (25 years for previously-allocated quotas), and the SQS in the coastal fleet was introduced for vessels between 11 and 15 metres from 2008.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fleet quotas coastal structural introduced|-0.19878824|5.804901|6.9889617
5100|"Finally, quantitative and qualitative data on the burden of preventable and treatable disease, disability and premature death and their determinants among indigenous peoples should also include in such a data revolution envisioned in post-2015 development framework. This would be in line with the High Level Panel's call for designing ""goals that focus on reaching excluded groups by making sure we track progress at all levels of income, and by providing social protection to help people build resilience to life's uncertainties"". Indigenous peoples however, further, face distinct set of complex issues that require initiatives specific to indigenous peoples."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|peoples indigenous envisioned preventable premature|9.592232|8.257474|3.3455412
5101|Some progress can be noted, but much more needs to be done to achieve the 2 °C goal. The transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient development path requires financing, innovation and strategies that also address potential negative competitiveness and employment impacts. Such a path can also create new opportunities as part of a green growth strategy.|SDG 13 - Climate action|path resilient competitiveness noted transition|1.7725202|3.855078|2.0158246
5102|Facilitating factors leading to the adoption of the reform Water pollution had been slowly mounting as a concern for the general public in the European Union. In 1988 the Council of Ministers of Environment requested the European Commission to work on a directive to tackle the issue in a holistic way. This began with the Nitrates and Waste Water Treatment Directives. In 1995, Council of Ministers of Environment and the European Parliament’s environmental committee requested the EU Commission to proceed with a more global approach to water policy.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|requested european ministers council commission|1.0038034|6.715255|2.2839916
5103|Important strides have been made in recent years towards enhancing pay transparency; such efforts are slowly bearing fruit. Yet on average, gender pay gaps across the OECD remain at about 15% at the median, with little progression recorded in recent years (OECD. The higher the position, the lower the proportion of women in many OECD countries across all branches of power.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pay oecd recent strides branches|9.168388|4.208755|5.8232446
5104|Without the progress of these countries, the global poverty record would have appeared far less successful. Poverty has remained high in these countries partly because economic growth rates have been comparatively low (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2007). The prospects for halving poverty remain a major challenge, however, for Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Timor-Leste.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty appeared leste halving timor|6.0220623|5.672094|4.7074575
5105|However, in 2011 the Ministry for Environmental Protection (MEP) undertook a trial to assess air, soil and water quality in a sample of 364 villages. This is consistent with recent studies showing significant pollution spillovers from cities into surrounding areas and high levels of pollution coming from rural areas themselves (Cao et al., Likewise, rivers can transport pollution over large distances such that populations living in areas without high concentrations of heavily polluting industries may be exposed to upstream activities as well as environmental accidents which continue to pose a serious threat (He et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pollution areas mep undertook al|0.9300361|6.7423944|2.7761238
5106|Excluding students with an immigrant background reduces the percentage of poorly performing students slightly to 16%. By contrast, in Shanghai-China, Hong Kong-China, Canada, Finland and Korea, the proportion of poor performers is 10% or less (Figure 1.2.14 in PISA 2009 Results Volume I). Students proficient at Level 2 are capable of very basic tasks, such as locating information that meets several conditions, making comparisons or contrasts around a single feature, working out what a well-defined part of a text means even when the information is not prominent, and making connections between the text and personal experience.|SDG 4 - Quality education|text students china locating making|9.766419|2.3340802|3.227088
5107|During two annual National Immunization Days, normally held each January and February, approximately 170 million children under 5 are vaccinated by immunization teams going door-to-door to every house in the country. Pause for a second to examine those numbers. Then consider what characterizes the highest-risk areas for poliovirus transmission: high-density living, poor sanitation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|immunization door normally february examine|8.664057|8.857719|3.25801
5108|The initiatives could focus on enhancing student pathways among institutions, increasing the percentage of students from low-income and minority populations gaining a tertiary education certification/degree or increasing opportunities for adult/mature students to pursue and complete tertiary education. Within this context, Malaysia is encountering difficulties to translate scientific knowledge into technological capabilities. Although an important player in knowledge diffusion and S&T activities, universities have not yet enlarged the national research potential and reached the quality of R&D performed in the OECD countries. The country has been over-performing in terms of publication intensity, but among ASEAN economies, its scientific publications are less frequently cited and its researcher population less numerous.|SDG 4 - Quality education|scientific tertiary knowledge researcher enlarged|7.1587076|2.5524116|2.458213
5109|An enabling policy environment is important for the development of a strong and competitive renewable energy sector to supply both industrial and domestic consumers. Section 3 identifies key enabling policy factors required for the replicability and accelerated uptake of the available renewable energy solutions throughout the mining sector. Major companies and conglomerates, among others, such as Glencore, Barrick Gold, Rio Tinto, Antofagasta, Codelco and IAMGOLD have all made use of renewable energy in their mines (Table 2.1).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable enabling energy antofagasta mines|1.7117019|2.3071356|2.0223668
5110|New Working Conditions: improvement of teacher compensation; creation of incentives to work in disadvantaged schools; and regulation of non-teaching time as part of contract hours. Training for Development: Entitlement to free and pertinent professional development; individual professional development plans informed by the needs of both the teacher and the school; and school principals empowered to define professional development plans for their teaching bodies. These were performing a range of duties as described in Table 5.1. The distribution of teachers by type of school provider in 2015 was as follows: 43.9% in municipal schools, 45.7% in private-subsidised schools, 9.4% in private non-subsidised schools and 1.0% in schools with delegated administration (the equivalent shares in 2004 were 51.1%, 35.7%, 11.7% and 1.5% respectively).|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools professional subsidised school development|9.547429|1.4534948|2.310455
5111|Since 2005 Morocco has produced a gender report providing a vital tool to ensure accountability and in 2007 the Prime Minister of Morocco sent a letter to all departments urging them to take up GRB. Currently, a total of 27 departments, accounting for more than 80 per cent of the government's budget, have adopted the tool. A major advance was achieved in 2004 with the passing of a new family law which guaranteed equality of the sexes in marriage. In the same year, Morocco's new labour code spelt out women's rights to maternity leave. Meanwhile, the confederation of Moroccan businesses (CGEM) has produced guidance to its members to make creches available in workplaces to support working mothers. Which means that when it comes to crucial policies such as universal education, targets are set for both sexes and the barriers which could prevent girls going to school are factored into the budgeting process.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|morocco sexes departments tool produced|9.740827|4.2993584|7.1477275
5112|For example, an intervention that seeks to promote transformational change in a given sector may be judged effective at the project-level if it produces the expected outputs (e.g. off-grid renewable electricity, number of people trained in drought-resistant agriculture). However, if the intervention is not replicated at scale, the transformational impacts of the intervention will be limited. Such aims could include promoting lesson learning and supporting effective processes (e.g. at sectoral or national levels), which often requires mainstreaming climate concerns, aligning with government priorities, and/or achieving longer-term transformational impacts.|SDG 13 - Climate action|transformational intervention impacts effective replicated|1.5110024|4.6215954|1.5195065
5113|For instance, many respondents said that proximity, low cost and simplicity (no waiting time) were the main reasons for preferring their provider. These factors were influential, particularly in cases where services were sought from traditional/religious healers and chemist shops. In the case of minor illnesses, though, the poor preferred traditional healers and chemists to NGO facilities, as visiting these providers was more convenient and less time-consuming.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|traditional simplicity visiting shops convenient|9.151492|8.699678|2.051076
5114|Yet these policies - largely driven by quantitative objectives - came with high qualitative costs for the country’s urban development. Housing development had been identified as an integral component of the country’s development in previous National Development Plans (2001-2006; 2007-2012) and conceived as a question of ensuring housing in sufficient quantity at a minimum level of quality, particularly for populations in poverty and with lower incomes. Federal housing finance programmes, including subsidies for low-income populations offered by the National Housing Commission (Comision Nacional de Vivienda, CONAVI), the National Trust Fund for Popular Housing (Fondo Nacional de Habitaciones Populares, FONHAPO) and the Ministry of Social Development (Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, SEDESOL) and publicly backed mortgages offered by INFONAVIT, FOVISSSTE and others, have been integral in supporting the push to expand housing access.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing nacional development integral offered|4.827797|5.715908|2.1281633
5115|As large food retailers tend to have the most power in processed food value chains, the institutional framework and infrastructure to support each of the linkages in the food value chain are essential to supporting domestic food production. Working with lead firms in this area has the potential to be a powerful policy lever. The institutional framework here influences the ability of housing suppliers to respond to demand.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|food institutional framework value lever|4.3983808|5.175502|4.295777
5116|"San Francisco has collected more than a million tons of food scraps, yard trimmings, and other compostable materials and turned it into compost that is used by local fanners and wineries in Napa and Sonoma counties. San Francisco diverted nearly 80% diversion in 2012 - the highest rate of any major U.S. city Source: EPA (2016), ""Zero Waste Case Shidy: San Francisco, CA”, www.epa.gov/transfomiing-waste-tool/less-wastc-casc-studv-saii-francisco-ca. As identified by the JICA Roadmap study, a comprehensive study and formulation of a masterplan for solid waste management at the metropolitan scale needs to be prioritised. The proposed MCDA bill makes provision for the establishment of public commissions of which Solid Waste Management is included."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|francisco san waste ca epa|0.4261201|4.026642|3.085153
5117|In both entities deciduous forest is dominant. This indicates that conifer forests have been properly managed. Round wood for industrial processing from deciduous forests accounts for only 30.24 per cent, while pulp and firewood account for 69.76 per cent. In the pre-war period there was no industrial capacity for deciduous pulp processing and no board factories that used deciduous wood.|SDG 15 - Life on land|pulp wood processing forests industrial|1.3976638|4.5497413|3.9320033
5118|There is less variation in distribution of electricity, with lower access in the North West but little difference between rural and urban areas (Table 1.4). Although there are differences in gender equality for men and women in Viet Nam, these are generally not very significant and do not appear for every dimension of inclusiveness. Education and health outcomes are relatively equally distributed along gender. According to VHLSS, women in Viet Nam tend to earn substantially less than men.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|viet nam men gender inclusiveness|8.913485|4.5171175|5.8575773
5119|Global investment in energy end-use technologies was more than double the supply-side investments, and reached an estimated $1.7 trillion in 2005, of which almost $1.2 trillion was for road vehicles (Griibler and others, forthcoming). Other private sector investments in energy technology include investment by angel investors, companies’ internal investments, debt instruments, project finance, mergers and acquisitions, and investments in publicly listed energy technology firms. Energy-related venture capital investments boomed in EU and North America in recent years, reaching $15.5 billion, or 10 per cent of all private investments in energy technology diffusion in 2008 (International Energy Agency, 2009).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investments energy trillion technology acquisitions|2.2245991|2.8516586|1.8038793
5120|In 2013/14 the emergency admission bed day rate was 71 895 emergency bed days per 100 000 population. Since 2008/09 the rate has shown a steady reduction. Note that the 2013/14 figures are provisional and likely to be slightly lower than the final figure. The proportion of the last six months of life spent at home or in a community setting was 90.8% in the year ending March 2014.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|bed emergency provisional rate ending|9.320822|8.903813|2.1450145
5121|"Treatment facilities have been constructed for waters from the Severniy, Severniy-Glubokiy and Kaula-Kotsclvaara mines in the Russian Federation. The smelter area was cleaned of heavy and non-ferrous metals, and new technology was introduced for processing coppcr-nickel concentrate. Several discharge points of industrial wastewaters will be eliminated as a result of closure of mining and metallurgical production, and their transfer to Monchegorsk. However, the “Development of a joint environmental monitoring program in the Norwegian, Finnish and Russian border area""14 project, with the objective of ensuring reliable and comparable monitoring data, was implemented from 2003 to 2006. Water quality assessment in Norway and Finland with the Russian Federation is not clear-cut."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|russian federation monitoring wastewaters area|0.538029|6.9443974|2.6351283
5122|It attempts to minimise the risk that the target stock will be overfished and recruitment impaired. The second decision rule focuses on the maintenance of ecological relationships between predators and prey as set out in Article II (3b). It limits the effects of harvesting on krill-based predators by setting a target of 75% median escapement (Constable 2000).|SDG 14 - Life below water|predators target prey overfished impaired|-0.25977045|5.7611375|6.789701
5123|In April 2009, the European Commission adopted its Communication “Building a sustainable future for aquaculture - A new impetus for the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture. In this Communication the Commission examined the root causes of the stagnation in EU aquaculture production. On the basis of this process the Commission will issue, in 2013, strategic guidelines for a sustainable aquaculture.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture commission sustainable communication european|0.333276|6.06871|6.5352693
5124|"Based on the SWOT analysis, the LAG then convened a number of meetings with fishers to collectively create fundable projects. Some fishers did not understand why they should be innovative and what it was that was supposed to be created. Typical questions were ""for whom is fishing unprofitable?"", It is not that hard""."|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishers convened supposed lag collectively|-0.296161|5.695793|6.779681
5125|Further fine-tuning of the basic Payment Scheme includes a reduction of amounts paid per recipient above a certain threshold, the option to grant higher payments to the first hectares per recipient, a compulsory top-up of payments to young farmers and simplified procedures for small farmers who receive only small amounts of direct support. The precise definition of the latter was still in progress as of April 2014. Alternatively, member states have flexibility to implement national certification schemes instead.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|recipient amounts payments farmers small|3.467253|5.26789|3.6460698
5126|Reforms to the Swedish Penal Code regarding violence against women, introduced by the “Kvinnofrid” package in 1998, emphasize the importance of collaboration between the police, social services and health-care providers. In many societies, women belonging to particular ethnic or racial groups experience gender-based violence as well as violence based on their ethnic or racial identity. It is important that legislation, or subsidiary legislation, where necessary, make specific provision for the appropriate and sensitive treatment of women complainants/survivors of violence who suffer from multiple forms of discrimination. Title VI of the United States of America Tribal Law and Order Bill (2008), if passed, would enact specific provisions regarding the prosecution and prevention of domestic violence and sexual assault against Native American women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence racial women ethnic regarding|9.861861|5.228149|7.5866356
5127|As family-building often starts with a marriage, the consequences for fertility is obvious. Globally, fertility declined to 2.5 births per woman, but women who bear more than five children are still common in countries where women marry early. Early marriage and high fertility limit such women’s opportunities for education and employment and can severely diminish their chances for advancement in life.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fertility marriage women early diminish|9.306345|5.495797|6.0687084
5128|If information in adaptation communications is recorded in a manner similar to the “data interface” for Annex I biennial reports, this would facilitate recognising individual aspects of countries’ communications. This is because the global stocktake is to be undertaken by the COP, which does not have the authority, mandate or funding to undertake specific adaptation actions. Nevertheless, the global stocktake could indirectly enhance adaptation if it can distil information included in countries’ adaptation communications (or other information submitted, including that to the UNFCCC) in order to fill knowledge gaps and disseminate lessons learned. Part of the third component of the global stocktake (reviewing the adequacy of adaptation support - discussed below) could potentially also lead to enhanced adaptation action, if it led to increases in funding for adaptation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation stocktake communications global information|1.0373064|4.7058825|1.2784095
5129|As such the emphasis for the inclusion of nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) within the scope of CDM is intensifying. There is no silver bullet solution to the challenges raised by the current CDM mechanism. The most serious proposals for reforms include simplification of the monitoring and verification process (which is quite challenging for end-use EE projects) as well as technology-wide agreement (which would enable an ex-ante benchmarking of EE technologies). The call for Sectoral No-Lose Targets (SNLTs) or technology wide CDM would answer these preoccupations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cdm ee wide silver namas|1.4898447|3.6371136|1.5248576
5130|The reference period corresponds to 12 consecutive monthly observations in the income reference year (January-December of year T-1) plus one additional observation at the moment of the interview (in year T). The threshold is equivalent to Eurostat’s low-work-intensity measure: Above zero but no more than 45% of potential working time in the income reference year. To reconcile information reported for the income reference period and at the moment of the interview the following individuals are also considered in this group: 1) Workers who report no work activity during the income reference period but who are working at the moment of the interview and, 2) workers with between 45% and 50% of work activity during the income reference period who do not report any work activity in either the last month of the income reference period or at the moment of the interview.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|reference moment interview period income|8.15434|4.548437|4.4652886
5131|The most important capture zone is the Pacific Ocean near the California Gulf with 88% of the overall catch (18 710 tonnes) while the Gulf of Mexico accounts for the remaining 12% (2 490 tonnes). Fishing takes place mainly in costal lagoons, estuaries and marine shoreline on both coasts with the majority of landings being in Sinaloa (11 361 tonnes) and Sonora (4 644 tonnes) in the Pacific Ocean and Tamaulipas (1 724 tonnes), Veracruz (4 104 tonnes) and Campeche (2 718 tonnes) in the Gulf of Mexico. In the states surrounding the Gulf of California and in those in the Gulf of Mexico the fishery is exploited at MSY and only those states in the Pacific outside the Gulf of California have some potential for increased catch. All holders must comply with the Official Mexican Standards (NOMs) and respect fishing bans.|SDG 14 - Life below water|gulf tonnes california pacific mexico|0.13777287|5.976573|6.6309185
5132|The plans should also include orientation and mobility skills; facilitating peer support and mentoring; facilitating the learning of sign language and the promotion of the linguistic identity of the deaf community; and disability awareness, with an increase in disabled teachers. Implementing these sounds daunting, but it does not require every teacher to learn Braille or sign language. Specialist, resource and itinerant teachers are needed to support the development of the necessary learning of specific skills, like sign language and Braille. Too little time and effort goes into working on an inclusive pedagogy that will reduce the number of individual adjustments necessary for children with various impairments.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sign language facilitating necessary teachers|10.250668|2.416652|2.010132
5133|They also highlight the importance of being aligned with broader policy goals and broader efforts by the international community to scale up climate finance. As such, it is consistent with views of the development community that effectiveness is enhanced when individual interventions are consistent with nationally determined priorities. As the level of assets of IIGCC signatories dwarfs that covered by the climate finance commitments under the UNFCCC, moves towards greater effectiveness by IIGCC members could have a significant impact. For example, at the international level, greater discussions and co-ordination between development donors and partners can help align different actors behind common objectives.|SDG 13 - Climate action|consistent broader effectiveness signatories finance|1.7736387|4.1469855|1.2498105
5134|Poverty exists in many forms and arises in a broad range of circumstances. The causes may be man-made and systemic or they may be environmental, meaning people may live in poverty because they are not part of a system. In other words, poverty may be the result of effective as well as ineffective policy interventions. Policies tend to be effective where interdependent systems exist, it is possible to rationally coordinate and direct collective action in a certain direction, and people are sufficiently dependent upon the system to “feel the pinch”.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty interdependent effective arises ineffective|6.513906|6.1488156|4.795336
5135|"The category “labour-intensive manufactures"" includes leather, textiles, clothing and footwear. However, the two sources of productivity growth result from substantially different corporate behaviour: while technological progress relies on investment in innovation and the associated dynamic gains in an enterprise’s long-term growth strategy, substituting lower-cost imported intermediate products for higher-cost domestic inputs achieves productivity growth through cost reductions from the globalization of production. The ways in which the different corporate strategies may affect changes in income distribution are addressed in more detail below. The manufacture of parts and final goods in different countries entails not only costs of transportation and tariffs, but also of coordination."|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|corporate cost different growth productivity|5.1267076|3.9866445|3.2718036
5136|The Adriatic Sea Partnership (2006-2009) under the lead of the REC addresses all States bordering the Adriatic Sea. Another transboundary project addresses the protection and sustainable use of the Dinaric karst aquifer system which is shared by four countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Montenegro). Much of Albania’s economic activity is dependent on the utilization of water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|adriatic albania addresses sea karst|0.46902007|7.0659103|2.6698022
5137|Parents of immigrant students sometimes choose more segregated schools for their children precisely for those reasons and thus, providing quality service delivery for areas of high concentration of (immigrant) students is important. Information materials need to be prepared and disseminated to students and parents in different languages, as well as made accessible to parents with limited literacy (OECD, 2015[22j)- One study shows that more information does not necessarily lead to better outcomes for all students, but that (native and high-skilled parents) are more likely to choose top-performing schools which can lead to the displacement of students with a foreign background (Kessel and Olme, 2018[4oj). Therefore, providing more information is not sufficient, this information must be made accessible to disadvantaged families to help them choose the right school for their children.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students parents choose information immigrant|9.953497|2.6672864|2.706511
5138|Total excludes electricity and heat. Data for 2010 are estimates. In the framework of the EU effort-sharing under the Kyoto Protocol, Germany has committed itself to cutting its emissions of climate-damaging gases by a total of 21% in the period 2008 to 2012 compared with 1990, taking a large share of the total 8% target of emission reductions set by the EU.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|total eu damaging excludes gases|1.4261|3.0144038|2.1894176
5139|Better educated women fully recognize the importance of health care and education, and know how to seek them for themselves and their children (OECD, 2012a). In this manner, education helps reduce child and maternal mortality as well as increase school attendance among future generations. Girls who have been educated are likely to marry later and have smaller and healthier families.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|educated healthier marry recognize generations|9.507488|5.018179|6.076153
5140|In this sense, open means free to access and free to change. It is for this reason that one of the central characteristics of an OER is the liberal licensing (e.g. through Creative Commons), which facilitates this process. They include learning content, software tools to develop, use and distribute, and implementation resources such as open licenses. The learning content is educational material of a wide variety, from full courses to smaller units such as diagrams or test questions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|content open free oer learning|8.723994|1.8001763|2.053274
5141|It also recognizes and solicits the support of religious and cultural leaders to accept and implement measures designed to protect the rights of women and children (see also case study 4 on China and case study 6 on Rwanda). In Kenya, in the Ntutu case (2008), the High Court heard arguments by the sons of the deceased that Masai customary law of succession does not recognize the rights of daughters to inherit the estate oftheirfathers. However, in rendering its decision, the Court applied international human rights law, international covenants and treaties which had been ratified by Kenya, as well as previous case law.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|case law court rights kenya|9.294444|5.1219654|7.252772
5142|Nevertheless, widespread gender segregation continues to confine women to the lowest paid segments of the labour market. Gender inequalities with regard to earned income, wealth, time use and social security, documented in detail in Chapters 2 and 3, clearly indicate that something is terribly wrong: why are 'equal opportunities' not translating into equal outcomes? In some contexts patriarchal structures and practices constrain women's ability to seek paid work, or even health care, and to participate in social and political life.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equal paid translating wrong patriarchal|9.2270975|4.6633096|6.313092
5143|It is based on an exhaustive compilation of data on the distribution of VME indicator species, including published and unpublished data, and new data gathered during the project from areas where information is sparse. An overview of the approaches and methodologies for mapping of VME distribution is presented. Eleven VMEs are identified based on management goals for coral and sponge communities present in the study area. A risk analysis is conducted based on the modelled distribution of VMEs and its co-occurrence with high fishing intensity. The report discusses the uncertainty associated with modelled distributions and fishing pressure estimates and management implications. Areas where information on VMEs is lacking are identified and the need for more detailed knowledge on the distribution of human activities is discussed.|SDG 14 - Life below water|distribution modelled fishing identified data|-0.13396406|5.8657346|6.475397
5144|The river has its source in the central Tien Shan, at the confluence of the Tekes and Kunes41 rivers. The Kash, Saryn and Silik are other tributaries to the Hi. In flowing into Lake Balkhash, it forms a vast delta on Kazakh territory (see the assessment of the Hi delta). In Kazakhstan, the flow is regulated at the Kapchagai Reservoir, which is used for irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydropower production.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hi delta tekes confluence kazakh|0.48861763|7.0474586|2.6729603
5145|The findings of this study highlight the opportunities for partnership to aid implementation success. These centres, which bring together service providers in one place, have the potential to address some of the challenges faced by the education system in terms of dealing with mental ill health. First, despite increased investment in school-based mental health support, available services often lack the capacity to deliver effective and comprehensive responses students’ mental health concerns (see Section 3.5).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health dealing ill highlight|10.483315|8.786704|1.6556147
5146|The results are presented in Figure 8 by the bars showing that the multidimensional deprivation incidence in the selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa is 67%. In other words, two thirds of all children in this region experience two to five deprivations, which in absolute numbers is 247 million children. The prevalence of multidimensional deprivation ranges from 30% in Gabon to 90% in Ethiopia.|SDG 1 - No poverty|multidimensional deprivation gabon bars children|6.9389467|6.481461|5.1926355
5147|Even after accounting for socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, foreign-born status and the number of years the respondent has been working for a current employer or has been self-employed, a gap in literacy skills remains in all countries participating in the survey (OECD, 2016a). The gaps are particularly high in Israel, the United Kingdom (England), the United States, Greece, the Slovak Republic, Poland, Slovenia and Chile (OECD, 2016a). This suggests that adults with more educated parents have benefited from much better learning opportunities and support than those whose parents who are not as well educated.|SDG 4 - Quality education|educated parents united respondent benefited|9.353618|2.660979|3.1819189
5148|The lack of knowledge on such transfrontier migrations could place in question the reliability of statistical data on the population numbers of important animal species permanently inhabiting the territory of Albania, in particular bird and large carnivore species. The common practice is to carry out research each year only in a few selected, small areas (e.g. protected areas), and similar research is conducted in remaining areas in other years. The 2002 Law on Protected Areas was amended in 2008 by inclusion of the main provisions of the Habitats Directive. The 2008 Law on the Protection of Wild Fauna endorsed provisions of the Birds Directive related to protection measures.|SDG 15 - Life on land|areas directive protected provisions species|1.5618844|5.2620773|4.0392714
5149|On this occasion, however, given the importance of the subject and the need for information regarding it, the chapter on social spending analysis for the region now incorporates the functions classified as non-social. At the time this edition went to press, data were available for only 11 countries, since most of them used an aggregate functional classification by major group. This is true for social protection in the Plurinational State of Bolivia from 1990 to 1994; El Salvador, from 1990 to 1992; and Trinidad and Tobago from 1990 to 1999, as well as for figures on social security in Nicaragua.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|social occasion trinidad tobago edition|7.180121|5.6723137|4.5862722
5150|When restricted jobs are in high-paying sectors, this type of regulation reinforces the gender pay gap. That is the case, for instance, in the mining and oil industry, where certain jobs are deemed too hazardous and thus not accessible to women in a number of countries, such as the Russian Federation. Restrictions may also apply to the hours men and women are allowed to work. In Costa Rica, Umisia and Hirkey, for instance, women cannot work the same night hours as men (World Bank, 2015). Even if such regulations may be circumvented in practice, they help to sustain inequalities in pay, foster occupational segregation and increase the risk of informality for women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women hours pay jobs instance|9.115955|4.576629|6.058664
5151|As a result, many water utilities are in dire financial situations, with under-capitalised balance sheets that impede their capacity to raise debts. In the absence of any repayment capacity or history of past lending, most commercial banks are unlikely to lend to the sector which they do not perceive as being “creditworthy”. There is often a discrepancy between long-term investments needed in the water sector to match the life of the assets and the shortterm lending capabilities on local markets.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lending debts lend sheets discrepancy|2.8989456|4.308899|2.1471193
5152|Giving birth in a health facility is an important factor in reducing infections, complications, morbidity, and mortality for both mother and child. The Sudan and Yemen reported the lowest proportions by a wide margin, at 28 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively. According to the latest available data, most countries report maternal mortality ratios under 60 per 100,000 births.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality cent complications sudan infections|8.793697|8.325879|3.71655
5153|Service providers, for example, should give clear instructions and use data visualization techniques to allow users to access and understand the fundamentals of the services provided and their contingencies.316 Other stakeholders, including governments and non-profit organizations, should offer easily navigable spaces (online or face-to-face) to increase understanding of consumer and business rights. Younger entrepreneurs and consumers could also benefit from financial literacy and awareness programmes on the fast-paced digital age. This is particularly the case in low income countries and remote rural areas.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|face fundamentals instructions spaces fast|4.6858354|3.1619534|1.9759883
5154|Countries with the lowest share of women under a partner’s coercive control were Sweden, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark and the Czech Republic, all of which had rates below 5%. The highest prevalence of coercive control - between 10% and 16% of women - was in Eastern Europe (ibid.). Such findings present a puzzle for causal inference: are women in northern European countries more likely to experience (non-coercive control) violence, or are they simply more likely to report it?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|control women likely causal ibid|10.120358|5.5030956|7.5175996
5155|Unemployment rates in 2011 were especially high for those with less than upper secondary education (21.6%, compared to the OECD average of 12.6%), while they were lower for individuals with upper secondary education (5.7%, compared to the OECD average of 7.3%), and those with tertiary education (2.6%, compared to the OECD average of 4.8%). Teachers working as part-time education counsellors offer students information on educational pathways as well as study and behavioural counselling. A broader approach to career guidance linked to the curriculum can better meet student needs and help develop self-management skills. Disadvantaged students, such as Roma students, have difficulty attaining this level and could benefit from targeted initiatives.|SDG 4 - Quality education|compared education students average upper|9.040856|2.5233018|2.8400302
5156|In Egypt unemployment among university graduates was 34.2% in 2006. In South Africa it was 34.9% in 2007 (Table 6.2.). These high rates point at serious mismatch and school-to-work transition problems that will be discussed in more detail in the section on education later in this report. As was seen in the preceding section, young people with a university education not only have the highest unemployment rates, they also have the highest rates of wage employment. In addition, analysis of earnings provides evidence that those with higher level qualifications earn more when they are in employment (see annex 6.2.).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|rates university unemployment highest section|8.134189|3.867839|4.204925
5157|A range of private services are available to fee-paying patients or patients with private medical insurance. Coordination between GPs and Community Care Teams, for example, is actively encouraged, and when this coordination is working as designed this approach can be highly effective. The integration of “social” care services, for example supported housing or employment services, with “medical” mental health services, is one of the priorities, and one of the particular strengths, of the strategy set out in No Health Without Mental Health, Closing the Gap and Achieving Better Access to Mental Health Services by 2020.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|services mental health coordination patients|10.186026|8.862477|1.6384671
5158|Recommendations to reduce fishing activity were intended to restore reproductive biomass, particularly that of the white anglerfish. The main species fished were black scabbard fish and deep-water sharks. In the case of the black scabbardfish, a species targeted in the continental longline fisheries, the ICES found the abundance indicators for the period 1996-2009 to be relatively stable. Procedures for granting licences have also been adjusted, as appropriate.|SDG 14 - Life below water|black species fished ices abundance|-0.07410517|5.7900915|6.399931
5159|About 10 ha are required for cooling towers, if the unit uses indirect or dry cooling. The same 10 ha surface is required if storage buildings for spent fuel and waste are foreseen on the layout. Finally, an area of about 10 ha is required in the vicinity of the power plant for an outdoor substation. Thus, a nuclear installation of one or two units requires a minimal area of 50-80 ha, depending on cooling method and needs for interim waste storage.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ha cooling required storage waste|1.1890506|1.5358986|1.9698856
5160|In the case of the PPCR and FIP, countries' policy frameworks were identified as challenging for mobilizing private investment (Trabacchi, Brown, Boyd, Wang, & Falzon, 2016). Some of these barriers include unstable regulatory and tax policies for low carbon and climate-resilient cities; and gaps in regulatory frameworks for agriculture and forestry (Trabacchi, Brown, Boyd, Wang & Falzon, 2016). Concessional loans are useful where climate-friendly technologies are too expensive and non-concessional loans where access to finance is a challenge.|SDG 13 - Climate action|wang brown concessional loans frameworks|2.0850348|3.8598676|1.4538453
5161|Moreover, agricultural diversification also gives farmers a better chance to cope with the effects of climate change. Further still, dietary diversification is a cost-effective, affordable and sustainable means of strengthening local food systems and reducing hunger and malnutrition. Recognizing the complex range of factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition, recent reviews highlight the need to focus on multi-sectoral approaches to ensure that agricultural production utilizes the potential of crops with better nutritional qualities for improved and diversified diets.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|malnutrition hunger diversification agricultural better|3.858108|5.4714108|4.2230864
5162|There is a much stronger emphasis on public transport than before, including reduced funding for motorways, new metro extension and tunnels, and substantial increases in all toll charges. Toll charges will also be differentiated and spread more widely across the region, with higher costs for diesel vehicles and during rush hour. Several priorities have been identified; a new bridge over the River Gota Alv, which divides the city; a new tunnel under the same river; increasing the capacity in West Sweden to relieve the demand on Gothenburg Central Station; new investments in roads, a more sustainable public transport system, cycling lanes, etc.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|toll new charges river tunnel|4.3486915|4.7432466|0.79024076
5163|Gender issues in rural societies, e.g. the construction of rural femininities and masculinities may be relevant for migration since traditional gender roles and expectations are more prevalent in rural societies (Rahut og Littke 2014: 5). However, in contrast to this, Sten-backa (2011) writes that the idea of the rural macho-culture, which is also underlined in the Swedish TV programmes she has studied, can be seen as an attempt to place the blame for the problems in the peripheral areas on the men, who choose to stay there (elaborated later) (see also Forsbergand Stenbacka 2013). The economic factor in this context means, mainly, the support or the welfare services that they are entitled to in Denmark compared to the welfare services they can get in the Faroe Islands [Knudsen 2010: 24, own translation). From a gender perspective, however, it is interesting that Alands Statistik och Utred-ningsbura [ASUB) since 2012 has compiled an annual report concerning essential gender differences in the society of the Aland Islands.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rural gender islands societies welfare|9.029478|4.7519593|6.775064
5164|The unbalanced growth model is based around exploiting scale economies and complementarities in favoured sectors that can induce more investment and productivity growth. Those sectors, in Hirschman’s framework, have more backward and forward linkages; the former referring to provision of inputs from other activities and sectors, the latter to demand for new activities. The development policy challenge is, accordingly, about identifying lead sectors, addressing missing linkages and strengthening inter-industry and intersectoral interdependencies to boost productivity growth. In this sequence, infrastructure would follow rather than lead the growth process. It is laigely around this sequencing issue that differences between balanced and unbalanced growth strategies emerged in early development policy debates (see box 4.2). Despite these differences, there was general agreement that in most developing countries, investment in general, and in infrastructure, in particular, involves a series of non-marginal adjustments that are poorly coordinated by markets and for which planning techniques of various kinds are desirable.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|growth sectors unbalanced linkages lead|3.9240901|3.9568381|2.1012962
5165|In addition to the magnitude and duration of low income status, attention should be paid to the extent to which poverty is recurrent (Fourage and Layte, 2005). The higher income mobility or volatility and the shorter the duration of poverty, the higher the proportion of people experiencing poverty at least once during the reported period, thus the higher the reported poverty rate will be. In the Republic of Moldova during 1997-2002, a decomposition of poverty into chronic and transient components revealed that poverty was mainly chronic, accounting for as much of 90% of the people classified as poor (Beegle, 2004). That is, despite transitions among households in terms of rank, a very large fraction of the poor in any year are likely to remain poor in the next period.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty duration poor chronic higher|6.646402|5.9777117|5.116
5166|See PUEC-UNAM (2013). This means that, on average, residents in this neighbourhood have transport expenses of MXN 1 500 per month, which represents 80% of the average monthly payments for houses acquired in the neighbourhood. Based on various sources (inhabitants, commercial agents, transport service providers and field visits), it is estimated that 30-40% of houses in Paseos de San Juan are vacant (Negrete, and Paquette Vassalli, 2011).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|neighbourhood houses transport vacant mxn|4.653399|5.6884856|1.9578322
5167|In a second decarbonisation scenario (with additional strict energy efficiency measures and a 30% energy consumption coming from renewables), the carbon price only doubles and 1.2 million jobs are saved compared to the BAU. It must be noted that the results are sensitive to the way the carbon revenues are returned to the consumers, either as direct payments or by using the revenues to offset income taxes. Offsetting labour taxes leads to better results in terms of saved jobs for Scenario 1 compared to Scenario 2.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|scenario saved revenues taxes carbon|1.3844895|2.8467603|1.9749848
5168|Students follow a general curriculum during their first two years of secondary education (grades 9-10), and then get sorted during the last two years of secondary education (grades 11-12) into a general track (Humanistic-Scientific Mid-level Education, EMHC), or a vocational track (Technical-Professional Mid-level Education, EMTP~). In practice, however, tracking happens from grade 8, when students enrol in secondary school. Students that are tracked in 8th grade are more likely to remain in this track during all secondary education. The upper secondary VET curriculum consists of 12 hours of general education per week, compared to 27 hours in the general track. The upper secondary VET curriculum also includes 26 hours of vocational education (MINEDUC, 2016). Students obtain the secondary school-leaving certificate (licencia de ensehanza media) after completing the four grades of upper secondary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary education track grades curriculum|8.64613|2.5732596|2.8202353
5169|The aquatic ecosystem is subject to disturbance by natural factors and human impact. Recently, human impact has strongly affected the aquatic ecosystem; for example, global warming, overfishing, habitat loss, creation of artificial river channels, dam construction and the negative effects of aquaculture and hatchery programmes (Kaeriyama and Edpalina, 2004).|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquatic ecosystem disturbance human overfishing|0.7777982|6.604458|3.0508006
5170|Decisions should not be based on initial costs, but on a long-term perspective based on the assessment of all the costs and benefits of urbanisation. A balance between urban and mral development could help make better investment decisions that prepare for natural and man-made disasters. View the economic and social realities of the country through the lens of the right geographic scale, to identify appropriate policy packages.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|decisions mral costs lens realities|3.932778|5.170299|1.7788197
5171|The policy suggestions that follow are drawn from the experiences reported in the Country Background Reports, the analyses of external review teams in Country Reviews and the available research literature. It should be stressed that there is no single model or global best practice of school leader appraisal. The development of practices always needs to take into account country-specific traditions and features of the respective education systems (also see Chapter 3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|country suggestions traditions stressed teams|9.954636|1.1781334|1.5409849
5172|The latter include an Interstate Council, Inter-Parliamentary Assembly and the Community Court of Justice. Interstate Council unites national heads of state and the heads of government. Its role is to define the overall strategy and set directions for the Community policies, including policies related to the agro-food sector, food safety, transportation, energy, labour, and international activities of the EurAsEC. Inter-Parliamentary Assembly consists of delegates appointed by each member country according to the size of the country.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|interstate parliamentary heads assembly inter|1.3428705|6.732944|1.4765072
5173|"This section turns to literature and experts' discussions to explore these questions. The problem of the term's conceptual ambiguity in European policy making was identified during research for the COST Action ""Accessibility instruments for planning practice in Europe"" (Silva and Larsson, 2018). Silva and Larsson explain that ""accessibility"" is often used without definition or given a connotation that is quite different from the term's meaning in a transport context: the ease of reaching destinations or activities distributed in space."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|silva accessibility turns term destinations|4.267664|5.218994|0.57523274
5174|Empowerment processes change existing power relations and are characterised by contestation and competition for influence and control over opportunities, resources and assets that have real and significant value to those involved. There is always the potential for conflict. Although there may be risks for donors, those most at risk will be the least powerful; the poor and marginalised people that donor interventions are seeking to benefit.|SDG 1 - No poverty|marginalised powerful characterised donor seeking|5.463448|4.584433|2.6957715
5175|In Japan, they are seen as competitors to the coastal fishers and no longer benefit from the open access they used to enjoy (FAO, 2003a). Recreational fishers in the European Union are not represented on the Advisory Committee for Fisheries and Aquaculture, the main stakeholder advisory body to the EU Commission in fisheries matters.10 Recreational fishers are becoming increasingly important both because of the volume of their catches and because of the value of the contribution of the recreational fishing industry to GNP. In the United States, the contribution of marine recreational fisheries to GNP is of the same order of magnitude as commercial fisheries (FAO, 2003b).|SDG 14 - Life below water|recreational fishers fisheries advisory fao|-0.09319046|5.645992|6.646116
5176|It begins with an assessment of the main challenges of the current system of inter-governmental relations and offers possible alternatives to improve co-ordination across levels of government and among national policy actors. It also explores local government finance and the way the current arrangements for managing local public finance act in detriment of urban development. It formulates some recommendations to ensure that local governments have access to resources to pay for urbanisation. The chapter proposes some recommendations for strengthening civil service reform with a particular focus on subnational levels of government.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|recommendations local government finance current|3.9280632|5.37071|1.8195733
5177|Fortunately, the Public Health Strategy for 2014-20 (focussing on perinatal and neonatal health, mental health, cardiovascular, and oncological diseases as earlier mentioned), allocates considerable financial resources for health promotion and prevention activities, from both EU funds and state budget. While Latvia has already reduced acute hospital beds and closed a number of hospitals and emergency departments, more changes will be needed in order to secure high-quality care that represents good value for money. Difficult decisions and compromises will need to be made, continuing to balance the priority of assuring appropriate access to services for all Latvians, and the need to close hospitals with lower activity rates to promote quality and efficiency gains. A starting point w'ould be a comprehensive mapping of services (hospital, outpatient, community and primary), including service volumes, to assess where there is slack in the system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health hospitals hospital slack allocates|9.065821|8.999236|2.0971193
5178|Moreover, some of the indicators in Thailand’s INDC seem to have linkages with their national disaster risk management plans (e.g. strengthen disaster risk reduction measures and reduce vulnerability to climate risks. Since the NAP processes may include a monitoring and reporting component, its content could inform countries’ effort to communicate adaptation-related information. More adaptation components refer to existing adaptation plans at the national level. In Belarus’s INDC, the adaptation component is linked with the country’s Strategy for Forestry to Climate Change to 2050, and the Strategy for the Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change. Adaptation actions listed in some INDCs build on projects communicated through National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation indc disaster component climate|1.2893883|4.8679996|1.6026435
5179|We emphasised that such examples needed to have operated through time so giving evidence of implementation, rather than initiatives that were still at the planning and promise stage. They might cover a variety of different approaches, often in combination: direct promotion of innovation, the provision of incentives, network creation, knowledge management, leadership strategies and other professional development capacity building, creating new forms of expertise and change management, and more general drives to create climates favourable for innovative learning. They could target change in one or more of the different components of learning environments: particular learner groups; the learning professionals; content; materials, facilities, and technologies; and the different ways in which these are organised and assessed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning different climates learner promise|8.627078|1.7580895|1.9448272
5180|Can the child poverty rate really be said to be rising, for example, at a time when the incomes of the poor are also rising? And can there really be more children in poverty in the United Kingdom or the United States than in Hungary or Lithuania (as shown in Figure lb)? Does the child have three meals a day? A few books in the home?|SDG 1 - No poverty|really rising child lb united|7.2966166|6.285275|5.2035446
5181|Public policy helps, especially by means of the rapid development of policies to reconcile work and family responsibilities (e.g. childcare) which facilitate parental employment and maternal employment in particular. However, Korean workers frequently experience low quality and/or unstable employment conditions with limited coverage and/or only limited income support provided by the employment insurance and social assistance system. Societal changes have also contributed to rapidly evolving changes in the profile of poor families.|SDG 1 - No poverty|employment limited changes reconcile unstable|7.734184|5.733122|4.704423
5182|To this end - with many rural communities in CSN lacking access to modem energy, and demonstrating reliance on expensive, carbon-intensive fuel or traditional biomass for cooking - renewable energy provided through appropriate national and regional policy frameworks can enhance energy access, reduce dependency on imports, mitigate climate change, improve health conditions (especially for women and children) and mitigate inequality - a clear pathway towards the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Indeed, policymakers need to build resilient infrastructure to ensure that various sectors and related policies receive enough attention, rather than focusing only on the aspects of infrastructure development and its maintenance (United Nations, 2016; ESCAP, 2014). Enhancement of regional infrastructure systems must focus on affordability, efficiency and environmental sustainability, while policies that promote these increases must focus on inclusive growth and sustainable development. In this way, overall development of infrastructure can play a catalytic role in stimulating economic growth, promoting social inclusion and accelerating the achievement of the SDGs in the region, especially in the CSN.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure mitigate energy catalytic focus|3.7355683|4.0623326|1.9630672
5183|The evidence regarding declining returns on job creation is not that clear, however. On the one hand, as it has been demonstrated in diffusion theory, early technology adopters are generally those who can elicit the higher returns of a given innovation. On the other hand, while job creation in traditional industries tends to diminish, the emergence of “new economy” jobs compensates for the former effect. Clearly, the job mix will change over time but the positive net impact will remain.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|job returns creation hand adopters|5.2378488|3.2755737|2.6079693
5184|Electricity access is commonly acknowledged as a basic need for human development (Scott and Seth, 2013), and has been described as a moral imperative, socially prudent and an economic necessity (GEA, 2016: 19). Aside from the public-good dimension of safe and reliable electricity supply, consumer protection and guaranteed access are important political-economy considerations (Bamber et al., Such energy-security concerns generally serve to reinforce State control and regulation of the electricity sector (Kuik et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity scott prudent al et|1.1901349|1.9790545|1.9976989
5185|In the 2014-20 programming period, the regions with the largest per capita funding allocations are Zachodniopomorskie, Swtytokrzyskie, Lubelskie and Podlaskie respectively. Among all ROPs, social inclusion is the largest priority in terms of funds allocated, followed by the transition to a low-carbon economy and network infrastructure in transport and energy, while climate change, technical assistance, and information and communications technologies receive the smallest funding envelopes (Figure 2.6). These programmes are therefore a major impetus for endogenous development and in large measure rely on the engagement of public and private actors to mobilise activities and investments.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|largest funding impetus endogenous smallest|3.2029827|4.088698|1.6632695
5186|"In contrast, the imposition of collective management schemes has led to mixed results. The use of local management districts in parts of the High Plains region of the United States has allowed spatial variations in implemented groundwater use rules to be established that are decided by farmer members of district Boards of Directors and tailored to local needs (e.g. Nebraska DNR and URNRD, 2010; Nebraska DNR and MRNRD, 2010). In Spain, the 1985 Water Act, imposed the creation of water user group to manage the ""overexploitation"" of aquifers, but in many cases the result has not been successful (Iziquierdo et al.,"|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|nebraska imposition overexploitation plains directors|0.87563705|7.483094|2.2558787
5187|Diabetes mortality rates are the highest in the EU. Additionally, the number of deaths due to Alzheimer’s and other dementias has almost tripled since 2000, reflecting population ageing, better diagnosis, lack of effective treatments as well as more precise coding. Lung cancer continues to be the main cause of cancer death, with the number of people dying from this disease nearly doubling between 2004 and 2014. Nonetheless, rates are still low compared with other EU countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer eu alzheimer dying coding|9.287899|9.15444|3.0699992
5188|If the cycle of decline, in which it is currently caught, is allowed to continue, the deleterious impacts on the life-forms dwelling in, above and next to the Ocean may well become irreversible. If we are to ensure a bountiful planet for ourselves and for future generations, the time for action is upon us. Having been born and raised in Fiji, from my earliest childhood I observed the Ocean’s status as the ultimate life-giver.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean earliest life irreversible dwelling|0.0739183|5.8100243|6.0015163
5189|These examples illustrate how participation and inclusion of children in developing transition activities and education can be further advanced to really place children’s needs at the centre of the debate. Despite important efforts by jurisdictions in providing information to parents through special publications, brochures and parental meetings, further work is needed. The belief that transitions are straightforward and organic hinders parental involvement in transition activities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|parental transition belief hinders activities|9.3245945|2.466061|1.9810351
5190|The portfolio is prepared for a given educational level and area of teaching expertise (as defined by the Curriculum and Assessment Unit within the Ministry of Education). Teachers are provided with a Portfolio Manual which, among other things, specifies the descriptors of the Good Teaching Framework which are associated with each of the components of the portfolio. The class is filmed by a cameraman accredited by the Docentemas team.|SDG 4 - Quality education|portfolio teaching specifies accredited manual|9.59386|1.3030454|1.6486028
5191|Green power is largely displacing existing generation modes of conventional energy. The faster the displacement takes place, the greater the industry’s annual installations and economic impact in terms of jobs and output, but the shorter the window of displacement becomes. After the displacement takes place, there is only replacement, so the industry shrinks unless it can export.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|displacement takes industry place displacing|1.9250615|3.3177116|2.3032968
5192|Second, the grant of asylum to the victims of such atrocities is increasingly not available, leading to greater numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) (Loescher, 2008: 50; Orchard, 2010: 41). Third, the decline of asylum has gone hand in hand with a shift from the protection offered by states (via the grant of asylum) to the less effective in-country aid and assistance offered by humanitarian organizations (Orchard, 2010: 41). It is worthwhile considering each of these challenges in more detail. As a matter of international law, forced displacement/forcible transfer/deportation can itself amount to: a breach of international humanitarian law (Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949: Art 49); a crime against humanity (Rome Statute Art.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|asylum art humanitarian grant offered|8.468146|4.1602407|4.3307824
5193|Because they are largely invisible, these forms of child labour are the most difficult to tackle. Domestic workers, most of them girls, are isolated and subject to the whims and arbitrary discipline of their employers, from whom they may suffer abuse. Sexual abuse is frequent but seldom prosecuted. Violence or abuse at home or in the neighbourhood drives many away, as studies have shown in cities as diverse as Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Moscow, Russian Federation.67 Poverty also plays a part.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|abuse moscow invisible dhaka seldom|9.742024|5.452353|7.0476108
5194|Many of the experiences come from clean-tech clusters that started from small origins in other industries and developed through branching processes favoured by procurement, centres of excellence, start-up funding, collaborative innovation projects, and eco-city development. These are all elements of the policy approach that should be applied to growing clean-tech in the Negev.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tech clean negev origins favoured|3.9123065|4.592381|2.319026
5195|The death of the employee is one of the causes that terminates the employment contract without liability for the worker and without extinguishing his/her rights or those of his/her successors to claim and obtain payment of any benefits or indemnities that may accrue to them under the Code or pursuant to special provisions. The fact that the worker takes retirement benefits is one of the causes that terminates the employment contract without liability for the worker and without extinguishing his/her rights or those of his/her successors to claim and obtain payment of any benefits or indemnities that may accrue to them under the Code or pursuant to special provisions. The National Steering Committee to Combat Child Labour, attached to the Secretary of State for Labour, is hereby created.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|worker pursuant accrue liability claim|8.10968|4.7123547|4.301068
5196|The economic and social implications of the resulting ‘trust deficit’ make it an essential component for sustainable and inclusive growth. A lack of public trust can in turn affect public policies, potentially leading to short-termism and expedience rather than supporting strategic decision-making and reforms. As such tourism was not able to avoid the impacts of the global financial crisis, which apart from depressing overall tourism demand, has shifted tourism flows, with less long haul travel from major European source markets, and led to more holidays being taken closer to home.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism trust holidays shifted apart|6.3934045|3.8816326|2.9334836
5197|In Senegal, MLouma is a virtual agricultural platform that allows farmers and investors to get real-time information on the price, location and availability of farm products, via a website, or their mobile phone®. Innovative applications have helped to provide citizens with critical health information, remind people to take their medication, or provide access to health-related services. In Malawi, Airtel 321 provides information on maternal and child nutrition information, in the local language and via the mobile phone. In Tanzania, The Registration Insolvency and Trusteeship Agency (RITA) and mobile operator Tigo, together with UNICEF and local governments, have developed an SMS-based application that makes the birth registration process more efficient, cost-effective and accessible for parents. Since its launch in 2013, the app has registered nearly 1.5 million children and has now been scaled across seven regions.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mobile phone information registration sms|4.8721666|2.944824|1.5389308
5198|In Tanzania, for example, there is evidence that higher female adult illiteracy rates correlate with the tendency of parents to devalue educating their daughters, thus perpetuating the cycle of illiteracy and lack of schooling for girls (UNESCO, 2012). As the World Bank points out in its 2012 World Development Report on gender equality, families in many societies still send their sons to school before their daughters, in part as a rational response to markets and institutions that value men over women (World Bank, 2011). These same norms can get in the way of girls being able to establish relationships with peers and older mentors, role models who are critical to them being able to navigate their teen and young adult years (Austrian, 2012). For boys, having to conform to norms of being “real men” can lead to behaviours that are detrimental to themselves and girls.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|illiteracy daughters girls adult world|9.668586|5.0813594|6.324055
5199|The transition rate will thus be increased, as more students will be allowed or able to access secondary schooling, and move on to the tertiary level. By having more students graduating at the tertiary level, greater numbers of young people will become members of society able to contribute to sustainable development in Mauritius. First, teachers teach the essential learning competencies (ELC) for Standards III, IV and V, to ensure that pupils are ready to address the ELC component of the CPE. Next, to boost their self-esteem, a model question paper focussing on the ELC component is completed by pupils.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pupils component tertiary able focussing|8.96303|2.0853832|2.2037485
5200|This study thus begins with a presentation of the system effects of nuclear power in Chapter 2. This holds in particular for low-carbon technologies that influence public policy-making in one form or another such as renewables, nuclear energy, carbon capture and storage (CCS) or efficiency improvements.2 The focus in this study will thus be on renewables and nuclear energy. Renewables are affected by policy primarily through the creation of stable FITs above average market prices, whereas nuclear energy implicates governments through the need for sectoral regulation, waste storage and disposal as well as proliferation safeguards.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear renewables storage energy carbon|1.0747015|1.8304613|1.7793368
5201|Attempts at planning across governments and facilities are limited, making it difficult to design robust patient pathways from primary care to hospital, and back into the community. As the evidence suggests that the number of people suffering from one or more chronic diseases will increase, it will be critical for primary health care services to adapt to models of health care delivery that require co-ordination across several health professionals. Alongside this, efforts to improve the ability of patients to be more proactive about managing their health and avoiding serious health conditions could be implemented.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care primary proactive suffering|9.194332|8.914422|1.7028973
5202|In addition, 22 reporting countries support the provision of social rental housing, either through the direct provision of housing or through subsidies to providers. Around one third of the reporting countries also use construction subsidies to promote the production of rental housing. Rent controls are used in over half of the reporting countries, but other forms of support for private rental housing, such as provision of guarantees and rent tax relief for tenants, are currently used by just over one fifth of the reporting countries.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rental reporting housing provision rent|4.996626|5.7625184|2.2042897
5203|While general, the framework should be adapted to locally specific constraints. The following paragraphs provide supporting evidence for the main management elements. In their review of groundwater irrigation policies, Garduno and Foster (2010) call for the design and use of pragmatic four tier approaches combining i) administrative measures (regulations and charges), ii) community involvement and self-regulation, iii) financing supply and demand interventions, and iv) macro-intervention to constrain groundwater demand (agriculture policies, energy subsidies).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater pragmatic paragraphs demand constrain|0.8973785|7.431249|2.336368
5204|Although most of the headline indicators of How’s Life? Therefore, this chapter uses a few additional metrics that capture gender-relevant differences in well-being. Some differences between the two sexes are inevitable - only women experience pregnancy and childbirth, for example - but many others stem from institutional, cultural and social influences.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|differences headline sexes childbirth inevitable|9.222776|4.815926|6.2400484
5205|A recent assessment of land degradation in Mongolia indicates that, in 2015, around 76.8 per cent of the total territory was degraded to some degree, with 24.1 per cent slightly degraded, 29.8 per cent moderately degraded, 16.8 per cent severely degraded and 6.1 per cent very severely degraded (table 12.2). The severely and extremely severely affected areas include dry and semi-desert lands of the Lake Uvs basin, the Great Lakes Depression and Dundgobi and Domogobi Aimags (annex IV, map 7). This change has happened due to increased livestock numbers and the changes in the composition of livestock herds. The consequences of a changing livestock herding pattern and the overexploitation of land and plant resources, coupled with the effects of climate change, have led to a decline of animal and plant habitat areas and loss of resources, which has become the main contributing factor to the increase of species to be categorized as endangered.|SDG 15 - Life on land|degraded severely cent livestock plant|1.4058789|5.3927255|4.0859346
5206|No price rise for those consuming less than lOOkWh per month. A number of direct payments (subsidies) have been made to address this. In September 2000 indexing was suspended as it became politically difficult to sustain due to high international prices (Verme, El-Massnaoui, & Araar, 2014). The justification for subsidies was to ensure price stability, consumer purchasing power, and the promotion of selected industrial sectors.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidies price justification suspended consuming|4.1153545|4.8901486|4.1089168
5207|In Mexico, it is the second largest private generator with 1,900 MW capacity in combined-cycle plants; in the Dominican Republic it has 198 MW; in Costa Rica 51 MW; and in Panama 33 MW. In the distribution segment, it has 2 million customers in Colombia, 800,000 in Nicaragua and 500,000 in Panama. Its most important project in the region is currently the construction of a wind farm in Mexico, with 230 MW capacity, and a 50 MW hydroelectric plant in Costa Rica.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mw panama rica costa mexico|1.6562675|1.784428|2.1287854
5208|Pedersen sees a number of European, Canadian and Australian pension funds active in the same space with good opportunities for cooperation. The fund is also working with EKF, Denmark’s export credit agency to provide long-term financing of export credits to allow foreign enterprises to obtain loans to place renewable energy orders with Danish companies. In 2009 PGGM committed capital to the BNP Paribas Clean Energy Fund on behalf of its clients.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|export fund sees orders behalf|2.3113375|3.3099415|1.5931181
5209|To ensure the quality of ECEC, staff should have a pre-service education level comparable to that of primary teachers, in order to be similarly prepared, and should also have an equivalent professional status (ILO, 2013). This is not always the case, however. In Ireland, for example, preschool teachers are required to have at least one year of post-secondary non-tertiary level training, while primary teachers receive separate training at university level. Studies suggest that this difference in status is reflected during the transition process into the first year of primary school: teachers of the first year of primary do not feel that preschool teachers are properly preparing children for the transition (INTO, 2008; O’Kane and Hayes, 2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers primary preschool year transition|9.305332|2.6010547|1.8905909
5210|This planning tradition became less prevalent after the 1970s, which resulted in considerably less dense outward development in the municipalities outside the central city. While provincial and city land use plans continued to stress compact development and public transit use, the realities in many parts of the Toronto region were urban sprawl and high car use, as a result of the application of many land use instruments, such as zoning by-laws and building codes, that did not support compact, higher-density development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|compact use city outward development|3.9783635|5.2331824|1.4361292
5211|Still, on average, about one in three girls 15 to 19 years old in those countries have been subjected to FGM, compared to nearly one in two in 2000. There, a girl's risk of marrying in childhood has decreased by over 40 per cent since 2000. Increasingly, the global burden of child marriage is shifting from Southern Asia to sub-Saharan Africa, where levels of child marriage have declined at a more modest rate.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage fgm child marrying subjected|9.587729|5.4891424|6.6492615
5212|This has led to a financial squeeze on power generators and forced them to offset losses incurred from power generation by expanding activity in profitable non-core businesses including component manufacturing. Electricity prices to end-users also often deviate from the nationally-determined benchmark, with provincial and local governments at times employing preferential pricing to support industrial objectives (Chen, 2011). Prices also vary geographically depending on the level of affluence, with lower prices offered in poorer regions. Electricity prices are hence used as both a redistributive tool as well as an instrument for industrial policy. However, as environmental protection sometimes lags in the poorer parts of the country, luring businesses to these areas through cheaper energy is likely to be particularly environmentally harmful.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|prices poorer businesses industrial electricity|1.9189185|2.1160998|2.1649423
5213|France suffers from a high rate of premature male deaths from accidents and unhealthy habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption, which are the most common causes of avoidable mortality. Regional disparities also remain substantial: the difference in life expectancy between those living in the areas with the highest and lowest unemployment rates has increased by half a year since the mid-2000s (Panel D). Estimated values for some countries. Differences in access to health- care services across regions and neighbourhoods, high out-of-pocket expenditures for some households, heterogeneous medical practices, notably among hospitals, and the low focus on prevention all play a role.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|unhealthy suffers avoidable heterogeneous premature|9.202859|9.226693|2.9907272
5214|"As a starting point key elements from the Paris Agreement are highlighted which are relevant for climate finance as well as the finance sector more broadly. This is followed by an overview of finance needs as articulated in the (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)3 submitted by countries as part of the Paris process. The (l)NDC analysis is complemented by a summary of findings on four cases studies to better understand country and sector specific finance and support needs. The earlier commitment by developed countries on the joint mobilization of USD 100 billion per annum by 2020 for mitigation and adaptation was extended through to 2025, but specific numbers are not included in the legally binding part of the Agreement, with a decision on the level of finance postponed, but with a requirement that it ""should represent a progression beyond previous efforts"" Accordingly, before 2025, a new collective goal is to be defined with the USD 100 billion constituting the minimum."|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance paris agreement usd billion|1.5674616|3.769682|1.0245771
5215|Chile also saw poverty decrease, in this case between 2015 and 2017. The official estimates available for these countries corroborate the trends described, although the estimates are larger in Argentina and El Salvador, smaller in Costa Rica and similar in the other countries (see table II.2, figure II.3 and annex table II.A1.2). This is the case of Ecuador, Panama, Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. Among the countries with data available to 2017, only Brazil showed a slight rise in poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ii estimates table case available|6.476953|5.675621|5.212104
5216|Establish clear institutional roles and responsibilities for promoting gender balance in the public sector, including independent recourse and appeal mechanisms, which should be adequately funded, resourced, and linked to executive teams to ensure their effectiveness. Raise awareness of gender equality considerations among public sector managers and enhance management and executive accountability to ensure gender balance at all levels and occupational groups, and deal with gender equality issues in workplaces, including through performance management frameworks. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender executive balance equality ensure|9.952712|4.158203|7.1895866
5217|Hence policies oriented to improve gender equality in old age need to be carefully designed considering country-specific features, including labour markets, demographic patterns,institutional configuration and fiscal space, as well as family structures and women's life-course patterns. A key gender-relevant policy choice regards the link between contributions and benefits (in other words, how tightly work histories should be coupled with pension entitlements) and the policy tools available to offset gender differences in paid work, earnings and unpaid work (such as contribution credits). All these policy choices naturally involve setting goals and priorities over the distribution of rights and resources.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender patterns work policy configuration|8.58137|5.3490705|5.4891677
5218|The label is assigned to products that have lower environmental impacts than similar products over their whole life cycle, from material extraction to disposal. Manufacturers who are awarded the Eco-Mark pay an annual fee that is proportional to product sales. The market share of Eco-Mark products has increased.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|mark products eco label awarded|1.6325365|3.7178054|2.612999
5219|These figures most likely underestimate the contribution of off-farm earnings because they capture only the income coming from activities integrated from the accounting standpoint either fully or partly within the farm business. However, studies on rural diversification indicate that the majority of alternative enterprises of agricultural households are financially and structurally independent of the farm business (OECD, 2009e). For example, around 20% of living expenses of those households involved in dairying and sheep and beef farming originate from off-farm income (MAF, 2009e).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farm maf business structurally standpoint|3.8266544|5.4062505|3.853223
5220|Global warming requires global solutions but the current two-tier architecture on mitigation actions has raised concern over the problem of emissions relocation. While total C02 emissions from OECD countries tended to stabilise after the turn of this century, those from Developing Asia continued to rise much faster than the world average (7.3% versus 2.6%) during the 2000-10 period. This is due largely to China's emission growth doubling from 4.1% in 1990-2000 to 8.6% in 2000-10 (Table 4.1).|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions relocation global doubling stabilise|1.3534772|3.2174892|2.215329
5221|Tangermann (2011), the World Bank (2012b) and OECD (2010) explain in detail the complexity of each of these design-related and practical decisions and provide some suggestions on how to tackle them. That is, the nature of buffer stocks is such that the government is limited in the amount it can sell or buy. If a country' is faced with a few consecutive years of low availability and high prices, then it will exhaust its buffer stock. Once the buffer stock is depleted, it loses its capability to lower prices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|buffer stock loses prices consecutive|3.8893673|4.8796043|3.9454553
5222|However, there is a trade-off between increasing the price through market interventions and doing this in a way that maintains the long-term credibility of the trading scheme. Indeed, the long-term credibility of the carbon price after the current phase ending in 2020 will be crucial for long-lived, low-carbon equipment such as nuclear power plants, CCS or off shore wind-farms. The floor price will start in 2013 at GBP 16 per tonne and will reach GBP 30 per tonne in 2020.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|credibility gbp tonne price long|1.3845335|2.4911907|1.828051
5223|Only 10% of single women (with or without children) in Finland said they were finding it difficult to make ends meet in 2010, but this share goes up to 69% for single women in Greece. Total income is defined as the sum, at the household level, of the following components: 1) wage, salary and self-employment income of household members; 2) capital and property income, private pensions, private occupational pensions, and all kinds of private transfers; and 3) social security transfers from public sources. Total income is expressed in terms of “equivalent” household member, by dividing it by the square root of household size.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|household income pensions private single|8.77457|5.042023|5.405056
5224|There is potential for conflict in achieving both at the same time. While investment incentives and other fiscal policies are designed to increase agricultural output, the focus of short-term policies is to influence market prices. The incompatible objectives of keeping prices low to benefit consumers while keeping them high to guarantee rural incomes gives rise to inconsistent price stabilisation policies that combine procurement and price interventions with quotas. When rice prices are low, the central government provides interest rate support to enterprise to buy rice from producers, putting upward pressure on prices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|prices keeping rice policies price|4.0445023|5.009096|4.0922174
5225|Analysis of various underground networks globally shows that quality improvements have higher demand elasticities than lower fares (UITP, 2014b). Introducing this mechanism will be an important asset for authorities to shift from negotiations based on ensuring fixed levels of profits and instead set remunerations based on cost structure. Public transport fare policies need to strike a balance between economic and social sustainability. Service provision should move away from granting generalised subsidies and instead set public transport prices at or near cost-recovery levels, while granting targeted subsidies to certain segments of the population.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|granting instead subsidies transport generalised|4.2880616|4.9710507|0.8221212
5226|On the other hand, while overall alcohol consumption is high, binge drinking1 rates in Austria (19%) are slightly below the EU average (20%) Among adolescents in 2013-14,20% of 15-year-old girls and 27% of 15-year-old boys reported having been drunk at least twice in their life - shares similar to the EU average. While this share is still lower than in most other EU countries, it has increased substantially since 1999, when only 9% of Austrian adults were obese. Austrian adults are among the most physically active in the EU, but physical inactivity among 15-year-olds is relatively high.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu austrian year adults old|9.257611|9.53667|3.3045502
5227|They are costly, complex, typically land intensive and for all of these reasons, involve risk. Given this, meaningful public engagement in decision making is an important part of the policy process. This entails raising public awareness of about the scope, cost, location and timeframes for a project early on in the process so as to gather information and opinions on various elements. At its most involved level, such engagement practices include citizens in some element of decision making. For example, including the opinions and ideas of citizens (or stakeholders) in a project can lead to more and better information with which to design or deliver a project.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|opinions project citizens engagement decision|3.6953957|5.3016677|1.8305725
5228|In other countries, especially Belgium, Canada, New Zealand and Portugal, the gender difference in individuals’ ability to cope with a shock appears to be smaller once gender differences in financial knowledge are also taken into account. This suggests that, at least in some countries, gender differences in financial knowledge are associated with differences in financial resilience, and that improving women’s financial knowledge could help them to set up more successful financial strategies to face negative shocks. Some governments continue to address the needs of girls and women as part of co-ordinated national strategies for financial education, as in Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Israel, Lebanon and Turkey.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|financial differences knowledge gender strategies|8.820441|3.7218077|6.1613045
5229|Rather, it focuses on the lived subjectivities of migrant women from Nepal, trying to unpack the multi-faceted experiences of their journeys. The transnational migrant has become the living embodiment of the contradictions of globalization, playing out her fears and hopes, aspirations and struggle for capabilities in the context of global structural inequality and gendered fluxes of labour. See Silvey 2013 for an overview.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migrant contradictions journeys fears globalization|8.84438|5.309365|7.0449295
5230|While numbers of teachers have increased in the last ten years, the percentage of qualified teachers has dropped significantly (Education International, 2007). This could be attributed to the rise in enrolments after the introduction of Free Primary Education in 2000. As a result, while access has increased between 1999 - 2008 with an old NER of 57 compared to 73 respectively (GMR, 2010), the issue of quality in education is a prevalent one.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education teachers enrolments increased prevalent|9.396059|1.8126847|2.547969
5231|After they have been lost, primary forests cannot be recovered except through major efforts to reintroduce native species followed by long-term protection of the candidate terrestrial landscapes. In the extreme case, Viet Nam lost more than 50 per cent of its primary forest area compared with the forest cover that had existed in that country in 2000. In terms of proportions of primary forest to total forest area, shares of primary forest in Asia and the Pacific are well below the global average. Developed countries tend to have smaller shares of primary forests compared with the developing and low income economies in the region. (|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest primary lost shares forests|1.5262266|4.5723557|4.1310945
5232|Subsequentlysection three reviews the objectives and instruments of alternative pension systems and the gender gaps that are currently found both in pension coverage and in the incidence of poverty in old age. Building on that, section four identifies the key sources of gender inequality in pension entitlements in a context of gendered labour markets and section five deals with gender gaps in defined contribution pension systems. Section six then briefly addresses the main reform directions afterthe global crisis and their likely impact on women’s pensions. Section seven is dedicated to non-contributory pensions, reviewing the development of these benefits around the world and the potential they have to address existing gaps in access to old age protection. Section eight discusses some of the most relevant components built into contributory pension systems to protect women in the family, including pension rights for widows, divorcees and caregivers. Finally, section nine summarizes the main findings and concludes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pension section gaps contributory pensions|8.356595|5.4621882|5.210727
5233|Improving teaching quality has been a policy priority in the Netherlands in recent years, as evidenced by the introduction of teacher competency requirements, the obligation for school boards to monitor teacher competencies and the Inspectorate’s increased focus on monitoring teaching quality in schools. Going further, the teaching profession in the Netherlands could benefit from a revised and refined set of teaching standards; strengthened school-based appraisal processes linked to professional learning opportunities, especially for beginning teachers; and an enhanced registration system that could be linked to teacher career development. Teacher appraisal refers to the evaluation of individual teachers to make a judgement about their performance. Teacher appraisal has typically two major purposes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher teaching appraisal netherlands linked|9.792536|1.2613188|1.5563749
5234|Significant progress has also been made with respect to inert waste. The targets of 30% reduction in specific disposable waste and bulky waste has been missed. Municipal waste management still suffers from a lack of coherent planning at the national level, which makes it difficult to exploit synergies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|waste missed suffers exploit synergies|0.5467263|4.052728|3.062627
5235|These countries have low current mean transfer amounts, and a low proportion of children receiving these benefits. Spain is the most extreme example, with a mean family transfer per child being $206.6, of which only 9% of children receive, and a mean housing transfer of $13.3 that 1.2% of children receive. In these countries, targeting poor children raises the take-up rate among poor children significantly, as well as the transfer amount, so some poor children leave the poverty line, while having a minimal effect on those children above the poverty line.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children transfer mean poor receive|7.4117246|5.933413|4.6937075
5236|Factors such as family size, whether or not a child lives with both parents, the educational climate at home, ethnicity, geographical area, socioeconomic status, and gender, age, birth-order and other characteristics, provide a full picture of the children's situation and of generally overlooked aspects of child poverty. The drop in total and extreme child poverty levels has also been associated with a lesser intensity of poverty (understood as the number of simultaneous deprivations or violations of basic rights), albeit to differing degrees from one country to another. Whereas an individual analysis of deprivations by dimension is useful for identifying which rights are most breached among children and adolescents in general, a look at those dimensions among the poor or extremely poor specifically helps identify priority areas for the action of social policy and its sectoral components.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivations child poverty rights poor|7.092689|6.471007|5.2019944
5237|For the sake of brevity, only the SIGI and measures of gender inequality in outcomes are presented. Column (1) only includes the SIGI and regional dummies. Columns (2)-(4) include the complete sets of control variables (including income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sigi variables outcomes sake liberties|9.22386|4.6483746|6.508645
5238|In addition, a number of specific regulatory measures can be implemented in order to improve the functioning of both designs. However, since electricity is a non-storable good with inelastic demand, energy-only markets can lead to large price swings at moments of high (or low) production of renewable energy. For instance, the European Energy Exchange Market (EEX) in 2009 saw spot prices that reached the ceiling of EUR 3 000 per MWh imposed by the operators as well as several instances of negative spot prices.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|spot energy moments inelastic prices|1.6744853|2.0177925|1.7270505
5239|In Asia and the Pacific, where there is rapid urbanization and significant shortfalls in almost every kind of infrastructure, investments in infrastructure may be turned into investments in environmental sustainability and an opportunity to build more sustainable economies. The rate at which these goods and services are produced, and how they use environmental resources and services (as raw materials in their production, as inputs to their operation, or as waste sinks) are critical sources of environmental pressure. These pressures are growing with the rise of the consumer classes and the growing power of Asia and Pacific as an engine of the world economy. The greening of business and sustainable consumption remain the core prerequisites for meeting both human welfare and environmental protection needs.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|environmental pacific asia growing investments|1.8493973|3.7058923|2.5524864
5240|Households headed by single females fare worse than married couple households, particularly at the lower end of the wealth distribution. However, no data on wealth are currently available for international comparison of gender inequalities. Data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) show that single women with children are at high risk of material deprivation, with significant differences across countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wealth single households fare couple|7.470596|5.7635007|5.4243045
5241|In this sense, it is an effective way of improving the efficacy and quality of the service that primary care practitioners are already providing. Furthermore, given this, introducing primary care-based CBT or talking-therapy equivalents is likely to be cost-saving relative to introducing stand-alone programmes, increasing reimbursements of non-primary care practitioner provided therapies (especially where alternative practitioners are private), or investing in capacity building for the delivery of psychological therapies. In particular, in countries with weak primary care systems and where there are high levels of stigma around mental illness, introducing CBT to primaiy care is not likely to be the most efficient use of resources.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|introducing care cbt primary therapies|10.349748|8.840081|1.6246829
5242|Overall, the Projected Costs series is one of the few sources of plant-level electricity generation cost information across a variety of technologies across a variety of countries. The LCOE indicates the discounted lifetime costs averaged over the electricity generated. The LCOE thus provides a handy and transparent tool for assessing and comparing different technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|lcoe variety electricity technologies discounted|1.4267275|1.7786268|1.8136226
5243|As analyses of climate change impacts suggest that there is no immediate need to undertake practical adaptation measures with regard to hydropower (BMLFUW, 2010), projects focus on understanding climate change impacts, except for a few practical measures aimed at introducing district cooling from biomass or waste-to-energy plans, which would also have a positive impact on climate change mitigation. The conclusions of the OECD (2007) still hold true: “many hazards which have strong linkages to climate change actually have relatively low/ medium economic significance”. The clearest impact of climate change on natural hazards involve glacial and permafrost areas, which may be of limited economic significance from a national perspective, although the implications for local communities may be quite significant. “ On the other hand, hazards which have considerably higher economic and social significance, such as floods and windstorms, have more complex and less certain linkages with climate change.” Despite the uncertainty of climate change impacts on flooding and winter storms, the related risk should be taken seriously, given the impact of such events and the growing vulnerability to them on the part of Alpine societies because of demographic, land use and other pressures.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change significance hazards impacts|1.4287816|4.923334|1.99617
5244|For example, Del Valle Suarez (2014) and OECD (2011, Chapter 2) show that the introduction of Seguro Popular in Mexico contributed positively to the country’s growth, by freeing women from their caring duties and bringing them into the labour force. Bolsa familia has lowered poverty and income inequality, without decreasing labour force participation (Soares et al., New results on the Child Support Grant in South Africa suggest that the programme has no adverse impacts on participation rates and formal employment, and may even contribute to reducing informality (Tondini, 2015).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|force participation seguro familia bolsa|7.3283024|6.014133|4.4222913
5245|Similar instruments are used, for example, also in France and the United States (Scanlon and Kochlan, 2011). The ability of this instrument to increase supply of affordable rental housing needs to be better understood and assessed against their cost. In addition to public support towards the sector, the protection of tenancy and the rules for rent setting are crucial for enabling the delivery of affordable housing through the private rental sector. Among the 20 reporting countries that provided information, 14 report applying rent controls - mostly regulating rent increases.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rent rental affordable housing regulating|4.982711|5.7359548|2.2021449
5246|Through their “Men in the Kitchen” programme, Hopem encourages men, particularly young men, to participate more actively in maintaining the household. The organisation uses a mobile kitchen to engage with communities, as well as initiating debates on gender equality issues. Hopem has also introduced a television show focusing on issues previously identified in focus groups by men as not having opportunities to support actively women and girls. “|SDG 5 - Gender equality|kitchen men actively issues television|9.464016|4.6902246|6.7538877
5247|"Secondary school instructional hours, which are also lower than the OECD average, are only about 5% lower for students aged 14 and are the same for students aged 15 (Figure 4.1). In addition, norms for students in Kazakhstan require two hours of individual and group counselling per week. In “tri-lingual"" schools, students may study their own language of instruction (Russian, for example), Kazakh language and a foreign language (English, for example)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|language students aged hours kazakh|9.449006|1.9885414|2.7646642
5248|The framework is intended to strengthen school principals’ and teachers’ leadership capacity. It can be used in various ways, e.g. for self-assessment, performance and development reviews, school leader selection, coaching and mentoring and leadership induction and planning. The Victorian leadership framework breaks new ground in being applicable to leadership throughout the school at all levels in the school, showing where a teacher or school leader is located on a leadership continuum and what they need to know and be able to do in order to improve.|SDG 4 - Quality education|leadership school leader victorian framework|9.900602|1.3657123|1.7526679
5249|Estimates of data growth are generally difficult to come by, but Cisco estimates that traffic over the Internet will grow by over 20% a year between 2015-20209, and that by 2021, global IP traffic will reach an annual run rate of 3.3 zettabytes. Cisco also projects that, by 2021,80% of all Internet traffic will be video, up from 67% in 2016. Viber (owned by Rakuten) currently offers calling, video and messaging services to over 800 million people11.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|traffic video internet estimates messaging|4.861286|2.8128235|1.4920737
5250|Brazil also directs substantial public funds into land reform to empower the poor to generate better incomes. This consists of providing to disadvantaged groups access to agricultural land, financial resources, and knowledge and skills necessary to undertake fanning and other economic activity . Agricultural growth has been increasingly subjected to sustainability criteria through government policy and industry initiatives.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agricultural land subjected empower consists|3.5315583|4.8441796|3.7579381
5251|In other OECD countries which have a social assistance benefit as well as wage-related unemployment insurance, social assistance caseloads range from about 1% to 7% of the working-age population, with a median of about 3%. Thus, the caseload is several times below the average for other OECD countries, even though most of them also provide more coverage of the unemployed and other working-age target groups by social insurance benefits. Some accounts suggest that implementation of this requirement was vigorous in the 1990s but has been relaxed since.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|insurance assistance social age working|7.599034|5.4850817|4.2336884
5252|The changes have hardly affected the incidence of poverty, since most of the affected households already had incomes below the poverty line. However, the reforms have made the poor poorer. The poverty gap, defined as the difference between the median income of those below the poverty line and the value of the poverty line itself, expressed relative to the poverty line, has increased by almost 6 percentage points (Table 2.4).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty line affected hardly poorer|6.3977356|5.9060936|5.0963182
5253|"The inclusion of something as basic as the sex of family farmers in agricultural censuses is vital to ensure the visibility of women's contribution to this work (see Story of Change, ""The simple scheme that's driving a quiet revolution for Brazil's family farmers""). There is no global database that brings together national statistics on migration flows to enable a better understanding of migrant family life. These data limitations, in all regions, should be addressed through sustained investment in national statistical systems and in methodological development at global, regional and national levels."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|family farmers national censuses global|8.710153|5.2357383|7.0245175
5254|As benefiting from such programmes tends to be easier in extractive and sustainable development reserves, some communities have requested this status for the area they live and work in. Overall, this mix of issues goes beyond the responsibilities of the MMA and other environmental authorities and calls for stronger intersectoral co-ordination. A biome is a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a geographic region.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biome occupying mma intersectoral flora|1.6974751|5.0445046|4.018949
5255|It has thus shown that equality can only be exercised when there is autonomy, i.e. when decisions, capabilities and personal development do not depend on others. Furthermore, feminism provides a critical view of the individualistic concept of autonomy, conceiving autonomy instead as relational (Mackenzie and Stoljar, 2000). First, equality of resources and equality of opportunities are not enough. To put it another way, a policy of equal opportunities needs to take account of the differences in starting conditions between men and women in terms of socialization, the history of male accumulation of power, the continuing sexual division of labour and discriminatory sociocultural patterns.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|autonomy equality socialization exercised sociocultural|9.62612|4.610973|7.0323625
5256|All ANPME executives are aware of and take into account the specificities of gender, whether in terms of targeting or in deployment of programmes. Whenever a programme is not adequately reaching women-owned businesses (Moussanada, Infitah, Imtiaz), corrective actions are taken to improve the target performance. Moreover, as part of the EntreElles in Regions programme, training was provided to trainers in order to refine their ability to support the needs of women entrepreneurs according to their personal and professional specificities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|specificities refine executives corrective trainers|9.020591|3.3551376|6.593538
5257|In 1980, Africa had a balanced agricultural trade when both exports and imports were at about USD 14 billion, but by 2007 its agricultural imports exceeded exports by about USD 20 billion (FAOSTAT). The increase in agricultural and food imports has been particularly striking for basic foodstuffs such as dairy products, edible oils and fats, meat and meat products, sugars, and especially cereals, implying that food imports have been playing an increasingly important role in ensuring food security. For Low-income Food-Deficit countries, persistently high and rising import bills can have serious macroeconomic and social impacts.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|imports food meat agricultural exports|4.277868|4.919822|4.1088257
5258|Men who have received higher education in Czech Republic, England, and Italy are more likely to engage in HED whereas they are less likely to do so in Australia, Chile, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, and the US. Regarding the SES gradient, Australia, Canada, and England show a significant social gradient (the well-off more at risk). Conversely, Chile, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, and the US show reverse social gradient but not always significant. Similarly, for women, the direction of the gradient of inequality is not clear-cut within all countries. Education-related disparities in HED emerge in few countries (Figure 11), with the higher-educated being more at risk, although five countries show the reverse relationship (Australia, Canada, Ireland, Japan, and New Zealand). Correspondingly, the pattern is mixed for SES-related inequalities in women (Figure 12).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gradient hed ses australia reverse|8.832214|4.191213|5.111647
5259|The goal is to group the water users of these 11 small central irrigation systems in a bigger water users association in order to have better understanding of the situation and then to streamline the rehabilitation of these systems. The second component is related to river basin management. The project will contribute to improving the monitoring network through the purchasing of equipment for real-time water quality monitoring, developing a GIS database and training Agency “Apele Moldovei” specialists.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|users water monitoring gis streamline|0.9546627|7.0561934|2.0981414
5260|France’s approach aims to primarily track progress on the implementation of its 230 adaptation measures, on the assumption that implementing its NAP would lead to a reduction in the country’s vulnerability to climate change (Government of France, 2015). Kenya and Philippines’ approaches focus primarily on evaluating the outcomes of their adaptation plans, with Philippines even defining immediate, intermediate and ultimate desired outcomes (Philippines, 2011; Kenya, 2012). The United Kingdom’s first statutory assessment of national progress on adaptation first monitors the degree of achievement of actions planned in its NAP (Figure 2).|SDG 13 - Climate action|philippines nap adaptation kenya primarily|1.1863911|4.772941|1.3920494
5261|The Yemeni government has implemented this gender auditing process in several government sectors at the national level and within four govemorates. Between 2006 and 2010, administrative leaders received training in gender analysis and mainstreaming in development planning, preparation, implementation and analysis of gender budgeting. Good quality gender-disaggregated data is required in all areas of public policy, along with a framework and structures for collecting data, linkages with a gender equality vision and strategy, and the capacity to undertake research and analysis within the government and outside (OECD, 2014).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender analysis government auditing budgeting|9.876079|4.1450143|7.4590087
5262|Close scrutiny shows that the acceleration of growth in these countries had its roots in a relatively egalitarian initial distribution of assets. See, for example, Morduch (1994; 1999) and World Bank (2001). On the basis of such an expanded definition of poverty, many people lying just above the poverty line will also be regarded as poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|lying scrutiny acceleration roots egalitarian|6.2455916|5.695921|4.762778
5263|These figures are usually attributed to such factors as the absence of schools within the vicinity of indigenous communities, the prohibitive costs of education according to the standards of indigenous peoples, the lack or inadequacy of specialized infrastructure and teaching staff, discrimination and exclusion of indigenous interests from curricula. There is a need for improved State and civil society engagement with indigenous peoples at local and national levels. National curricula and materials should be intercultural and include accurate information regarding indigenous peoples, their cultures, histories and experience.|SDG 4 - Quality education|indigenous peoples curricula inadequacy intercultural|10.122726|2.7593045|2.6448925
5264|In the Czech Republic, 20% of apprenticeship schools do not offer any kind of training with local employers, in 40% of schools less than half of the student population receive training with local employers and only in 40% of apprenticeship schools the majority of students carry out training with local business. Provision of training in technical VET is even lower, but this might be because in these programmes traineeship is provided to students older than 15 year-olds who are not covered by the PISA study. These results may be overestimated. The questionnaire was sent to 173 VET schools, and only 83 schools responded.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools training apprenticeship vet employers|8.45739|2.7659752|2.8711278
5265|The final report was publicly released in December 2009. In August 2011, the government released its response to the review as part of a broad package of reforms for Australia’s national environment law. In volume terms, Australian fisheries production increased slightly, by 476 tonnes to 237 540 tonnes. Over the past years, rock lobster and prawns remained the highest value wild catch production. The two species contributed 48% of the gross value of wild catch production in 2012-13.|SDG 14 - Life below water|wild released tonnes catch production|0.3815528|6.001466|6.738719
5266|A more professionally based recruitment of water professionals and mandates based on medium- and long-term consensual strategies may help stabilise the activity of state agencies. Ideally, state agencies and basin agencies should replicate as much as possible the high standards of the ANA. A new version of the national plan, emphasising its strategic nature, based on a vision for the next one or two decades and addressing explicitly the very distinct conditions of the various regions of the country, could be a very useful tool for building consensus on strategic water issues.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|agencies strategic based consensual professionally|0.90903485|7.1223803|1.7236769
5267|"Respondents from the survey underlined the riskiness and lack of trust in EE technologies as key barriers in explaining the large gap between economic potential and project realisation for energy efficiency. As one investor argued, ""the reasons why the energy efficiency market has not caught the imagination of the financial institutions are because they are still perceived as too risky."" An effective means of tempering this high risk perception is an increased diffusion of laymen information on EE project advantages."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee project efficiency underlined realisation|2.2550762|2.7220492|1.9661556
5268|Access to dialysis treatment or a kidney transplant can be more limited in remote communities, because there are no hospitals in proximity to these areas, or there may be difficulties in accessing transportation to travel to health services. However, in 2011, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with kidney disease were less likely to receive a functioning kidney transplant than their non-Indigenous counterparts (13% compared with 47%) (AIHW, 2014b). It is estimated there were 21 370 new cases of end-stage kidney disease in Australia between 2003 and 2007, about 21 new cases per 100 000 population. In all age groups up to 60 years, more than 90% of cases were treated, but the rate fell substantially among older age groups. Data provided for five jurisdictions suggest the age-standardised ratio of treatment rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians was 0.96, indicating that Indigenous Australians had slightly lower treatment rates (AIHW, 2011). Between 2007 and 2011, they were most likely to die from circulatory conditions (26% of all Indigenous deaths), followed by cancer (19%) and external causes such as suicides, falls, transport accidents and assaults (15%).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|kidney indigenous australians treatment cases|9.397511|8.787726|2.4394884
5269|The SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action Pathway (SAMOA Pathway) was adopted to address priority areas for SIDS'4. This provides a key avenue for multi-stakeholder engagement when considering marine litter reduction measures (Chapter 11). There are three groupings of SIDS: the Caribbean Community, the Pacific Islands Forum and AIMS (Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea).|SDG 14 - Life below water|sids pathway avenue groupings litter|0.05722545|5.7127905|5.839456
5270|On average across OECD countries, the odds ratio of girls expecting to work in a science-related career increases by about 10% per one-unit increase in the index of enquiry-based teaching. By contrast, boys appear to benefit when their science teachers provide them with greater support. Providing more feedback to students in science lessons appears as the second most promising teaching approach, followed by adaptive teaching and teacher-directed practices.|SDG 4 - Quality education|science teaching enquiry expecting odds|9.009423|1.1654571|2.387077
5271|For ease of interpretation, the indicators “sewerage system” and “water” were grouped into a single dimension under the heading “urban features” and the indicators “child labour” and “school attendance” were grouped into a dimension under the heading of “children”. Three other indicators (“unemployed adults”, “functional illiteracy” and “assets”) were grouped under the heading of “unskilled, low-income adults”. The factor analysis also turned up another grouping of indicators of low socioeconomic status which was not apparent in table 6 because of the small number of observations (“main material used in the construction of the external walls of the dwelling” and “fuel used for cooking”).|SDG 1 - No poverty|heading grouped indicators dimension adults|6.714055|6.3106675|5.1544523
5272|Following the introduction of reference pricing, if a patient chooses a product whose retail price exceeds the reference price, he/she needs to pay the share above the reference price. Due to shortages and long waiting times in some municipalities, primary care providers do not always function as gatekeepers and patients sometime seek specialist and emergency care directly, even if these visits may often be unnecessary. This is partly related to the fact that accountability is assigned separately to providers delivering primary care, specialist care and long-term care, and funding mechanisms with multiple sources do not embed adequate incentives to strengthen care coordination among providers. Finland invested substantially in eHealth.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care reference providers price specialist|8.767889|9.0798|1.7185203
5273|The packages are regularly reviewed through consultation with the industry sector ensuring that the courses remain both relevant and effective. In 2009, the National Standardization Projects for Child Care Teacher Qualification and Training were implemented, resulting in the provision of Standard Teacher Training Subject List and Field Practicum Guidelines, and the Standard In-service Training Curriculum. The implementation of these, which will be enforced by law, is expected to occur in 2013. Due to the changes in the living environments of children and in the ways of child rearing by parents, the expectations for the role and quality of nursery centres increased.|SDG 4 - Quality education|training standard teacher child nursery|9.384011|1.3527585|2.0808222
5274|Furthermore Jewish values define the dominant culture of most of the higher education institutions in the Galilee (Government of Israel, 2009). The development of the Nazareth Academic Institution (NAI) in the heart of the majority Arab city of Nazareth is an especially important development (see Box 2.1.). Given the large Arab population in the Galilee, these are critical issues that must be addressed in an examination of the role of colleges and universities in the future of this region.|SDG 4 - Quality education|nazareth galilee arab jewish examination|7.8231807|2.3936255|2.7864013
5275|This is the area where the conceptual linkages between social protection and food and nutrition security are the strongest. The main mechanisms by which social protection programmes improve household access to food are through instruments that focus on “protection” or “prevention” objectives through i) the direct transfer of food, ii) smoothing or raising household income and iii) improving subsistence farming production. Across the range of programmes that increase household income or transfer food, such as cash transfers in Latin America, public works programmes (PWPs) such as the Productive Safety Nets Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia, supplementary feeding, fortified school meals and take-home rations (Freeland & Cherrier, 2012), improvements in diet in terms of quality, quantity and diversity, including greater access to micronutrients, can often be seen.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food protection household programmes transfer|4.506093|5.4785447|4.3331633
5276|The proportions receiving psychotherapy were only half of this; 23% and 9%, respectively (Figure 3.9). The “Better Access to Psychiatrists, Psychologists and General Practitioners trough the Medicare Benefits Schedule” initiative, the “Access to Allied Psychological Services” initiative as well as other programmes like online supports (the mental health online portal and virtual clinic) are targeted on improved treatment and management of mental illness in the community, to a closer collaboration between GPs and mental health specialists, and to increased referrals from GP professionals providing psychological treatment. It may also to some extent reflect the relative costs of the two approaches, with medication generally being cheaper than (sustained) professional therapy visits.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental psychological online initiative treatment|10.287461|8.833214|1.6467434
5277|Finally, although declining in recent years, the cost of printers, materials and scans is still relatively high, especially for deployment in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Information, once added to a blockchain, is time-stamped and cannot be easily modified, making it easy to track attempted changes, and transactions are recorded, shared and verified on a peer-to-peer basis by anyone with the appropriate permissions. Blockchain is only one type of distributed ledger technology. However, the term “blockchain” is now commonly used to refer more generally to distributed ledger technology and to the phenomenon surrounding it.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain peer distributed technology msmes|4.050952|2.5554316|2.0717404
5278|While climate change increases the risk of too much, too little and too polluted water, urban growth represents a threat for the sustainable use of the resource, and economic crises push towards new business models to do more with less. Global w'ater demand rose by more than double the rate of population growth in the last century (OECD, 2005). An important component of water demand in cities is domestic consumption.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|demand polluted growth ater push|1.5316337|7.1090717|2.8217695
5279|Nevertheless, there is a high degree of uncertainty concerning the status of several species, with 83 Data Deficient (DD) species; additionally, the population status of 38 per cent of CR species, 36 per cent of EN species, 23 per cent of VU species, 30 per cent of NT species and 26 per cent of LC species is presently unknown. This represents a total of 299 species of unknown population status. The Biodiversity Strategy observes that, of some 7,000 floral species, 930 are endemic. In comparison with other Mediterranean countries, Morocco has the highest percentage of endemic reptile species and the highest number of European relict reptile species, as well as harbouring centres of diversity of certain reptile genera (the Biodiversity Strategy puts the figure of endemic reptiles at 21, out of a total of 92 species).|SDG 15 - Life on land|species endemic cent unknown status|1.4090749|5.347762|4.2345734
5280|Even before the most recent round of planning reforms put in place by the French government that now require better co-ordination of planning, local governments in this region took advantage of earlier legislation that allowed the formation of intercommunal organisations to facilitate co-operative activities including land use planning. Managing the Loire estuary and local streams and wetlands cannot be done on a commune by commune basis, and this common issue provided an early impetus for collaboration. Similarly, historical competition between Nantes and Saint-Nazaire over shipyards and port facilities evolved into co-operation when both places were forced to come together in order to build a more efficient port complex that could compete with other port cities in Europe. Thus, the governance and regulation of land use are as much a political project as they are a reaction to social, economic conditions and urban-rural morphologies. The preceding discussions of the area’s spatial planning objectives illuminate several major challenges and opportunities. These are discussed in turn.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|port planning commune intercommunal nazaire|3.846678|5.8599105|1.7289647
5281|The organisation provides quality improvement support to hospitals, primary care practices, NHS Boards, patients, carers and communities. A particular emphasis is to encourage patient involvement and shared decision making in an effort to improve the effectiveness, safety and patient-centredness of care. A key aim of the Inspectorate is to reduce health care-acquired infections through the promotion of infection prevention and control. Between 1 October 2013 and 31 December 2014, it conducted 51 inspections, of which 41 were unannounced.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient care carers infection inspectorate|9.22517|9.552734|1.6201487
5282|Acidic water from the copper mine (at Bolnisi) is the main source of pollution. Considering the seasonality of Georgian rivers, these resources can be distributed only by building hydropower plants (HPPs) with regulating water reservoirs (table 4.1). The non-consumptive use of water for this sector has been increasing, from 20.6 billion m3 in 2011 to 26.5 billion m3 in 2013.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water billion hpps georgian copper|0.8325157|6.9320245|2.7363303
5283|In other words, what constitutes a healthy diet is less clear than what constitutes a healthy attitude towards smoking and drinking. In contrast, the reported health risks associated with obesity and diabetes are more or less conclusive, at least as regards the qualitative content - different sizes of the perceived risks are reported in the literature. In this section, I will report on published health risks associated with certain dietary components and with being obese.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|risks constitutes healthy reported associated|9.200276|9.222438|2.9539769
5284|This report examines the situation in Canada with respect to child poverty, material deprivation affecting families, and the well-being of children and adolescents based on indicators available for comparative analysis. It also reports on policy developments to understand child poverty trends and identify some policy directions that can help reduce child poverty in the future. The report is organised as follows.|SDG 1 - No poverty|child poverty report directions follows|7.272209|6.427389|5.125739
5285|Figure 4.7.1 illustrates these as two cycles responding to climate change that must be properly combined to be fully effective. Such impacts will lead to socioeconomic effects such as human migration, decreased crop yields, decline in the number of ski resorts and failure of infrastructure. It is clear that climate change affects multiple sectors, regions and countries; however, the degree of impact varies widely.|SDG 13 - Climate action|resorts climate change cycles responding|1.3757972|5.3742156|2.3376906
5286|On the other hand, the per capita consumption of ICTs is higher in denser areas, indicating the possibility of a different scenario when telecom usage is associated with a more compact living modality. In any case, what is clear is that ICTs increase the degree of choice available when deciding which type of habitat to opt for. Literature is rife with references to dystopian risks associated to the authoritarian control of ICTs (e.g. Huxley, Orwell).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|icts associated telecom modality opt|4.8303146|3.0033844|1.8231754
5287|Further, it approved the order by which the quantity of trees to be planted annually by each ministry should be defined. In particular, the 1992 Presidential Resolution provided the impetus to launch the State Programme entitled Green Construction, in 1998. This Programme foresees planting trees in the countryside (yelojats), in cities and around settlements, and establishing green zones for the amelioration of climatic conditions and prevention of land degradation. This is why a zone consisting of forests and parks is being developed in the foothills of the Kopetdag Mountains.|SDG 15 - Life on land|trees green amelioration countryside foresees|1.5293139|4.6704063|3.785453
5288|He also noted that, while such assessments “may be graded and used as part of the judging and classificatory function”, it is much more effective “if it is separated from the grading process and used primarily as an aid to teaching” (p. 48). Assessment is central to effective learning, therefore, because even if learners start in roughly the same place with respect to a particular piece of learning, they will very quickly be at different places due to the differences in what they have learned. In other words, assessment functions as the bridge between teaching and learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning teaching assessment grading piece|9.544043|1.6552929|1.3770559
5289|However, there is a federal mandate - the No Child Left Behind Act - which requires that all 8th graders be technology literate. Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Teacher Candidates: Teacher candidates understand the relationship of content and content-specific pedagogy delineated in professional, state and institutional standards. They have a broad knowledge of instructional strategies that draws upon content and pedagogical knowledge and skills delineated in professional, state and institutional standards to help all students leam.|SDG 4 - Quality education|content candidates knowledge pedagogical professional|8.836432|1.4804426|2.0407317
5290|Increasing competition in product markets should help reduce the wage gap by replacing old habits with the hunt for talent regardless of gender. Finally, a corporate governance code in favour of a more equal representation of women in leadership positions, and setting ambitious quantitative targets for women on boards combined with the “Comply or Explain” practise, or quotas, should help remove the so-called glass ceiling. It ranks fourth in terms of GDP per capita in the OECD, regularly places among the best countries in terms of quality of life and is one of the few Western European countries that has managed to grow over the past few years. However, Switzerland suffers from a number of weaknesses that prevent it from doing even better. As outlined in the previous chapter one is the country’s relatively modest longer-term productivity growth performance. In this chapter it is argued that making fuller use of the economic potential of Swiss women can be part of the solution.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women chapter fuller help suffers|9.172365|4.056239|6.0622764
5291|This may be achieved through landing quota catches into the United Kingdom, employing crew resident in the United Kingdom or other measures sufficient to ensure that a satisfactory economic link is achieved. The remaining quota is divided between the “non-sector” (vessels over 10 m in overall length but not members of a PO) and the under 10 metres fleet. Of these, 10 283 (83%) were employed as full-time fishers.|SDG 14 - Life below water|quota kingdom achieved landing satisfactory|-0.16982426|5.8190203|6.9109483
5292|Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that even with the postponement of the deadlines, LpT schedules are still impressive, and missing the 2008 target should not have come as a total surprise. The twin policies of universal access (high costs) and low tariffs (low revenues) for concessionaires lead to a very difficult situation even when accounting for the subsidies the utilities receive (Zerriffi, 2007) as operation and management, capital and replacement costs need to be covered by the service providers in the long run.22 The dominance of grid electrification - even when little productive use can be expected in the near future - is causing this problem, further compromising the financial balance of the utilities. Promoting productive uses of electricity in order to raise utilities' revenues is thus vital to guarantee the long-term success of the electrification installations once LpT comes to an end (Zerriffi, 2007). An ex post study on the benefits of LpT found that, thanks to the programme, households find their living conditions significantly improved.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|utilities electrification revenues productive concessionaires|2.1020486|1.8436017|2.3343349
5293|Subnational government spending in this field represented more than 85% of total public spending in 2013 in France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. In some sectors (e.g. waste, sewerage, parks and green spaces), this competence is almost fully devolved to local governments or dedicated functional bodies (e.g. water boards in the Netherlands). It is also often outsourced to agencies, external entities or private providers through public-private partnership contracts (e.g. in France).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|netherlands france spending outsourced devolved|1.6148112|7.2543926|1.8376844
5294|The inability so far to deal with these pressures in an effective, timely way is attributed in large part to what is historically a sector-by-sector management of marine activities. Much as a response to growing pressures, recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of countries and regions putting in place strategic policy frameworks for better ocean management within their EEZs. However, many obstacles stand in the way of more effective integrated ocean management, which w'ill need to be addressed in the near future.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean pressures management way effective|0.0352371|5.603658|6.0082583
5295|This growth will be the result of increased aquaculture production, which is anticipated to surpass captured fish for human consumption in 2014. In 2023, 62% of the world aquaculture production will take place in China. Further resource constraints, like land degradation, water scarcity and increasing environmental pressures, present additional limitations, particularly in regions where land availability for agricultural expansion is severely constrained.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|aquaculture surpass land production severely|0.46566233|6.120249|6.5742326
5296|Although the redistributive factor has not had such a large impact as the rise in average income, its contribution has nevertheless been essential for strengthening poverty reduction and for avoiding backsliding. Hence, if the poverty line is kept constant in real terms, changes in the poverty indicator can be analysed from the perspective of variations in average income and in income distribution. The difference between this indicator and the initial-period poverty rate can be interpreted as a growth effect It is also possible to calculate the poverty rate that corresponds to the average income of the initial period, but with an income distribution similar to that of the final period.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty income period average initial|6.3634787|5.623941|5.027114
5297|If the lower level does not comply, it can be forced through directives ordering it to do so. Furthermore, national and provincial governments can directly impose land-use plans on municipalities. Horizontal co-ordination at all three levels of government occurs through the legal requirement to co-ordinate spatially relevant decisions between the responsible public authorities at the respective level of government. There is also inherent flexibility in how the plans are elaborated by each level of government.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|government level plans spatially elaborated|3.7521129|5.52721|1.6824381
5298|Recently, the regulation of coverage for immigrants was changed with some improvements for new arrivals (see Box 2). To mitigate this structural problem, there are normative guidelines developed by the National Board for Health and Welfare and coordination efforts by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions where regions agree about common rules and strategies. Since Sweden has a relatively large immigration, defining the right to health services for asylum seekers as well as irregular immigrants has been a challenge. While adult asylum seekers have access only to acute care and maternal care, all children, regardless of residence status, have full right to services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|asylum seekers immigrants right regions|9.088921|8.6714525|2.2789326
5299|This may indicate that personal choice and the availability of (job market or lifestyle) alternatives may play an important role in the decision to apply for VC financing. The ultimate objective would be to lift policy related barriers or discriminatory social norms that discourage women from embarking on risky business strategies. Thorough collection and monitoring of relevant policy settings - including, but not restricted to, public investment schemes -would be a milestone in assessing their effects and cost-effectiveness.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|vc lift thorough risky discourage|8.836938|3.4392416|6.3139477
5300|The trend of teacher shortage is generally seen across all levels of education, but poor countries are particularly focusing their efforts in meeting the goal of universal primary education (UPE). According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), among the 208 countries that reported teacher data for 2009, 112 countries will have a shortfall and collectively need at least 2 million extra teachers between 2009 and 2015 to meet the UPE goal. More than half of these countries (1,115,000 or 55 per cent) are in sub-Saharan Africa (UIS, 2011). Given the situation at the initial level of education, further levels up to higher education face even greater challenges.|SDG 4 - Quality education|uis education teacher goal countries|9.592899|2.0227973|2.7178502
5301|The gap is also found to grow slightly more sensitive with the length of the leave period (Figure 8). It stops increasing for periods longer than one year, as also confirmed by the piecewise linear model. The explanation for such a profile might be due to the fact that women who work full-time were selected from a group with a higher earnings potential, whose earnings drop sharply (and below those of men) after a break from work of one year and more.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|earnings stops year linear confirmed|9.0018835|4.485154|5.5910654
5302|This process can prioritise NAMAs and enhance their implementation through a longer-term consideration of the supporting institutional and policy framework. Some countries do not have the current capacity to develop a LEDS, and thus could continue to take action on NAMAs and consider moving towards a LEDS in the future. Preparing a LEDS is an opportunity to consider how NAMAs work together towards a national strategy over a longer time frame, and should be an evolving process over time. Building on existing development plans and involving policy makers in economic planning can enhance the opportunity of climate change strategies to influence policy.|SDG 13 - Climate action|namas leds enhance consider opportunity|1.5242083|4.3004007|1.4669744
5303|According to a survey of the Federal Service on Surveillance in Health Care and Social Development, three quarters of doctors found no sense in introducing such systems. More generally, the medical education system may not have fully embraced the international trend towards “evidence-based” medicine (EBM). Courses on international experience of EBM and the ways of organisation and management of health care provision are very seldom covered in the university medical programmes. But it is difficult to know to what degree the measures have been implemented.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medical embraced seldom surveillance care|9.16874|9.414015|1.603088
5304|The minimum wage is particularly binding in the poorest, low-productivity regions, where its level is above median and average income and where informality is also most prevalent (Figure 1.9). Data are for 2011 except for Brazil, China, India and Russia for which they are for 2010. The average wage for Colombia covers both formal and informal sectors.|SDG 1 - No poverty|wage average informality prevalent russia|7.852462|4.413247|4.5748425
5305|Between 1980 and 2010 domestic material productivity of OECD economies improved, rising from 1 dollar per kilogram (2005 USD PPP) to over 1.8 USD/kg. Today, OECD countries generate 50% more economic value per unit of material resources used than in 1990 and 30% more than in 2000. Relative decoupling has occurred across all material groups and OECD regions, but there are only a handful of instances of absolute decoupling.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|material decoupling usd oecd handful|1.6784441|3.2829518|2.9248462
5306|Reporting at such a disaggregated level is already done in the CRS database. However, this database is not currently designed to provide transparency on which projects a donor reports to the UNFCCC. There can be significant differences in what countries report to CRS and to the UNFCCC (see Annexes A and B). For example, some countries include climate-relevant Official Development Assistance and “Other Official Flows” in their estimates of climate finance provided; others include just ODA.14 In addition to these differences in the scope and coverage of climate finance, reporting on support provided is not consistent across countries (Table 3). For example, in some cases, countries apply a coefficient to the total amount of finance provided to multilateral institutions, corresponding to the share of resources disbursed by the multilateral financial institution or development bank that are climate-relevant.|SDG 13 - Climate action|crs climate finance provided multilateral|1.4493818|3.8202837|0.6647006
5307|A stronger consultative role of the river basin committees and greater devolution of deliberative and executive powers to water agencies would match decision-making to capacity and accountability lines, and result in less unimplemented decisions. This does not imply deflating the role of the national and state water resources councils or overlooking the role of basin committees. It would require water agencies to consult with the “advisory” councils and the committees, and give thorough explanations when they do not follow their advice, in order to guarantee transparency and accountability. Another requisite is that water agencies be totally neutral and independent from any vested interests from water users in order to have such deliberative roles. Water charges in several cases are applied and governed at both state and federal levels. The issue of scale includes differences in terms of charge rates across states and federal waters, the cost of inaction and the related consequences on water quantity and quality when charges are not applied, and the lack of harmonisation for audit and accountability processes across levels of government.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water committees accountability agencies councils|0.9984876|7.2939835|1.7709515
5308|Integrating students with an immigrant background is part of the socio-economic challenge, and the performance levels of students who immigrated to the country in which they were assessed in PISA can only be partially attributed to the education system of their host country. With 19.5%, the United States has the 6th highest share of students with an immigrant background among OECD countries. However, the share of students with an immigrant background explains just 3% of the performance variation between countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|immigrant background students performance share|9.832286|2.4363418|3.1475606
5309|Legislative changes were adopted to relax Soviet-era “hygiene standards”, permitting early childhood education and care to be provided in a wider range of accommodations. To stimulate provision, the Lithuanian central government authorised municipalities to use the funding received through the student basket funding methodology to support provision in private ECEC facilities, as well as public facilities. As a consequence of these changes, the number of private kindergartens has been steadily increasing, and in 2016, 25 of the country'’s 60 municipalities had private kindergartens. Expand participation in rural areas by focusing on stimulating parent demand for services.|SDG 4 - Quality education|kindergartens private municipalities facilities provision|9.4156|2.6883333|2.2645154
5310|In line with the growing interest for these activities as a driver of grow'th, science, technology and innovation (STI) activities became prominent in these plans and strategies in the mid-1980s. A detailed examination of the early policy initiatives - in particular since the mid-1980s when Malaysia started to develop a distinct STI strategy framework, governance structure and policy - helps to better understand some of the current strengths and weaknesses of the national innovation system and related policies. While the country was still a British colony, the increasing needs of industrialised countries for raw materials spurred the growth of Malaysian production and exports of tin and rubber. Malaysia accounted for half of the w'orld production of tin at the end of the 19th century and of rubber in the 1920s.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|rubber sti malaysia mid innovation|5.3098607|3.588912|2.7807486
5311|Total health spending was 6.8% of GOP in 2015, of which nearly half is financed out-of-pocket on a fee-for-service basis. The government spent 7.1% of its total budget on health in 2015, the lowest share in the EU. Moreover, the difference in life expectancy at birth between men (79.9 years) and women (83.7 years) is lower than in most other EU countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu total years pocket health|8.660342|8.867661|2.3110926
5312|Compliance, assurance and enforcement of water and environmental legislation are conducted by the State Environmental Inspectorate of the Ministry of Nature Protection through its 11 local inspectorates. Its core tasks include preparation and implementation of water legislation; development of a National Water Management Plan following the provisions of the EU WFD; assessment and management of flood risks; provision of appropriate budgets and financial incentives; collection and assessment of water data; and representing Austria’s water interests in all international fora. The Ministry is supported by the Federal Environmental Agency and the Federal Agency for Water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water environmental federal agency legislation|0.93032813|6.9972725|1.7816215
5313|Government leaders from more than 150 countries confirmed at the world summit in Johannesburg xo years later that the convention is the key instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from use of genetic resources. It emphasises the need for counteracting the loss of biological diversity through conservation and sustainable development. Genetic variations within the species, for example in the populations of the same species spread over a large area, are also covered by the term.|SDG 15 - Life on land|genetic biological diversity conservation species|1.5927287|5.3002357|3.9258268
5314|"It also facilitates access to premises (science park). Inside HUB, several professors act as ‘entrepreneurship ambassadors"" in their respective faculties and departments and help to create entrepreneurial mindsets. They also act as multipliers, scouts, mentors, while facilitating team building and participating as members in start-up teams."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|act faculties professors multipliers mentors|6.8704367|2.8843224|2.6345153
5315|In the LDC group, value added per worker is higher in Asian LDCs (S338) than in African LDCs (3276) (see chart 20C). However, during the period 1993-2011, what is particularly striking is the rapid rise in agricultural labour productivity in Asian LDCs (up around 79 per cent). In African LDCs, by contrast, productivity levels have been stagnant (up only 1 per cent), and in island LDCs these levels actually declined by 5 per cent over the same period. Labour per worker data are based on constant 2005 dollars.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ldcs cent worker asian african|5.8587155|4.5779853|3.9435167
5316|"The independent ""observe, reflect, act"" schools, which are tailored specifically to the needs and culture of indigenous children and are supported and promoted by the European Union, UNICEF and WFP, were taken into account in the development of the national education strategy. Although there has been some improvement, rates of access to services by indigenous peoples is two to three times lower than those of other groups: their school enrolment ratio is 44 per cent, while their civil registration rate is 32 per cent (United Nations Children's Fund, 2013). However, although the Khoe and San languages are recognized, they are not official languages and thus there is little Government funding available for their development."|SDG 4 - Quality education|languages indigenous wfp cent observe|10.124127|2.5972939|2.6378007
5317|The technical/vocational track offers the same diploma and a technical qualification, and therefore takes three years, with longer hours of study than the academic track. The academic track offers 23 study alternatives, while the technical track proposes 7 agriculture, 24 industry and 25 service specialities. Those who already have the Bachillerato may seek a vocational qualification through two years of night school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|track technical qualification offers academic|8.534025|2.567029|2.8180277
5318|The remaining 20% is spent by either provinces or the central government, which is mainly financed from the general budget. The same applies to the benefits of the water management services by the 408 municipalities, which mainly entail installation and maintenance of local sewage systems, the benefits of which accrue to, and are paid by, local beneficiaries in the community. The beneficiaries of sewerage and wastewater treatment services extend beyond the direct users to downstream water users and the environment. The ten drinking water companies provide drinking water in the region where they are located, and users pay for their costs. This implies, in principle, that those who benefit from the provision of a water service should pay for this service.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water users beneficiaries drinking mainly|1.6122253|7.312636|2.1635976
5319|At the same time, long-term trends in inequality, population growth, urbanization, economic globalization, technological change and other socioeconomic processes will exert profound impacts on the changing climate which are difficult to envisage (see chap. In addition, future climate trends will depend on national and international actions aimed at mitigation over the next few decades. The uncertainty associated with forecasting long-term climate trends and their effect on weather patterns is complicated by the need to be geographically precise, since the effects of climate hazards are felt at the local level.|SDG 13 - Climate action|trends climate envisage exert term|1.2889926|5.1950493|2.221313
5320|A viable package of alternatives to current policies could include the following elements: more open markets in renewable fuels, feedstocks, and food-feed commodities; efforts to ensure that production occurs where it is most socially and environmentally sustainable ; increased scientific research on second generation biofuels and other pathways to reduce carbon emissions and to contribute to both energy and food security globally; and actions to improve efficiency of energy use, and thereby reduce demand and limit stress on finite resources, including those needed for food and feed production. This has resulted in a relatively constant level of support to the farm sector, while its composition made it less production and trade distorting. The degree of market distortion is particularly reduced if the direct payments are made with no requirement to produce.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|feed food production distortion finite|3.7984416|5.0046244|4.0745106
5321|A study from the King’s Fund and the Centre for Mental Health (Naylor et al., Mental illness is responsible for 23% of England’s total burden of disease, but receives only 13% of NHS health expenditures (Centre for Economic Performance, 2012). These regional commissioning bodies were PCTs, but have been replaced by Clinical Commissioning Groups as part of the NHS reforms detailed in section 3.1. Following the current NHS reforms, a percentage of the health care budget is to be directed towards Public Health England, to be used by Local Authorities to commission public health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nhs commissioning health england mental|10.119975|9.010633|1.6861436
5322|"A remote village or remote hamlet will be considered Page | 70 electrified if at least 10% of the households are provided with lighting facility. Under the RVE programme, the electrification process entails choosing the most adequate energy technologies through the identification of locally available energy resources. However, in the case where these solutions are proven unfeasible, and if the only means for electrification is through use of isolated lighting systems (such as solar PV), these should be taken up."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|lighting electrification remote electrified page|2.2559185|1.806781|2.6125436
5323|Professors at institutions that grant teaching certificates should be required to have closer contact with schools, and to support and mentor their teacher trainees in their teaching practice and first year of schooling. Institutions that teach educators should also be asked to regularly revise their programmes to make them current and relevant to the schools their graduates work in, and to reflect national education priorities. In 2008 the government launched its Programme to Promote the Quality of Initial Teacher Training (Programa de Fomento de la Calidad de la Formacion Inicial Docente, PFID).|SDG 4 - Quality education|la teacher teaching professors schools|9.483714|1.3405651|2.0710626
5324|First, tariffs should be lowered as carbon prices on the EU ETS should increase creating additional incentives on the energy market to develop low carbon power sources. In Germany, the feed-in tariff for photovoltaics was eight to ten times higher than the electricity price and more than three times the feed-in tariff paid to wind in 2009. Significant reductions have been implemented over the past two years but tariffs remain two to three times higher for solar compared to wind or hydro power.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|times feed tariff tariffs wind|1.565055|2.0878723|2.0485342
5325|The CSG was initially targeted to poor children up the age of seven, but has progressively been extended to poor children up to the age of 15. As a consequence of the financial crisis, the government of South Africa has further extended the age limit to 17. Children must be South African citizens and have per capita household incomes below a threshold.|SDG 1 - No poverty|age extended children south poor|7.2557516|6.353477|5.1500273
5326|In-kind benefits and consumption taxes, however, are excluded, as the underlying income surveys do not provide this information. The bottom inequality in a country is obtained as the ratio between (overall) average income and average income of one bottom decile (e.g. the second). An increase in this ratio signals a widening gap between average and poor households, i.e. higher inequality at the bottom. The top inequality is measured as the ratio between average income in one top decile (e.g. the eighth) and overall average income, and therefore informs about the gap between rich and average households.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|average income ratio decile inequality|6.807376|5.257375|4.747562
5327|In an effort to take stock of existing initiatives, the “OECD inventory: Water governance indicators and measurement frameworks”, launched on line in October 2015, mapped 78 instruments (e.g. indicators, maps, databases and assessment tools; see Table 2.2) for measuring and evaluating several water governance aspects. Most of these indicators relate to specific functions (water, sanitation and hygiene and integrated water resources management), scales (e.g. national, basin) or governance dimensions (transparency, capacity, etc.), The most relevant toolkits and indicators for the implementation of the OECD Principles on Water Governance are summarised in Table 2.1. The challenges are related to the complexity of the water governance dimensions to be assessed; data availability; data collection through expert views; comparability over space and time; and the difficulty in drawing causality linkages between outcomes measured by indicators and policies aiming at generating certain impacts (Figure 2.2). It contains evidence-based tools and advice as well as country examples showcasing practices which have been successfully tested in a number of countries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance indicators water dimensions tools|1.0359086|6.997238|1.5068942
5328|Within this framework, NUPs are highlighted as being a primary tool for governments to articulate the implementation of such global commitments and the definition of a national vision for sustainable urban development, by engaging, coordinating and leading multiple actors across different sectors and scales. It aims to record the global advancement of NUPs as an indicator of the implementation of global agendas and to provide national governments, and other stakeholders involved in the NUP process, with more information and perspective for the successful development of a NUP. While it would be beyond the scope of a global report to provide a detailed blueprint for NUP development, as this should be tailored to national needs and aspirations, this report still highlights general opportunities, challenges, trends and best practices of NUP development at global and regional scales.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nup global nups scales development|3.5376346|4.980717|1.7102882
5329|Experience has not borne this assumption out. Women’s increasing participation in paid work has not been accompanied by a commensurate increase in men’s share of unpaid work within the home (see chapter III). The gender division of unpaid domestic work has displayed a remarkable resilience and continues to shape the terms on which women are able to take up paid work. It limits the transformative potential of employment for the position of women within the home and in the wider society. Despite this, reproductive work is largely absent from macroeconomic theories and policies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|work unpaid home paid women|8.966354|4.932985|5.859059
5330|Students who misunderstand some important point in mathematics will find that they can identify with a student who is at the blackboard and has made a similar mistake and can, in effect, get individual attention without monopolising the teacher's time. Asian teachers often complain about class sizes getting too small to find a useful range of student solutions to a problem in order to conduct a good class, instead of complaining that the class is too large to teach effectively, as in the United Slates. It applies a learner-centred approach that places considerable emphasis on student self-assessment, in which students are expected to take an active role in designing their own learning activities and work collaboratively in teams on projects that cut across traditional subject or disciplinary areas. By the time students enrol in upper secondary school (grades 10-12), they are expected to be able to take sufficient charge of their own learning to be able to design their own individual programme where, without a grade structure, each student proceeds at his or her own pace within the modular design of the system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student class students able design|9.191784|1.6492617|1.868568
5331|This category also includes fish caught by trolling/handing from small vessels in the open sea adjacent to islands. For simplicity, the catches from recreational fishing are considered as production for home consumption, and therefore as a component of subsistence fisheries. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding or protection from predators. These results are even more striking given that inshore fishing depends on little more than 1 per cent of the total ocean space under national jurisdictions.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing predators simplicity rearing caught|-0.046046417|5.8904247|6.595671
5332|In contrast, in countries where there is no integrated national climate change action plan or domestic climate change policy framework, it has been observed that donors are more likely to finance their own priorities (see e.g. Cameron 2011; Zou and Ockenden, 2013). This is reported to be the case even when national climate change policy reports exist i.e. NAMAs or NAP As13 have been submitted to the UNFCCC, but it is not clear if this is a case of poor alignment or if systems are not in place to support these plans. For example, the use of country systems and procedures (such as national arrangements and procedures of public financial management, accounting, auditing, procurement, monitoring and evaluation) is encouraged, where appropriate (i.e. Busan 2011, and Manila Consensus 2011), to improve the effectiveness climate finance through reinforcing the sustainability of results and allowing recipient countries to take greater ownership. Practitioners recognise aid effectiveness principles and the benefits of using country systems (e.g. EC, 2008; GCCA, 2012).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate procedures systems change effectiveness|1.7353946|4.191427|1.2554269
5333|Overall, the gas infrastructure in both scenarios requires investment of around USD 209 billion. The capital needs for coal supply amount to USD 303 billion in the Baseline Scenario. In the BLUE Map Scenario by contrast, the use of imported coal is more attractive than the mining of domestic Indian coal, since the coal import price is lower than in the Baseline Scenario as a result of the lower global coal demand. The investments for the coal supply infrastructure of USD 115 billion in the BLUE Map Scenario are mainly related to expansion of the harbour infrastructure.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|coal scenario usd billion blue|1.1772252|2.3978221|2.3270266
5334|Activities that can be beneficially promoted include reading to children, singing songs and nursery rhymes, going to the library and playing with numbers. An academic approach makes use of a staff-initiated curriculum with cognitive aims for school preparation. An academic approach can prescribe teaching in critical subject areas but can also limit a child-centred environment characterised by self-initiated activity, creativity and self-determination (Eurydice, 2009; Prentice, 2000).|SDG 4 - Quality education|initiated academic self eurydice prescribe|9.214463|1.8147498|1.9634604
5335|Between 1995 and 1999, about 2% of all taxes were shifted from distortive taxes on labour towards a taxation of pollution and resource use. The highest taxes are paid by the household and the public sector, followed by the transport sector and space heating, which together account for 64% of energy taxes paid in Denmark. In 2009, households and the public sector paid electricity taxes of EUR 0.09 per kWh. In 2009, a general tax reform was adopted by the Danish parliament which included a number of changes for energy taxes.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|taxes paid sector kwh shifted|1.6976599|2.6240835|2.1665626
5336|It is also not clear whether significant numbers of teachers have been trained to date. However, while new competences and skills are being defined, new courses developed and TVET programming revised in some member States, less than half of member States indicate that significant progress has been made. A number of challenges and obstacles have persisted throughout the Strategy for ESD period, such as securing structural reform of education systems and embedding ESD in mainstream budgets, preparing educators, strengthening mechanisms for cooperation and engagement across a broader cross-section of stakeholders, and addressing the need for more ESD research, monitoring and evaluation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|esd member tvet embedding states|8.989375|2.260159|1.8901747
5337|The index presents a rich data set to identify and analyse global innovation trends. Other countries and areas in the region that ranked highly in the index in 2015 were Hong Kong, China (eleventh); the Republic of Korea (fourteenth); New Zealand (fifteenth); Australia (seventeenth); and Japan (nineteenth). At the other end of the scale, countries in the region that ranked poorly among the 141 countries analysed were Myanmar (138th), Nepal (135th) and Pakistan (131st).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ranked index nineteenth region countries|5.4386625|3.4298453|2.5291104
5338|Complemented by the lack of harmonized standards, this misalignment at the regional level mostly leads to the inefficiency of investments beyond particular groupings. The current relative institutional insufficiency partially reflects on countries' resistance to approach compliance with collective decisions beyond sovereignty (Kong and Ku, 2015). Synergy between subnational experience and expertise may thus be realized, while the scope for energy agenda may be extended through incorporation of common values, such as sustainable energy development principles. As the global community embarks on a sustainable development pledge and international governance embraces a more compliance-oriented and rules-based approach, a cooperative framework would generate greater trust among the countries in, and create opportunities for, regional energy planning.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|compliance energy synergy embraces pledge|1.7442274|2.5459352|2.1409855
5339|The nine-year lapse underscores the fact that this was not just a static analysis of initial conditions leading to stable favoured actions. Involvement of area residents is key, and plans have a distinct institutional component, as the intent is to foster a social process which will affect actions by private and civic institutions as well as governments. The broader range of issues represented in strategic and other more recent planning forms ranges across housing, economic development, jobs, education, infrastructure, environment and natural resources as reviewed in the next section. Egypt, with the support of UN-Habitat, has been preparing strategic spatial plans for small cities whose population is less than 60,000.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|strategic actions plans underscores intent|4.003994|5.3015976|1.7976849
5340|This figure is higher than previously quoted figures as it includes all water and sanitation related diseases as well as the lasting impact on children, via malnutrition and being underweight (which causes 35% of all deaths of children under 5 years old worldwide). For example, Priiss et al. ( Yet, Priiss-Ustiin et al. ( This percentage goes up to nearly 30% deaths of children under 5 years old (WaterAid, 2009).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|deaths children old quoted underweight|8.754416|8.419917|3.637284
5341|Pharmaceuticals account for more than half of private expenditure (Figure 3, Panel B), and for those with long-term illness and retirees, that share rises to about 75% (Green Book, 2009). Specialist medical services paid out of pocket, typically consultations provided at private medical facilities, is the second largest component of private expenditure. Pre-paid packages of medical services are also purchased by employers from specific providers. These packages include occupational medicine as well as primary and secondary treatments and have been growing in importance in recent years.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medical packages private expenditure paid|8.488778|9.309894|2.1095057
5342|By contrast, the number of fixed telephone lines decreased by about 1.5 per cent as more people are opting to use only mobile cellular networks or bundled Internet and voice services.1 In developing countries, where fixed-line telephone services have been undersupplied and of poor quality in many locations, the spread of mobile cellular service continues to be rapid, having grown by an estimated 17 per cent between 2009 and 2010. In 2000, developing countries accounted for only about 40 per cent of global subscriptions to mobile services, but by 2010 their share had increased to 73 per cent. Between 2008 and 2009, mobile cellular penetration in developing countries surpassed the 50 per cent mark, and by end-2010, it had reached an estimated 68 per 100 inhabitants (figure 1).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cellular mobile cent telephone developing|4.849384|2.832939|1.4788485
5343|Gaafar (2014) reports that customary law, which often discriminates against women and limits their land and property rights, still governs at least 65 per cent of land in Kenya, and the patriarchal nature of Kenyan society often limits the rights of even those women not living on land governed by custom. According to Gaafar, as little as one per cent of land in Kenya is titled in the names of women and as little as five to six per cent is titled jointly by women and men. This includes assets such as inventories and receivables, household goods and vehicles. Likewise, Liberia’s collateral registry has unlocked about $270 million of debt financing for SMEs (Twebaze, 2016).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|land women kenya cent limits|8.850433|3.8805745|6.683304
5344|Gender parity is not only a fundamental human right but also a critical economic opportunity for countries. Research using the SIGI 2014 results reveals that gender-based discrimination in social institutions is significant and represents a cost of USD 575 billion for the MENA region (Ferrant and Kolev, 2016). Addressing the obstacles to women’s and girls’ empowerment could benefit the economy as a whole.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender sigi reveals parity mena|9.416884|4.454388|6.8784847
5345|Effective implementation of these commitments requires that the constitutional changes be incorporated into national legal frameworks, and this is work in progress. Women and men in the six countries have equal access to justice in principle, but in practice women face a number of hurdles. The fact that few judges are women may also be a factor.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women hurdles judges constitutional incorporated|9.781037|4.718368|7.2789197
5346|And what is the impact on cost (compared to a more “traditional” approach of health service delivery)? This part summarises the results of evaluation studies carried out in a number of countries on the impact of APN on patient care and cost. It builds on recent reviews of such evaluations that have been carried out by other researchers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|carried cost impact summarises builds|8.618529|9.156801|1.8007675
5347|Source: OECD Health Statistics 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health-data-en . Most OECD countries have now implemented universal health coverage for their population. Only a few countries reported in 2012 that a significant share of their population were still uninsured: Greece, Mexico and the United States.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health uninsured dx doi population|8.605941|8.683885|2.3525631
5348|"It has been widely documented that people living in adequate homes have better health and higher chances to improve their human capital and seize the opportunities that urbanization offers. A housing sector that performs well acts as a ""development multiplier""' benefiting complementary industries, contributing to economic development, employment generation, service provision and overall poverty reduction."" Conversely, lack of adequate housing contributes significantly to marginalization of populations and different forms of exclusion in cities."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|adequate housing marginalization seize multiplier|4.73114|5.5779586|2.0929182
5349|Par ailleurs, les resultats suggerent que l’effet des services de la petite enfance sur l’emploi des femmes est renforce lorsqu’ils sont associes a d’autres mesures favorisant les meres qui travaillent (comme par exemple le conge paye parental), mais que celles-ci reduisent l’efficacite des incitations financieres a travailler pour le partenaire.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|des par que le les|8.989982|5.692824|5.091781
5350|A zero waste city requires combining social, political, economic and technical interventions in targeted urban areas that complement one another. Options for policy makers include user-pays waste charges, the demarcation of space for recycling, bio-digesters, upcycling and composting. It is made up of two parts: “mergers and acquisitions” and “greenfield investments”.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste acquisitions composting greenfield mergers|0.49692446|4.052886|3.08537
5351|In France, as in other OECD countries, centralised planning models had largely failed to end regional economic inequality. In the process, while communes have maintained the ultimate responsibility for developing and managing land use plans, these plans have become more constrained by laws, regulations and other actions taken by higher levels of government. The specific process of devolution in France has been seen as analogous to a three act play. The Chevenement law of 1999 established new structures through co-operative institutions (EPCI) and facilitated the pooling of services and projects among communes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|communes france plans devolution analogous|3.7420242|5.7887373|1.6832173
5352|The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) establishes that developing countries are expected to suffer the most from the negative impacts of climate change. As their economies strongly rely on climate-sensitive sectors (noticeably agriculture) and are particularly exposed to the impacts of climate change due to their geographic and climatic conditions, these countries are likely to be the first victims of climate change. Moreover, they often display a low adaptation capacity due to institutional weaknesses, particularly in the financial sector.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change impacts particularly display|1.409015|4.5883985|1.7609311
5353|An indicator can provide either qualitative information on, for instance, the degree of development and implementation of a policy process, or quantitative information, such as the amount of funding dedicated to the policy. As of April 2016, about 70% of INDCs with adaptation components include qualitative indicators by which progress towards their goals can be communicated (Kato and Ellis, 2016). Fewer (about 20%) also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress. However, some adaptation components of INDCs do not include any indication (e.g. proposed indicators) against which progress can be assessed (ibid).|SDG 13 - Climate action|indcs progress qualitative indicators quantitative|1.1784486|4.7875724|1.419004
5354|Most primary schools are very small. Some two-thirds of primary schools have just 90 students or less, and of these around half are single-teacher schools (unidocentes) for up to 30 students. Together, these small schools enrol around 18% of all primary school children (PEN, 2013). By law, classrooms can accommodate between 20 and 35 students, although multigrade classrooms can have 15 students and single-teacher schools can operate with as little as just one student. The average primary class has 14 students, much less than the OECD average of 21 (PEN, 2013; OECD, 2016a). With 27 students on average, class sizes in secondary schools are almost double those of primary schools and above the OECD average of 23.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools students primary pen average|9.497919|2.10968|2.6632504
5355|This is the case in Israel, where every ministry or government agency involved in establishing water-related policies or tariffs acts within the constraints of the Water Law passed by the Knesset in 1959. This 50-year old comprehensive Law includes items such as the explicit identification of the mandate of the Israeli Water Authority (the national agency that sets policies, manages, monitors and plans the national water supplies), the identification of the organisations that are authorised to work in the water sector and their respective responsibilities, the identification of necessary restrictions in water and wastewater management, as well as regulation of the methods by which water tariffs are set in each sector (domestic, agriculture, and industry). This is the case of Belgium, Canada, Chile, France, Mexico, the Netherlands, Spain and the United States.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water identification tariffs agency law|1.2481765|7.379987|1.915571
5356|The latter would involve school providers allocating individual schools the amount dictated by the formula, eliminating their discretion in the distribution to individual schools, perhaps allowing a margin of flexibility, e.g. 5%-10%, to ensure horizontal equity. In other words, school providers would have very limited flexibility to shift resources across schools but great flexibility in deciding how to spend resources in each school, which could serve as the platform for giving schools more autonomy. A transparent mechanism to which all public schools in need of support have access is imperative.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools flexibility school providers dictated|9.604029|2.0635066|2.3231518
5357|Pricing signals often favour investment in unabated fossil-fiiel intensive activities over LCR alternatives since the social costs of emissions are not adequately reflected and even commercially viable LCR projects can be associated with higher risks and transaction costs. As governments work to meet their pre- and post-2020 emission reduction pledges, they will need to make efficient use of public funding to mobilise much larger amounts of private investment in LCR infrastructure. A GIB is a publicly capitalised entity established specifically to facilitate private investment into domestic LCR infrastructure and other green sectors such as water and waste management.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|investment pledges infrastructure commercially private|1.9022776|3.3532832|1.8067998
5358|Without serious and concerted action on the part of municipal authorities, national governments, civil society actors and the international community, the numbers of slum dwellers are likely to increase in most developing countries. A number of accounts of the appalling living conditions in slums and informal settlements were published during this period.53 A recent analysis examines the history and planning architecture behind various stalled attempts to redevelop the Dharavi district in Mumbai - a vast area with nearly 750,000 people. If the grand visions of master planners -referred to by many in Mumbai as hallucinations - were realized, then the social dislocations they would bring about would be unimaginable.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mumbai visions stalled grand slum|4.368438|5.173002|2.1453767
5359|Not only is this method more expensive for the public, but it also lacks treatment continuity (as a patient can see different doctors on different visits), and can generally harm overall clinic quality due to discontinuity. Meanwhile, these difficult working conditions can in fact discourage interested individuals from seeking a career in psychiatry, which would in fact work to remedy the root cause of these difficulties. Sweden’s most recent Mental Health Action Plan (2012-2016) aims to address these issues by increasing psychology training locations and creating psychiatry research posts (OECD, 2013). Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is one development used to a limited extent in Sweden in an attempt to provide services despite personnel shortages. Studies have shown that patients with panic disorder receiving this type of treatment do just as well as those receiving more traditional treatment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychiatry treatment receiving sweden fact|10.367244|8.882551|1.7188848
5360|The reduction in target numbers to 18 is a reassuring signal of this healthy balance. A new approach to measuring and understanding waiting times came into effect at the beginning of 2008, called the “New Ways of Defining and Measuring Waiting Lists” (known as “Afew Ways”) (ISD Scotland, 2007). New Ways sets out new guidance on how NHS Boards should manage patients’ waits and how' to measure and report waiting times consistently.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|waiting ways new measuring times|9.2571945|9.171438|1.8829991
5361|Reciproquement, l'elimination de toutes formes de discriminations envers les femmes au sein des institutions sociales reduirait la proportion d'individus insatisfaits de 14 % a 5 % au niveau mondial. But what makes us happy? Does living in a country guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities to women and men increase people's happiness? This paper shows that gender-based discrimination in social institutions, measured by the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), impedes well-being, beyond its negative impact on economic growth and GDP.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|au institutions sociales happy happiness|9.272739|4.5684667|6.705405
5362|Smart city strategies in Emerging Asian countries are at varying stages of advancement, with those of China and Singapore being the most comprehensive, followed by those of India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Key recent trends are discussed below. As a response, China published two national-level strategies, which lay out principles for smart city design and applications of smart technologies. These strategies were developed further in the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|smart strategies china city lay|4.079877|4.1744556|1.4431468
5363|Centre leaders were defined as persons with most responsibility for the administrative, managerial and pedagogical leadership in their ECEC centre. In smaller centres, the centre leaders might also have spent part of their time working with children. These reports offer an international perspective of ECEC systems, discuss different policy approaches, and provide policy orientations that can help promote equitable and affordable access to high-quality early childhood education and care.|SDG 4 - Quality education|centre ecec leaders orientations managerial|9.333259|2.74096|1.9064009
5364|"The quality of drinking water abstracted from private or local w'ells in rural areas is not monitored. Albania does not yet apply the Blue Flag programme for beaches. Throughout the years 2011-2014, the qualify was ""excellent"" at 31-46 per cent of the monitoring stations and ""poor"" at 31-42 per cent (""poor"" qualify implies that bathing should be prohibited). In 2015, the qualify was ""excellent"" at 68 per cent of the monitoring stations and ""poor"" at 10 per cent (figure 7.5)."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|qualify cent excellent stations poor|1.1003681|6.928716|2.584115
5365|For some groups, such as youths not in employment, education or training (NEETs), inactive spouses and early retirees, there may be scope to better identify individuals in the group (e.g. by matching public datasets) for a targeted offer of services. Increased integration of PES services with those of other public actors such as health, childcare, or social services and education institutions, can enhance the service offer. Policies outside the direct remit of employment and related services - such as employment protection or tax legislation - also need to be addressed, although this chapter does not analyse them. Prior to the recent crisis, this led to significant increases in labour force participation rates and relatively low unemployment rates.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|services employment offer youths retirees|8.052756|4.5236907|3.7514606
5366|Its construction led to the creation of Lake Assad, the country's largest water reservoir30 with a projected capacity to irrigate 640.000 ha of land.3' The third-largest dam on the Euphrates in Syria, the Baath Dam. In addition, two development projects in the Balikh/Jallab sub-basins use water imported from Lake Assad, while water from the Sajur River is also used for irrigation. This volume should be added to the 3,586 MCM used in operational irrigation projects.31 Official data states that 206,987 ha were irrigated by the Euphrates River in 2010 (Figure 8) in addition to 59,550 ha from the Khabour and Jagh Jagh Rivers, amounting to almost 270,000 ha.37 Applying a commonly accepted rate for irrigation requirements,38 this suggests an irrigation water use of about 2,700 MCM from the Euphrates, Khabour and Jagh Jagh Rivers.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|euphrates ha irrigation mcm dam|0.7973607|7.2835035|2.6649735
5367|"The most optimal approach to ensure this was to model a Shared Taxi fleet that was 100% accessible - as is the case in certain cities around the world. International evidence also points to the potential of accessible transport systems to generate large economic benefits (ITF, 2016d). Feigan, S. and C. Murphy (2016), ""Shared Mobility and the Transformation of Public Transit.1'."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accessible shared taxi itf fleet|4.219609|4.941456|0.6818891
5368|Unclear land tenure has historically exacerbated deforestation pressures, but the new Forest Code and its implementation mechanisms (notably the Rural Environmental Cadastre; see Chapter 4) promise to reduce illegal logging for land-titling purposes. Other threats to biodiversity include alien species and exotic diseases, overexploitation, pollution, fire and climate change (MMA, 2015a). In 2012, 62% of the territory was covered with forests, double the OECD average (see Basic Statistics).|SDG 15 - Life on land|alien cadastre mma overexploitation land|1.5174177|4.6951075|4.0524592
5369|In South Asia, demographic trends are such that the youth labour force continues to grow and few opportunities exist for paid work. Even if paid work can be found, the risk of low wage employment is substantially higher for young workers. Therefore, workplace training schemes, the creation or improvement of apprenticeship systems and entrepreneurship training programmes as well as programmes that are aimed at offsetting the mismatch of technical skills among youth are important to enhance the employability of youth. Therefore, countries in the subregion should maximize growth through productive job creation and appropriate structural change to reduce poverty, hunger and inequalities.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth creation paid training maximize|8.138336|3.7722266|3.8394754
5370|This chapter also summarises the intended nationally determined contributions that the EECCA countries submitted in time for the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Finally, this chapter outlines a set of recommendations for policy development that the EECCA countries and their development co-operation partners could pursue to scale-up finance for climate finance in the region, based on the results of the analysis detailed in Chapters 2, 3 and 4. At the same time, vulnerable populations are already experiencing the impacts of a changing climate. Thus, actions that strengthen adaptation to such adverse effects of climate change are also needed.|SDG 13 - Climate action|eecca climate finance chapter summarises|1.6805663|3.961424|1.1903881
5371|This will involve setting clear objectives concerning training, innovation and infrastructure investment, and coordination among the different stakeholders around a concrete plan endowed with adequate financial means. This vision must go beyond an urban development plan to include economic and social aspects. It is important, then, to come to an understanding. To this end, discussion forums are needed, but it must be recognised that there are not in large supply. Paris Metropole, a study group (syndicat d ’etudes) that embraces 188 municipalities as well as the departements and the Regional Council, is an interesting example in this regard.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|plan etudes departements metropole embraces|3.8145843|5.3326163|1.5810946
5372|For example, a report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on the most recent Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) study focuses on both 'excellence' and 'equity' (OECD, 2016a). There is broad agreement on suitable measures of excellence. The most commonly used measure for this purpose is mean test scores, sometimes supplemented by the percentage of children who have reached a specific threshold of proficiency. There is much less agreement on what equality is and how best to measure it.|SDG 4 - Quality education|excellence agreement measure supplemented proficiency|9.544564|2.2076552|3.093141
5373|All institutions and policy areas count for gender equality as they all impact men and women, and yet in a different way due to their different circumstances. This is why gender mainstreaming is a fundamental commitment of countries that aspire to eliminate gender-based discrimination across the board and realise a fully inclusive society. In addition, ensuring gender balance in public decision making has been increasingly highlighted by OECD countries as a key governance issue related to fairness, transparency and inclusive policy outcomes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender inclusive aspire count fairness|9.82569|4.140401|7.2143803
5374|The first is that of absorbing labour that has been freed up from the subsistence sector. The second is that of generating foreign exchange revenues, which in turn is necessary for importing essential goods and servicing foreign debt. The LDCs have been focusing on the tradables sector for the past 25 years, which has meant shifting resources to encourage exports and introducing policies conducive to export-led growth. This shift has generally been successful in increasing foreign exchange earnings. Export revenues rose vigorously during the 2000s, since both the volumes exported and the prices of exported goods expanded. Where exports are based on natural resource extraction, the employment intensity of growth has been low.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|foreign exported revenues exchange exports|5.108624|4.5586042|3.794945
5375|In the case of the CETRAM Zapata, most commercial development has been connected to car park facilities, with no connections to the CETRAM.38 The overall result has little to do with encouraging transit-oriented development and the use of public rather than private transport. Another shortcoming of the modernisation projects is the limited access to the facilities for people with disabilities. The persistence of a divided public space within CETRAM and between the centres and their surrounding areas makes walking difficult (Medina, 2013).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|facilities walking modernisation persistence surrounding|4.196404|5.175544|0.69298714
5376|Stanford was a facility for multi-national research centres, whilst the small spin-off firms began in cheaper premises such as garages and starter units elsewhere. In many US research parks, there may be some manufacturing activity also, and this in part accounts for their large scale. Some of the early European experiments in science parks followed a similar model, notably Cambridge and Sophia Antipolis, although with some minor changes. The initial Cambridge Science Park was a smaller development and with a stronger focus on local start-up firms, and did not include manufacturing firms.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cambridge firms parks manufacturing science|5.642915|3.155649|2.432969
5377|These types of policies can be implemented to address externalities like noise and pollution intensity (including GHG emissions) associated with heavy6 cars and trucks. Zoning may influence the demand for transport volume, notably by reducing traffic by heavy cars in urban centres, which can in turn help to reduce GHG emissions per kilometre driven. Only recently, some metropolitan governments in Korea (for example, Daegu, Busan and Incheon) have introduced “Transit Mall Districts”, which are only accessible to public transit and bicycles.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transit cars ghg emissions bicycles|4.038442|4.9034953|0.85612947
5378|Such guidance could facilitate looking across a wide range of reports, which would in turn facilitate adaptation-related tasks of the global stocktake (discussed in Section 4, below). This structure highlights information specifically mentioned by the Paris Agreement in the context of adaptation communications, and also includes (in italics) other information that could facilitate clarity and understanding. Clarifying what the INDC is proposing, and what adaptation actions are currently being implemented is particularly important, given the current lack of clarity on these topics in the adaptation components of many INDCs at present.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation facilitate clarity clarifying indc|1.0753832|4.6932883|1.3121381
5379|As a result, this intense questioning reflects the current stage and evolution of the Brazilian society and new requisites brought by economic growth and social development. From the point of abstraction of water for any sort of use, up to the extremities of the river basin (and beyond), there is a full span of administrative and political boundaries that correspond to institutions that are relevant and have a say in the management process. In this context, clearly mapping of the responsible authorities and their duties is essential, as is the effective management of their interdependences and interactions (Figure 2.3).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|span sort intense management correspond|1.1285977|7.300509|1.530677
5380|The aim of the agreements is to prevent and reduce absence due to illness; to help bring employees back to work; to improve the working environment; and to prevent exit from working life. About 60% of employees work in firms with an inclusive workplace agreement (OECD, 2013b). The employment gap between those with a severe mental disorder and those without mental health issues is 25-30 percentage points and jobless rates for people with severe disorders are, in many countries, four or five times higher than for those with no mental health issues (OECD, 2012b).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|mental severe employees prevent issues|10.224251|8.776868|2.0400534
5381|These are divided into enabling environment activities (policy and administrative management, environmental education/training, and environmental research) and sectoral activities (health, water and sanitation, agriculture, forestry', fishing, flood prevention/control, and disaster prevention and preparedness). Based on this classification, the project and programme documents analysed for this study were categorised as follows: i) Climate risk reduction, ii) Policy and administrative management for climate change, Hi) Education, training and awareness on climate change, iv) Climate scenario and impact research, and v) Co-ordination on climate change measures and activities across relevant actors. Table 5 provides a description of the categories.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate activities prevention change administrative|1.414548|4.88761|1.6946572
5382|The dichotomy between small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and large corporations, with their corresponding effects on job creation, will continue, but its modalities will change in directions which the region's countries would do well to monitor. The most advanced countries have been proactively promoting this type of manufacturing, which has often translated into a resurgence of industrial policymaking and a return to more advanced manufacturing activities in former production hubs. The current thinking on this topic as well as the actions taken in these and other countries compel Latin America to address the issue in all its technological and public policy dimensions. The productivity gap, limited research and development in technology and weak industrial policies in most of the region's countries are problems that must be tackled concomitantly.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|advanced manufacturing countries industrial dichotomy|5.3470993|3.9887846|3.1769884
5383|It also looks at possible drivers for changes in poverty and inequality patterns. This section analyses the various sources of bias that may be found in the content of this report by virtue of this problem. We focus specifically on the differences in measurement of income, which is the variable upon which the analysis of poverty and inequality rests.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality virtue rests poverty bias|6.5172324|5.479846|4.9438767
5384|Unless an agreement is reached, however, further developments could trigger tensions between the two countries. Although the Permanent Indus Commission is given the duty to implement and monitor activities of the Indus Waters Treaty, it is weak in research capacities needed for evidence-based responses to water resources issues (Babel and Wahid 2009). In this situation, international lending institutions such as the World Bank continue to play a key role in promoting cooperation along with policy agenda toward more private sector participation and management of water. The 2004 construction of the Baglihar Hydropower Project on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir was just such a case, with the World Bank appointing a neutral expert to arbitrate the issues arising with Pakistan, which continues to launch protests over water diversion by India (Dinar et al. Although Tajikistan is in an upstream position on the Amu Darya and Kyrgyzstan controls the flow of the Syr Darya, half of the Aral Sea Basin’s population lives in Uzbekistan.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|indus darya water bank aral|0.7601594|7.199213|2.1898408
5385|This chapter examines the various financing instruments and approaches that are available, ranging from traditional government budget and donor funding to user fees, taxes and fines, and payments for ecosystem services, among others. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the need to develop finance strategies for MPAs, drawing on examples from different countries. This significantly undermines their ability to achieve their management objectives and MPAs have therefore sometimes been described as “paper parks” (Gelcich et al., This holds true when looking only at MPAs as well (Table 4.1). Other sources of finance include user fees, fines, debt swaps, biodiversity prospecting, trust funds and donations. More novel financing sources either underway or being explored include marine payments for ecosystem services (PES), marine biodiversity offsets and blue carbon finance.|SDG 14 - Life below water|mpas fines finance fees user|1.7214129|5.1965637|3.5806112
5386|Another clear tendency is that in the main destination countries, most female migrant household workers are mothers. During the second half of the decade a number of countries launched systematic efforts to enhance social programmes, especially those aimed at fighting poverty. This was a first turning point in social spending patterns. However, the pick-up in social spending (to a certain degree, in counterpoint to economic trends) has been primarily due to policies that were implemented over time to deal with external shocks: (i) rising food and fuel prices in 2008 and spiralling export commodity prices starting in 2003; (ii) the global financial crisis, the worst of which ran from late 2008 to the end of 2009; and (iii) more recently, international uncertainty and slower economic growth worldwide.|SDG 1 - No poverty|spending social prices ran pick|8.515741|5.1025395|5.91562
5387|Frequently there is a large gap between historic and future costs because of the lumpiness and longevity of surface water supply systems. As demand grows and the capacity is more fully utilised it is optimal to switch to a charging system based on long-run (i.e. replacement) marginal cost, but often public water agencies get locked ‘politically’ into only recovering historic costs. There are also equity considerations in recovering financial costs in that farmers might be expected by society to repay the benefits they receive where public investment has been involved.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|recovering historic costs repay locked|1.4131725|7.557003|2.3988495
5388|In 2007, the Norwegian government decided to provide students in upper secondary' education with free educational materials. The regional educational authorities were tasked with distributing these resources, using funds provided by the national government. A total of 18 out of 19 regional educational authorities teamed up to produce some of their own learning materials instead of purchasing materials produced by publishers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|materials educational authorities regional tasked|9.213682|2.0988007|2.2000787
5389|Aggregate indicators that focus on country-level analysis allow for comparison across countries but not across individuals within countries. For example, under SDG 13 on climate change, indicators related to forest area and its protection are essential, but indicators to monitor the human impact of depletion—including one that captures how women and men are affected by environmental degradation in different ways—are also important and necessary (see Chapter 3). But an assessment of gender data availability suggests there is a long way to go before this standard is met. Many of the gender-specific indicators cover 'emerging statistical areas' where measurement methodology is not well developed—this is true for one third of the gender-specific indicators.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|indicators gender specific captures depletion|9.386174|4.3429356|7.44114
5390|However, it is up to individual countries to adopt an approach that suits the needs of their children best, as the SDGTarget 1.2 calls for national definitions of multidimensional poverty. There are inevitable trade-offs between international comparability of a child poverty measure and its suitability to the national context. Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7), 476-487.|SDG 1 - No poverty|multidimensional poverty suits suitability inevitable|6.9242725|6.5242343|5.1506066
5391|The TAC system established in 1996 and the TAE (Total Allowable Effort) system in 2003 are the main tools for Japanese output controls. Under this system, the national and prefectural governments foimulate resource-management policies, and based on policies, fisher’s organisations create resource-management plans and implement them. It is a campaign as public-private collaboration with overall fishing industry such as fishing operators, processors, distributers, administrations, etc.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing resource fisher tac allowable|-0.2819074|5.694873|6.8401165
5392|The existence of gender inequalities may bolster an economic recovery if their effect on costs outweighs the negative implications of inequality in terms of effective demand. The second section contains a review of the literature on the links between growth and gender inequality. The third covers the methodology used in this study, while the fourth presents the results.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|inequality bolster gender contains existence|9.225373|4.548124|6.242445
5393|Where necessary, TIPOs can provide training to national companies to raise quality to the level needed for promotion via their own platforms. Such an environment is crucial to promoting trust in new technologies and signalling to SMEs the technologies in which they should invest. This is happening at an unprecedented pace and is not about to be reversed.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|technologies happening signalling reversed unprecedented|5.3067646|3.2295287|2.397402
5394|Next, the chapter focuses on primary teachers' pedagogical beliefs and practices in these six countries. Specific topics in this area are classroom teaching, student evaluation, teacher co-operation and collaboration and teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning. The final section of this chapter examines teachers' feelings of self-efficacy and job satisfaction.|SDG 4 - Quality education|beliefs teachers teaching chapter feelings|9.465413|1.3313341|2.1795516
5395|With regard to these goals, there are various linkages to tourism, as tourists both increase transport demands in cities, though they are also likely to have a great interest in alternative forms of mobility. Bicycle travel speed should increase by 10%. Since 2002, when the first bicycle policy was published, Copenhagen has made considerable progress towards these goals, largely on the basis of command-and-control measures, i.e. the development of bicycle infrastructure, in combination with soft policy campaigns framing the bicycle city as a desirable future.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bicycle goals framing command copenhagen|4.1274695|4.9549847|0.5251299
5396|The City Prosperity Index is a composite index based on six dimensions and over 15 subdimensions that are contextually specific and globally comparable. The dimensions are infrastructure development, productivity, quality of life, equity and social inclusion, environmental sustainability, governance, and legislation. The City Prosperity Initiative incorporates new analytical tools based on spatial indicators that facilitate a systematic disaggregation of information along with the key dimensions of urban development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|dimensions prosperity index city disaggregation|4.191439|5.112145|1.8966342
5397|Earnings quality is captured by average eamings (measured in PPP-adjusted USD), labour market insecurity denotes the risk of extreme low-pay among the employed (measured in percentage points), while the quality of the working environment captures the incidence of long working hours (60+) among all employed (measured in percentage points). The reference category is low-educated males aged 15-29 working in the formal sector. For more information on data sources, see the respective figure notes in the main text.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|measured working employed points percentage|8.092707|4.463105|4.573449
5398|By the 2000s, Spain was the major beneficiary of this tariff peak; it accounted for 71 per cent of EU production in 2011 and since 2001 has been the world’s second-largest producer of canned tuna, behind only Thailand (Globefish 2014). Given the highly competitive conditions in the Spanish retail market, this market share indicates the effectiveness of tariff protection, alongside various productivity-enhancing strategies of firms (Hamilton et al. The EU market for canned tuna is the largest in the world and preferences available to developing countries can be grouped into two types. Canned tuna is widely recognised as one of the very few success stories of industrial upgrading sparked by the Lome Conventions.|SDG 14 - Life below water|canned tuna tariff market largest|0.438457|5.961203|6.7055445
5399|"Concerns about health care expenditure growth and its long-term sustainability have risen to the top of the policy agenda in many OECD countries. As continued growth in spending places pressure on government budgets1, health services provision and patients"" personal finances, policy makers in OECD countries have launched forecasting projects to support policy planning. This study presents a comparative analysis of health expenditure forecasting methods through examination of leading methods that have been used by health policy makers."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|forecasting health policy makers methods|8.815665|8.702963|2.636426
5400|"The first is the idea that macroeconomic policies and events are linked with people and households, or percolate through to them, via a system of institutions —which include the State, the market and the community— that operates in neither a fully automatic nor a fully organized manner. This system functions within a gender-based framework that is founded upon power relations in which a visible, male-oriented policy approach dominates or influences an invisible, female-oriented one (Carrasco, 2001 and 2003; Elson, 1995a and 1999; Blau, Ferber and Winkler, 2002). The introduction of a gendered framework of considerations and factors sends out biased or skewed signals to the market, where, given the assumption that women workers are “expensive"", employers are reluctant to hire them or, once hired, to continue to employ them.1 Employment decisions therefore entail a process of bargaining and conflict in which both material and immaterial factors wield influence."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|oriented fully elson factors invisible|9.394363|4.4633007|6.7823396
5401|Improving the national R&D system will require the support and participation of research-intensive public and private universities. Many firms are specialised in E&E which are research-intensive fields, but not an option for university-industry collaboration. Firms do not regard university and research institutes as main collaborators. Furthermore, universities are not organised to efficiently deliver services to firms (see Box 3.7.|SDG 4 - Quality education|firms research universities intensive university|5.990556|3.0969918|2.4402528
5402|This refoim will allow many local communities to keep their hospital facility, but with many of them providing a different and smaller set of services, coordinated with closely located hospitals, or specialising in rehabilitation and nuising. In addition, since 2015 as part of the drive to improve efficiency and quality of services, NHIF has restricted contracts for obstetrics and surgery departments when yearly volumes have been below 300 births and 400 complex surgeries. Lithuania has put a lot of emphasis on expanding primary care, outpatient and day care services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|services obstetrics surgery care yearly|9.185948|8.901027|1.8987293
5403|Encouraging “developed” and “other” countries to report disaggregated information on climate finance provided in a comparable format would facilitate this. However, as the Paris Agreement’s entry into force is considerably earlier than originally anticipated, such MPGs are in practice unlikely to be adopted in 2016. These include encouraging reporting of items currently non-mandatory but that will become mandatory under the Paris Agreement (such as mobilised climate finance, or climate finance provided by non-Annex II Parties). Quantifying ex ante levels of climate finance is likely to be challenging for several countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate mandatory encouraging paris|1.4051778|3.7250273|0.63666636
5404|However, the figure is still much higher than those for Europe (5.3 TEU) and North America (2.7 TEU). The South-East Asian subregion has the highest figure in Asia and the Pacific at 35.1 TEU per $1 million of GDP, whereas the North and Central Asian subregion has the smallest figure at 2.1 TEU. All subregions in Asia and the Pacific have experienced solid growth of between 8 and 12 per cent per annum in their air transport passenger numbers, with the exception being the Pacific subregion, which still grew, but by a modest per cent. Within the concept of STI, importance is placed not only on developing and utilizing new technologies, but also on learning to use existing technologies, enhancing local absorption capacity and transferring knowledge to meet the needs of cross sections of society.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|subregion pacific figure asian north|4.624572|3.843625|2.198623
5405|The majority of wastewater plants in Northern and Central Europe now apply tertiary treatment, although elsewhere in the EU, particularly in the south-east, the proportion of primary and secondary treatment remains higher. This has led to a reduction in discharge of nutrients, biological oxygen demand — a measure of organic pollution — and of ammonia to receiving waters. The emission of some hazardous chemicals has also been reduced. To mitigate point-source pollution by micropollut ants in Switzerland, for example, the large mem plants in areas of concern are to be upgraded, with a furthe treatment step in addition to tertiary treatment. The correspond ing legal basis is currently being established. Contaminant transport pathways are complex and the ultimate fate of urban pollutants highly variable, depending, among other things, on the mode of wastewater collection and treatment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|treatment wastewater tertiary plants pollution|0.8402599|6.7127566|2.8109221
5406|The effect of parental involvement in the school community on students’ schoolwork-related anxiety and motivation to achieve are not as pronounced as on the other outcomes considered. In Germany, immigrant students are less likely than native students to have parents who are involved in the school community, and parental involvement increases the likelihood of students reporting low anxiety and high motivation by around five percentage points. Results are consistent with the finding that resources are weakly associated with education outcomes; they also show that there is a weak link between educational resources and the well-being of students. However, some individual countries and economies show large differences between immigrant and native students, and strong effects of certain resource indices on students’ outcomes. In Albania, for example, immigrant students were 13 percentage points more likely than native students to be enrolled in a school whose principal reported lack of educational material.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students native immigrant anxiety motivation|9.815531|2.5868497|3.005033
5407|For the latter, the figure shows the percentage of a particular purpose travel of all travels occurring per every hour of the day. At the same time, however, the ticket fare should not exceed the level at which the passengers would consider the ticket fare to be affordable. Too high prices can cause the demand for mobility shifting from public transport to other modes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ticket fare passengers hour occurring|4.2957835|4.98559|0.60116583
5408|Statutory Instruments are promulgated under this framework for such measures as quota management, fishery closures, licensing regimes, effort control and technical conservation measures. A review of the existing national legislation in this area, undertaken with a view to updating it to ensure Ireland’s compliance with the obligations of the CFP, was completed early in 2006 with a new Act, the Sea Fisheries and Maritime Jurisdiction Act 2006, enacted on 4 April 2006. This Act, coupled with a further Act introduced in 2003, has totally updated the national framework for the implementation of sea fisheries law. This modem legal framework ensures Ireland’s full and continued compliance with the control obligations of the CFP and allows for the implementation of the CFP. This enactment allows for the introduction of secondary legislation (Statutory Instruments) to bring into force EU and national control and conservation measures. In addition, Fishery Management Notices are also in place to provide for management of Ireland's quota and fishing effort entitlements.|SDG 14 - Life below water|cfp act ireland control statutory|-0.15600806|5.649926|6.6889358
5409|For potential mini-grid operators, the prospect of future competition with on-grid electricity providers with different cost structures might be a significant deterrent to investments that entail substantial sunk costs. This highlights the importance of transparency and integrated planning of grid extension and mini-grid deployment, and of appropriate regulatory frameworks, so as to avoid discouraging private investors and ensure the viability of an incremental approach. While the experiences of China, India and Nepal suggest that this option is technically viable (Deshmukh et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid mini sunk prospect discouraging|1.9133445|1.7104629|2.1120055
5410|Forest now covers 29% of the land area, a proportion roughly on a par with the OECD average (OECD, 2013) and on track to meet the 2020 forest cover target of 30% in the NFP (Table 4.2). By the end of 2012, the forest area amounted to 9.2 million ha, a 3% increase since 2000 (Table 4.1). In Central and Eastern Europe, only Russia and Ukraine exceed this, and Poland has the 14th largest forest area in the OECD.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest area oecd table par|1.3844978|4.7523956|4.045167
5411|A factor that would determine whether or not people are in the poverty culture is social participation, since ignorance of the forms of organization and functioning of groups outside the family would cause integration attempts to fail and thus generate despair (Miller, 1976; Lewis, 1969). Nonetheless, criticisms also began to be made of some of the implications of hypotheses such as the culture of poverty, and the need to “culturally rehabilitate” the poorest people to overcome deprivation. Doubts also emerged about the causal role of cultural and psycho-social factors. In the historical-structural perspective, it was argued that marginality was not the outcome of a lack of integration, but represented a way of participating in dependent capitalism; the survival strategies of the poor were thus forms of adaptation and not expressions of a subculture. Social regulation is defined as the moral demands imposed on the individual as a result of group membership, whereas social integration is the extent to which social relations expose people to the moral demands of the group (Bearman, 1991).|SDG 1 - No poverty|social integration moral demands culture|6.76496|6.0804367|4.804768
5412|"One of the objectives of RMK is to offer outdoor recreational possibilities and introduce sites of protection value through the nature tourism system based on everyman's right in recreational and protected areas. In total there are 13 RMK recreation areas across Estonia and since February 2009, RMK is also dealing with visitor management in five national parks and in approximately 40 other protected areas. In 2008 RMK published the manual ""Visitor monitoring in nature areas"" (Kajala et al. In April 2009 RMK took into use a new application KOSI for entering and processing the visitor information."|SDG 15 - Life on land|visitor recreational areas protected nature|1.5774376|5.121366|4.165105
5413|Sustainable aquaculture should be ecologically efficient, environmentally benign, product-diversified, profitable and societally beneficial. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has the potential to achieve these objectives by cultivating fed species (e.g.flnfishfed sustainable commercial diets) with extractive species, which utilize the inorganic (e.g. seaweeds) and organic (e.g. suspension-and deposit-feeders) excess nutrients from aquaculture for their growth. Thus, extractive aquaculture produces valuable biomass, while simultaneously rendering biomitigating services.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture extractive species cultivating rendering|0.3997253|6.223931|6.2987013
5414|As to studies conducted in the region, Berlinsky and Galiani (2007) analysed the effect of providing free preschool centres in Argentina and concluded that this led to a significant increase in the labour supply of mothers. By contrast, studies conducted in Chile (Encina and Martinez, 2009; Medrano, 2009; Aguirre, 2011) found that expanding childcare services had no significant impact on the number of mothers in the labour force. The authors argue that various factors, including cultural aspects, as well as the characteristics of the care supply in terms of the hours it is available and application procedures, may explain this lack of impact.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mothers conducted studies martinez supply|8.978697|5.089735|5.636046
5415|The results indicate that the largest 2006 VAT contributions amongst the foreign-born subpopulations were made by individuals from other ECOWAS countries (1.2%), followed by those originating in non-African countries (0.48%) and those from non-ECOWAS African countries (0.16%). International aid through the provision of grants (related to projects, programmes, HIPC and MDRI) as well as the liberalisation of trade were important for this achievement (Quartey et al., Yet, foreign aid may also be a burden on the government of Ghana as its overreliance on international financing has increased the country’s level of debt (Niyonkuru, 2016). Taxes on international trade were solely applied to individuals aged 18 and above.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ecowas aid african international foreign|5.5459776|4.9756055|4.242506
5416|Involving a peer school leader in the appraisal process also corresponds to the development of school leadership models in which school leaders assume responsibilities beyond their own school and engage in the improvement of the wider education system (e.g. through school partnerships and networks and as critical friends). To provide two examples, Ireland has introduced a Leadership Development for Schools (LDS) programme that provides professional development opportunities with a focus on improving teaching and learning for all students for emerging and established school leaders on an annual basis through a variety of formats (e.g. interactive seminars, active learning networks and virtual learning environment).32 Norway has implemented a National Training Programme for Principals in 2009 that aims to support school principals to become pedagogical leaders that work towards improving teaching in learning in schools. Initially targeted at new school principals, 621 participants took part in the programme that can be taken part-time over one-and-a-half to two years between 2009 and 2011 (Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training, 2011).|SDG 4 - Quality education|school principals learning leaders programme|9.789726|1.4379286|1.7824525
5417|It could also explore the feasibility of opening up Medicare to other rural health professionals, and extending incentives to other health practitioners to relocate to rural areas and promote rural retention. The value that experienced visiting staff play in quality improvement through training local staff should not be underestimated. Specialists flying in should, as much as possible, see patients jointly with local clinicians to optimise training and support.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|rural staff flying training relocate|9.241185|8.572398|1.9101615
5418|Through this process, two groups were created: 1) a treatment group, comprised of those individuals living in regions where broadband was introduced during the 2010-11 period, and 2) a control group, comprised of those individuals living in regions that already had access to residential broadband services by the fourth quarter of 2009. Using this approach, and given that the treatment group and the control group are statistically equal at the baseline of the observed variables, a regression model that estimates the impact of treatment on individual income levels was built. Controls were included for the variables that at the individual level can affect income (age, gender, employment status and healthcare coverage, level of formal education, and role within the family).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|group comprised treatment broadband variables|7.365902|5.9185505|4.762809
5419|One school leader emphasised the importance of being trained specifically for the role of school leader, but until the early 2000s, Norway did not have any particular development programme for school leaders. Since then, national Masters level courses have been developed, and some of the school leaders interviewed had participated in these programmes. The OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (OECD, 2009) highlights the importance of team teaching in Norway. Teacher teams offer opportunities for teachers to reflect on their work and discuss their teaching practices.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school teaching leader leaders norway|9.695181|1.607716|1.856301
5420|Unfortunately, patients do not generally have long-term relationships with a primary care provider. Instead, they face an almost unconstrained choice of provider and can choose between western and oriental medicine. While there is notionally a requirement to have a referral from a family medicine specialist or a general medical practitioner prior to visiting a tertiary hospital, gatekeeping is not strictly enforced and patients have relatively easy access to tertiary hospitals and their specialists (Chun et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicine provider tertiary patients visiting|9.395075|8.895179|1.5871278
5421|Teachers' work with student assessment has contributed to their gaining a stronger understanding of the new subject curricula. However, large variations between schools remain during the implementation, and while all schools are undergoing change, the pace is often very different. Researchers pointed out that there is no coherent strategic plan for implementation of the reform, and stakeholders signaled the need for more support and guidance during the implementation period.|SDG 4 - Quality education|implementation schools undergoing gaining pointed|9.457603|1.6393727|1.5391506
5422|Micro-regions in Hungary are statistical sub-regions. There are 149 micro-regions in total and Budapest is not included in the system. Day care comprises health care services delivered to patients who are formally admitted to hospitals, ambulatory premises or self standing centres but with the intention to discharge the patient on the same day.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|regions micro day premises admitted|9.026712|8.799417|2.076247
5423|Nonincome poverty relates to access to basic services such as health care and education. The percentages of the population below the poverty line and in multidimensional poverty are high in most of the 20 countries for which data are available for both these indicators (see table 3). In North and Central Asia, the incidence of multidimensional poverty is much lower than that of income poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty multidimensional percentages relates incidence|6.37685|6.0913844|4.8500366
5424|Those include reconstruction work for 345 km of the Ulaanbaatar-Altanbulag road, as well as the so-called West and East corridors crossing the country from the north to the south. The Mongolian government action plan for 2016-20 includes roads from Ulaanbaatar to provincial capitals, with a total length of 5100 km. In 2018, 904 km of roads to provinces Bayan-Ulgii, Khovd, Uvs, Govi-Altai and Zavkhan were under construction. The country also plans a massive expansion of its railway network that will connect mainly major mining sites with the centre and with the country borders.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|km ulaanbaatar roads country mongolian|4.3086867|4.6822863|1.1243466
5425|The incompleteness of registration of compulsory admissions and the legal status of referrals are two particular concerns, especially given that available data suggests that there are significant regional differences in both. The marked increase in reporting of waiting times data is encouraging, and similar improvements for other indicators are most desirous. For example, measurement of restraint (physical and chemical) -potentially a key measure for quality for mental health care - is included in a paper protocol, must be reported to a supervisory board on a monthly basis, and should be reported nationally. At present this national data collection is not operational, and only an estimated 25% of all reports of measures of restraint are collected.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|restraint data reported supervisory referrals|10.145781|9.088469|1.8129815
5426|High-quality vocational education pathways can also improve graduation rates1. If large numbers of students fail to complete a programme, or the programme does not lead to further learning opportunities, including in academic programmes, it is not a high-quality' programme. Similarly, programmes that do not position students to succeed in the labour market cannot be regarded as high quality (OECD, 2014a). The strongest vocational systems offer a wide range of opportunities for students to move between vocational and more academic programmes, and vice versa.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational students programme academic programmes|8.5570135|2.7349048|2.8329623
5427|Most funds for river basin management come from federal programmes that target sub-sectoral problems (such as infrastructure development construction) without an integrated, basin-wide perspective; this renders river basin organisation entirely dependent on the federal budget. For example, in 2012, depending on how water expenditures are classified, CONAGUA will spend between MXN 10 to 20 billion on water resources management. Furthermore, river basin organisations have no revenue-raising powers and their river basin plans fail to guide funding for projects: water abstraction and pollution charge rates are set at federal level by the Federal Duties Law, collected by CONAGUA, but proceeds go back to the federal budget. This goes against the tentative Water-Pays-for-Water principle, the Law on Contributions for Improvements Generated by Federal Public Works of Water Infrastructure (Ley de Contribucion.es de Mejoras por Obras Publicas Federates de Infrastructura Hidraulica), which establishes the regulations and procedures for recovering the cost of public investments in water infrastructure; in Mexico this has not yet been applied.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|federal basin water river conagua|1.5328236|7.355504|1.9597334
5428|Other requirements for eliminating violence against women, as listed by the 2014 Beijing+20 respondent countries, are education initiatives; provision of a range of services, including safe houses and reintegration measures for violence survivors; community mobilisation, ensuring the engagement of leaders; research to elucidate the various aspects of violence against women and girls, and gender-sensitive judicial systems. Particular forms of violence were highlighted for attention by the Beijing+20 respondent countries, including trafficking in women and girls; child, early and forced marriage and other harmful practices; domestic violence; cyber prostitution and pornography; sorcery-related crimes, and violence against elderly women. To equalise relations of power between women and men, the respondent countries emphasized improving the status of women in society and revising negative and stereotyped images and attitudes about women and girls and their roles.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence respondent women girls beijing|9.908322|5.0981083|7.56624
5429|In general, a commune corresponds to a municipality, a city, town or village; the term is used for all basic units of local government that have direct administrative capacity regardless of their size. Communes are governed by a directly elected city council that is chaired by a mayor. The mayor is both the chief executive of the commune and also an agent of the central government, with respect to certain pow'ers (e.g. civil registry, elections organisation).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mayor commune city pow agent|3.8246543|5.765274|1.722309
5430|Equally, the expansion of productive energy use can play an important role in strengthening the electricity sector, by providing the demand needed to make investments viable, and possibly supporting the diversification of LDC energy sources. It requires proactive efforts to ensure “transformational energy access” and to promote the use of electricity in productive processes. Unless producers' energy needs are met — including in terms of adequate peak power, reliability, quality of supply and affordability — the unprecedented development opportunities offered by recent technological advances in electricity generation (and to a lesser extent storage) will be largely missed. Such investments are very long-term in nature, and may give rise to an important element of path dependency.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy electricity productive investments missed|1.7079816|1.9325163|2.0795476
5431|By introducing full accountability through catch quotas instead of landing quotas the fisherman's incentive to optimise the value of his catch by discarding less valuable fish would be substituted by his incentive to use selective fishing methods to optimise the value of his total removals from the stocks. The trial aimed at testing whether CQM could provide a reliable accounting for all catches of cod, give better scientific data and encourage fishermen to fish more selectively and reduce accidental catches. The main feature of the trial is that all catches count against the vessel quota and that the fishing vessels are monitored from port to port using sensors and CCTV technology.|SDG 14 - Life below water|catches optimise trial port catch|-0.29284164|5.753011|6.9138064
5432|Robots and smart machines are able to replace workers in ever more complex tasks, such as those that require visual inspection and classification. They have slowed employment growth in both developed and developing countries. Experience with the digital industry underlines the potential for increasing access to technology, as well as challenges in managing intellectual property.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|robots visual underlines machines slowed|4.934696|3.0391927|2.5280979
5433|Only descriptive assessments and feedback are used, depending on how student assessment is described in the school curriculum or municipal education plan. Finnish schools accept that there may be some limitations on comparability when teachers do all the grading of students. But the fact that primary school is, to a large extent, free from standardised testing enables teachers to use creative teaching methods and pupils to concentrate on learning and sustaining their natural curiosity. The national PISA report concludes that only 7% of 15-year-old Finnish students said they feel anxious when working on mathematics tasks at home compared to 52% in Japan (Kupari & Valijarvi, 2005).|SDG 4 - Quality education|finnish teachers grading students descriptive|9.70505|2.1916063|2.8592527
5434|Growth performance, however, deteriorated in the second half of 2015 amid declining workers’ remittances and a slowdown in gold exports, which weakened consumer spending and domestic investments. Meanwhile, despite depreciation of the currency by 28% in 2015, inflation softened to 6.6%, as price increases were constrained by weak household spending while monetary policy remained tight. A rebound by 4% in 2017 is expected, contingent upon stabilization in global commodity prices and revived economic activity in the subregion.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|spending amid deteriorated stabilization rebound|5.4763527|4.964946|3.7506285
5435|The increase in P demand will come mainly from manufacturing (+400%), electricity (+140%) and domestic use (+130%). In the face of these competing demands, there will be little scope for increasing water for irrigation. The country groupings BRIICS and RoW are explained in Table 1.3 in Chapter 1. The rate of groundwater depletion more than doubled between 1960 and 2000, reaching over 280 km3 per year. The consequences will be increased eutrophication, biodiversity loss and disease.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|row groupings briics eutrophication doubled|1.0450076|7.395071|2.9325721
5436|Austria could benefit from taking a more strategic approach to developing the RTO sector and other transfer-oriented institutions. Austria’s policy mix for business R&D and innovation has altered substantially in recent years, with the emphasis increasingly placed on more generic support for R&D through a tax incentive (the Research Premium). About three quarters of additional public R&D funding to enterprises between 2006 and 2015 (excluding the co-operative sector) can be attributed to this instrument. Due to design features of the Research Premium, and the increase in the tax exemption rate to 14% in 2018, this shift is likely to continue.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|premium austria tax research altered|5.537564|3.2923863|2.4464276
5437|Equivalent work is also expected to start in 2014 on a range of finished wood products, including doors, windows, shutters, curtain-walling and flooring (Anderson, 2014). Efforts are being made to assist with the development of EPDs at the national level by compiling comprehensive LCA data for timber and wood products, for example through the United Kingdom's Wood First Plus Initiative. These EPDs are independently verified by Underwriters Laboratories to ensure that EPDs conform to ISO 14025 requirements.|SDG 15 - Life on land|wood products lca doors compiling|1.3537549|3.816111|2.975887
5438|Without these investments, one billion people will still be without access to energy by 2030 (IEA, 201 Id), principally in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet by the time of the Rio+20 Summit in 2012, the energy access funding commitments received by the UN Secretary-General were only equivalent to around 3% of the nearly USD 1 trillion in cumulative investment needs (IEA, 2012a). Sustaining growth in emerging markets will also require even more substantial investment in energy infrastructure. By 2050, emerging economies are expected to account for nearly 40% of total global GDP, leading to a considerable expansion in energy demand (OECD, 2012b).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy iea nearly emerging id|1.4765104|2.6305566|2.4418962
5439|Most of the LDC migrants are low- or semi-skilled workers coming from rural areas. These migrant workers often have to pay exorbitantly high charges to unscrupulous middlemen. Additionally, because of the cumbersome migration process, some aspiring migrants tend to take recourse to illegal means to travel to host countries in search of jobs. Middlemen take advantage of this and charge higher fees from the migrant workers.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|workers migrant migrants aspiring recourse|6.0079904|4.292211|3.8743644
5440|Poverty is traditionally measured based on income or expenditure aggregated at household level, and the number of poor is calculated as the number of people living in poor households. Inequality within the household in satisfying individual basic needs is not taken into account, mainly because it is difficult to know how household income is spent or consumed on an individual basis within the household or how expenditures are distributed to each household member. If in the same household women consume or spend less than what they need to function properly physically and socially, while men consume what they need or more, those women and men in the household are still considered to have the same poverty status, either poor or non-poor, depending on the average consumption estimated at the household level.|SDG 1 - No poverty|household poor consume satisfying individual|6.9674907|6.0114446|5.144935
5441|These challenges are magnified by high rates of informality. The earnings gap4 between self-employed men and women in Mexico is 47.6% - one of the highest gaps in the OECD, and well above the OECD average of 33.2%. Part of the gender gap in earnings can be attributed to women’s preferences for self-employment: women more than men are more likely to selfemploy out of a desire for work flexibility, which fosters a gender gap in hours worked and affects earnings (OECD, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|earnings self women oecd gap|9.784928|4.226655|5.7108836
5442|It is the intention to maintain the fundamental elements of the QMS (i.e. quota and annual catch entitlements) but engage with stakeholders to improve the system for the future. This programme incorporates three projects to improve fisheries information, create the opportunities to reset the system including to resolve discarding (such as the return of unwanted live or dead fish to the sea), and to ensure our fisheries management system meets future needs. This will improve the quality of information on which decisions about fisheries management are based and strengthen compliance with the Quota Management System (QMS).|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries quota improve management future|-0.24115312|5.8029947|6.7923684
5443|Removal of any distortionary regulation and taxes will create the foundation for large reductions in emissions. However, the dependence on intermittent power generation for a large proportion of the energy supply will require economic incentives to make the final transition to the carbon neutral emissions target. The scenario analysis suggests that hydrogen fuel cells could be a cost-efficient solution. However, hydrogen production has a very low efficiency, which does not correlate well with an energy system that relies on relatively costly wind power.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydrogen emissions distortionary correlate power|1.4696074|2.5756595|2.046184
5444|Building the Stanca-Costesti Dam led to modifications of the habitat. The Stanca-Costesti Reservoir is covered by the Prut Water Quality Monitoring System: surveillance and operational monitoring are carried out. Wastewater discharges and water abstractions are aiso monitored. Organic micropollutants had values which did not exceed the limit values.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|values prut monitoring abstractions modifications|0.9790344|7.2270036|2.5045333
5445|For many educators, politicians, and researchers, evaluation was seen as a tool of control rather than an instrument to monitor and support education. The improved collection and use of evaluation information has allow ed Brazil to improve the quality and efficiency of its education system. Reforms first focused on building the enabling context for evaluation activities. This included defining the overarching policy framework for evaluation; creating the right institution to lead evaluation programmes; ensuring stable and sufficient funding; and developing in-country capacity for carry ing out evaluation tasks.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation ing politicians ed educators|9.768955|1.8014053|1.5435114
5446|It is often difficult to allocate system costs with precision as they interact with virtually all parameters of the electricity system. For instance, is the decline in the share price of a traditional utility due to inefficient management, errors in the forecast of electricity demand or to the system effects induced by a myriad of decentralised wind and solar plants? There are also difficult distributional questions to be considered that are only now beginning to emerge.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|difficult electricity precision myriad forecast|1.6912342|1.7010758|1.8049791
5447|The principal driver of research-intensive universities is scientific world class excellence. While the TAFE institutes usually have close links to the labour market and also local and regional development, they are constrained by their limited capacity to move in this direction. For example, the Tertiary Education Innovation Fund in the United Kingdom has considerably increased locally relevant activities of tertiary education institutions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary tafe excellence institutes constrained|7.474363|2.5778053|2.5132155
5448|This is partly explained by the availability of renewable energy sources which is high for instance in Nordic countries, benefiting from large hydroelectric capacities. In Germany, wind and biomass account for two thirds of the RES electricity production, while hydropower and solar remain limited (20% and 7%). Uncertainty regarding environmental policies hampered the development of RES in other OECD countries (OECD, 2011a). Some studies also show that feed-in tariffs were more efficient than other policies in increasing RES penetration.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|res hampered hydroelectric benefiting policies|1.6674577|2.123508|2.0894048
5449|This assumption seems justified both on the basis of the literature and the findings in previous chapters, and is widely used in the literature (Shen and Whalley, 2013). In combination with labour force survey data (2001-15), national accounts data have been used to make empirical estimates of the extent to which labour and capital are substitutes in Thailand. The same is the case for high-skilled and low-skilled labour, where high-skilled labour has been defined based on major occupational groups (including groups 1-3: managers, professionals and associate professionals).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|skilled labour professionals literature groups|7.2102475|3.6183145|4.2145567
5450|These are: the investment necessary to build domestic capital stock (physical capital, human capital, and so forth), which economists refer to as capital accumulation; structural change (or structural transformation); and building the capabilities of the domestic enterprise sector. The policy framework proposed here is intended to contribute to thinking about how this might be done, given the specific conditions of a typical LDC. The main novelty in the framework is that it explicitly links employment creation with the three processes through which productive capacities develop.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|capital structural domestic novelty framework|5.033143|4.377219|3.3113928
5451|They have also paid special attention to expanding social opportunities by setting policy priorities, nurturing selected industries, fostering state-market complementarities, committing to long-term reforms, having strong political leadership, learning by doing and boosting public investment. Getting policies and policy priorities right raises the equally important issue of getting policymaking right. Governing institutions and policies are profoundly and inextricably linked; one cannot succeed without the other. It is thus important to have policy processes managed by committed people in effective and responsive government structures. Policies also change at different stages of development: at early stages, for example, many countries prioritize job creation and poverty reduction.|SDG 1 - No poverty|getting stages priorities policies right|6.0639234|5.1679096|4.0175447
5452|In this section research supporting the importance of each subdomain is presented in turn although intersections between the domains are highlighted. It is expressed in the units of standard deviations where an effect of 0.1 is relatively weak, one of 0.40 is moderately strong, and an effect of 0.70 is strong. Family structure (e.g. parents’ marital status, presence of extended family in the home, number of children) contributes to early learning in myriad ways. For instance, the presence of multiple adults in the household who can provide care for young children may mean that children have more opportunities to engage wdth an adult in a range of stimulating activities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|presence children strong effect intersections|7.0844193|6.536403|5.2511973
5453|Moreover,full employment is a prerequisite to address the problem of male unemployment. This will help to avoid gender conflict, resistance, and, in some cases, backlash as more women enter the labour force in a global context in which men’s access to paid work has been falling. Public investment should be directed at expenditures that reduce women’s care burden and allow for care to be more equitably shared by the state and men and women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women men equitably prerequisite care|9.066086|4.7386956|6.005751
5454|However, the business case, especially in terms of making a profit, is not as easily applicable in all areas of environmental protection and in the countries that need the most support. In those countries and sectors, additionality must be assessed (e.g. replication at lower cost) and there is a need to develop, pilot and document innovative ways to engage the private sector, such as through the use of green and inclusive business models. One example of this is the need to better finance climate change adaptation efforts - as is discussed in Chapter 4, less than a fifth of climate-related development finance targeted climate change adaptation in 2013.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate need adaptation replication business|2.0531898|4.0170403|1.8104601
5455|The objective of SWITCH was to develop new solutions with regard to increasing the efficiency of urban water systems and their resilience to a range of future climate change scenarios. The project’s approach was one of strengthening the connections between experts and stakeholders, and decision makers, so as to facilitate knowledge-sharing. The directed spiral (with arrows), whose origin is the point of intersection of the x- and y-axes, represents an ideal policy path.|SDG 13 - Climate action|arrows axes intersection switch ideal|1.3093514|5.301504|1.7571838
5456|They are also adversely affected by the underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe drinking water, sanitation, adequate housing and nutrition. Additionally, health practitioners may give lower-quality diagnoses, medication and care and may even show neglect towards those discriminated against. Indirect discrimination that indigenous peoples experience may on the surface appear neutral, but it has the effect of discrimination. One prime example of indirect discrimination includes providing health information and services only in the dominant language or in accordance with dominant cultural practices, which results in the de facto exclusion of indigenous peoples. In the Asian region, as in other parts of the world, indigenous peoples have spoken clearly on this issue stating that such a data revolution should include the collecting disaggregated information on key indicators for both baseline and progress tracking.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|peoples indigenous discrimination dominant indirect|9.588479|8.256045|3.3449152
5457|In some situations, such as voluntarily quitting a job, a large number of OECD countries impose an extended waiting period before benefits can start, or in some cases complete disqualification from the benefit. In countries with unlimited duration of benefit entitlements, a termination of entitlement may not be possible, but in the United Kingdom a loss of benefit for up three years may apply for repeat offences (OECD, 2014a). There is some expectation that additional requirements will apply if skilled and employable jobseekers do not fairly quickly find work by their own efforts.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|benefit apply offences termination repeat|7.9173365|4.680917|4.068198
5458|"Finally, at the top of the pyramid, regional and continental trading of cereal crops (mainly wheat and rice) is controlled by major traders, who are often close to those in power. Food security relies on the sound functioning of this ""food sector"", above all for the most destitute urban dwellers but also for rural people in times of crisis. This has underpinned the emergence of a coherent system."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food underpinned cereal continental traders|4.2159557|5.219918|4.1284084
5459|Teachers’ salaries and the social status of the teaching profession are related in different ways to students’ expectations of a teaching career, depending on the students' academic proficiency and certain characteristics, namely gender, socio economic status, immigrant background and mathematics performance. Results indicate that boys are more sensitive to salary differences, but there is no evidence that higher salaries would attract high-achieving students into the teaching profession to a greater extent than low-achieving students. Education systems could, therefore, do more to encourage and support the pursuit of a teaching career among all motivated students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students teaching salaries profession career|9.495932|1.3778863|2.5404747
5460|The latter may include cross-cutting services such as vulnerability analysis and mapping (VAM), procurement or logistics, which inform and support the implementation of instruments. Similarly, food reserves supply locally procured food to support safety-net programmes. Initiatives such as Purchase for Progress (P4P), when integrated into social protection strategies, a: reinforce safety-net systems.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|net safety procured food logistics|4.542103|5.504374|4.266934
5461|Capabilities can be thought of as the prerequisites for adults to engage in production that provides a secure and adequate livelihood, typically measured with education and health variables. Livelihoods refers to measures such as wages, employment, access to credit, ownership of productive assets. The third domain—agency (or empowerment)—can be understood as the ability of individuals and the groups to which they belong to shape their environment. Thus gender equality in this domain would imply that women are equally agentic as men.3 Women’s share of trade union membership, and of managerial and leadership positions in cooperatives, businesses and governing bodies, are useful indicators in this domain.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|domain belong cooperatives membership managerial|9.318336|4.458527|6.892604
5462|Box 5.2 provides an example on how this has been done in Western Australia to inform allocation planning for a groundwater system (see the section on “Managing the risk of shortage” for further discussion on using economic instruments and a risk-based approach to allocation). In terms of monitoring the compliance of objectives, the central government is responsible for the national waters and the provinces are responsible for the regional waters. For example, for some aquifers, a high risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems can be reduced to a medium level if the risk is managed through appropriate buffer zones.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|risk waters groundwater allocation responsible|1.1759796|7.276702|2.2573957
5463|France, Israel and Switzerland do relatively well (compared with countries of similar average performance) in nurturing excellence, but at the same time, they have sizeable shares of students who do not reach the baseline level of proficiency. Among girls, the difference between the top and lowest performers is narrower. In Hong Kong (China) and Singapore, two of the highest-performing countries and economies, similar shares of boys and girls perform at Level 5 or above in mathematics.|SDG 4 - Quality education|shares girls similar nurturing narrower|9.685411|2.3593705|3.5079322
5464|Obese people earn 18 per cent less than people who are not obese (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2012a). Therefore, the first concern will be increasing agricultural productivity, in particular in countries where the prevalence of hunger is higher and where large productivity gaps still exist. The main challenge, however, is to increase food production while minimizing the environmental impact and increasing natural resource use efficiency.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|obese productivity minimizing increasing people|4.171357|5.540608|4.474445
5465|The initiative has been a stepping-stone for young people seeking to build skills and engage in socially responsible work, while also earning wages. It has been successfully replicated in other districts, including Cova Lima, Dili and Liqui^a. Training was provided by InfoTimor staff in 2009, who also assisted the community centre in setting up a computer maintenance workshop, software and hardware training, an Internet cafe and a satellite dish to deliver the Internet to the local community. The centre has since become a registered NGO and training organization.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training internet centre lima hardware|7.884326|2.5551865|2.446039
5466|Expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education was 2.5% of the GDP in 2010, lower than the OECD average of 3.9%, but it has increased by 0.7 percentage points since 2000. In 2010, public expenditure on public educational institutions per student in primary education, secondary and postsecondary non-tertiary education was USD 2 008 (compared to the OECD average of USD 8 412), while for private institutions it was USD 2 413 (compared to the OECD average of USD 5 029). School funding is allocated based on an increase over the previous year's school budget.|SDG 4 - Quality education|usd secondary average tertiary expenditure|9.1168995|2.1258643|2.7494953
5467|With the 2017 reform, Wien-Umgebung was divided into four parts, each of which was absorbed into a different predominantly rural county (Bruck an der Leitha, Komeuburg, St. Polten Land and Tulin). This stated objective is visible in most of the regional strategic documents currently in place: the Oslo-Akershus Joint Regional Plan for Transport and Land Use; the Vision of Vastra Gotaland and the Regional Development Programme (RUP) of Vastra Gotaland “VG2020”; Skane’s regional development strategy “The Open Skane 2030” and “Strategies for Polycentric Skane” (Table 2.5). In the case of Oslo-Akershus, the national government’s push for a joint regional plan on transport and land use stimulated co-ordination between both counties and municipalities (Box 2.4). In the case of the two Swedish sub-regions, the focus on polycentric development may also reflect the fact that the current perimeter of Vastra Gotaland and Skane is the result of county amalgamations in 1998-99.2 The Committee for Sustainable Development in Vastra Gotaland ensures effective co-ordination and mutual reinforcement between regional and municipal initiatives (Box 2.5).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|skane regional polycentric oslo county|4.4265056|4.4301496|1.4459606
5468|Strengthening the school supervision profession and creating supervisory teams could enhance the quality of evaluations and build greater trust in the process. Develop a strategy to raise education quality in small primary schools. Steps should be taken to consolidate or close small schools when others nearby can provide better quality.|SDG 4 - Quality education|quality schools supervisory small consolidate|9.813906|1.5245001|1.8953667
5469|There has been some reported success in reducing global poverty levels. The number of people living on less than $ 1.25 a day in developing countries is said to have declined from 1.94 billion to 1.20 billion between 1981 and 2010 (figure 1.1). In addition, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty dropped from 52 to 21 per cent over the period 1981-2010.|SDG 1 - No poverty|billion living poverty people dropped|6.0892315|5.8231893|4.881732
5470|By 2019, the price of the benchmark US maize (No. A noteworthy feature is the drop in wheat to maize price ratio to a low ratio of 1.1-1.2, compared to 1.3-1.6 in the past, indicating a stronger upside potential for maize prices than for wheat. Continuing instability will be a factor for all cereal markets as the linkages are strong enough to influence them all.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|maize wheat ratio price noteworthy|3.8771043|5.0281177|4.4568944
5471|The key diagnostic messages from the questionnaires and the interview programmes organised by the OECD Team largely corroborated the in-depth assessment that the Chilean Government carried out when preparing the National Policy for Urban Development. They are fully in line w'ith the assessment that this present OECD Review has conducted for administrative and regulatory governance; digital government and deployment of ICT in the public sector; and SME development. Territorial governance is crucial, as it heavily depends on how both urban and rural areas can guarantee agreed living standards; develop and prosper. Designing and managing efficient planning and zoning policies, including construction permit procedures, has acquired increasing relevance in the light of the challenges posed by rapidly evolving societies and the globalised economy.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|governance assessment urban questionnaires posed|4.06569|5.6489363|1.7977837
5472|In West Germany, paid parental leave was not limited exclusively to the child’s first three years. The result was low female labour force participation. In the GDR, by contrast, women enjoyed an income-replacement parental leave benefit for one year, while nurseries were expanded and child care infrastructure improved.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parental leave child nurseries enjoyed|9.210791|5.2411675|5.3390336
5473|On average across OECD countries, 24% of students from disadvantaged schools are enrolled in pre-vocational or vocational programmes, compared to 3% of students in advantaged schools. This difference is largest in Austria, Croatia, Italy and the Netherlands. Considering that students from disadvantaged backgrounds are 2.8 times more likely perform below the baseline in science than more advantaged students on average across OECD countries, disadvantaged students are more likely to be tracked into a vocational trajectory.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students vocational disadvantaged advantaged schools|9.102614|2.6329312|3.0457797
5474|The current annual production capacity of wind turbines manufactured in India is about 3 000 MW to 3 500 MW, including turbines for the domestic as well as for export markets (GWEC, 2009). Major wind turbine manufacturers in India are Suzlon, Enercon, RRB Energy and Vestas; together they account for more than 85% of the new capacity added in India between 2009 and 2010 (WPI, 2010). Indigenously produced wind turbines and turbine blades have been exported to the United States, Europe, Australia, China and Brazil.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|turbines wind turbine india mw|2.050957|1.921754|2.034222
5475|The second round (which was ultimately cancelled) targeted a further 600 MW of solar generation capacity. The plants also needed to be grid connected and required the endorsement of the relevant state or territory governments. In terms of funding requirements, the Commonwealth funding to the successful proponent was to be awarded through taxable capital grants. Applicants needed to seek 2 for 1 funding for the project and were expected to access other government (state government) funding sources. Each project had an Educational Infrastructure Fund component (to support university research and training activities) and this funding was subject to separate legislative and funding requirements. It was anticipated that the round one project would be selected in 2010, to be fully operational by 2015.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|funding round project requirements needed|1.9600441|3.7609255|1.3899992
5476|The pattern of occupational growth suggests that the demand for labour is an important factor explaining the role of immigrant workers in Thailand. This is underlined by the relatively low proportions of foreign-bom workers in occupations that have become less important, such as skilled agriculture and legislative/senior official occupations. In particular, the share of low-skill occupations is high in comparison with other countries including the partner countries,8 while it has been growing for foreign-bom workers and decreasing forThai-bom workers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom occupations workers foreign underlined|7.212824|3.6151288|4.2317266
5477|According to the SNC, an increase in sea surface temperature and medium sea level, and changes in extreme weather and climate events, might occur. The World Meteorological Organization declared the period 2001-2010 as a decade of climate extremes. Montenegro was also affected by weather extremes in this period.|SDG 13 - Climate action|extremes weather sea snc period|1.2090876|5.2489786|2.2727213
5478|The economic and social contributions of migrant workers are typically well recognized in source countries. Remittances are found to be countercyclical and play an important role in sustaining domestic demand in source countries. Remittances are also an important source of foreign exchange, vitally needed for essential imports and for development activities.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|source remittances countercyclical sustaining important|5.9043336|4.3195252|3.8326614
5479|However, it also exempted family law, succession law and customary law from this prohibition,2 all of which are critical to ensuring women’s access to land. According to the IFC, the availabi lity of credit significantly increases where security interests are protected and there is a predictable priority for creditors in cases of loan default. In countries with creditor protections, private sector credit is 60 percent of GDP. In those without, it is only 30 to 32 per cent of GDP (IFC, 2014).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ifc law credit gdp succession|8.867724|3.9058483|6.6319623
5480|The years following the creation of the Task Force saw a decrease in deaths caused by road accidents by 29.4% between 2000 and 2003. The Task Force was not only interministerial (with representatives from different ministries and agencies) but also intergovernmental (as it was composed of local officials from Seoul, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, Gangwon Province and South Chungcheong Province). It is reasonable to assume that co-ordination at the highest level of the government was instrumental in integrating scattered measures and sending a powerful message throughout the society, leading to major improvements in road safety. The improvement of child safety has been one of the most important successes in the past two decades.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|province task road safety force|4.205631|5.26874|-0.034085438
5481|Obtaining reliable gender statistics that adequately reflect differences and inequalities in the situation of women and men in all areas of life requires a strategy of gender mainstreaming in all stages of data production. This means that gender is brought into the “mainstream” of all statistical activities, rather than dealt with as an “add-on” (United Nations, 2002). Mainstreaming a gender perspective in statistics means that gender issues and gender-based biases are systematically taken into account in the production of all official statistics and at all stages of data production (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996; United Nations-, 2001a, 2001b, 2002, 2006).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender statistics mainstreaming stages production|9.677801|4.446884|7.9215684
5482|The community care subprogramme is complemented by other services including the Circulos de Abuelos, (Grandparents Circle) attended by 43.7% of the country’s older adult population and the Programa de atencion al anciano solo (Care for elders alone) which covers 71.2% of the total elderly population living in singleperson households. There are 144 older persons’ homes in the country (84% State-run) with a total of 7,920 residents (0.46% of the country’s older adult population). These facilities are staffed by physicians, nurses, physical therapists and psychologists among others. The National Office for Older Persons’ Care and Social Services evaluate the management of these homes and offer performance support.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|older homes adult care population|9.134008|8.355651|2.6018095
5483|Finally, it provides input to the Mayors' Council on proposed borrowing limit increases in ten-year transport investment plans. It aims for solid waste volume reduction, better resource conservation and recovery, prohibits certain actions and products, provides penalties and appropriates funds. Despite the comprehensive policy framework, LGUs are struggling to implement the policy.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|provides prohibits mayors lgus borrowing|3.8469963|5.0015826|1.1946493
5484|Similarly, Chetana from Sunsari district is now active in preventing trafficking in her community. She has mobilized the media and national stakeholders, including higher authorities in the police, to rescue trafficked women from her village. New ideas, images, beliefs and values brought by the migrants to their community (Levitt 1998).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rescue community mobilized images trafficked|9.484963|5.3967485|7.3140807
5485|Greenland is also looking at other renewable energy sources, while the country’s own energy utility company is researching into hydrogen technology for energy storage. Energy savings are also on the national agenda. For example, in 2012 Greenland will be the first country to have 100% coverage with remote monitoring of energy meters which help end users keep control of their energy consumption and encourage them to reduce it. One such project currently under way is the establishment of an aluminium smelting plant.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy greenland hydrogen aluminium meters|1.7830606|2.4536433|2.397883
5486|Environmental conditions also regularly impair energy equipment. Furthermore, with limited economic resources, Kiribati is highly dependent on official development assistance (accounts for 50% of GDP), with almost total dependence on external funding for energy projects, which results in long lead times and adds complexity to implementation. Moreover, there are significant capacity issues in the energy sector, lack of awareness regarding renewable energy and energy efficiency, and availability of energy data is limited. With the assistance of SPC and other partners, Kiribati is in the process of developing a long-term energy sector strategy, which will include several renewable energy targets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy kiribati assistance renewable spc|1.7179464|2.1203885|2.624735
5487|The balance of the overall generation portfolio, as well as the potential costs of environmental externalities that may have to be paid in the longer term should always be an integral part of the discussion whenever countries negotiate with donors on investment in new assets. Although international coal prices have risen dramatically over the past decade, the direct costs of coal-fired generation are often low compared to other sources, especially if the coal can be used close to its source, reducing transport costs. Political economy considerations may well prevent sufficient compensation being paid to developing countries to incentivise them to leave these resources in the ground.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|coal costs generation paid incentivise|1.5097297|2.0980153|2.049387
5488|They can: i) ensure even quality across different settings; ii) give guidance to staff on how to enhance children’s learning and well-being; and iii) inform parents of their children’s learning and development. Countries take different approaches in designing curriculum. There is a need to think beyond curriculum dichotomies (e.g., academic-oriented vs. comprehensive approaches, staff-initiated instruction vs. child-initiated activities, etc.) Almost all OECD countries have a framework in place - either curriculum or learning standards -from age three to compulsory schooling.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curriculum vs learning initiated staff|9.226937|2.332775|2.1156564
5489|Figure 3.4 shows the poverty gap relative to the absolute poverty (accounting for regional prices) threshold for the years 1994, 2000 and 2007. In 2007, the median poverty gap, as measured at the 50th percentile of individuals in absolute poverty, was 27% of the poverty threshold compared with gaps of 31% in 2000 and 37% in 1994 (the median poverty gap was largest in 1996, Denisova, 2011). Thus, not only has the incidence of absolute poverty declined, it also has become less pronounced.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty absolute gap median threshold|6.373043|5.815004|5.0774665
5490|Only in Panama did the headcount ratio decline, but the gap diminished by less than the poverty rate and severity was unchanged, suggesting that the households exiting poverty were the ones with the highest incomes among the poor. In Honduras, moreover, the relative situation of the poorest was worse at the end of the period, since the gap as measured by the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) method grew more quickly than the headcount ratio (H). This indicator is used to compare the percentage of poor women aged between 20 and 59 with that of poor men in the same age group.|SDG 1 - No poverty|headcount poor ratio gap diminished|6.412726|5.8468804|5.187643
5491|The experience of dairy farms in Eastern European provides examples of vertical integration to overcome market failures, e.g. dairies organising cold chains to individual farms. Public investment in the cold chain is not necessary, but private sector providers must have incentives to invest, access to capital, and trust in contract enforcement. Creating such an environment is complementary to the provision of more traditional public goods such as improved infrastructure.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cold farms organising vertical dairy|3.7287903|5.0778093|4.0492964
5492|Furthermore, it is not clear, however, that the region's population has the knowledge and skills necessary to “move up the value chain” as needed to compete in the regional and global economy. The significant urban-rural disparities in socioeconomic conditions and educational attainment between Penang and the other states in the Northern Corridor Economic Region also present challenges. Tertiary education institutions should work together towards better alignment of their education provision with the needs of the region.|SDG 4 - Quality education|region corridor compete penang alignment|7.1315937|2.576319|2.4811406
5493|It will be important to continue efforts to set priorities that build on and are aligned to the decentralised system approach and to continue improving access and efficiency of funding in tertiary education. In part, the strategy aims to align kindergarten to Grade 12 and post-secondary education with labour market needs so that students can gain the knowledge and skills needed for an easier transition into the workforce. For instance, Prince Edward Island’s Professional Learning Report 2013 defined areas of improvement in teachers’ learning, and the Ontario government recently announced a modernisation of teacher education in the province. The impact of socio-economic status on student performance (9.4%) is lower than the OECD average (14%) (Figure 1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|continue education learning kindergarten ontario|9.278873|2.2045841|2.66301
5494|As of 2015, the workforce participation rate3 for women is 59 per cent, and for men it is 71.1 per cent (WGEA 2015b). According to a survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), nearly 28 per cent of women gave caring for children as a reason for not working compared to just 3 per cent of men (Jericho 2015). In 2015, women comprised more than 60 per cent of the workforce in three occupations: clerical and administration, community and personal services, and sales (WGEA 2015a).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent workforce women abs men|8.941056|4.4073486|5.647582
5495|In addition, the IFA enables the Secretary to provide assistance to persons engaged in commercial fisheries, for measures to alleviate harm incurred as a direct result of a fishery resource disaster. For example, the Fishermen’s Fund programme in Alaska provides for the treatment and care of Alaskan licensed commercial fishermen who have been injured while fishing onshore or offshore in Alaska. Benefits from the Fund are financed from revenue received from each resident and non-resident commercial fisherman’s license and permit fee. Measures to address capacity fall in three broad categories: i) limited entry and other permit programmes; ii) exclusive quota programmes, including limited access privilege programmes (LAPPs, a new term included in the reauthorised Magnuson-Stevens Act), individual fishing quotas (IFQs), community development quotas (CDQs), and co-operatives; and iii) buybacks.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishermen alaska resident commercial permit|-0.18643938|5.684612|6.8601117
5496|Consistent with Okun’s Law, these data suggest a cross-country Okun coefficient of approximately 0.5, well below 1. However, Okun’s Law is more typically applied to the association between changes in output and unemployment within countries. The analysis of labour demand adjustment in Section 2 examines this relationship.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|law coefficient adjustment examines association|7.515128|4.509315|4.2505016
5497|On the other hand, 37% of Danish adults report regular heavy alcohol consumption, the highest in the EU. Almost 40% of Danish adolescents report having been drunk at least twice in their life. Obesity rates are below the EU average but on the rise: 14.0% of Danish adults were obese in 2014, up from 9.5% in 2000.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|danish adults eu drunk report|9.248447|9.533949|3.288473
5498|It also assesses the impacts of coal- and gas-fired power with carbon capture and storage (CCS). The impacts of these technologies are compared with those of modern coal and gas-fired power without CCS, but with state-of-the-art pollution control. Bioenergy is not included because it is covered in a recent IRP report (Bringezu et al., Nuclear power generation is not included because UNEP sees this technology as being under the responsibility of a different UN agency (IAEA); oil fired steam power plants were excluded because they are seen as less relevant for the future.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fired power ccs coal gas|1.4106684|2.6360483|2.1225562
5499|This model is mandated in the European Union and many other liberalized jurisdictions in the United States, Canada and Latin America where multiple operators in different segments of the electricity supply chain are present and participate in international trade in electricity. Electricity cooperation and trade can bring economies of scale in investments; strengthen electricity-sector financing capability; enhance competition and improve sector efficiency; increase toad and fuel diversity; enable cost-effective renewable electricity penetration; address seasonal variability in generation; provide emergency support; provide a market for surplus generation; and generally increase the security and robustness of participating national electricity systems. Trade in electricity demands considerable infrastructure to ensure the interconnection of different electricity transmission systems across national borders.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity trade generation liberalized interconnection|1.7931324|1.9230357|2.0488014
5500|However, the significance and magnitude of the effect of these characteristics depends on the particular domain under consideration. In this section, we pay particular attention to factors underlying domain vis-a-vis income poverty and the role of income poverty in predicting a child’s risk to domain deprivation. Tables 7 to 11 in the Annex present the regression results for the different estimation models and report marginal effects and standard errors.|SDG 1 - No poverty|domain vis particular poverty regression|7.0867405|6.4367356|5.19906
5501|Ten questions allow the reader to self-assess driving performance in difficult situations (intersections, dense traffic and reversing), incidents of failing to see other road users, experience of fatigue and vision problems when driving, slowing of reactions in critical situations, and negative feedback from the driver’s friends and family, or from other road users. Respondents are recommended to see a doctor if they experience any of the listed problems, and to undergo a detailed assessment of their fitness to drive. As for most self-assessment tools, no scientific evaluation is available. However, one main result of the EU-Project SIZE was that a most important barrier for agreeable outdoor mobility of older persons stems from difficult interaction with (other) car drivers.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|driving situations road users problems|4.2889934|5.1652517|0.16322024
5502|The proximity of Bangladesh to Myanmar and the surge in domestic demand made the country a big market for “yaba”. “ Yaba” is mainly smuggled from Myanmar by fishing boat. It is bartered for other drugs of abuse, such as buprenorphine and tranquillizers, that are then smuggled in the opposite direction, from Bangladesh to Myanmar. Diazepam and buprenorphine ampoules were reported to be smuggled into Nepal from India. In 2014, 44,495 ampoules of diazepam and 37,000 ampoules of buprenorphine were seized in Nepal, slightly more than the 43,227 ampoules of diazepam and 30,887 ampoules of buprenorphine seized in 2013.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|smuggled myanmar seized nepal bangladesh|8.248758|10.327622|3.629927
5503|The determinants of female labour force participation (cont.) Accordingly, the expanded provision of child care services for the under 3s was found to have a weaker effect on female employment rates in Continental and Southern European countries, where it may have merely converted the informal into formal child care (Akunduz and Plantenga, 2015). By contrast, there was no effect among poorly educated women. Thevenon (2013, 2015) estimates that higher tax rates for second earners deter woman from working, although that effect is tempered in an institutional environment which is friendly to a work-life balance. The effect of financial incentives is greatest in English-speaking countries, where female employment rates appear to be reduced by increases in the duration of paid leave and/or the relative tax rates affecting second earners in couple families. This finding makes sense in countries where labour markets are flexible enough to allow workers to move in and out of the labour force, and where working hours can be adjusted to family needs and constraints like high child care costs.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|effect rates female earners child|9.100671|5.017437|5.5863166
5504|An initial evaluation found an increase in participation. Funding is given to schools to support trustees and school leaders in better meeting students' needs. The Ministry oversees the education system, develops curriculum and assessment standards for students and teachers, intervenes in instances of school failure, provides funding and leads cross-government initiatives.|SDG 4 - Quality education|funding students oversees school develops|9.584845|2.1033354|2.0749354
5505|"Trade costs among developing countries (“South-South"") were the slowest to decline at the beginning of the period, but their decline gained momentum after the mid-2000s, outpacing the rest. They also show that trade costs are higher for services, mostly due to high variable costs. The first three categories capture the cost of delivering goods from suppliers to customers. They include the costs of transport, cargo loading, storage, port services and the costs of complying with customs procedures."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|costs decline south cargo trade|4.6977196|4.2890077|3.206743
5506|Finland's education system is also highly efficient: in 2007 Finland spent 5.6% of its GDP on education, less than the OECD total average of 6.2% (OECD, 2010b). This efficiency is discussed further in the conclusions to this chapter. This philosophy included the beliefs that all pupils can learn if they are given proper opportunities and support, that understanding of and learning through human diversity is an important educational goal, and that schools should function as small-scale democracies, just as John Dewey had insisted decades before.|SDG 4 - Quality education|finland philosophy beliefs pupils conclusions|9.456178|2.3337286|2.5407276
5507|This makes it difficult to conduct the sorts of long-term investments in human capacities that characterize altruistic growth regimes. We see this pressure manifested in Figure 2-1C, where Australia, Canada and the United States are classified as having weak caring spirits and the United Kingdom is below the trendline. We thus might expect, at least for women outside the upper classes who cannot afford to compensate for the absence of the state and/or men in social reproduction, that female labour force participation is associated with stresses on the production of human capacities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|capacities characterize spirits human sorts|8.985601|5.0206175|6.090364
5508|These projects have been completed or are at various stages of development. The key program which the IAU implements is the Indigenous Aquaculture Strategy to deliver important outcomes sought by Indigenous participants through projects that are socially, environmentally and economically sustainable. As part of the biennial Australasian Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show (3-6 August 2008), the IAU held a half-day workshop to discuss the current and future operating environment within the Indigenous aquaculture sector and funded the participation of eight people from around Australia. However, the value of Australian seafood production only dropped by 1% compared to 2004/05 to AUD 2.19 billion in 2006/07.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture indigenous projects aud implements|0.4089378|6.086227|6.6226225
5509|Women are often traditionally tasked with preparing dead bodies for burial, exposing them to direct contact with disease. Also, women can contract the disease through sexual intercourse with men who have recovered from Ebola, as the virus stays in the semen for up to seven weeks after recovery. It is not that Ebola targets women; however, a simple analysis uncovers the effect that gender roles can have on the rights of women, starting with the basic right to life. The ongoing discrimination that victims may face, and the impunity that typically prevails, requires that investigators and interpreters win the trust of victims. In most societies, it is often not socially acceptable to discuss the systematic oppression of women and IGBTI persons or certain prevalent violations, such as sexual violence. Consequently, besides the absence of reliable information, the investigation team may struggle lo identify where such violations have occurred and to find victims or witnesses who are willing to provide testimony.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|victims ebola women violations sexual|9.901226|5.2357883|7.4878993
5510|Even if Ethiopia’s own GHG emissions are inconsequential globally, this focus both confers moral legitimacy on Ethiopia, and is potentially attractive to emerging international climate finance. Moreover, as a single factor relevant to all sectors, it is relatively easy to include GHG levels in a wide range of sector plans; mainstreaming several biodiversity, pollution, and soil and water conservation issues - albeit issues that may often be of greater importance locally - is trickier and consequently is rarely done effectively. The CRGE’s Green Economy component focuses on Ethiopia’s particular resource endowments, addresses some of the biggest economic risks facing the country, identifies the lowest-cost GHG abatement options, and makes the case to attract international finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ethiopia ghg finance issues legitimacy|1.9231795|4.375766|2.312602
5511|Much can be learned from an international exchange of information on whatworks and what are the likely pitfalls. That's where this joint project policy development project comes in, from the Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme of the OECD and the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs. Since 2005, the aim of the project has been to analyse policy challenges and options in enhancing entrepreneurship and to offer inspiration for new approaches through local capacity building and international exchanges of policy experiences.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|project policy building leed inspiration|5.6208677|3.7298071|2.5117037
5512|The issue of teacher shortages and hiring of teachers without a finished diploma is also prevalent in Austria. Both countries have adopted a number of policies and practices to provide language training in classrooms. The country is balancing school choice policies and similar increases in immigration, with a 40% increase in foreign-born individuals since 2000.|SDG 4 - Quality education|finished diploma classrooms prevalent policies|9.925455|2.6633599|2.7708704
5513|Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development are the OECD’s vehicle to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact. They investigate how higher education institutions contribute to human capital and skills development; technology transfer and business innovation; social, cultural and environmental development; and regional capacity building. The review process facilitates partnership building in regions by drawing together higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them.|SDG 4 - Quality education|higher education development regional cultural|7.6724386|2.5022368|2.4799118
5514|This situation is comparable to the first option discussed above, with the difference that, in case no subsequent medical uses are claimed, the initial product patent on a first medical use will comprise all possible subsequent uses, rather than being use-bound. Such modest contributions to the existing state of the art are referred to as “incremental innovation”. Such innovation often lies within the range local firms, particularly those that could not realistically aspire to developing truly new or non-obvious inventions that may require more technical research capabilities than are available.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|subsequent uses medical innovation realistically|8.294886|9.642635|2.4818592
5515|This chapter examines key features that need to be considered for biodiversity mainstreaming at the national level. These are: the extent to which mainstreaming of economic development and where relevant, poverty alleviation objectives are reflected in National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs); the extent to which biodiversity is reflected in National Development Plans (NDPs) and other relevant strategies; institutional arrangements in place to foster mainstreaming; the role of data and information in mainstreaming; and the extent to which biodiversity is reflected in national budgets. It is important to note that these issues should be considered in the broader context of assessment frameworks that have been developed for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, which include the need for mainstreaming (Figure 2.1).|SDG 15 - Life on land|mainstreaming biodiversity reflected extent national|1.6620532|5.3582816|3.8237007
5516|Demands for more social spending have been building up since the early 1990s and social protection is financed mostly through social security contributions (as opposed to general taxation). As a result, non-wage labour costs have risen substantially. Social security contribution rates for health and pensions have increased by 15 percentage points, from 14% to 29%, since the early 1990s (Table 1.1).|SDG 1 - No poverty|social early security opposed risen|7.4616647|5.7533917|4.332122
5517|This approach is geared towards the production of knowledge and innovation, and contributes to raising awareness among Dutch citizens about water risks. Their activities often consist in infrastructure financing, capacity building and education programmes as well as policy guidance and they are a vital means of complementing limited public sector and operator capacity to undertake these activities. Hence, better educational materials for different grade levels related to water availability and sustainable development should be developed.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|complementing geared activities capacity consist|1.1627969|7.291414|1.9443125
5518|Both sets of policies reduced national and global economic welfare, inhibited economic growth, and added to inequality and poverty because no fewer than three-quarters of the world’s billion poorest people still depend directly or indirectly on farming for their livelihood (World Bank, 2007). Yet myriad policy measures continue to distort world food markets in many and complex ways (Anderson, 2009). In some developing country settings they raise food prices for consumers and the earnings of farm households, while in other settings they lower them; however, in most situations there is a mixture of winners and losers, both in rural and in urban areas, not least because many farm households receive some of their income from non-farm sources.|SDG 1 - No poverty|farm settings world distort mixture|4.3443265|5.430168|4.2666235
5519|However, Chile Solidario represents an innovative approach with some idiosyncratic features making it a particular case, if not a model itself (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). Programme eligibility is defined using a proxy-means (the Ficha CAS) which ranks families according to their socio-demographic and economic conditions. Poverty is explicitly considered as a multi-dimensional experience and a capability approach is specifically adopted to ensure greater equity among beneficiaries (Barrientos, 2010; Palma and Urzua, 2005). According to some authors, the latter feature is particularly relevant as it enables social protection to address more effectively the needs of children, whose experience of poverty often has multidimensional aspects (Barrientos and De Jong, 2006). Families accepted for the programme initially cooperate with a social worker in order to assess their conditions and to agree on an action plan including specific measures to escape poverty; these formally become the “conditions” according to which they are enrolled in the programme.|SDG 1 - No poverty|barrientos according conditions programme poverty|7.0247602|6.1219816|4.533314
5520|Between 2013 and 2035, this investment would avert an estimated 147 million child deaths, 32 million stillborn deaths and 5 million maternal deaths. Yet more than 100 developing countries lack the civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems needed to generate accurate birth and death data. That figure includes 39 per cent of children in sub-Saharan Africa and 44 per cent of children in South Asia. In the absence of reliable data, estimates for child mortality in countries lacking CRVS systems are based on a sophisticated statistical model using survey responses, census information and other sources.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deaths million child cent children|8.820451|8.442096|3.6154559
5521|The balance of such trade-offs, and options for managing them, is assessed in this paper. Such policies include micro and macro level responses. This group could potentially include the food insecure, although the main beneficiaries of price protection tend not to be smaller food-insecure farm households but rather more commercial farms with significant food surpluses to sell. The challenge is to either raise productivity and thereby redress a lack of competitiveness, or create new opportunities in other sectors.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecure food surpluses redress include|4.212766|5.124694|4.20696
5522|While no hard and fast rules can be applied, municipalities are generally responsible for providing and managing service delivery (water and wastewater), while higher-tier local governments (e.g. regions, provinces) are responsible for competences associated with resources management. A holistic approach is called for in designing the institutional mapping, because some roles and responsibilities can complement with or neutralise each other at central and sub-national levels. There is a diversity of situations across OECD federal and unitary states in terms of the institutional organisation of water policy. On the one hand, some federal countries (United States, Canada, Belgium) have delegated many water responsibilities to lower levels of government, while in other federal states (Mexico, Australia) the central government still plays a strong role (e.g. strategic planning, regulation, etc.)|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|federal states responsibilities water responsible|1.3575274|7.1902237|1.4584908
5523|Information on student learning outcomes is collected from international surveys, national monitoring sample surveys (Peridodiek Peilings Onderzoek, PPON and Jaarlijks Peilingsonderzoek van het Onderwijsniveau, JPON), the longitudinal Cohort Survey School Careers (Cohort Onderzoek Onderwijsloopbanen, COOL), the standardised test results reported by schools (e.g. results from the LVS or the Cito school leavers test) and the results from the secondary school-leaving examinations. This student performance data is complemented by a wide range of demographic, administrative and contextual data collected by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture directly from schools. System evaluation also makes use of BRON register data, based on the unique student number.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student cohort results school test|9.691512|1.8856964|1.7442884
5524|Recently, the burden of such discrimination on economic growth has been estimated to cost up to USD 12 trillion for the global economy. Yet, using standard economic indicators such as GDP as a measure of social progress is inherently limited. What is equally important is assessing the impact of gender inequality on other measures of well-being. Using subjective well-being indicators, for instance, allows a broader perspective of the complex consequences of gender-based discrimination in social institutions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discrimination using indicators inherently gender|9.24777|4.563454|6.5802565
5525|This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of strategies and reports; the point here is to illustrate that a multitude of different strategies and reporting channels already exists in many countries. This can help to clarify what elements may usefully be included in a LEDS versus what may be redundant of other exercises and thus left out to avoid duplication. For example, while many existing national climate change strategies may also contain forward-looking components, they may not adequately integrate economic development with climate change, so this could be a core objective of a LEDS.7 Moreover, several of the existing national climate change strategies prepared to date only plan forward for the short-term, i.e. up to 2012.|SDG 13 - Climate action|strategies leds forward climate change|1.5276089|4.3008103|1.4600115
5526|Biofuel support policies generate additional demand for feedstocks, which translates into higher incomes for crop farmers - both in subsidizing and to a lesser degree in other countries - but higher costs for downstream industries, including livestock farmers, and consumers. Fertiliser policies reduce crop production costs, increase yields and result in expanded production, resulting in higher incomes for crop farmers in subsidizing countries but lowering incomes for crop farmers abroad. In contrast, livestock prices are affected only moderately: generally higher feed costs resulting from biofuel support policies raise livestock prices slightly. Fertiliser subsidies, where they are applied, tend to lower feed costs and hence reduce livestock prices. With the exception of the effects of large fertiliser support in India, changes to livestock prices remain below 1%. By reducing crop production costs in countries that apply fertiliser subsidies, they disadvantage crop farmers in other countries.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|crop livestock fertiliser farmers costs|3.7286565|5.1023884|3.9766912
5527|It is expected that this programme will cover 500 villages and 800,000 people. By the end of 2010, 5 mVs high-quality drinking water from Alazan-Agrichayskoy depression in Oguz region will be provided to the Absheron peninsula when the 250 km Oguz-Gabala-Baku water pipe will be completed. It is expected that with all these improvements, Baku will be served 24 hours a day with 19 m3/s of drinking water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|baku drinking water absheron expected|0.71590954|6.9260955|2.5870237
5528|Many of the sediments have been reworked by erosion cycles associated with varying sea levels and are exposed as palimpsest (relict) pavements along the mid and outer shelves, exposed to the action of fringing shelf-edge currents such as the Agulhas Current (Green and MacKay in press). These may be interspersed with submerged shorelines of varying ages which have added small, in situ quantities of rubble and bioclastic debris to the shelf system (Green and MacKay in press). Along the east coast of South Africa, the relict sediment is thinly overlain by a sheet of Holocene aged material, on average no more than 10 m thick with a few localised depocentres up to 30 m thick, usually associated with the localised convergence of littoral and geostrophic currents.|SDG 14 - Life below water|localised currents shelf press varying|0.020946188|5.901546|5.7280397
5529|About 28% of students are enrolled in private tertiary educational institutions in Poland, close to the OECD average of 30%. In 2013, 90% of 15-19 year-olds are enrolled in education, against 32% of 20-29 year-olds. These figures were higher for Poland than for OECD countries, where the average was 84% for 15-19 year-olds and 28% for 20-29 year-olds.|SDG 4 - Quality education|olds year enrolled poland average|9.167398|2.6433623|3.0320094
5530|The focus then turns to municipal solid waste (MSW) where data on quantities and composition as well as past trends and future projections are presented (Section 3.3). Section 3.4 overviews the status of MSW management across income groups and regions. It focuses first on the protection of public health by ensuring that all wastes are collected, and then on environmental protection by phasing out uncontrolled disposal and open burning of waste. This is followed by an examination of the global industry in secondary materials (Section 3.6).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|msw section waste protection uncontrolled|0.44699284|4.0408516|3.124806
5531|Out-of-hours care is available through 24-hour telephone hotlines staffed by nurses, evening care centres, urgent care centres and home visit services. The bulk of patients suffering from chronic conditions are likely to find doctors and nurses working to help monitor their health and manage their condition through proactive practices, such as regular measurement of blood glucose and blood pressure for those suffering with diabetes. These efforts are often supported by information technology platforms such as those that remind clinic staff which patients have not received a regular check-up. In 2009, an estimated 3 601 years of life were lost in Israel by men under the age of 70, compared to an average of 4 689 amongst OECD countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|blood suffering nurses care regular|9.112915|8.900522|2.6321232
5532|Mobile services had been a monopoly of Comoros Telecom until late 2016 when Telma, an operator from Madagascar, launched operations as the second mobile operator. This resulted in Comoros Telecom dropping its price 30% from the pre-competition period (3, left). While affordability improved in the Comoros, the availability of a diversity of data bundles to cater to different data requirements lags other more intensely competitive markets.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|comoros telecom operator mobile cater|4.8900075|2.8688383|1.4371817
5533|Reducing pollution and minimizing dumping of hazardous materials into upstream ecosystems will benefit marine environments and reduce the impact on coastal ecosystems. Most effects due to climate change will be experienced through changes in the hydrological cycle, such as overall water availability, water quality and frequency of extreme weather events (e.g. floods and droughts). Water-related hazards account for a large part of disaster loss and impact.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ecosystems water minimizing dumping impact|0.816079|6.564009|2.9901128
5534|Due to the lack of data on students who are out of school, this report focuses on those who are receiving instruction. However, it acknowledges the importance of drawing attention to the challenges faced by this population group and addressing these issues through concrete policy actions. In this section, indicators that are relevant to understanding the equity status of 15-year-olds from PISA will be examined in detail (Table 4.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|acknowledges drawing instruction concrete examined|9.693277|2.2484193|2.854506
5535|Not all efforts need to take place in the classroom, however. In Costa Rica, for example, the Innovating at Home programme aims to teach parents how to develop their children’s creativity from an early age. These examples show there is increasing emphasis and interest in developing wider skills in a variety of country contexts.|SDG 4 - Quality education|creativity teach classroom rica costa|10.074576|1.6927965|2.5956829
5536|The Solid partners Solid futures strategy2 in Queensland was the overarching departmental strategy on Indigenous education. The key principles were effective engagement and connections; working together better and smarter; cultural capability and recognition; supporting successful transitions; and building workforce and leadership capacity. One such resource is the Promising Practices for First Nations, Metis and Inuit Learner Success initiative in Alberta, which showcases schools with innovative practices that support Indigenous community engagement. It highlights examples of best practices, innovative collaboration models and community engagement strategies that benefit the entire student body.|SDG 4 - Quality education|engagement practices solid indigenous innovative|10.150358|2.7693925|2.6138144
5537|At least 60 per cent of the population will directly benefit from this project. The project is expected to increase the fixed broadband connectivity from the existing 5 per cent of households to more than 15 per cent of households and is expected to contribute a 1 percent increase to gross domestic product. This project is developed in partnership with the China Railway International Group and it is relevant to the advancement of SDGs 8,9 and 10.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|project cent expected households railway|4.7639675|2.9801157|1.4845068
5538|The existence of such stand-alone ministries sends a strong political message about the government’s commitment to women’s empowerment and gender equality, and facilitates opportunities on the part of the national gender institution to influence budgetary decisions that may impact gender equality (Johan, 2010). Single ministries with a minister for gender equality also bring visibility and the opportunity to advocate for gender equality concerns within the cabinet. Yet, it is essential to ensure clear and powerful mandates and sufficient resources for these institutions to place gender considerations effectively on top of the policy agenda.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality ministries sends advocate|9.931801|4.0759473|7.409503
5539|For each programme, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are set up to assess their impact on the ground and the cost-effectiveness of their implementation. For the water and sanitation progranunes, such indicators include service provision performance (number of litres per second, number of sewer connections, etc.), The difficulties encountered by some concession contracts with large multinational companies were due to a range of problems, such as incomplete initial sustainability assessments, poorly designed tender processes and contractual arrangements, and inadequate regulatory frameworks.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tender sewer concession encountered multinational|1.2842791|7.397646|2.053105
5540|This can lead to low use of capacity and high costs per bed and per case. The situation is made worse when limited local supply combines with poor transport facilities and networks. Medical aviation was not well developed during the Soviet period and completely died out during the transition due to lack of financing.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aviation bed died combines completely|9.178606|8.9188795|2.0799298
5541|The Pacific SIDS see the imperative for a concrete pathway for States, with specific timelines, targets and milestones to facilitate the sustainable management of oceanic resources and increase the share of benefits from their utilization. This should include enhanced direct economic participation and capacity-building. The cooperation and assistance of the international community is also necessary to enable SIDS to realize their development aspirations.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sids timelines realize utilization imperative|0.15630637|5.6619906|5.8972306
5542|Law 13/2005,30 June 2005,Boletin del Estado, 2 July 2005. For more examples, see note 45. Swedish Cohabitees Act (2003). The same World Bank study shows,for example, that in at least 30 countries women cannot be heads of household, and in 18 countries they can not even get a job without the husband's permission. In some regions where multiple legal systems coexist, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia, discriminatory customary and religious provisions continue to prevent the equal enjoyment of rights in the family context. Often, they are a precondition for ensuring the effective enjoyment of the rights related to the family as well as the well-being of its members.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|enjoyment africa family rights coexist|9.436336|5.227901|7.032388
5543|Thus, it has the potential to facilitate smallholder farmers' adaptation to climate change and their becoming more resilient to the increase in climate extremes, while potentially reducing GHG emissions. An example of the use of the EbA approach is in Uganda, where various projects implemented agroforestry, conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management and the establishment of woodlots. The result of these projects were an increase in productivity by conserving soil and water, as well as the use of leguminous cover crops. Further, planting costs were reduced by 75% because of conservation techniques.|SDG 13 - Climate action|conservation agroforestry projects conserving planting|1.7551653|4.788694|2.5733504
5544|The programme has reduced the incidence of the practice and has contributed to other favourable outcomes, such as a reduction in die number of child marriages (Diop et al., Many constraints need to be addressed, including socio-cultural norms, vulnerability to violence, costs (both direct costs and opportunity costs), inadequate school infrastructure and poor quality of teaching, as well as the impact of HIV on girls and their families. These included changing policies, laws and administrative rules that discriminate against girls (for example, those who are pregnant or have given birth to a child) and the establishment of compensatory programmes for them, providing incentives for households to help overcome dieir reluctance to send girls to school and reduce the costs they incur in doing so, improving the quality and relevance of education and expanding educational options for out-of-school girls.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls costs school dieir child|9.648981|5.122564|6.2921286
5545|It is based on information obtained from the Statistics Division and the Population Division of UN/DESA, as well as from the five United Nations regional commissions, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and national and private sources. Estimates for the most recent years were made by EAPD in consultation with the regional commissions, UNCTAD, UNWTO and participants in Project LINK, an international collaborative research group for econometric modelling coordinated jointly by EAPD and the University of Toronto. Forecasts for 2019 and 2020 are primarily based on the World Economic Forecasting Model of EAPD, with support from Project LINK. Historical data may differ from those in previous editions of WESP because of updating and changes in the availability of data for individual countries.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|nations commissions unctad division united|1.3464596|4.065952|1.0099508
5546|For example, the Storm-Water Zoning Plan aims to: i) limit the amount of stormwater discharge into the River Seine; ii) minimise the stormwater that overflows wastewater control plans; and Hi) prevent flooding in the city. The purpose of the Zoning Plan is to provide urban planners and construction operators with recommendations and guidelines on new “alternative” techniques. These will include green roofs, gardens, lagoons and other green spaces, to encourage reuse and filtration of stormwater and to co-ordinate decision making in urban stormwater management processes. The aim is to collect the first inch of rainfall on 10% of the impermeable areas over the next 20 years. When it rains in New York City, the most densely developed city in the United States, a vast amount of runoff from rooftops, streets and other impervious surfaces is produced. If the key cause of runoff, impervious surfaces, is not kept in check, the DEP will have to spend more on tanks and tunnels to store stormwater flows, which will further swell with climate change.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|surfaces runoff zoning city green|1.5322616|6.6939826|2.250628
5547|A risk management strategy that successfully achieves overall risk reduction for at least one or both risks, that does not require a tradeoff between risks, can be illustrated by an outward shift (right panel, Figure 2.4), resulting, for example, from increased efficiency in use. This can be done by altering risk drivers, by limiting exposure or enhancing the resilience of the community, physical assets, and the environment by making them less vulnerable to potential harm. There are many possible adaptation strategies that can be used to manage water risks (illustrated in Table 2.1). From an economic perspective, it is possible to have too much or too little adaptation, as well as mal-adaptation. In the context of risk and uncertainty, decisions are informed by weighing expected costs and benefits - that is, the probability-weighted mean over the range of possible outcomes. In the case of climate change adaptation, the cost of actions is more likely to be known and incurred in the near term, while many of the benefits (avoided climate impacts) will accrue far into the future and will not be known with certainty.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|adaptation risk risks illustrated possible|1.344233|6.681115|2.5713608
5548|These costs are additional to the ongoing expenditures needed for managing water resources and providing water services in Mexico. In 2012, total water sector expenses are in the order of MXN 90 billion per year. Two ultimate sources of finance support water policies and water services in Mexico: users (through water resources charges and water services charges) and tax payers (through budgetary resources earmarked for water projects and general budgetary resources). The financing mix is currently excessively supported by public budgetary resources, and is not sustainable.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water budgetary resources charges services|1.7706003|7.3127227|1.9759005
5549|It also examines the shifting geography of innovation, the emergence of new global players and the global competition for talent. However, the notion of what innovation involves and what role policies to encourage innovation can play has changed considerably over the past decade. It is increasingly recognised that, in addition to R&D, innovation encompasses a wide range of activities, including organisational change, training, testing, marketing and design (Box 1.2). These activities can strengthen capabilities for developing innovations or the ability to adopt innovations developed by other firms or institutions successfully.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation innovations activities global talent|5.540777|3.354646|2.5113056
5550|To the extent that population categories - people with disabilities, elderly, orphaned children - are closely identified with acute levels of poverty and disability, ethical perspectives which justify that assistance should be directed to those that are worse off in society are dominant. Alternatively, a stronger basis for assisting these groups might be found in ethical perspectives on recognition (Fraser, 1995).This view highlights the perception that vulnerable groups are denied their value and contribution to society through unjust economic and political institutions. However, recognition policies are distinct in nature and scope from anti-poverty policies. These programmes assume that in the absence of a sufficient level of productive assets, raising consumption will not address poverty sustainably.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ethical perspectives recognition poverty society|6.792245|6.151346|4.5177097
5551|Nonetheless, the data also show a reduction in the volume of contracts for grains, oilseeds and other food commodity products in the latter months of 2008, so the impact of commodity price speculation could be limited to a specific period (ECLAC, 2008b). Nonetheless, there are several reasons to expect the rise in food prices to have a regressive impact varying from country to country and the population concerned. Generally speaking, the poverty impact of world food prices will depend on the degree to which international prices are passed through to local markets, the initial scale of poverty, the balance between households that are net buyers and net sellers of food products, the percentage of the budget that poor households spend on food, and the trend of the ratio between incomes earned from low productivity jobs and food inflation. These include several Central American and Caribbean countries, which also face high logistics and transport costs, access difficulties to food products and productive bottlenecks (such as a shortage of seeds and fertilizers).|SDG 1 - No poverty|food products prices commodity nonetheless|4.0475516|5.1581635|4.3806176
5552|This will place additional strains on a variety of material and energy resources and the global environment. A growing population with higher average income requires more food, more industrial products, more energy and more water for domestic purposes. Dire predictions regarding the exhaustion of non-renewable resources have failed to materialise. A complex interaction between population and economic (e.g. commodity prices, economic shocks) dynamics, public policies, technological change, and consumer behaviour drive the demand and supply of natural resources.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|resources predictions materialise population energy|1.733021|3.2169685|2.766235
5553|The dominant regulatory instruments in Poland are these decisions or “decisions on the location of public land uses” (Gdesz, 2010). They are ostensibly similar to development permits, but they are detached from any local plans and do not have to conform to higher-order government policies or guidelines. Apart from selected areas governed either by national infrastructure decisions (often accompanied by expropriation) or nationally designated high-quality agricultural land, proposals for “decisions on development conditions” or “decisions on the location of public land uses” are bound by only one rule: local government may reject them if they do not meet the “neighbourhood rule”, that is, if they differ too much from their surroundings. This notion, however, is largely discretionary, and landowners often contest rejection decisions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|decisions rule land location uses|3.9298515|5.5723877|1.7391095
5554|There are several programmes and initiatives which aim to strengthen patient safety work across the NHS: a network of 15 Patient Safety Coilaboratives; a Sign up to Safety Campaign; a Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch. Several specific programmes of safety work are also underway in the English NHS, including initiatives on pressure ulcers; antimicrobial resistance; mental health; etc. This is accompanied by an Indicators of Performance Direction, which sets out a range of performance indicators intended to improve Health and Social Care Trust performance.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|safety nhs performance patient initiatives|9.18107|9.615222|1.5807312
5555|Initiatives to capture and re-use nutrients as a source of fertilizers or bio-energy provide economic opportunities. For example, reducing flood risk or the risk of shortage can increase the risk of undermining the resilience of freshw'ater systems. In a heavily modified environment that is also spatially constrained, such as the Netherlands, risk-risk trade-offs are a part of the daily activities of w'ater management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|risk ater spatially bio fertilizers|1.270782|6.8191853|2.7067208
5556|In response to these challenges, countries have started to adopt policies aimed at increasing gender diversity in public life, ranging from the constitutional requirement for equal representation in the legislative bodies in Tunisia to quotas in Algeria and Morocco, although further effort to ensure impact and sustainability of these reforms would be necessary. Such reservations also influence the implementation of principles of gender equality, non-discrimination and freedom of movement and hinder the protection of women against the violation of basic civil and political rights. Other restrictions relate to differences in access to opportunities in public life, employment and leadership.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|life reservations algeria gender violation|9.782084|4.7090626|7.1233034
5557|Overall, urban children and rural children account for 19 per cent and 81 per cent of all extremely poor children, respectively. But the character of poverty and the nature of the deprivations that children face are quite different in urban and rural contexts, which is why disaggregated needs assessments and tailored policy responses are called for. However, there are strong reasons for paying more attention to child poverty in urban areas and for considering its specific characteristics.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children urban cent rural character|7.098752|6.404811|5.109633
5558|An EIA must include documentation on the facility's impact on the environment, natural resources or the local community. In addition, the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate will be involved if extraction of fresh water is planned. If any of the above sector authorities decline the application, the applicant has the right to appeal the decision to the relevant sector authority via the country council authority. This is important for minimising the occurrence of infectious diseases, pollution and discharges and for maximising growth, health and welfare of farmed fish.|SDG 14 - Life below water|authority applicant farmed eia minimising|0.9816867|6.9490004|1.9367146
5559|However, there are challenges. As elsewhere, technological advances in pharmaceuticals and treatments bring both opportunities but also demands on resources while population aging is adding pressure on the system. Policymakers in Israel are also facing particularly significant difficulties in ensuring an adequate supply of health care professionals and in dealing with socio-economic divides in health outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aging divides pharmaceuticals treatments advances|9.08194|8.825522|2.496244
5560|The course of study lasts five years - three for the Bachelor’s Degree and the remaining two for the Master’s Degree. Students graduate with all initial requirements to teach in public Finnish schools, including a professional teaching qualification and Master’s degree. Overall, the ITE programme emphasises the life-long process of intercultural learning, encouraging students to consistently find ways to challenge their notions of diversity (University of Oulu, 2017[t6ij).|SDG 4 - Quality education|degree master lasts intercultural students|9.823596|2.4065645|2.5254495
5561|The study will focus on the last 40 years of women's engagement with the political process, with an emphasis on how women created and took advantage of opportunities to participate in public decision-making institutions. The primary objective of political women activists during this 40-year period has been inclusion within political decision-making institutions in order to affect law reform that recognised the rights of women and influenced the allocation of resources to address the needs of women. The study will track the successes and failures of various strategies and tactics during this period, and the impact women's political leadership has had on New Zealand's democracy and development.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women political decision study making|10.446035|4.478802|7.245888
5562|European policies put more emphasis on water quality and ecosystems, the reduction of encroachments on rivers and the environment, and inclusive water governance. The Dutch tradition of engineered responses to risk is generally at odds with this policy direction. The Netherlands has displayed a relatively low level of ambition vis-a-vis the WFD, claiming that most of its waters are artificial systems and that restoration could only be limited.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|vis claiming displayed tradition odds|1.1096874|7.374812|1.9974484
5563|O’Beirne et al (2011) identified 1.4 reports of patient harm incidents per month across 19 family practices in Australia. Disagreement exists even on the best metric to capture occurrence. Responses did not converge on any one specific unit of measurement for capturing patient harm in primary and ambulatory care. For developed countries, three of the four suggested units (temporal - population; proportion of painted encounters; proportion of patients) attracted identical response numbers. For LMICs the preferred unit of measurement is proportion of patients (Figure 2.2). When asked to estimate the occurrence of patient harm using their preferred unit of measurement, responses varied greatly.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|harm patient measurement unit preferred|9.11202|9.613436|1.4321461
5564|Strengthened preparation of college leaders is also very important, as effective leadership is a powerful means of driving improvements in the overall quality of the system. Career guidance provision remains patchy. It may be very difficult to realise expansion of the TVET system unless it is seen that students are likely to complete their studies. Evidence from different countries shows that, as part of a wider package of youth employment measures, effective vocational programmes can smooth the passage from school to work.|SDG 4 - Quality education|patchy passage tvet effective realise|8.641012|2.608934|2.830864
5565|Specifically, women are expected to fare better in the formal sector, where legal and customary protections may allow them to earn higher wages and sustain them during motherhood. Finally, bo decomposition is complemented by a non-parametric alternative decomposition developed by Nopo (2008). This allows for a better explanation of motherhood wage differentials, since it also shows how much of the gap calculated is accounted for by the outcomes of mothers and non-mothers outside the common support. The glass ceiling hypothesis concerns the discrimination that women and minorities in more educated groups often face in trying to move up the hierarchy of an organization, especially when they have more children, by comparison with men and with childless women. The quantile regression (qr) results vary substantively across the conditional wage distribution; the poorest 10% of the informal women sample are the ones who suffer the largest motherhood wage penalties.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|motherhood wage decomposition women mothers|8.786502|4.8234696|5.684199
5566|In Ireland for instance, all residents are covered but entitlements to services and levels of cost sharing vary across population categories. Each resident belongs to one of two categories, depending on income level. People in Category 1 (or Medical Card Holders) are entitled to a full range of services without charge, for example general practitioner services, prescribed medicines, in-patient and ambulatory hospital care, dental and ophthalmic services, while people in Category 2 have a “limited eligibility” and must co-pay for many health services. In Italy and Spain, regions and Autonomous Communities have some latitude to adjust benefits covered or co-payments at the margins. In the United Kingdom, co-payments vary across the constituent countries: there are no co-payments on prescription drugs in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, while there are in England. In other countries, entitlement to health coverage is contributory, coverage is linked to the payment of social contributions or health insurance premiums.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|services payments ireland category categories|8.56118|8.819715|2.2249
5567|How should this paid leave period be divided between the mother and the father?” Parents’ behaviour around the birth of a new child is important for determining later roles and responsibilities within a family (Baxter, 2008; Schober, 2013; Bames, 2015). Up to parenthood many couples share paid and unpaid work relatively equally. But upon birth of the first child couples often revert to traditional roles and even as children grow older mothers do not always return (fully) to the labour market.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|couples birth roles paid child|9.167961|5.1167493|5.6330447
5568|In most countries, the gap between higher-paid workers and lower-paid workers widened for men but not necessarily for women. Earnings are CPI adjusted in 2005 national currency. Source: OECD Secretariat calculations from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). In the United States, for instance, these developments were linked to stagnating educational attainment among men and deteriorating employment prospects for less-educated males (Autor and Wasserman, 2013). In Australia, hours worked have increased mostly among part-timers, who are mostly women, in the lower part of the distribution, while working hours for full-timers have been stable and employment rates for men have declined (Greenville et al.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men hours paid autor stagnating|8.840049|4.5164676|5.383603
5569|The category receiving the lowest monthly income is domestic service workers —95% of whom are women (ECLAC, 2013b)— whose income is slightly lower than that of unskilled self-employed workers. The monthly income of own-account workers is relatively similar to that of public sector workers. Although it is not possible to monitor the working life and the trend in labour income of each member of the active labour force on the basis of household surveys, an analysis of labour income levels in different age cohorts gives a good indication. As shown in figure I.8.B, and as may be expected, labour income (wages, income from independent work or employers' earnings) increases as workers gain more experience. Nonetheless, labour income levels are clearly the highest among workers aged 50-54 years, and then decline gradually, by 4.7% on average for those aged 55-59 years and by 13.7% among workers aged 60-64 years.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|workers income labour aged monthly|8.672639|4.5666904|5.295733
5570|Promoting outreach activities to re-engage inactive youth. The second stage is primarily concerned with bringing low-skilled youth into vocational education. The tliird one focuses on better identifying and monitoring inactive youth, and organising outreach activities that help raising their motivation to return to studies or to the labour market. In order to access support through the Youth Guarantee, participants need to register with the SEA or apply to a VET school for participation in a second chance program.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth inactive outreach second activities|8.830566|2.7292254|2.6163394
5571|One of the most effective approaches to increasing children’s later achievement and adjustment is to support parents in actively engaging with children's learning activities at home (Desforges and Abouchaar, 2003; Harris and Goodall 2006). Activities that can be beneficially promoted include reading to children, singing songs and nursery rhymes, going to the library and playing with numbers. An academic approach makes use of a staff-initiated curriculum with cognitive aims for school preparation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|children library nursery activities playing|9.510019|2.062971|2.119993
5572|The nearshore sediments are thus younger than those on the outer shelf (Flemming and Hay 1988), typically being produced by deposition of sand, silt, and clay from rivers, with subsequent redistribution by longshore currents (Flemming and Hay 1988). However, where these riverine clastic sediment inputs are small, biogenic (bioclastic) sedimentation, produced by erosion of the skeletal carbonate remains of marine organisms, can dominate. The type of sediment can thus change substantially along and across a shelf, depending on the relative contributions from carbonate and/or clastic sediment production.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sediment shelf produced currents outer|0.030243887|5.8735147|5.719931
5573|Environmental improvements and land-use reforms in disadvantaged neighbourhoods may actually trigger exclusion by driving property' prices up and attracting wealthier residents while displacing working-class residents (Cowell and Thomas, 2002; Banzhaf and McCormick, 2007; Bunce, 2009; Dale and Newman, 2009; Dooling, 2009; Quastel, 2009; Checker, 2011). This concern is reinforced in brow'nfield areas, where gentrification becomes extremely profitable through the realisation of the rent gap, the difference between actual and potential ground rent (Smith, 1979). Urban regeneration strategies therefore need to strike a careful balance between environmental and socio-economic goals. Designing urban spaces that are “just green enough” requires government authorities, residents and business ow'ners to w'ork together to achieve environmental remediation without environmental gentrification.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|residents environmental rent displacing thomas|3.9977868|5.0938463|1.8476452
5574|The systematic inability of different levels of government to guide urban development has contributed to increasing levels of urban sprawl and the accumulation of severe service deficits that reduce the overall quality of life and may impair the metropolitan region’s future development. While these challenges are generally well understood by policy makers in Mexico, it has nevertheless proven difficult to address them due to weak urban planning (Herbert et al., Municipalities regularly authorise land subdivisions without updated master plans and without a metropolitan framework to gauge the long-term costs of the urban sprawl. Moreover, they are often operating with outdated land-use plans - some approved more than 25 years ago, when the region was a fraction of its current size - which do little to guide more sustainable development patterns.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban sprawl guide metropolitan plans|3.9942956|5.4627786|1.4853916
5575|Empirical results from the multivariate analysis are discussed in Section V. Section VI displays estimation of the well-being reduction associated with gender-based discriminatory institutions and potential improvements in life satisfaction associated with more gender equal social institutions. Section VII concludes with some policy implications and directions for future research. Broadly, on the one hand, the so-called bottom-up approach described by Wilson (1967) embraces the notion that given basic and universal human needs, if a person's circumstances allow him or her to fulfil these needs, he or she will be happy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|section associated multivariate happy embraces|9.264029|4.6643457|6.507762
5576|These include those working on development and climate issues, as well as the private sector. Each of these communities has their own views on important issues for climate finance, some of which have been laid out as principles relating to climate finance effectiveness. These views and principles are often at the institutional, national or international level. Indeed, the extent of common ground has been growing over time, as the climate community has integrated principles agreed in the development community (e.g. via the Paris Declaration and Busan Partnership) and vice versa (e.g. on the importance of transparency). For example, all three communities agree that scaled-up climate finance is needed, that both public and private sources can play a key role, and that the (self-) sustainability of a project and transparency is important.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate principles finance views transparency|1.8801787|4.1123667|1.1571083
5577|A significant experience has been accumulated in the use of a variety of instruments and sources of information. However, two major concerns remain as both the new career structure and the new System for the Recognition of Teacher Professional Development are being introduced. First, the formative function of teacher evaluation remains limited. It is not clear from the strategy it proposes what teacher evaluation processes will inform the future professional development plans for teachers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher professional evaluation formative accumulated|9.601078|1.287383|1.9423312
5578|At federal level, DEHOGA funds the German Seminar for Tourism, which specialises in providing further education courses for SMEs which last for up to 6 days and are targeted at staff already working in the tourism sector. The German Travel Association also has a training initiative which aims to motivate companies to offer more vocational training places to young people and to invest more in continued training and enhancement of employee loyalty. It also targets young people to draw attention to training opportunities in the sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training german tourism young specialises|6.569601|3.6844018|2.85042
5579|"Minimising external control of schools and maximising trust will be the success factors of Finnish education for the decades to come. As a consequence of the lightening financial conditions in Finnish municipalities, about 1 000 basic schools were shut down during the first decade of this century. Many of them were small rural schools. Population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km2 by area""."|SDG 4 - Quality education|finnish schools shut foreigners area|9.500498|2.453106|2.5568159
5580|Improving energy efficiency implies improving the technical energy performance of the energy delivery mechanism but can also include improving energy management or organisation. Traditionally, the focus of energy efficiency, in particular in OECD countries, is the use of less energy for the same energy service. Therefore an improvement in energy efficiency can be when either less energy is consumed to provide the same level of services, or the same energy is consumed for a higher level of services.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy improving consumed efficiency services|2.0625|2.6571877|2.4815032
5581|As a possible consequence demand for public transport is higher in Rome. The other differences are relatively more congested roads, less bicycle use and relatively higher fares in Riga versusTallinn. While the congestion should speak in favor of Riga in attracting demand for public transport, the already mentioned ITS and the cheaper fares seem to attract more users to public transport in Tallinn even despite more popularity of cycling for transfers. The combination of better accessibility at a lower fare may be crucial in this context.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|riga fares transport public relatively|4.3740025|4.966922|0.6413287
5582|The former is generally associated with the opportunity cost, and provides an indication of the value of the water allocated to alternative users. Irrigation can affect the environment through its direct impact upon water resources, soils, biodiversity and landscapes, as well as its secondary impacts that arise from the intensification of agricultural production through the transformation of rain-fed land into irrigated land (EC, 2000). The list of regions or basins where problems related to excessive irrigated water use have been identified would be very long.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigated water land intensification landscapes|1.1041561|7.3866143|2.9094098
5583|To achieve this, a wide range of measures were ordered by the Committee, targeted at the legal system, to improve the judicial handling of rape cases, as well as training and education to change discriminatory attitudes towards women. Ensuring adequate representation of women in the judiciary is also important. The Human Rights Committee specified in its general comment No. However, she was unable to obtain such an order since she could not afford a solicitor and legal aid was not available. The European Court of Human Rights held that this was a violation of her right to access a court for the determination of her civil rights and obligations (art.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|court rights committee legal human|9.8142805|5.124032|7.3565974
5584|Clarity of the mission and the mandate of these institutions, including cross-sectoral authorities to promote gender equality and mainstreaming are also critical to ensure the effectiveness of these institutions. In terms of the responsibilities, not unlike in OECD countries, the primary focus is on the policy functions of developing policy proposals, providing expert advice and making policy recommendations (Figure 3.5). Yet few gender institutions in the MENA region are involved in guiding the development of gender-disaggregated data, monitoring the implementation, enforcing gender-related policies and conducting research.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender institutions policy enforcing guiding|9.917105|4.15304|7.3869195
5585|Sweden also uses its coiporate governance code to steer companies towards gender balance - an approach that has brought results. Australia and Chile - together with other countries like Finland, Spain and the United Kingdom - started to include disclosure requirements in their corporate governance codes and regulations compelling corporations to reveal the gender balance on their boards. They also pledge to develop and enforce measures to that end. Finland, while it does not enshrine targets in law in its state-owned enterprise sector, has a rule in its nomination practices that ensures at least 40% representation of each gender. While quotas have boosted the number of women on boards in many countries, the gains at the top have not been reflected below board level.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|boards gender finland balance governance|10.144265|4.1767936|6.9908013
5586|There are direct user charges (flat-rate payments) for primary and specialist care, which are set by the regions, leading to variation across the countiy. In 2014, the fees for consulting a primary care physician varied between SEK100-300 (EUR 11-33), for an outpatient hospital specialist between SEK 200-350 (EUR 22-37), and per day of hospitalisation for an adult between SEK 80-100 (EUR 9-11). Dentistry has separate and less generous coverage and no cap in cost-sharing Private supplementary insurance is held by 6% of the population, mostly in the form of coverage from employers to provide quicker access to specialists and elective treatment (see Section 5.2).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eur sek specialist coverage quicker|8.566186|8.841078|2.086133
5587|Cannabis continues to be the most trafficked and abused drug in the region, mainly due to domestic cultivation. In its reporting period from July 2013 to June 2014, Australia recorded 93,000 drug seizures weighing more than 27 tons in total, the highest numbers on national record. Police and customs seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants in the country were also the highest on record.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|seizures record drug highest stimulants|8.293475|10.266794|3.577101
5588|Sport for Health aims to reduce the burden of non-communicable disease in Tonga. The project has two connected activities: strengthening the capacity of the Tonga Netball Association (TNA) to increase opportunities for Tongans, especially girls and women, to participate in quality sport activities; and a targeted Sport for Health intervention, harnessing the improved capacity of TNA to develop a programme focused on women and girls. The Sport for Health intervention uses a social marketing approach: target a specific audience; develop specific health-related behavioural objectives for that audience; take a holistic approach to engendering behaviour change; and conduct a baseline and measure the target group’s progress. Through the programme, sport is being used to support health in mobilising women and girls to engage in healthy behaviours; as a setting to educate women and girls about health-related behaviours; and as a means to empower girls and women to take the lead in improving health behaviours in their communities. The 42nd Pacific Island Forum declared NCD as a crisis and called for a holistic government approach.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|sport girls health behaviours women|10.052235|5.3128805|6.5800066
5589|Given that exports of nuts must meet international regulations and standards, a decline in quality can make it impossible to export the nuts, disrupting the market and preventing SMEs such as Mira Impex from fulfilling their potential. An estimated 80%-90% of the cashew apple harvested annually in Africa goes to waste, due to lack of standard storage facilities. Using a reputable forwarding agency is an effective way to transport our goods to our end buyers.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|nuts cashew harvested fulfilling buyers|4.205898|4.939047|4.14323
5590|The Agency deducts 10 per cent of all such income for remittance to the State budget. A procedure of calculation and payment of the said deductions for the State budget is set forth by the Ministiy of Finance, the Chief State Tax Service and the Agency. Its responsibility includes the monitoring and inspection of energy sector activities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|state agency budget deductions ministiy|1.6343892|7.2565417|2.0482748
5591|Often the succession will go back to primary species like birch and rowan. Focusing more on the natural environment like management approaches now being introduced in forestry emphasise the need fora research effort related to natural recovery processes and how to prepare the forests for coming storms by actions aiming at improving the post-wind-throw resilience. After deposition, the tephra can be a long-term source of sandstorms, which can cause extensive soil erosion. Furthermore, the re-distribution of volcanic materials years and decades afterthe volcanic event can cause hazardous dust pollution which affects human health.|SDG 15 - Life on land|volcanic cause like dust natural|1.1791115|4.8115344|3.8407633
5592|Without working with men and boys, discrimination, violence and inequality will continue. Sufficient opportunities and knowledge must be afforded for how young people, particularly boys and young men, can challenge gender norms, stereotypes and harmful practices. Furthermore, reaching adolescent boys through age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education, which allows them to reflect and question predominant norms around masculinity and femininity, is a critical way to better ensure future generations of gender-equitable men. Communicating positive messages—that change is possible and that boys can positively influence not only their own lives but also that of girls—can increase boys’ participation and responsiveness.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|boys men norms young afforded|9.895498|5.2048683|6.723462
5593|The GCF seeks to catalyse funds, multiplying the effect of its initial financing by opening markets to new investments (GCF, n.d.). There is an expectation amongst some actors that the Green Climate Fund will over time become the main vehicle for climate finance under the Convention reducing some of this fragmentation (Amin & Jaramillo, 2015). However this is dependent on the GCF becoming a transformative fund attractive to both donors and recipients and operating at scale (UNFCCC, 2011). It may take time for the GCF to emerge as the central driver of a coherent climate financing system, so it will be important in the interim to ensure that the various funds work well together and that country systems and country plans are the central drivers of climate and development action (Amin et al, 2014).|SDG 13 - Climate action|gcf climate fund funds financing|1.8676364|3.8583338|1.226764
5594|Young people visited the Cotroceni National Museum while several members of NGOs who took part in debates about women in politics and decision-making positions. An essay competition for college and high school students was also organized. For example, we ran a week-long Facebook campaign about female scientists who have made history in Romania and the world.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|facebook ran visited organized scientists|10.092418|4.7155924|7.3627324
5595|La protection economique des femmes en age avance, depend aujourd'hui de plusieurs facteurs lies,y compris des regies des systemes de retraite, des conditions du marche du travail et des dispositions fa-miliales prises a divers moments. Cet article se penche sur les regies des systemes de retraite et leur interaction avec d’autres conditions sociales et du marche du travail au cours de la vie d’une femme, pour reproduire ou attenuer les inegalites entre les sexes au moment de la vieillesse. Une rubrique separee est consacree aux systemes de retraite sans cotisation, a leur evolution dans le monde et au potentiel qu'ils ont de resoudre les lacunes existantes en matiere d’acces a la protection au moment de la vieillesse, independamment du sexe et du niveau de revenu.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|du des la au systemes|8.979233|5.676378|5.1030707
5596|The Italian approach to digitalising schools (Box 4.1) offers one example of the need to put pedagogy in the driver’s seat to use technology effectively. The aim was that the plan would be conducive to new teaching practices, new models of school organisation, and new products and tools to support quality teaching. The plan was to equip Italian classrooms with ICT, namely interactive whiteboards.|SDG 4 - Quality education|italian teaching new plan seat|8.799155|1.4637533|2.1597226
5597|In 2012, 83% of all deaths in Costa Rica were due to NCD; cardiovascular diseases being the principal cause of death accounting for 30%, followed by cancers with 23% of all deaths (Figure 1.6) (WHO, 2014). In a 2010 survey, 38% adults had hypertension, 42% high cholesterol levels and 51% had low or no engagement in physical activity. Prevalence of obesity was 24.4% of the population in 2014, which is higher than the OECD average of 19% (OECD, 2016b).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deaths cholesterol hypertension cancers cardiovascular|8.974878|8.863468|2.8009527
5598|If tall oil or waste-oils are used as a feedstock, the climate impact of HEFA/HEFA+ will likely be comparable to the FT-SPK from the second scenario around an 80-90% GHG reduction per MJ fuel. Avinor 2013 is one of them, with a listed value of an 80% CO2 reduction relative to fossil jet A-l (no LUC or ILUC included in this estimate). For FT-SPK fuel using energy crops, such as willow or switchgrass estimates are comparable in the range of 80-90% reduction (SWAFEA 2011, Partner 2010).|SDG 13 - Climate action|reduction comparable fuel jet oils|1.5253589|3.0955703|2.893719
5599|This chapter looks at them in greater detail later. The seven objectives are: 1) equality in the workplace between men and women 2) reconciliation of family and work life and the sharing of domestic and family obligations 3) eradication of violence against women 4) women’s participation in social, economic and political life, 5) education, 6) development of actions in other sectoral policies, and 7) instruments for incorporating the principle of equality in government policies and action, which is fundamental for clearly understanding how to update the EOSP’s tenets across sectors and issues. In this way, Spain has developed methods of strengthening the integration of the gender perspective in all government programmes and policies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|policies women equality life family|9.827133|4.078329|7.1121182
5600|A stable, long-term domestic policy framework with wide political support helps provide investment certainty, although global uncertainties will still cause investors to question the probability of these policies being modified in the future. To provide this sort of certainty, the EU has already set targets for 2020 in its emissions trading system, and intends to set 2030 targets in the next few years. Emissions trading schemes (ETS) are currently regarded as the most politically feasible means of pricing greenhouse gas emissions, aiming at providing appropriate incentives for investment in low-carbon technologies and demand reduction. However, the detailed design of these schemes matters, particularly setting the overall cap on emissions at a level that requires emissions reductions from participants.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emissions certainty trading schemes targets|1.3818964|3.2813494|1.8178126
5601|Some clients can profit from social skills training, while others need enduring support. Furthermore, if diagnosis and symptoms affect the success of vocational rehabilitation, it is vital that vocational rehabilitation is integrated with specialised mental health treatment.5 Lastly, the schizophrenia focus of most current research on success factors of vocational rehabilitation calls for a broader research agenda looking at predictive factors of the most prevalent mental disorders. As there is some congruency of illness-symptoms and work-functioning, the efficacy of treatment, to a large extent, decides whether and how fast work-functioning can be restored.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|rehabilitation vocational symptoms functioning mental|10.2941065|8.777825|2.0089686
5602|This measure has effectively encouraged people to consume electricity in off-peak hours. Similar pricing incentives (also agreed and implemented at the provincial level) are applied to industry to promote peak shaving and load shifting, along with measures to shut down energy-intensive factories to help rationalise electricity use in extreme weather conditions. As the measure divides the day into two or three time intervals for which prices are fixed, it does not allow real-time response to demand-supply fluctuations across smaller time intervals, as might result from variable renewables.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|intervals peak time measure electricity|1.757084|1.5128833|1.977742
5603|"The independent variables available in the data included place of residence, age, age at marriage, education level, children ever born, prior experience of abortion or stillbirth, and contraceptive use prior to pregnancy, which are found to be correlated with pregnancy intention. In the ILFS data, in addition to these variables, the region of residence (four selected provinces) was added to the analysis, and ""children ever bom"" was replaced by pregnancy order. The ILFS further provides information that allows for exploration of the association between pregnancy intention and the outcome of pregnancy in relation to the timing of pregnancy. Pregnancies are divided into three cohorts; those that occurred at an early age (15-24 years) before 1985, during the period from 1985 to 1994 and during the period from 1995 to 2005."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pregnancy intention residence age prior|9.256345|5.6853795|6.0095186
5604|It can be expected that once increasing supply risks are appropriately communicated and major supply vulnerabilities are manifest, actors in importing countries will enact public and private measures to respond. An early attempt to use Stirling’s SWI to assess security of supply by an international organisation was made by the IEA in Towards a Sustainable Energy Future (IEA, 2001). The SWI remains a useful tool, but as has been pointed out above it must be complemented by qualitative information about different supply options. Well-diversified, liquid markets may provide a hedge against the exercise of market power. Competition authorities tend to focus on the related but opposite characterisation of markets: the extent of market concentration. The most common indicator used to measure market concentration is the HHI developed above.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|supply concentration iea market markets|1.1086653|1.8696787|1.9642196
5605|The Land Law of 2013 refers to the principle of compensation at market prices, but how district or provincial party committees do this is left open, and compensation is still based on the agricultural use value, thus much below market prices for alternative uses of land. The negotiation over the price of land should be left to the buyer and seller, so farmers could negotiate a higher price if they chose and could do so. It would then be less critical to alter the procedures for compulsory takings and price arbitration for truly state uses of land such as for a highway, which account for a small minority of current land conflicts.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|land price compensation left uses|3.27047|5.3124385|3.4706194
5606|Seven sites, or 807 MW of capacity, will allow electricity storage to help stabilise the electricity system (pumped storage). Public tenders to allocate the privately funded construction and operation of the ten selected hydroelectric sites were launched. As of the end of 2009, eight sites were attributed, one had already passed the environmental impact assessment stage, and the others were awaiting environmental assessment results (IEA, 2009a).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sites storage electricity assessment tenders|1.50379|2.0290248|2.1112754
5607|This update focuses on smart cities, discussing in particular challenges for smart city strategies and addressing environmental risks in Emerging Asian cities in light of rising urbanisation, increasing economic activity and climate change. High levels of air pollution have serious health consequences, especially among lower-income households, and can curtail economic growth prospects. Policy makers in the region would need to strengthen the enforcement of existing rules and work towards clearer and targeted policy frameworks with the participation of all levels of government. Co-operation between countries in the region is just as crucial since environmental hazards are often transborder issues.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|smart cities curtail region environmental|3.777729|4.4974375|1.2579888
5608|However, his analysis did not explicitly consider either gender or the provision of care (Razavi 2007; Orloff 1996). This group includes New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States and, to a lesser extent, Australia and Canada. The most extreme variant is the US model, where markets supplement a very basic public safety net that is highly targeted (Esping-Anderson 1996). The result from a gender inequality perspective is a sort of two-tiered system of social welfare, with men’s insurance centred on labour market issues and women’s being family-related and primarily means-tested social assistance (Orloff 1996).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|variant razavi united sort anderson|8.97934|5.0916767|5.9450665
5609|The pace of urbanisation is quite regular, but is proceeding even slower than was expected by the current SCoT. Despite aspirations to increase density within the city, suburbanisation and peri-urbanisation continue apace and appear difficult to stop (Box 2.8). At the same time, even if the core of the city provides building opportunities on the old industrial land, the process of reconversion is difficult to handle because of the cost of remediating soil pollution and the possibility of archaeological constraints. But, in Clermont-Ferrand, as in other urban places, there seems to be a clear preference by many households for this type for dispersed development, and not the more compact approach favoured by planners and city officials. As has been discussed, this imposes a number of costs and externalities including the environmental costs of commuting and fiscal costs borne by the municipality when expanding and servicing infrastructure to peri-urban areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|peri city urbanisation costs difficult|4.01432|5.863218|1.8168373
5610|More specifically, an agreement between the OECD and the Mexican Ministry of Education (Secrelaria de Education Publica, SEP) was established to support the design and implementation of education policy reforms to improve the quality and equity of the education system in Mexico (2008-2010). Support was requested specifically in the areas of teacher career paths, school management, leadership and social participation. Three types of contributions include comparative analysis, communications (workshops, conferences and country visits) and recommendations (presented in this report), delivered by the OECD Mexico Steering Group on School Management and Teacher Policy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education specifically teacher mexico sep|9.934667|1.9311253|2.2057881
5611|Their functions include making recommendations on: plans and training programmes, teaching methods, programme evaluation and teacher training, among others. These councils are chaired by the director, and include as appropriate the assistant directors, heads of class or subject, ATPs, presidents of the students' council, and representatives of the parents' association, the school cooperative and the school garden plot (where this exists). In general terms, these councils' attributions are limited.|SDG 4 - Quality education|councils assistant plot presidents training|9.822311|1.6163493|1.8816668
5612|The images are then often sent across time zones (Spain, Australia, India), with the receiving radiologist working his normal daylight hours. Tele-radiology can also be utilised to obtain a consultation with an expert or sub-specialist. See earlier comment on a mental health night stay, which is usually also recorded as a day case.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|images night utilised comment sent|10.324064|8.967824|1.7357305
5613|They can be significant especially if distant resources have to be connected as can be the case for offshore wind, if load factors are low or if the technology has more stringent connection requirements than for nuclear power. Connection costs are sometimes integrated within the system costs (NEA, 2012), but more often are not considered as system costs and implicitly included in the LCOE as plant-level costs. The difficulty in this assessment is that connection costs are sometimes borne by the plant developer and sometimes paid for by the transmission grid operator.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|costs connection plant developer lcoe|1.3610663|1.7584432|1.7362918
5614|The benefits of electrification are direct and indirect. Direct benefits include improvements in living conditions, such as illumination (and hence also the opportunity to study longer hours in the evening or to work longer hours in family businesses) and improved cooking methods (and hence the reduction of health hazards associated with biomass burning). Moreover, access to electricity can also reduce energy costs, especially for lighting and small uses, resulting in savings for poor households.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hours longer direct evening benefits|2.1244297|2.4635773|2.599494
5615|At the same time, fossil fuel-based energy systems incur relatively higher operating costs, driven by volatile fuel prices, as discussed above, which are however spread over the whole lifetime of the asset. Tenth Plenary Meeting of the Policy Dialogue on Natural Resource-based Development, 25 June 2018, Paris, www.oecd.org/dev/tenth-meeting-pd-nr-june-2018 .htm. Innovation in the battery industry has created viable solutions to the challenges related to the variability of renewable energy output, which depends on weather conditions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tenth june meeting fuel battery|1.5178405|1.9943186|1.9568888
5616|The Caribbean countries with low child poverty levels (Saint Lucia and Antigua and Barbuda) are in the same range as the Latin American countries with the lowest levels, i.e. Chile and Uruguay. Poverty levels in the other Caribbean countries range from medium-high (Suriname) to medium-low (Grenada and Trinidad and Tobago). These initial estimates suggest that the scale of child poverty in the subregion, at least in the seven countries studied, is similar to that in Latin America.|SDG 1 - No poverty|caribbean poverty latin levels medium|6.836308|6.2926173|5.378427
5617|Without climate change mitigation, those numbers would grow to 321 million in the 2050s and 391 million in the 2080s. Among the developing regions, Southern Asia and Africa would be the most exposed to an increased risk of hunger as a result of climate change. The impact of climate change on total production will be relatively small.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change million hunger exposed|1.6164688|5.1681867|2.4344153
5618|Include the contribution of higher education institutions to local and regional development in their annual evaluations. Mobilise the resources of higher education institutions in the preparation and implementation of regional and urban strategies. Help identify areas of research for regional development. Between 1970 and 2010, the share of the Malay population living in Penang increased from 30.6% to 43.0%.|SDG 4 - Quality education|regional institutions mobilise higher penang|7.1968865|2.5537586|2.4691334
5619|This pattern is verified in all countries, although the gradient is not significant in a small number of countries, and with the exception of Korea which displays an unclear relationship between education and drinking status. Almost all countries display a negative index indicating that people with less education and with lower incomes are less likely to consume alcohol in the past 12 months. The magnitude of these inequalities varies among countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|countries gradient displays verified display|9.302101|9.6981945|3.5644073
5620|They may also deter students who are risk-averse and/or are from a disadvantaged background from participating in higher education in the first place, as they may face financing difficulties later in their studies. The pattern of enrolments in the first grade of undergraduate professional and university education by regions reveals that most students attend higher education institutions in the regions of their residence. For instance, the greatest share of the students of the University of Ljubljana comes from the central region of Slovenia (Osrednjeslovenska regija), where Ljubljana is located.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students university education deter regions|9.154192|2.3815126|2.8939667
5621|The Washington programme places higher priority on protecting natural areas than the Oregon programme and its governance is less centralised. Vancouver and Clark County have revised their comprehensive and implementing regulations to comply with the GMA. Both local programmes have been found to comply with the act. The act calls for periodic updates to local plans to ensure continued compliance as growth occurs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|comply act clark vancouver oregon|3.482299|5.320532|1.5839065
5622|The definition of national multidimensional child poverty indicators is therefore necessary as a tool to monitor progress towards this SDG target. The headcount is as high as 82 per cent in rural areas, while it is 53 per cent in urban settings. Nationwide 12 per cent of children are not deprived in any dimension. However this is true for only 3 per cent of children in rural areas, while 18 per cent of children in urban areas do not suffer any deprivation.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent children areas rural urban|7.0194726|6.4971957|5.1213236
5623|The findings of the IPCC served as the scientific basis for the Secretary-General's climate leadership throughout 2015 and provided added urgency to the negotiations under the UNFCCC on the Paris Agreement. As defined by both COP 19 and COP 2o, INDCs were to reflect Parties' planned climate actions, in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, and were to be submitted well in advance of COP 21 and in the first quarter of 2015 by those Parties able to do so. In early 2015, the Secretary-General prioritized engaging leaders on early submission of INDCs, meaning that by the time the COP 21 opened, 188 countries had submitted their INDCs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cop indcs secretary submitted parties|1.2167256|3.6999707|1.0665711
5624|The objective is may not be to develop a working career but to contribute immediately to the household income for the benefit of younger members. Discrimination, occupational segregation, and work/family conflicts result in lower wages and fewer opportunities for women, regardless of labour market sector. Although a key advantage of enclave employment is access to resources that facilitate entrepreneurship, research shows that women in the mainstream economy encounter more barriers to self-employment than men. Therefore, enclave employment may be more exploitative of women (Gilbertson, 1995).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employment women exploitative encounter immediately|8.891632|3.7988281|6.2753525
5625|Ninety GW of new power plants would go through early retirement, but after having recovered their investment costs. These reserves are often referred to as “unbumable carbon”. As part of their commitment to climate change mitigation, governments, regulators and central banks should start addressing this market failure alongside the implementation of core climate policy instruments.|SDG 13 - Climate action|recovered gw climate regulators alongside|1.4354004|2.8768804|1.899321
5626|Indeed, programme outcomes are mixed. For instance, CCTs have demonstrated a reduction in malnutrition in Mexico and Nicaragua (Maluccio & Flores, 2005) and increases child height of approximately one centimetre in Mexico, (Fiszbein & Schady, 2009). However, there is no evidence that positive initial impacts observed in Oportunidades were sustained over time (Neufeld et al.,|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|mexico flores ccts oportunidades height|6.95727|6.038639|4.596554
5627|Developing and other economies include all other countries, regardless of whether they receive ODA. Of critical importance is the fact that access to an “improved” water source does not necessarily mean access to “safe” water fit for human consumption. As a result, half of Africa’s hospital beds are filled with people suffering from a water-related disease (OECD, 2012b).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water filled beds suffering access|1.5869912|6.9976745|2.69924
5628|The main findings confirm that labour mobility has an important role in narrowing the rural-urban income gap, not only in theory but also in practice. Although the empirical efforts are still preliminary and are not sufficient to prove this conclusion, they lay out a new direction for further research on the subject. Moreover, as more people have shifted from unemployment and underemployment to full employment through mobility between regions and sectors, mainly benefiting rural workers and their families, the income gap between rural and urban areas has tended to narrow. Since the rural-urban gap contributes the major part of overall inequality, the narrowed gap will in turn reduce the country’s overall income inequality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|gap rural urban mobility income|6.413358|5.543504|4.6454644
5629|"Focusing solely on direct mobilization may lead to overestimating the role of project-level climate finance and, in worst case, neglecting the importance of finance directed to capacity building, budgetary support (e.g. feed-in tariff scheme for renewables) and overall work to strengthen enabling environment (OECD, 2015). While to date only few studies have assessed the mobilizing effects of public policies and support for policy development, and these mainly direct and project-based mobilization, preliminary findings from WRI23 highlight the importance of overall policy frameworks and stability as key enablers of climate compatible investments. According to GCF (2015) a key challenge for mobilization is the missing link between climate projects and ""initiatives that strengthen underlying policy, regulatory, or enabling environment""."|SDG 13 - Climate action|mobilization enabling climate strengthen importance|1.879376|4.1113667|1.4298173
5630|Increasing food availability leads to more robust diets and decreasing numbers of malnourished children. However, the price changes that we see in the adaptation scenarios are fairly modest and lead only to small increases in food availability globally (less than a 0.5% increase), with a correspondingly small improvement in the rate of malnourishment (which decreases by less than 0.5%). Thus, while these scenarios help mitigate some of the effects of climate change, they do not fully mitigate potential food insecurity in developing countries.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|mitigate food scenarios availability correspondingly|4.427332|5.718194|4.6273866
5631|Universities in collaboration with regional stakeholders should rediscover and develop regional assets and use project approach and potential of flagship events to mobilise sustainable regional collaboration. Finally, the existing good practices in school/college collaboration, rural development, recognition of prior learning and industry engagement should be scaled up into a system within and between institutions. Despite progress made, the human capital capacity remains low.|SDG 4 - Quality education|collaboration regional flagship mobilise scaled|7.6355176|2.5148923|2.4818826
5632|Kazakhstan and its cities are modernising, but its urban centres still have issues to address before they can achieve their full potential as the engines of economic growth. Kazakhstan inherited a legacy of low car ownership and extensive, but not always cost-efficient, urban public transport from the Soviet era. However, car ownership has risen rapidly since the 2000s, with the highest motorisation rate in Almaty and Astana (428 and 385 cars per 1 000 inhabitants, respectively, in 2015). Car ownership has been increased by the high demand for private automobiles, moderate gasoline prices, road extensions and improvements in and around big cities, and the low quality of public transport services.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|car ownership kazakhstan cities motorisation|4.4822125|5.3609676|1.5001073
5633|The Department of Education established a strategic medium-term Action Plan (2009-12) for the Institutionalisation of Gender Equality in the Education System. The plan falls under the framework of the National Strategy for Gender Equality through the Integration of Gender Objectives in Public Policies and Development Programmes, which was adopted by the government in May 2006, as well as the NAJAH Emergency Plan (2007), which aimed to give new impetus to educational reform. It also aims to ensure that the state secretariat in charge of education has the adequate institutional capacity to mainstream gender in the educational system in terms of the design, budgeting, delivering, monitoring and evaluation of educational services.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender educational plan education equality|9.867293|4.097839|7.3501415
5634|For instance, there is a large variety of ready-for-use technologies and business solutions in the field of autonomous toll systems, real-time traffic light optimisation, Global Positioning System (GPS)-based data collection, and real-time traveller information. However, consideration should also be given to the interactions between technologies. Smart transportation is an integrated system where efficiency depends on a set of technologies rather than on just one or a few. This also means that consideration should be given to the future development of the system, including its expansion and upgrading.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|technologies consideration real optimisation positioning|4.1782117|4.996612|0.5423794
5635|Governments should provide the necessary backup facilities to meet the demand created. In keeping with the Declaration of Alma Ata, all countries should reduce mortality and morbidity and seek to make primary health care, including reproductive health care, available universally by the end of the current decade. Countries should aim to achieve by 2005 a life expectancy at birth greater than 70 years and by 2015 a life expectancy at birth greater than 75 years. Countries with the highest levels of mortality should aim to achieve by 2005 a life expectancy at birth greater than 65 years and by 2015 a life expectancy at birth greater than 70 years. Efforts to ensure a longer and healthier life for all should emphasize the reduction of morbidity and mortality differentials between males and females as well as among geographical regions, social classes and indigenous and ethnic groups. The role of women as primary custodians of family health should be recognized and supported.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy birth life greater mortality|8.8095045|8.3231325|3.7078404
5636|Contaminated earth from a rail-twinning project on the Luxembourg-Petange line produced a recent jump in exports. The Environment Administration works with the Customs and Excise Administration to detect illegal waste transfers. In 2008, written warnings were issued to 24 firms found to be non-compliant during these inspections. Regulation EC/1907/2006, in force since 2007, makes industry responsible for managing the risks that chemicals may pose for health and the environment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|administration jump environment excise detect|0.9394967|6.4886155|2.273491
5637|Some areas that are critical for lifting the quality of agricultural production and per unit returns received by farmers, such as inspection and control and marketing and promotion, receive relatively little support. The growing share of support that is provided to the agricultural sector as a whole rather than to individual producers is an important re-orientation of agricultural support spending to forms that can bring significant benefits to producers and consumers, with potentially less production and trade distortions. Despite the large increase in expenditure on irrigation, and to a less extent agricultural knowledge and innovation system, the %GSSE has remained small at 23% in 2011-13 (Tables 2.13 and 2.14).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agricultural producers support lifting gsse|3.7939482|5.1424384|3.8060863
5638|Secondly, land tenure arrangements and the urbanisation of agricultural or collectively-owned land (ejido) have left a complex legacy for modern-day housing and urban development. Thirdly, Mexico has managed to address, to a large extent and with remarkable speed, the country’s quantitative housing gap and transition to more permanent housing for an increasing share of the population. Such a rapid expansion of the housing stock has been seen in only a few OECD countries. Fourthly, while public policy in other OECD countries has also tended, to varying extents, to favour home ownership in recent decades, Mexico, along with Italy and Spain, is unusual in focusing its social housing policies on home ownership. Finally, Mexico is now beginning to transition out of a long period in which housing policy has been set by an implementing body (INFONAVIT); housing and urban policy is now in the hands of an explicit policy-making body, SEDATU.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing mexico policy body ownership|4.7842565|5.702507|2.076487
5639|By 2016, a total of 626 000 beneficiaries had contracted savings accounts, and 639 000 had acquired basic credit (CONAIF, 2016). Yet norms and expectations around gender are hard to change. Public opinion about the role of men and women has shifted very slowly over time, especially in emerging and upper-middle income countries (OECD, 2016d).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|contracted shifted opinion acquired slowly|8.802903|3.7353024|6.3164387
5640|San Francisco (Box 2.7) is a good example of a city that has managed to divert waste to landfills by 80% in efforts to reach zero waste by the year 2020 (SF environment, 2016). Sweden is similarly a good example as only 1% of w'aste goes to landfill sites. Several jurisdictions in OECD countries such as New York City, Kamikatsu, Japan; Toronto, Canada; Seattle, Washington and New South Wales have all adopted a long-term zero waste goal.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste zero city good aste|0.43824318|4.0675836|3.1212327
5641|Young people with only a lower secondary education have limited opportunities to realise their potential and develop their learning skills. This may be due to the poor quality of the educational assistance given to them in schools and lack of resources, including availability of trained teachers or methods of teaching. Much less attention is being paid to the quality of the teaching and learning that pupils experience. Only recently has the focus shifted to the quality of the education on offer and support for transition to secondary and tertiary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|quality teaching education secondary learning|9.06626|2.2460022|2.6481822
5642|The planning exercise starts with a “Map of Enforceable Conditionalities” in which several constraints to land use are taken into consideration from the veiy beginning. Among these enforceable constraints, the adjacent areas including the areas threatened by floods have to be taken into account. This legislation has led to a systematic consideration throughout the country of the flood risk areas and the protection of those areas from undesirable human occupation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|enforceable areas consideration constraints taken|3.760692|5.587893|1.7366364
5643|Moreover, the main distinction of the SIGI is that it focuses on rights, as well as on social institutions that often are not codified in laws, but are based on norms and values, as well as attitudes and practices, that shape women's opportunities and decisions (Branisa et al., In addition, the SIGI is a more comprehensive measure considering other dimensions of gender inequality in social institutions. It is a composite index which scores non-OECD countries on the basis of 14 variables (Table l).4 The scale of the SIGI goes from 0, meaning low discrimination to 1, high level of discriminatory social institutions. However, it may still be a good measure of gender norms governing male behaviour and opportunities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sigi institutions norms measure social|9.34261|4.603168|6.86968
5644|Welfare provision therefore has a substantial influence on how market income is distributed in the first place. As the OECD notes, welfare states that maximise employment and earnings will have a more equal distribution of original income, and policies to encourage employment (particularly among high-risk groups, such as lone parents) may be more effective tools for poverty reduction than transfers. Public transfers may influence not only individuals’ employment and earnings decisions but also their choice of living arrangement. In particular, where the income of single parents is supported there may be a greater risk of individuals choosing these living arrangements and therefore being at greater risk of poverty. Sawhill (2006) has argued that there are growing behavioural differences between the well-off and the poor, in particular in relation to education, marriage and childbearing, and that policy should focus on behavioural change, in particular increasing the role of conditional cash transfers. However, most empirical studies on partnership decisions suggest that the tax and benefit system produces small behavioural effects (Adams and Brewer, 2010).|SDG 1 - No poverty|behavioural transfers particular risk employment|7.4584856|5.7934904|4.6628165
5645|However, this approach, whereby water planners assume they have all the energy they need and energy planners assume they have all the water they need, is not likely to work effectively in the future. Countries that deploy incoherent water and energy policies might find themselves with severe scarcity of one resource or the other, or both. Support provided to lower the costs of water supplied to agriculture, for example, by not reflecting the scarcity value of water, can undermine efforts to achieve sustainable management of water, especially in situations experiencing water stress.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water planners assume scarcity energy|1.2014788|7.167843|2.5197425
5646|An additional problem associated with the sale of standing timber is the incorrect evaluation of the harvested timber and poor recording and monitoring of harvesting and removals. The current timber sale methods do not give equal access to forest resources to all sectors, due to the existing competitive auction system and to the lack of availability of the results of all timber sales. In the context of “Forest Europe”, the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, the Ministry of Forestry regularly takes part in expert meetings on the preparations for the Ministerial Conferences and contributes to the work on Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management and the State of Europe’s Forests Report.|SDG 15 - Life on land|timber forest europe sale ministerial|1.510741|4.62595|3.7448702
5647|The framework evaluates local health authorities across 30 indicators in the domains of access, continuity, effectiveness, efficiency, patient satisfaction and organisational competence. Many indicators reflect processes (such as coverage of vaccination or cancer screening), but each of the five effectiveness indicators reflect outcomes, such as adequate control of lipids and blood pressure in people with diabetes (see Annex C for full list of indicators). For each indicator, a national target is set.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indicators reflect effectiveness vaccination evaluates|9.200188|9.3809185|2.2152226
5648|Hence, children in low work intensity households, holding other characteristics constant, are more likely to fall into the poorest decile than children living in households with work intensity that higher or is equal to 20%. Differences in the probability of being in the bottom income decile by household work intensity is highest in Slovenia, closely followed by Slovak Republic and Estonia. The proportion of children living in deprived households differs across European countries with the lowest being 4.9% in Switzerland and highest reaching approximately 60% in Bulgaria. In all the European countries included in the analyses, at least 1 in 5 children in the poorest decile lives in a deprived household.|SDG 1 - No poverty|decile intensity children households deprived|7.3380866|6.2229147|5.1907563
5649|Serbia has developed and implemented a system of permitting of waste management activities and is improving its control over the transboundary movement of waste. In 2013, data were delivered by 106 of 168 companies. Data reported from some companies are still based on estimates, although the Regulation on the methodology for collecting data on the composition and quantities of municipal waste on the territory of the local government unit (OG 61/10) prescribes the methodology for analysing the amount and composition of solid waste in local government areas.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste composition methodology data companies|0.44657958|4.0452833|3.110965
5650|Consistent with the increase in mean BMI, the prevalence of overweight or obesity increased between 2010 and 2014 among both men and women in all European and EU countries for which data are available (Wilkins et al., Childhood obesity is increasing, the average for self-reported overweight rates among 15 year olds in the EU having increased from 11% in 2001-02 to 18% in 2013-14. The rising trend in child and adolescent body mass index (BMI) has plateaued in many high-income countries, but at a high level (NCD-RisC, 2017). These adverse patterns are likely to have negative consequences for current and future morbidity and mortality rates.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|bmi overweight obesity eu rates|9.1958475|9.367684|3.1085684
5651|Even with the tremendous effort of draining the basin, seasonal floods remain a concern. Between 1980 and 2011, rain-related flooding incidents occurred every year and caused severe traffic disruptions, damages to business, homes and residents.2 During the rainy season, the metropolitan area experiences high-intensity rainfall in a short amount of time. A single storm can produce as much as 10% of the total average annual precipitation (see ANIS, 1995). The southern parts of the metropolitan zone, along the area with the highest elevation, exhibit high risk levels. But the area at risk extends north beyond high-risk municipalities and delegaciones along the border between the Federal District and the State of Mexico. From 2010 to 2013, the delegaciones and municipalities along the northeastern border between the Federal District and the State of Mexico experienced several severe spells of rain that led to declarations of states of emergency (Figure 4.1, left panel).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rain area metropolitan district risk|1.742034|6.819648|2.1467612
5652|However, changing land distribution practices, securing property rights and creating incentives that benefit small farm holders often require the formation of political coalitions that might challenge the status quo. In other instances, the scaling up of innovative practices—inter alia, for rice intensification, for farmers’ training and in the case of India, for the watershed initiative mentioned above—was possible through the endorsement by international organizations, national non-governmental organizations and local governments of new practices in support of dissemination of knowledge, greater participation by and capacity development of farmers, building of missing infrastructure and improving access to credit, information and other supportive services. Women in rural areas face major labour constraints as a result of their multiple responsibilities: besides providing traditional family care, rural women are typically responsible for fetching water and firewood, tending animals and farming the house garden and often engage in wage employment.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|practices organizations farmers tending endorsement|8.960618|4.570796|6.7515426
5653|The maximum level of subsidised savings is set at COP 885 000 per year (i.e. USD 485) and the benefit at retirement cannot exceed 85% of the minimum wage. The BEPS will help broaden pension coverage and should be implemented swiftly. Familias en Action is the main conditional cash transfer programme. Created in 2001 to protect the rural poor during the severe crisis of the late 1990s, it has since been expanded to urban areas and now benefits poor, displaced and indigenous households. It covers 98% of the municipalities and benefits roughly a fifth of the population - a higher proportion than many similar conditional cash transfer programmes in Latin America (Figure 1.22) - for a fiscal cost amounting to 0.2% of GDP in 2011. The average benefit amounted to about COP 110 000 per household every two months, which annually represents about 5% of GDP per capita.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cop conditional cash transfer gdp|7.4946938|5.933282|4.4413786
5654|For renewable sources, such as wind, solar and biomass, once capacity is installed, land use no longer increases. The more hours of the year one of these sources runs to generate electricity, the smaller is the land requirement per MWh (Fthenakis and Kim, 2009). While all renewable sources share the quality of having a constant land occupation over the time of generation, the variation in land requirements is greater both quantitatively and qualitatively than among nonrenewable sources.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sources land renewable qualitatively quantitatively|1.4127592|1.9340796|2.2364717
5655|"In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities"" (IPCC 2014a:5). Mitigation, in contrast, ""is a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases"" (IPCC 2014b:4). Vale Encantado is at risk as Rio plans to upgrade and remove favelas."|SDG 13 - Climate action|ipcc human sinks gases upgrade|1.247964|4.7603464|1.588636
5656|We assume that the cost starts a US$ .21 per KWh, which is the value used in the US-EIA study, and then declines at a decreasing rate over time to reach US$ .13 per KWh in 2025. We use the cost curve for “Conventional Coal” from the US-EIA study for both natural gas and oil costs. The cost of “Conventional Coal” is used as the indicator cost for all coal production.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|coal eia cost kwh conventional|1.2297652|2.1186004|1.9565308
5657|Before introducing capacity mechanisms, governments should consider their impact on incentives and define common rules on a market-wide basis. They are quite heavy-handed administrative interventions which may ultimately lead to re-regulating many parameters of electricity markets. Their introduction can be motivated by a lack of trust in energy-only markets or poorly designed electricity markets. However, capacity markets involve very technical discussions, still ongoing, about the incentives and their expected effects. Price restrictions or regulatory opportunism: governments anticipate that they will not let electricity prices go high enough during periods of scarcity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|markets electricity incentives handed governments|1.8407346|1.8092256|1.9086119
5658|In 2013-14, 190 460 Australians accessed services through this programme. However, it has become an essential part of the Australian health workforce. Outreach represents 28.7% of specialist services in very remote areas, and 4.2% in remote areas (Health Policy Analysis, 2011). An evaluation of the Medical Specialist Outreach Assistance Programme - which has since been brought into the Rural Health Outreach Fund - indicated it had the greatest impact in reducing the gap in access in very remote areas (Health Policy Analysis, 2011).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|outreach remote health specialist areas|9.394734|8.759934|2.1256478
5659|Similar disparities were found in Egypt and other developing countries in these and other indicators of maternal and child health (Montgomery, 2009). Thus, although there is an urban health advantage, health disparities are larger in urban than in rural areas, and the burden of disease bome by the urban poor is similar to that borne by rural populations. For example, poor households may lack the information or the agency needed to seek health care. In addition, poor city dwellers often live in close proximity to health services yet lack access to basic sanitation or safe drinking water, thereby facing a higher risk of contracting communicable diseases.|SDG 1 - No poverty|health poor disparities urban similar|2.1199553|6.879795|2.7564874
5660|The trend towards smaller families facilitates greater (public and parental) investment per child which, in Korea as in many other countries, is then spread equally among boys and girls (Behrman et al., At present, young Korean women are as well educated as their male peers (Chapter 4). Men spend little time helping women with household chores (Chapter 17) and married women are still expected to leave their jobs upon giving birth (Kim, 2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women chapter kim chores facilitates|9.261563|4.761273|6.0084
5661|These shortages, estimated at about 2,700 GWh, about one quarter of winter electricity demand, impose economic losses estimated at over US$200 million per annum or 3 per cent of GDP. When the losses during transmission and distribution of electricity are considered, the deficit at the generation level amounts to about 3,100 GWh during winter, compared with a total winter supply requirement of 11,200 GWh, a gap of about 24 per cent. Without prompt action to remedy the causes of Tajikistan’s electricity crisis, and with growing demand, the shortages could increase to about 4,500 GWh by 2016 (over one third of winter electricity demand) or worse. Rehabilitation also offers an opportunity to increase the electricity generation per unit of water.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gwh winter electricity shortages demand|1.686799|1.8275568|2.3533318
5662|Strong growth in ICT infrastructure, connectivity, access and use promise great development opportunities but the full potential of the Internet remains untapped, as over half the world's population remains offline. Unless policy-makers address infrastructure, affordability but also broader socio-economic challenges outside the ICT ecosystem, the Internet is liable to reinforce existing inequalities, instead of addressing them. This chapter analyses progress but also the gaps that exist in developing countries—and in particular the least developed countries—in terms of infrastructure, connectivity and quality of service, particularly for mobile and fixed-broadband Internet. It addresses some key connectivity bottlenecks and points to recommendations to overcome these.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|connectivity internet infrastructure ict remains|4.8536744|2.8737655|1.6430801
5663|However, other countries are still catching up with Northern Europe, whose collection rate is 49%, the highest in the world. The directive is meant to regulate the collection, recycling, and recovery of e-waste. It includes the provision of national e-waste collection points and processing systems, which enable the proper disposal and treatment of e-waste.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|collection waste catching regulate disposal|0.45672044|3.9180691|3.103398
5664|While school choice can be seen as an end in itself, it can also be used as a tool for accomplishing agreed upon goals of the education system (Miron et al., In the case of the Flemish Community, school choice is primarily seen as an outcome or end in itself. As will be explored in this chapter, the goal of ensuring school choice may compete with the goals of quality, equity and efficiency. In the section discussing policy recommendations, this chapter will highlight design features of school choice that could be established to help pursue quality, equity and efficiency rather than compromise these other goals. Estimated for reference year 2006.|SDG 4 - Quality education|choice school goals equity seen|9.729152|2.3274596|2.3892968
5665|It can be seen that there are none for reserved seats, but that there are for the number of female candidates. Columbia has gone furthest, establishing that at least 30% of posts at the highest decision-making level and at other decision-making levels in the public administration must be held by women (Law 581 of 2000). Why should there be a particular interest in studying and understanding female enterprise, though?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female decision making columbia posts|10.459088|4.349991|7.1282816
5666|Increased competitiveness of countries in the region, including through the recent EU-Viet Nam free trade agreement and other such agreements, might also threaten Cambodia’s current competitive advantages in the garment industry. Cambodia has been able to exploit its competitiveness and expand market share in traditional export industries in the last decade, gaining market share from economies like China and Viet Nam. But the potential for these industries to continue to propel growth in the future is unclear, with growing competition from other low-cost producing economies such as Myanmar. Garment producers in Cambodia are mostly foreign-owned and generally engaged in low value added, labour-intensive cut-make-trim activities within the value chain, which are potentially more footloose and sensitive to cost pressures.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|cambodia garment viet nam competitiveness|5.01099|4.537429|3.8107626
5667|Moreover, the concept of services for the children under the age of 3 is broadening in many countries from a labour market perspective to the inclusion of quality objectives, especially in integrated systems. Increases in the access to ECEC are not limited to children under the age of 3 and pre-primary education now begins for most children well before they are 5 years-old. However, universal access is not a guarantee for high-quality ECEC and inequities still persist in many countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ecec children age broadening inequities|9.349019|2.80883|1.9476539
5668|Women politicians more often bring attention to such issues as gender-based violence, family-friendly policies and responsiveness to citizen needs. A judiciary that is representative of a country’s population and its different perspectives is found to evoke greater societal trust, add to the credibility of the judicial system and bring new' insights to different challenges. Finally, a diverse public sector at all levels helps to achieve fairness and improves the quality of service delivery through a better understanding of the citizenry. These range from uneven access to decision-making posts across the public sector to the persistent pay gap and women’s concentration in lower-paid occupational groups.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bring judiciary politicians credibility posts|10.129527|4.4317565|7.1394343
5669|However, cost-effectiveness is not systematically assessed according to a well-defined and rigorous methodology and the decision-making process lacks transparency. As financial pressures from the health system increase, ensuring that investment is driven by evidence on cost-effectiveness would be worthwhile. At a time when Switzerland will need to rely increasingly on primary care personnel to coordinate and support patients living with chronic disease, the number of general practitioners has been declining relative to specialists, and there are substantial differences across cantons. The Swiss medical and nursing workforce is ageing and a significant number are expected to retire in the next two decades.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|effectiveness cantons worthwhile retire swiss|8.980814|9.054675|2.1422567
5670|"This section reviews the existing or foreseen regulatory instruments which contribute to promoting low-carbon electricity and discusses their merits and impacts from the perspective of electricity markets and investment decisions. In this perspective, the long-term credibility of governments to have a high carbon price will be important. But both the last summit dedicated to global climate Page | 26 negotiations and recent carbon market experiences suggest that this is far from being the case."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon perspective electricity merits foreseen|1.465612|2.6021714|1.7605627
5671|The three indicators are 3G coverage (% of population), 500 MB monthly mobile Internet (% of GNI p.c.) For example, in Sudan, mobile Internet access is affordable at 1.3% of GNI, a reflection of the relatively high level of competition with three strong operators. However coverage and school enrolment are far less developed.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|gni internet mobile coverage mb|4.887424|2.8109956|1.4413742
5672|What is essential about these is that they have the potential to put a value on urban amenities and the benefits of agglomeration. They can therefore discourage greenfield development while raising revenue for urban services that can help further mitigate the negative externalities of agglomeration, such as public transport to reduce congestion and green spaces to mitigate higher densities. Many cities in the OECD, particularly in North America, impose development fees on new developments to cover the costs of new infrastructure.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|agglomeration mitigate greenfield urban densities|3.9886925|5.236373|1.4914418
5673|During the period 1985-2008 primary, secondary and tertiary education saw an unprecedented increase in enrolments. Higher education showed the greatest growth at 93.1%, representing a yearly increase of 4.1%. Enhanced access is reflected in the percentage of the higher education enrolment in the 19 to 24-year-old age cohort which grew from 0.6% in 1970 to 24.4% in 2007.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education enrolments unprecedented cohort yearly|9.123209|2.4720323|2.992836
5674|The concept is accredited to Charles Booth,5 who undertook to classify London's society statistically into four categories on the basis of daily income. Measurability and quantification were crucial for the success of this approach. Since Booth's work, many countries have adopted different criteria for the definition of poverty through income grouping. The World Bank played a major role in establishing the first unified international standard for the measurement of poverty in the 1990s with reference to those earning less than $ 1 a day.6 In 2000 the United Nations consolidated this approach by adopting the Millennium Development Goals, particularly goal 1, aimed at the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger.|SDG 1 - No poverty|booth poverty classify approach undertook|6.2946997|6.3944025|4.943903
5675|The Climate Change Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy-makers and other decision-makers. Authors work with the CCXG to develop these papers. However, the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or the IEA, nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the CCXG.|SDG 13 - Climate action|papers ccxg views useful makers|1.2117333|4.0630918|1.1924595
5676|For each application, compliance with required distances to other aquaculture facilities and rivers is evaluated. The evaluation also includes the maximum standing biomass being sought relative to disease risk and control and the applicant's ability to perform responsible delousing treatments. An adequate contingency plan for handling of high mortality and serious diseases must accompany the application.|SDG 14 - Life below water|application applicant contingency accompany handling|0.18163046|5.929081|6.6409388
5677|In addition, in July 2017, the government began to privatise eight state-owned energy distribution companies (oblenergos) to increase competitiveness in the electricity sector. Given recent economic and political developments, the Ukrainian government has stepped up its efforts to intensify its indigenous energy production and improve energy efficiency policies. This document, adopted in 2017, sets out strategic objectives for the various energy sub-sectors and defines large-scale reforms. It is set to become the co-ordinating framework for sustainable energy investment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy ukrainian stepped intensify ordinating|1.8475919|2.2533915|2.1453025
5678|The system of information gathering about the regional environment, as well as about the successes and failures of respective activities of tertiary education institutions, is limited in scope and quality. There is a lack of information and robust data, for example in terms of innovation performance in the private sector, student progress, graduate employment, graduate destinations (outmigration) as well as the breadth and scope of work-based learning activities which make it difficult to evaluate the outcomes of local policies and institutional practices. There is a need to develop collaboration across government, private and public tertiary education sector and to share, extend and scale up the many good practice examples that are already in place. Stronger incentive structures would help mobilise tertiary education institutions and their staff for local and regional development. In order to improve regional development outcomes, more robust data is required, for example in terms of student records.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary graduate robust regional scope|7.8035855|2.5100038|2.506878
5679|First-best instruments may involve entry costs or cause frictions that make them much less affordable than more ad hoc contractual solutions. Taking into account pre-existing regulatory frameworks that address the core constraints of water quantity and quality, the marginal benefit of action may not cover its significant marginal cost. In this setting, ad hoc small-scale contractual arrangements - which have the advantage of addressing a particular city’s specific constraints, and involve a limited number of actors - may have much more appeal than well-defined but complex or challenging institutional responses.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|contractual hoc ad marginal involve|1.1992389|7.4335456|2.013746
5680|Here we discuss two main constraints faced by MSMEs following the crisis, namely limited access to finance and taxation, and skills development, and provide examples of recovery measures that have been put in place to address them. During the crisis, access to finance was tightened even more for small-sized businesses in many regions, and developing Asia was no exception. Many governments responded by loosening monetary policy and providing stimulus through fiscal policies and tax reductions, in order to help enterprises maintain working capital and retain workers. Policy measures have been put in place to assist MSMEs access credit through loans for small sized businesses. Credit guarantees and fund trusts for micro and small enterprises have also been set up, as well as duty reductions and the elimination of tax refunds.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|msmes sized small reductions businesses|6.3343062|5.0941358|4.142499
5681|Currently, there is no gender requirement in the FPA’s hiring practices. Key policy recommendations (cont.) Such measures may include disclosure requirements, target setting or quotas and the inclusion of the gender perspective in managerial performance criteria in order to improve executive accountability for gender balance at all levels and in all occupational groups. Such data would include variables like contract types and wages and salaries by grade, scale, and occupation. Indeed, over the past decade, alongside efforts to incorporate the gender perspective into all government action, Mexico has embarked upon a series of reforms to narrow' the gender gap in public decision making.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender perspective fpa embarked disclosure|10.061765|4.157319|6.232984
5682|A lesson from OECD countries such as Sw'eden is that the zoning process should not be too complex or restrictive, as it can have an adverse effect on housing supply and prices. Kazakhstan’s authorities may wish to emulate the experience of New Zealand, whose zoning practices are comprehensive, predictable and easy to implement. Box 2.7 above illustrates the use of municipal planning and zoning as a tool to facilitate the construction permit process.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|zoning process predictable restrictive lesson|4.1534457|5.507642|1.7245417
5683|This means that individuals/households missing a certain durable or good are deprived of this durable/good only if the reason for lacking it is that they cannot afford it. ( See for example de Neubourg et al 2012a; Guio, 2009; Guio et al, 2009; Whelan and MaTtre, 2012; Nolan and Whelan, 2010; Fusco et al, 2011; and Fusco et al, 2013). It allows identifying the individual children on the basis of whether they suffer from monetary poverty, multidimensional deprivations, both, or none of them. This allows exploring the underlying distribution of consumption or income and the relationships between deprivation, multiple deprivation, and monetary poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|al durable et monetary deprivation|6.870425|6.4165773|5.1190367
5684|As a result, the further development of the renewable energy sector was at risk, since low spot market prices had an adverse impact on the bankability of renewable energy projects, increasing their cost of capital. To overcome the overcapacity challenge, in 2017 Chile’s National Electric Coordinator (CEN) completed a major infrastructure project to connect the SIC with the Great Northern Interconnected System (SING). The latter is located in the north of the country and services a large share of industrial activities, in particular the mining sector. The further successful development of the Chilean renewable energy sector will depend on continued technological advancement, including storage solutions, regional inter-connection with neighbouring countries, and effective energy demand management. Government may contribute to bridging remaining risk gaps in innovative pilot projects, particularly those that might otherwise not be implemented, but have significant potential to generate benefits for the economy and society in the future.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable energy sector projects overcapacity|1.8836771|2.275467|2.1293046
5685|Available data for Latvia suggest that underreporting of working hours is indeed significant. For instance, while LFS data show that less than 7% of workers (aged 15 and above) report working part-time (less than 30 hours), data provided by revenue authorities show that reported earnings are less than the full-time minimum-wage for 20.3% of employees (data from the State Revenue Service for February 2015). Macro-economic trends may have contributed to this decline, but a number of welcome policy initiatives have played a role as well.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|data revenue hours lfs working|8.003303|4.6150794|4.3567557
5686|The Global Fund and the World Bank are the major international investors in HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean, and along with the European Union, these loans and grants affect the relative significance of national expenditures reported under this indicator. Support is also received from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). In June 2001, the bank approved a US$ 155 million lending programme for the Caribbean to help countries finance their national HIV/AIDS prevention and control projects. Under this programme, the bank has approved loans to Barbados (2001), the Dominican Republic (2001), Jamaica (2002), Grenada (2002), St Kitts and Nevis (2003), Trinidad and Tobago (2003), the Caribbean Community's (CARICOM) Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS (PANCAP) (2004), Guyana (2004), St Lucia (2004) and St Vincent (2004). As of December 2006, all countries reporting to UNGASS for the 2006 review receive assistance from the World Bank in support of national AIDS responses, except Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica and Suriname.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aids caribbean bank st hiv|8.331744|8.891672|3.2983444
5687|"It is also vital to women's ability to shape their relationships, including with intimate partners, and to exercise voice and agency in their lives. Improvements in girls' education, declines in infant and child mortality and increased access to modern contraception have paved the way for sharp declines in fertility rates in most regions of the world. Further progress is dependent on greater access to rights-based reproductive healthcare services, which often go hand in hand with overall health systems strengthening (see Box 3.5). Policies to reduce deaths and suffering caused by unsafe abortion are also needed (see Story of Change, ""Compassion was a key message"")."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|declines hand paved unsafe message|9.455754|5.6729627|6.266278
5688|In the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras and Mexico, its importance diminished steadily during the decade under consideration, reflecting improved provision of household waste treatment methods. However, the contribution of the drinking water dimension to total child poverty was found to have increased in 11 countries. A notable case is Costa Rica, where it increased from 20.8% in 2002 to40% in 2011 (see table 11.8). In this country the drinking water dimension contributed even more to extreme poverty, rising from 42.8% in 2002 to 67.6% in 2011, as table II.7 shows. In the case of Jamaica, it shows some of the deprivations for which data are available.|SDG 1 - No poverty|rica costa dimension drinking shows|6.8633714|6.300381|5.273163
5689|Shortages are mostly felt for family physicians and nurses. It has also become increasingly difficult to attract health professionals to rural areas because of budgetary constraints, and also because increasing workloads are particularly onerous for rural staff. There is also a need to develop a cohort of auxiliary professionals such as nutritionists and dieticians who can help combat the growing obesity challenge.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|professionals auxiliary rural cohort combat|9.127452|8.642161|2.0989585
5690|Nonetheless, care work is also driven by other inequalities, apart from gender per se. Thus, poor women, indigenous women and Afrodescendants are all over-represented in paid domestic work in nearly all countries of the region (Rico and Vaca-Trigo, 2016). Women's contribution to the total economic value of unpaid work is considerably greater than that of men, representing between 70% (Peru) and 87% (Guatemala) of the total GDP-equivalent value of unpaid work (ECLAC, 2017a).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|work unpaid women rico value|8.907682|4.977926|5.6387825
5691|Justifications for this discrimination are sometimes explicidy tied to religious or cultural mores to add social legitimacy. Sometimes they are framed as being ‘natural’ given a particular gender’s disposition. But when stripped down to their roots, they are merely aims to prevent women from obtaining power, resources and control. Though some inequalities run deeper and are more present in some contexts globally than others, gender inequality is a long-standing, persistent and virtually universal phenomenon.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|disposition framed roots legitimacy gender|9.642076|4.806267|7.05559
5692|Costa Rica's path toward achieving universal health coverage is explained as well as the major actors in the health care system and main policy frameworks upon which the system is built. Early prioritisations on primary care permitted population health indicators to improve and today Costa Rica has the second highest life expectancy among countries within the western hemisphere. Access to health in Costa Rica has continuously improved over the past decades, achieving significant progress towards universal health coverage; data from 2014 indicate that health care coverage in Costa Rica reached 94.7% of the population.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|rica costa health coverage care|8.915942|8.73568|2.549975
5693|Through its awareness raising activities, it has generated greater visibility of the barriers women face in economic participation. Taken together, these activities demonstrate institutional- and systemic-level change. In particular, the partnership approach between a specifically created, independent council and government has been a significant success.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|activities visibility systemic demonstrate partnership|9.68131|4.2690673|7.0631266
5694|For example, precipitation was lower in 2007 than in the previous year, but emissions from energy generation continued to decrease. In 2008, Portugal emitted 10.8 kt of NOx and 4.4 kt of SOx per Mtoe of TPES, compared with the OECD averages of 6.4 and 4.5 kt. For example, the sodium hypochlorite used to prevent algae proliferation in the pipes. The PNAEE implements the EU Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services (2006/32/EC). This Directive contains an indicative national energy savings target of 9% up to 2016, to be reached through energy services and other energy efficiency improvement measures in the sectors not covered by the EU ETS. The EU 20-20-20 targets, set out in March 2007, seek: i) a reduction in EU GHG emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels; ii) 20% of EU energy consumption to be provided by renewable energy sources; and iii) a 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy eu efficiency directive emissions|1.6795012|2.987292|2.4310253
5695|Building last-mile infrastructure connects isolated rural areas to urban centres, creating conditions that foster agribusiness development. The 300 farmers benefiting from this irrigation scheme sell their crops to the agro-park. Developing gateways, such as ports and airports, may also be needed to move agricultural products to domestic and international markets.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|connects agribusiness mile ports benefiting|4.026431|5.1342506|3.5439165
5696|The indicator provides an indication of the length of time that stocks would last if supply were disrupted. Storage capacity and critical stocks of fuel (including oil, gas, uranium) as an indicator provides a useful indication of a strategic resilience aspect of energy systems. The indicator is transparent with respect to specific primary fuels. Typically, storage capacity data is available for oil and gas.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|indicator indication storage stocks oil|1.4336612|1.4424845|1.8712273
5697|Both of these sets of implications are examined below. Certainly if the ambition of the NDCs is ramped up to match the scale of action needed as per the Agreement's 2-degree objective it implies a transformation of the global economy not paralleled since the industrial revolution. This in turn implies a massive increase in investment, trade and new technological development in fields such as energy, transportation, construction, waste management and agriculture. In the area of energy, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has built scenarios for global energy demand and investment assuming the global community is successful in its ambitions to limit anthropogenic climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|energy implies global ambitions investment|1.4889474|2.7823045|2.0728884
5698|The growth in the numbers of self-employed contractors working for just one company or franchisees constitute groups on the borders of dependent and self-employment. Defining non-standard forms of employment (cont.) Definitions across countries outside the European Union are not harmonised and are based on different approaches. For Korea, workers in temporary jobs include fixed-term jobs or jobs of a limited duration, which is close to so-called contingent workers, as well as other atypical workers, i.e. temporary agency workers, individual contract workers, at-home workers, on-call workers and others.|SDG 1 - No poverty|workers jobs temporary self contractors|8.086817|4.3596573|4.3373227
5699|Such reforms comprise mainly two elements: i) reform of environmentally harmful subsidies; and ii) the introduction of environmental taxes and/or the strengthening of environment-related taxes or tax elements, possibly within an environmental tax reform in which a tax shift reducing distorting taxes on labour is implemented (see definition given under Section 3 and the discussion under Section 5.5). Fossil fuel subsidies have been shown in many countries to disproportionately benefit the richest 40 per cent of the population (del Grenado et al. Nonetheless, governments have to take care when reforming subsidies to ensure that the vulnerable are protected from energy price rises and indirect impacts, such as food price rises, by means of compensation - for possible approaches to social protection see Section 5.7.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|taxes subsidies rises tax section|1.5526608|2.8647346|2.2407103
5700|While it was critical to get major emitters to reduce their emissions, whether developed countries would take the lead and whether the strict firewall between Annex I and non-Annex I countries of the UNFCCC would remain in place, proved to be sticking points. At the end of very contentious negotiations, late on Friday evening, 18 December, the text of the Copenhagen Accord was released. The text had been negotiated by a small group of world leaders behind closed doors, and only indirectly based on the party-negotiated texts under the AWG-LCA or AWG-KP. This contributed to feelings that the negotiations were unfair and opaque, and the process looked to be on the verge of collapse.|SDG 13 - Climate action|negotiated text negotiations annex lca|1.2394311|3.5827508|1.3431828
5701|In order to ensure consistency among cost data, the exchange rates used in the Projected Costs study were adopted. The assumed exchange rates are USD 1.30/EUR and USD 1.59/GBP. Those investment costs are then divided by the total amount of electricity produced by a given plant during its lifetime, opportunely discounted. For a given country, a given technology and a given penetration level, the firm capacity guaranteed by that technology and the one guaranteed by the existing mix of dispatchable technologies that would provide the same electrical energy output were calculated.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|given guaranteed exchange usd technology|1.3749233|1.8082743|1.8702524
5702|However, city akimats usually do not have budget allocations to order district-specific plans (Akimat of Uralsk City, 2015). In many cases, local governments have to attract additional financial resources to implement the plans. The short-term budget provisions diminish the city akimats’ capacity to forecast and be prepared for the long-term development of the city.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city akimats budget plans term|4.13582|5.4592104|1.7476448
5703|This report also includes details of 'band usage' and 'sharing studies' for each of the frequency bands identified for IMT. This entire band was unanimously adopted by WRC-07 as the future IMT band and was recommended by ITU to its Member States to free up as soon as practicable. The Resolution 749 as revised by WRC 12 and the footnote MOD 5.316A bring out the conclusions of the deliberations during the WRC-12 on agenda item 1.17.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|band item itu soon usage|4.74054|2.9539516|1.584097
5704|With a higher interest rate, a larger capital expenditure implies greater upfront financing costs, while the effect of fuel savings throughout a plant’s life cycle tapers off quickly because of discounting. This highlights the critical importance of sensitivity analysis in the interpretation of the LCOE. While its exclusive focus on private costs is in line with private investment decisions, it neglects key policy issues, including (unpriced) environmental externalities, system-wide considerations (notably the time profile of generation) and energy security. Energy-security concerns underline the importance of attention to resource endowments and geographical factors as well as the relative climate resilience of different energy sources (highlighted by the slump in hydro-based electricity generation following the 2016 drought in Southern Africa). Such considerations are essentially ignored in LCOE metrics (IEA, 2016c). Anticipating growing complexity as systems develop, and enhancing system flexibility from the planning and design phases for newly built electricity infrastructure, could offer significant leapfrogging opportunities to LDCs, by reducing the need to retrofit existing infrastructure (Welsch et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|lcoe considerations energy generation importance|1.7505201|1.9871475|1.9222491
5705|This ecotax on water abstraction (mostly on groundwater, but also on surface water, e.g. in the case of France) tries to internalize environmental and social costs, but the level of environmental cost recovery is quite low as seen from the first reports presented by the EU member states reporting on WFD implementation. The Spanish government is debating whether to charge an ecotax on all water use (both surface water and groundwater) to contribute to global integrated resource management at the basin level and meet the 2010 deadline set by the WFD for implementation of measures including water pricing. Provisional estimates for this ecotax (EUR 1.00/1000 m3) make it a ‘political contribution of users’ rather than an environmental cost recovery charge.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water wfd environmental charge recovery|1.490591|7.53738|2.418527
5706|They might yield major GHG reductions, but at the cost of considerable social upheaval, as well as removing what can be the ecologically optimal use of rangelands. Indeed, this proposal faces so many cultural constraints that it is probably the clearest example of the need to conduct environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs) of all the CRGE proposals, to ensure they are both ‘doubly green’ and inclusive. The methodology is certainly credible with its roots in IPCC-led assessments, and potentially rewarding with its tendrils in new international climate finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|assessments rewarding ecologically credible roots|1.9043767|4.3186975|2.2377753
5707|As a result, the annual capital repayments, which represent the majority of the lifetime costs of a renewable energy plant, when spread over a shorter term of a PPA, would be significantly higher than when spread across the longer potential operating horizon of the asset. This can be done by redeploying the renewable energy asset elsewhere, upon the closure of the mine. However, relocation of solar and wind system is often uneconomical, given high disassembly, transport and re-assembly costs, besides the cost of the technology itself. The risk of stranding the renewable energy assets, due to their limited re-deployability, may therefore create a barrier to their increased uptake in mining activities (ARENA, 2017).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable asset spread energy ppa|1.7011209|2.1257782|1.7996844
5708|The UN Special Rapporteur states clearly that transition from segregated, special education to inclusive education is not a simple matter, and the complex issues it raises must be squarely faced. For example 'integration', often in the guise or in the place of true inclusion in education, has created its own difficulties. Attempts at integration into mainstream schools without accompanying structural changes in organisation, the curriculum, and teaching and learning strategies, have failed to meet the educational rights of disabled persons. Integration may simply lead to exclusion in the mainstream rather than in special schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|integration special mainstream education schools|10.295535|2.4183335|2.0060682
5709|Gender issues are evolve over time and are affected by socio-economic shifts. Undertaking participatory needs assessments, and offering coaching and feedback sessions are critical to ensuring women and men can empower themselves through BDS. Successful BDS for women SME owner-operators needs to be supported by organised advocacy by women, and for women, with government officials and bankers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bds women needs coaching evolve|9.040165|3.3508646|6.6433644
5710|It provides a glimpse of the health care resources available to, and used by the various health care agencies. Conversely, there is international agreement on the inclusion criteria and classification of types of expenditures in the form of the System of Health Accounts (SHA) developed by the organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In northern Norway, the per capita expenditures are 25-30 per cent higher than the national average, whereas in northern Sweden and Finland the difference is less than 10 per cent. Greenland reports a lower level of per capita health expenditure than Denmark, the only instance where expenditures in the north are lower than in the south.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expenditures health northern capita cent|8.772491|8.874314|2.263683
5711|It serves as a resource and forum for agencies, aiming to achieve a comprehensive federal government approach to policy on women and girls. The Council members are the heads of every federal agency and major White House office, reinforcing the statement of former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright that in “our government, responsibility for the advancement of women is not the job of any one agency, it’s the job of all of them.” After analysing each federal agency’s focus on women, the Council works to ensure that each agency is directly improving the economic status of women, as well as developing and evaluating policies that establish a balance between work and family. The Council has also focused on finding new ways to prevent violence against women through co-operation with the Vice President and the Justice Department’s Office of Violence Against Women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|agency women council federal office|10.046351|4.4262342|7.350154
5712|The value of producer support has been growing in recent years and is now just below that in OECD countries (Figure 12). Transfers included in the PSE are composed of market price support, budgetary payments and the cost of revenue foregone by the government and other economic agents. To the extent possible, income support to agricultural producers should be provided through the social welfare system and not through introducing distortions into agricultural markets.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|support foregone agricultural distortions pse|3.8877017|5.128013|3.927588
5713|Firstly, as was noted in Chapter 3, this is because the employment-to-population ratio of the foreign-bom population is higher than that of the native-born (60.8% versus 36.0% in 2011). Secondly, the share of the population that is of working-age is also higher for immigrants than for the native-born (91.7% versus 69.5% in 2011). Furthermore, as demonstrated in Chapter 4, immigration does not seem to reduce employment of native-born workers (at the national level).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|born native versus population chapter|7.2361097|3.66074|4.2408943
5714|Even though Aspen Snowmass' spending on KC product was low, the case attracted a considerable amount of media attention, and as a result, KC changed their fibre resourcing practices. In the table below, are some examples of green initiatives in the Artie region. Many of the certifications focus on reducing the carbon emissions where possible as well as limiting waste, water usage etc.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|resourcing certifications fibre attracted usage|2.0175047|4.204059|2.3173356
5715|Labour market perspectives are positive compared to most OECD countries: unemployment rates are among the lowest across OECD and the proportion of 15-29 year-olds who are neither employed nor in education or training (NEET) is below average. In recent years, school leaders have benefited from increasing autonomy and their use of instructional leadership approaches is above the OECD average, according to school principals' reports in PISA 2012. Teacher training takes between 5.5 and 6.5 years, and the teaching workforce is ageing. Teachers’ salaries are among the highest across OECD countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|oecd training school neet instructional|9.459561|1.6639904|2.7042048
5716|She teaches, advises and supervises our activities and now I really know much about farming. However, with the coming of the WOLAR project, we, women farmers have been highly targeted and we are part of the greenbelt Government initiative on irrigation, where we will be growing similar crops and market them.” This process has helped to implement the Inheritance Law passed in 1999 that provides for women’s equal inheritance rights with men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|inheritance supervises really passed women|9.121445|4.934656|7.0613666
5717|Common carp production fluctuated around approximately 5 300 tonnes (CAGR of -0.8%) between 2011 and 2015. Its value followed a similar pattern to that of rainbow trout, increasing from EUR 17.1 million (USD 23.8 million) in 2011 to EUR 18.3 million (USD 24.3 million) in 2013 before falling back to EUR 16.1 million (USD 17.8 million) in 2015. Blue mussel production changed more substantially, falling 62% in volume between 2011 and 2015 and 70% in value over the same period.|SDG 14 - Life below water|million eur usd falling trout|0.50790304|6.091611|6.6954017
5718|This would go along with several other benefits, such as greater availability of funds for HEIs from private sources and encouraging students to make better informed decisions regarding what to study. The low share of private resources allocated to higher education in Slovenia and relatively high private returns suggest that there is room for introducing cost-sharing in funding higher education without undermining access and equity (Figure 11). Increasing the share of private expenditure on tertiary education would clearly reduce the duration of studies beyond what is necessary (Brunello and Winter-Ebmer, 2003). For instance, a repeat student can take the exam up to six times to stay in the study programme at the University of Ljubljana.|SDG 4 - Quality education|private education heis study exam|9.039025|2.2956917|2.9032342
5719|At the 2nd meeting, on 4 May, an introductory statement was made by the Director of the Forum secretariat. At the 3rd meeting, on 4 May 2015, a statement was made by Roman Michalak of the Joint Forestry' and Timber Section of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and FAO on the ECE/FAO study on progress towards global objectives on forests and challenges for the region. At its 4th meeting, on 5 May, an introductory statement was made by the Director of the Forum secretariat.|SDG 15 - Life on land|statement introductory meeting ece director|1.5550736|4.644556|3.6989007
5720|The share of Ghanaian-born workers with less than primary education decreased far more than the commensurate share of foreign-bom workers, while the share of Ghanaian-bom workers with secondaiy education increased much faster. In fact, the share of the foreign-bom employed with secondary education was stagnant, and this share increased by more than 10 percentage points for the Ghanaian-bom employed. However, there was a sharper rise in the share of the foreign-bom employed with tertiary education, which increased by 4.5 percentage points (1.2 percentage points for the Ghanaian-bom employed).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom ghanaian share employed foreign|7.279085|3.7012286|4.238391
5721|While Universiti Sains Malaysia strives to become a globally competitive research university serving “billions”, there is limited targeted attention to the needs of the population within its region. But it is constrained by skills shortages and mismatches. There is a need to increase the relevance of education and its alignment with the regional labour market needs. Firms in Penang are being impeded in their R&D or produce/process development efforts by shortages of specialised skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|shortages skills mismatches universiti billions|7.14449|2.5721633|2.4791741
5722|It is also a clear contradiction of the principle of equality of opportunity to which all OECD countries aspire. Allowing children to fall unnecessarily far behind brings in its wake a long list of practical costs and consequences. Causality is always difficult to establish, but many hundreds of studies in many different OECD countries have shown what the costs of falling too far behind may be. But this cannot change the fact that children who fall behind early in their lives, or who spend a significant part of their early years in poverty, are likely to find themselves at a marked and measurable disadvantage.|SDG 1 - No poverty|fall far early aspire wake|7.4173884|6.3119345|5.035066
5723|Pass rates and exam results at large would also allow prospective teacher students to assess the quality of the programme where they intend to enroll. Institutions, that turn out not to prepare students effectively for the exam on a prolonged basis, should face sanctions that could ultimately result in a withdrawal of their accreditation. Evidence shows that young teachers find their first experiences in school often overwhelming (Veenman, 1984; Britton et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|exam intend students overwhelming prolonged|9.640593|1.6529555|1.8279121
5724|The removal of subsidies resulted in public financial gains, as the government was able to save the equivalent of 2.5% of GDP (OECD, 2010). While the purpose of fossil fuel subsidy reform was not environmental protection, it did create a boost in clean energy generation by removing price distortions for conventional and clean fuels. The subsidy reform was also hailed for its compensatory measures that helped cushion consumers from rising living costs (OECD, 2010).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidy clean reform cushion compensatory|1.5999279|2.851391|2.283439
5725|Both discharge of mine waters and water abstraction for agriculture (irrigation) are assessed by the Russian Federation as local but severe in impact. Silting of the riverbed caused by flow regulation is a minor factor. According to the Russian Federation’s classification, water quality in the Mius at Kuibyshev station at the border of Rostov and Donetsk oblasts is in class 4, “dirty”, which has been the level in previous years.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|federation russian oblasts station minor|0.48739198|6.960748|2.7627714
5726|Young people with no education are more likely to be discouraged or working. While this pattern holds for almost all African countries, unemployment rates among the educated tend to be much higher in MICs than in LICs (Table 6.2.). In IXinisia the unemployment rate among university graduates in 2008 was 33% among men and 46% among women (Stampini and Verdier-Chouchane, 2011).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment lics mics discouraged holds|8.141049|3.8925161|4.171623
5727|Given the potential impact of widespread AV use in urban areas, e.g. in terms of congestion, environment, road safety, user behaviour and infrastructure development, it will be important for cities to assume a more prominent role regarding AV policies. If this does not occur, the promised impacts of AV adoption may not materialise, or even generate negative impacts, e.g. if people shift from walking and cycling to personal AV use. It is therefore important to judiciously frame the introduction of AVs in order to ensure that this technology benefits, rather than hinders, mobility in urban areas. Accomplishing this represents a significant challenge: while AVs are an attractive choice for users, their attractiveness could in fact lead to over-purchasing, low utilisation capacities, congestion, urban sprawl, loss of public space, as well as the decreased use of public transit, walking, and cycling (along with the accompanying health implications).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|av cycling walking congestion urban|4.201676|4.906693|0.56596154
5728|These benefits arise from the regulating, supporting, provisioning and cultural services that biodiversity and ecosystems supply (MA, 2005) (Figure 2.1). Use values refer to benefits derived directly in the form of consumables (e.g. timber, fuelwood, genetic information, tourism and recreation); indirectly through non-consumables (e.g. water purification, soil conservation, flood protection, as well as cultural and spiritual values), and option values (e.g. potential future benefits from genetic material). Non-use values comprise bequest and existence values. While valuing the magnitude of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits can be resource-intensive, it does enable making a case to other stakeholders, such as those in finance and agricultural ministries, of the size of trade-offs that are likely to be involved. And indeed, estimates of the size of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits suggest that these are considerable. For example, the worldwide economic value of pollination services provided by insect pollinators was estimated at USD 192 billion per year in 2005 (Gallai et al.,|SDG 15 - Life on land|values benefits biodiversity genetic ecosystem|1.7510546|5.3154945|3.703691
5729|Les jeunes adultes ne trouvant pas de travail regulier sont desormais reconnus comme groupe cible pour les programmes du marche du travail. La plupart des entreprises fixent toujours 1’age obligatoire de depart a la retraite a 60 ans, mais elles sont obligees d’etablir un systeme qui permet de continuer it travailler jusqu'a l’age legal de la retraite, ce qu’elles font typiquement en offrant a leurs anciens employes des CDD avec des salaires plus faibles assortis de retraites complementaires d’entreprises. En fait, de nombreux travailleurs ages changent de metier et continuent it travailler jusqu’a l’age de 65 ans et meme davantage.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|des elles la travail sont|8.902671|5.6873536|5.0340548
5730|"Includes centres that were not launched or that do not have a website or web page with information about the leadership. All of these analyses were carried out after the schemes were introduced. A Danish study of the research councils' distribution of funding in a gender perspective found indications that a gender imbalance was especially noticeable when selective and highly visible instruments were used. The report entitled ""Gender equality in research - what works?"""|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender research noticeable imbalance indications|10.025818|3.998541|7.5184655
5731|Some research is done on crop production and climate-change-related issues. The development of water economy technologies such as bio-agriculture can be used to reduce the pressure on water resources and production costs in terms of ecology and economy. In 2010, the emissions from fuel combustion arose mostly from electricity and heat production (66 per cent), followed by the transport (14 per cent), manufacturing industries and construction (12 per cent) and residential (7 per cent) sectors.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cent production arose economy ecology|1.577225|3.0682268|2.7409315
5732|Portugal is highly dependent on imported fossil fuels, which has stimulated diversification of the energy mix. The increased use of both natural gas and renewable energy sources is the main reason for the decline in greenhouse gas emissions since 2005. The challenge will be to sustain this reduction once economic growth resumes, with a view to achieving Portugal’s targets by 2020. Portugal has also actively supported energy efficiency and renewable sources, and it is poised to meet its ambitious renewable energy target.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|portugal renewable energy gas sources|1.606908|2.9149046|2.4977086
5733|Two excellent signs that African countries are taking on the challenge of waste management in urban areas include; Rwanda’s banned on the use of polyethylene bags in Africa and Ethiopia's recently-built Waste to Energy Plant at Reppie, the largest plant in Africa, which recycles 1,400 tons of waste to generate 30 per cent of energy consumed by households. The collection of solid waste in many African countries is largely performed by private services. In Bamako, Mali, for example, more than 120 microenterprises collect some 300,000 tons annually. In Lusaka, Zambia, 30 per cent of the municipal waste is collected by informal service providers (UN-Habitat, 2010).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste tons plant african africa|0.41835213|4.0575643|3.140853
5734|Note: Estimated percentage of adults (aged 15-64) who used drugs in the past year. Although cocaine use is decreasing or stabilizing in parts of Europe, wastewater analysis suggests an increase in consumption of the drug in the past five years (see booklet 3, chapter B). There are also indications of an increase in pans of North America.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|past stabilizing cocaine indications increase|8.324529|10.241495|3.5713274
5735|At the student level, many countries, such as Estonia, New Zealand or the United States, have introduced grants and financial support for students. High performing countries build on their institutions and take into account the different governance levels, their dynamics and resources to drive improvement across the system and schools (OECD, 2010). To achieve higher education performance, governance strategies and funding need to be aligned.|SDG 4 - Quality education|governance aligned performing estonia dynamics|8.8542795|2.2681687|2.5333972
5736|Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for the Future Elderly. Health Affairs 24 Suppl 2, W5-R67-W5-R76. A reform in 1996, however, expanded the types of services available to patients and extended coverage to all veterans on a priority-based enrolment system. The VA operates a large integrated health care system that serves over 5 million patients annually.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients health care serves operates|8.813613|8.948437|2.005919
5737|The initiative, building on the experience of the Rhouda Centre and Enterprise Qatar, will study barriers to entrepreneurship, introduce a business plan competition and encourage internships in domestic, regional and international enterprises” (p. 151). Also, gender-sensitized legislation will be developed to encourage more women to take active roles in society, and a thorough review of gender equity in public sector employment will serve as a first step in removing existing social and cultural barriers”(p.l76). For example, Yemen’s Strategic Vision 2025 sets a target to increase women’s labour force participation rate to 50% by 2025.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|encourage barriers internships qatar thorough|9.0734|3.4202774|6.6370454
5738|The reforms increased the flexibility of the previously highly-centralised education system by introducing greater freedom of choice with regard to programme types, textbook selection and teaching methods. They also promoted democratic participation in educational processes by granting more responsibility to municipalities and parents (Zogla, Andersone and Cemova, 2007). In the vocational education system, a process of consolidation was initiated.|SDG 4 - Quality education|granting centralised consolidation freedom promoted|8.974323|2.3247857|2.4040086
5739|Data from water, waste water and emission accounts can be taken into environmentally-extended input-output model provided that the data in the accounts is sufficiently disaggregated. Water-amended input-output modelling allows interesting opportunities e.g. for studying water issues in the contexts of circular economy and international trade. In the following sub-chapters, we describe some of these applications to illustrate why water accounts are highly relevant.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|accounts water input output circular|1.2988518|7.3075566|2.7788796
5740|First, although the formalization of informal jobs is itself a positive step, the effect may be initially to widen the gender pay gap as there may be an increase in the share of women in low-paid formal sector jobs. Second, women's material position is not improved if the gap is closed either because men’s pay has declined or if real wages are falling for both men and women. Figure i shows that, in the United Kingdom, although the gender pay gap narrowed after the financial crisis, real wages were falling for both women and men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pay gap women men falling|8.988947|4.4422107|5.769174
5741|A shift towards heavy industries and a decline in low-carbon industries (light industry, machinery, etc.) Thus, the policies aimed at the elimination of the dominance of heavy industries plays a positive role in terms of emission reduction. These measures directly influence fossil fuel consumption, and hence the carbon emissions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|industries heavy carbon dominance machinery|1.6797799|3.0881758|2.1887138
5742|For the North Sea, the advice is given on about 60 stocks and is available publicly. According to the 2016 advice, most fished species are fished sustainably, following the goal of harvest at maximum sustainable yield (MSY). One exception is European sea bass. To address this issue, EU-wide measures have been undertaken, including lower catch limits for 2016.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fished advice sea sustainably harvest|-0.19486414|5.998488|6.434215
5743|Strong public institutions and mechanisms to ensure accountability for fulfilling gender equality and mainstreaming commitments. Tools for evidence-based and inclusive policy making that account for potentially different effects on women and men. Effective monitoring mechanisms and reliable gender-disaggregated evidence for making informed policy decisions. For example, Mexico’s National Women’s Institute developed an institutional mechanism called “National System for Equality between Women and Men”, which co-ordinates the gender-related work of 42 federal agencies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender mechanisms women equality evidence|10.002087|4.1335|6.9876976
5744|Occasionally, such a scheme is complemented by another scheme, usually non-contributory, to cover unemployed persons who do not qualify for or are no longer entitled to unemployment benefits from the contributory scheme. Data from national household surveys (Labour Force Surveys in particular and Household Budget Surveys) can be used provided that employees contributing to an unemployment insurance scheme can be identified and that the number of persons concerned is sufficient to provide representative results (based on a sample survey). Establishment surveys can possibly be an alternative source, for example data from an employee benefits survey, ensuring an adequate coverage of employees in the survey. The source for the denominator will preferably be census data or Labour Force Survey data.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|scheme surveys survey contributory data|7.8844824|5.0245724|4.306068
5745|There are, with few exceptions (salmon hatcheries), no measures applied to enhance the productivity of the oceans, analogous to seeding, fertilization, or plowing and harrowing; the fisheries take what nature gives them, and nature responds in a niggardly way if the fisheries take too much. The productivity of the oceans depends on ocean climate; the upwelling of nutritional materials from the deep sea that occurs in certain areas depends on currents, which in turn depend on winds, and currents carry plankton to certain areas so the fish can thrive. The strength and even location of ocean currents can vary substantially over time, which in turn gives rise to fluctuations in the productivity of fish stocks, as well as in their migrations and location.|SDG 14 - Life below water|currents oceans productivity ocean gives|-0.1311605|6.0694985|6.1854153
5746|Similarly, efforts to target women in public works projects by setting gender quotas can lead to unintended outcomes, if women who are already overburdened and “time poor” have to do even more work. Within die region’s complex resource environment, and amid die debate on self-reliance versus self-sufficiency in food for sustainable food security, the gender equality scorecard is marked by disparity. This is reflected in human development index (HDI) and gender development index (GDI) rankings.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|die gender index self scorecard|9.359595|4.442691|6.8877363
5747|Expressing the results in this form stresses the importance of reducing losses for the larger cities. By comparison, the average of the 20 water companies in the UK loose 7m3/km/d, ten times less than in Chisinau (Moldova). There have been some improvements in recent years, such as in Ukraine, Moldova or Armenia (which started from very low levels), but performance has sharply deteriorated in Georgia.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|moldova expressing deteriorated stresses armenia|1.3999288|7.1244426|2.493756
5748|People involved in accidents who are 65 years or older incur a relatively higher share of accident cost in accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles than other age groups (Figures 2.13 and Figure A.3). The difference arises both because relatively more elderly people are victims in such accidents and because the injuries they sustain tend to be more severe than the injuries of younger victims. The total percentage of accident cost from such accidents accounts for 52.7% of total accident costs for the elderly, but only 26.3% of the total cost for all other people affected by traffic accidents.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accidents accident injuries victims elderly|4.2992096|5.1632466|-0.020844365
5749|This is underpinned by a bold public health vision that states that by 2020, everyone will live longer, healthier lives at home. Scotland has demonstrated keenness to play an internationally leading role in promoting health care quality, as evidenced by its innovative patient safety initiatives, world-class training programmes, and a clear desire to learn from patients ’ experience. Scotland is also taking steps to integrate health, social care and other services for local populations, and has an abundance of data to measure the progress in achieving health system and outcome goals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|scotland health bold underpinned healthier|9.129089|9.3445015|1.7109014
5750|Como (2008) explicitly distinguishes adaptive teaching from individualised instruction, noting that in adaptive teaching, teachers never adapt to individual students in a social vacuum. However, these terms are used quite differently in the literature. For instance, whereas Diack (2004) and Campbell et al. (|SDG 4 - Quality education|adaptive teaching individualised campbell como|8.828697|1.5367126|1.8868806
5751|In 2009, G20 leaders made a commitment to “rationalise and phase out over the medium term inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption” and called on the rest of the world to do the same. In addition to being environmentally-harmful, the subsidies absorb substantial public resources that could be spent elsewhere, and largely benefit the wealthy. The Indonesian government continues to pursue reform, however. At the beginning of 2015, it grasped the opportunity offered by falling world oil prices to scrap its existing petrol and diesel price-setting regime.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidies wasteful scrap petrol wealthy|1.5391812|2.7426674|2.314923
5752|The OECD has developed a conceptual framework for monitoring progress towards green growth. While the set of indicators is still being refined, indicators pertinent to the energy sector are those that measure the carbon-productivity or intensity of energy production and consumption, energy intensity and efficiency, “clean” energy-related research and development and patents, as well as measures of energy related taxes and subsidies. More needs to be done to improve data quality, methodologies and definitions, and to link the data to economic information. It also requires appropriate information and indicators to support policy design and analysis, identify ineffective or no longer needed measures, and monitor progress.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy indicators intensity progress pertinent|2.1476917|3.772969|2.1635687
5753|Unemployment is particularly high among youth (15-24 years old), with an important gender gap: in 2007, almost half of all young women in Egypt and Jordan were unemployed compared to 17.2% of young men in Egypt and 23.7% in Jordan (World Bank, 201 lb). Various trends in nationality restrictions and in the prevalence of foreign workers can potentially impact women’s vulnerability in employment. In the last quarter of 2010, Algeria witnessed a female unemployment rate of 19.1% compared with a male unemployment rate of 8.1%.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unemployment jordan egypt young compared|8.661338|4.0544567|5.1715465
5754|Mexico’s Productive Territories programme, for example, designates technical teams in charge of designing development plans for specific poor mral areas, taking into account existing assets and local needs. The technical team also ensures that local communities access all federal support programmes for which they are eligible. This is the main objective of the Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development programme in India. The analysis of region’s potential is made by specialised agencies that receive governmental funds. Support for SMEs to integrate IP protection as part of their business models where such protection is appropriate can also support innovative SMEs. Several types of IP rights are particularly relevant for traditional sectors.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ip smes support technical mral|5.3896494|3.5417898|2.5467718
5755|Since April 2013, NHS England has commissioned health services for all prisoners in England. Following two challenges under the Human Rights Act in 2006 and 2010, prisoners are entitled to receive the same NHS healthcare treatments as non-prisoners - known as “equivalence of care”. The Health and Social Care Act 2012 abolished PCTs and transferred offender health budgets to NHS England from the beginning of April 2013.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|prisoners nhs england april act|10.003451|9.082723|1.6228857
5756|The following four sections describe key features of student assessment and country practices, structured around the main topics of the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes: governance, procedures, capacity and use of results. The final section provides pointers for policy development. It encompasses summative and formative purposes, and may be designed and implemented internally within the school or externally through standardised assessments.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment pointers externally summative school|9.646095|1.7513989|1.449799
5757|A new type of strategic (challenge-driven) PPPs should be established based on new models of governance and operation. This includes embedding them into innovation ecosystems, improving access to business services that facilitate the development of management skills necessary for the internationalisation of SMEs and better integrating them into global value chains (GVCs). All three elements need to be combined to make both new and existing industries more dynamic. Finally, efforts should be geared towards providing better growth opportunities for firms through value creation networks and internationalisation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|internationalisation new value embedding gvcs|5.28557|3.7727225|2.7778623
5758|The initial version of the Law on Permits and Licences considered permits for surface water abstraction and wastewater dischaiges; however, shortly after adoption, permits for surface water abstraction were cancelled. The issuance of permits for wastewater dischaige, which was also included in the initial version of the Law, was abolished in 2007. The 2005 Tax Code abolished the taxes for environmental pollution, including water pollution. Georgia’s water-related environmental legislation has developed considerably since the 1997 Law on Water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|permits water abolished version law|1.1083959|7.121695|2.1755996
5759|Even if it is assumed that migrant workers send home the entire amount of their wages and salaries, the total income generated by them is much larger due to complementarities between migrant and native workers and higher corporate profits, that is, the increment in GDP is much higher than the income of the migrant workers. One approach to estimate this additional benefit uses the concept of consumer surplus (Borjas, 2010). Consumer surplus arises due to lower prices that consumers pay as a larger supply of goods or services is made available by the migrant workers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|migrant workers surplus consumer larger|7.154743|3.6914697|4.2609797
5760|Through special measures, historical wrongs and inequalities are corrected by temporarily giving advantages to women, and giving them access to opportunities that traditionally have been out of their reach. Achieving substantive equality requires a change in attitudes, in gender roles and stereotyping; a fundamental societal change which will lead to a change in women's lived realities. Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. They must refrain from engaging in discriminatory practices, ensure that third parties do not discriminate in a forbidden manner and take positive action to guarantee women's equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|giving change women equality stereotyping|9.730414|4.5065236|7.1406417
5761|This topic includes health statistics on morbidity (such as incidence and prevalence) and mortality of these diseases or conditions, as well as measurement of the associated impact on the labour force and economic costs. Where available, the attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with pollution are to be included in this topic. Water-related diseases and conditions are still significant public health problems in developing countries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|diseases topic associated dalys conditions|1.372581|6.7633142|2.9303958
5762|These young people raised three main concerns over the health status in their respective countries: the deteriorating health status among women, the lack of awareness of health risks and differential health service provision between the public and private sectors (annex 2 table A.14). In Iraq, the rate rose by around 6 per 1,000 population, while, in Syria, it surged almost fourfold. In both cases, the increases may be attributed to the continuing conflicts in the two countries. In the other Mashreq countries, the rates fell, notably, in Lebanon, where the rate dropped in 2012 to almost one ninth the rate in 1990.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health rate status ninth deteriorating|8.834655|8.71614|3.2350788
5763|Finally, the inclusion of intangible capital in the US growth accounts explains a larger share of labour productivity growth, leaving a smaller contribution of MFP to labour productivity growth. They do not yet reflect standardised methods and definitions. Japanese estimates do not account for the contribution of labour quality.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|labour growth contribution productivity intangible|5.7642517|4.33065|3.588823
5764|Allowances and deductions for the payment of union dues and affiliation to cooperatives and authorized savings accounts, also in the case of the payment of compulsory social security contributions and disciplinary sanctions imposed under the duly approved employment regulations. The employer can contract insurance against risks for workplace accidents and occupational diseases of its workers. The employer is the party that owes the worker or his/her beneficiaries the benefits established by law. The regulation must contain a series of normative provisions including indications to avoid professional risks and instructions for providing first aid in the event of accident.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employer payment risks deductions authorized|8.111615|4.663445|4.3168626
5765|It can also reduce the time they spend in hospital after a medical problem. Should conventional gender roles and a lack of public alternatives continue to prevail, women may find their choices to be increasingly constrained. In countries with weak health services the burden often falls on caregivers working silently within the home. In these circumstances people are expected to sacrifice themselves for their families and communities, even putting their own well-being at risk. Traditional gender-differentiated roles then result in a further restriction of options for women, often greatest for the poor, who can least afford them.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|roles restriction prevail gender caregivers|9.00765|5.200421|6.0871854
5766|"After piloting the programme for about half a year, a first up-scaling was undertaken in June 2006 by extending it to two schools per district, and then subsequently to five schools per district. It has been suggested the GNSP and its predecessor might have been directly influenced by the transnational poverty agenda of the 2000s. However, Grebe (2015) draws attention to the ""largely domestic"" roots of these two policy frameworks. He traces their adoption to the identification of extreme poverty as a major impediment to the country's ambition of attaining middle-income status, particularly during the implementation period of the country's first Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP): Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS) I 2003-2005."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty district strategy impediment reduction|6.383479|6.02901|4.8141265
5767|Agriculture has also exerted pressure on aquatic environments (rivers, lakes, wetlands and coastal zones), from increasing levels of livestock effluents and diffuse pollution through the use of chemicals in arable farming. Other issues include the genetic erosion of maize varieties, which show a loss of 80% of local varieties compared to the 1930s, and more recently possible contamination of domesticated landraces and wild relatives from transgenic maize (OECD, 2008). While agri-environmental payments are possible under PROCAMPO for soil and water conservation, for instance, farmers’ uptake of these payments has been limited.|SDG 15 - Life on land|varieties maize payments landraces possible|1.1974063|6.8628373|3.1251607
5768|Unforeseen plant outages or forecasting errors related to electricity generation require that a higher amount of spinning reserves be carried out. Uncertainties in VRE power production may also lead to an increase in ramping and cycling of conventional power plants, to inefficiencies in plant scheduling and, overall, to higher costs for the system. While all generation plants may have some siting restrictions, the impacts are more significant for VRE. Also, high shares of distributed PV resources may require sizeable investment into the distribution network, in particular to allow the inflow of electricity from the producer to the grid when the electricity generated exceeds demand.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|vre electricity plant plants generation|1.4824476|1.5470942|1.8084401
5769|As data on market price support in the six SEE economies are currently unavailable, support indicators only include budgetary support. As a result, assuming that market price support is positive in the six SEE economies, support values are probably lower than they otherwise would be. Budgetary support to agricultural producers in the six SEE economies ranged from less than 1% of gross farm receipts in Albania to 6% in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in 2013-15 (Figure 14.11.A).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|support economies budgetary price unavailable|3.9358826|5.0891004|3.9951615
5770|The African Union is supporting the project as part of an initiative to create regional IXPs in the continent's regional economic communities. Limited Internet markets meant that LDCs became highly reliant on foreign countries for content, hosting and data storage. Access to these services required international connectivity, where they were also disadvantaged since they had to pay for the full cost of the link.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|reliant hosting regional continent connectivity|4.7316422|2.9108927|1.6225356
5771|The National Agreement for Skills and Workforce Development commits Commonwealth1 and state and territory governments to addressing access and social inclusion issues through collaborative action in skills. The National Foundation Skills Strategy for Adults (2012) aims to help working age Australians increase their English language, literacy and numeracy skills for improved economic and social participation. The Higher Education Participation and Partnerships Program provides additional funding to help universities attract, support, and retain students from disadvantaged backgrounds. These students may receive financial support through income support grants for eligible students and income contingent loans available to all students. Expenditure on education institutions at all levels is 6.1% of GDP (slightly below the OECD average of 6.3%) (see Figure 8).|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills students support australians participation|8.957617|2.7027042|2.7620373
5772|Of these, Norway has emphasised that its approach is not a monitoring and evaluation framework in the traditional sense. Rather, Norway is using existing systems and initiatives to track adaptation and to continuously learn what approaches to adaptation are effective in reducing climate vulnerability and risk (GIZ, 2013). Some of the frameworks outlined in Table 1.2 specify desired outputs and outcomes (e.g. the Philippines and France).|SDG 13 - Climate action|norway adaptation giz emphasised specify|1.1963718|4.7993236|1.4844524
5773|For a sample of 23 OECD countries, OECD (2011) showed that the growth in female employment tended to have an equalising effect on household earnings in all the countries studied, despite substantial differences in employment levels and type of employment and in pay gaps across countries. It then examines how changes in the distribution of female eamings and hours of work have affected the evolution of individual eamings and household income inequality for the period from the late 1980s up to the economic crisis. While most of the literature looks at aggregate employment trends, the analyses below decompose different employment types (full-time/part-time, full-year/part-year) to analyse the impact of changing patterns of women’s employment in more detail. The three pathways through which women’s labour market participation affect the distribution of household income discussed here are: first, trends in individual gross eamings; second, trends in household gross earnings; and, finally, total household disposable income (after taxes and transfers).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|eamings employment household trends gross|8.844797|4.510251|5.7698402
5774|This will enable schools to identify where insufficient support is being offered as well as helping national authorities to and scale-up those interventions found to be effective. However, in practice, initial training has placed a heavy emphasis on language learning. Language skills are central to the success of integration across OECD countries, strong language skills facilitate not only access to employment, but access to education, to social interactions and, hence, to further acquisition of language skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language skills access acquisition interactions|9.988852|2.6662614|2.4959667
5775|This is usually complemented with additional opportunities to learn and be assessed. In many countries, repetition cannot be applied in transition grades, when students' poor performance may be due to a short-term failure to adjust. Repetition may be limited to grades considered as fundamental for consolidating basic skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|repetition grades consolidating complemented adjust|9.425225|1.8709586|3.2085063
5776|Critically, it will be important to ensure that information on inequalities in health is then effectively used to tackle inequalities at local and regional level, through on-going central guidance as appropriate, agreeing targets, disseminating and encouraging the scaling-up of successful local initiatives to tackle inequalities and other measures. Incentivising or requiring young doctors to practise in underserved areas during their early years of practice may be one way to address geographical disparities. This does not seem to systematically occur today. Indeed, a concern remains that by specialising certain hospital services at a higher level, patients will have to travel further for care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|inequalities tackle agreeing incentivising underserved|9.106581|8.638928|2.064406
5777|In a competitive labour market, wages should be close to the marginal revenue product of workers. If wages reflect productivity differences, captured, for instance, by measures of human capital and demographics,8 they should be the same across sectors for comparable workers. Yet, many empirical studies, starting with Slichter (1950), have produced robust estimates of cross-sector residual wage differentials.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|wages workers demographics differentials residual|7.167637|4.7161026|4.5800905
5778|This information gap will lead to poorer treatment options for patients, and a lack of understanding for patients. As primary care practitioners in a number of countries are being asked to do more and deliver a wider range of services for mild-to-moderate mental illness - many GPs are being asked to delivery cognitive behavioural therapy, for example (see Table 2.5) - levels of confidence in the ability to effectively care for patients -will make the difference between poor, average and excellent quality of care. Effective care at a primary care level includes appropriate diagnosis of disorders, initiation and management of treatment, referral and case management, and the long-term management of some cases of mild-to-moderate disorders using the principles of chronic disease management (Ford et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care patients mild management disorders|10.25926|8.773076|1.6338949
5779|This being so, any coherent development policy must offer a solution to poverty. But the second question is a more complex one. There is a broad range of literature that tries to define and measure poverty, and there are a great range of anti-poverty policies, which depend on the approach used to analyse the issue and the way poverty is defined.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty range tries anti coherent|6.422006|6.066099|4.6680646
5780|The introduction of demand-side policies via smart metering and smart grids could in principle provide the necessary tools to allow more active participation of all demand-side actors to price formation thus achieving a more efficient energy only-model (see also Section 6.1). However, in many liberalised power markets, many consumers are exposed neither directly nor indirectly to market prices, for instance due to regulated tariffs. Even reinforcing the demand-side policies previously mentioned will thus not help to stabilise prices. In addition, even under the best of circumstances, consumers will require massive incentives to forego heating, washing, cooking or watching television at the moment they originally desired.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|demand smart consumers forego prices|1.8725944|1.5402944|2.0389187
5781|It produces about 1 600 research papers including a technical report, a monthly newsletter, national epidemiological bulletin and a peer-reviewed journal in order to provide technical and scientific assistance to the Ministry of Health. The Institute is involved in research, clinical trials, control and training. It supports scientific research and national programme by allocating funds, increasing the scope of Italian participation in international activities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|research scientific technical bulletin epidemiological|8.743273|9.437238|2.3757124
5782|Most Africans live in rural areas and so do most of Africa’s young and most of the unemployed. However, among those who live in urban areas unemployment rates are higher than among the rural young. In some countries, the urban youth unemployment rate was estimated to be more than six times higher than the rate in rural areas (AfDB 2012, Figure 6).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|rural live areas unemployment young|8.027549|3.9292924|4.151729
5783|The present article sets out to analyse the progress and evolution of women’s participation in production and business activities in South America, considering the situation of female employment, its evolution over the past decade and its differences from male employment. The article also analyses men’s and women’s time use, women’s share of employment in jobs with higher average earnings (executive positions) and women’s empowerment and economic autonomy (female entrepreneurs). One of the goals laid down at the Conference was equitable participation by women in the economic activities of their respective countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women evolution article employment female|8.870891|4.2187533|6.016877
5784|As noted earlier, the appropriate processes of implementation for fostering and sustaining innovative learning environments are identified in this section as a series of C’s, including: culture change, clarifying focus, capacity, creation, communities, collaboration, communication, change agents, coherence and consolidation. Much also depends on how such approaches are combined in systemic ways rather than treating policies as isolated practices or single bullets. The examples and strategies are described here are illustrative not prescriptive.|SDG 4 - Quality education|prescriptive clarifying illustrative treating sustaining|8.581589|1.8108916|1.9370733
5785|Refer to: www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/climate/about/ climate-change-affect-regions. A changing climate presents both challenges and opportunities for land-based sectors. The programme funds research and technology transfer, www.maf.govt.nz/environment-natural-resources/climate-change/impacts-and-adapting-to-climate-change.aspx.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate nz www change maf|1.4158069|4.8401766|1.7964789
5786|The 2012 OECD report Women in Business: Policies to Support Women's Entrepreneurship Development in the MENA Region was the first comparative assessment of policy measures to promote women’s entrepreneurship and covered 18 MENA economies (OECD, 2012a). The study underlined that while BDS services are known to be relatively weak in MENA economies, the extent to which women entrepreneurs are being served by those services seems even more limited despite the increasing number of women starting up businesses. Considering that experience from non-MENA countries suggests that women’s enterprise centres are successful at helping women entrepreneurs especially in the early stages of business ventures, the study concluded that there was a need to collect data on and carry out an assessment of BDS services in the MENA region, and to outline the current good practices in the MENA region.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mena women bds region entrepreneurship|8.987488|3.4199185|6.519433
5787|There seems to be a relative balance between solar PV and wind power, with solar thermal projects remaining scarce. Notable examples of large plants are Antofagasta's 115 MW wind power and CAP’s 100 MW solar PV projects in Chile, as well as Industrias Penoles’ 180 MW wind power plant in Mexico. Among smaller initiatives, the geographical distribution is more diverse, with Australia and Canada, as well as South Africa, emerging as potential hubs. At the same time, in developing countries, particularly in lower-income economies, despite the existence of some successful projects, the uptake of renewables by mines remains limited.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mw solar wind pv power|1.6635174|1.9014287|2.3726
5788|As previously discussed, the MCDA is in a good position to minimise such co-ordination challenges, as it will be in charge of both transport and overall sustainable development plans for Metro Cebu. However, the fact that LGUs remain to be responsible for their land use plans (CLUPs) underscores the need for effective co-ordination on spatial development. Metro Vancouver provides regional services, including three core utilities (water, liquid waste, solid waste), and co-ordinates regional planning by producing the Regional Growth Strategy (RGS).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metro regional ordination waste plans|3.6405342|5.01543|1.2615147
5789|While 47% of advantaged students reported having more than 200 books at home, on average, this is the case for only 7% of disadvantaged peers. Advantaged students also reported a greater availability of other educational resources, such as educational software. On average across OECD countries, however, more than 80% of students, regardless of their socio-economic status, reported having a quiet place to study at home and a computer that they can use for schoolwork (Table ll.6.2b).|SDG 4 - Quality education|advantaged reported students home having|9.300427|2.0042965|2.8019307
5790|Most rivers exhibit a high degree of degradation, particularly within the Murray-Darling catchment, Australia’s main agricultural producing region. Drinking water quality is impaired in many locations, and coastal regions downstream of large agricultural areas suffer from sediment and nutrient loadings. In terms of the environmental health of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), recent research indicates that quantities of sediment, phosphorus and nitrogen entering the GBR have been increasing, with agriculture a key contributor to water quality issues in the GBR (Rolfe and Windle, 2011). But given the lack of a national monitoring system it is difficult to assess national trends in water quality related to agriculture (OECD, 2008a). There are expensive restoration clean-ups going on in some iconic lakes and there are questions over the state of groundwater. At a national level, diffuse discharges now greatly exceed point source pollution.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sediment quality water national reef|0.9122746|6.816371|2.8216295
5791|"The low population density explains the low level of illness in humans. In Mongolia, transmission to humans occurs primarily from direct contact with animals through injury while handling them or during slaughtering and, to a lesser extent, from drinking contaminated milk. According to the 2003 study on emerging infectious diseases"",18 as of 2001, approximately 8,000 cases of chronic brucellosis were reported."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|humans contaminated infectious handling injury|8.552505|9.02981|3.354476
5792|"Today, many low carbon alternatives are considerably more expensive than the incumbent technologies. Governments will need to continue and expand the range of transitional incentives from RD&D support to market mechanisms to foster technological innovation and move technologies towards market competitiveness. These incentives should be tailored to the maturity of the technology and be decreasing over time. This should be accompanied by policies that close the dirtiest and least efficient plants at the earliest opportunity."""|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|incentives technologies earliest incumbent maturity|1.8553668|2.9039695|1.8969432
5793|Community-based approaches to medicine and medical education would also benefit the region and improve students’ learning outcomes. Medical students will spend far less time in hospitals and far more time in communities. Students will leam from an early stage to work in multidisciplinary teams alongside nurses, social workers, psychologists and other allied health professionals.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students medical far allied multidisciplinary|9.265963|8.732273|1.820387
5794|Since then, the country has made national commitments that go beyond any existing international agreements. These changes are explained by the new international context and, perhaps more importantly, by internal changes in the domestic political landscape. As a consequence, the Brazilian economy has a comparatively low carbon profile of 5 tonnes CO2 equivalent in emissions per capita, ranking it 17th globally.|SDG 13 - Climate action|changes international ranking comparatively brazilian|1.4145608|3.5632658|1.7820654
5795|There has been good progress in Skopje regarding water meters in houses by getting the used water amount monthly through remote data transfer or by inspectors. About 80 per cent of the people pay their water bill. Outside Skopje, most households seem to have no meters for billing, which does not encourage water saving. According to their data, drinking water quality in the public water supply systems is very good and safe to use.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water meters good billing inspectors|1.390139|7.3380156|2.5757143
5796|Poor diffusion of ICTs thus contributes to a digital divide that can undermine policies aimed to stimulate growth, and foster resilient economies and inclusive societies. Lack of access to digital infrastructures at competitive prices is the first barrier. In particular, access to ICTs such as (mobile) broadband, including in rural and remote areas, as well as access to data which are becoming an infrastructure for data-driven innovation (DDI), are crucial. The lack of appropriate (open) standards and fears of vendor lock-in, often due to proprietary solutions, are another barrier to adoption in particular for SMEs. With the growth of digital security risks and concerns that privacy and intellectual property rights are violated and not sufficiently enforced, lack of trust in the digital economy is also a potential barrier to adoption and use of ICTs across society. The effective use of ICTs and data requires additional investments in complementary knowledge-based capital (KBC), in particular in (organisation-specific) skills and know-how, and in organisational change including new business models and processes.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|icts digital barrier lack particular|4.7454057|2.9949138|1.9660553
5797|Because the individual commune, or group of communes, is ultimately charged with developing the actual land use legislation that governs changes in land uses, it has to find a way to balance conflicting signals from higher levels of government with the pressures from the local populace to maintain or change the use of particular parcels of land. Typically, rural communes do not have staff with strong competences in land use planning, which makes this an even greater challenge. While consultants can be hired to provide planning support this can also be problematic, because while the consultant may understand the approach of the higher level in spatial planning, they may lack a strong understanding of the local milieu and offer advice that is controversial locally.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land communes planning use strong|3.835285|5.7352486|1.7448276
5798|Hence, what we think we know continues to rely heavily on the accuracy of the poverty estimates generated by the Bank. This has occurred in the midst of an expanding global economy, which has resulted, on average, in higher per capita incomes in both developed and developing countries (Sachs, 2008; United Nations, 2005a). In these countries, information on the depth, severity and duration of poverty may be limited, and available information may be unreliable. To address some of these data gaps, the research programme of the World Bank Poverty and Inequality Group has been engaged in improving current data as well as methods and tools for poverty and inequality analysis through, inter alia, producing new household-level data (notably through the Group’s Living Standards Measurement Study), monitoring poverty and inequality using household-level data, developing more reliable “poverty maps”, and rolling out computational tools such as ADePT and PovCalNet (see http://go.worldbank.org/NT2AlXUWP0).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty inequality data tools bank|6.349336|6.0895643|5.056834
5799|Especially important in this regard was Decree No. Viet Nam signalled its commitment to trade liberalisation by entering into a large number of bilateral and regional trade agreements and partnerships. Increased funding was provided to the Viet Nam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (VBARD) to support the opening of commercial credit to farmers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|viet nam trade decree liberalisation|4.0649905|4.9071817|3.7638767
5800|Furthermore, Uruguay needs to improve dissemination of information about activities at the school level, including information on school budgets. While dissemination of reports may be viewed as another burden in the reporting process, the education councils should consider using a single nationally-developed format to ensure that parents and voters know how schools operate in their community and how school resources are used. In particular, it would be important to publicly disclose the public resources each school receives alongside the uses of those resources and the educational outcomes at the school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school dissemination resources disclose voters|9.811038|1.7792848|2.2315958
5801|Data for water management and shared responsibilities (cont.) Therefore, it is always necessary to compare water balances based on the amounts of granted abstraction with data monitored on the ground reflecting the effective use of water. Compliance is a major challenge and very much influenced by cultural factors.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water balances data cont abstraction|0.93795574|7.1686807|1.8159001
5802|Increasing wind speeds, the occurrence of stronger, more frequent storms and further expansion of wind turbine deployment could place more pressure on existing infrastructure. This is especially relevant in winter and during the months in autumn and spring when maintenance is usually carried out, because the capacity of the grid is reduced when maintenance occurs. Both cases also identified climate policy to be a concern for distribution companies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|maintenance wind autumn turbine storms|1.7050354|1.4755208|1.9506389
5803|As for water services, and specifically drinking water for domestic use, municipalities are the primary sub-national authorities in charge of (co-)designing and/or implementing policies in two-thirds of the LAC countries surveyed (9 out of 13). They are followed by regions and inter-municipal bodies. The trend is similar in areas of water supply to industrial users and wastewater treatment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water lac surveyed designing thirds|1.3909|7.2148895|1.6621997
5804|This action line is intended to promote the development of national e-strategies, including the necessary human capacity building, taking into account different national circumstances. It has ensured, in addition, the comprehensive exchange of views, information and experiences among WSIS stakeholders, as well as providing advisory services and technical assistance to developing countries. At the same time the 2014 United Nations E-Government Survey observes a new trajectory in the efforts of governments to put together a national ICT policy and e-government strategy by strengthening institutions and building the capacities of public servants. Collaborative service delivery is now pervasive, where governments, citizens, civil society and the private sector often work together to innovate processes and leverage new technologies.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|national wsis building observes governments|4.5779395|3.1376424|1.9651302
5805|The most common models, and their basic payment composition, are listed below. For instance, Family Health Organizations (blended capitation, FFS and P4P) and Family Health Groups (blended FFS and P4P) account for about 55% of primary care physicians (Table 2.4). Additionally, some incentives are paid periodically (e.g., once a year) while others are paid every time a specific service is provided. Eligibility for some incentives is patient-based (i.e., the physician receives a payment for having provided a specific service to an individual patient), while for other incentives, eligibility is based on performance across all registered patients practice-wide (i.e., the physician receives a payment for having reached a pre-defined target level based on a number of services, a number of patients or a percentage of eligible patients who received the service).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|blended payment patients physician incentives|8.706024|9.093157|1.6857061
5806|This results in geographically dispersed trade through global production networks opening the opportunity for low-income countries to use their comparative advantage in labour-intensive value chains to enter these networks at different stages, including final assembly. The volatility of import prices and the increased availability of intermediate inputs may have a direct impact on the relative prices of manufactured goods. Opening up for trade is usually associated with an increase in competition, often resulting in a decrease in the relative prices of manufactured products (Pain et al.,|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|manufactured opening prices networks relative|4.7154016|3.9612308|3.1460817
5807|"Learning"" and ""education"" are considered synonymous with formal schooling. Auxiliary organisations, such as education publishers, examination boards and teacher-training organisations are seen as extensions to arrangements set by governments. Such a framework of understanding has become increasingly inadequate."|SDG 4 - Quality education|organisations auxiliary extensions examination boards|8.881805|2.1856427|2.263711
5808|Another study complements this approach by investigating and surveying the nature of illegal trade in waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE or e-waste) in the European context (Huisman et al., The study estimates that among the 9.45 million tons of e-waste generated in Europe in 2012, only 35% of them were collected and recycled in official systems while the remaining 65% were either exported (16%), recycled under non-compliant conditions in Europe (33%), processed by the informal sector (8%), or simply discarded in waste bins (8%). It also estimates that 1.3 million tons (14%) of e-waste departed the EU in undocumented exports that w'ould likely be classified as illegal waste trade.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste recycled tons illegal europe|0.471095|3.9578133|3.0789373
5809|"Other key factors are car ownership (eases the transport of bottled water), living in urban area, and the lack of trust in government or local authorities (Table C.6). The lowest the P>|z|, the highest the correlation. Because they invest less in bottled water, as it would represent a higher share of their disposable income, lower income groups are more likely to be exposed to water pollution and potentially “pay” a higher share of the health costs of policy inaction. The same reasoning applies between the urban and the rural population (Figure C.14)."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water inaction reasoning share urban|1.55684|7.28212|2.6520343
5810|It is important to note that extreme poverty is rare in most Pacific island developing economies (PIDE). There are a further 0.6 million poor living in the Pacific, half of which is accounted for by the poor in Fiji. Great variability exists in the incidence of basic needs poverty among PIDE; the lowest basic needs poverty rate was recorded in Vanuatu (13 per cent in 2010), followed by Kiribati (22 per cent in 2006), and the highest rates were in the Federated States of Micronesia (31 per cent in 2005) and Fiji (35 per cent in 2008).|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent fiji poverty pacific basic|6.151023|5.792336|4.7953887
5811|One of the areas of greatest untapped potential in the German labour force is inactive and/or part-time working mothers. Better sharing of unpaid work at home accompanied by coherent public policies helps mothers to maintain labour market attachment and continue their careers. Young German women are well-educated in comparison to young German men: 32.1% of 25 to 34 years-old women have completed tertiary education, compared to 27.9% of their male peers (Chapter 2).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|german mothers young attachment untapped|9.21866|5.192847|5.280281
5812|However, both male and female Mexicans engage in formal banking at rates less than half of the OECD average. Both men and women face challenges to growing their business in Mexico, including inadequate access to credit. However, self-employed men are more likely to be employers and to be formally registered in the tax and social security system. Self-employed women tend to be own-account w'orkers and are more likely to work informally, often as domestic workers or street vendors. Women fill 42% of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 33.6% in the Senate, compared to 22.6% and 17.2%, respectively, in 2006.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employed self women mexicans chamber|9.814672|4.2393866|5.786031
5813|In principle, all people and communities whose livelihood is associated with crop production should be negatively affected by these hazards. However, Gentle and others (2014) have shown that the impacts are not uniform among people and communities. While the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 gives detailed country data on forest employment, it does not provide an estimate for the total. In fact, the interviews conducted by the authors of the study revealed that the number of climate hazards experienced by Nepalese households was largely concentrated among the poor. On average, poor households experienced 2.63 climate hazards over the six-year period of the study; better-off households experienced 1.76 hazards on average.|SDG 13 - Climate action|hazards experienced households forest communities|1.4324896|4.8333697|2.89629
5814|The corresponding indicator of changes in material deprivation is constructed the same way. The absolute difference in the poverty (material deprivation) change between children in each of these sub-groups and the rest of the child population is then calculated. This helps investigate the extent to which the most economically vulnerable children may have been affected disproportionately.|SDG 1 - No poverty|material deprivation children investigate disproportionately|6.99907|6.3889155|5.169129
5815|In the 2009-11 period, EUR 22 million has been approved in the electricity sector and EUR 1 million in the gas sector (ERSE, 2010). Landscape integration (e.g. use of traditional building materials and local vegetation, underground cables) and birdlife protection (e.g. installation of anti-collision and anti-perching devices, installation of nesting platforms for white storks, compensation measures for the Bonelli’s eagle) make up for the majority of the approved environmental costs of the electric utilities. Electricity suppliers in the retail market must provide in the bill and/or via internet information on the fuel mix from which the electricity they provide is generated and related environmental impacts in terms of C02, S02 and NOx emissions per GWh and radioactive waste.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|installation electricity anti approved eur|1.7352397|2.4244938|2.0359733
5816|"In particular, the poverty rate - commonly used in the EU - represents 'the share of people with an equivalised disposable income (after social transfers) below the poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers' (Eurostat Glossary). This indicator measures low income relative to other households in a country and not poverty perse; it is rather a measure of people/children who are at risk of being poor (Atkinson et al., As described in Report Card 11 (UNICEF, 2013:8), the relative child poverty rate ""shows the proportion of children who are to some significant extent excluded from the advantages and opportunities which most children in that particular society would consider normal"". The poverty rate is therefore a relative measure, relative to both place and time."|SDG 1 - No poverty|relative poverty equivalised disposable rate|7.136763|6.138068|5.1406593
5817|Aid for trade programmes have a critical role to play along all of these policies. However, the importance of agriculture varies considerably among developing countries even within one region: for example, agriculture accounts for 71% of the national GDP in Liberia, 57% in Guinea-Bissau, and 52% in the Democratic Republic of the Congo but less than 8% in oil-rich, middle-income countries like Gabon, the Republic of Congo, and Equatorial Guinea (USAID, 2011). A declining share for agriculture in national employment and GDP is an inevitable consequence of economic progress (Byerlee et al.,|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|congo guinea agriculture republic gdp|4.4331503|4.9881606|3.9259923
5818|They may also reimburse the costs of seeing non-NHS providers. About 30% of the schemes have different coverage, leading to some level of competition in the market. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, some insurance schemes excluded coverage of medications that were not reimbursed by NHS, but the extent of coverage for outpatient and inpatient care was generally maintained. Private health insurance is mainly used by a few large companies to make employment contracts more attractive - almost all the privately insured are employees of these companies. Local governments and other public entities also offer private health insurance to their employees, but the coverage of benefits typically more limited. The European Union, for instance, provided EUR 250 million for improving health system infrastructure and EUR 60 million for human resource projects over seven years up to 2013.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage insurance nhs eur employees|8.586397|8.816594|2.1436749
5819|Many migrants return to their places of origin after years of residence abroad. In some cases, returning migrants aremotivated by a desire to live closer to family members who can care for them in old age or to seek affordable institutional care. Some studies suggest that migrants from some Central and Eastern European countries who had returned to their country of origin within 10 years of emigrating represented between 6 and 8 per cent of the adult population of those countries.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|migrants origin returned returning care|8.609103|5.239511|6.9125633
5820|The indicator may also be disaggregated by management category of the protected areas. It shows how much of each major ecosystem is dedicated to maintaining its diversity and integrity. Protected areas are essential for maintaining ecosystem diversity in countries and ecological regions, in conjunction with management of human impacts on the environment. Description: Management effectiveness of protected areas is an important indicator of how well protected areas are conserving biodiversity.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected areas maintaining diversity ecosystem|1.5496409|5.106039|4.079935
5821|However, having a baby during the teenage years increases the risk of school drop-out, and makes it difficult to enter the labour market and subsequently make career progression. Therefore, the decline in teenage fertility has been accompanied by a decline in child poverty rates. The relationship is likely to work both ways: the decline in the adolescent birth rate reduces the risk of falling into poverty, while the reduced likelihood of living in a poor family reduces the likelihood of an early birth.|SDG 1 - No poverty|teenage decline likelihood reduces birth|8.409912|5.7644887|5.6855683
5822|A quick comparison of these criteria with the present global indicators to measure progress on drinking water and sanitation, one could notice that the access to improved or unimproved water and sanitation services (accessibility) is the only criterion currently used, and the other criteria (availability, quality, acceptability, affordability, wastewater treatment and wastewater reuse) are not measured. In comparison, the MDG+ Initiative measures, in addition to JMP accessibility indicator, indicators related to the availability, water quality, affordability, wastewater treatment and wastewater reuse. The MDG+ Initiative indicators thus move in the same direction as the United Nations Human Rights Council recommendations. Third Committee draft resolution (A/C.3/68/L.34/Rev.l).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater mdg reuse affordability indicators|1.6515448|6.832154|2.4325259
5823|In all countries, state militaries are predominantly male by a wide margin, as are most military-style organisations such as paramilitaries, guerrilla groups, militia, village guards, private security companies and the like.2 Being a soldier and the use of force is often explicitly linked to manhood. Similarly, gangs and extremist groups tend to be heavily male dominated. They also often espouse attitudes, ideologies and practices that draw on extreme understandings of masculinity, misogyny and intolerance of those with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities (SOGI).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|male orientations understandings masculinity groups|10.031347|4.952338|7.521659
5824|These are best thought of as the means to achieve the outcomes sought by the SDGs in the central dial. Further, our focus will be on the role of governments and ICTs affecting these remaining thirteen 13 SDGs over time. As we shall see, these form key preconditions for sustainable development, and ICTs have a critical role to play here.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|icts sdgs preconditions role thought|4.296231|3.3000093|1.88484
5825|Men are hospitalised annually for psychoses (especially schizophrenia) at a slightly higher rate than women. In 2007, this number was approximately 3 000 hospitalisations amongst men, as opposed to 2 600 women. Data from 2011 found that 15.1% of hospitalised schizophrenia patients were re-hospitalised within 30 days of release (OECD, 2014a).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|schizophrenia hospitalisations men release opposed|10.28712|8.903754|1.8291821
5826|This will require roll-out of wireless loT platforms, reliance on network virtualization and improved fibre connectivity. Moreover, it will require the development of advanced ICT skills among users. Network operators and users will have to adapt their business models to take advantage of the opportunities of the digital transformation. Policy-makers and regulators are called upon to create conditions facilitating entrepreneurial experiments and innovation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|users network require wireless experiments|4.7742753|3.0180879|1.9533756
5827|In either case, poverty reduction was the indirect outcome of growth. By the same token, some increase in inequality was thought to be unavoidable in the early phase of development, because the inequality would be helpful for capital accumulation, since, as suggested by the Keynesian theory of consumption, the rich have a higher marginal propensity to save than the poor. This was manifested by the strength of suggested radical alternatives, even though these were directed against an orthodoxy that now seems disconcertingly progressive by comparison to that of today. A prominent challenge to the orthodoxy was represented by the various forms of dependency theory, which promoted the view that development and underdevelopment constitute two sides of the same coin, and that autonomous development was possible only under socialism (see Cardoso and Faletto, 1979; Kay, 1989, ch.5; and Saad-Filho, 2005). These outcomes were surprising, given the expectations of spontaneous reduction of poverty through the trickle down process (see Bigsten and Levin, 2004, pp.|SDG 1 - No poverty|theory suggested inequality underdevelopment reduction|6.580474|5.395458|4.4971957
5828|Meanwhile, there is a need for more systematic impact assessments of factors determining the rate of success of incubators, technology parks and software labs. Android for Developing, a pilot project, was launched in Mozambique in 2010 and is expected to be replicated and further developed in other contexts. The pilot project is part of the first phase of cooperation between Fraunhofer Portugal AICOS and its African partners aimed at fostering the joint development of high technology products that can respond to local demand and thereby have a potential to become commercially viable. The open source Android platform was chosen as it enables powerful applications for smartphones.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|pilot labs technology project smartphones|4.8122673|2.938353|1.6273658
5829|One of the main messages of the 2015 joint report was that trade openness or trade growth alone may not be sufficient to end extreme poverty. The extreme poor face specific constraints—due to the fact that they tend to work in rural areas, in the informal sector, live in fragile states and face gender inequality—that can limit their ability to benefit from wider trade-induced economic gains. It continues to focus on the linkages between trade and extreme poverty rather than the broader distributional effects of trade and the agenda of shared prosperity.|SDG 1 - No poverty|trade extreme face poverty openness|5.9592175|5.309823|4.555159
5830|It can also partly be explained by the difficulty of obtaining data necessary to estimate adjustment effects and by the complexities adjustment considerations introduce into standard trade models (Francois et al. In two recent overviews of trade adjustment in developing countries, a partial list of the range of areas affected by adjustment costs included, inter alia, the public sector (e.g. tax reform, revenue replacement, civil service retrenchment/retraining and increased expenditures); industry (e.g. reallocation of capital and investment, support against profit fluctuations); labour (e.g. unemployment insurance, retraining); and wider social costs (e.g. health, internal migration) (Francois et al. A similarly wide-ranging view is taken in Milner’s (2005) study on EPA adjustment costs for the Commonwealth Secretariat, which considers adjustment across several sectors/activities, including fiscal reform, trade facilitation, labour retraining and financial sector reform. This reinforces the idea of adjustment as a motivation for a given aid intervention, rather than a sector or activity unto itself.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|adjustment retraining reform trade costs|4.99199|4.694432|3.878099
5831|These are increasingly being used to recover regulatory costs from the regulated parties. The classical example is water licensing fees - when the fee is set to pay only for the administrative cost of issuing a license to abstract water. Other examples include the pollution control tax in Spain (to pay for enforcement by river basin agencies) or the research charge in South Africa. They are based on the user-pays and polluter-pays principles.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pays pay polluter abstract issuing|1.5481403|7.556246|2.2509096
5832|Moreover, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) warns that, while land titling programmes have become popular with many international agencies and beneficiaries, attempts to formalize land titling and registration can have unintended consequences forwomen.includingthe loss of secondary land rights under customary law (FAO, 2013). For example, when land registration programmes were first introduced in Kenya, the male-dominated adjudication committees typically registered land to the male head of household, but failed to record women’s secondary rights to the land. This had the unintended effect of extinguishing those rights altogether (FAO, n.d.). The Kenyan Constitution, as amended in 1997, prohibited discrimination based on gender.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|land fao unintended rights registration|9.23974|4.9961452|7.218594
5833|In view of Latvia’s volatile labour market, it does seem appropriate to maintain an ability for quickly scaling up public works programmes should the need arise. However, current allocations of Latvia’s limited ALMP resources should be based on a careful review of national and international evidence regarding the merits of public works programmes relative to other forms of ALMPs. On balance, the international evidence suggests that, while widely used as a redistributive tool and an effective employment buffer during crisis periods, public works programmes tend to have little to no positive effect on participants’ longer-term employment outcomes (Cahuc et al., Based on this evidence, Latvia probably devotes too large a share of the overall ALMP budget on public works programmes.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|works latvia almp programmes evidence|7.8742733|4.6760526|4.115779
5834|In the 20111 century hydro-electricity was deliberately intertwined with regional development, with legislation requiring developers to site industrial plants close to a source of hydro-electric power, typically in the remote mountain and fjord regions. Most often this was used for die metals industry looking for cheap electricity. Troms County was no exception, and several energy-intensive manufacturing companies are still located in this region.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydro electricity troms intertwined deliberately|2.0848162|2.0914142|2.2833927
5835|According to the composition of waste in Georgia (table 5.1) the share of recyclables is nearly 20 per cent but achieving higher yield at the sorting plant would require the introduction of separate collection in the serviced area. Also, the sorting plant currently operates on one shift and increasing the throughput would require additional financing for the second and third shifts, which the municipal budget cannot provide now. The sale of recyclables is low, due to the undeveloped market and lack of incentives for recycling.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|sorting plant require undeveloped serviced|0.45862058|4.002859|3.116466
5836|Concentrating first on associations with changes in expenditure on social cash transfers, results from Table 3, Panel A suggest that, ceteris paribus, many social cash transfers frequently share no real clear and systematic association with changes in relative child poverty rates over time. Given a certain level of pre-transfer child poverty produced by market earnings, changes in per head spending on unemployment benefits, on parental leave benefits, on family allowances, on social assistance, and on other cash benefits share no clear and significant association with changes in the relative child poverty rates. Only three social expenditure programmes share an association with changes in child poverty rates (Table 3, Panel A).|SDG 1 - No poverty|changes child association cash poverty|7.487088|5.9037275|4.577579
5837|The Job Card (which may be seen as a counselling tool) and the Japanese Dual System (which in the case of commission-type training provides one month of relevant work experience after three months in public vocational training) do not represent a radical break from the past structure of public vocational training measures. However, these measures, along with the introduction of “life security” benefits for participants without an El entitlement, seem designed to reverse the earlier decline in training participation, which is a welcome change. Older-worker policies are mainly focused on those aged 60-64, with a policy objective of increasing actual ages of retirement to at least the minimum age for a public pension, which is being progressively increased to reach age 65 in 2013. However, MHLW seems unwilling or unable to enforce further increases in the mandatory retirement age.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training retirement age vocational public|8.117174|5.072077|4.2262993
5838|In 2009, on average 46% of Italian waterways were classified as class 1 (high) or class 2 and 81% were in classes 1 to 3. About 72% of lakes were in these three top classes (Figure 4.1). The number of bathing sites closed (i.e. sites where swimming was banned) during the summer season increased from 125 (2.6%) in 2002 to 310 (6.3%) in 2009, but it fell to 33 (0.7%) in 2010. Closing of these sites has been linked to toxic microalgae blooming, which occurs in many coastal regions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sites classes class swimming bathing|0.68470234|6.8233414|2.848701
5839|As shown in the table below, there are differences at several stages of the process, although the overall procedure remains the same. Medicidndelapobrezaporingresostactualitacidn metodoiogica y resultados (IC/FUB.2018/22-P). December 2018; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations University IFAO/OMSAINUI, Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements. Report of a Joint FAQ/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Between 2002 and 2008 and again between 2008 and 2014, the poverty rate fell far enough to offset population growth, which led to a reduction in the absolute number of people living in poverty in both these periods. Between 2014 and 2017 the rise in the poverty rate and growth in the population reinforced each other, so that the absolute number of people living in poverty rose more than the poverty rate (see figure II.2).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty rate absolute organization nations|6.274165|5.7715364|5.0760922
5840|Leaving environmental use rights, i.e. the right to emit CO2, with members of Group A will increase their relative income and their willingness to pay and hence climate change impacts must be economically valued in a rather modest manner. Instead, giving environmental use rights, i.e. the right to demand an end to CO2 emissions, to members of Group B will increase their income and their willingness to pay, and hence climate change impacts will need to be valued in a more substantive manner. This is the representative value of the probability distribution.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|willingness valued manner right pay|1.5355426|4.4213414|1.8657552
5841|Such rights signal the importance of work/life balance considerations to employers, while generally granting employers the right to refuse for compelling business reasons. In Australia, the Fair Work Act of 2009 provided employees with a legal right to request flexible working arrangements, depending on the personal and family circumstances (including the responsibility to care for a child of school age or younger). Accordingly, in 2014 almost two-thirds (64%) of all Australian working families with children 12 years and under had a parent who made use of flexible working time to help care for their children.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|working flexible employers right refuse|9.108351|5.0809608|5.383029
5842|It can allocate consumption values to the individual groups allowing cities - including those in data scarce environments - to monitor the distribution of resource flows (where and who). This same information can be used as a scenario building tool to simulate the potential impact a policy change can have on the resource flow distribution. In addition, the approach enables countries to report on a consistent set of cities for which progress can be tracked over time in a more systematic and scientific manner.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|resource cities distribution simulate tracked|3.3957672|4.8555613|1.5890762
5843|As with co-operative banks, there is broad scope for collaboration and integration between the federal and state governments in the promotion of MGS. The national government will need to set the legal framework in which the guarantee societies will operate and possibly ensure counter-guarantees. State government can also provide public counter-guarantees, in addition to encouraging the establishment of the MGS at the local level. In order not to have the size of their mutual fund reduced by defaulting loans, they will have an interest in providing coverage only for reliable borrowers. In turn, this lowers information asymmetries for the lender.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|counter guarantees lender state asymmetries|2.574846|3.3091269|1.8431089
5844|"Second, they suggest that a non-negligible share of inactive workers that is either receiving benefits that are conditional to inactivity, or is too sick, too addicted, too uneducated to work or disconnected from the labour market or even just ""too poor"" to access available jobs, will not easily join the labour force despite the tight labour market. Several measures of regional dispersion applied to OECD data on participation by states and counties show an increase over past three decades, especially for men. For instance, the gap in participation between the bottom 10% counties and the top 10% has increased by about 3 percentage points on average since 1990; the gap in participation between the bottom 5 states and the top 5 has increased by about 2 percentage points on average and by 3 percentage points for males."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|counties points percentage participation labour|7.7074795|4.5118065|4.326055
5845|On the 27 May this year, more than 50 countries gathered in Oslo to establish a global partnership on climate and forest, which will improve transparency and coordination of financing in this field. The partnership may also be a stepping stone to agreement on REDD+ in the climate change negotiations. The partnership established in Oslo is the first of its kind, and the first partnership between developed and developing countries in the battle against global warming. Norway has worked actively on international policy development for REDD+, including through its secretariat role of the Informal Working Group for Interim Finance for REDD+, through the REDD Options Assessment Report and other studies.|SDG 15 - Life on land|redd partnership oslo stone stepping|1.6778713|4.479386|3.315784
5846|It is difficult to know which generation options will be most financially viable 40 years from now - i.e. the average lifespan of generation facilities. At present, many of these countries use fossil-based generation technology that operates at efficiencies below that of OECD countries. This context creates significant opportunity for the private sector to support the upgrade of such technology.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generation technology lifespan efficiencies upgrade|1.4889405|2.0523252|2.1113126
5847|Through end-to-end tracking and auditable data trails, investors may transparently track their investments. For successful implementation, an international legal framework would need to be established, which allows for simple investment transactions for the full spectrum of investors. The problem is even more severe as the top recipient countries for climate finance are often also countries with high levels of corruption (Transparency International, 2014).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|investors end international spectrum recipient|1.5156996|3.680183|0.8275524
5848|However they are beyond the scope of this paper and, as explained in Box 1, they have not been surveyed in the OECD QuASH (2014). This complexity makes the classification of policy programmes difficult; nevertheless a classification is necessary to collect and monitor information. One useful and common classification divides subsidies into supply-side and demand-side. Supply-side subsidies are directed at producers of housing and can consist of direct government grants or subsidies, as well as land and tax concessions for provision of housing or urban renewal.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|classification subsidies housing supply divides|4.9339786|5.6976743|2.2371266
5849|This implies a need for a shared vision and strategy for women’s empowerment and gender equality, w'hich should be supported by an effective institutional framew ork with clear roles and responsibilities and specific mechanisms to embed gender considerations in all policies, programmes and budgets in a systematic and evidence-based manner. Most countries in the MENA region have reported developing a gender equality vision and strategy. Yet, these documents do not uniformly integrate international standards nor they are supported by effective implementation capacities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|vision gender supported equality strategy|9.8798895|4.284237|7.280114
5850|However, whether the latter is mainly aimed at identifying supply shortages, the indicator at hand is aimed at discovering temporary oversupply. Whether or not this situation may occur, depends on the flexibility of the power system as a whole, i.e. flexibility on the supply side (shutdown and ramping capabilities of generation units) and demand side (interruptible contracts, variable pricing, smart metering, etc.). The flexibility of the demand side of the power system will be dealt with in more detail under demand-side security of supply indices. This is particularly relevant when extreme events occur, occasioning sudden decreases in demand or increases in supply from other sources.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|flexibility demand supply occur aimed|1.4915665|1.4245987|1.9045932
5851|Since 2001, rapid population growth in large and mediumsized cities has led to a shortage of affordable housing for low-income residents, incoming migrants and even middle-class households. After the massive privatisation of housing in the 1990s, owner-occupancy is the dominant tenure in Kazakhstan, as it is in Eastern European and OECD countries. Given the extremely limited direct public provision of housing (including social housing), the private sector is best equipped to accommodate the rising demand for affordable housing in large cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing affordable cities incoming privatisation|4.856331|5.6161094|2.0933433
5852|Infrastructure is a result of both public and private investment, with private investment ranging betw een 25 per cent to 70 per cent of total infrastructure investment in different countries. But since data on infrastructure are scant and typically do not provide a comprehensive total of private and public investments, public infrastructure is used as a proxy in a large number of studies, thereby potentially leading to undercounting of total infrastructure stocks of countries in existing empirical analyses. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that many countries have not maintained reliable public infrastructure investment figures until recently, which creates issues around comparability. Hence, existing estimates do not capture the efficiency of infrastructure and service quality, which is a very important determinant of growth.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure investment public total private|3.9075568|3.9584534|2.0269463
5853|In 2003, members of the African Union committed to allocating ten percent of their national budgets to agriculture development in the Maputo Declaration. Malawi has successfully introduced an extensive subsidy programme for fertilizers - allocating 9 percent of its budget to it - which stimulated both agricultural production and economic growth (Dorward and Chirwa 2011). In Africa overall, the number of undernourished increased by 8 percent between 2007 and 2008, while it remained constant in Asia (FAO 2011). Their rise was greeted with optimism early on, with African countries ostensibly benefiting from the technology transfer, higher yields and higher productivity generally associated with foreign direct investment.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|percent allocating african maputo stimulated|4.166272|5.4203577|4.2534084
5854|"Further, credit meters were generally mounted on external walls of dwellings (in all residential areas), and suspicion was widespread that supply was accessed by unauthorised users. These meters also reduced the problem of non-payment. When selling prepaid electricity, the challenge of providing a convenient payment point close to every home can easily be underestimated. In most instances, the change from credit meters to prepaid meters was started with a focus on the installation of meters, but it was soon found that the system only started to operate smoothly once the focus included the sales channel page | gg as well. From an end-user's perspective, the real delivery process has much more to do with the logistics of moving vouchers (sometimes called ""tokens"" or ""PINs"") from a computer where they are generated, to the user's home and moving the cash from the user's pockets to the utility's bank account. However, in the disadvantaged communities targeted by the INEP, few residents have bank accounts."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|meters user moving started payment|2.3198028|2.0236638|2.365165
5855|There is a lack of legislation and control of the authorities in several environmental health domains, for example, safe use of chemicals, waste management, industrial emissions, occupational health, and outdoor and indoor air quality. The TAIEX report (2013) also underlines these points. The Law was amended in 2012 by way of harmonization with EU rules.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indoor harmonization underlines outdoor amended|0.92203903|6.603392|2.2088597
5856|This chapter considers: the use of indicator frameworks to monitor key information on school systems; the use of tools to monitor student outcomes (in particular, specific national assessments designed for this purpose, longitudinal research and surveys, as well as international assessments); the use of qualitative reviews of particular aspects of the education system (including ad hoc reviews, as well as evaluative information generated via external education system reviews); and the evaluation of specific programmes and policies. The overarching policy objective is to ensure that education system evaluation contributes to the improvement of student outcomes through improved education policies. There is a complex range of features associated with education system evaluation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reviews education evaluation assessments monitor|9.662458|1.9220239|1.6084132
5857|In the sample used for econometric analysis, storage patents represent on average only 0.2% of total patents. Nevertheless, in order to avoid any concern over possible endogeneity, regressions are estimated on the difference between the patent total and the dependent variable. Renewable Electricity in the Grid, Earthscan, London. Renewable Electricity in the Grid, Earthscan, London.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|patents london grid renewable electricity|2.0328634|2.5404449|1.8204912
5858|Discussions aimed to answer how refugee teachers could best be managed so that their rights were protected, their impact on the destination country was beneficial and they were enabled to improve educational quality and access. Participants explored systemic and structural issues as well as good practice and identified future research directions. Ongoing quantitative and qualitative research was presented by field-based practitioners as well as educational managers and academics.|SDG 4 - Quality education|educational research academics refugee answer|10.019232|2.775572|2.7027118
5859|The UN Secretary General's climate change summit in September 2019 will provide an indication of whether the facilitative dialogue has provided countries with inputs to raise the ambition of their climate actions. The world is not on track to meeting the Paris Agreement's temperature goal of 2°C and even less so for the 1.5°C goal (UNEP 2018a, IPCC 2018). As for meeting the aspirational goal of keeping temperature rise below 1.5C, as small-island states have pushed for, this would require transformation of energy, transport and food sectors on an unprecedented scale.|SDG 13 - Climate action|goal temperature meeting facilitative aspirational|1.1422118|3.8253443|1.4525363
5860|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Building on good practices and evidence of what works, the 2015 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life (hereinafter the GEPL Recommendation) confirms that a whole-of-govemment approach to gender equality is the most effective strategy for achieving gender equal societies for inclusive growth. It sets forth important benchmark policy recommendations necessary to set in motion well-functioning gender machineries (see Box 1.1 in Chapter 1). As such, these institutions facilitate a consistent whole-of-govemment response to gender equality, provide advice and guidance to centre of government and line ministries, monitor the status of gender equality and help formulate and implement policies throughout the government.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality govemment recommendation status|9.8233795|4.133202|7.2405887
5861|Nutrition-sensitive interventions ond programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving moternol and child nutrition? The lancet, 382(9891): 536-551. Household dietary diversity ond Food expendilures ore closely linked in rural Bonglodesh, increasing Ihe risk of molnulrilion due lo Ihe financial crisis. Association of household rice expenditure with child nutritional status indicates o role for macroeconomic food policy in comboling malnutrition. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(5): 1320-1325. Higher household expenditure on onimal-scurce ond nongroin foods lowers Ihe risk of stunting omong children 0-59 months old in Indonesio: implications of rising food prices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|ond ihe nutrition household food|4.531588|5.756486|4.6117783
5862|Personality characteristics are linked to the course of mental disorders and to work functioning. This is of importance because such personality traits cannot be directly changed. This holds also true for personality disorders, which can be influenced by psychological interventions, coaching, or training (e.g. training of social skills, or work skills), but cannot be directly treated, or even cured, in clinical practice. The significance of enduring personality characteristics, be it accentuated personality traits which are quite common or real personality disorders, shows that there is a group of people in need of long-term supports in order to achieve vocationally. They found that the association between mental disorder and subsequent work impairment weakens or even disappears once personality characteristics were taken into account.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|personality disorders traits characteristics mental|10.25694|8.736108|2.0911846
5863|The purpose of this Guide is to provide corporations with a better understanding of the barriers and challenges preventing women-owned businesses from accessing and fully participating in the corporate supply chain. It also provides tools and techniques for overcoming these barriers and leveraging the vast untapped economic potential represented by women-owned businesses. To put this in perspective, about 63 percent of the top 175 global economic entities are corporations and not countries based on annual revenue or Gross Domestic Product, as the case may be (White, 2012). Each year, corporations spend trillions of dollars acquiring goods and services,yet purchases from women-owned businesses account for a merei percent of the total spend (Vazquez & Sherman, 2013, p. 43). By overlooking women-owned businesses, corporations are missing an opportunity to expand their markets, diversify their supply chains, and grow the economy, while simultaneously improving the lives of women and girls around the globe.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|corporations owned businesses women spend|9.041778|3.8830361|6.303287
5864|At present, there is both a high degree of linkage associated with the effects from rapid suburban growth that revolve around weaknesses in road and public transport investment, congestion rising from the increase in commuting, perceptions that suburban residents are using urban public services that they are not paying for, and a shift in tax base from Prague to nearby municipalities. Because Prague is spatially bound, almost any suburban development takes place outside its municipal boundary, which makes the intensity of the effects high. Prague is striving to adopt a green growth urban strategy that is based on a compact city and to encourage urban renewal through redevelopment of browmfield sites. While this is the vision of the city of Prague’s government, it does not appear to be the vision of the surrounding municipalities, nor of the people who have relocated there.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|prague suburban urban vision municipalities|4.121263|5.2878594|1.4451855
5865|This situation entails a financial loss for producers and additional pressure on natural resources. However, of the 70 per cent of harvested food that reaches the marketplace, 30-50 per cent is wasted at home by the final consumer (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2013). Insufficient purchase planning and conservative expiration dates on labelling, as well as significant discounts when food is purchased in higher quantities, are the main factors explaining the large degree of waste at the consumer level. At the producer level, premature harvesting of crops usually causes a loss in nutritional value and, as a result, a significant portion is wasted as it is not suitable for consumption.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|wasted consumer loss discounts cent|4.0003066|5.3185763|4.5224514
5866|Responsibility for vocational secondary schooling is shared across two ministries, there are multiple course offerings, and provision is dominated by the private sector. This hinders statistical generalisations and sector analysis. Nevertheless, in line with trends worldwide, access to vocational senior secondary education is affected by the demand for its programmes and the level of resourcing available. Vocational education is typically perceived by Indonesian society as being for the “academic failures” and the poorer classes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational secondary resourcing offerings hinders|8.579064|2.5484464|2.782065
5867|Still, the supply can be constrained locally and/or seasonally, and also due to poor quality. In the first domain in Figure 1.1, the LWE resources represent a biophysical system, characterised both in terms of quantity’ (for instance, surface of land, energy equivalent of in situ oil, volume of aquifer water and rainfall) and quality (for instance the fertility of land, the accessibility of water supplies, and the access to oil fields). Concern over availability of adequate volume and quality of resources emerges from their vital role as inputs for economic activities; the second domain in Figure 1.1.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|domain volume quality oil instance|1.5647936|3.4266944|2.7959442
5868|Moreover, the Government orders that accompany the release of the funds to the city corporations/ pourashavas need to specify that the funds are to be dedicated to public and primary health in urban areas. To make the expenditure allocation and disbursement transparent and efficient, computerization of the accounting system is also imperative. Information, education and communication services should also be intensified to educate the poor about the consequences of being exposed to an unhygienic environment and eating stale food. The capacity of local government institutions to deal with public health issues needs to be improved by making them truly autonomous and financially independent.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|funds disbursement eating educate accompany|8.5959635|8.674533|1.9026791
5869|"As much as ""leaming-to-leam"" skills are important, we always learn by learning something. However, success in education is no longer about reproducing content knowledge, but about extrapolating from what we know and applying that knowledge creatively in novel situations; it is also about thinking across the boundaries of disciplines. Everyone can search for - and usually find - information on the Internet; the rewards now accrue to those who know what to do with that knowledge."|SDG 4 - Quality education|knowledge know novel leam accrue|8.690515|1.6734262|1.9412112
5870|To monitor the impact, indicators, such as the number of green jobs, the contribution of green businesses to GDP, GHG emission by strategic sectors and spending on green technology research and development, will be used. The finance ministry has identified economic instruments, such as environmental tax and green budgeting, while the central bank has included environmental performance in bank credit policy. These are part of the Government’s strategy to move away from the current high rate of per capita energy consumption and reduce energy intensity by 45% by 2035.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|green bank environmental energy budgeting|2.180238|3.760953|2.0565119
5871|According to public health authorities, most of the cases of HIV infection were due to abuse of oxymorphone tablets, which were dissolved and then injected. Authorities in the United States have indicated that the medical consequences of cannabis abuse continue to grow: the percentage of emergency room visits and admissions to treatment reported as cannabis-related increased from 6.9 per cent in 1993 to 17.5 per cent of all drug-related admissions in 2012. At the same time, surveys conducted in the North American region indicate that among young people there is a low perception of risk associated with regular cannabis use. In the United States, the Monitoring the Future Survey showed that 60 per cent of twelfth grade students (aged 17-18 years) do not consider regular cannabis use to be harmful.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cannabis admissions abuse cent regular|8.308702|10.234474|3.5647767
5872|Labelling students according to their assessment outcomes, and particularly making students repeat a grade, stigmatises them, and it has been shown how students' self-perceptions and their ideas about others' perceptions can negatively affect their motivation and learning (Hoff & Pandey, 2004; Schunk, 1985). At the same time, schools and teachers need to acknowledge that examination success continues to be important for students' life outcomes, and take on joint responsibility for their students' learning, for instance by offering more support to struggling students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students perceptions outcomes learning repeat|9.530386|1.7682302|2.0205467
5873|The demand elasticity of electricity declines in this scenario from 0.95 in 2011/12 to 0.725 in 2051/52. This significantly affects demand in 2050. Both projections are, however, still considerably higher than those from the IEA. A fivefold increase in electricity demand from 792 TWh in 2007 to 4 069 TWh in 2050 is projected in the Baseline Scenario. Total electricity demand is reduced in BLUE Map to the level of 3 769 TWh. Figure 3.1 shows electricity demand projections for India from the two different sources.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|twh demand electricity projections scenario|1.3852433|2.496146|2.4515545
5874|Death rates from ischaemic heart disease in Malta remain above the EU average but have shown a relatively consistent downward trend. More than a quarter of all deaths from ischaemic heart disease were premature, occurring in people aged under 75. These are potentially preventable through appropriate action within the health care system and wider policies affecting population health (see Section 5.1). Further remarkable improvements in survival have been demonstrated for malignant melanoma, testicular, thyroid and prostate cancers However, outcomes have remained unchanged for some cancers, such as those of the pancreas, stomach and brain, and specific types of acute leukaemias in adults. Deaths from lung cancer have also remained fairly stable and are among the lowest in the EU.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ischaemic cancers heart deaths remained|9.241931|9.318973|2.8409064
5875|For different conceptions of citizenship, these attributes will be correspondingly different. The ‘knowledge’ element is the bedrock of traditional schooling, but can also be acquired through independent learning with books, the internet and other sources of information. Skills are distinct in that they require actual practice of the activity, rather than solely abstract understanding, and therefore some of these can be developed in a classroom context - e.g. analysis of texts, oral communication - and others, such as campaign organisation, cannot. Values are the most complex of the three, since it is hard to determine the extent to which these can actually be ‘learnt’, particularly after early childhood, and the means by which this might happen.|SDG 4 - Quality education|oral correspondingly texts abstract learnt|8.879977|2.0444596|2.119899
5876|At the school level, the analyses consider the relationship between the average socio-economic status of 15-year-old students in the school and the scores of the 15-year-olds attending that school. At the country level, the socio-economic status of students, both on average and its distribution within the country, can be related to average performance at the school-system level. These associations partly reflect the advantages in resources that relatively high socio-economic status confers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school socio status average level|9.648068|2.2461603|3.020786
5877|There is considerable diversity in strategies for primary care-based treatment of mild-to-moderate disorders between OECD countries, and strategic approaches differ based on the organisation of the mental health system and primary care provision, as well as in many instances following the idiosyncrasies of individual primary care practices (Glied et al., Treating mild-to-moderate mental disorders in primary care is less costly for health systems than treatment by specialists, or by most specialist services (WHO and Wonca, 2008). With sufficient increase in coverage, depression treatments in primary care were found to be an effective use of health resources, even in resource-poor settings (Chisholm et al., As well as bringing economic benefits through helping return to work and improved productivity (OECD, 2012), more effective treatment of mental disorders in primary care can contribute to fewer inappropriate referrals to more expensive specialist care services (NICE, 2011).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary disorders mental mild|10.234373|8.816904|1.6748405
5878|The redistribution of tasks to nurses or the broader clinical team could be exploited, notably in emergency facilities that face increasing pressures from the demand side. A more co-ordinated and faster response from emergency department is furthermore urgently needed. There are innovative examples that can be found in Japan or in other OECD countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|emergency urgently exploited nurses ordinated|9.157322|8.918215|1.8039863
5879|In addition, a large number of other sectoral laws and institutions still impact the sector of land use and management. It also means likely delays for project development, including of urban infrastructure. Importantly, given the pressing needs for development under urbanisation, the complexity and opaqueness of the system also open the door to corruption. An immediate policy action should be to review existing legislation and regulations in order to streamline the regulatory framework and reduce the administrative burden that hampers developments and land regularisation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land streamline door pressing delays|3.7781768|5.5226784|1.6752938
5880|Only Almaty City has a metro line, with plans to build a tramline. Many cities depend on taxis, most of them informal (but cheaper) private cars operating as taxis, which increases traffic in some cities. Low fuel prices and parking space for cars provide further incentives for private vehicle use and limit cities’ income for public transport improvements.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|taxis cities cars private parking|4.245856|5.104445|0.9935981
5881|As such, countries are especially interested in learning more about their own teaching workforce and making comparisons with other countries in order to develop more effective policies to improve teaching and learning. The first section focuses on teacher characteristics and provides a profile of lower secondary teachers (with selected information provided for primary and upper secondary teachers). Analyses in this section focus on demographic characteristics such as the age and gender of teachers, their employment status, their formal education and their previous work experience. This chapter also looks at these characteristics in relation to how teachers are distributed across a system, in rural or urban areas or in schools deemed to be in more or less challenging environments.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers characteristics teaching secondary section|9.585398|1.4471552|2.5550241
5882|"The use of LNG as ship fuel has now started with ships on regular trades. An increasing number of ships on tramp trades i.e. when the ship does not have a fixed schedule or published port of call are using LNG as fuel in Northern Europe, where access to LNG can be provided by LNG bunker suppliers. ""Safe"" in an health, safety and environment (HSE) sense, ""reliable"" from the ship owner's perspective as the owner depends on fuel supply in the quantity and quality as needed at a location where needed and at a time when needed."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|lng ship ships trades fuel|1.0606933|2.3010764|2.3825102
5883|Mobile-broadband services are offered in only 38 per cent of the LDCs; however, in those countries where the service is offered, handset-based prices more than halved in PPP terms between 2012 and 2015 and currently account for 11 per cent of GNI per capita. Still, mobile-broadband cannot always replace fixed-broadband Internet access, especially in the business sector, and a growing number of applications require higher speeds and better connection quality. Figures on mobile Internet traffic show that the amount of data consumed by each subscription is increasing in most countries for which data are available.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband mobile offered internet subscription|4.856756|2.8356938|1.5008979
5884|While this focus has, no doubt, helped to raise awareness of the infrastructure challenge, it misses or, worse, sidelines, some key questions from a developing-country perspective beginning with how infrastructure can actually become a real force for structural transformation, raising productivity across sectors and activities, and creating a more virtuous development circle. It draws, in part, on the framework provided by Hirschman to make planning and programming activities more effective, in the face of the uncertainties, constraints and tensions inherent in the development process. Recognizing that development planning is a “risky business”, Hirschman stressed the importance of sequencing and experimentation to establish the right balance between what was then commonly called “social overhead capital” (public infrastructure) and directly productive activities (private investment) (Hirschman, 1958: 83). It seeks to show how public infrastructure investments can help to break the “interlocking vicious circles” (Hirschman, 1958: 5) that impede development and to help generate the kind of linkages that are key to structural transformation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|hirschman infrastructure transformation activities development|3.8400176|3.9513247|2.0368836
5885|There is also a 1997 regulation on the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. The Law defines the general functions of PAs, as well as the related responsibilities and jurisdictions of State institutions. It states that PAs can have international, national or local importance, and provides more detail on the status and regime of PA categories (State reserve, historical/memorial park, sanctuary, natural monument, botanical/zoological garden, arboretum, natural spa), as well as rules and responsibilities for zoning, management and monitoring.|SDG 15 - Life on land|pas responsibilities natural pa state|1.4754192|5.2034354|4.17439
5886|During flood events, the water flow through the weir is increased to lower the water level in the lake (the maximum discharge set in the jointly agreed operation rules is 15 mVs); conversely, the weir is more or less closed in times of drought, in order to maintain the water level. The overall trophic situation of the shallow lake is mcso-eutrophic. Lake Neusiedl had a good ecological and chemical status in 2009, according to the requirements of the WFD. Since the 1990s and the early 2000s, the diffuse nutrient load (e.g., nitrate-nitrogen) has markedly decreased.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lake water shallow trophic nitrate|0.7072026|6.7239304|2.8844168
5887|There will be flexibility in the scope, frequency, and level of detail of reporting and the scope of review that takes into account the widely varying capacities of different Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The aim of this exercise is to facilitate a shared understanding of the transparency-related provisions agreed at COP 21, and analyse the extent to which the information requested will be sufficient to meet the stated purposes of the enhanced transparency framework. Developed country Parties shall report information on support provided and climate finance mobilised.|SDG 13 - Climate action|transparency parties scope framework climate|1.2733803|3.6990864|0.8435447
5888|In 2012, 32 per cent of Members of Parliament were female, compared with 13 per cent in 1984. In the early twenty-first century women have held each of the country7s key constitutional positions: prime minister, governor-general, speaker of the House of Representatives, attorney-general and chief justice. It will further examine the contribution, status and role of women after a period of extensive social and political change in New Zealand, and how this has translated into women's voting and representation, women's role in conflict and co-operation, participation and protest, equal access to power, institutional culture and feminism.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women speaker protest governor general|10.494611|4.3588767|7.1662507
5889|An individual is considered poor if deprived of at least 33% of these 15 variables, taking into account their relative weights. The indicator portrays the incidence, intensity, severity, and nature of deprivation. This poverty rate shrank by half, from 60% in 1997 to 29% in 2011 (Figure 1.1, Panel D), mainly thanks to wider health care coverage, increased school attendance among 6-16 year-olds, better access to early childhood services and reduced long-term unemployment. The rural/urban gap is higher for the multidimensional than the income approach, partly reflecting the critical lack of infrastructure (in particular water provision and sewage), low education achievement and the prevalence of informal employment in rural areas.|SDG 1 - No poverty|shrank rural weights sewage severity|6.8119717|6.2664337|5.1122046
5890|The Convention covers both civil and political rights (rights to vote, to participate in public life, to acquire, change or retain one's nationality, equality before the law and freedom of movement) and economic, social and cultural rights (rights to education, work, health and financial credit). The Convention also pays specific attention to particular phenomena such as trafficking, to certain groups of women, for instance rural women, and to specific matters where there are special risks to women's full enjoyment of their human rights, for example marriage and the family. The Convention foresees that achieving equality may require positive action on the part of the State to improve the status of women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights convention women equality foresees|9.785499|4.883082|7.206879
5891|This type of research has proven valuable for the UK fishing industry (Box 1.8). This includes a project related to the removal of pinbones in cod and whitefish, the development of novel bioactive seaweed-based products, marketing, including retail displays of fish and fish products. A particularly interesting project is the establishment of a North Atlantic Marine Cluster w'hich seeks to strengthen relationships, build arenas for communicating research findings and benchmarking in the marine sector.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine fish products project novel|0.22226287|5.9447064|6.469829
5892|Such a forum could organise thematic events, with regular information retrieval and exchange facilitated by a dedicated website. As a first step, universities’ current connections, initiatives and projects involving stakeholder collaboration, community development and/or outreach should be mapped and published in the collaboration platform. The lack of robust and comparable data constrains the visibility and impact of universities’ activities. It also makes it difficult to measure the success or failure of programmes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|universities collaboration mapped constrains organise|7.630056|2.5072985|2.461271
5893|Prime-age workers also have relatively large shares of exits at high and low levels of skill, while overwhelmingly moving into medium-skill occupations. This section examines the development of levels of education of foreign-bom workers in comparison with Thai-bom workers in the context of changing labour market needs in the country. Additionally, the share of foreign-bom employed with a secondary education was below the corresponding share of Thai-bom workers. Nevertheless, a larger share of foreign-bom workers had obtained a tertiary education (13.1% versus 4.9% of the Thai-bom employed).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom thai workers foreign skill|7.2259865|3.604994|4.206804
5894|Sections 3 and 4 discuss issues relevant to climate finance mobilised and received. Conclusions are highlighted in Section 5. In particular, reporting this information to the UNFCCC is mandatory for Annex II countries. This section reviews this experience in relation to climate finance and highlights implications for the transparency framework to be developed under the Paris Agreement.|SDG 13 - Climate action|section finance climate conclusions mobilised|1.422776|3.7196856|0.80935186
5895|In smaller communes where the local government has few resources and limited capabilities the prefet can have a direct role in land use decisions, because they have the resources of the national state to support their decision while local officials have limited analytical capacity. In rural areas this asymmetry in capacity can lead to asymmetries in power. Today these decisions have been devolved to local councils at the commune level.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|local decisions asymmetry limited devolved|3.8340006|5.7354155|1.7247974
5896|The largest categories of edible finfish imports in value terms were frozen fish fillets (AUD 228 million) and canned fish (AUD 243 million). Crustacean and mollusc imports consisted mainly of prawns (AUD 246 million) followed by calamari, squid and octopus (AUD 55 million) and scallops (AUD 29 million). Non-edible fisheries products imported into Australia in 2006-07 consisted of pearls, fish meal, marine fats and oils and ornamental fish.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aud million fish edible consisted|0.4346907|5.9336047|6.801316
5897|This suggests that helping single-parents get better jobs and/or ensuring better compensation for the cost of children for single parent households is likely to significantly reduce the poverty rate in these countries. By contrast, Denmark and Finland have higher child poverty rates when both the single parent poverty rate is the same as a single without children, and when the two-parent poverty rate is the same as for childless couples, while Ireland and Norway just have higher poverty rates in the former case, and New Zealand just in the latter case. This suggests that these countries already effectively compensate parents for the cost of having children, meaning the poverty rates of those with children were originally close to those of childless households.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty single parent childless children|7.4777927|6.081153|5.1023073
5898|Meanwhile, the focus on changes may hide important differences in the levels: the highest poverty rate for children in large families was observed in Bulgaria (62%), where there was virtually no change between 2008 and 2012 for any of the two sub-groups. Data for 2011 is used for Belgium and Ireland. Break in the series for Austria and the UK in 2012. Migrant households are defined as those with at least one adult born outside the EU.20 Countries with insufficient case numbers of children in migrant households are excluded from the analysis.21 In countries like Iceland and Greece, where the overall child poverty rates increased substantially during the Great Recession, poverty rates rose much faster for children in migrant households between 2008 and 2012.|SDG 1 - No poverty|migrant households children poverty rates|7.2900596|6.298059|5.217216
5899|Volume 2: Case Studies of Romania and Slovenia. Budapest: International Labour Office. In The Gender Dimensions of Social Security Reform in Central and Eastern Europe: Case Studies of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. E. Fultz, M. Ruck and S. Steinhilber (Eds.). Budapest: International Labour Organization.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|studies case eds labour international|9.154462|4.652801|6.161014
5900|Lifting more specific sector barriers to FDI is a priority for Iceland (electricity and fisheries), Mexico (transport, media and fixed-line telecom and financial services), Japan and Korea (in the service sector) and India (aviation, multi-brand retail), where targeted barriers to trade should also be removed. Insofar as some of the rising trend in inequality in many advanced OECD countries can be attributed to growing economic integration of emerging market economies, recommendations aimed at further enhancing productivity through lower barriers to trade and FDI could in principle exacerbate wage inequality. As well, the rents created by agricultural support sometimes accrue to high-income farmers - especially when it is granted in the form of price support. Energy subsidies are often motivated on equity grounds, as poorer households’ income tends to be spent disproportionally on basic consumption goods, such as food and energy.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|barriers fdi inequality lifting disproportionally|5.3235517|4.773744|4.0905395
5901|Further disciplines could also be considered for capacity-enhancing subsidies. Besides subsidies for IUU fishing and overfishing and overcapacity, developing countries, including LDCs and small vulnerable economies (SVEs), should be permitted to provide fisheries subsidies for coastal and commercial fishing activities. These proposals reflect the position held by SVEs since the late 2000s—that disciplines should fall hardest on developed WTO members with large-scale distant water fishing (DWF) fleets, allowing developing countries and LDCs the policy space to provide subsidies to support the sustainable development of their domestic fisheries. The main new addition of the ACP and LDC proposals was to draw attention to subsidies that support fishing in the high seas. General disciplines for the elimination of subsidies contributing to IUU fishing and prohibition of certain forms of fisheries subsidies contributing to overfishing and overcapacity would enter into force no later than 2020.|SDG 14 - Life below water|subsidies fishing disciplines sves overcapacity|0.038156297|5.415873|6.7891283
5902|This change in policy resulted in a split of responsibilities between national and regional actors, which required the creation of strategic agendas seeking to facilitate the interaction between national and local plans. At the national level there is the creation of a new sectoral policy, the Top Sector policy, which aims at facilitating innovation in well-established sectors which represent the main strengths of the Dutch economy. The spatial policy retains a central government element in the definition of the areas of intervention of national importance. Cross-border policies also have an impact on regional development.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|policy national creation retains regional|4.2025313|5.08979|1.9796019
5903|The study also found that one in five children lives in extreme poverty. As is the case with monetary poverty, there is a pronounced difference among the countries when it comes to the failure to meet at least one extreme need, with variations ranging from 8% to 42% (see box 1.6). Although at first glance this might seem positive, there are several elements that need to be considered.|SDG 1 - No poverty|extreme glance poverty need pronounced|7.1717415|6.317281|5.1683073
5904|Given the large regional differences in India the analysis is also conducted by region and between rural and urban areas. In contrast to other BRIICs or OECD countries, education and incomes are negatively correlated with female labour for participation in India. Apart from lack of jobs, social and cultural factors keep women outside the labour force. Other determinants relate to infrastructure, access to finance, labour laws and rural employment programmes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|labour india rural briics apart|8.669037|4.4233546|5.81209
5905|"To close this gap, while improving learning outcomes for both immigrant and native students, it is necessary to include integration measures into school choice policies. While the Parliament voted down in May 2018 a proposal for the school provider or head teacher to facilitate the development of a balanced social composition, policy pointers on school choice discuss what Sweden could do to manage school choice and provide equal opportunities to all students. However, many students in the Swedish system have simply accepted their ""location-based” school."|SDG 4 - Quality education|school choice students voted pointers|9.977808|2.6360009|2.548181
5906|Figure B.1 gives a sense of the power of Moore's law. In the early 1970s, one could fit only 2,300 transistors into an Intel chip. Today, a single Intel quad core i7 chip contains about a billion transistors, and high-end chips used in workstations or servers (Xeon chips) can contain double that number. Over the period 1997-2015, the US consumer price index (CPI) for personal computers fell by nearly 95 per cent, while the corresponding index for all items purchased by consumers has risen by nearly 50 per cent.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|index nearly servers moore cent|4.7431765|2.8633695|2.0514185
5907|In Jordan, 52% of the female workforce is employed in the public sector (OECD, 2012a; Hendy, 2012). This situation mirrors similar trends in OECD countries. Yet, despite this progress in central government representation, women remain under-represented (the OECD average is 50%; see Figure 6.3). Indeed, the differences in salaries and benefits are affected both by vertical and horizontal segregation, as well as the incidence of part-time employment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|oecd horizontal vertical segregation salaries|9.154124|4.1452274|5.8656235
5908|The novelty resides in the new angle from which they are conceived: they are designed to facilitate the participation in research, innovation and entrepreneurial activities of those groups that currently have fewer capacities or opportunities to do so. Policies addressing social inclusiveness proceed either by building the innovation capabilities of disadvantaged groups, or by facilitating their access to opportunities to participate in innovative activities. The focus is on strengthening their innovation capacities, as well as on building the adequate business environment for innovation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation capacities building novelty opportunities|5.565962|3.5450385|2.6271002
5909|Husbands with higher bargaining power (as proxied by the education gap between spouses) spend less time on housework and more time on market work. However, the education gap does not influence women's time spent on household work, while the bargaining power proxied by age gap between spouses does not affect the husband's household work time. Having young children increases the time spent in housework for both spouses, but the wife's housework increases considerably more than her husband's (89.3 minutes vs. 29.8 minutes).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|housework spouses proxied time minutes|9.05895|4.8375826|5.6495013
5910|To improve health outcomes, health systems as well as global geopolitical, socio-economic, informational, technological and climatic interventions are required. Comprehensive coverage is sought for health promotion by including the total expenditure of joint efforts within multisectoral and multi-partner services and programmes that can be of policy relevance. In most cases, the multi-sectoral approach has joint interests, and expenditure that is beneficial to health care may overlap with that of other social functions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health multi joint expenditure informational|8.794225|8.863282|2.436202
5911|"Under the programme, nearly 700,000 “clunkers"" were taken off the roads and replaced by more fuel-efficient vehicles. Cars purchased under the programme are, on average, 19 per cent above the average fuel economy of all new cars currently available, and 58 per cent above the average fuel economy of cars that were traded in (United States Department of Transportation, 2009). The database provides a comprehensive annual update of the policy-making process in place since 2000 (www."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cars fuel average economy cent|3.8001935|4.62613|0.67719674
5912|It may miss those in informal employment, who are usually not covered. Since income coverage generally includes, for those in paid employment: total earnings and, in some cases, social security contributions, it would be important to obtain information on earnings components only for purposes of constructing the indicator. Administrative records may not be available disaggregated by key relevant variables, thus preventing the calculation of the pay gap for specific subpopulation groups. Should hourly data on earnings not be available, another variant of earnings data may be used, such as monthly earnings, weekly earnings, etc.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|earnings variant miss available employment|8.175747|4.6445513|4.6469345
5913|The concept of actio popularis is recognised in the 1976 Constitution and its scope has gradually enlarged. A 1998 law concerning environmental NGOs clearly states the conditions under which this right may be exercised. For example, NGOs (whether or not they have a direct interest) may submit a complaint or accusation and initiate the legal actions necessary for the prevention, correction, suspension or cessation of actions and omissions by public and private entities that represent, or may represent, a cause of environmental degradation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ngos represent actions cessation correction|2.3160288|4.515546|2.142363
5914|Its population continues to decline, due to habitat and prey base loss, poaching and retributive killing (because, due to declines in the density of wild ungulates, snow leopards then turn to livestock). According to the official statistics, the snow leopard population in Tajikistan in 2012 amounted to some 195 specimens. Tajikistan is home to its largest population (894 animals in 2012), but the number is reported to be decreasing, mainly due to poaching and competition with livestock.|SDG 15 - Life on land|snow tajikistan livestock population killing|1.4280752|5.373743|4.235812
5915|For certain (non-biological) medical waste, a temporary storage facility should be developed. This would avoid dumping part of medical waste until the incinerator comes on stream and create a back-up facility in case when the incinerator is not able to receive this waste due to maintenance or repair. At the moment, statistics for industrial waste do not include all waste and do not reflect the real situation. An environmental audit of functioning enterprises as well as abandoned industrial sites is needed in order to identify all sources of industrial (non-hazardous) and hazardous waste.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste industrial hazardous facility medical|0.45617384|4.055059|3.11677
5916|Thusthe CEDAW Committee has expressed particular concern at the notably high dropout rates of Roma girls and women in some State parties. Here too it is not enough simply to espouse a policy of equal access: a more transformative approach is needed that, in the words of the CEDAW Committee, requires States to address barriers to the education of women and girls, including negative cultural attitudes and excessive domestic duties, and to implement re-entry policies. The first relates to the extent to which women are represented in the workforce, particularly in higher grades and in traditionally male-dominated areas. In this context, the participative and redistributive dimensions operate closely together.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cedaw committee girls women roma|9.659177|4.703139|6.9437
5917|Global experience has shown that consistent policy commitment at the highest levels of government is key to accelerating women's entrepreneurship development. The level of policy support for women’s economic activity varies across the MENA region. Some governments have implemented national development plans or national gender strategies; others have engaged in efforts to promote women entrepreneurs and showcase their accomplishments.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women accelerating mena policy national|8.998955|3.4922714|6.478452
5918|A reduced VAT rate of 8% applies to foodstuffs. Some agricultural inputs pay a reduced VAT rate: it is set at 8% for plant protection and veterinary products licensed by the MOFAL, while the water delivered for agricultural production and land improvement services performed by public and cooperative providers are free from VAT (Deloitte, 2016). Irrigation covers about 6 million hectares, which represents about 15.6% of total agricultural land (MOD, direct communication) and about 70-80% of total freshw'ater withdrawals in Turkey.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|vat agricultural reduced deloitte veterinary|1.2327287|7.37829|3.134765
5919|In 2012, water released from the dam caused floods that led to 10 deaths, submergence of 10 000 homes and 10 000 ha of damaged farmlands. Nigeria has proposed to build the Dasin Hausa Dam to control floods that occur due to water released from Lake Lagdo. Since releases from the dam began in 1984, average low flows recorded are about 60 m3/s, an increase of over 300%. Changes in the floodplain have affected flood-recession cultivation of sorghum (yearly floods and clayey soils have made the land highly suitable for sorghum cultivation).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|dam floods sorghum cultivation released|1.0199721|6.717602|2.3286436
5920|However, both sides have a lot to gain from resolving the problems. Prague is unlikely to see significant urban renewal as long as greenfield development opportunities are available just outside its boundaiy. However, small municipalities cannot resolve growing transport problems, nor provide the full set of services to their new residents without co-operation from Prague. This ultimately may be a more difficult task because there is a considerably smaller shared interest between the two regions than between Prague and its nearby municipal neighbors.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|prague problems resolving greenfield sides|4.082815|5.2980213|1.3884631
5921|"Information on land-based and sea-based litter sources, however, does not give much guidance on how to ""Plug the Marine Litter Tap"". These sources have to be broken down to a more detailed level. Usually it is necessary to identify the different activities or sectors that generate waste and assess the risk for littering, whether intentional or accidental."|SDG 14 - Life below water|litter sources accidental intentional broken|0.033427857|5.6760902|5.6772428
5922|This implies that income-based measures need to be complemented by non-monetary measures to present a solid empirical picture of spatial differences in poverty and deprivation.8 Non-monetary measures are based on either the respondent’s self-assessment of their owrn material conditions or on measures of ownership of consumer goods and living standards (Boarini and Mira d’Ercole, 2006) but could also extend to measures of other types of achievements, such as their health, skills and political voice. This indicator is closer to an absolute measure of poverty as it is based on a set of commodities, each with the same weight, that are equal across all countries.9 This indicator is also based on counting the same number of deprivations in all EU countries, implying that it is based on a common EU-wide norm (as compared to the country specific thresholds used when measuring the income-poverty headcount). As the list of deprivation items is generally country-specific (and influenced by cultural factors), no measure of ‘material deprivation’ is regularly compiled for OECD countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|measures based deprivation monetary poverty|6.6214986|6.3238926|5.0576262
5923|The portfolio markers are practising teachers with at least five years of experience in the same teaching area and level as the teacher being evaluated. They examine the evidence provided by teachers and assign the performance ratings for the different dimensions evaluated by the portfolio. Portfolio markers receive proper training for their function by the Docentemas team and benefit from a detailed set of assessment rubrics describing the meaning of Unsatisfactory, Basic, Competent and Outstanding performance across the different elements analysed by the portfolio.|SDG 4 - Quality education|portfolio markers evaluated teachers performance|9.635129|1.3279743|1.5808375
5924|Bommelaer and Devaux (2012) list such cases: inherited orphan industrial pollution (ruins of war, sediments, sludge, dredging residues, etc.), Putting a price on water cannot compensate for such pollutions, as this would transfer the cost of pollution to agents not responsible for the externality. This first category of benefits encompasses the direct benefits received by water users such as farmers, energy producers and industrial facilities, as well as households.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pollution industrial sludge inherited sediments|1.4506518|7.3050427|2.3025334
5925|Forest stands are fragmented, with the number of owners increasing as a result of continuous division owing to inheritance processes. In FBiH there have been attempts to buy forests from private owners to incorporate them into the public forest stock. The management of private forests is delegated to cantons and municipalities.|SDG 15 - Life on land|owners forests forest cantons delegated|1.5135877|4.757976|4.0309796
5926|This is an intergovernmental institution focusing on the generation and application of early warning information and supporting capacity building. By 2015, RIMES had grown to include 13 member States and 19 collaborating countries. Consequently, countries in Asia and the Pacific are calling for better regional early warning systems for hazards such as transboundary river-basin floods (e.g. in South Asia and South-East Asia), landslides, flash floods and glacial lake outburst floods.|SDG 13 - Climate action|floods asia warning south glacial|1.4627281|5.1835413|1.6879096
5927|Early childhood development is a driving force for sustainable development in all societies,16 and through public investment in early care and education initiatives, a good start in life can benefit not only millions of children today, but also their communities and societies in the future. Specifically, participation in such preschool programmes decreases the likelihood of low educational performance at the age of 15.|SDG 4 - Quality education|societies early preschool millions decreases|9.385737|2.7849107|2.3096335
5928|As discussed in Chapter 1, OOP in Peru represented 29% of total health expenditure, a figure significantly above the OECD average, although similar to other LAC countries. But this does not mean that SIS, in practice, can rely on resources that are consistent with the number of its affiliates or the actuarial cost of providing benefits. In 2015, SIS’s average expenditure per affiliate was S/.82.81 (including all regimes) (equivalent to USD 31 or EUR 24), which represents a mere 23% of the estimated cost. Similar gaps between the expected cost and actual allocations to SIS have been identified almost since the inception of SIS (Prieto et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|sis cost expenditure similar oop|8.713673|8.701783|2.5443468
5929|"Too often, school science is seen as the first segment of a (leaky) pipeline that will ultimately select those who will work as scientists and engineers. Not only does the ""pipeline"" metaphor discount the many pathways successful scientists have travelled to reach their career goals (Cannady, Greenwald and Harris 2014; Maltese, Melki and Wiebke 2014), it also conveys a negative image of those who do not end up as scientists and engineers. Because knowledge and understanding of science is useful well beyond the work of scientists and is, as PISA argues, necessary for full participation in a world shaped by science-based technology, school science should be promoted more positively - perhaps as a ""springboard"" to new sources of interest and enjoyment (Archer, Dewitt, and Osborne 2015). Expanding students' awareness about the utility of science beyond teaching and research occupations can help build a more inclusive view of science, from which fewer students feel excluded (Alexander, Johnson, and Kelley 2012). Achieving greater equity in education is not only a social justice imperative, it is also a way to use resources more effectively, increase the supply of skills that fuel economic growth, and promote social cohesion."|SDG 4 - Quality education|science scientists engineers pipeline johnson|8.990415|1.1387981|2.384509
5930|The EmPower Partnership Programme is structured to ensure that these conditions are met. Ltd. launched its 100-Village EmPower Partnership Programme for Araria District in the state of Bihar in February 2005. These 100-kW plants were each expected to create at least 50 direct and indirect jobs in each village and eradicate poverty in the participating families. Since the launch, projects have been completed and operational in three villages. A governmental subsidy and the selling of C02 emissions savings (shown as a likely source of capital for the villagers who have no capital of their own) are used for “leveraging” capital by convincing ethical investors to provide the external equity or loan. Discussions with commercial and development banks indicate they would be prepared to consider 50-60 per cent of the project cost as a loan if the other funds are assured.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|empower village capital loan partnership|2.3584242|2.5364776|2.1799333
5931|The data provided and the information available in the OECD Benefit and Wages (www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentives~) show that the country provides some form of support for homeownership and rental assistance. Source: OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing 2014; see Box 3 for QuASH details and coverage. Due to data limitations, the monetary value of support provided through rent controls and tax relief for residential housing is not quantified in OECD QuASH and is therefore not included in the spending figures. It is important to stress that this is a first attempt at producing comparable data on the instruments and amount of support towards affordable and social housing in OECD countries. In particular, not all reporting countries provided information on all surveyed instruments and information on spending, recipiency and eligibility is often missing. As a consequence, the number of reporting countries changes across policy types.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|oecd housing provided affordable information|5.0006986|5.7374554|2.2257652
5932|In northern Israel, however, intensity of pesticide use (0.07 tonnes/km2) is more in line with the OECD average. In 2007-08, one or more pesticides were detected at around 35% of the Water Authority’s monitoring sites in coastal aquifers, although none had pesticide concentrations exceeding Israeli drinking water standards. There is some evidence that pesticide use has begun to decline in response to wider adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)22 and the need to meet the pesticide residue standards of the European Union, a key export market for Israel’s horticultural products.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pesticide israel standards detected pest|1.072161|6.8922443|3.025831
5933|A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted, causing brain cells to become damaged or to die. It usually occurs when the heart muscle becomes too weak to work properly. These substances are called plaques or atheromas. It is also sometimes known as insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes or early-onset diabetes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diabetes brain occurs cells damaged|9.272886|9.317267|2.630962
5934|Furthermore, GMS governments have designated more areas for forest protection and conservation such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and so forth. At the same time, there has been an increase in awareness of the importance of maintaining the remaining natural forests and more information has become available on the protective functions of forests and the value of ecosystem services. While it is difficult to obtain concrete data on financial aspects, it could also be true that governments may have increased budget allocations for forest protection and conservation compared to the outlay 20 years ago. This is also intended to ensure that they can benefit from forest management, e.g. enhanced livelihoods and income.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest forests conservation outlay gms|1.5563128|4.8191104|3.9089842
5935|The distinction between formal and informal enterprises is meaningful for policy design because the profiles, needs and growth potentials are different. Female owners in the informal sector of developing countries have much less education, start out of necessity, and often earn very little from their business. Programmes to ease registration can impact extensively on women, given that the burden of complying with government regulations weighs more heavily on the low-scale businesses where female owners are prevalent (Ellis et ah, 2007). The SIMPLES programme in Brazil introduced simplified regulations for micro and small firms with the objective of boosting registration rates.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|registration owners regulations informal female|8.793039|3.8200676|6.141691
5936|This is a particular challenge in a system which relies extensively on school-based workshops to develop practical vocational skills. Current budgetary pressures are putting particular strain on Spain’s school-based model of vocational training. Retiring teachers are not being replaced - ageing the workforce and perhaps distancing it further from industry, while postponing the replacement of out-of-date training equipment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational postponing training particular school|8.575662|2.5856957|2.8284202
5937|In addition, short innovation cycles in the IT industry add pressure on software enterprises to upgrade their capabilities. In the Indian software industry, formal training programmes exist in all large enterprises, especially those catering to the export market (Vijayabaskar and Suresh Babu, 2009). Such programmes typically aim at equipping new employees with programming and problem-solving skills, as well as exposing them to organizational procedures and routines.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|software enterprises industry equipping catering|7.753334|2.6210256|2.4975376
5938|Some such people may not even be registered. Corporate income tax contributed between 3.5% of GDP in the Philippines and 9% of GDP in Malaysia in 2012. While a declining corporate income tax rate is a worldwide trend, the issue seems to be exacerbated in South-East Asia with ASEAN integration. Since the adoption of the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint in 2007, several countries have further reduced their corporate income tax rate and expanded tax incentives and exemptions for investors (see table 2.1).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|corporate tax asean income gdp|6.4750814|4.8942146|4.1211414
5939|Past reports have covered a range of aspects of schooling such as the education of Maori and Pasifika students, special education, school curricula, pedagogy and assessment, school management and the education of diverse learners. The areas investigated in the National Education Evaluation Reports reflect the government’s educational priorities as well as issues identified by those in the sector. Schools use the reports to review and improve their management, organisation, teaching, and the achievement of students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reports education maori students school|9.845574|2.3555536|2.070233
5940|Due to the limited size of the individual herring quotas the operators proposed to introduce transferability, which were approved by the Icelandic authorities in 1979. Through the individual and transferable quota system, the Icelandic authorities had found a convincing instrument to solve the distribution problems related to a limited resource and large fishing capacity. The system covered cod and five other species, but also included an option for operators to choose an effort-based management option (days at sea). Initially, vessels under 10 GT were not included in the system.|SDG 14 - Life below water|icelandic option operators authorities included|-0.2103767|5.780635|7.0288706
5941|In addition to its contribution to national income and employment, agro-processing has the potential to increase income and access to food for the rural poor, who largely depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. This is achieved through the creation of small-scale processing businesses that can be carried out at home and do not require huge investment. Through such a ‘spillover’ mechanism, agro-processing can potentially impact household poverty in a sustainable manner.|SDG 1 - No poverty|processing agro spillover income huge|4.1891623|5.3425603|3.800226
5942|Developing countries are therefore required to actively participate in international standard-setting meetings for the harmonisation of standards and legal requirements. As such there are important benefits from further globalisation in the fisheries sector. Concurrently, increasing cross-border trade through the fisheries supply chain also carries risk when food and food products, both fresh and frozen, are moved around.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries frozen food harmonisation carries|0.17057171|5.729825|6.6824684
5943|But equally important was the rise in non-tax income in commodity-exporting countries. But tax reforms introducing a more progressive tax system also drove the rise in public revenues in some Latin American countries. For example, in Uruguay a new progressive labour income tax and a flat capital income tax were introduced, while some indirect taxes were reduced, with the objective of improving the fiscal balance, income distribution and economic growth.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tax income progressive rise flat|6.5956554|5.003087|4.3146644
5944|Data from six African countries indicate that the average youth underemployment rate was approximately 15 per cent in 2011 (ILO, 2017a). Figure 14 shows that youth unemployment is especially a concern in Northern and Southern Africa. In these subregions, young people also constitute a higher proportion of the total population than in other subregions, having already begun developing a significant demographic dividend. For the rest of Africa where youth populations and corresponding youth unemployment has yet to swell, there is a need to prepare accordingly.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth subregions unemployment africa underemployment|8.040792|3.9719305|4.110429
5945|Municipalities, especially those with a large share of low-income households and a high share of unemployment, may not have the financial and organisational capacity to supply and maintain social housing. In Poland, for example, municipalities are responsible for the supply and maintenance of social housing, but due to their scarce financial resources, the supply of affordable housing has remained a major challenge, especially in mid-sized cities (OECD, 2011b). This takes the form of demand-side subsidies (e.g. tax relief on paid rent for tenants) or supply-side subsidies (e.g. favourable treatment of rental income for landlords).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|supply housing municipalities subsidies landlords|4.83893|5.6566043|2.161601
5946|It also means less time for schooling and training, political participation, self-care, rest and leisure. This has profound implications for gender equality and women's and girls' enjoyment of their rights, as well as having wider ramifications for poverty, inequality and the achievement of sustainable development.2 Furthermore, time and resource constraints among some groups that are both time-poor and income-poor translate into care deficits, especially for children, reproducing disadvantage from one generation to the next. The international human rights framework, as established by treaties such as these, is complemented by labour standards, in particular International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|time ramifications rights poor treaties|9.560785|4.814301|7.0867925
5947|Rural youth often face similar problems. In addition, they are put at a special disadvantage by government programmes that target only urban youth and jobs. Adapting schooling and skills trainings in rural areas to rural needs would be an important step in supporting rural youth. Today the region counts almost 300 million people, 122 cities exceeding 100 000 inhabitants and an urbanisation rate of 40%.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|rural youth trainings counts exceeding|4.510111|5.3937583|3.4363563
5948|Most national curricula include subjects that specifically target students' social and emotional skills, such as physical and health education, civic and citizenship education, and moral or religious education. Some countries also incorporate the development of social and emotional skills in the core curriculum. In addition, many OECD students participate in school governance and classroom management as alternative forms of extracurricular activities. These activities help students to develop the skills necessary for living in democratic societies, such as negotiating, teamwork and taking responsibility.|SDG 4 - Quality education|emotional skills students education extracurricular|9.058572|2.2489383|2.1516259
5949|These include bioregional classification, coherent systems of marine protected or managed areas, ocean zoning and fisheries management. Environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment ensure that proposed activities do not cause undue environmental degradation. Overall, a key challenge remains: integrating various management approaches undertaken by sectors into a comprehensive and cohesive plan with the ecosystem as its central framework. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is one approach that can help countries undertake this task, and it is gaining considerable popularity. Similarly to integrated coastal zone management, it provides for operationalizing an ecosystem approach through a planning process involving all stakeholders.|SDG 14 - Life below water|environmental marine ecosystem management assessment|0.04219906|5.565208|5.981048
5950|European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm. Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe 2015, Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm. Sanatate pentru prosperitate [National Health Strategy 2014-2020. Health for wealth], Ministry of Health, Bucharest, available at: http://www.ms.ro/documente/Anexa%201%20 -%20Strategia%20Nationala%20de%20Sanatate_886_1761.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|stockholm surveillance resistance european prevention|8.738057|9.39278|2.4262855
5951|In Canada, Career Bridge3 is a national internship programme run by the Toronto-based non-profit Career Edge Organization and designed to address the dilemma of getting a job for those without work experience. The 4- to 12-month internships for skilled immigrants are paid positions that provide a crucial bridge between the international and Canadian workplace. In Finland, pre-vocational preparatory education for immigrants, known as VALMA,4 seeks to help immigrants improve language skills and other abilities that are needed for studying, according to individual study plans.|SDG 4 - Quality education|immigrants career internship toronto internships|9.773024|2.7137609|2.6467323
5952|The gap in unemployment rates between the foreign-bom and the natives is wide (Figure 10). Foreign-bom women show a particularly weak attachment to the labour market as they are more often inactive than native women. The foreign-bom have also lower income than the natives and, thus, are more exposed to poverty risk. Those coming from outside the European Union and through the family and asylum channels, who made up more than 70% of immigrant flows between 2006 and 2008, are less educated and younger than the natives, which make them more likely to suffer from labour market exclusion (OECD, 2011b, Table 4).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|natives bom foreign attachment asylum|7.2561913|3.689506|4.2453904
5953|Dozens of similar stories were shared by other migrant women, both during the focus group discussions and in the shelter cases. In this way, migration has helped challenge a well-entrenched customary system of discrimination that deprives women of strategic assets and access to resources. Moving outside the parental house without being married comes with great stigma in Nepalese society. The money earned abroad allows women to postpone their marriage and better negotiate their role and space in their new home.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women postpone entrenched stories shelter|8.872036|5.3050137|7.0402236
5954|Inconsistent approaches to setting reference flows and managing water permits can create conflicts, as can the absence of defined flow requirements for transboundary rivers. There is also the potential for allocation decisions to be taken at a state or basin level (and based on state or local priorities) on matters of national significance and in conflict with national priorities. For instance, while hydropower generation is a national priority, in some basins (e.g. Sao Marcos), irrigated agriculture may have more value. In such circumstances it is difficult to balance priorities between nation-wide energy needs and regional development. Stakeholders in the basins may fail to see the big picture, and national players may fail to consider local issues. There are also the benefits of a more holistic approach to basin management, which is supported by retaining greater control over management decisions at a higher level.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|priorities fail basins national basin|0.8952077|7.1681657|1.9106231
5955|Indirect taxes, such as value-added or excise taxes, can put a greater burden on poor women because women tend to consume goods and services that benefit families—health, education and nutrition (Barnett and Grown, 2004). Because men's businesses were much more likely to use unpaid family labour, some of the value-added was not costed and hence not taxed. Women entrepreneurs were more likely to be in the trade sector where the VAT rate was 10 per cent, while male entrepreneurs were in the production sector where the rate was 5 per cent. Recent budget analysis shows that the ratio of tax to overall government revenue is extremely low in many developing countries, compared with developed countries. Estimates from the early 2000s suggest that the ratio ranges from around 8 per cent in Bangladesh and India and 10 per cent in Nigeria, to about 32 per cent in Barbados and Botswana, compared with 29 to 30 per cent in Australia and the United States of America and 51 per cent in Sweden (Barnett and Grown, 2004).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent grown entrepreneurs added ratio|8.8410845|4.1604466|6.0258436
5956|The process of developing the Index involved a panel of experts from the academic, non-profit and government sectors to identify and prioritize food security indicators. The panel of experts was tasked to review the framework, select and weigh the indicators, and to advise on the overall construction of the Index. The development of the Index is based on the 1996 World Food Summit definition of food security; however, it differs from the FAO indicator system in that it groups the indicators according to three dimensions of affordability, availability and quality.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|index indicators food panel experts|4.3114014|5.6010246|4.5868344
5957|This includes a plan for relocating the two refineries in Baku. First, this decision ensures the viability of remediation action, as it is not artificially limited by start/end dates of project financed by foreign donors. The experience gained in Absheron can and should be used to improve waste management in other parts of the country. Although it is understood that there are limitations due to the undeveloped waste management infrastructure, the State Statistical Committee and the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources could improve the quality of collected data by gathering data from disposal facilities equipped with weighbridges.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste baku absheron undeveloped refineries|0.3795675|4.1092987|3.1841102
5958|They do not have enough knowledge of municipal acts and rules and regulations, and they lack prior experience of dealing with urban development issues. They get little support from their senior male or female colleagues and municipal officials do not co-operate with them. Women do not have the necessary resources to contest elections and they face discrimination in party-level decision-making, which leaves them feeling insecure about political corruption and the use of 'money power'. Moreover, they lack confidence in public speaking, and family responsibilities prevent them from participating effectively (State of Women in Urban Local Government India).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|municipal contest lack urban feeling|10.398978|4.421743|7.13973
5959|This section describes the wide variety of alternatives that are applied in the countries studied, in terms of the beneficiaries and benefits of unemployment insurance (section B.2), the access conditions (section B.3), the financing of the system (section B.4) and its organizational models (section B.5). This is followed by a brief discussion on unemployment assistance (section B.6), particularly as regards Australia and New Zealand. The section concludes with some comments on the challenges facing the design of unemployment insurance (section B.7) and a brief summary (section B.8).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|section unemployment brief insurance organizational|7.830374|4.928432|4.0590677
5960|Harnessing this technology to advance gender equality and women's empowerment is not only vital for women and girls, but critical throughout the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The link between technology and women's rights is clearly reflected in SDG 5 on gender equality and the empowerment of women, which includes a specific target on utilizing technology and ICTs to realize women's and girls' empowerment. However, realizing gender equality reaches far beyond any single, individual goal.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|empowerment women equality technology gender|9.429258|4.309886|7.2385693
5961|The Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress (Geneva, May-June 2011) approved, in the form of a set of decisions and resolutions, the initiation of the process to establish the Global Framework. For example, agrometeorological forecasts, epidemiological predictions and early warnings for floods or droughts will come in support of adaptation measures at community level. The GFCS will allow the United Nations system to better help Members States to fulfil their commitments regarding the Millennium Development Goals, the Sustainable Development Goals, and meet the new challenges they face. Each hot spot is home to large numbers of poor people whose livelihoods depend on climate sensitive sectors.|SDG 13 - Climate action|goals predictions epidemiological initiation hot|1.347034|4.608445|1.5361834
5962|However, since green growth policies cannot be separated from related sectoral policies, co-ordination among relevant national ministries is critical to the successful implementation. However, other ministries are also responsible for monitoring air pollution based on the economic activities under their supervision. For example, Ministry of Transportation (MOT) is responsible for monitoring emissions from cars and other transport modes. This has created overlapping mandates.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ministries responsible mot monitoring separated|2.3400147|4.208994|1.7886115
5963|Including socio-economic indicators related to food security, robustness and diversification of livelihoods, access to quality housing, water and sanitation, savings, school attendance for children, etc. For example, international economists criticised evidence of the economic growth impact of South Africa’s system of social cash transfers at a conference organised by the government of South Africa’s Committee of Inquiry for Comprehensive Social Security held in Cape Town in 2000 (“Towards a Sustainable and Comprehensive Social Security System”). Specifically, the evidence that cash transfers had a greater impact on reducing liquidity constraints to labour market participation and strengthening risk management barriers to investment in job search contradicted the conventional wisdom that reducing the personal costs of unemployment would undermine incentives to work and create dependency.|SDG 1 - No poverty|security cash comprehensive transfers social|7.3919473|5.828644|4.392321
5964|Private sector tenants receive support through housing allowances in all four countries - albeit very little in Chile - but private sector tenants account for about 30% of housing allowances recipients in the Czech Republic and 45% in Norway (see Figure 15; no information is available for New Zealand). Norway also provides public guarantees for private sector tenants and New Zealand directs part of the reported developer subsidies to the private rental sector but data on the amount of spending relative to these policies is not available. Overall, the spending mix in these countries is not tenure neutral.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tenants private sector allowances zealand|5.007203|5.7505736|2.2175055
5965|Among ASEAN countries, Myanmar has the lowest per capita agricultural expenditure in PPP terms and the lowest share of agricultural expenditure to agricultural GDP (Table 9.1). Last year of data available is 2007. More balanced public expenditures across various public goods, including rural infrastructure but also research and development and education, may help enhance agricultural growth.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agricultural lowest expenditure asean ppp|3.925922|5.2777457|4.065126
5966|In university colleges teachers (lecturers) are required to enrol in a pedagogical course, which lakes four years to complete. Postsecondary VET teachers are required to hold a higher level qualification than the level at which they are teaching (i.e. those teaching at professional bachelor level need at least a master’s degree, those teaching in academy profession programmes need at least a professional bachelor). In addition, they are required to have relevant professional experience (the minimum length of work experience is not specified by law).|SDG 4 - Quality education|bachelor professional teaching required level|9.493073|1.1769377|2.3485732
5967|Happiness and Alleviation of Income Poverty: Impacts of an unconditional cash transfer programme using a subjective well-being approach, Innocenti Working Paper No.2016-23, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Effects of a Large-Scale Unconditional Cash Transfer Program on Mental Health Outcomes of Young People in Kenya. Journal of Adolescent Health 58(2): 223-229. The effect of a conditional cash transfer for HIV prevention on the experience of partner violence for young women: Evidence from a randomized experiment in South Africa HPTN 068. Journal of International AIDS Society (in press).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cash unconditional transfer journal young|7.5104804|6.0286317|4.726708
5968|If export taxes in a big agricultural country are raised, this pushes up world prices and this is bad for small net food importing countries. Reductions in import duties have the same effect. Trade needs to be looked at as an international public good, which means that cooperation and discipline are needed, and requires countries to not think and act selfishly.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|pushes discipline looked bad importing|4.4553304|4.7981434|4.1188145
5969|Changes both in policy and markets - such as the structural transformation of many countries over the last twenty years due to shifting wealth - affect the income distribution through different channels. The evolution of inequality within countries is the result of policy changes as well as of changes in individual and household endowments and resources, returns to those resources, labour market participation behaviour, and demographic characteristics. Differences between market incomes and disposable incomes are sizable in many OECD countries, which points to the important redistributive role of the state. The role of taxes, cash, and in-kind transfers is markedly less important in many developing countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|changes incomes countries sizable role|6.8645434|5.090973|4.447013
5970|This currently affects between 7-8 million cars being sent every year to the scrap-yard in the EU. The world has seen global increases in population, average incomes (and consumption rates), urbanisation (and infrastructure investment) and huge growth in production activities. In many countries these trends have contributed immensely to economic development, creating jobs, increasing the material standard of living of many people, enabling investment in public infrastructure and reducing poverty levels.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|scrap infrastructure investment sent huge|4.0749536|4.8570185|0.75574046
5971|The case-fatality rate for people admitted for heart attack in Denmark is now among the lowest in those EU countries reporting these data (Figure 11). It is also low for stroke admissions. Due partly to earlier diagnosis but also better treatments, Danish women diagnosed with breast or cervical cancers have among the highest chances of five-year survival in the EU (OECD. Denmark offers as a primary screening modality the human papillomavirus test for the early identification of cervical cancer (IARC, 2017). Denmark's overall cancer mortality rate is the fourth highest in the EU.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cervical denmark eu cancer highest|9.215608|9.419769|2.6745381
5972|The consequences of the warming of the planet will continue to challenge the capacity of countries to prevent devastating impacts on people and ecosystems. The persisting inequalities in multiple dimensions have led to recognition that climate hazards have a differential impact on people and communities. It argues that, in the absence of well-assessed, far-reaching transformative policies at the national level, supported by effective global partnerships, building climate resilience will remain elusive and poverty and inequalities will likely be exacerbated. This would pose a fundamental challenge to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.|SDG 13 - Climate action|inequalities challenge persisting elusive devastating|1.5019311|4.9179325|1.9681149
5973|In practice, for a relatively small country such as Georgia, 90% of water pollution is likely to be caused by a few' dozen of the major polluters, which w'ill facilitate checks on compliance at source -though regular monitoring of water status will be needed, and the current monitoring and data collection systems will need to be reinforced. There is strong synergy between the tw'O processes: effective licensing requires information about all actual and potential uses of water w'ithin river basins. There is also the option of earmarking some or all of the proceeds of abstraction and pollution charges to the budgets of the new river basin management councils.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river water pollution monitoring ithin|0.840271|7.0593486|2.291317
5974|Revenues from water abstraction charges have remained stable in real terms at a level of around MXN 8 billion per year. Agricultural users are exempted from water abstraction rights for water quantities within their licensed quotas and the charge rate for quantities above their licensed quota is only between 0.7% and 8% of the general charge rate (depending on the availability zone); in 2011, revenues from agricultural users represented MXN 8 million or 0.1% of all water abstraction revenues. Water utilities pay preferential rates, at 2% to 10% of the general rate, and most of the proceeds are returned to them through the PRODDER programme.16 As a result, industrial users represent close to 70% of water abstraction revenues, which increases to 90% if the PRODDER reimbursements are considered. For example, water users can deduct the cost of buying and installing metering equipment from their water abstraction payments.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|abstraction water revenues users licensed|1.5366718|7.6439304|2.317795
5975|"Therefore, regional cooperation is critical for creating cross-border resiliency in energy infrastructure, going from ""energy self-sufficiency"" to ""high interconnectedness"". Table 4.1 presents an example, from transboundary power trade, of typical integration levels by key targets for energy cooperation. These common challenges present in the majority of member States include political, technical, regulatory and financial barriers."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cooperation energy interconnectedness sufficiency typical|1.5982246|2.2013042|2.2230742
5976|Autarky, or the pursuit of pure self-sufficiency via prohibitive levels of trade protection, exposes a country to the risks associated with its own food production, risks which are likely to be higher than pooled risks on international markets. The key manifestation of risks to availability and access is price volatility, which is likely to be higher on isolated domestic markets than on domestic markets which are integrated with international markets. In many countries, they led to increased trade policy interventions (Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010; Demeke et al.,|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|risks markets manifestation domestic trade|4.342383|4.952663|4.2292857
5977|This same observation has already been made in the case of social pensions and has also emerged clearly from a number of national health service systems.24 The issue is not exclusively one of public provision of insurance, but of missing insurance markets. Informal workers who cannot access social security systems unless they subsidise their employers by contributing as self-employed - something that very few of them do - have no option but a private health insurance that rarely caters to their needs. Social protection systems provide the means for societies to eliminate certain forms of social exclusion and to limit downward social mobility.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|social insurance systems subsidise downward|7.530835|5.633727|4.298265
5978|One WRC equals 1 000 gallons of water restored to rivers and streams that are certified by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation as being critically dewatered. Similar to carbon offset payments, WRCs allow purchasing water and environmental benefits independent of the location (so-called offsite mitigation) - as respective mitigation options might not be in place where the damage takes place. While only 2% of the customers decided to support the system, the generated income provides almost 6% of the Deschutes River Conservancy’s budget for leasing water rights. In particular, opportunities for replication and scale up need to be assessed, taking account of institutional and other requisites which drive the capacity of each tool to deliver.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|mitigation water replication place equals|1.2252005|7.4662247|2.2763157
5979|Entirely protected and sealed off means that the information is unlikely to be discovered by people that need it and therefore unlikely to be put to any good use. Entirely open could mean exposure to vulnerabilities, and in this case, infrastructure vulnerabilities, which could have severe implications on national security. Carefully constructed information architecture with information security built in as an inherent component is essential.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|vulnerabilities entirely unlikely information security|4.5112367|2.8724358|2.0361123
5980|Given the ideological currents of the time, that discussion was strongly shaped by an emerging development narrative focused on overcoming “market failures”, seen as endemic in infrastructure provision, and requiring government involvement through public utilities (power, telecommunications, water, etc.), Infrastructure was again the focus of attention, but from an opposing perspective, in the 1980s, as talk of “government failures” accompanied the sharp neoliberal policy turn. At that time, privatization became the instrument of choice to boost efficiency, along with measures to enhance private participation in infrastructure provision by making it more profitable. This included - in a sense coming full circle - tying infrastructure to the right business environment to enable participation in global value chains. The 2030 Agenda has once again broadened the debate with a more ambitious infrastructure agenda. Answering this requires unpacking the term “infrastructure” to consider the requirements, implications and consequences of different types of infrastructure creation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure failures agenda provision ideological|3.8142855|3.9903066|1.9926454
5981|Foreign investment and international assistance could be a potential source of “greening” effects, both directly through transfers of more energy-efficient and environment-friendly technologies and indirectly by facilitating spillovers to domestic firms through best practices in environment-friendly productions, technologies and management (Section 4). These export-oriented sectors have also attracted an important share of FDI (20% of the FDI stock). By ensuring transit of natural gas from Russia to Europe, Ukraine also plays a strategic role in international energy relations. Its total primary energy supply (TPES) is dominated by four energy resources: natural gas represents 41%, followed by coal (29%), nuclear energy (18%) and oil (11%). Electricity production comes mainly from nuclear power plants (48%), followed by coal power generation (34%) (Figure 4.1). Heating depends almost exclusively on gas.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy gas fdi friendly coal|1.5252206|2.2254527|2.1454935
5982|Another approach, albeit more costly for public budgets, would be to provide state guarantees for clean energy projects, thereby making commercial banks more prone to approve loans for clean energy projects. However such guarantees may be perceived as a sign that the regulatory environment is not transparent and stable enough to encourage investment. In the case of a non-investment grade country, the credibility of the guarantees may be undermined by a lack of confidence in the country’s ability to honour the guarantee.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|guarantees clean honour projects approve|2.2390578|2.8240948|1.8032964
5983|A national fossil fuel tax has provided the main source of funding for Costa Rica’s PES scheme. Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) As well as core biodiversity budgets, this Target has opportunities to attract funding from businesses. Engagement of businesses will be important in the development of SCP plans for different sectors, and should provide opportunities to secure business funding for research and action planning, helping businesses to develop the evidence base and identify the actions they need to take to reduce their impacts on biodiversity over time. Reduced loss of natural habitats Wetland banking is an innovative economic instrument that has substantially increased private sector funding for wetland conservation in the US, and could be applied in other countries.|SDG 15 - Life on land|funding scp businesses wetland biodiversity|1.749929|5.072783|3.419541
5984|Seethe UNFCCC website for the complete list of countries (UNFCCC, 2016). Three more projects - in the United States, Australia, and China - are currently in various stages of planning or construction, with anticipated start of operations in or before 2020 (Global CCS Institute, 2016a). However, the Sleipner and Snohvit projects are currently the only ones in which C02 is injected specifically for permanent storage. All other operating projects use the C02 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR),26 in order to recover costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|projects unfccc currently ccs recover|1.1892363|2.9212446|1.7745838
5985|It implements an extensive pest control programme to reduce bovine Tb. Farmers and the public can obtain free data on movements in the national average yearly milk solids price for up to 20 years from its publication New Zealand Dairy Statistics, available on its website,. Information is also provided on how to cope with adverse conditions arising from drought and floods based on previous experience. Since its launch in 1998, the Group has grown to be one of the world's largest online foreign exchange companies by offering competitive exchange rates, technology and service. The company is structured as a farmer cooperative and is owned by about 20 000 farmer suppliers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farmer exchange tb solids implements|3.742678|5.018948|4.401936
5986|Quality indicators should focus on chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, as well as mental health, given Costa Rica’s evolving health care burden. Validated metrics of the quality of primary care for these conditions are well established internationally (such the OECD’s Health Care Quality Indicators), and should be adopted by Costa Rica. Costa Rica should aim to submit data to the OECD’s Health Care Quality Indicators project in 2017.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|rica costa care quality health|9.005451|8.861036|2.5555575
5987|This however, may be difficult in practice. Experience with the Performance Assessment Framework in Mozambique (discussed in Box 1.3) demonstrates that despite a formal agreement by the government and the supporting development agencies to use the assessment framework jointly agreed upon, the co-ordinated approach has been challenged by the prevalence of stand-alone projects and programmes. With the arrival of climate change-related funding, different actors have also tried to position themselves as being best placed to access the additional climate funds (IIED, 2013b).|SDG 13 - Climate action|assessment iied framework arrival tried|1.2596422|4.6612086|1.3498539
5988|In the 2°C scenario, the IEA (2015, p. 64) estimates an average annual investment of more than $1 trillion per year between 2016 and 2050 over and above the baseline scenario. The changes will be created primarily by national regulations and initiatives aimed at reducing GHG emissions and adapting to climate change, which will send the price signals to investors and producers that will drive the changes. The first category involves massive increases in consumption of goods that are heavily traded globally. Global exports in 2014 of products under Harmonized System (HS) code 854140 (which is overwhelmingly made up of solar panels) stood at $54.5 billion, up from $7.2 billion in 2000.3 The second category also involves goods that can potentially be internationally traded: manufacturing equipment for modules, wafers, transformers, etc.|SDG 13 - Climate action|traded involves category scenario goods|1.6261567|2.4913776|1.9861493
5989|In both the BPO and 2DS, biomass plays a bigger role in district heating towards 2030 and beyond. This is due to the relatively cheap domestic biomass available to meet RE targets in the BPO. Biomass competitiveness is subject to uncertainty, if global biomass demand drives up prices. By 2050, heat pumps could supply up to 40% of the annual heat consumption in the 4DS and BPO.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|biomass heat pumps drives cheap|1.6974587|2.601045|2.7278066
5990|"For some countries—mainly the Nordic and Western European countries—the situation is a reflection of a mature, generous and redistributive system of pension benefits.32 Full-career workers are covered by eamings-related public pensions and supplementary pensions from mandatory occupational schemes, while low-income workers and older people are eligible for basic or minimum pensions (OECD, 2011). Similarly, France provides a rather generous targeted (subject to a means test) minimum income to older persons aged 65 years or over via an old-age assistance programme, the “minimum vieillesse"". Accessed in September 2011)."|SDG 1 - No poverty|pensions minimum generous older workers|8.001709|5.3949943|4.4654922
5991|Obviously, this reserve capacity adds to the upfront investment cost, requiring a trade-off between investment and distribution costs. Since the daily peak demand in rural Indian areas typically occurs in the evening through lighting loads, replacing incandescent lights by compact fluorescent lamps can help to reduce the peak load. Around 404 million people in India, or 36% of the population, mostly living in rural areas, have no access to electricity (IEA, 2010c). Rural electrification has been an important issue of India's policies since its independence. Initially the focus was on electrification of irrigation pumps for agriculture, especially during the time of the green revolution in the 1960s.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification peak rural india lamps|2.180723|1.8705009|2.6183977
5992|"Some countries have specialised working groups or ""innovation networks” - involving industiy, institutions, government, academia and experts - in thematic areas such as skills, education, sectors (e.g. manufacturing; agriculture), etc. These groups facilitate the creation of policy roadmaps and innovation agendas, which will nourish the design of strategies and policy programmes at a higher level. A corollary of this increased accountability is the importance attached to policy monitoring and evaluation in good governance practices. This, in turn, requires a sound and reliable system of STI indicators and innovation statistics."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation policy groups academia sti|5.2972655|3.5324771|2.4898057
5993|The tool is intended to assist governments and decision makers in deciding on the most appropriate road safety policies and measures to achieve tangible results. The model is based on historical road safety data and relations between several road safety parameters, and provides information on different road safety scenarios. The tool's output is a spider diagram that summarizes a city's overall state of urban transport and performance against each indicator.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road safety tool diagram summarizes|4.217703|5.242225|-0.033290155
5994|The UAE’s Office for the Co-ordination of Foreign Aid, which was established in 2008, started reporting activity-level data to the CRS database in 2009. It is the first and only country outside the DAC’s membership to have done so (Tirpak et al, 2010). At present, only DAC Members - 23 countries and the EUI — use the climate change mitigation marker (see footnote 46 for a full list). However, once a country reports data al the activity level in the format required by the CRS, using the Rio markers is a relatively straightforward next step.|SDG 13 - Climate action|crs dac activity uae markers|1.5367582|4.004424|0.7528947
5995|These platforms can be different in type depending on their end-customers, inventory business model, the value unit they provide, and the extent of their open access. However, they have all grown in market reach, scope and in the communities they serve. Moreover, they have expanded from mere matchmaking to providing many more services for their customers including logistics, software and even hardware sales. Finally, with every increase in community reach, more information and knowledge is generated through them, increasing the value they provide for SMEs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|customers reach hardware value mere|5.057117|3.1291535|2.2312565
5996|Shared responsibility for teaching and learning characterises education in Finland; parents, students and teachers alike prefer an approach that allows schools to keep the focus on learning and permits more freedom in curriculum planning than the external standardised testing culture prevailing in some other nations. While the National Curriculum Framework for Basic School and similar documents for upper secondary education provide guidance to teachers, curriculum planning is the responsibility of schools and municipalities. Local education authorities approve curricula for schools, but teachers and school principals play a key role in curriculum design.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curriculum teachers schools responsibility education|9.479243|1.8088063|2.084122
5997|Andriopoulou andTsakloglou (2015) used both the ECHP 1994-2001 and the EU-SILC 2005-2008 to analyse the effects of employment, income (i.e. changes in earnings) and demographic events on adults' movements in and out of poverty in all EU countries that had valid data. They found that changes in labour earnings of the household head is a consistent predictor of poverty transitions in all countries, but more so in the Mediterranean ones; employment events matter more for poverty exits than entries; and demographic events are somewhat more important in Scandinavian countries. First, it uses children, rather than adults or households, as units of analysis.|SDG 1 - No poverty|events demographic poverty adults earnings|7.127775|6.177443|5.219876
5998|Efficient mechanisms will be needed to ensure that transport and development projects effectively follow the plans developed. In Paris, only projects included in the PDU (see Box 3.3) are subject to financing. In London, all development projects that do not conform with the development plan are automatically required to produce a transport assessment (which is normally only required for large projects considered to have major transport implications).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|projects transport required development conform|3.9320903|5.2967043|1.2416348
5999|Rewards are distributed among teachers and education assistants within each rewarded school. Regulations specify that 90% of the Subsidy for Performance of Excellence is to be distributed to teachers in proportion to the number of individual contract hours. The remaining resources may be distributed according to special incentives programmes designed by individual schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|distributed teachers individual assistants rewarded|9.733643|1.45798|1.712849
6000|It should be noted that growth of TFP has been stronger in agriculture than in the economy as a whole over the last two decades. For example, in 2001-09 agricultural TFP growth was 3.7% per year compared with 2.1% for the whole economy (Fuglie, 2012 and OECD, 2010a). Since 2005, the value of agro-food exports has been consistently more than twice the value of agro-food imports and its share in total exports increased from 11% in 2000 to 21% in 2010. Palm oil and natural rubber alone accounted for 60% of total agro-food exports in 2008-10. Asian countries are the main export destinations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agro tfp exports food economy|4.052338|4.891241|4.2260165
6001|"The Summit, together with a People's Climate March in which the Secretary-General participated, demonstrated the power of civil society and business as catalysts for national action. The close of the Summit brought renewed hope, not only that a universal agreement might be possible in 2015, but also that the high-level engagement of leaders, civil society and business would help galvanize it. Among its conclusions, the IPCC again found that human influence on the climate system was clear. It stated that anthropogenic GHG emissions were the highest in history, and that recent climate change had widespread impacts on human and natural systems.91 AR5 emphasized that climate change risk would more severely impact already vulnerable and marginalized communities92 Limiting global warming to 2°C would require ""substantial emission reductions over the next few decades and near zero emissions of C02 and other long-lived GHGs by the end of the century""93 In addition, AR5 indicated that effective mitigation would require international cooperation."|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate summit civil require emissions|1.1787492|3.902721|1.5389929
6002|The future transparency framework is likely to increase the overall frequency and quality of information on GHG emissions and climate support, for example by increasing the frequency of reporting for some developing country Parties, filling information gaps in the current system, reducing duplication and providing clearer guidance in areas such as accounting for NDCs relating to mitigation. Technical expert reviews and multilateral consideration of progress under the Paris Agreement may also provide improved feedback and assist Parties to improve their measurement and reporting systems over time. Further examples of ways in which the future transparency framework is enhanced compared to the existing system are provided in Section 3.2.|SDG 13 - Climate action|frequency transparency parties reporting future|1.2439077|3.6486287|0.8452489
6003|As the Fosen service matured, an intermediate-care facility was created, where people could be admitted for a few days and cared for by community primary care doctors working closely with hospital specialists. With support from the specialist hospital, Fosen DMC is providing a comprehensive package of care and services closer to where residents live, minimising travel time, promoting patient-centred care, and avoiding costly admissions to the acute hospital. For example, when the hospital was persuaded to locale an audiologist at Fosen DMC, his lists were soon full, patients were satisfied, and patient transport costs for which the hospital had been previously liable were reduced. Evidence of staff satisfaction can be seen in veiy low absence rates of around 3%.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital care patient veiy liable|9.259897|8.839959|1.6900827
6004|This relative measure brings the important dimension of inequality into the definition. Thus, the prime concern with the material dimensions of poverty alone has expanded to encompass a more holistic template of the components of well-being, including various non-material, psychosocial and environmental dimensions. Deficits within the other dimensions of well-being exist at levels of income well above the absolute—and even the relative—poverty lines.|SDG 1 - No poverty|dimensions material relative psychosocial poverty|6.608383|6.411234|5.0530834
6005|Strategies for increasing the number of smaller housing units can include zoning accessory dwelling units, which can be used to increase the supply of small units. One such example is Manchester’s Urban Cohousing project, which supports a resident-led group for independent flats and communal spaces for older people. A housing relocation system to match housing demand with household size can help satisfy the housing needs of both generations: Older people living in large houses earn income by renting their houses to younger families with children, and moving to accommodation more suitable to later life. The Japan Trans-housing Institute (JTI) helps to connect house owners over 50 years old with families with young children who are looking for rental accommodation (Japan Trans-housing Institute, 2014).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing units trans accommodation houses|4.657851|5.5082407|2.035296
6006|Migrants can place great burdens in countries where existing resources are often limited, poorly managed and overexploited. But unsustainable use of water and land resources will not help to meet these targets. Climate change is focusing minds on sustainability and the fact that the natural resources of future generations are being consumed to satisfy the economic demands of today. The findings confirm that water insecurity acts as a major constraint to global economic growth.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|resources overexploited burdens satisfy confirm|1.3614258|7.090471|2.6776247
6007|It is after all mainly firms that innovate, from small start-ups to large multi-establishment and multinational firms. Moreover, aggregate analysis conceals their significant heterogeneity. Firms’ performance and characteristics differ across countries and within industries, and they may take many paths to innovation. The advantage of micro-level analysis lies in its effort to model the channels through which specific firms’ knowledge assets or channels of knowledge access affect their productivity.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|firms channels knowledge analysis innovate|5.4437356|3.4198203|2.5470808
6008|They need to start learning about their human and legal rights, and where they can get support and protection if needed, whether through health or legal aid services, peer groups, school mentorship programmes or other options. Support to grow and develop must reach girls regardless of where they are—in well-off and poor communities, in urban and rural areas, and at any stage of migration or displacement. This offers the added benefit of spurring demographic transition and the size of any associated demographic dividend.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|demographic legal mentorship dividend displacement|9.748911|5.1350374|6.5141716
6009|They commit themselves to increasing students’ school and personal success through an improvement project. In turn, education authorities commit themselves to providing the necessary resources. The last report on Retention in post primary schools shows that the average Leaving Certificate retention rate in DEIS schools increased from 68.2% to 73.2% for students who entered post primary level from 2001 to 2004.|SDG 4 - Quality education|commit retention post schools primary|9.425716|2.3091176|2.9147105
6010|It is fair to say that it is a growing market in Norway where different actors offer AfL packages, and from a research point of view, not all of these packages are seen as high quality tools. The policy programme could be seen as a sign of distrust of the teaching profession, as well as of Teacher Education, since it both suggested which material should be read, and offered examples of how to practice AfL in classrooms. This, according to the researchers, suggested that teachers were not able to develop assessment practices for themselves, and therefore needed recipes to know how to do it.|SDG 4 - Quality education|afl packages suggested seen distrust|9.712419|1.5817534|1.2598319
6011|A good or service may be valued as a means to reach a specific human-focused end, such as good health, safety, satisfaction or happiness. Instrumental values do not exist in a world without humans, as it is the human valuation that defines this value. For example, we assume that the conservation of historical sites, wetlands, and/or species is motivated by the contribution this makes to individuals' well-being. The goods and services generated by an ecosystem or cultural landscape can create and contribute to people's welfare either by being used directly or indirectly (use value), but can also be valued even if it is not used (non-use value).|SDG 15 - Life on land|valued value good happiness human|1.8401748|5.352506|3.6602352
6012|Of these, the following countries were selected for examination: Angola,Austria,the Bahamas,Bulgaria,Chile,Macedonia, Pakistan and Togo {with occasional reference to other country reports). Because there were no country reports from the MENA region in this reporting period, we have also included the report from Jordan, which was from an earlier reporting period (February 2012). This entails a recognition of the interlocking nature of women's disadvantage: how imbalances of power within the home and family radiate outwards into inequalities in the labour force and more generally in access to resources and public life. It is not enough to point to the many situations in which women remain subject to formal legal disabilities; it is also important for UN bodies to highlight substantive disadvantage, whether or not caused by legal inequalities. He adds that lack of recognition of reproductive rights is also part of this cycle since women lose out on work and education by having to marry and have children early (ibid.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|disadvantage recognition inequalities reports reporting|9.4606085|5.036966|6.8455634
6013|Women did not only learn how to use a computer, but also how to maintain one and process data. The association also developed a website that enabled women members to improve their marketing and sales skills. The website has proved important in enabling women to reach out with their products beyond the local market.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|website women computer proved enabled|9.062999|3.646938|6.562724
6014|The particular risks of the agricultural sector, exacerbated by a particularly risk-averse financial services sector and unpredictable government policies limit access to agricultural finance to a narrow group of large farmers and preclude smaller farmers from the possibility to finance the modernisation of their production and the expansion of their trade. The study discusses actions put in place by Aid for Trade programmes aimed at enhancing access to agricultural credit. The remainder of the section is structured as follows: a description of the structure of the agricultural sector in Zambia and of the specific constraints burdening the financing of agricultural production and trade; and a discussion of the aid-for-trade interventions meant to address those constraints. Agriculture occupies 85% of the labour force and represents 21.4% of the country’s GDP.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agricultural trade aid constraints sector|3.8756175|4.9558654|3.618312
6015|For example.an increase in women in higher grades of an occupation might coincide with a lowering of status, thus decreasing both the redistributive and recognition measures of substantive equality and possibly negating the gains in the participative dimension. Alternatively, more women might be employed in higher grades without changing male-dominated working hours, so that childcare is simply delegated to other low-paid women. In this way, the participative and even redistributive measures might be improved but no transformational gains will be made.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|grades redistributive gains women coincide|9.2442665|4.8536363|6.1553707
6016|Much attention is given to reformulating and extending the legislative and regulatory framework, and the recently adopted Law on Drinking Water was a key step in that direction. Although the main principles of IWRM are set out in the Water Code, it is necessary to reorganize the water management system throughout the country, by means of a national IWRM plan covering not only the country as a whole but also individual water basins separately. Although the Government pays great attention to water-saving ideas, there is still a shortage of analyses and practical guidelines on how to save water, using both economic and technological means. To reduce the water deficit, it is possible to take measures by improving the technical state of irrigation systems and applying modem water-saving irrigation techniques and a closed system of water supply.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water iwrm saving irrigation attention|0.9079979|7.265496|2.2527614
6017|The Paris Agreement does not specify whether this aspect of the global stocktake will address the three components individually or collectively. Further, the diversity of these responses means that “translating” different countries’ progress in adaptation into a single unit would be difficult. Indeed, a review of principles for indicator development, selection, and use in climate change adaptation monitoring and evaluation highlighted that “There are no universal metrics or indicators for adaptation” (Climate-Eval, 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation translating individually stocktake climate|1.1680346|4.7143593|1.444441
6018|If the perpetrator is a descendant or the spouse of the victim, the penalty is two years in prison and a 2 000 dinars fine. Article 53 of the UAE's penal code allows the imposition of “chastisement by a husband to his wife and the chastisement of minor children” so long as the assault does not exceed the limits prescribed by sharia. In such cases, the court may request compensation for the woman, at the discretion of the judge.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|perpetrator imposition prison uae assault|9.840958|5.4710083|7.3385906
6019|Diseases of the respiratory system w'ere the leading cause of death in 1990 (31.3 per cent), but decreased to 4.5 per cent in 2005 and stayed between 3 .4 and 4.5 per cent in the period 2005-2016. In 2014, the probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from the four main non-communicable diseases (NCDs) was 32 per cent. The leading causes of mortality in 2016 were diseases of the circulatory system (33.3 per cent), cancer (25.6 per cent), injuries, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (15.0 per cent), diseases of the digestive system (7.4 per cent) and diseases of the respiratory system (4.3 percent).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent diseases respiratory causes leading|9.15547|9.045171|3.114592
6020|It was launched in February 2009 at a global meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and initiated by the Malaysian Muslim feminist group Sisters in Islam. The movement was a transnational response to the equally transnational problem of the use of Islam to resist women's demands for equality. Musawah comprises NGOs, activists, scholars, legal practitioners and policymakers across the globe and approaches gender equality in the Muslim family along three axes: knowledge-building, capacity-building and international advocacy. Musawah starts from the premise that equality is a founding principle of Islam, and gender equality is therefore in line with Islam, rather than opposed to it.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|islam equality muslim transnational building|9.926276|4.661315|7.3744144
6021|However, Norway has developed a range of other policy levers predominantly aimed at improving the quality of higher education, and these may also affect the labour market relevance and outcomes of the system indirectly. This approach has built high levels of trust between the government and the higher education system and could be used more effectively to build a consensus on the role of higher education in developing labour market relevant skills and helping graduates achieve good outcomes in the world of work. At the highest level, the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Education and Research host an annual meeting with stakeholders to discuss priorities for higher education and research. Participants include the rectors and senior management from all higher education institutions, experts on higher education and research, and representatives from other ministries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education higher research outcomes levers|8.598272|2.3281124|2.5134172
6022|Vulnerable social groups are also affected disproportionally by pollution and are often ill-equipped to cope with environmental degradation. Within countries, some regions, and even neighbourhoods within cities, prosper while others lag behind. As highlighted in OECD work, it is important to inform the policy debate about pro-growth policies with a better understanding of the drivers of both monetary and nonmonetary outcomes, and actions that create opportunity for all segments of the population.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|disproportionally neighbourhoods lag equipped segments|4.2589884|5.067792|2.1292162
6023|This declining trend is observed in all OECD countries, reflecting the shrinking importance of the agricultural sector in the overall economy. Turkey and Korea stand apart with the weight of agricultural support, at 2.1% in 2011-13, more than double the OECD average despite the fact that these shares have substantially decreased since the 1995-97 period. For Tlirkey, this mostly reflects the share that agriculture occupies in the overall economy, which was 9% of GDP in 2012.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|economy overall agricultural shrinking apart|3.8976307|5.1820087|3.9010515
6024|As Norway stipulates, “the importance of non-formal and informal learning is recognized, and aims to be achieved through organizations and services complementing the formal system; awareness-raising is addressed in order to change behaviours [towards] sustainable development” (Norway, NIR). Slovenia reports that non-formal and informal ESD have been included in the National Master Plan for Adult Education 2013-2020 as a priority task, as one of 15 long-term goals and, on the implementation level, as one of the priority content areas of programming for adults (Slovenia, NIR). Armenia reports that the development of the National Strategy for ESD and Plan of Activities for 2016-2025 is in progress (Armenia, NIR).|SDG 4 - Quality education|formal armenia esd slovenia norway|8.973062|2.3739161|1.9028203
6025|A number of key policy areas should receive priority. First, it is important to attract high-quality candidates to the profession and to ensure that the best school leaders work in the most disadvantaged schools. Chile needs to improve the profile of school leadership. A distinct career structure with its own salary scale could ensure adequate levels of remuneration that are significantly above those of teachers and similar to other professionals in the public sector with similar levels of responsibility.|SDG 4 - Quality education|similar ensure school levels remuneration|10.13674|1.9094462|2.3892074
6026|The concept of critical mass as applied to women’s political representation, and the UN targets that have flowed from it, have played an important role in supporting countries in the adoption of gender quotas in various spheres of the public and private sectors. According to data provided by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU, 2015), the global average of women in national parliaments has nearly doubled in the past 20 years from 11.3% in 1995 to 22.1% in 2015 (a rise of 10.8 points). However, recent socio-political studies (Childs and Krook, 2008), as well as IPU data (IPU, 2015) confirm that the achievement of a critical mass is no longer seen as the sole target of efforts to bring about gender-equal participation in positions of leadership.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mass critical political parliaments gender|10.503328|4.28741|7.188625
6027|Markets are never neutral and need constant nurturing, regulation and supervision by democratic States. At a further remove, it should be recognized that poverty is not transient in the ESCWA region, but deeply rooted in the economic and social structure of the countries in this region. The elimination of poverty requires structural social and economic reforms in order to eradicate the inequalities responsible for the reproduction of poverty amid pockets of wealth.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|poverty nurturing transient escwa amid|6.304474|5.7472897|4.6977315
6028|The Agency also estimates that over 8.1 million jobs exist in the renewable energy sector across the world. According to ILO (2016a), in Brazil, 2.9 million people were employed in sectors with low carbon emissions, equivalent to 6.6% of the formal job market. In Mexico, 1.8 million jobs are related directly to low emissions, 4.4% of the employed population in 2011 (ILO.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|million ilo employed jobs emissions|1.9779288|2.0434923|2.5037954
6029|In Thailand, a long-standing refugee population from Myanmar has no entitlement to state education. More generally, restrictions on refugee employment reinforce poverty, which in turn dampens prospects for education. And difficulty obtaining refugee status leads many to go underground (UNESCO, 2011: 16).|SDG 4 - Quality education|refugee underground entitlement standing unesco|9.933809|2.870282|2.779781
6030|In fact, four times as many men as women died in road traffic accidents in 2014. Although a series of tobacco control policies contributed to a reduction in smoking rates among adolescents and adults in Latvia over the past decade, the smoking rates among adults nonetheless remain higher than in most other EU countries, particularly among men and people with lower levels of education. Spending on prevention represents only 2% of current health spending in Latvia compared to the EU average of 3%. Investment in public health and prevention in Latvia is also heavily reliant on funding from the EU and the international community more broadly. For example, thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke is excluded from the benefit package, tunning against clinical evidence on international best practice.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|latvia eu smoking prevention adults|9.169304|9.319714|2.9350286
6031|Its central objective is to keep the global average temperature rise 'well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels' (UNFCCC 2015, Article 2(a)). The Paris Agreement was concluded on overtime and signed by over 190 countries of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP). The Paris Agreement offers a political framework for implementing the goals in the agreement through voluntary national climate plans - national determined contribution (NDCs) - submitted by the states.|SDG 13 - Climate action|agreement temperature unfccc paris pre|1.1825024|3.6656349|1.1890104
6032|The major share of the EEZ is fairly evenly distributed between non-Commonwealth countries and dependent territories. The ocean and coastal seas have long been integral to the Pacific way of life and world view. Commercial fishing access fees contribute up to 60 per cent of national revenue for some Pacific island nations and tourism may be the largest contributor to formal employment (Bell et al. This chapter sets out to briefly review the state and importance of its contributions to Pacific island countries, outline its governance and management arrangements, and after identifying some key issues and promising responses, suggest some ways forward to achieve a sustainable future.|SDG 14 - Life below water|pacific island eez bell evenly|0.24847509|5.732151|6.172449
6033|Returning foreign-bom students are foreign-bom students of one or more Swedish-bom parents. Among first-generation immigrant students, non-native speakers were 13 percentage points less likely to report a sense of belonging at school compared to native-speakers. By contrast, for second-generation immigrant students, returning foreign-born students and native students of mixed heritage, there is no statistically significant difference in the percentage of students reporting a sense of belonging at school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students bom native speakers foreign|9.890061|2.578799|3.0929737
6034|Bhorat and Lundall (2004) set out evidence of skill-biased technological change in South Africa, while a variety of studies (e g. Human Sciences Research Council, 2003; Clarke etal., Meanwhile, international tests indicate that South Africa has both a low average level and very high dispersion of educational attainment (OECD, 2008a; OECD, 2008b). Moreover, most students who enter the school system never make it to the matric, and most of those who pass do not go on to university.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|south africa biased pass dispersion|8.980231|2.6020823|3.0955114
6035|The new pharmaceutical price list from July 2017 (see Section 5.2) is expected to lower both public and private costs. They identify key priorities and set out implementation plans. However, even though recent efforts have been made to include meaningful indicators to measure progress, regular monitoring and evaluation of implemented reforms is limited Also, few independent evaluations of health system performance have taken place. Life expectancy for men is more than 10 years lower than for women, the largest gender gap in the EU.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|lower pharmaceutical meaningful evaluations july|8.54267|9.455802|2.2055216
6036|These steps, however, might be significantly different in different regions. Without a successful green technology transition, GHG emissions may increase substantially in the next decades. An obvious way to decrease the transport carbon footprint is to increase the price of energy through taxation, thereby encouraging road users to adopt more energy-efficient driving behaviour and/or to consider other transport modes. However, high fuel taxation can have important implications on mobility, if not complemented by measures promoting viable alternative transport options such as adequate public transport.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport taxation footprint energy different|3.772663|4.620921|0.7304735
6037|The decline in women’s status made them more susceptible to physical abuse by their spouses. They undermine traditional roles and relationships, as both men and women are exposed to new social and cultural environments. Often it is the first time in their lives that these refugees have stepped outside their villages or towns.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stepped susceptible spouses refugees towns|9.504689|5.396783|7.1621337
6038|The income share of the top quintile increased from 33% in 1989 to 47% in 1995 and it remains at this level; the income share of the bottom quintile dropped from almost 10% in 1989 to 5-6 % in 1993/94 and has been around that level ever since (Annex 3.A1, Table 3.A1.1). The relative poverty series presented in Figure 3.3 is based on data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (Box 3.1 and Denisova, 2011). Notwithstanding the recent decline in poverty at 16.5%, the relative poverty rate in the Russian Federation (as based on RLMS data) is high compared with the OECD average of 10.6% in 2005 (OECD, 2008a).|SDG 1 - No poverty|quintile russian poverty relative share|6.5599213|5.7667317|5.0839014
6039|Instituted in 1994, it currendy lists nearly 150 vessels that have either violated Norwegian fisheries regulations in waters under Norwegian fisheries jurisdiction or are listed on the IUU lists of regional fisheries management organisations. There is no provision for removing vessels from this list.20 These lists reveal one of the difficulties for fishing inspectorates, in that many of the vessels have sailed under a number of different flags, and may also have changed their name several times. In September 2009, members of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation agreed a treaty that would, if effectively enforced, improve the effectiveness of this kind of measure by refusing port access to foreign ships that cannot justify the legitimacy of their catch and requiring ships' flag countries to take action against their own vessels subject to such refusal. The actual results of enforcement efforts are mixed - and they are also difficult to analyse because data on overall catches are not fully reliable. Considering the tendency of total allowable catches to be set relatively high, it should be important to ensure that they are not exceeded.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessels lists ships fisheries catches|0.021914043|5.85114|6.8468447
6040|This is not only about creating new applications for consumers and producers, and astronomical fortunes for innovative entrepreneurs and their investors, but also about providing full and productive employment and decent work for all, in line with the 2030 Agenda. This will require innovative institutions, societal learning and political re-thinking - technological determinism and blind faith in the market are simply not sufficient! Political choices determine the direction and impact of these changes. The transition process needs to be managed. While history does not always repeat itself, it can teach us that job-destruction can be followed by job-creation - if we take the appropriate measures to adapt our institutions, laws and regulations to improve the rules of the game and make them fit forthe challenges of the 21st century.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|innovative job political faith blind|5.6377454|3.4500165|2.6468945
6041|In the case of assessment for qualification and certification in upper secondary education, certificates convey information in particular to higher education institutions and the labour market. As such, certification fulfils an important social function (Remesal, 2011). The extent to which certificates and individual grades are valued by stakeholders varies, and in some cases, the reputation of the attended school has a significant signalling value. Schools may be especially concerned about their signalling ability if the national education system holds schools accountable on the basis of their students’ performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|signalling certificates certification education schools|9.537464|1.8606865|1.4777921
6042|The same is true for farmland: high-yield crops on fertile arable land are taxed more than extensive meadows and pastures. The tax is payable to the local authority in which the forest is located. The unit tax rate (per hectare) is now calculated according to the average sale price of wood by forest districts for the first three quarters of the year preceding the tax year. As a result, the maximum forestry tax rate has increased by more than 60% over the last decade (Pater, 2013).|SDG 15 - Life on land|tax forest meadows payable pastures|1.6368016|4.596015|3.929013
6043|In part, low coverage reflects the high incidence of informality and self-employment. While workers in informal employment cannot be affiliated to social security, it is not always compulsory for the self-employed, and when it is, it tends to be difficult to enforce. The share of self-employed in total employment is around 40% in Indonesia and between 20 and 30% in most of the other emerging economies, well above the average OECD share of about 15% (see Annex 2.A2 in OECD, 2011b for details). Moreover, coverage of contributory programmes is concentrated among better-off workers.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|self employment employed coverage workers|7.567181|5.094722|4.53846
6044|Children below the relative poverty line in Japan, Latvia, Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain and Romania are seen to be at average income levels that are below the poverty line by 30% or more. Figure 7 also throws up some surprises. Sweden and Denmark are rightly proud of their traditionally low rates of child poverty, but both find themselves in the bottom half of the league table when judged by the depth of relative poverty into which poor children are allowed to fall. The relative ‘poverty gap’ for children is greater in Denmark than in Sweden, greater in Sweden than in the United Kingdom, greater in the United Kingdom than in France, and greater in France than in Finland.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty denmark greater sweden relative|7.3406157|6.248072|5.153047
6045|In the medium term carbon pricing thus has the potential to be a transformative force in the energy markets of OECD countries with overall positive impacts on the security of energy supply. The more volatile are electricity prices, the higher is the penalty for low-carbon technologies such as nuclear and renewables. Since the latter have overall good performance in security of supply terms, electricity market liberalisation without measures to address price volatility such as long-term contracts cannot be considered ceteris paribus as contributing to improved energy market security. The cost of supply interruptions may be substantial but it is not infinite, so neither will be the price that countries are willing to pay for avoiding them.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|security supply energy carbon electricity|1.5652338|2.1570725|1.8170708
6046|For example, on average across OECD countries, 12% of 15 year old boys are likely to aspire a career as a scientist, architect or engineer, while only 5% of girls do the same (OECD, 2016[30]). Similarly, a career in information and communication technology (ICT) is an aspiration for some 5% of boys and less than 1% of girls. Furthermore, parents’ expectations on STEM related careers tend also to differ significantly by gender (OECD, 2015 [3i ])- There is some evidence that this gap have declined recently (Ernst & Young (EY), 2018(32]). Still, overall, the participation of women in STEM is significantly higher than the participation in venture capital financed entrepreneurship. Regarding debt financing, female entrepreneurs face more limited access to credit and even if they receive funding, they are confronted with higher interest rates (Bellucci, Borisov and Zazzaro, 2010(33]; Alesina, Lotti and Mistrulli, 2013(34]).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stem boys career girls significantly|9.078069|3.4743338|6.1027265
6047|Efforts to mainstream climate change issues into development activities, and vice versa, are growing. Thus, there is a growing need for climate interventions to demonstrate their impact on development and for development activities to show their impact on the climate system. As financial needs for both development and climate activities currently exceed supply, this further underscores the importance of managing projects for multiple objectives and demonstrating results.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate activities development growing underscores|1.6839981|4.3903756|1.5201114
6048|Cycling and pedestrian facilities are also being constructed in rural areas. The project was launched in Toyama City and operates on the basis of a monthly fee or ad hoc usage fee for 30-minute blocks. Japan is encouraging employees of private companies to ride bicycles to work, especially for short trips. It has also upgraded transport nodes and public transport facilities to facilitate smooth transfer to and from bicycles.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bicycles fee facilities transport minute|4.166608|4.999227|0.485845
6049|Unfortunately, no initiative targets environmental impacts but some initiatives exist that reduce simultaneously the amounts of both total C&D waste and its hazardous content. The evaluation would identify the advantages which can be exploited even further, opportunities for gaining more benefits out of the same initiative and drawbacks that should be avoided. In this way, the future implementation of similar initiatives would be equipped with a tool for a more successful application. Each description of the initiative is supplemented by a case study.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|initiative initiatives drawbacks supplemented gaining|3.0023372|5.0855002|1.6781783
6050|In 2012,14% of Australian men and 12% of Australian women aged 25-34 had below upper secondary education, a smaller percentage than the one observed on the OECD average (see Figure 4.4). This process may be driven by a range of different factors - learning difficulties, mental health issues, family problems, parents’ attitudes towards education or a more general disappointment with the school experience-which tend to interact and accumulate over time (OECD, 2012b). Since reengaging drop-outs with the education system is difficult, identifying students at-risk from dropping out early is crucial.|SDG 4 - Quality education|australian education outs accumulate dropping|9.330235|2.4627256|2.9375412
6051|"Yu (2014) uses data from the 2010 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), and finds that married women's labour market time and level of earnings are negatively associated with their time spent on housework. Her findings indicate a phenomenon called ""gender display"" whereby wives fail to reduce their housework time even as their relative earnings increase to the point that they earn more than their husbands. Time use surveys (TUS) have been invaluable in estimating the time contributed by household members and in measuring all forms of work."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|time housework earnings invaluable wives|9.006194|4.778755|5.5066648
6052|Many of these are relevant to terrestrial and marine biodiversity (see https://www.environmental-auditing.org/). Causal impacts are unit specific, where / can refer to locations, firms, households, individuals, species, etc (Ferraro and Hanauer, 2014). This can be illustrated by a formula that the causal impact (d) of a programme (P) on an outcome (7) for unit / is the difference between the outcome (7) with the programme (in other words, when P = 1) and the same outcome (7) without the programme (that is, w'hen P = 0).|SDG 15 - Life on land|outcome causal programme unit auditing|1.6484772|5.467369|3.7693832
6053|Yet, the impact on child care use is even stronger, suggesting that part of the increase in subsidised child care does not directly support labour force participation. In this scheme, a high share of child care costs end up being publicly funded (76% in average, up to 96% for low-income households), explaining the high budget cost of EUR 50 000 per full-time job created. Women’s labour supply increases less than above (there is an income effect for higher earning women, which slows their participation), but high earning men’s labour supply is resilient. As childcare costs are in the first place less subsided for these households (by about 40%), their broader recourse to additional care after this incentive is less fiscally costly. Moreover, these families’ higher work hours generate higher tax revenues. This second variant of childcare support is more efficient (EUR 40 000 per full-time job created) but comes at an equity cost.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|care earning child childcare eur|9.037224|5.1013513|5.5805683
6054|In addition to the suboptimal location of much new housing development, migration, insecurity and the global crisis have also been important contributors to this high vacancy rate. Approximately 4.9 million homes are uninhabited in Mexico, equivalent to one-seventh of the total housing stock. Three million of these are located in cities, although there is considerable variation in the location of vacant housing within metropolitan areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing location vacancy million suboptimal|4.749059|5.6742935|2.0674276
6055|Results of the health care cost models are used to forecast future health expenditures based on the characteristics and health status of the projected future elderly population from the other two FEM model components. Per capita expenditures are also calculated for each of these four payment categories. All projected expenditures are in real terms that correspond to 1998 dollars.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expenditures projected health future dollars|8.993234|8.744782|2.6375818
6056|Otherwise, the Australian system is quite exceptional as it reimburses providers for outcomes, not inputs. This feature has been acknowledged in many OECD reports which, however, also conclude that the fee structure could be tilted towards longer-term outcomes to ensure job retention. With the total potential provider fees being available after 26 weeks of employment, longer-term employment outcomes are not sufficiently rewarded in jobactive.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|outcomes longer exceptional term rewarded|7.9381247|4.722773|3.9883773
6057|Relevance of instruction”, “clarity of instruction”, “preparation and management style” and “monitoring learning” were among the categories of the first factor of effective teaching based on student ratings. Some research shows that clarity and organisation are effective teaching behaviours in higher education not only based on student ratings, but also on student achievement in exams. Feldman (1989, 2007) gathered data on student perceptions on characteristics of superior teachers and found that organisation and clarity are teaching behaviours that highly correlated with student achievement in common final exams.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student clarity exams ratings teaching|9.569428|1.561691|1.5517089
6058|Pensions in particular have an impact on child well-being since one or more of the family members are elderly. In Azerbaijan, 45.3 per cent reported living in households where at least one member received a pension, while the coverage rates of targeted social assistance (basically means-tested cash transfer for poor families) reached only 30.5 per cent of the population (World Bank, 2010). In Georgia, 42 per cent of households receive a social pension, and 45 per cent of all children live in households with at least one pension recipient (UNICEF Georgia, 2010). As a result, an estimated 9.2 per cent of children from households that receive pensions were lifted out of poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent pension households georgia pensions|7.5973954|5.8393855|4.582121
6059|These gender-related disparities remain significant even when other differences between men and women-founded enterprises are controlled for. It shows that in the United States (as across European countries) gender differences in innovation outcomes tend to disappear when less capital- and research-intensive forms of innovation are considered. The only significant differences between men and women-founded enterprises relate to expenditure in design, software, and databases. Sample means for enterprises where all the owners were men at the start-up date (men founded) and where all the owners were women (women founded).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|founded men enterprises differences women|8.977384|3.5551555|6.2218957
6060|The industry committed to voluntarily halt abstraction and to create a joint water supply and wastewater treatment company with the public bodies which would provide water from sources other than groundwater (including reuse of treated effluents). The SINTAI is managed by ISPRA based on information provided by the regional environmental agencies. It contains a wealth of information related to surface and groundwater quality and water pollution discharges.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater water effluents halt voluntarily|1.0983967|7.1681213|1.8604431
6061|Once again, this indicates a relationship of mutual dependence. The relevant information does not lie exclusively with one level of government, and actors depend on each other’s knowledge to disseminate information to and from relevant levels of government. But the quality of hydrological data varies across states in Brazil.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|relevant disseminate hydrological lie information|1.1904699|7.225609|1.509
6062|Countries with comparatively high gaps may have inadequate coverage of social protection. However, it useful to test and discuss results based on different poverty lines, to explore how the country ranking varies and if poverty levels change dramatically with small changes in the poverty line value (for example a substantial increase in poverty levels due to a small increase in the value of the poverty line, means that there is a quite high density of households just above the original poverty line). In general, however, sizeable re-ranking is quite limited.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty line ranking quite value|6.3289824|5.922209|4.912368
6063|It encourages German policy makers to build on the important reforms of2007 and 2015 to enable both fathers and mothers to combine work and family commitments, and commends families to “dare to share To those ends it places Germany’s experience in an international comparison, and draws from the experience of for example, France and the Nordic countries, which have longstanding policies to support work-life balance and strengthen gender equality. The chapter begins with an explanation of why and how equal sharing pays: it is good for family well-being, child development, female employment opportunities, fathers' working hours (Sections 2 and 3) and sustaining fertility rates. Section 4 examines policies to promote partnership, looking both at persistent shortcomings and progress achieved through reform since the mid-2000s. The chapter closes with a set of policy recommendations designed to enable parents to share work and family responsibilities more equally.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fathers family enable work experience|9.27035|5.222895|5.292375
6064|Using RUA as a starting point, establishing a PRTR in line with good international practice and with public access to the information collected should be a medium-term priority for Colombia. Policies and best practices of OECD countries could support these efforts (OECD, 1996a, 1996b,). Colombia could benefit from a wealth of information on country data and experiences and OECD-wide agreed release estimation techniques provided by the OECD website.4 This information could assist greatly in launching a PRTR in Colombia. To date, however it has a limited focus, dealing only with chemicals covered by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Colombia should strengthen its policies concerning public availability of safety data on chemicals. To this end, practices followed by OECD countries and reflected in two OECD Council Acts (OECD, 1983b, 1983c) could be of benefit.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|colombia oecd chemicals information practices|5.375735|3.8377004|2.6246672
6065|This could involve a system of accreditation to certify schools as capable of managing a budget for operational expenses as part of school evaluation processes by inspections (see Chapter 4). The granting of autonomy should then be associated with relevant and focused monitoring, especially monitoring of outcomes (see also Chapter 2). They should be required to develop a school development plan which links the school’s education priorities with its spending intentions in collaboration with the school community.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school monitoring chapter intentions inspections|9.708293|1.9595793|1.8439646
6066|The NRC report claims that the gain in student outcomes as a result of NCLB is small and, given the ambitious program initiated by the U.S. government to improve significantly student outcomes by 2014, the system is set to fail. Test-based incentive programs, as designed and implemented in the programs that have been carefully studied, have not increased student achievement enough to bring the United States close to the levels of the highest achieving countries. When evaluated using relevant low-stakes tests, which are less likely to be inflated by the incentives themselves, the overall effects on achievement tend to be small and are effectively zero for a number of programs.”|SDG 4 - Quality education|programs student achievement outcomes small|9.71262|1.9043039|2.1599233
6067|As in other countries, China uses a grading system for monitoring and reporting the quality of freshwater across the country, with grade I water the highest quality and grade V-plus the worst. Water meeting at least grade II is deemed useable for drinking and water quality grade IV or worse inappropriate for contact with human skin. The situation remains especially serious for major rivers in the north of the country which pass through large cities, including the Huaihe and Liaohe, where well over half of monitored sections were deemed to be grade IV or worse (Table 2.2). Recent data confirm that other parts of the freshwater system also suffer from serious pollution, with 85% of lakes deemed to have water quality grade IV or worse and over half of all lakes and reservoirs assessed as suffering from eutrophication.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|grade deemed worse iv quality|0.7624534|6.792831|2.7807257
6068|Moreover, care services that do not include quality standards for employment in this sector, mostly undertaken by women in Latin America, consolidate the job insecurity and social vulnerability from which they suffer. Other examples include the regulatory instruments of the labour market, which can simultaneously perform functions such as employment, social protection and care policies, such as those that establish a minimum wage or maximum working hours (ECLAC, 2016b). Moreover, the mechanisms of pension recognition for female caregivers could include the set of non-contributory social pensions that mainly benefit women in the region.11 In other cases, programmes that are on the border between employment and social protection policies could take account of the specific vulnerability faced by unpaid caregivers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|caregivers social include employment vulnerability|8.839065|5.1722403|5.741455
6069|Nonetheless, the absence of multi-annual budgets does not facilitate the integrated financial planning of the implementation of the reform. School financing is based on objective criteria (number of students being the most important one, but with adjustments for other factors which affect schools’ per-student costs) and not the result of negotiations between the government and school providers. Moreover, the existence of a clearly defined and objectively measured formula as the basis for allocating resources imposes a hard budget constraint to providers and creates the conditions for basic spending discipline. Also, by using the same formula-driven grants to finance public and private schools, the system facilitated the growth of a diverse network of service providers and enabled a high degree of choice among households.|SDG 4 - Quality education|formula providers schools imposes school|9.453157|2.1355383|2.251125
6070|Critical aspects in terms of duration and conditions of employment, reliance of the sector on foreign labour, impact on local workers’ wages, social rights, and benefits’ portability remain largely under-researched. While the South African Domestic and Services Allied Workers Union (SADSAWU) has adopted a national strategy, protection remains limited in practice in a sector characterised by high levels of decent work deficits for all workers, and in particular immigrant workers. The remaining columns represent the differences between the native-born and foreign-bom sectoral employment shares.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers foreign portability allied columns|7.3622327|3.7587411|4.2351627
6071|While these policies have helped to reduce landfilling of waste and increase material recovery, incentives for eco-design can be further strengthened. Further efforts are also needed to ensure that EPR systems operate according to good governance principles, strengthening their transparency with a view to enhancing accountability, improving performance assessment and identifying good practices. The ambition of EPR systems should be increased, better internalising environmental costs, broadening their scope to encompass a larger number of products where possible, and strengthening their enforcement.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|epr strengthening good broadening systems|0.6164406|3.8843539|3.0104678
6072|For families, one minimum-wage job is typically not enough to escape relative poverty at the 50% threshold. However, in-work benefits and/or gradual benefit phase-out rates for families with children, such as in Australia, Ireland and the UK, can provide a significant income boost. Lone-parent full-time minimum-wage workers in these countries take home net income at or above 60% of median incomes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|minimum wage families escape lone|7.4889584|5.8497252|4.997663
6073|In addition they are able to export excess energy to BC Hydro in British Columbia, Canada, thereby generating a much needed financial input to the region. Income from state-owned transmission lines will provide the funds necessary to build the Southeast Intertie connecting all of the Southeast’s communities by 2030 thus enabling a substantial portion of the Alaskan population to have access to a renewable energy supply. Or it is small scale diesel or gas generators just connected to a local network supplying typically a municipality, a town ora village.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|southeast columbia british generators supplying|1.6087159|2.0730193|2.2635987
6074|However, while it was stronger than in Indonesia, India and the Philippines and equal to that in Thailand, it lagged behind China and more recently also Malaysia, reflecting a slowdown in the 2000s compared with the highest rates registered in the 1990s (Fuglie and Rada, 2013). By 2011-13, Viet Nam had become the world’s largest exporter of cashews and black pepper, the second largest exporter of coffee and cassava, the third largest exporter of rice and fisheries, and the fifth largest exporter of natural rubber. Annual exports for these commodities were well above, or very near to, USD 1 billion in the early 2010s.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|exporter largest cassava rubber lagged|4.142371|4.655991|4.05743
6075|In hindsight, this appears to have been sound policy advice, since it is highly unlikely that LDCs will achieve economic and social development and halve their poverty levels in line with internationally agreed goals without a sustained period of growth. In fact, in recognition of this likely scenario, the IPoA states (United Nations, 2011 ,para. As explained in chapter 3, however, it is now evident that economic growth, although necessary, by itself neither guarantees job creation nor automatically results in inclusive development.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ipoa automatically growth para guarantees|5.996897|5.073096|4.1553054
6076|Furthermore, making the teaching profession more attractive and more competitive would improve quality. Inequalities stem first and foremost from the urban-rural divide and secondly from social stratification, while, age, gender and regional differences contribute to a lesser extent. More central funding at the compulsory level would ensure minimum quality. Migrant children should be provided access to public schools or given vouchers to private schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools vouchers foremost stratification quality|9.56806|2.1784277|2.5834348
6077|Despite this growing knowledge, information on the links between migration and discriminatory social institutions has been neglected in the economic literature. The causes, processes and impacts of migration on women and men are expected to be different. By defining which decisions and behaviours are acceptable for each gender, as well as restricting women's access to power and resources.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migration restricting neglected acceptable behaviours|8.7881565|5.213162|7.0229273
6078|In 2014-15, 64 schools that demonstrated highly deteriorating infrastructure were supported through an investment of 28 657 236 million pesos (MEX). This investment allowed for the construction of new classrooms and the renovation of others, as well as the improvement of schools’ basic sanitary services (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). While the Programme of Excellence to Combat Lagging in Education came to an end in 2015, it has been replaced by the Education Reform Programme (Programa de la Reforma Educativa).|SDG 4 - Quality education|gobiemo pesos schools deteriorating renovation|9.602417|1.9686283|2.239428
6079|The sheer size of the poverty problem in these countries and the dense income distribution at the lower end make it difficult to distinguish the poorest from the poor. Potential beneficiaries have to submit various documents with their application, including birth certificates, passports, residence permits (propiska’s), employment certificates, unemployment registration cards and more. Obtaining these documents in the first place can be too high a cost for very poor households.|SDG 1 - No poverty|certificates documents sheer poor cards|7.0843635|6.1654844|4.9560184
6080|Eight lane city road; 402. Two lane city planning road; 404. Four lane city planning road; 406. Six lane city planning road; 408, Eight lane city planning road; 502. It sets targets and areas for interaction. The core responsibilities of the DGT are at national level on all inter-urban roads, except for the Basque Countiy, Catalonia and Navarre.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|lane road city planning countiy|4.037991|5.1812024|1.06064
6081|Replacing a traditional property tax with a land-value tax, or a split-value tax that includes higher rates for land value and lower rates for structures or other improvements (as implemented by some municipalities in the US state of Pennsylvania), could encourage development in the urban core. A development charge is a one-off levy on developers to finance the growth-related capital costs associated with new development or, in some cases, redevelopment. These charges are levied on works constructed by the municipality, and the funds collected must finance the infrastructure needed for the development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tax value development finance redevelopment|4.386871|5.5806966|1.8861386
6082|Applied to exports, it rebates any climate-related charges imposed on goods that are destined for foreign markets where such charges are not imposed on their producers. It has been proposed a number of times and has consistently been rejected in the legislative or regulatory process. But as Parties implement increasingly forceful Paris Agreement commitments, they will inevitably consider the competitiveness and leakage impacts of their policies, and BCA will undoubtedly be weighed as one option for addressing them.|SDG 13 - Climate action|imposed charges rebates weighed undoubtedly|1.3967539|3.440169|1.7651337
6083|In Viet Nam, whether or not a sewerage system is available, septic tanks continue to be the norm for individual households. Although households are obliged to connect their septic tanks to the sewerage network, connections are sometimes extremely difficult in cramped urban centres and residents are naturally reluctant to undergo the inconvenience of intrusive works within their properties. Moreover, not being convinced of the benefit of the sewerage system, they often object to paying for the connection.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sewerage septic tanks convinced object|1.6884671|6.9233193|2.5491664
6084|The platform is run by the Trade and Industry Department in association with industrial and trade organizations, professional bodies, private enterprises and other government departments. One of its innovative features is 'Meet the Advisors’ Business Advisory Services. Its mission is to show Swiss SMEs how to enter attractive export markets and create opportunities for growth. The initiative includes other private sector partners, such as Credit Suisse, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Amber Road, and Swiss Export Risk Insurance SERV.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|swiss export trade advisors private|5.535072|3.5026271|2.6039264
6085|The complex nature of both primary care settings as well as capturing patient harm in these settings may be explaining the knowledge gap. Some studies on medication and diagnostic errors have been identified. In Indonesia, a study identified ADEs in 226 out of 229 prescriptions in the outpatient setting, out of which 99.12% was due to prescription errors (incomplete prescription error the most common), 3.66% dispensing errors and 3.02% pharmaceutical errors (Perwitasari et al, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|errors prescription settings identified ades|8.922863|9.606871|1.6665752
6086|Elderly populations are likely to be particularly vulnerable to changes in access to hospital and physician care with the current hospital reforms, as they are likely to be less able to travel, and have more regular health needs, and hospital visits. Efforts to identify unmet needs of the elderly population should be made, including efforts to consider mental and physical wellbeing of elderly populations, both in the community and in residential care-settings. Good health care in nursing homes and long-term-care settings is a further dimension of equity in health care access that should be considered by municipalities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care elderly hospital settings populations|9.164831|8.480211|2.4783716
6087|So far, municipal and state governments have not shown particular willingness to use these revenues to improve or consolidate the water management system. A key way forward is to set the incentives to focus this source of revenues on the main water priorities, which entails strong links with planning. Even in the case of Rio de Janeiro, this is a critical issue.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|revenues janeiro consolidate entails rio|1.4906689|7.4057665|2.0056067
6088|"Democratic life has given rise to new electoral preferences and brought social demands to greater prominence. This means that, in a positive cycle of economic stability, governments respond to these demands for social inclusion with new, more redistributive policies. In most cases, these are reforms inspired by the idea of ""prudent redistribution with growth"" (Cornia, 2010) by way of fiscal, employment and progressive transfer policies."|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|demands inspired prudent prominence electoral|6.537626|5.259496|4.3522005
6089|While timing complicates the politics of reform in many domains, it seems to have a greater impact on education reform, where the lags involved are over so many years. As a result, the political cycle may have a direct impact on the timing, scope and content of education reform. Education reform becomes a thankless task when elections take place before the benefits are realised. Policy makers may lose an election over education issues, but they rarely win an election with education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reform education election timing complicates|9.211688|1.986643|2.2490897
6090|This research would also be useful for the comprehensive contextual understanding of the sector’s energy transition. Finally, improved knowledge of the mining companies' energy transition efforts in different regions will be of great interest. Mining companies tend to provide aggregate data on the integration of renewables in their operations, with limited geographic granularity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mining transition companies contextual energy|1.6444839|2.3038182|2.1215413
6091|Through demand response, load shifting and integration of storage applications, smart grids might change the load curve and reestablish a continuous demand for longer periods of time. This way, a minimum demand over a sufficiently high number of hours could be achieved, resulting in a role for (nuclear) baseload even in systems with a strong penetration of renewable energy sources. A more decentralised electricity system based on local energy sources could allow under certain conditions, such as the local matching of demand and supply, for shorter electricity transport distances and thus reduce electricity transmission losses.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|demand electricity load sources baseload|1.6615261|1.3426845|1.9511771
6092|The body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight for height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of his/her height in meters (kg/m2). However, it should be considered only an indicative guideline, because it may not correspond to the same degree of overweight and obesity in different individuals. However, the respective public health burdens of overweight and undernourishment/micronutrient deficiencies are not quantified only in terms of the number of people affected.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|overweight height obesity weight index|9.150307|9.217725|2.9708576
6093|Only 5 percent of surveyed firms had engaged an accredited energy auditor to conduct a formal audit (Ghosh 2011). Most firms know little about how an audit could identify energy-saving measures. Many smaller firms assumed that an energy audit involved government officials and worried about external interference. Indian energy auditors corroborated these findings (Ghosh 2011).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|audit firms energy auditors interference|2.0938878|2.7117946|2.2022269
6094|Whether or not this land redistribution process had positive results remains unclear. Significantly, the state owns approximately 25% of the land. Walker and Dubb report that of the total land area in South Africa, 67% is “white,” commercial agricultural land, 15% is “black,” mainly communal areas (mostly state-owned), 10% is non-farming state areas (mainly conservation areas), and the remaining 8% is urban zones (Table 20) (Walker and Dubb. The Strategic Plan for Smallholder Support (SPSS), which is the blue print for support to smallholders, proposes the following basic qualitative typology of smallholders: 1) SP1 Smallholder producer type 1: Smallholders for whom smallholder production is a part-time activity that forms a relatively small part of a multiple-livelihood strategy.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|smallholder smallholders walker land state|3.8528967|5.231703|3.5499227
6095|On the other hand, the federal government's position is that provincial services should extend to reserves under the cost-sharing arrangements that apply to the general population. This fundamental disagreement translates in a very real way into program fragmentation, problems with coordinating programs, underfunding, inconsistencies, service gaps, and lack of integration. Critics argue that the federal government routinely tries to rid itself, or limit, indigenous programs and services by continuing to diminish what it determines as discretionary health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|programs federal services disagreement inconsistencies|8.669125|8.61177|2.2613003
6096|Demand Side Energy Efficiency Plan (PPEC) consists of a tender mechanism, by which eligible promoters submit measures to improve electricity efficiency. These measures are selected through technical and economical evaluation criteria. Evaluation of the benefits from PPEC in 2008 were much higher than the correspondent costs, with a ratio of 8:1 in the residential segment; 9:1 in the services segment and 7:1 in the industrial segment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|segment evaluation efficiency tender economical|2.0423768|2.490801|2.1438696
6097|In RS all protected areas fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the entity. Two special strict nature reserves are included for RS, as these territories continue to be counted as protected virgin forests in accordance with the law on forests. Development of national systems of protected areas is a direct implementation of international obligations.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected rs forests virgin counted|1.5747819|5.036601|4.0773196
6098|Work strengthens its link with human development if it goes beyond individual benefits to contribute to shared social objectives, such as poverty reduction, sharing prosperity, social cohesion, culture and civilization. The approach became popular in Latin America in the 1990s when the region was facing an economic crisis and high unemployment rates. People looking for alternative sources of income began to cluster into groups, co-operatives and associations to establish economic ventures that would benefit the community (Nobrega 2013).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ventures strengthens operatives prosperity cluster|7.1889563|5.584066|4.429516
6099|In addition, Africa’s urbanisation is taking place in a resource and climate-constrained world unknown to earlier urbanisation (Swilling, 2015; Currie et al., Ensuring that the ongoing wave of urbanisation is more sustainable than in the past is of strategic importance to Africa and to the world at large. It took Europe 110 years to move from 15% urban in 1800, to 40% in 1910.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urbanisation africa world unknown wave|4.496388|4.9248753|2.16863
6100|However, the lack of supportive structures for women’s entrepreneurship, complicated business registration and licensing procedures, and access to markets were also mentioned as constraints. In addition, entrepreneurship tends to be seen as a domain for males and there are few women entrepreneurs to serve as inspiring role models for other women or to challenge traditional stereotypes. Because of the w'eak culture of female entrepreneurship, women tend to lack self-confidence in their abilities to start and manage a business and are afraid of taking the risk.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurship women business lack abilities|8.903374|3.5510354|6.2643895
6101|And the fact that different countries show very different patterns indicates that some countries are making more progress than others towards 'the just society'. As die trend line shows, there is a significant correlation between the two. Figure 6a should therefore be read in conjunction with Figure 6b which compares overall government spending on protecting families (including cash benefits, tax allowances, and spending on services for families) with overall child poverty rates.|SDG 1 - No poverty|spending families overall read figure|7.431647|6.1464305|5.0615883
6102|Through the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its 169 targets, the 2030 Agenda seeks to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls (Preamble, paras. Moreover, under this Agenda, world leaders committed to promote cohesive families (para. If families have changed over time, what is a ‘family’ today? How do critical human rights principles such as equality and non-discrimination, the best interests of the child and the right to live a life free of violence shape the understanding of family?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|agenda families equality preamble paras|9.171822|4.846465|7.1936417
6103|The quantity of mercury released into the environment in the Yamal-Nenets and Taimyr autonomous districts reaches 15 tons a year; polychlorinated biphenyls, 3.2 tons. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Today, however, the consumption of meat and fat from certain species of birds, fish and animals can present danger, particularly to pregnant and nursing women and to children.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tons mercury fat danger stockholm|0.783764|6.728125|3.0301454
6104|Some limited information is available on private sector agricultural research in other countries. See, for instance, Pardey, Beintema, Dehmer, and Wood (2006). Whether they were concerned with spillovers or not, studies have imposed implicit or explicit assumptions about the spatial spillover effects of agricultural research based on geopolitical boundaries. More recently, agricultural economists have been paying increasing attention to accounting for the fact that knowledge created within a particular geopolitical entity can have impacts on technology elsewhere, with implications that may matter to both the creators of the spillouts and the recipients of the spillins (see Alston, 2002, for a review of this literature, and Alston et al.,|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|alston geopolitical agricultural pardey research|3.960867|5.2058573|3.7290735
6105|From a long-term perspective, much of the increase in non-regular work was offset by a decline in the number of independent and family workers. The largest categories of non-regular workers are young people on temporary contracts, older persons who continue to work after formal retirement from their lifetime job, and married women working part-time. Less than half of non-regular jobs pay work-related health and social insurance contributions and about two-thirds make Employment Insurance (El) contributions.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|regular non contributions work insurance|8.011346|4.656807|4.3889523
6106|The amendments focus the Act's regulatory regime for the protection of fish and fish habitat on managing threats to the sustainability and ongoing productivity of Canada's commercial, recreational and Aboriginal fisheries. They also provide enhanced compliance and protection tools; provide for clarity, certainty and consistency of regulatory requirements through the use of standards and regulations; and enable partnerships with agencies and organisations best placed to provide fisheries protection services. One of the questions in the Fishery Checklist asks for the status of the stocks. Seventy-four stocks were in the healthy zone, above their upper stock reference point; 41 were in the cautious zone between their biological limit reference point and their upper stock reference point; 16 stocks were in the critical zone below their biological limit reference point; and the status of 24 stocks was unknown.|SDG 14 - Life below water|stocks reference zone point protection|-0.15359424|5.8486776|6.490665
6107|Alternatively, prioritiarians rationalize graduation as an opportunity to redistribute limited resources to the next group of individuals that comply with the eligibility criteria. The withdrawal of support needs to balance against the likelihood that beneficiaries might fall back into poverty again. Anti-poverty programmes using single events as eligibility conditions such as pregnancy or completion of primary education might not be effective when used as exit or 'graduating' conditions. More importantly, ethical justification for eligibility conditions might not apply in the context of exit conditions.|SDG 1 - No poverty|eligibility conditions exit graduating justification|7.048195|6.1125603|4.466346
6108|Finally, supply-side constraints to additional private financing include strict pension investment rules and regulatory restrictions such as Basel III and Solvency II, which require more capital allocation for infrastructure (Woetzel et al., In line with this diagnosis, multilateral development banks are stepping in, by establishing joint investment platforms in which they provide technical expertise, capacity-building and financing instruments to increase the supply of “bankable” projects (G20, 2011; UNCTAD, 2018). In many parts of the world, infrastructure investment has declined since the global crisis (Woetzel et al.,|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|investment financing bankable basel supply|3.1841695|3.903162|1.9627783
6109|Thorough consultations with communities about programmes that have such profound effects on local livelihoods and lifestyles should be undertaken to ensure deeper community understanding of the consequences. Programmes designed and planned from outside the community may not create local jobs, particularly if the construction contracts arc won by large international companies that are not accountable to the community. Only if there is a conscious effort to consider the needs of local people, such as through skills development in the Suai community housing project, are the expectations of the communities for local jobs likely to be fulfilled.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|community local jobs communities won|4.013487|5.1817803|2.07394
6110|Training health professionals on effective communication of complex information is therefore important. Such training includes methods to assist patients to problem solve and interpret their symptoms, and to increase health professionals’ awareness of the impact of patient self-management on health outcomes (Yank et al., Patient education programmes and counselling sessions are another fruitful way to support better patient self-management.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient professionals health self fruitful|9.24494|9.380232|1.5244387
6111|They started from the assumption that a rational individual maximizes his or her utility or satisfaction as a function of consumption (C) and leisure (L), subject to time and budget restrictions, and they used the criterion of satisfaction with life to evaluate the effects of substitution between leisure time (L) and income (I). The time poverty' threshold was set at 60% of median free time (the sum of time devoted to social life, sport, hobbies and culture consumption). Then the multidimensional poverty threshold was set at the utility point where the time and income thresholds meet and, lastly, individuals were classified in different poverty regimes (see diagram 1.1). These authors propose that people spend more time than is strictly necessary on paid and unpaid work and much of the time pressure they perceive is discretionary .|SDG 1 - No poverty|time leisure satisfaction utility threshold|6.768547|6.174243|5.124671
6112|In the United States, 7% of students can be considered resilient, in the sense that they come from the 25% of the most socio-economically disadvantaged students but nevertheless perform much belter than would be predicted based on their socio-economic background (7% is also the average in the OECD) (Figure 2.7). However, in Korea, Hong Kong-China and Shanghai-China, the share of disadvantaged students who excel at school despite their disadvantaged background is about twice as high. Using economic modelling to relate cognitive skills - as measured by PISA and other international instruments - to economic growth shows (with some caveats) that even smal I improvements in the skills of a nation's labour force can have large impacts on that country's future well-being. Bringing the United States up to the average performance of Finland, the best-performing education system among OECD countries, could result in gains in the order of USD 103 trillion.|SDG 4 - Quality education|disadvantaged students background socio china|9.556181|2.2448847|3.1064503
6113|It has been estimated by the World Bank that around 3 SO million jobs are linked to the oceans through fishing, aquaculture, coastal and marine tourism, and research. More than 1 billion people depend on fish for their primary source of protein intake. The economic dimension of oceans is encapsulated in the blue or oceans economy concept. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and David Vivas expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of UNCTAD and Commonwealth secretariats.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oceans unctad david secretariats protein|0.19664115|5.7582383|6.1319685
6114|In 1992 two school choice reforms were implemented, allowing the opening of private independent schools and also giving pupils the right to choose between private and public schools. Rules for teacher qualification assessments were abolished in 1993, and a new curriculum and a new grading system were implemented in 1994. It was thought that if decisions were taken locally, schools would more easily adapt to the individual needs of pupils. Furthermore it was envisaged that schools would be better adapted to their local context when school staff were given increased discretion and that communication and influence of parents and other local stakeholders would improve when decisions were taken locally. The cost per pupil dropped as a consequence of a higher number of pupils per teacher.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pupils schools locally teacher decisions|9.649372|2.1160865|2.1271415
6115|This can result in extreme measures for those irrigators wishing or needing to continue to apply water to their crops, for instance, by resorting to trucking in water from other locations, a costly way to manage shortage. However there is an expectation that Dutch water shortages will become more frequent in the future, so the limitations of the current approach are likely to become more evident. While priority regime banning may seem adequate as a short-term emergency measure, if regions need to limit and/or periodically ration water abstraction on a regular or even permanent basis, then development of a more sophisticated control regime is vital. A more sophisticated control regime is worthy of serious consideration, especially as it can complement the other options. Establishment of a water licensing or permitting regime that covers most agricultural forms of water use is the first step in transitioning to a regime designed to limit access.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|regime water sophisticated limit control|1.1284683|7.5612984|2.236046
6116|Blank (1989) reports in her analysis of AFDC-receipt in Denver and Seattle that 62% of the completed spells for a household ended within a year, with an average duration of benefit payments of 13 months. She however does not include the 36% of right-censored spells in these calculations, which generally have a longer duration until censoring. Fitzgerald (1991) calculates a much longer median AFDC benefit spell length of 20 months over a shorter observation period (32 months), but calculates a median spell duration of 11-12 months for receipt of AFDC and Food Stamps in a follow-up study (Fitzgerald, 1995).28 Also Hoynes (2000) reports longer AFDC spell lengths for California, where 46% of spells end within 12 months and 62% end within 24 months.|SDG 1 - No poverty|months spell spells duration calculates|7.87013|4.856757|4.0734735
6117|Nonetheless, there are currently no incentive or sanction mechanisms in place to enforce gender equality provisions. The SFP has agreed to define and issue policy guidelines to promote special temporary measures in furtherance of gender parity in management positions and to include affirmative action to promote equality of opportunity and equality between women and men in its regulations. The SFP also plans to reflect those provisions in its human resources and professional career service manuals.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sfp equality provisions promote manuals|9.7582655|4.2671814|7.028772
6118|While the Northern Cape Education Department has expressed its commitment to designing a curriculum and materials that incorporate San languages and culture, the persisting lack of funding and logistic difficulties have slowed this process. As a result of decades of linguistic persecution during the apartheid era in South Africa, most San and Khoe currently speak Afrikaans as a first language, with only a few elders still speaking their mother tongue. Thus, for these groups, mother-tongue education is more an issue of language restoration than one of effective pedagogy, although it is still a crucial aspect of community development. At the same time, performance in primary- and secondary-level education is declining dramatically.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tongue san mother language education|10.0908785|2.65632|2.5930438
6119|Compared to an average employment growth rate of 3.2% across all occupations, growth rates of high- and medium-skilled occupations were relatively high in South Africa. Together with the slight underrepresentation of foreign-born workers among plant and machine operators and agricultural workers, the slowest growing and shrinking occupations, this pattern suggests that labour immigration is to an important extent demand driven. Black foreign-bom workers are overrepresented, compared to their South African-bom counterparts, in all the major occupational groups exhibiting growth except among clerks, professionals, and plant and machine operators.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|occupations machine bom workers operators|7.3081994|3.729119|4.2343683
6120|Funding for monitoring is needed to pilot test several global tools that monitor and report on the involvement and participation of various stakeholders and at various sub-national and national levels. Many national statistical organisations need capacity building and additional support to establish relevant reporting lines/channels and systems for reporting on this indicator. This includes sensitizing authorities to working with different groups, support engaging communities, running and advertising community consultations, and drawing concrete feedback and next steps from consultations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|consultations reporting national various advertising|1.4066507|3.8814473|0.77366894
6121|The Ogallala has been the source of substantial, large-scale irrigation development, beginning in the 1950s, when affordable technology became available for extracting groundwater and applying it to large fields of cotton, corn, winter wheat, and sorghum (Warren et al., The number of wells on the Texas High Plains increased from 48,000 in 1958 to 101,000 in 2000, as farmers increased their production of irrigated crops (Colaizzi et al., The Ogallala is largely a fossil aquifer with a very slow rate of natural recharge.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|corn sorghum plains texas al|0.8497384|7.455578|2.934299
6122|Professional bodies lead the development process in a number of countries. For example, in Scotland the revision of national standards was led by the General Teaching Council of Scotland (GTCS) - a professional body that gained independence from the Scottish government in 2012 (GTCS, 2018(33)) - and involved extensive consultation with the profession and other stakeholders (Hamilton, 2014r48]). The process consisted of setting up a steering group with a range of stakeholders, including parents and students, and forming writing groups. It involved both face-to-face meetings and online consultation, in which engagement was encouraged in various ways such as through social media (ibid.).|SDG 4 - Quality education|scotland consultation professional involved face|9.392175|1.3578712|1.9084516
6123|These cards would guide the students and help them to ask relevant questions, support their different roles in group-work, and facilitate the process so that it would be easier to assess each other. One of the students would act as a group leader, telling the others what to do, based upon these cards, and students would then participate in the activity guided by the cards and the group leader. This was very much appreciated by the students. School 9 already had a transparent assessment culture, where the school leader, teachers, and students shared knowledge of assessment practices. This can be seen as an indication of the importance of capacity building. In some schools, teachers and school leaders had the capacity to improve their practice, while other schools do not seem to have the knowledge or capacity to transform good practices supplied by the DET to the local level.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cards students leader group school|9.68336|1.618887|1.4849955
6124|The 2014 National Energy Policy sets a target of 50 per cent of electricity generated by renewable energy by 2020. The Solomon Islands Government has indicated that it will consider market-based mechanisms to raise funds to support the establishment and operation of a National Climate Change Trust Fund that will co-ordinate and manage the allocation of climate finance for climate change adaptation and mitigation activities. The National Energy Policy notes that gender-sensitive approaches are required when considering the needs for, and decision-making processes in, sustainable energy systems.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy climate national solomon change|9.052222|4.1561465|7.2029285
6125|The Paris Agreement is ambitious in its scope, aiming to limit climate change to as little as 1.5°C global mean temperature change, targeting a 'balance' of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) by the second half of the century, and expecting progressively more ambitious mitigation commitments from all states party to the treaty over the coming decades. It is also novel in its approach: all member states will be legally bound to make commitments, but each state will determine the nature of its commitment and is not legally bound to deliver the policies that they comprise. The agreement's novelty has led some critics to question whether it will deliver against its ambition.|SDG 13 - Climate action|bound legally ambitious deliver commitments|1.136264|3.6738024|1.3515772
6126|We explore these trends in greater detail below. More specifically, they are persons who are working and living in households with income below the poverty line. They comprise two distinct categories: working people living as unrelated (non-own-family) individuals with income below the poverty level; and working people living in families with total income below the poverty level. Data series 2013 to 2018 are preliminary projections. However, that percentage is still substantially above levels prevalent in ODCs, where it is expected to shrink from 30 per cent in 2000 to 7 per cent by 2017. Among that group, Liberia and Madagascar experienced no overall change in the share of the working poor living on less than $1.25 per day during the period 2000-2012.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|living working poverty income unrelated|6.5370417|5.662406|5.031316
6127|It is important to clarify that it is the municipalities with their project leaders who participate in the official programme, but they also invite and choose schools that are then offered places at the conferences and subsequently implement the AfL programme. In some of the municipalities participating in this study, it seems as if some of the schools who are not officially members of the programme believe that they are. One possible explanation for this is that some of the municipalities use strategies for sharing knowledge through conferences for all schools in their municipality. Nevertheless, it is challenging to evaluate the impact of the AfL programme on participating schools through test scores when so many schools were confused about their status/degree of involvement in the project.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools afl programme municipalities conferences|9.70222|1.6002644|1.2653005
6128|This chapter focuses on what it would take to make innovative mobility services accessible and acceptable to, and useable by, older people and people with physical, sensory or cognitive impairments. This is due to a close correlation between age and disability; as populations age, disability becomes more prevalent. Virtually every country in the world is experiencing growth in the number of older people in their population.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|disability people older impairments age|4.3483224|5.1290474|0.3495195
6129|Other fiscal and financial measures include: an increase in the tax rate on heating fuels, already included in the PNAC (to be fully implemented in 2014); an accelerated depreciation regime for investments in energy-efficient equipment and vehicles in the services (and industry) sectors; subsidised low-interest loans for investments in energy efficiency measures; and income tax deductions for investments in solar collectors and renewable microgeneration systems. Each PPEC supports actions proposed by suppliers, grid operators, and business and consumer associations. The proposed measures are selected using a tendering procedure and ranked on the basis of a cost-benefit analysis that takes into account environmental benefits (including abatement of GHG emissions) and cost savings for the electricity sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investments measures proposed tax deductions|1.9373863|2.4499483|2.0724733
6130|Given this small average size, unsurprisingly family farms together only hold about 24% of all land and produce about 38% of the total value of agricultural production. While commercial large-scale farms dominate export-oriented agricultural production, family farms accounts for 70% of the food consumed domestically (FAO, 2014). Land ownership is a constitutional right in Brazil, where traditional private property, indigenous customary tenancy and unchallenged possession of land are recognised by the government. The four most important pieces of legislation concerning land rights in Brazil are the 1964 Land Statute, which regulates land tenure and specifies how the land reform programme is to be organised, a law from 1966 that establishes land reform based on the former legislation, the 1981 Law of Occupation that recognises squatter rights and finally the 2002 Civil Code, which organises family, inheritance, possession and property rights. These laws have helped to develop a relatively well-functioning land market system. These policies are part of the umbrella of the Zero Hunger programme created in 2003 and subsequently of the Extreme Poverty Plan of 2011.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|land farms possession family rights|3.652578|4.9493103|3.6794708
6131|"They are sensitive, however, as absolute poverty measurements are, to within-country price differentials both between regions and across income groups, and how these are taken into account, as well as to the quality of source data on the income distribution. Using the dollar-a-day poverty line as an international standard is an arbitrary choice that focuses attention on the first of the ""hierarchy of capabilities"". Treating absolutely poor people in the same way as relatively poor people risks drawing attention away from the first capability of overcoming barriers to physical survival, which is the priority in most international efforts to improve the lives of the poorest (World Bank [1990]; Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula [2008])."|SDG 1 - No poverty|attention absolutely poor arbitrary hierarchy|6.316387|6.15817|5.045176
6132|Its membership reflects all the relevant actors in the education system: school inspectors, school organisers, researchers, teachers' unions and parents' representatives. The involvement of practitioners - teachers, other education staff and their unions - in producing, interpreting and translating research evidence into policy can give these practitioners a strong sense of ownership and strengthen their confidence in the reform process. Regular interactions help build trust and raise awareness of the concerns of others, creating a climate of compromise.|SDG 4 - Quality education|unions practitioners teachers translating inspectors|9.562589|1.7314911|1.9962782
6133|The long-term mean annual discharge of the river in Turkmenistan is 0.354 km3. Following a bilateral agreement, the river’s water resources ate equally shared between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan. Of the total area of fertile land in the basin, only 25 per cent can be irrigated due to a lack of water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|turkmenistan river fertile iran islamic|0.5733136|7.150035|2.6976538
6134|Large amounts of data are provided, often as absolute frequencies or counts of observations, making it difficult to discern the main differences between women and men. Additional processing and analysis are developed when more analytical reports or articles focused on specific topics are prepared. In those cases, the differences between women and men may become more visible.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|differences men counts articles visible|9.674379|4.407529|7.9524655
6135|Continuing provider development through in-service training is an important component of any health sector improvement plan, but traditional residential courses, which take clinicians away from their patients, can disrupt the provision of care and are an expensive method of maintainingan educated workforce. Under-resourced libraries, the high cost of medical journals relative to health budgets and health professionals' incomes, and poor infrastructure for disseminating current medical information and Department of Health directives limit the ability of health professionals to provide quality primary health care. Using smartphones and tablets, practitioners access a mobile health library comprising South African treatment guidelines, drug formularies, diagnostic tools and other evidence-based content, at the point of care. They download clinical and public health information to mobile devices using a mobile library portal developed by FHI 360.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health mobile library professionals care|8.988114|9.496186|1.700188
6136|Concentrations of ground-level ozone are regularly above the prealert threshold for the protection of human health at several sites. The country has yet to come up with a regional ozone plan. Biosurveillance programmes for dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) in the vicinity of steel plants indicate that sometimes certain health standards are exceeded. A new Water Law consolidates the various pieces of water legislation and transposes the EU Water Framework Directive and Floods Directive.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ozone directive water pieces vicinity|0.860982|6.6950393|2.3544035
6137|Article 3.3 states: ‘States have the duty to co-operate with each other in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development. States should realize their rights and fulfil their duties in such a manner as to promote a new international economic order based on sovereign equality, interdependence, mutual interest and co-operation among all States, as well as to encourage the observance and realization of human rights’. See, for example, Fukuda-Parr 2012. There should, however, be a presumption against actions that impair exports from least developed countries to either emerging markets or developed countries, or from emerging markets to developed countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|states developed emerging markets rights|4.287997|4.6647887|4.052497
6138|Finally, the triangle represents the estimates of household earnings inequality with the inclusion of households where no-one works. Standard worker households” refers to households where all adult members (16-64) are in standard work or to households with the presence of both standard worker(s) and jobless adult members). Similarly, “Non-standard worker households” refers to households where either all adult members are in non-standard work or there are only non-standard workers and non-working adult members. “ Mixed SW/NSW households” refers to households with both standard and non-standard workers. Jobless households refer to households without any worker during the year. On the one hand, when mixed SW/NSW households were added, household earnings inequality declines by one percentage point, from 0.32 to 0.31 on average (more than two points in Austria and Luxembourg), compared with inequality among households with only standard workers.|SDG 1 - No poverty|households standard worker adult members|7.3622956|5.462972|5.099404
6139|In another typical example of maladaptation, which occurs more often in richer countries, policies to protect the population from heat waves and avert excessive demand on urgent health services result in greater use of private air conditioning and consequently a greater demand for energy (O’Brien and others, 2012). This type of adaptation initiative is in fact a form of maladaptation, since it shifts the pressure from one sector to another. The overall vulnerability of the system is not reduced: instead, one source of vulnerability is simply replaced by another.|SDG 13 - Climate action|maladaptation vulnerability greater demand conditioning|1.3448666|4.8227906|1.6412876
6140|Two Norwegian approaches may serve as examples, and may also be quite relevant for similar efforts in Finland and Sweden (perhaps less so for Denmark due to differences in forest characteristics]. The identified biologically valuable areas shall be delimited, ranked, and recorded in the DN database for conservation sites, valuable nature areas etc, to be taken into consideration in physical planning. This inventory scheme has specified 13 forest types (Table 4.3].|SDG 15 - Life on land|valuable forest biologically ranked inventory|1.2783736|4.7541714|3.9567764
6141|Clinicians and service managers should be encouraged to change practice towards better and safer care through a mix of educational measures, data collection and disclosure requirements with feedback on performance provided back to clinicians, managers and users. The celebration of good practices or encouragement of hospital and clinician “champion roles” will also contribute to a quality improvement culture. Whilst this reform is likely to have protected patients from being referred unnecessarily to physicians’ private practice, or from being seen by exclusively by junior doctors in public hospitals, there are reports that it has led to some clinicians dropping part-time practice in public hospitals. A review of quality and access indicators before and after the reform should be undertaken. Although a growing amount of data is becoming available that can be used to monitor quality of care, present quality assurance activities are rather control-oriented and the available information is not exploited to its full potential.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|clinicians quality practice managers hospitals|9.209454|9.540963|1.661955
6142|Adverse negative impacts on these vulnerable habitats have been documented as result of bottom fishing (Buhl-Mortensen et al. Increasing pressures from human activities within Arctic and sub-Arctic waters, poses additional risk to VMEs and it is thus urgent to map the seafloor in these areas to facilitate a sustainable management of the VMEs found there. Management entities like the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) and the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) have published lists of vulnerable ecosystems.|SDG 14 - Life below water|atlantic arctic north east vulnerable|-0.025551127|5.8223014|6.335374
6143|The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The situation should eventually improve as overall entry rates into tertiary programmes are rather high in Slovenia, reflecting wide access to higher education. In 2007, 88% of the relevant age cohort was expected to attend a vocational or academic tertiary programme at some point in their lives, substantially exceeding the OECD average of 71%.|SDG 4 - Quality education|israeli tertiary relevant exceeding cohort|8.801607|2.7139366|3.1692433
6144|Benefits from such investments for society as a whole are equally substantial. Yet, most systems are underfunded with dire consequences for water and sanitation users, especially the poorest. Providing sustainable drinking water supply and sanitation services (WSS) requires a sound financial basis and strategic financial planning to ensure that existing and future financial resources are commensurate with investment needs as well as the costs of operating and maintaining services. Access to clean drinking water and sanitation reduces health risks and frees up time for education and other productive activities, as well as increases the productivity of the labour force.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sanitation financial drinking water underfunded|1.6666548|7.0397162|2.4470437
6145|As a comparison, the gap in literacy proficiency between tertiary and lower than upper secondary educated individuals is close to 50 points in most countries. The ranking of countries does not change significantly when comparing literacy and numeracy, but the age-proficiency profiles differ somewhat. In the case of literacy, the gap between young and prime-age adults are generally smaller (something apparent also from Figure 1), and are actually negative in Korea, Poland, Italy and Estonia (and virtually zero in Spain, France, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic).|SDG 4 - Quality education|literacy proficiency republic gap age|9.530477|2.57913|3.3322766
6146|The primary care sector is not as strong as it could be, however, and poorer health and access to health care persists in rural and remote areas. Several steps need to be taken if the ambition of having primary care front and centre of the health system, particularly to tackle chronic diseases, is to be realised. Transparent reporting of a wider set of quality and outcome measures will enhance the performance and status of the sector and assist in developing a specialist primary care workforce, a closely linked priority.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary health persists realised|9.373796|8.91061|1.6976322
6147|Those with such access are 195% more likely to report good health than those with limited access. This underscores the importance of one of the key goals related to well-being and health into old age: the ability to access comprehensive health services and the adaptation of services to people’s needs and economic conditions. Also included in the model were place of residence and marital status (non significant).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|access health underscores marital residence|9.137287|8.590944|2.5956836
6148|Reducing losses, using more efficient technologies and recycling are all part of the solution, but applying the user pays principle to all types of users and an integrated approach to the management of freshwater resources by river basin are essential elements of sustainable management and hence of green growth policies. Social aspects, such as the affordability of the water bill for low income households also need to be taken into account. Agenda 21 (UNCED, Rio de Janeiro, 1992) explicitly considered the protection and preservation of freshwater resources.|SDG 15 - Life on land|freshwater janeiro preservation management resources|1.1133981|7.132181|2.0862653
6149|They often treat unemployment as a transient problem and are merely effective for the short term, following an emergency or an economic shock, but rarely stimulate job creation in the private sector or offer long-term solutions to unemployment or underemployment. Often, the programmes are not located in regions with the highest rates of poverty or unemployment. An assessment of seven public works programmes in South Africa, for instance, found that some districts with very high poverty and unemployment had no labour-intensive public works projects, while other districts with low poverty rates had four or more projects (Adato and Haddad, 2001).|SDG 1 - No poverty|unemployment districts works poverty transient|7.8834596|4.4545913|3.9284768
6150|In most countries, especially developing countries, there is a large gap in the availability of information and communication technologies (ICTs) between urban and rural locations, and Target 1 is important for ensuring that rural areas are not excluded from the information society. Because of their isolation, rural areas arguably stand to derive even more benefit from connectivity, since ICTs can deliver health, education and other services that might be less widely available there. The second underpins the first, in that one of the most practical methods of providing ICTs in rural areas in many developing countries is through shared access.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|icts rural areas underpins developing|4.8707576|3.0478115|1.8315785
6151|However, this form of layered interventions can be difficult to plan and implement. Large funders are often reluctant to fund projects in the same areas with similar objectives to previously funded projects. For this reason, biodiversity mainstreaming initiatives often have to be completed within short funding cycles, with little chance of extension or further funding, despite the lengthy nature of biodiversity mainstreaming. In many cases, the success of biodiversity mainstreaming projects can be significantly attributed to a particular champion or leader.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mainstreaming biodiversity projects funding funders|1.6284418|5.334548|3.8417885
6152|"However, less attention was paid to other fundamental causes of food insecurity, or to nutrition. This focus led to the use of short term policies, rather than policies that would likely be better at addressing food security issues in the long term. In general, this involved ""ramping up” the use of existing instruments (mostly market interventions), rather than the introduction of new measures or changes in the direction of policy."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|ramping food term policies use|4.4350142|5.548531|4.394821
6153|Overall, this ensures that WSS can be provided to a larger population leading to larger benefits. In the medium and longer term, this would also mean that O&M and replacement costs would be kept lower, which strengthens the long-term sustainability of WSS. Investments in drinking water and sewage cannot be considered in isolation of (upstream) resource protection and (downstream) wastewater treatment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wss larger term strengthens sewage|1.5035324|7.185499|2.4940379
6154|In practice, the best way to monitor food security is to look at outcomes — that is, to count how many people are going hungry. There are two principal measures used in this case, and they are also used as food targets for MDG: (i) proportion of the population undernourished; and (ii) prevalence of underweight children. On either of these measures, a look at the Asia Pacific region presents some disturbing facts. The most comprehensive data on undernourishment are available up to 2005-06, which is prior to the most recent food crisis.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food look hungry underweight facts|4.402471|5.6488137|4.592004
6155|Long-term projections of continuing growth in London’s economy and population (various scenarios are examined in the London Plan) are an essential input to the EDS. All proposals in the EDS must be consistent with the spatial strategy set out in the London Plan. The TfL is the statutory authority responsible for ensuring the deliveiy of the MTS. The MTS takes into account the emerging policies in the London Plan and the EDS and is supported by a detailed evidence base, including the “Travel in London” report, strategic transport models and recommendations from the Outer London Commission.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|london eds plan tfl outer|3.992726|5.267727|1.0566072
6156|The cost-benefit ratio revealed that for every €1 invested in medication follow-up, a benefit of €3.3 to €6.3 was generated (Malet-Larrea et al, 2017). The adoption of computerised provider order entry system (CPOE) is another way to improve medication safety in primary and ambulatory settings. However, the implementation of COPE often requires large upfront investments.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medication benefit upfront ambulatory revealed|8.468226|9.392979|2.1060624
6157|Simultaneously, a stronger enforcement of the anti-littering regulation must be enforced to accompany pricing reforms and deter indiscriminate disposal and illegal dumping across the metro area. In Japan, Korea and Switzerland where a number of households are subject to the PAYT, significant positive impacts have been seen as waste generated has decreased. An OECD study indicates that PAYT reduces w'aste generation between 16% and 20% (OECD, 2014a). Likewise, volume charging for mixed waste also saw increases in rate of household composting.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste aste deter composting dumping|0.49080458|3.9815173|3.0829961
6158|The 1988 constitution established health as a fundamental right and the responsibility of states, which resulted in increased access to primary and emergency care, in addition to achieving universal coverage of vaccination and prenatal care (Paim et al, 2011). Service delivery is strongly decentralised, which has led to a fragmentation in the delivery of services and inequalities in the distribution of health system resources, as not all municipalities are capable of delivering services to people and economies of scale are often not exploited sufficiently. Brazil’s public sector invests about 4% of GDP in health, compared to almost 6.5% of GDP in OECD countries. This shortage of medical staff leads to insufficient access to basic health care services. Despite recent increases in training capacity, Brazil is currently not training enough doctors and nurses to keep up with demand. The measure to require new medical graduates to serve in the SUS for two years before their degree becomes officially valid - discussed in July 2013 - can be useful if supervision is ensured, as it would boost the number of doctors available to the public system in the short term.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|doctors health care delivery medical|8.862677|8.527792|2.0659616
6159|Ecological restoration can moderate flooding in these watercourses and reduce flood peaks downstream of restoration sites by making use of retentive measures in the catchment, riparian zone and in-stream channel. With further climate change, mean annual discharge is likely to increase in many streams and rivers in the northern parts of the Nordic countries, although with more restricted water-level variations. A higher frequency of extreme rain storms may, however, lead to more large floods in the future, especially in small streams (Nilsson et al. A proactive approach to large floods in the future, with a focus on the sustainability and services of free-flowing river ecosystems, means that certain land use practices have to move away from the most flood prone areas.|SDG 15 - Life on land|streams restoration floods flood future|0.9163413|6.6729174|2.2819533
6160|These deductibles are described in following sections. Table 6 summarises information on the extent of coverage for inpatient acute care in OECD countries for average adult patients who are not entitled to any co-payment reduction or exemption. In many OECD countries patients also have the option of paying supplements for additional comforts (e.g. a private room, access to TV, telephone, etc.).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients tv supplements telephone exemption|8.527659|8.980175|2.189505
6161|Smoking rates among both boys and girls have also fallen since 2001, bringing smoking rates for young people down to the EU average. S litres higher than the EU average (see Section 5.1) although regular binge drinking5 among adults, which can be particularly damaging, is close to the EU average. Nearly one in five adults were obese in 2014, up from one in six in 2007.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu smoking adults average obese|9.234397|9.485153|3.2316291
6162|Women from households not having small children are more likely to be in the labour force than those from households with smal I children (Table 6-3). The decline in the LFPRs of women due to the existence of small children in the household is the largest in the case of women aged 25-34 if the age of the youngest child is three years or below (Table 6-4).The difference in participation rates of women in that age group between those from households not having small children up to the age of three and households with such children was as high as 10.1 percentage points in 2011-2012 as against 10.5 in 2004-2005 and 5.9 in 1999-2000. It was 4.4 percentage points in 2011-2012 as against 4.7 per cent in 2004-2005 and 3.0 per cent in 1999-2000. In the case of men, the increase in LFPRs got further increased to 3.2 percentage points in 2011-2012.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|children lfprs households points percentage|8.988087|4.582504|5.5814967
6163|In France, for example, the abstraction charge represents only around 1.3% of the water price paid by households and is thus unlikely to make them change their behaviour (French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy, 2012). Assessing the resource cost is also difficult since it requires measuring the benefit induced by water for all types of use (agriculture using irrigation water, drinking water supply, hydropower etc.), The former refers to methods that use market data to elicit monetary values, either as how much individual would be willing to pay for the good or service of interest, i.e. their willingness to pay (WTP), or how much they would require in compensation for being exposed to a loss of welfare, i.e. their willingness to accept (WTA).8 The latter refers to methods that use hypothetical scenarios to estimate individuals WTP or WTA. The methods have been used for a large range of non-market goods, in addition to water (e.g. air pollution, noise levels, health risks, etc.)|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water methods willingness refers pay|1.5203671|7.584856|2.4163587
6164|In most cases, data on the structure of household consumption patterns for both foodstuffs and other goods and services are derived from national household budget surveys carried out in the 1980s. In order to carry out this calculation, the indigence line is multiplied by one factor for urban areas and another for rural zones. For the 2006 poverty estimates, a factor of 2 was used for urban zones and a factor of 1.75 was used for rural areas.8 The factors applied since 2007 vary depending on the differentials between trends in the prices for foodstuffe and for other goods and services.|SDG 1 - No poverty|factor zones goods household foodstuffs|4.6256394|5.3317466|4.542017
6165|The central and provincial governments are responsible for personnel and financial management of schools. Although overall funding has increased in the past decade, data suggests that primary and secondary education are underfunded compared to other OECD countries. Tertiary institutions have more autonomy than schools to address their needs, but central authorities oversee funding and student entrance exams for tertiary institutions. Improvements have been made, but both quality and equity remain a challenge.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary funding central underfunded exams|9.211016|2.1713383|2.3026407
6166|Such effects hold across the distribution of household income, with stronger estimated gains for the poor - implying reduced inequality. The decomposition of total household income effects suggests that indirect GDP per capita-driven gains are compounded by additional and reinforcing direct gains accruing to the lower-middle class and, even more so, the poor. The income-equalising effects of export intensity are broadly consistent with previous empirical literature (e.g. Jaumotte et al.,|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|gains effects income household equalising|6.5318775|4.934717|4.4445486
6167|It is frequently asked whether income or consumption poverty measures should be included in a national MPI, instead of reporting them separately. To date, it seems preferable to report monetary poverty separately, although Armenia and Mexico (only) combine them. Moreover, the relative weight of income can be adjusted (if there are two separate measures the weight of each may be implicitly equal).|SDG 1 - No poverty|separately weight preferable implicitly measures|6.426962|6.589619|5.137823
6168|A challenge in the coming years will be to ensure that federal and state programming adhere to that prioritisation. In the case of water supply and sanitation programmes, conditions to receive support include the existence of a formal agreement between the state and federal governments for joint action, and to present an annual programme approved by the State Committee for Planning and Development (COPLADE) or the state-level organism in charge of water supply and sanitation planning. Subsidies for wastewater treatment activities must be first applied to ensure that supported wastewater treatment plants operate at a minimum of 90% before they can be applied to other investments.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|state wastewater sanitation federal applied|1.4053557|7.084805|2.1849277
6169|Gender parity has been successful in terms of equitable numbers of men and women occupying the lowest and highest positions in the organization. However, at the critical middle levels (P-4/P-5 and D-l/D-2), parity has not been achieved. Men enter the organization at higher levels and get promoted more quickly than women. The culture and unwritten rules about who gets promoted and valued, and whose voices are heard, require deeper attention to truly achieve gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parity promoted organization occupying men|9.9376335|4.1711507|7.4440546
6170|Tax-payers also demand accountability for results. There is a need therefore to build a strong evidence base across all sectors - including those relevant to biodiversity - in a variety of contexts to provide guidance for policy-makers (OECD, 2006). The general lack of impact evaluation studies in the field of environment, and more specifically biodiversity, implies that these fields are not keeping up with best practice.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity keeping fields implies contexts|1.6710609|5.4115534|3.774993
6171|The responsibility of integrating a gender perspective falls on the whole team. When Gender Advisers are part of the team, they have the primary responsibility to provide advice and inputs on all sections of the report in order to ensure the consistent integration of a gender perspective. Addressing women's concerns in each section, including the background/context, methodology, legal analysis, findings and recommendations, allows for the proper representation of the experiences of the entire population. As stressed above, disaggregated data is particularly important in this regard, but is only one element that allows a gender analysis to be undertaken.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender team allows perspective responsibility|9.825373|4.4067264|7.7864256
6172|Clearly, geographic proximity to the supply of domestic food is not enough to ensure access to food. Urban regions have greater access to food, in part because they are better connected to national and international markets, and able to source food from multiple locations, whereas in more remote rural regions, there may be few alternatives to local production, due to limited connections to other food sources. Urban regions also tend to be richer, which provides them with the income to purchase food even at times of shortage, when higher prices ration demand. Finally, rural regions tend to rely on the few varieties of food that can be locally produced, and production may be difficult to increase due to limited land or an inability to modernise production methods. In addition, the volume of the local food supply may also be highly variable, leading to a higher frequency of food insecurity episodes in rural regions.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food regions rural production tend|4.3336215|5.340692|4.1710987
6173|One of the benefits of promoting digital innovation is that it could lead to further innovations, unlocking unforeseen possibilities. This is particularly true in infrastructure services as the potential for innovation within the sector is large. This report explores how innovation and specifically distributed ledger technologies (DLT), such as blockchain, integrated with other technologies like the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (Al), could accelerate a cost effective transition in key infrastructure services.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation technologies unforeseen infrastructure intelligence|4.093054|2.579416|2.0834627
6174|By 2008, installed capacity had grown nine times over the 1998 level of 15 million km . The IEA projects China's solar heat use to grow another 450% by 2035 in the New Policies Scenario. Solar water heating now covers over 3% of residential water heating demand in China and so absolute growth will be significant.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|heating solar china installed water|1.5036308|2.1549551|2.535485
6175|The government stocks consist mainly of rice, wheat, and maize (OECD, 2009). The exact size of government state reserves is a state secret, which complicates any analysis of the impact of stockholding policies on prices and volatility. The current price support schemes are implemented in two forms: a “minimum purchasing price” programme and a “temporary stocking purchase” programme.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|price complicates stockholding state programme|3.965627|5.0936484|4.0449023
6176|While collaboration with GPs improved, it was not regarded a “spectacular success” because GPs were in short supply and reported being overworked. High GP turnover also made it difficult to form relationships with psychiatrists. Still, this model suggests that more flexibility can improve mental health access, and warrants further exploration. The authors note that this model is not sustainable under the normal FFS arrangements, and its success depends on a commitment to appropriately fund it.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gps success model warrants psychiatrists|10.254752|8.998356|1.7072575
6177|To this end, some institutions adopt a more top-down approach by assessing effectiveness at sectoral, national, or even global scales. Both the Philippines and Bangladesh have developed indicators for climate interventions, the former as part of an overarching results framework for its 5-year development plan and the latter as part of its national climate change fund (Philippines, 2011 and BCCRF, 2010). The Republic of Mozambique is also in the early stages of building a comprehensive M&E framework for climate change activities implemented by public, private, and non-governmental organisations (Manjate, 2013). The Government of Kenya (GoK) is in the process of setting up what it calls an MRV+ system, which combines the elements of project-level M&E in a coherent framework that facilitates meeting international MRV guidelines (GoK, 2012a).|SDG 13 - Climate action|mrv philippines framework climate combines|1.2457258|4.6791234|1.3104271
6178|The potential for increased recourse to insurance markets and public-private partnerships should be explored. At present, neither individuals nor businesses bear the full cost of their exposure to climate risk, which effectively acts as a subsidy for high-risk areas. It also affects the manner and extent to which climate change will affect Austria.|SDG 13 - Climate action|risk recourse climate explored bear|1.3589187|4.70144|1.7250721
6179|Average life expectancy at birth has increased by 6.4 years over the period 2000-2016 (63.2 years in 2000 and 69.6 years in 2016). Since 2000, the lowest life expectancy values are observed in Domod Aimag (58 years in 2000, 63.9 years in 2010 and 68.63 years in 2016) and Khuvsgul Aimag (59 years in 2000,63.6 years in 2010 and 66 years in 2016). In 2015, the major causes of death in under-5-year-olds were related to certain conditions originating in the perinatal period, congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities, and diseases of the respiratory system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|years expectancy life period originating|9.016739|8.587501|3.404384
6180|While the overwhelming majority of the labour force in developed and transitional economies is found in waged and salaried employment, the labour force in developing countries is distributed between waged and salaried employment and various types of self-employment. Women and men within these households engage in a diversity of activities, often migrating in search of new opportunities. While these activities are generally labour-intensive in nature, they do not fit neatly into conventional economic models of labour markets focused on waged labour.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|labour salaried employment force migrating|8.877847|4.412054|5.699689
6181|There is an increasing trend of a higher share of arts graduates in comparison to the technical and science streams. At the same time technical and vocational schools are producing a declining number of graduates. There is a growing recognition of the need to strengthen these training programmes in Penang. For example the Penang Skills Development centre (PSDC) was established as early as 1989.|SDG 4 - Quality education|penang graduates technical arts streams|7.107207|2.5778875|2.4860942
6182|The ranking of a group of distributions can be considered definitive only if it does not vary depending on the index used. The best procedure, therefore, is to use inequality indices in a complementary way and analyse the results jointly. One involves determining to which extent changes in poverty rates are attributable to changes in income level and to which extent they are attributable to changes in income distribution. Another approach evaluates the role of different sources of household income, placing special emphasis on labour market factors that explain changes in labour income. In this section, both methodologies are applied to data from 1990-2008, in order to gain a perspective that complements analyses conducted in previous editions of Social Panorama of Latin America.|SDG 1 - No poverty|changes attributable income extent panorama|6.523847|5.4960027|5.0340776
6183|The overall objective is neither to rank countries nor to determine an optimal model of governance, but rather to identify categories of countries facing similar challenges in order to facilitate peer review dialogues and to learn from experiences within the LAC region when seeking appropriate policy responses. In the 13 countries surveyed, respondents from central administrations (most often from water directorates) were asked to rank a series of water governance challenges from 1 (not important) to 3 (very important), according to a set of indicators attempting to illustrate each of the multi-level governance gaps. Though several elements contribute to the seven broad governance challenges previously described, one proxy indicator per gap was selected to facilitate the analysis.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance rank challenges facilitate directorates|1.1802429|7.101963|1.4824667
6184|Rapid population growth over the past 20 years in combination with low en-ergy prices has increased the demand for energy. Construction of a number of new dams, mainly for hydropower but also to store water for irrigation, was initiated in the late 2000s. However, hydropower generation has placed pressure on water resources and dam infrastructure disrupts water flow, with consequences for other uses and ecosystems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hydropower water store dam dams|0.9969807|7.1744857|2.6357367
6185|The payment system needs to foster interaction across multiple providers. There are generally separate and distinct programmes for the prevention of polio, tuberculosis, AIDS and other infectious diseases. Often there are distinct hospitals and delivery systems to care for each infectious disease. This organisational structure makes sense for infectious diseases because the mode of transmission of each infectious disease is often very different, most patients only have one infectious disease and few patients have multiple infectious diseases.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infectious diseases disease distinct patients|8.471923|9.088054|2.8645391
6186|Steps already taken, including the introduction of a groundw'ater model bill, suggest a w illingness to move in the right direction. From project impacts to effective responses: Who, what and how to confront future water risks? This chapter analyses and identifies solutions to respond to such risks. The proposed responses will be assessed generally and are applied differentially in the three identified hotspot regions and in others projected to face high agriculture water risks.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|risks responses hotspot confront ater|1.2623408|7.059067|2.7160661
6187|In practice, the National Marine Fisheries Service and regional fishery management councils typically set an overfished “threshold’' as part of designating what are called status determination criteria for the stock. When stock abundance falls below the threshold, the agency designates the stock as overfished and requires the relevant regional council to develop and implement a rebuilding plan as part of a fishery management plan or plan amendment. The plan must also include management measures to constrain the fishing mortality level to rebuild the stock within this time period. When a population increases to above the overfished threshold but remains below the rebuilding target, it is considered not overfished but still rebuilding.|SDG 14 - Life below water|overfished rebuilding stock threshold plan|-0.13213944|5.795581|6.722297
6188|However, available finance for investment in agriculture falls well short of needs. Smallholder producers in developing countries face major hurdles in accessing credit for investing in new technologies and practices, and female farmers even more so. The shortfall in finance limits investment in agriculture and food security and, with it, the capacity of smallholders to adapt to climate change.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|hurdles finance agriculture investment shortfall|3.832218|5.1798573|3.5859518
6189|The concluding section sketches a staged approach which can guide a review of the financial dimension of ongoing water management practices. It can inform a policy dialogue on financing water resources management, the ultimate way to manage reform in this area. But, in the second half of the century, the impacts of climate change are likely to compound water-related challenges. For instance, in the case of agriculture, the anticipated increased incidence and severity of flooding could mobilise sediment loads and associated contaminants and exacerbate impacts on water systems, while more severe droughts may reduce pollutant dilution, thereby increasing toxicity problems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water contaminants impacts dilution compound|1.3047298|7.2100368|2.2446961
6190|But policies are also needed to address the gaps and take due account of investment priorities and local needs. This could make them better candidates for further investments in transport, logistics and digital infrastructure, boosting their competitiveness. Taobao villages are clusters of e-commerce activity developed to revitalize rural villages and bridge the rural-urban income gap.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|villages rural logistics boosting bridge|4.3327622|5.2499523|3.5638716
6191|However, this feedback to physicians and information campaigns could be better focused, as practitioners and patients are broadly targeted. Indeed, in the case of the United Kingdom, feedback practices focusing on physicians with the highest prescribing rates for antibiotics were effective in reducing their use, while patient-focused information campaigns had limited effects (OECD, 2017b). Hospitals represent around a quarter of overall pharmaceutical sales in France, and the share of generics use there was only 2.3% in value in 2013 (ANSM, 2014). This low share is partly explained by different patient pathologies and hospitals’ heavier and more innovative treatments (OECD, 2015b), but producers also often sell branded drugs at discounted prices to gain a wider market (Dahan, 2016).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|physicians campaigns feedback hospitals patient|8.452615|9.4763775|2.2134478
6192|Different measures have been implemented to resolve this, including an infrastructure upgrade, an increase in the number of trains, better organisation and distribution of service, more frequent running times and public information campaigns. Despite these efforts, Santiago’s Metro continues to face severe congestion at peak hours (see El Mercurio newspaper, 24 June, 2012). In 2007, this jumped to 600 million (with no increase in the number of Metro lines).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metro newspaper jumped trains santiago|4.331314|5.05099|0.70872587
6193|Compared to men, women in the Asia/Pacific region are less likely to make career progression, with the share of women among legislators, senior officials and managers at around 25% (30% on average across the OECD) and declining since 2005. In the Asia/Pacific region the gender gap in unpaid work is about three hours per day (2.5 hours for the OECD), and such gaps are particularly large in Southern Asia. However, women are more likely to have been involved in setting up new businesses often without much financial gain in the start-up period.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|asia pacific hours women legislators|9.100881|4.434338|5.574769
6194|If all regressors are identical, the results are identical to those obtained by running separate OLS, which would yield consistent but less efficient estimators. Thus, the husband's and wife's shares must sum to 1. Furthermore, the respondent's labour force participation may directly affect the amount of time spent in housework for reasons unrelated to bargaining power. Education can affect a person's outside or fallback options. More specifically, a wife's education level relative to her husband's (so-called education gap) may determine her relative bargaining strength in the household. However, the effect is likely to be non-linear in that as the gap increases (with the husband being more educated), so does the relative bargaining power of the husband.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|husband bargaining identical wife relative|9.02501|4.834865|5.690105
6195|One of these employs the idea of a “bassin de vie” to argue that the appropriate geographic unit for optimizing quality of life has a small geography, especially in rural territories. “ Basssins de vie” in France are defined as an area where people both live and work, and where they can obtain the vast majority of the services that they need locally. The logic in this theory is that a high degree of physical and social connectedness leads to a better quality of life and to better local decision making.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|vie life better logic employs|3.937271|5.8152823|1.6549586
6196|Urbanisation also implies greater dependence on purchased food without recourse to alternative household production. It has also raised political sensitivity to consumer food prices through a stronger consumer voice (public mobilisation and demonstration). For example, imports to China soared in the aftermath of the melamine milk adulteration incidents as consumers lost confidence in domestic products.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|consumer food aftermath incidents recourse|4.3475423|5.1256595|4.1713953
6197|To estimate probabilities of health care consumption, these regression models included variables such as age, health status, and consumption of the same type of care in the previous period, consumption of other types of care in the current and previous period, education, sex, and region. The presence of dementia and dependence in activities of daily living were also explicitly included and both influenced demand for elder care assistance which was captured as having two levels: home services and special housing with 24 hour care. In turn, these factors were significant predictors of mortality for those receiving elder care. Data on incidence, prevalence and health care use of patients were obtained from patient registers providing longitudinal histories for a six-year period. Age and disease-specific risks of mortality were used. Individuals surviving beyond the six year period were considered disease free and were returned to face the same risks of health care consumption and death as the disease-free population in the model.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care consumption period disease health|9.131337|8.551138|2.6442566
6198|Given that assessment, as well as the significant administrative and legal difficulties involved in implementing a mandatory regime,9 the final recommendation in the Staff Working Document was to apply the environmental footprints on a voluntary basis. It is therefore unlikely - but of course still possible - that a mandatory regime would be the recommended option at the end of the pilot phase. That is, labels may gain enough market penetration to become de facto mandatory.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mandatory regime footprints labels facto|1.2659308|6.3523583|2.0870821
6199|In Italy, university graduates are less likely to hire workers on temporary contracts (Ghignoni et al., Further research is needed, including in low and middle income countries, on how education affects management practices and paying more than minimum wage. In many cities, unskilled, semi-skilled and poorly paid skilled occupations no longer make it possible to live within a reasonable commute of urban centres.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|skilled commute hire unskilled semi|8.050374|4.0947056|4.0958514
6200|Thus in some countries, the content of the initial education can be quite different according to the position the aspiring teacher is expected to have. In Germany, according to the school, subjects, level of schooling that a teacher is preparing to teach, the content of the education he receives can be quite different. They divide the existing models in two important groups, defined by several common features: the “traditional models of teacher initial education” and the more modern ones.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher quite content initial models|9.606803|1.1900269|2.3774908
6201|All countries in Eastern Europe, except Moldova, currently have national legislation that regulates e-waste. In 2017, Russia will start an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) programme for electrical and electronic scrap. Manufacturers and importers must help collect and process obsolete electronics in line with Russian circular economy legislation.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|legislation scrap epr regulates obsolete|0.4912112|3.9387822|3.055684
6202|Under this Forum, the Bangkok 2020 Declaration was developed, which includes “Sustainable Transport Goals for 2010-2020” in order to demonstrate a regional commitment to measures for achieving safe, secure, quick, reliable, affordable, efficient, people-centric and environmentally friendly transport in rapidly urbanising Asia. Transport is not an end in itself; it is a tool that facilitates access. Improving access, be it to employment, schools, healthcare, social activities, etc.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport centric bangkok quick facilitates|4.0773163|4.9126134|0.8345543
6203|Venture capital investment in the clean energy sector, Harvard Business School Working Paper 11-020. Wind project financing structures: A review & comparative analysis, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-63434. Renewable energy - market and policy trends in IEA countries, IEA, Paris.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|iea laboratory venture energy comparative|2.252023|2.6767972|1.7663051
6204|Real food price inflation is still a feature in most countries, but it is significantly higher and more volatile in developing countries than in OECD countries, as illustrated in Figure 1.5. One of the explanatory factors is a higher weight of food in the consumer basket of developing countries. Another factor is the higher integration in developed countries between food markets and other sectors of the economy, due to lengthier, more complex and diversified value-chains and market structures.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|countries food higher explanatory developing|4.359706|5.1465096|4.257856
6205|The 2015 Recommendation complements and deepens the relevant provisions of the 2013 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship. Both of these Council Recommendations w'ere developed as critical aspects of the OECD Gender Initiative. In addition, movements around the world such as #metoo, Time’s Up, the Weinstein Effect and #BalanceTonPorc increasingly demand accountability for the persistent gender inequality in public and private spheres.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|recommendation gender ere complements spheres|9.719247|4.0925484|6.97268
6206|In addition to a higher income, she now employs six youths full time and has trained a large number of others. She also offers continued advice and monitoring services to four chicken farms in the area. During a January 2012 visit to her farm, the UNDP administrator hailed the courage of young people like Ms. Diallo who take the risk of borrowing and investing in sectors where their elders do not see opportunity. More important, however, the integration of training, post-training coaching and access to low-interest credit is the most important aspect of this success story.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|administrator elders training youths ms|8.096702|3.0901883|2.9373426
6207|"Yet while the urban poor are covered by social insurance and labour market interventions for a rate double that of rural areas, those programmes only reach a fraction of the urban poor (i.e. 3-4 per cent)"" (Gentilini 2015:8). A significant proportion of the working poor, especially in lower-income countries, work in the informal sector, with employment and wages characterized by irregularity and unpredictability. In this sector, employment-related social protection is not the norm."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poor unpredictability urban norm employment|7.030945|5.589715|4.4692883
6208|"The resulting tool, called the in-accessibility index, measures individuals' ability to reach necessary activities based on their travel time satisfaction. The goal of the analysis was to create a tool that allowed different users' needs to be taken into account when establishing planning and investment priorities, while simultaneously identifying population groups for which access was particularly poor. Further details are available in the ""Accessibility indicators for planning"" chapter of this paper."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accessibility tool planning simultaneously satisfaction|4.2838883|5.21724|0.56460893
6209|These include, for example, the achievement gap between low- and high-status groups, differences in access to schooling, and the segregation of students into different types of schools and school programmes. Willms (2011) argued in the OECD's Education al a Glance (OECD, 2011), that equality and equity should be defined as separate concepts and measured with a consistent approach. Equality is therefore measured by the differences among groups in the distribution of Prosperity Outcomes, which are performance, attainment, health and well-being, and attitudes towards school and learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|measured equality differences groups glance|9.379231|2.516172|2.9906733
6210|They are well-positioned to play a more important role in the Canadian economy with their numbers approaching one million (CIBC, 2005). Immigrant women, as new Canadians, are opening new doors with their growing numbers in different sectors. Due to their more educated profiles and higher skills they quickly adapt themselves into the Canadian business environment in a very short time period and they have become “mainstream entrepreneurs” in five years. As one in five self-employed women is an immigrant in Canada, immigrant women’s contribution to the Canadian economy is very high.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|canadian immigrant numbers women canadians|8.857025|3.6488152|6.2953053
6211|For example in Niger, one third of all girls are married off before they are 15 years old, whereas in Burkina Faso more than half are married before 18 years, meaning that fewer girls in Burkina Faso marry before the age of 15.12 Other factors too often change the rate at which children are married; for example rural versus urban dynamics. In East Africa, CEFM is evident in the various forms of marriage it often manifests itself. Some of these manifested forms are: levirate marriage whereby marriage is forced upon a widow to the brother of her deceased husband, also known as ‘wife inheritance’; and sororate marriage whereby the sister of a deceased or infertile wife is forced to marry or have sex with her brother-in-law or widower/husband).16 The other forms of CEFM in East Africa include the trafficking of brides, marriage as a dispute settlement mechanism, and forced marriage in the context of armed conflict. Bush Wives’ is a term given to the thousands of women who are abducted and forced to become the wives of the soldiers, regardless of age.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage forced married brother deceased|9.551983|5.4462276|6.5853357
6212|Similar to a weather forecast, their value is in their predictive accuracy. The weather in the next day or two cannot be changed, but you can react to it. Similarly, there is little room for policy intervention to change health expenditures in the very near term. An example of this approach is the “nowcast” projections of the Canadian Institute for Health Information (Ballinger, 2006).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|weather predictive react accuracy canadian|8.841599|8.613734|2.7063034
6213|Remote sensing and GIS could be valuable tools but their application to inland fisheries and aquaculture is lagging far behind that in other sectors. Such data deficiencies can result in mistaken policies. For example, the SmartFish project12 pointed out that some African countries' food security and nutrition policies overlooked fish despite its importance in people's diets as evidenced through dedicated surveys. Moreover, the contribution of women is poorly assessed and, thus, gender-aware policies cannot be adequately formulated.|SDG 14 - Life below water|policies gis sensing overlooked evidenced|0.018344944|5.8229485|6.485545
6214|Many countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union even experienced deindustrialization during 1990s, with the share of manufacturing falling; they also experienced increases in poverty during that period. Thus, there is a clear association between success in structural transformation and success in poverty reduction. Thus, a growing economy has to have larger shares of non-agriculture sectors.|SDG 1 - No poverty|experienced success poverty soviet falling|6.226337|5.5297885|4.728709
6215|It argues that increasing women''s participation in the labour force, a general trend in most developing countries in recent years, is not a straightforward pathway either to faster or to more inclusive growth and development, as is too often implied. Rather, the potential for w omen's increasing participation in paid work, including self-employment, to substantively enhance both women’s economic empowerment and gender equality is determined by prevailing socio-cultural conditions. Moreover, its wider distributional impact is fundamentally dependent on the prevailing processes of technological and structural change. Those processes in turn are affected by the global and macroeconomic conditions and policies which influence the level and structure of aggregate demand.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|prevailing processes participation conditions increasing|8.876313|4.4359293|5.9840846
6216|In fact that was one of the initial stated aims of the software when it was first developed. It includes detailed output logs of all the Povcal software calculations, including the estimated parameters of the Lorenz curve in each case. To bring OECD notions of poverty to this mostly non-OECD dataset requires extending Povcal's methodological framework in order to derive the median welfare measure directly from the parameters of the Lorenz curve which Povcal estimates from grouped distributional data.|SDG 1 - No poverty|curve software parameters notions dataset|6.4049726|5.9478974|5.0626903
6217|Consequently, there are no data and no analysis on the current impact from climate change on forests. Among these, the w'etlands of karst fields are particularly sensitive. Although some reports systematically cover climate change issues, there is still no established system for monitoring the incidence of certain diseases in a particular region that could be linked to changes in some climate parameters and subsequent natural disasters. Data gathered from the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina have not been used for development of a clear response methodology for crisis situations caused by climate change, including the preventive measures that must be implemented in order to avoid the occurrence of crisis situations, or mitigating measures for consequences caused by climate change (e.g. reduced food yield due to drought or flooding or a shortage of safe drinking water).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change situations caused crisis|1.1837816|4.8782134|3.5753314
6218|Unemployed youth in MICs are more likely to be food insecure than unemployed youth in LICs. Many of the poorest young must work to support themselves and their families and cannot go without income while searching for better job opportunities or being idle. Working poverty and unemployment rates are strongly negatively correlated in Africa, suggesting that many young people prefer unemployment over working poverty and will chose unemployment in the hope of finding a better job when they can afford it. As countries grow richer low-skilled jobs disappear and the informal sector faces increasing demand constraints.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment unemployed youth job young|8.032467|3.9922388|4.1339917
6219|Dollar a Day Revisited', The World Bank Economic Review, vol. Child Poverty Measurement in Bangladesh: Improving upon existing measures, OPHI, University of Oxford. Monitoring Progress in Child Poverty Reduction: Methodological Insights and Illustration to the Case Study of Bangladesh, Social Indicator Research, vol.|SDG 1 - No poverty|vol bangladesh child illustration oxford|7.1162724|6.506274|5.1109047
6220|It describes follow-up activities in the immediate aftermath of the adoption of SCR 1325, and highlights strategies and tactics used and the increasing concerted development of national action plans, focusing on the Liberia National Action Plan as an example. As peace support operations generally fail to include women, their perspectives are often marginalized, especially at the decision-making level. It is now a commonly recognized fact that during armed conflicts women become targets of systematic gendered and sexual aggression by different warring factions, with perpetrators ranging from regular armed forces to peacekeepers.9 Sexual torture, rape, sexual slavery, forced pregnancy,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sexual armed action torture slavery|10.213978|4.902437|7.6068754
6221|One advantage of the simulation is that it can hold “everything else” constant (unemployment levels, market-income inequality, household composition, etc.), For instance, it can show whether a given family at the bottom, middle and top of the income distribution is now better or worse off than they it have been with unchanged policies. By comparing the mechanical income effects of redistribution systems between different periods, it is possible to identify family and earnings situations that are better or worse off as a result of policy reforms. For simplicity, we refer to these families, respectively, as “gainers” and “losers”. Results are shown for the same 8 OECD countries that were included in the above summary of policy changes. For each family, changes in tax burdens and benefit entitlements do not only result from policy action; they can also occur if policies are not adjusted.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|worse family income policy changes|7.047747|5.1890216|4.4234486
6222|The amending act included provisions to improve treatment and care for people dependent on drugs. It allowed for the management of drug dependence, and in that context legitimized opioid substitution, maintenance and other tertiary services. The amending act also repealed the mandatory imposition of the death penalty in case of a repeat conviction for trafficking large quantities of drugs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|amending drugs act conviction imposition|8.3696|10.15768|3.4756296
6223|It also calls for an understanding of how gender roles, identities and relations shape the possible outcomes of statebuilding itself. This includes recognising the role of social expectations associated with being male (see Box 1.3). Gender analysis helps uncover the ways in which these processes and institutions are “gendered” and is the starting point for identifying and addressing gender disparities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender identities recognising gendered shape|9.783086|4.449598|7.345023
6224|Collection of excess mortality and suicide after discharges will continue, as will research and development work on inpatient suicide. For those indicators that are being reported publically Norway’s data collection appears to be improving year-on-year, which is very promising. However, there are clear shortcomings, as identified in Table 4.3.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|suicide collection year shortcomings inpatient|9.777878|8.909893|3.0809543
6225|Three states had child mortality rates of five and below (Cyprus and Malta with five and Singapore with three). The same number had rates of over 100 per 1,000 live births (Comoros, 105; The Gambia, 109; and Guinea-Bissau, 195). This represents a 65-fold difference in the relative risk of death for children under five across the 46 small states.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|comoros bissau gambia malta states|8.808006|8.450385|3.6091428
6226|In both countries, students from the capital regions of Helsinki and Reykjavik outperform students from the rural areas. The article shows that these differences to a large extent can be explained by students' families' socioeconomic status and cultural capital, as well as students' own ambitions and expectations. Also, at a national level the Nordic countries are in the process of transforming their national assessments to computers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students capital outperform helsinki ambitions|9.519454|2.1275523|2.926371
6227|While in OECD countries households pay on average 40% of the cost of pharmaceuticals out of pocket, in Kazakhstan, the figure is 84% (OECD, 2018). Medicines prescribed in primary care are generally paid for by the patient, and only provided free of charge for patients with a listed “socially significant disease”. It is not known, however, the extent to which hospital drug coverage (in terms of quantities) is available for any given condition. To alleviate the cost burden of medicines for patients, the government has been gradually expanding the outpatient medicine benefit package since its introduction in 2005, but high OOP costs persist.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicines patients oop cost alleviate|8.49679|9.264514|2.1672611
6228|In Peru, smoking prevalence is higher than the OECD average for men but lower for women: 34.6% of men and 8.3% of women over 15 years of age in Peru used tobacco daily in 2013, as compared to 24.2% and 15.5% respectively among OECD countries (OECD, 2016). This was somewhat lower than the OECD average of 8.8 litres in 2013 (OECD, 2016). Nevertheless, 23.2% of the Peruvian population are affected by excessive alcohol consumption (35.2% of men and 12.7% of women).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|oecd peru men women peruvian|9.201875|9.399164|3.181333
6229|Another driver has been the search for lowering cost of energy use in fishing and includes hull and gear design and in particular motor technology and the installation of effective fuel meters. The basic point is that when a market exists or can be created/developed (e.g. fish oil supplements) innovation and products will follow'. The introduction of a discard ban in the European Union, starting in 2014, will lead to the landing of fish without a ready consumer market. Alternative uses and markets - e.g. ensilage, fodder - will need to be developed to bring the raw material to good use.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish discard landing supplements developed|0.09879376|5.6813126|6.7091246
6230|It is important that, in the future, action to ensure equality should also include measures to empower women so that they may access positions of leadership (making them role models) and take part in decision making on equal footing with men. Mexico’s civil service should consider further policies and initiatives for enhancing the recmitment of women in sectors where they are underrepresented. Managerial positions in departments like the Navy, the Interior and Finance and Public Credit are male-dominated. As in the private sector, they are smaller among younger workers and wider at the upper end of the income distribution.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|positions footing making underrepresented interior|10.049774|4.179939|6.154481
6231|Classrooms and schools with more disciplinary problems are less conducive to learning, since teachers have to spend more time creating an orderly environment before instruction can begin. More interruptions within the classroom disrupt students' engagement and their ability to follow the lessons. The disciplinary climate is indicated in PISA by how often student do not listen to the teacher during lessons on the language of instruction; there is noise and disorder; the teacher has to wait a long time for students to quiet down; students cannot work well; and students do not start working for a long time after the lesson begins.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students disciplinary instruction lessons teacher|9.571957|1.8710994|2.575857
6232|The distribution of different tasks, duties and rights as well as expectations related to gender has changed. A consequence of these changes is that many women have had better possibilities to get an education and to participate in labor market activities (Poppel, M. 2010; Statistics Greenland 2014). Poppel, M. 2010). The figure below shows the changes in employment by trade and industries for a long timespan (1834-2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|changes greenland labor duties possibilities|8.957263|4.440582|5.951574
6233|For example, in Australia, separate funding became available for Herceptin, and a similar arrangement is available in France. In Germany, cancer drugs are paid on a DRG basis or through “specific additional payments” (Zusatzentgelte). In the Netherlands, the pharmacy units in hospitals were previously responsible for pharmaceutical purchases, and hospitals with a pharmacy unit that managed to purchase innovative drugs at lower prices were able to use these drugs more than other hospitals, leading to cross-hospital variations in the availability of expensive pharmaceuticals. But due to pressure from patient groups, in 2002/03 the Ministry of Health became responsible for 80% of the costs related to the purchase of expensive pharmaceuticals to insurance companies, with the rest paid by the hospitals and pharmacy.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pharmacy hospitals drugs pharmaceuticals purchase|8.4670105|9.369787|2.1540117
6234|For example, providing safe water supplies and sanitation, and the resulting health benefits, is a much more effective approach to enhancing food security than imposing tariffs on staple foods. Initiatives to raise awareness about adequate nutrition and childcare can help to overcome nutritional deficiencies. Using international trade to make food available and affordable on domestic markets is beneficial for food consumers, while negative implications of open trade for producers and for market stability can be counteracted through appropriately targeted policies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food trade imposing staple deficiencies|4.4011245|5.0965343|4.255749
6235|Many of these goods are only traded within a small area, either because they are perishable or because of transportation costs. When social protection programmes generate additional income that creates demand for locally produced goods and services, they contribute to virtuous circles where agricultural and rural non-farm income growth reinforce each other. The degree of the impact will depend on the availability of local resources, including labour, that can supply the goods and services needed to meet additional demand without significant price increases.|SDG 1 - No poverty|goods additional perishable demand virtuous|6.8060737|5.831238|4.194698
6236|This has put into question the relevance of centrally-planned investments and/or turnkey technology transfer, and highlighted the need to look for better technology delivery models. The Programme was superseded by the Programme on Renewable Energy Development and Construction of Small Hydropower Plants for the period 2016-2020 (2015 Resolution of the Government No. It recognizes the current shortcomings in the country in the process of construction and operation of SHPPs, hindering the growth of investment and cost effectiveness of already constructed plants. One of the main objectives of the Programme is to eliminate the need to import electricity by 2013, by commissioning new power generation capacity and reducing electricity losses in the energy system to 13.5, 13.2 and 13.0 per cent in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. According to the Agency of Statistics, electricity continued to be imported in 2013 and 2014 from Kyrgyzstan and the total electricity losses in the energy system have increased from 13.8 to 17.0 per cent in the period from 2010 to 2014.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity programme losses energy plants|1.8434004|2.0383673|2.3527696
6237|In the other four countries, differences on the divorce procedure remain. Moreover, none of the countries offers equality in guardianship and head-of-household provisions or in the financial arrangements that apply to childcare in the case of divorce. They often join the informal sector, especially if they lack prior work experience, and may have to accept low-paid, strenuous work with no social protection.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|divorce guardianship join accept work|9.230902|5.2695527|6.566551
6238|In 2009-2011, the total volume declared (and paid) under the general regime was only 33% of the volume granted. A water entitlement can expire if the total volume of water granted has not been used in two consecutive years without explanation.19 Since 2011 the water title-holder can pay a guarantee fee {cuota de garantid) to avoid the expiration of the water entitlement. The aim of this mechanism is to encourage title-holders that do not intend to use the water to give back their titles. The rationale is that unused entitlements generate opportunity costs for society: water that is allocated but not used could be used in other activities and generate social benefits.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water volume title entitlement granted|1.2195383|7.548996|2.2262821
6239|Other findings that were perhaps less commonly expected include the result that subsidies on variable inputs are the most production- and trade-distorting among all measures analysed, and that area-based payments can induce significant cross commodity effects. Where a policy instrument reduces the variability of farm income, it acts like an insurance. At the same time a policy that increases expected farm income, and hence raises implicit farm wealth, may lead the farmer to adopt riskier behaviour. Both the insurance and the wealth effect can result in an expansion of production if farmers are risk averse - an attitude that is found in many empirical studies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farm wealth insurance expected averse|3.561588|5.4995193|3.8506804
6240|The self-reporting system and periodical expert inspections should be operated more stringently, by for example increasing penalties for non-compliance. In addition, financial support for SMEs to improve their emission treatment system should be considered a top priority. Energy-efficient production systems can cut the cost per unit of production and increase price competitiveness, in addition to consuming less energy. Energy efficiency in industry in the city can also reduce electricity consumption at the national level.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|energy addition production inspections penalties|2.07528|2.7107286|2.3445218
6241|However, countries facing especially large government budget deficits or where an already high unemployment rate is projected to remain stable or decline are more likely to envisage beginning to trim back some of the increases in spending that were taken in response to the crisis. Many of the crisis measures are scheduled to expire, often at the end of 2010 or early in 2011. This is particularly common for expansions of unemployment benefit coverage or benefit generosity and measures to stimulate labour demand, including expansions of short-time work (STW) schemes. Public employment service (PES) staffing has increased significantly in a number of countries, with Japan increasing it by over one-third.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|expansions crisis unemployment stw envisage|7.8816605|4.6599417|3.9308946
6242|"Indeed, while an increase in the share of older age groups tends to boost health-care spending because health needs increase with age, longevity gains could translate into “healthy ageing"". For long-term care, however, there may be less of an offset: extra longevity is unlikely to reduce dependency, and long-term care costs are concentrated on the very old age groups, whose numbers will increase the most. The reason why income gains on their own might not generate tremendous pressure is related to the size of the aggregate elasticity of health expenditure per capita to GDP per capita. The hypothesis that health care is a ""superior"" good is generally rejected based on micro-data analysis where health spending is found to be relatively inelastic to individual income (implying that health is a “necessity"", even though estimates might be blurred by the extent of insurance coverage). Moreover, evidence that the aggregate elasticity is significantly greater than unity is not very robust (see Oliveira Martins and de la Maisonneuve, 2006, Annex 2B). As a result, long-term financial simulations generally assume an aggregate income elasticity within the range of 1.0-1.2."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|elasticity health aggregate longevity care|9.04285|8.700977|2.7358713
6243|Currently, the most important national policy development related to forestry and forest management is the transfer of ownership, rights to use and responsibilities for the management of what is ultimately planned to be 60 per cent of Albania’s forests and pastures to local communes. In 2009 the forestry lands (high forests, low forests/coppices, shrubs and other areas with forest vegetation) encompassed 1,071,880.2 ha, which accounts for 37.28 per cent of the territory of Albania. The structure of the Albanian forest resources (forest fund), namely its division into different forest types, surface covered and stand volume for the dominant forest species is presented in table 8.1. Areas overgrown by bushes accounted for some 24 per cent of the total forest area and 9.3 per cent of the total timber volume.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest forests cent albania forestry|1.4022593|4.7204776|4.0364337
6244|For climate change adaptation, regulators were required to assess possible climate impacts in four areas: human health; infrastructure and location; land use, landscape, ecosystems and biodiversity; and water resources. The presumption was that the most climate-friendly alternative would be selected. Legislative texts were required to include a statement on the climate relevance of the act and alternatives considered, and, if the alternative chosen was not the most climate-friendly among those considered, a short statement of justification.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate statement friendly alternative considered|1.3573678|4.8684545|1.712014
6245|Figure 4.20 presents the impact of taxes and transfers in reducing poverty, comparing NSW with jobless households. Households with non-standard workers see their poverty rates reduced by a third, from 34% to 22% on average. In comparison, taxes and transfers have a much larger impact on jobless households, halving their poverty rate from 76% to just 39% after taxes and transfers. The poverty-reducing impact of taxes and transfers for NSW households tends to be particularly large in Belgium, Ireland and the United Kingdom.|SDG 1 - No poverty|taxes transfers households jobless nsw|6.9084973|5.801657|4.9930024
6246|If the chief physician or psychiatrist considers that treatment may continue under outpatient status, a request for involuntary outpatient treatment may be submitted to the administrative court. Involuntary treatment may only begin if the patient has objected to it or if the patient’s mental condition is “a well-founded reason to believe that the care cannot be given with his or her consent” (Bolling et al, 2009). When the need for care is assessed, it should also be taken into consideration whether the patient, as a result of his or her condition, is a danger to other people’s health or safety. No minimum age for compulsory psychiatric treatment is specified.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|treatment patient involuntary outpatient condition|10.282404|8.931535|1.5736183
6247|This could provide an efficient and effective way to bring together different educational providers with key businesses (public and private) to provide meaningful learning pathways and sustainable employment. This would help inform education provision at all levels. The most effective region-wide graduate labour market systems are based on the collection of comprehensive labour market intelligence, on-line publication of the data in a single place to improve students’ ability to make rational choices about their studies and to help graduates and employers to come together and students to move into employment; and using the data strategically to identify regional priorities and at an institutional level, to respond to the data in terms of course provision and the provision of employer specified skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|provision data students effective help|8.142537|2.6474905|2.702214
6248|Having established near universal literacy by the end of the 19th century, its economic and social development has been and remains deeply intertwined with a commitment to education. As the economy has developed in recent decades, the education system that helped propel the country to upper middle-income status now needs to evolve to respond to rising expectations and changing demands for skills. New challenges are emerging: economic growth has recently slowed, inequality is widening and productivity growth is weak.|SDG 4 - Quality education|intertwined deeply widening evolve slowed|8.9727745|2.551774|2.8342874
6249|Recognising that the unequal distribution of unpaid work is a key barrier to gender equality overall, many OECD governments are promoting fathers’ parental leave-taking and care for young children, as well as a range of public awareness campaigns challenging gender stereotypes and norms. Long hours at home spent cooking, cleaning and caring for family limits the amount of time individuals can spend in paid work. Women have a disproportionate share of responsibility for caregiving, which can prevent them from entering full-time jobs, remaining in the labour market, and advancing their careers, earnings and pension entitlements.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|caregiving disproportionate cleaning gender advancing|9.090399|5.0678964|5.746576
6250|This has been observed in northeastern Spain for instance, where irrigation modernisation has led to increased consumptive use (Lecina et al. Furthermore, increasing water efficiency can lead to reduce recharge of aquifers, reducing groundwater recharge, which further the problem of groundwater depletion in critical regions, like Northwest India (Ward, 2016) or the High Plains Aquifer (Pfeiffer and Lin, 2014). Dam or infrastructure investments also can result in conflict and lead to environment problems, and generally do not result in long term changes in the use of water. In particular, well-designed water transfers have the potential to help alleviate agriculture water risks in the United States Southwest (Cooley et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|recharge water groundwater lead southwest|0.7778403|7.425923|2.8521955
6251|Who chooses who does what and who gets what? Why should policy makers care about men and women having equal opportunities to participate in paid work? In Becker’s rational choice model, the family is viewed as a single entity with common preferences. All family members work together to maximise the well-being of the family unit, and to achieve maximum returns, Becker argues, members participate in a strict “sexual division of labour” -one partner (typically the man) specialises in paid labour, while the other (typically the woman) specialises in unpaid housework.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|specialises becker family participate typically|9.192842|4.824892|6.1431255
6252|Of significant concern, Czech mortality rates from ischaemic heart diseases and stroke remain the fourth highest in the OECD at 260.4 and 106.4 deaths respectively per 100 000 population in 2011 (compared to OECD averages of 122.2 and 69.1). This chapter explores the quality of these services for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer - the three cancers with the highest mortality burden in the Czech Republic for which screening is available. The quality of primary and secondaiy prevention for cardiovascular diseases (including diabetes, the focus of chapter 4) is also considered.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|czech diseases mortality highest colorectal|9.198136|9.525865|2.6271043
6253|The measure, which follows a recommendation in the 2010 Survey * should help the recruitment and retention of better teachers as, after many years of wage freezes, teachers' wages had become very low vis-a-vis other occupations at the same qualification level. Preschool will be made compulsory for children over three years-old in 2015 (94% are already attending), which is a positive step given that enrolment generally enhances education outcomes of children with poor backgrounds. A so-called Sure Start programme aims to support young children in disadvantaged areas by providing pedagogic and social support in dedicated centres and promoting parental involvement. To reduce school dropout, Bridge programmes were launched in 2013 to help pupils performing poorly in elementary education to acquire basic skills and a partial vocational qualification, and an after-school support programme (TANODA) was launched.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vis qualification launched children support|9.696709|2.682404|2.3191972
6254|Successful cases of joint initiatives could inform this process. Gender mainstreaming should also go beyond providing sex-disaggregated data for all results areas of the Strategic Plan. In this connection, the merits of integrating the Gender Equality Strategy as part of the next strategic plan (2018 onwards) should receive serious consideration.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|strategic plan merits onwards gender|9.897946|4.096286|7.4153585
6255|Shares remained roughly stable for LDCs but increased slightly for the other three groupings. This evidence suggests that, for food-importing developing countries in general, meeting the cost of food import bills has become less onerous over time. Konandreas (2012) conducts a more disaggregated analysis for the period 1990-2009, looking at individual countries in the LDCs and NFIDC groups and at their average, maximum and minimum shares of food import expenditure in both total merchandise imports and exports.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food import shares ldcs groupings|4.346496|4.9798827|4.244397
6256|"This contrasts with SDG 4 on access to quality education and lifelong learning, for example, which tracks gender equality in 8 out of 11 indicators. The first is the lack of readily available data and indicators that target women and girls and/or capture gender inequality."" The second is an ongoing failure to place gender at the centre of macro level processes, such as growth strategies and environmental and sustainability concerns."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender indicators contrasts tracks lifelong|9.396977|4.3879914|7.2961
6257|This initiative utilises consultants to evaluate projects and present them to potential investors. This represents an innovative form of institution building that is confronting directly the difficulties that investors face in assessing the risk and return of new projects and committing to involvement in smaller scale initiatives. For some, there are clear economic objectives. Such programmes are guided by conventional rationales for intervention such as market failure, for example correcting information asymmetries in knowledge about market and technological development opportunities. While for other programmes, the economic aims are connected to broader social objectives and the needs of particular groups and areas. These programmes are not just about market failure.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|failure programmes investors market objectives|5.3964267|3.4689782|2.4780505
6258|In fact, captured fish used directly for reduction to fishmeal and fish oil dropped by 43% between 1992 and 2012. Recycling fish residue in the fishmeal and oil market (cont.) According to IFFO, the Marine Ingredients Organisation, the share of fish oil in the Omega-3 market has increased from 5% in 1990 to 22% in 2012. While still 74% of the fish oil is going to aquaculture, fish farmers find themselves competing with a buyer that is able to pay substantially higher prices.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish oil fishmeal ingredients buyer|0.5332684|6.0846257|6.6842084
6259|These include the number of available public transport stops and how they are distributed, the clustering of population close to stops, and the overall density and distribution of the street network. For many cities, there are few sidewalks and pedestrians have to share crowded roads with motorized traffic. Although cycling may be relatively inexpensive, it is often difficult and potentially dangerous, with few cycleways or lanes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|stops motorized inexpensive crowded clustering|4.2364893|5.070636|0.54961634
6260|Innovation that harnesses these new opportunities will benefit from the exchange of knowledge and practices on how to successfully implement reforms. This research particularly emphasises the need to use diverse strategies for teaching and learning in different circumstances. This means that even if this report is focused on OER - i.e. on educational resources and particularly educational media - it will attempt to keep in focus the interaction of organisational processes and infrastructure, the means of using networks and collaboration, and insights (given and missing) from research.|SDG 4 - Quality education|educational means oer research particularly|8.619056|1.7933252|1.9841428
6261|When the process leads to course exemptions, the costs of education or training to the individual are reduced, as the person will need to spend less time off work and may have their tuition fees reduced. Finally, when a person has nearly all the skillset required by the target qualification, and can obtain it just by passing an examination, the direct and opportunity costs are greatly reduced compared to pursuing a full training programme.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reduced person training passing tuition|8.587624|2.9275477|2.9663782
6262|Accounting for such system costs can make significant differences to the social and private investor costs of different power generation technologies. In particular, the integration of variable renewables is a complex issue that profoundly affects the structure, financing and operational mode of electricity systems in general and nuclear in particular. The present study, overseen by the Working Party on Nuclear Energy Economics (WPNE) of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), presents an overview of the most important system effects, proposes methodologies to assess them and provides systematic empirical cost estimates. The deployment of electricity from variable renewables is also significantly affecting the economics of dispatchable power generation technologies, in particular those of nuclear power, both in the short and the long run.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear power economics renewables particular|1.3941389|1.6932263|1.8089914
6263|In the north, livestock breeding is developing at a rapid pace and Kostanay oblast is the fourth largest beef producer. The average household has two to five heads of cattle and other livestock and poultry, and production is focused on satisfying their own needs for milk and dairy products. Selling livestock for slaughter usually occurs due to a need for cash or at the end of the pasture season. Inadequate conditions for cattle breeding, lack of balanced feeding from a nutritional perspective, limited veterinary services and insufficient knowledge, lack of financial resources, and an undeveloped infrastructure are common.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|livestock breeding cattle undeveloped satisfying|3.755072|5.0494046|4.3384585
6264|Significant effort will be needed by countries to develop detailed sector level implementation plans and understand associated investment and finance needs in light of available domestic resources. They are intended to articulate the actions each Party plans to implement post-2020 as part of its commitment to the international climate change regime. The (l)NDCs are in the first instance documents for communicating political commitments, setting out national or sectoral climate goals, and as such provide no detailed implementation plans, which can be used as a basis for business planning and investment decisions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|plans detailed implementation articulate communicating|1.2970089|3.6550941|1.2588676
6265|This facilitates co-operation between teachers of both institutions and makes transition easier for children as they are already familiar with the learning environment. For stand-alone settings such as nursery schools and partner provider centres, joint planning may present more of a challenge (Scottish Executive, 2007). Furthermore, little is known about the impact of collaboration with services outside the school on child well-being and early learning. Participating jurisdictions report a number of activities and guidelines to foster such collaboration, but few signal challenges in this area.|SDG 4 - Quality education|collaboration learning nursery scottish familiar|9.373311|2.5584466|2.057899
6266|The distribution of earnings changes is trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles. Source: OECD calculations based on national longitudinal household and labour force surveys (UHS: China, Fedesarollo: Colombia, NIDS: South Africa) and the EU-SILC national files (Hirkey). While these conclusions hold on average, one should keep in mind that informal jobs are also extremely diverse.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|percentiles hirkey files longitudinal silc|7.98889|4.363616|4.7698965
6267|In addition, from 2000 to 2010, the private vehicle fleet grew by more than 58% in Chile (INE, 2011,2005, 2003). This was paralleled by a rise in the percentage of total trips made in private transport versus public transport (CEPAL, 2012). In common with most of Chile’s larger cities,31 these trends are leading to greater road congestion and elevated pollution levels. In 2006 on average, approximately 54% of the daily motorised trips in the Santiago metropolitan region were made on public transport (bus, metro, collective taxis).32 If daily commuting is disaggregated by income, results show that the lower-income segments are still highly dependent on public transport (CEPAL, 2012).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport trips daily chile public|4.338055|4.9779096|0.68246895
6268|This makes the reduction of inequality a difficult, complex task. Ensuring that improvements in one area are not hindered by growing inequality in others is, therefore, important. This calls for an integrated policy approach and a specific policy focus on disadvantaged groups. It purports to be a set of cohesive, coherent and complementary policies (social, monetary and fiscal, developmental, trade and industrial, and other) to attack inequality in its various dimensions, since standalone policies are unlikely to have much effect.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality standalone cohesive attack hindered|6.639426|5.1622696|4.577031
6269|Furthermore, the fee schedule as it stands does not fully address improving care, and creating new care options, for very long stay patients. Reimbursement could cover a wider but more specific range of treatments and services, for example psychological talking therapy, participation in community engagement projects, or art or music therapy sessions. The fee schedule could also be used to pay for services in hospitals that would help facilitate safe and earlier discharge, and help improve quality of care. This programme has seen some success, with a positive effect on patient outcomes, which were measured carefully (OECD, 2014a).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|therapy schedule fee care talking|8.870229|9.053691|1.6103896
6270|Such laws are also a cause for statelessness. If the family resided in the father’s country' and the father died or otherwise left the family, the mother would have to remain in that country (with whatever nationality issues that may have presented for her) or abandon her children to return to Egypt. This constitutes discrimination against women and is contrary to the provisions of Article 18 of the Bahraini Constitution in which equality between persons in rights and duties is recognised, without discrimination based on gender, origin, language, religion or beliefs.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|father discrimination abandon family nationality|9.479096|5.2406263|6.9910083
6271|Other structures include fixed charges per hectare for nonmetered agricultural abstraction or a price per megawatt-hour for energy production. In Belgium (Flanders region), the level of the tax varies with the quantity of water abstracted. For groundwater abstraction, water abstracted is sometimes paid through increasing block tariff (IBT): the volumetric price is higher for larger volumes. In contrast, the volumetric price sometimes decreases for larger volumes in the case of surface water, the so-called decreasing block tariff (DBT). One issue with decreasing or increasing block tariffs is that the market signal sent to consumers on the value of the resource might become misleading.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|block volumetric abstracted volumes price|1.5908394|7.651057|2.351409
6272|As discussed below, Ghana and Nigeria, for instance, have adopted National Strategic Frameworks and Plans for HIV/AIDS, which are being implemented. In fact, Cote d’Ivoire has established a Ministry of AIDS tasked with the mandate of strengthening care, prevention and community response to the epidemic.19 Resources have also been mobilized at each country level for HIV prevention, care and support programmes. In addition, public-private partnerships have been fostered and strengthened between governments, the private sector, faith-based groups, people living with HIV/AIDS and civil society organizations across the countries in the region.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aids hiv prevention faith cote|8.365796|8.902836|3.2497633
6273|Given the inherent limitation of these data, other indicators of the size and progressivity of taxes and transfers are presented to investigate the characteristics of specific tax and benefit schemes. A cluster analysis of 15 carefully selected policy indicators, capturing the progressivity, size and mix of taxes and benefits, is then implemented to identify groups of OECD countries sharing common redistributive approaches. Inequality in income after taxes and transfers, as measured by the Gini index, was about 25% lower than for income be/ore taxes and transfers on average in the OECD area in the late 2000s.2 For the same period, poverty measured after taxes and transfers was 55% lower than before taxes and transfers for the OECD average.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|taxes transfers progressivity measured size|6.948679|5.094627|4.4116797
6274|Mexico now has the lowest life expectancy of all OECD countries. While life expectancy increased by three years on average across OECD countries between 2000 and 2013 (rising from 77.1 years to 80.4 years), it increased by only 1.3 years in Mexico (from 73.3 to 74.6 years). This means the gap in longevity between Mexico and other OECD countries has widened from about four years to almost six years. Between 2000 and 2012, rates of overweight or obesity increased from 62.3% to 71.3% of the adult population; one in three children is also overweight or obese.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|years overweight mexico expectancy increased|8.83988|8.6484165|2.9736788
6275|Microalgae are productive photosynthetic organisms on this planet that can double biomass on a daily basis. Under optimum conditions, commercial algae farms can produce 5 000-10 000 gallons (equivalent to around 19 000-38 000 litres) of oil per acre, compared to just 350 gallons (about 1 300 litres) of ethanol biofuel per acre grown with crops like maize. Replacing all US biofuel production with algae oil would need around 2 million acres (almost 8 100 km ) of desert; however, it w'ould potentially allow 40 million acres (equivalent to around 161 874 km2) of cropland to be planted with human food, and save billions of litres of irrigation water a year (Brennan and Owende, 2010; Chen et al., Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and discarded catch (by-catch, also called unused catch) are part of this problem and are all potential threats to the sustainability of fisheries (FAO, 2014).|SDG 14 - Life below water|litres catch acres algae biofuel|0.30453607|6.1238775|6.1938195
6276|The global rate of youth unemployment was estimated at 13 per cent in 2017 and was expected to remain steady during 2018 (ILO, 2018b). In real terms, this means that nearly 67 million young people between the ages of 15 and 24 report that they are actively searching for work but are unable to find a job. A deep concern is that world unemployment rates did not decline after the global downturn; as economies began to recover, the rate of unemployment among young people remained at or near 13 per cent (see figure 3.1).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment young searching cent rate|8.038063|4.0150805|4.162782
6277|Wind data are drawn from ARUP (2011) with median case assumptions. More up-to-date cost estimates and load factors for solar technology have been provided by the IEA Renewables Division. Germany and United Kingdom data are 2012 estimates from BSW (2012) and Parsons (2012), while data for France, the Republic of Korea and the United States are drawn from IEA publications of 2010 (IEA 2010a, 2010b and 2010c), with a 33% reduction in order to account for the afore-mentioned decrease in market prices.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|iea drawn data estimates united|1.4474404|1.7868066|2.08588
6278|Efforts to address these challenges are compounded by policy discontinuities that result from a change in the majority of the municipal administration every three years. The region’s transport network is characterised by congested highways and poorly maintained urban roads. As to water and wastewater management, in spite of the high coverage of water and sanitation in the Puebla-Tlaxcala metropolitan zone (reported at 87% and 96%, respectively [SEDESOL, 2012]), the frequency of water provision and quality of infrastructure remain inadequate.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|water sedesol puebla congested highways|1.8957499|6.961578|2.100021
6279|This exercise was realized on the basis of a measure of insufficient income. For its part, Chile has a lower poverty incidence but a very similar level of poverty intensity to that observed in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Uruguay. As regards the area of residence, the values of MO are higher in rural areas of Guatemala, Nicaragua and Peru, while in terms of ethnicity, the highest values for MO are found among the indigenous population of Guatemala, Paraguay and Peru.|SDG 1 - No poverty|mo guatemala peru values realized|6.5018873|5.735793|5.2493324
6280|It is therefore important that the risks are well understood, and that the governance structure (e.g. building codes, land-use planning and regulation of energy infrastructure) and market mechanisms (e.g. price signals and disclosure of climate risks) facilitate effective adaptation to both climate variability and change. Broad public acceptance is also a prerequisite for action on climate change adaptation. To assess progress, 12 indicators have been proposed.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate adaptation risks disclosure prerequisite|1.3855261|4.730996|1.5837361
6281|While there remain challenges in providing equitable learning outcomes for children and young people from Indigenous communities and improving attainment at higher levels of the education system, Chile has achieved equity in access to basic education. Furthermore, there are no significant differences in primary completion between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children. Targeted initiatives such as a specific scholarship (Beca Indfgena Basica and Beca Indfgena Media) have had a significant impact on increasing attendance and reducing drop-out among beneficiaries. In addition, the recognition and promotion of Indigenous languages and cultures in the education system benefits from the implementation of the Bilingual Intercultural Education Programme (PEIB) targeted at schools that serve Indigenous students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|indigenous education targeted bilingual intercultural|10.166822|2.4327424|2.5247502
6282|Moreover, annual run-off may decrease due to increased evaporation in large lakes. Possibilities of heavy rain floods even in summer time may increase, especially in small river systems. Flooding can cause overflows in treatment plants or problems with water abstraction, affecting also water quality. Groundwater level may increase in winter, and decline in summer. Reduced groundwater recharge may cause oxygen depletion in small groundwater bodies, and consequently increased metal concentrations in groundwater (e.g., iron, manganese). The river originates in Finland and its final recipient in the Baltic Sea basin is Lake Ladoga in the Russian Federation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater summer cause river originates|0.6184801|6.83433|2.894779
6283|This exposes the mining sector to potential policy and regulatory risks, stemming from government efforts to shift the global economy to a low-emission development pathway, as envisaged by the Paris Agreement. At the same time, renewables have become an increasingly cost-competitive source of power generation. This has resulted in a business case for the adoption of solar and wind energy solutions in the mining sector, to reduce costs as well as carbon footprint of operations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mining stemming footprint envisaged pathway|1.5386596|2.2185335|1.9326441
6284|The country has also used opinion surveys (e.g. metropolitan areas of Queretaro) to raise awareness on corruption. This applies especially to agriculture and energy that figure less in the 2030 Water Agenda than territorial development. This implies consistent, multi-annual and mutually supportive national, state and regional water programmes that incorporate the 2030 Water Agenda’s objectives. This implies combining investments into physical water and sanitation or “hard” infrastructure and providing “soft” infrastructure, i.e. mainly the institutions upon which water outcomes rely and their ability to fulfil their duties in an effective and co-ordinated way.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water implies agenda queretaro infrastructure|1.1173111|7.217652|1.7740089
6285|Both recipients and providers mentioned the importance of tracking so called “brown” or fossil fuel intensive investments in addition to climate finance, to effectively measure progress towards greenhouse gas emission reduction across their broader portfolio of investment activities. However, considering the resource intensity of establishing and operating tracking systems and the recent focus on defining and tracking flows in the context of the UNFCCC USD 100 billion commitment, providers of climate finance were sometimes of the view that an over-emphasis on tracking per se can itself be a barrier to effectiveness, redirecting scarce resources from achieving impact on the ground. On the other hand, recipient countries claimed that domestic systems tracking finance can be useful in verifying finance reported to the UNFCCC.|SDG 13 - Climate action|tracking finance unfccc providers systems|1.4620521|3.7983606|0.67605793
6286|The most isolated places are outside the national grid and currently depend on power supplied by local diesel-fired generation or local natural gas resources. Diesel is used for communities located off the electrical grid as well as in situations where there is not enough hydroelectricity to meet the demand. A small amount of electricity, less than 1% comes from wind.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|diesel grid hydroelectricity fired local|1.9670961|1.9798187|2.475506
6287|Few local governments established metal hospitals, and most local governments instead called on private hospitals to provide services. The Mental Hygiene Law was passed in 1950, which dictated that confinement of individuals with mental ill-health should be in psychiatric hospitals (Tatara and Okamoto, 2009). Involuntary admission was included, and could be made by administrative order, or by the proxy consent of a legally responsible person (Asai, 1999).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals mental dictated governments involuntary|10.319328|8.972089|1.5822397
6288|An estimated 14-33% of the total global catch consists of IUU fishing, with a value of USJ8-19 billion (Borit and Olsen 2012). The real figures are likely to be higher since IUU data, by definition, are scarce. Information on women's roles in IUU is even scarcer (Kleiber ef al. When carried out on an industrial scale on the open seas, they rely almost exclusively on labour by men, many of whom have been pressed into indentured labour and held on ships as actual or de facto slaves, often for years without being allowed off the ship (Urbina 2015, ILO 2013). Pirate fishing operations in particular are characterized by some of the worst working conditions, and there are extensive reports of abuse (EJF 2010).|SDG 14 - Life below water|iuu fishing ef ship ships|0.10902217|5.6569223|6.765226
6289|It is fundamental for survival of normal society. These changes reflect in new institutional norms and discourse; sea changes in the lives of women previously excluded from the corridors of power; and in the 'new men' emerging to champion gender causes. They also reflect in the lives of 'ordinary women' now claiming access to land, mineral resources, finance and other means of production with which to enhance their livelihoods and those of their families. Even so, women remain the majority of the poor, the dispossessed, those living with HIV and AIDS, and daily violated as a result of high levels of gender violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lives reflect women champion claiming|9.732478|5.14078|7.2369046
6290|This assessment section includes impacts on security, severance, townscape, accessibility (in the meaning of usability of the transport system for people with physical and hidden disabilities), affordability, etc. It is important to note that non-monetised impacts require the most work and research for improving methodologies in order to better link these impacts to decision-making. This is important for not only essentially influencing whether the investment goes to particular scheme but also to serve as a basis for the adjustment of the scheme design. While improving methodologies for monetising accessibility benefits may help with this in some cases, in others, monetary valuation of accessibility gains - for instance when analysing distributional and spatial impacts - may be unnecessary, as a sole outcome ratio (such as the BCR) could be hiding relevant effects.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accessibility impacts methodologies scheme improving|4.276877|5.180825|0.6045711
6291|The 1974 World Food Summit defined food security as “availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices”.21 The discussions in the subsequent two decades introduced an economic element to access food and thus made a distinction between chronic food insecurity, related to poverty, and transient food security, associated with natural disasters, conflicts or economic downturn. As such, food insecurity is the state when people do not have adequate physical or economic access to food. This cross-cutting nature of food security poses a difficulty in trying to measure it.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food security insecurity adequate economic|4.375696|5.556163|4.526113
6292|They specify the name of applicants to the programme by federal state, the amount of resources requested, the area covered by each intervention, as well as the list of successful applicants, the amount of funds and area approved for each project. There is, however, limited assessment regarding the overall environmental effectiveness of the scheme. Moreover, since the environmental impacts from land-use change are estimated based on a score that is translated into financial terms during the determination of the compensation fees by SEMARNAT, it is not possible to compare specific environmental impacts directly with the outcomes obtained through the compensation activities of the CUSTF programme.|SDG 15 - Life on land|applicants compensation environmental impacts semarnat|1.6243572|4.351479|1.4976685
6293|Almost all conditional cash transfer programmes (with the exception of South Africa) require some time commitment by participants, necessitating a reorganization of household time patterns with potential impacts on time to engage in paid labour. Because of gendered norms, it is primarily women who perform the unpaid tasks of fulfilling conditions required to access programme payments, and thus such programmes may actually reduce women’s relative access to income or gender equality, even as children's status improves. This result is indicative of more gender egalitarianism and movement towards a high road strategy of social reproduction.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|time indicative fulfilling programmes gender|8.814727|5.182433|5.9736285
6294|All public and private projects located in PUD areas within Mandaue City are obliged to comply with this ordinance (with heritage or cultural buildings and post-disaster infrastructure exempted), while other projects have the choice to comply with the ordinance, or not (IIEE, 2015). The city lias also employed the use of the Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE) Green Building Rating System as a tool to measure, assess, verify and monitor the environmental performance of building projects in terms of management, use of resources and mitigation of emissions. The Green Building Ordinance requires building owners to use environmentally-friendly construction methods and resources that would have less damaging effects on the environment.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ordinance building comply projects use|3.4049456|4.7338314|1.8949474
6295|Pressurised water reactors (PWRs) also offer the possibility of increasing operation beyond the natural cycle length by taking advantage of the power and coolant temperature reactivity coefficients. A decrease of reactor power and coolant temperature allows for a 30-60 equivalent full power days (efpd) extension beyond natural fuel cycle length. Only non-storable hydro-electrical capacity should be considered here. In the mid-1980s economic forecasts were calling for a moderate increase in energy demand for the coming years and for a substantial overcapacity of the French nuclear park. The nuclear energy was supposed to be the marginal for about 7 000 hours, i.e. for more than 80% of the year.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|temperature power length nuclear cycle|1.2985212|1.6647846|2.0712128
6296|Ideally, this is an available resource during the policy development stage, to help formulate objectives and goals, but joint risk assessments and ongoing information sharing are key elements of integrated strategies. These include strong support for the assessment of flood and climate risk through the Adaptation Reporting Powers under the Climate Change Act, which encouraged key infrastructure institutions to consider the impacts of hazards such as flood and climate change on their business and the provision of key services. It does so through the application of scientific methods and consultative processes involving communities in CCA and DRR.|SDG 13 - Climate action|key flood climate risk drr|1.4845821|5.125113|1.7226211
6297|According to these data, the teacher shortage index is 2.3 times higher in rural areas, and the index of quality of educational resources is 3.6 times worse in rural areas compared to urban areas (OECD, 2013b). Also, according to PISA 2015 data, the index of science-specific resources (resources for science such as laboratories and materials for science activities) is significantly lower for students in rural areas than students in urban areas (OECD, 2016b). When looking at time of instruction devoted to different subject areas, the main difference is in time spent in regular school lessons in science: 246 minutes in rural areas, in contrast with 298 minutes in urban areas (OECD, 2013b). In order to continue into upper secondary school, the majority of rural students need to change schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|areas science rural index minutes|9.576605|1.8990917|2.7687118
6298|These include the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Millennium Development Goals and the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals. In 2006, the Government of Kazakhstan developed its Strategy for Gender Equality for 2006-16, which served as the main reference for the state gender policy for the past decade. In 2009, the Parliament enacted two important laws: the Law on State Guarantees of Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women and the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Notwithstanding, many planned elements of the Gender Equality Strategy for 2006-16 were only partly implemented, often due to uneven presence of indicators and government capacities to measure real-time progress in tenns of gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality equal goals strategy|9.523626|4.1868877|7.445294
6299|Support programmes can also be adapted to the time constraints of women. For example, distance learning may afford women greater access to training since courses can be taken at times suited to their schedules. Policy initiatives in the areas of information campaigns, training, and reducing the care burden offer a potential double dividend - greater women’s empowerment and more productive businesses.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women training greater schedules dividend|9.322554|4.6374664|6.203855
6300|A lack of knowledge of basic financial concepts and lack of confidence are likely to reduce women's ability to access and use appropriate financial products and opportunities. It may also reduce their ability to set up a small business; build up emergency savings; save for retirement; and choose the best financial products for their needs. Women need to improve their financial literacy even more than men in order to address the challenges they face in achieving financial well-being (OECD, 2013). The OECD/INFE data collection in 2010/11 provided a first international comparison of gender difference in financial knowledge for 14 countries (Atkinson and Messy, 2012; OECD, 2012), while the OECD/INFE 2015 survey covered some 30 countries and economies (OECD, 2016). Figure 10.1 shows the difference in the percentage of men and women who can correctly answer at least five questions out of seven on financial knowledge.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|financial oecd knowledge difference ability|8.818954|3.7303286|6.1357317
6301|This is a clear violation of Article 9 of the CEDAW since although this article does not guarantee women the right to choose their nationality nor that of their children, it gives them same rights as men to pass on their nationality. Their children, deprived of the nationality of their mother, will be considered as foreigners in their own country and will be deprived of all the privileges granted to citizens, such as healthcare, free education, access to employment, etc. They will also need to acquire a residency permit, w'hich must be renewed annually.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|nationality deprived article residency privileges|9.465688|5.132488|7.050723
6302|The approach to implementation embodied in the Paris Agreement focuses on facilitative dialogue and collaborative processes, rather than punitive compliance mechanisms. The transparency framework will therefore play an increasingly important role by providing the information necessary to understand whether and how Parties are fulfilling their actions to tackle climate change under the Paris Agreement. In addition, transparency-related provisions are contained in other parts of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21. The aim of this paper is to unpack the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21, specifically those relating to mitigation and support (i.e. finance, technology and capacity building).3 This paper highlights the extent to which the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement are similar to or differ from the existing transparency provisions. The paper also briefly discusses two specific topics: (i) reporting of information needed to track progress towards NDCs related to mitigation, and (ii) reporting of information relating to the provision, mobilisation and receipt of climate finance. The Paris Agreement lays out general principles for this future framework.|SDG 13 - Climate action|paris agreement transparency provisions paper|1.2005337|3.6251373|0.8450855
6303|Strong teaching standards will be important to concentrate accreditation on the factors that contribute to high quality initial education, including not only strong subject-specific knowledge, but also pedagogical training with opportunities for practice and reflection (OECD, 2005). At a minimum, one requirement of accreditation should be for institutions to publish the proportion of graduates who gain permanent posts. This could help students make more informed choices about which university to attend, and reduce the demand for - and eventually the supply of - low-quality providers. The MEP should also work with providers to raise the bar for entry to programmes in order to identify students with higher basic skills and who are motivated to teach. Unlike many OECD countries, Costa Rica does not have any programmes to incentivise talented students to enter the teaching profession.|SDG 4 - Quality education|accreditation students teaching providers strong|10.199777|1.553794|2.6485693
6304|Their main responsibilities are secondary schools, public health services, social welfare, culture, architecture and construction, and public safety and most multi-municipality infrastructure.26 However, because of their limited finances, the role of powiats in social and economic development policy is limited. There are ongoing debates in Poland about the efficacy of the county level of government, particularly in areas surrounding municipalities with county status (Sakowicz, 2017). In terms of subventions from other levels of government, small rural gminas benefit from grants that take into account more limited tax capacity and needs related to the community’s socio-economic characteristics.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|county limited efficacy architecture finances|4.362551|5.2073946|2.5656226
6305|Recent analysis of carbon taxation proves that reinvestment of the revenue into industries such as renewable energy enables recovery of a part of GDP lost to GHG reductions. The Korean government goal is to increase the share of new and renewable energy to 4.3% in 2015, 6.1% in 2020, and 11% in 2030. To do so, a feed-in tariff (FIT) system and renewable portfolio system (RPS) have been implemented. The cost of solar photovoltaic electricity is as high as 710 KRW per kilowatt and 108 KRW for wind (whose baseline generation costs are much less). Subsidy based on FIT amounted to USD 243.1 million for 1 503 gigawatt hours of electricity generation in 291 units in 2009.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|krw renewable fit generation electricity|1.6365261|1.9401464|2.4710078
6306|Under the plan, some para/iscales - those financing ICBF (2%) and SENA (3%) - and the employers’ health care contributions (8.5%) will be abolished for firms employing workers with monthly wages under 10 times the monthly minimum wage. By reducing contribution rates on wages by 13.5 percentage points, the reform aims at creating between 400 000 and 1 million formal jobs. Non-wage labour costs will, however, remain above the OECD average and most other LACs.|SDG 1 - No poverty|monthly wages wage abolished employing|7.839948|4.6882195|4.018208
6307|To accelerate this process, new technology mechanisms to support knowledge-transfers and strengthen countries’ STI capacities were launched at the 2015 Summit and through the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), which was agreed at the Third International Conference on Financing for Development in July 2015. While some developing countries are on track to catch up, or even surpass, many advanced economies in research spending and the adoption of new technologies, other countries are still struggling with basic social and infrastructure needs, such as basic education and access to electricity. If these basic needs are not addressed, there is a risk that the technology gap will widen across countries in the coming years.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|basic countries technology surpass ababa|4.808229|3.3310902|2.0304437
6308|By focusing on a sample of youth aged 16 years at the beginning of the observation period, the analysis could only provide insights on periods of NEET status up to the age of 20. It would have been very interesting to look at how patterns of labour market entry of 20- or 25-year-olds differ from the ones observed for 16- to 20-year-olds, and at future periods of NEET status for those who left education early.21 An implication of the short observation period is moreover that the share of censored spells is higher than it would otherwise be. The sample size and the available information on personal and household characteristics in the EU-SILC data are rather limited.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|neet observation olds sample periods|8.436016|3.9533424|4.155017
6309|Physicians benefit by having the capacity to compare their performance against that of their peers. This is a move consistent with Scotland’s bottom-up approach to quality improvement and reluctance to use financial incentives to promote health care quality. Special NHS Boards that do not provide direct patient care return their savings in order that they are recycled into the overall funding available to support patient care. Much of these savings are expected to be found by through improvements in the quality of care -by reducing unnecessary hospital stays, unplanned readmissions and adverse events for example.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care patient savings quality reluctance|9.059065|9.310283|1.6814961
6310|In terms of absolute values, there is thus no “correct” value for the employment-to-population ratio; for example, no clear correlation is found between a country’s per capita GDP and its employment rate. In addition, an upward movement of this indicator is not necessarily positive as regards poverty reduction. In any case, the employment rate in Latin America climbed between 1990 and 2006, primarily because more women entered labour markets and found work. However, since 1990 employment rates have decreased for men and increased for women, as more women enter the labour market.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment women rate labour upward|8.62959|4.465215|5.5542607
6311|"In particular, the proportion of workers with short job tenure may tend to fall during an economic downturn. This results from both reduced hiring and lay-offs of newly-hired workers; therefore, it does not indicate a ""true"" improvement in job quality. Job tenure indicators and the share of workers with fixed-term contracts are two complementary approaches of employment stability."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|job tenure workers lay hired|7.8512278|4.429969|4.287933
6312|Finally, employers in some countries appear to be showing a greater propensity to hoard labour than in past recessions.78 By reducing the increase in unemployment, greater reliance on hours adjustment may tend to reduce the build-up of the number of long-term unemployed during the recession and the number of workers withdrawing from the labour force (or postponing labour market entry) due to poor job-search prospects, indirectly reducing hysteresis effects. However, that need not be the case. Labour market segmentation could be further heightened by increased labour hoarding, if the resulting reduction in labour turnover rates places unemployed job seekers at a heightened risk of long-term unemployment, even though there are fewer of them.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labour heightened unemployed unemployment job|7.7223177|4.5530763|4.2158723
6313|There was a reduction in the percentage of members of union/ association among male workers while there was an increase in the case of female workers. The percentages of the working poor were 14.8 per cent among men and 17.1 per cent among women in 2011-2012. In other words, women workers were more vulnerable than men. The relative poverty measure is essentially an indicator of inequality in the per capita income/ consumption expenditure of the population.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|workers men cent percentages essentially|8.690147|4.689493|5.6678963
6314|While still covering only the central part of Mexico City, ECOBICI is the fourth-largest public bike-sharing system in the world, after Hangzhou, London and Paris (Government of Mexico City, 2015).15 While installing bike stations, the Ministry of Environment of the Federal District has significantly expanded road infrastructure dedicated to bike use.16 It must be noted though that a large percentage of ECOBICI trips are made on roads that do not have bicycle infrastructure. In addition, better connections between bicycle lanes will be needed if this type of infrastructure is to develop into a useful network for bicycle users (Figure 3.2, right-hand panel). There are a growing number of bicycle parking facilities throughout the city, including in underground, Metrobus and trolley bus (zero-emission corridor) stations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bicycle bike city stations infrastructure|4.1594415|5.050481|0.56220776
6315|More than a dozen adaptation components have dedicated sections that mention adaptation but provide no specific action plans or timeframes for implementation. Typically, overarching objectives state the importance of undertaking actions to protect the most vulnerable populations or sectors (e.g. agriculture, water supply and biodiversity) and enhancing in-country institutional arrangements to implement such actions. Sri Lanka’s INDC explicitly links its national goal to a global adaptation goal by enhancing local climate change adaptation (Sri Lanka, 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation lanka sri enhancing goal|1.3341517|4.813938|1.703774
6316|This is extremely beneficial for international development and humanitarian action, while the capacity to collect and analyze larger and more complex kinds of data is increasing. The State of Mobile Data for Social Good” report shows the value of harnessing mobile data for humanitarian and development action. Mobile network operators hold data for nearly five billion unique mobile subscribers and eight billion connections. Using that data to improve the well-being of communities requires a concerted effort to meet the unique needs of all stakeholders and ensure privacy rights are respected, so the benefits to society outweigh the risks associated with data use.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mobile data humanitarian unique billion|4.7136536|3.0793107|1.6301376
6317|Teachers receive tailor-made training with contents and timing adapted so that they best overcome their weaknesses in effectively helping their students reach their educational objectives. In comparable publicly funded schools, teachers seem to have much more freedom to “teach the way they feel most comfortable” (Henriquez etal., The SNED is awarded to schools based on their ranking in the national student achievement test, but not based on whether or not teachers have helped students attain their learning goals.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers schools comfortable students tailor|9.487574|1.3085387|1.854599
6318|With the SMC’s well-established horizon-scanning function, Scotland is a step ahead in this respect. A 2008 evaluation of its budget impact estimates concluded that they were valued and used by NHS Boards. However, limitations in budget impact data and infonnation provided to SMC by the phannaceutical industry meant that meaningful comparisons of estimates with actual expenditure could not be made, nor the reliability of manufacturers’ estimates determined (Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2008).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|estimates budget infonnation scottish consortium|8.66191|9.357994|2.0444512
6319|Supporting finance can be found in a combination of a government subsidy, revenues from the selling of CDM credits, soft loans from private investors, commercial project loans, and grants. The scheme is completed with capacity-building and training of local partners and microentrepreneurs to manage and run the plants and use energy efficiently for sustainable productive uses and income generation. No non-traditional productive activities are possible without those services. A host of traditional and new agro-based industries and microenterprises would be able to operate profitably in villages if they had access to reliable electricity supply.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|loans productive traditional microenterprises cdm|2.350759|2.4187973|2.4047785
6320|Esteban and Dinar (2013) conclude on the superiority of packaged sequenced policies instead of individual ones. Fuentes (2011) supports the use of economic incentives for water user associations to co-operate and enforce regulatory requirements on groundwater in Spain. Sophodeous (2012) reports that the relative successes that have allowed to slow down groundwater overdrafting in Kansas can be attributed to the multiple approaches that have been implemented, such as: the establishment of groundwater management districts, minimum stream flow regulations, metering and monitoring of resources, integrated resource planning, aquifer storage and recovery (ASR), a central water bank, and various water conservation programs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater water kansas successes metering|0.82699764|7.4965787|2.3975418
6321|For example, irrigation water prices in the federal Central Valley Project in California include cost recovery charges (financial policy goal) and an environmental restoration charge (environmental policy goal). Water prices in California’s State Water Project include charges for repaying all construction costs, with interest (financial policy goal), thus ensuring that decisions regarding water use and allocation reflect the full cost of developing and delivering the state’s limited water supply (economic policy goal). Most irrigation occurs in the arid western states, where rainfall is insufficient for producing most crops (USDA, 2006).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|goal water california policy charges|1.2260522|7.628895|2.5686057
6322|Focusing on the value added of learning opportunities is also important. This way, it is progress towards gains in skills that is rewarded, for instance, rather than the final level attained by learners, which may reflect their pre-programme abilities. This is calculated primarily based on student activity that results in passing examinations. Annual negotiations between providers and the Ministry of Education set budgets and targets.|SDG 4 - Quality education|passing rewarded examinations abilities learners|9.384898|1.6981597|1.8035737
6323|This narrow approach can increase gender inequalities—for example, when women are more likely to lose their jobs than men if the economy slows in response to monetary policy choices or when women work in sectors that are more sensitive to reductions in domestic spending.' Women do much of this work. The fact that this labour is unpaid does not mean that it comes without costs—and most of these costs are borne by women and girls in terms of lost opportunities and foregone earnings. For example, evaluations of the benefits of public policy measures that reduce unpaid work—such as installing water taps or improving access to childcare services—will be inadequate if they do not consider the costs to women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women costs unpaid work slows|9.027407|4.865931|5.975572
6324|Chinese ESCO industry grew to USD 10 billion with potential to USD 100 billion. One ofthe key responses to the Chinese regulation on electricity has been the establishment of a number of subsidiary ESCOs. China's ESCO sector is the world's largest with 4800 ESCOs investing USD 12 billion producing 17 Mtoe of energy demand reductions in 2013. (|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|esco escos usd billion chinese|1.7869508|2.3953722|2.1534321
6325|For cities operating older buses, they should evaluate the impact of the cost savings on fuels versus increased leasing costs for new buses. Accessibilityforall neighbourhoods to public transport is an essential factor of social inclusion. Therefore, more investments are needed to improve accessibility.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|buses leasing neighbourhoods versus accessibility|4.2724137|5.155025|0.53872544
6326|The coastal fisheries take place during the summer months (May to August), with a common pool quota. The total pool quota is allocated for each month to four geographical regions. The vessels that can apply for a coastal license are small vessels using hand lines only, fishing mostly cod, haddock and saithe. Coastal fishing boats are not allowed to take part in the general commercial part of the management system during the coastal operational season. In 2016 the total quota for the coastal fisheries amounted to 8 600 tonnes (a fixed amount that is not related to the TAC). This quota is allocated to communities deemed to be in a vulnerable position regarding population development, coastal fisheries, or to areas that experience sudden or drastic declines in fishing opportunities.|SDG 14 - Life below water|coastal quota fishing fisheries pool|-0.19821629|5.759218|6.949187
6327|Resource efficiency can be achieved by increasing resource productivity (value added / resource use) or reducing resource intensity (resource use / value added). It is related to strategies like dematerialisation, such as fuel efficient cars. It will be clear that no production can be said to be sustainable if it is profligate in the use of resources, thus there is a direct link between resource efficiency and SCP, particularly sustainable production.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|resource added use efficiency scp|1.8912112|3.459896|2.5262172
6328|At the federal/national level, competences are often limited, so it is important to strongly engage local agencies, including local road authorities and police agencies, in actively committing to road safety. This may require allocating adequate funding to local agencies. Urban sprawl and fragmentation of public transport planning create car-dependent communities, which in turn make it harder to develop road safety policies addressing car traffic speed and volume.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road agencies car local safety|4.1520014|5.3027|0.3371311
6329|However, price volatility for all commodities and food overall was much lower than what was experienced between 1970 and 1980. Despite this, in most recent years (between 2010 and 2014), volatility for many crops (except maize) and food has fallen. Since the mid-1990s, growth in agro-food trade has averaged around 5% per annum.3 Since the start of the new round of WTO negotiations on agricultural trade, growth rates in agro-food trade have been significantly higher than what was seen between 1994 and 2000 (Figure 1.3). Between 2000 and 2013, the BRIICS’s share of world agricultural exports increased from 9.9% to 17.4%, while their share of world agricultural imports increased from 6.5% to 15.6%.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food agro volatility trade agricultural|3.9554718|5.0075655|4.2721186
6330|To reduce the consumer burden of adopting e-mobility, a technology venture named Share & Charge has proposed a blockchain-based charging experience. The platform promises to provide open access to any charge pole, including a P2P sharing model. The utilisation of charging infrastructure can be increased to cater to more consumers, reduce costs and due to its technical flexibility, allow integration with adjacent services such as smart grids.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|charging charge pole promises reduce|3.807431|2.4675298|2.0232177
6331|Traditionally, within Ethiopian families, men - particularly older men - are authoritarian patriarchs, and gender roles are strictly divided such that women are responsible for all household work and care. Migration to Australia often changes these dynamics. But, men who come from a different country like not straight from Ethiopia, [but via] Kenya, Sudan or somewhere else, when they come here, because they had experience of living by themselves, and then cooking for themselves, cleaning and things like that, they understand how it can be hard for the woman doing the housework, going to work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men come like straight cleaning|8.969643|4.8357987|6.244616
6332|Researchers, journalists and activists have an important job to do by challenging these frameworks so that currently “unthinkable” courses of public and private action capable of addressing chronic poverty can be openly debated. So for example, it may be “unthinkable” for policy makers in a particular countiy to provide a social protection “floor” for consumption because this is held to generate dependency and to be unaffordable. The evidence from countries in the South shows that neither of these are true (Chapters 6 and 7). Politics - and the ways in which institutions work - are usually at the heart of the problem of chronic poverty. Yet because the chronically poor rarely organise themselves to put pressure on politicians or the political system, there is often little political motivation for change.|SDG 1 - No poverty|chronic political journalists unaffordable debated|6.5673833|6.0633955|4.6267715
6333|The municipality plays a limited role and has limited capacity to ensure citizens’ needs are met, for example, through a transport system that provides remote communities adequate service; routes that are coherent and well timed throughout the city; ensures that vehicles are well maintained, clean and meet existing emission standards; and establishes affordable fares that can benefit frequent riders, etc. Citizens often make little distinction as to who is responsible for providing the service - they view public service delivery as a local matter and seldom distinguish which level of government is responsible for providing the service, or even if the service provider is a public or private entity. Service provision in Antofagasta is spread across many jurisdictions and entities, and citizens cannot be expected to keep track of the complexity. In addition, municipalities are legally established as autonomous corporations whose purpose is to satisfy the needs of the local community and ensure its participation in the economic, social and cultural progress of the municipal territory (Government of Chile, 1988).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|service citizens responsible providing antofagasta|4.0782943|5.670141|1.838997
6334|This cross subsidy of irrigation by power also avoids government subsidies of public power production that competes with private electric utilities. In some cases the irrigation supporters have successfully negotiated a project evaluation framework in which farm income is substituted for net national benefit. In that case, considerable overinvestment in irrigation has occurred from the view of net national benefit. That is, the gain in farm incomes would be very high.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation farm net benefit power|1.3335469|7.4645557|2.9087758
6335|At the same time, the revenue base shrank, causing total government revenue to fall in nominal terms by around 7%. Although health spending as a share of total government expenditure remained reasonably steady during this time, public debt increased rapidly - more than doubling as a share of GDP - to cope with the fall in government revenues. This included changes to user charge policy and public sector eligibility aiming to both raise revenues and reduce unnecessary demand for services. There were also renewed calls to implement the new universal health system (see Box 1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|revenues fall revenue government shrank|8.700877|8.6869755|2.413504
6336|In March 2011, nearly 80% of the population lived in an area where the waiting time for a GP consultation was over two weeks and this proportion was rising. For a dentist consultation, the waiting time was over four weeks in 85% of health centres. Such a situation creates inequalities in access to health care as employees can use occupational health care and private consultations are available to those who can afford large co-payments.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|weeks waiting consultation health gp|9.171533|8.786584|1.9744127
6337|Making indicators available by key dimensions of inequality is essential to map and monitor such disparities. Strengthening health information infrastructure requires steps to collect more information on outcomes and quality of care (notably in primary care), as well as on practice variations and health inequalities. Publishing data, providing performance feedback and rewarding high-quality care are key instruments to promote accountability, facilitate shared learning and push for quality improvement.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care quality rewarding key publishing|9.06304|9.537721|1.8340342
6338|The index was then used to explain the PISA scores of immigrant students as well as their well-being. Most importantly, the regression accounts for the geographic and cultural distance between the two countries and includes host and origin country fixed effects, so the effect of sport distance is isolated from other potential confounding factors. The results show that for immigrant boys, a 1-point increase in the sports distance index reduces PISA science scores by over 1-point.|SDG 4 - Quality education|distance scores immigrant pisa index|9.820021|2.313534|3.1150467
6339|Following the dispositions of the Belem do Para Convention, spousal rape has been included in national legislation. Similarly, to improve the access of victims to legal support, Justice Centres for Women have been established across the country (OECD 2017a, 2017b). Despite these efforts to strengthen legal and legislative frameworks, culture and inertia discriminatory attitudes complicate the implementation of these laws: for example, 16% of women agree that domestic violence is justified under certain conditions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|legal dispositions inertia complicate justified|9.897983|5.406771|7.4618726
6340|Some centralised guidance relating to the objectives and priorities that infrastructure policies and investment prioritisation should pursue is essential to ensuring the overall coherence of investments across sectors. Thus, infrastructure strategies should not only take into account the specific needs of a sector, but also ensure that investment plans contribute to achieving broader long-term development goals. The infrastructure plan encompasses how infrastructure is financed, delivered and used, and it is guided by a set of Australia's main long-term ambitions. This holistic approach considers all infrastructure sectors within a single plan, which encourages greater alignment across sectors and investments and creates more spaces for generating synergies.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure sectors investments plan prioritisation|3.6920214|3.9659657|1.9875594
6341|There are no river basin organisations formally established or functioning. Although responsibilities for water are distributed between various ministries, integrated water resource management is hampered by poor co-ordination between these institutions, and the fact that local authorities do not feel responsible for the protection of their local water bodies. Likewise, the National Environment Agency (NEA) has several units - the Hydrological Monitoring Department, the Water Quality Monitoring Department and the Geological Department, all performing WRM roles, but alongside other functions, hard to separate from WRM.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|department water monitoring geological hampered|0.9875567|7.0927305|1.8333083
6342|African Americans are often rejected solely on the basis of their names (which employers glean from resumes ) and receive only half as many job offers as White candidates. Despite Nepal’s laws against untouchability, individuals considered of lower caste continue to be excluded from certain jobs and services, and Dalits earn considerably less than non-Dalits. Discriminatory treatment of persons with disabilities is widespread and has implications for their livelihoods. In Mauritius, Panama, Peru, the Russian Federation and the United States the employment gap between persons with disabilities and persons without disabilities is more than 40 percentage points.|SDG 1 - No poverty|disabilities persons americans caste mauritius|8.615663|4.886451|5.556962
6343|In the case of climate action, the focus on mobilising private climate finance has been driven largely by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations and financial commitments made by developed countries to address climate change in developing countries. This has resulted in high visibility for tracking the amounts of private capital mobilised, but less attention to the effectiveness and impacts of these efforts. In particular, some authors note that there is no clear consensus among development co-operation policies and practice regarding the overarching ‘theory of change’ in engaging the private sector for sustainable development (Kindornay and Reilly-King, 2013; Vaes and Huyse, 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate private change king mobilising|1.8820616|3.9773808|1.2121868
6344|"In particular, this chapter analyses the opportunities for coastal regions to develop “blue"" economies, which promote sustainable economic development and job creation in a marine environment. International examples are provided to demonstrate how the concept of the blue economy is incorporated ivithin local development strategies. These examples highlight global trends in the marine economy along with strategies for promoting blue growth."|SDG 14 - Life below water|blue marine examples strategies economy|0.12607369|5.7171855|6.103957
6345|This demographic and economic unevenness has also inevitably brought spatial and income inequalities along with adverse effects on environmental and socio-cultural dimensions. Figure 2 shows the change in agricultural land area from 1990 to 2013; with the exception of Thailand, all countries experienced an increase in agricultural area. This trend, unfortunately, had an impact on forests as well.|SDG 15 - Life on land|area agricultural inevitably unfortunately brought|1.6868035|4.624966|4.118329
6346|As discussed in Chapter 2, there is scope for the NHS to play a larger role in monitoring and improving health system performance, through selective purchasing and evaluation of providers. The coverage of services reimbursed by NHS is decided based on health technology assessment, which evaluates affordability and cost efficiency for pharmaceutical goods. The scope of NHS coverage is more limited than in other OECD health systems.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nhs scope coverage health reimbursed|8.716281|9.367225|1.8870008
6347|The deterioration of the underlying fiscal balance since 2007 was partly due to an increase in public investment to support demand through the crisis and recovery. As the economy recovered, the high investment level has not been reversed as had been planned, but the overall fiscal stance has tightened somewhat since 2010. Looking ahead, it would be prudent to let fiscal policy lean against the wind in the already capacity constrained economy.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fiscal lean tightened economy prudent|5.6560802|4.924696|3.7282832
6348|Families with three or more children have the highest poverty risk (UNICEF and ISAE, 2009). Young families also have a higher probability of living in poverty. This may be related to the lack of affordable day care and kindergarten options. Once a child is bom into a family, usually the mother has to reduce her employment in order to take care of the child.1 Family income is reduced while, at the same time, the available income has to be shared with more members. In Kazakhstan, for example, households where the head is between 30 and 44 have the highest poverty risk (World Bank, 2009b).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty families highest child family|7.2995586|6.0645742|5.064554
6349|It can be seen that the scenarios with higher shares of renewables are dominated by wind and PV power plants. Those values apply for all scenarios analysed in this case study. For hard coal and natural gas, prices are based on the projections of the World Energy Outlook 2010, New Policies Scenario (IEA, 2010). The assumed price for C02 emission certificates is set to EUR 50/t C02 in all scenarios.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|scenarios certificates pv outlook dominated|1.3131213|2.448414|1.9669455
6350|One example of a comprehensive, national implementation of such a platform-enabled on-demand marketplace is FlexDanmark (see Box 1). This system builds on regulatory requirements to ensure health- and education-related accessibility across the country to create a nationally co-ordinated and optimised on-demand transport facilitated by a common IT platform. By centralising information on demand and creating a marketplace to provide flexible supply, it enables specialised trips (medical, school, etc.) For example, some operate fixed routes that are in-part crowd-sourced by users (e.g. Chariot - see Figure 2) and others offer services where riders are directed to pop-up stops within defined geographic areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|marketplace demand platform riders crowd|4.298053|4.9493976|0.40583602
6351|This suggests that households headed by persons of African descent exhibit a pattern of monetary poverty that is similar to the pattern displayed by other households but that the level of deprivation was slightly higher for the former, especially in terms of multidimensional forms of deprivation. The absence of a spouse in the majority of these households is one of the reasons for their low incomes. Households in which there is a couple, many of which have at least two sources of income, tend to be headed by males. When households headed by single males or females are compared, the differences are much smaller.|SDG 1 - No poverty|headed households males pattern deprivation|7.1216702|6.03998|5.298911
6352|In the bus network case, provided thatticket machines should be available at the majority of stops, such solution might be quite expensive for launching, in particular in comparison with more modern ways like through website and mobile services, already available in a few capital cities. The only case can be that of Sofia and Bucharest, which can be considered peer cities. They have the same number of public transport options and although Sofia has relatively a little bit more accessible public transport network in terms of length and stations, it is Bucharest that achieves higher relative demand while offering on average more ticket purchase options. The compilation of several capital cities shows, at the same time, that the more rich cities offer more ticket purchase options (figure 2.28.),|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities ticket options purchase network|4.330387|4.9233007|0.5596063
6353|The third is the economic climate. In recessionary times, the number of companies wishing to participate decreases. The final one is that the programme can be very bureaucratic. Mexico’s universities could be more involved in setting the national skills agenda and thinking creatively about how to capitalise on their resources.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|capitalise wishing bureaucratic thinking decreases|9.861625|1.970746|2.2478764
6354|The progress on the most prominent fronts has led other previously overlooked issues to move to the forefront. For example, the reduction of deaths in children under five years of age but older than a month, has brought to light the issue of neonatal mortality, which was overlooked early in the 2000s. This progress has been reflected in the headway that countries have made towards the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) since 2000.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|overlooked progress fronts neonatal forefront|8.76326|8.471734|3.6023796
6355|While most fisheries have been brought into alignment with multiple elements of the SSF, additional work remains. In October of 2017, Canada announced that it has achieved the 5% target. The review is focused on gaps in protection under the current legislation and on how to incorporate modem safeguards to protect and conserve fish and fish habitats.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish ssf conserve safeguards modem|-0.11475785|5.6770453|6.6050377
6356|Disruptions of imported water conveyance and basin-wide distribution were determined to be major impacts. A follow-up analysis of water system impacts (Davis and O’Rourke, 2011) estimated that it would take at least 12-15 months for water service to be completely restored for much of the affected population, and that the costs of business interruption losses due to water supply reduction would likely be much greater than USD 50 billion. The study concluded that there is a need to increase local water storage.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water impacts interruption davis restored|1.4737666|7.2384577|2.7066827
6357|Climate change can increase the importance of maintaining natural assets and thus increase the urgency felt both for mitigation and adaptation objectives. Therefore, the two components of the CRGE Initiative need to be carefully aligned to avoid conflicts and unexpected consequences. We do not yet face a significant clash of perspectives in Ethiopia, but robust debate can be expected quite soon, and ways to forge an Ethiopian approach to green growth that realises all potential benefits (and manages the potential downsides) might need to be explored.|SDG 13 - Climate action|forge urgency potential unexpected manages|1.9039944|4.3762164|2.2900703
6358|Major reductions in the costs of renewable technologies for electricity generation such as solar PV, geothermal, and wind are expected during the period 2010 to 2025. Also, a subsidy limited in time would give countries a strong incentive to accelerate electrification and reach a level of energy consumption compatible with a high development level by the end date for the subsidy. By then, they could presumably assume the lower costs of national feed-in-tariffs with no or less need for assistance from the international community.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidy presumably geothermal costs compatible|1.7887794|2.0228155|2.1919765
6359|Integrating promising NUS in farming systems can reduce the build-up of pests and diseases when they are grown in rotation with the main crops. Depending on their characteristics, NUS can also increase soil fertility, prevent soil erosion, reduce evaporation and suppress weed growth. They can be more resistant to biotic stresses and provide dependable harvests under unfavourable climatic conditions or depleted soils. For instance, DeFries etal. (|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|nus soil rotation harvests reduce|3.3710399|5.3984323|3.9985702
6360|Whether and how to do this will very much be determined by the skills and capacities available in firms. It will also depend on signals that firms receive about the reliability of new technologies and their likelihood of standing the test of time. The question arises as to whether the relevant sen/ices will satisfy the needs of exporters, in particular SMEs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|firms ices arises sen satisfy|4.815098|3.2777648|2.58464
6361|"Innovators"" and ""early adoptors"" primarily use research and innovation projects. Includes both advanced counselling on technology development, access to state-of-the art technology and independent advice on how to increase digitalisation. This mean is used by all three target groups -but matchmaking and access to technology is most relevant for ""early adopters"" and ""Innovators""."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovators technology adopters early digitalisation|5.4960704|3.401095|2.5140462
6362|Some climate change impacts were explored in previous work by the OECD (2007). As a country with an advanced economy, an educated workforce and strong public services, Austria is in a strong position to deal with the effects of a changing climate. The potential for taking action to minimise costs and exploit opportunities arising from a changing climate can be seen in the effective system of natural hazard management that has developed over the past decades.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate changing strong exploit hazard|1.2840861|4.7357683|1.6813636
6363|It remained relatively constant until the early 2000s when the share began to decline, hitting a low of 17.8 per cent in 2011 as the consumption of fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand increased. A key factor behind this downward trend was the rapid increase of coal supply in China, which, in 2014, accounted for more than 30 per cent of the entire region’s primary energy supply. In the following years, consumption of renewable energy began to gain traction, with its share in the energy mix climbing to 18.3 per cent in 2014 (figure 4.1).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy began cent traction consumption|1.4292504|2.4629438|2.5244682
6364|Where schools are thinking carefully about their learning design, they tend to anchor that design in a small number of approaches which are defined by the different ways they arrange time and agency. Each frame involves discrete pedagogies to achieve more specific teaching and learning goals within the sequence. The study of pedagogical combinations offers a fruitful way to understand how established pedagogical approaches can be brought together to create effective learning designs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning pedagogical design approaches anchor|8.783119|1.5011796|1.8322483
6365|For this, Denmark should continue to monitor the equity impact of any major reform affecting health services such as the hospital specialisation reform. Using its data advantage, Denmark may wish to pioneer monitoring of the frequency of travel to hospitals for treatment. Reporting average travel times to the nearest hospital, the performance of ambulances, and the extent to which patients have had to travel to reach primary care or emergency services, as in the Netherlands, would be important. While greater use of mobile teams as in the Netherlands and ambulance services as in France come at high unit costs, these should be traded off against safety considerations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|travel hospital denmark netherlands services|9.204012|9.226889|1.9535402
6366|Getting a taste of rural medicine early may create a desire to stay in these places upon graduation. The University of Sydney says approximately 20% of graduates from its rural programme take up rural postgraduate training positions, where they are available (Mason, 2013). The rise of specialists, particularly in surgery, has contributed to workforce problems in rural Australia. A rural generalist programme began a few years ago in Queensland enabling GPs to be upskilled so they may perform some specialist roles including anaesthetics and obstetrics. The programme has since been expanded to other states.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|rural programme generalist obstetrics queensland|9.306639|8.648552|1.8838905
6367|Defining new flexibility products such as ramping up and down, fast response ramping, minimum load balancing, etc. All technologies should be able to participate in these markets, including variable renewable and conventional generation, demand response and storage. On this basis, forward markets for such services could provide longer-term signals to invest in the right technologies. Above a certain level, the renewable output must be controlled during periods of oversupply in order to ensure secure and reliable system operations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ramping response renewable technologies markets|1.6265357|1.5235558|1.7685082
6368|The Australian Government provides funding for schools, higher education institutions and vocational education and training. In 2016, 65.4% of students attended government schools, while 20.2% attended Catholic schools, and 14.4% were in independent schools. The majority of their funding comes from state and territory governments (91% of the total amount in 2013), while the Australian Government provides supplementary funding (9% in 2013). While, the share between the two sources varies depending on jurisdictions, on average, public funding represents 57% of total non-government schools’ income.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools funding attended government australian|9.16929|2.298406|2.3783097
6369|Admission rates for both conditions are significantly above the OECD average and probably reflect the higher than average smoking rates within the country (especially among men). Hypertension admission rates are also high and have increased steadily over the past few years. The trends presented in these data particularly for COPD and hypertension indicate that Korea’s mounting chronic disease profile is not being managed effectively. Supporting the observation of potentially avoidable hospital admissions, reseachers in Korea examining the impact of continuity of care in four chronic disease areas among elderly patients (diabetes, hypertension, asthma and COPD) found that as care continuity increased, the risk of hospitalisation and emergency department visits decreased for all four conditions. The same study also noted that Medical Aid Programme (MAP) receipients (the health care scheme for the poorest 2% of the population) consistently had lower continuity of care score when compared with NHI beneficiaries. This was observed even despite the fact that MAP recipients have low or no out of pocket payments means that they can visit multiple health care institutions without financial loss (Hong et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hypertension continuity care copd admission|9.2189045|8.89138|2.0276427
6370|When we consider upper secondary or post-secondary education, there is evidence that VET is associated with higher training incidence. The estimated positive gap with respect to academic education ranges from 2.4 percentage points for females to 4.0 percentage points for males. In this case, the estimated negative gap is close to 10 percentage points.|SDG 4 - Quality education|points percentage secondary gap estimated|8.551186|2.678947|2.7927785
6371|However, due to the significant variations in water availability across space and time, defining terms such as “water stress” are difficult tasks. As a result, there are a number of different ways in which the level of water stress can be measured. This approach defines water stress in terms of the relationship between water availability and population; measuring stress as the amount of renewable freshwater available per person per year. According to the water stress index: if the amount of renewable water in a country falls below 1 700 m3 per person per year, that country is said to be experiencing water stress; if it falls below 1000 m3 it is said to be experiencing water scarcity; and absolute scarcity if below 500 m3 (Falkenmark et al., However, it also has limitations in that it: 1) ignores variability in water availability within countries; 2) fails to account for the accessibility of water; 3) does not consider anthropogenic sources of freshwater, such as desalination plants and dams which increase water availability beyond natural flows in a given year; and 4) does not account for the fact that different countries, and regions within countries, have different demands for water (Rijsberman, 2006).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water stress availability experiencing freshwater|1.0662107|7.2861376|2.9176366
6372|Globally, inclusion of conflict prevention and conflict resolution was low at around 10% of social science textbooks over 2000-2011. High-quality, equitable education that increases respect for diversity can make a positive contribution, albeit only in the long term. An open classroom climate that accepts critical viewpoints needs to be embraced. Country reporting on the implementation of the 1974 UNESCO Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-operation and Peace Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms provides the basis for global indicator 4.7.1.|SDG 4 - Quality education|conflict education accepts textbooks embraced|9.113712|4.8684225|7.0870123
6373|The objective of the programme is to improve rural students’ learning through differentiated pedagogical tools and teaching materials (Ministry of Education, n.d.). Currently, PER targets rural multigrade schools and focuses mainly on the work of the micro-centres (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). According to the law, the objectives of these meetings are all related to the improvement of pedagogical skills and student learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogical mineduc learning ace rural|9.600212|1.8255999|2.1692975
6374|The datasets included in this study cover the key health care services provided to patients: hospital in-patient services; community health services including primary health care, emergency health care and formal long-term care (such as nursing homes and home care services). The use of prescription medicines is a key part of the health care services offered to patients that are delivered in hospital, in other care settings and in the community to be used at home. They are both tremendously useful and highly risky products and understanding benefits and risks is essential to keeping patients healthy and safe. Thus these data are a key component of health care pathways and outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health services patients key|9.228293|9.103934|1.8233398
6375|The likelihood that cases of partner or non-partner violence will result in a conviction is just 1 to 5 per cent in all studied countries, except for Poland, which had a 10 per cent conviction rate. In many jurisdictions, criminal justice professionals at the various stages of the criminal justice system act as gatekeepers, not allowing what they consider as weak cases to enter the next level. However, in some countries, this gatekeeper role might be restricted by laws or policies, for example, mandatory or pro-arrest prosecution policies in cases involving violence against women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|conviction criminal cases justice partner|9.980378|5.3832088|7.5876517
6376|The foundation provides women entrepreneurs with the full range of BDS services, including assistance with feasibility studies and business plans, product development and design, start-up and advanced managerial training, and business counselling and mentorship. A special project is the Village Business Incubator (a virtual model) which promotes the role of rural women in economic development by encouraging them to establish micro- and small enterprises that reach beyond traditional home and gender-based models. Located in Irbid, this project targets women in 21 villages in Northern Jordan and focuses on non-primary activities in different sectors, such as food processing, handicrafts, small manufacturing services and environmentally friendly and eco-tourism products oriented to the fair trade channels. This so-called ILAYKI product offers a higher level of guarantee than the standard product.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|product business women mentorship project|8.986393|3.3151605|6.578493
6377|Most are (to varying but increasing degrees) users of ICTs. Meanwhile, some enterprises - from equipment makers, telecommunications operators and call centres to computer maintenance business and mobile airtime vendors - are directly involved in the production of ICT goods and services (chapter III). Policy approaches need to consider all these categories.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|vendors telecommunications computer icts degrees|4.8139286|3.0455225|1.9900227
6378|Technical and vocational education should be strengthened for the benefit of the regional industry and underrepresented groups. Models for linking postgraduate students with the local industry include the Knowledge Transfer Partnership Scheme in the United Kingdom that has improved the competitiveness of the companies through introduction of some form of innovation or new technology and around 75% of postgraduate associates are offered jobs in the companies. The universities and colleges should focus their concerted efforts on challenge-driven innovation on the key issues in the region, such as water, health and social challenges stemming from the multicultural population and use the region as a “laboratory” for research and knowledge transfer.|SDG 4 - Quality education|postgraduate transfer companies innovation industry|7.684065|2.5541701|2.533721
6379|As of 2015, there were 16 degree programmes for initial teacher education offered at seven university colleges across the country which may also develop a certain specialisation (e.g. in science education). Previous teacher education programmes involved a relatively detailed regulation of the content and structure of initial teacher education. This was especially the case following a reform introduced in 2006. Based on a four-year evaluation process by a mandated group of experts, however, a number of significant changes were again proposed in 2012 (Fplgegruppen for ny laereruddannelse, 2012).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher education initial ny programmes|9.551076|1.213937|2.315554
6380|Participation in CPD activities has long been required for doctors working in the United Kingdom, a condition of employment in the NHS and later a condition of participation in the royal collages (speciality schools) for physicians. In 2012 a system of five-yearly revalidation was introduced for physicians, and a system of revalidation is soon to be introduced for nurses. It publishes performance reviews and inspection reports on a website to provide public assurance of the quality and safety of health services. Its role is to provide independent assurance of the quality and safety of health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|assurance physicians condition introduced safety|9.357245|9.420091|1.5516542
6381|Fewer girls are forced into early marriage; more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership; and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality. Despite these gains, discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, along with harmful practices and other forms of violence against women and girls. Women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|laws leadership girls women reformed|9.984212|4.8804398|7.1999726
6382|These forward looking analyses suggest that new approaches may be needed to improve safety for all road users. The SRA and its partners have established databases to identify and monitor final and intermediate outcomes against targets and the results are published annually. The SRA uses the Euro NCAP and European Road Assessment Programme for monitoring the safety quality of vehicle fleet and aspects of road network safety.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road safety euro databases fleet|4.2254844|5.228044|-0.039645854
6383|Only half of women in 45 countries with available data make their own decisions about reproductive health. In more than half of the countries with available data, the gender gap is higher in one-person households compared to all households. This reflects women's heightened vulnerability when living by themselves.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|half households heightened available data|9.175727|5.5241966|6.102773
6384|In order to sustain the growth momentum in the post-crisis world, these countries need to find new sources of demand to deepen their dynamism. This should happen mainly through rebalancing their economies in favour of greater domestic and regional consumption. With likely adjustments coming that will reduce global macroeconomic imbalances, the import demand from the developed countries, especially from the United States, is not likely to play the buoyant role that it played in the past decade. The LDCs will, therefore, have to identify new drivers of growth to compensate for the anticipated reduction in traditional export markets. In view of the economic crisis, this requires rebalancing the LDCs’ economies to make them more resilient and more dependent on domestic demand rather than exports. Obviously, this would require these countries to spend more on basic social services, social protection, and infrastructure along with measures for boosting poor peoples’ incomes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|rebalancing demand ldcs crisis economies|5.312231|4.782566|3.8752596
6385|Actions targeted to teachers can vary from feedback with no consequences, recognition of excellence, salary increases, the requirement to take in-service training to being unable to practice as a teacher. The consequences for initial teacher training institutions can include closure. The exception is the state of Texas, while all the other systems either use portfolios, observations of classroom practices or rely on the assessment of performance developed by school principals. The majority of the systems meet the proposals of Ingvarson and Chadboume (1994), in Jasman (2009) who suggest that besides the formative impact of assessment, this should be summative, criterion referenced and based on different sources of evidence (portfolios with teaching plans, student-learning assessments, analysis of responses, videos of lessons, etc.) The validity of the assessment will depend on the degree of authenticity of the tasks that are used.|SDG 4 - Quality education|portfolios assessment consequences teacher videos|9.623805|1.5754911|1.4242414
6386|The highly indented eastern coast of the Adriatic acts as a breeding ground and nursery to a large number of marine species. The central sections of the Adriatic Sea Basin, where the coast of Bosnia and Herzegovina is located, have relatively little discharge. In any case, the main habitats described in fishers’ reports show the high heterogeneity of the area, with mixed bottoms with rocks, sand, mud, sand-mud, and ostrea beds.|SDG 14 - Life below water|mud sand adriatic coast rocks|0.38009536|6.9098434|2.8665228
6387|The National Action Plan of Palestine was endorsed further to Decision No. In addition, the Sudan established a Committee for Women and Peace within its General Directorate for Women and the Family. Articles 4 and 43 of the Tunisian Republic’s Loi organique relative a l'instauration de la justice transitionnelle et a son organisation [Organic law pertaining to the establishment of transitional justice and its organisation], available from httn://w ww.ihei.org/wn-conieni/unloads/2014A)2/Loi-iustice-transitionnelle-Tunisie.pdf.) The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women later adopted General Recommendation No.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|justice organisation committee women tunisian|9.848659|4.5744667|7.330623
6388|In addition, courts often lack the infrastructure, capacity and expertise to prosecute crimes such as gender-based violence. Supporting the development of special measures to address gender-based violence can include: effective witness and victim protection programmes, including safe houses and protective orders; preventing the submission of evidence on the prior or subsequent sexual conduct of the victim; specialist courts focusing on sexual offences or gender-based violence; staff specially trained to give support to victims; properly-equipped forensic labs and trained personnel; and involving women's organisations and social and health workers in providing assistance to victims. In order to increase women and men's access to justice, paralegals can be used to promote legal literacy, assistance and access.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence victim courts victims trained|9.981216|5.2030463|7.547256
6389|A common motivation for such policies is to improve the environmental performance of the farm - reducing pollution risks, improving soil quality, animal housing or biodiversity for example. Payments based on input use may also be directed at providing on-farm services. This includes in most cases pest and disease control, extension services that provide production and marketing advice to producers, seed and soil testing, or other services that can improve the efficiency and profitability of farming.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|soil farm services improve pest|3.5143828|5.291367|3.7360373
6390|Therefore, in this case, the moral duty of poverty alleviation only makes sense up to the threshold. The interests of everyone above the threshold are irrelevant for the purposes of anti-poverty policy. Finally, a strong basis for assisting vulnerable groups might be found in ethical perspectives on recognition (Fraser, 1995).|SDG 1 - No poverty|threshold irrelevant assisting poverty moral|6.7674522|6.2105246|4.5579977
6391|The backbone network also deliver traffic to and from Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), which is a network access point that helps facilitating local Internet traffic exchanges between operators and helps reduce the cost and latency of data traffic. There are hundreds of IXPs around the world and new IXPs are established every year. However, IXPs are still scarce in many parts of the world. In 2017, less half of LDCs had an IXP (ITU, 2018(13])- Developing a national backbone network is capital intensive and often financed by the private sector or through public-private partnerships.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|traffic backbone network internet helps|4.7403607|2.8880036|1.6354249
6392|Distances travelled vary considerably between cities as well; the length of the average trip by car is 14.2 km in Mumbai, but only 3.1 km in Bhopal. The pump price per litre of diesel varies across the region, from USD 0.22 in Brunei Darussalam to USD 0.81 in China and India, while that of gasoline ranges between USD 0.37 in Brunei Darussalam to USD 1.25 in Singapore (Figure 2.9). Fuel prices can account for a large share of drivers’ transportation costs (Box 2.4). These prices are affected by taxes, which are often designed to generate revenue and to price the environmental effects of vehicle emissions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|usd darussalam brunei km mumbai|1.7971209|3.113912|2.2610073
6393|In particular, we have to make sure that people are capable of being in employment and earning wages that keep them and their families out of poverty.”**'* In Australia, for example, an independent report to die Fair Pay Commission proposes that “an increase to the minimum wage is one method of increasing family income and reducing child poverty.”*** Similarly, a 2007 study in Japan also proposes that “to improve the economic well-being of households with young children the first task is to ensure a minimum wage that maintains a reasonable living standard.”***' In the United Kingdom, the 2010 report of the National Equity Panel argues that “the minimum wage is a powerful tool in reducing labour market inequality.|SDG 1 - No poverty|minimum wage proposes reducing report|7.446484|5.7369194|4.954703
6394|In Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Burkina Faso, Guatemala and Italy, high-value niche products (hazelnuts, specialized coffee, Brazil nuts, shea nuts, and many more) have also helped boost local incomes. Certification and labelling can further increase their value. In Burkina Faso, careful forest seed selection and breeding as well as support for village nurseries have helped ensure that planted trees are adapted to local ecosystems, and that survival rates are high.|SDG 15 - Life on land|nuts burkina faso helped nurseries|1.7389828|4.6336517|3.9340737
6395|Chile has an ageing teaching force, which can be an opportunity. Chile needs more teachers, and needs to attract high-quality candidates to the profession. There is high demand for more teachers and younger teachers in Chile. This typical teacher reports having 15 years of teaching experience, and having completed teacher education or a training programme. While the typical teacher in Chile is female, the proportion of women to men in the teacher workforce is below the TALIS average (62.8% of teachers in Chile are female, in comparison to the TALIS average of 68.1%) School leaders in Chile are ageing as well.|SDG 4 - Quality education|chile teacher teachers talis typical|9.9429035|1.6783891|2.5296357
6396|Over the last 25 years, China successfully moved from agriculture to manufacturing activities and saw an annual trend of real gross domestic product (GDP) growth of just under 10 per cent (Ghosh, 2008a). China’s manufacturing sector doubled its share of the workforce and tripled its share of output. The rate of extreme poverty at the national level declined from a high of 84 per cent in 1981 to a low of 16 per cent in 2005.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent manufacturing china tripled share|5.2984967|4.8980947|4.0487504
6397|The parental/community attitude against educating girls has also started changing in recent times due to concerted efforts by the Government to promote the education of girl child. There was an increase of 12.5 percentage points in the share of such women between 2004-2005 and 2011-2012. The only age group that sawa decrease in the percentage of women in domestic duties was 15-24 years, as more women in this age group attended educational institutions. It was launched as per the mandate given by The Constitution (Eighty Sixth Amendment) Act 2002, which made free and compulsory education of all children aged 6-14 years a fundamental right.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women percentage group age educating|9.636394|4.8139|6.3170033
6398|Recently, nongovernmental entities such as social enterprises and community-based actors have been active and playing larger roles in the rural development policies. This framework takes into account the demographic challenges in OECD rural regions and it envisages rural areas as key engines for national prosperity. Delivering improved well-being for rural dwellers (across economic, social and environmental dimensions). Understanding the growth dynamics of low-density economies (distance to markets, role of the tradable sector, and absolute advantages).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rural engines envisages tradable dwellers|4.4351625|5.4069104|3.5921454
6399|Shared patterns exist alongside notable differences such as in teacher beliefs (as charted with the Teaching and Learning International Survey [TALIS]) and in school time use. Since the 2005 study, Teachers Matter, much OECD work has analysed the characteristics of learners and learning, teachers, and how to improve school leadership. Data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) have permitted specific analyses of aspects of schooling, such as student attitudes towards and knowledge of the environment. Work on the educational role of technology has shown how important is home use for educational outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student educational teachers learning school|9.538672|1.8369033|2.5763335
6400|The share of GDP devoted to education is below the OECD average, with a higher proportion of public funding than the OECD average. Portugal needs to continue to define professional pathways for teachers and school principals, providing relevant training and implementing reform of the teacher training system. Further developing an integrated evaluation and assessment framework centred on quality student learning would help move beyond the objective of accountability to provide clearer information on how schools, school leaders and teachers can improve in the classroom.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers training school clearer average|9.616324|1.7285534|1.6235958
6401|Social norms and the relative weakness of women’s networks may also play a role. Most notably, these theories are unable to explain why male and female workers with similar characteristics have similar wages upon entering the labour market but experience a divergence later on in their working lives (with men’s earnings growing faster). Pregnancy, childbirth, recovery and child caregiving increase women’s need for flexibility and make it more difficult for them to work long hours.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|similar divergence theories caregiving childbirth|9.100232|4.8395867|5.732257
6402|However, importing water from neighbouring basins cannot be the main strategy to supply water to the ZMVM, because this practice has created social and political conflicts and led to regional deficits of water (Escolero Fuentes et al., The water tariff in the Valle de Mexico does not reflect the environmental damage to the Lerman and Cutzamala basins. Moreover, the costs associated with water delivery across long distances (and heights) are high, and increased reliance on surface water systems increases vulnerability to climate change.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|water basins zmvm importing distances|1.7173623|7.321861|2.0115945
6403|The problem is that U. prolifera is presently an unwanted and uncontrolled growing nuisance species of limited commercial value. The solution may be to create a competition for nutrients by intentionally cultivating species, which not only carry on the biomitigation, but also have a commercial value, where U. prolifera starts to enter the coastal environment in order to control its proliferation. This time, the IMTA concept has to be interpreted as an integrated land pond/coastal aquaculture system in a supra Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) effort, beyond provincial borders, to address issues at the Yellow Sea scale. We understand that this “out of the box” approach to ICZM will, initially, raise eyebrows as the idea of growing more seaweeds (but of commercial value) to contain the proliferation of other seaweeds, presently considered nuisances, is not the most intuitive approach for a lot of people or decision makers!|SDG 14 - Life below water|coastal presently proliferation commercial value|0.34287742|6.1526375|6.3072076
6404|For existing electric utilities this risk is mitigated by exclusivity, consumer dependence on electricity and regulated monopoly status that allows the unused electricity generation capacity to be charged to the customers. With many sub-utility solar projects, the output is used by the owner of the project. Many others operate under long-term contracts - power purchase agreements, which have a risk of default.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity unused mitigated risk monopoly|1.8944068|1.9410981|1.9517994
6405|This represented a 4 per cent gain in the share over 2012. Geothermal resources are also abundant but capacity additions have not increased significantly because of technical and financial barriers, though new efforts are being pursued in Indonesia and the Philippines where the potential is high. Solar is also increasingly being used in on- and off-grid applications across countries, with Thailand accounting for 75 per cent of solar energy consumption in the subregion. Backing this development is a shift in policy stance towards supporting renewables with the introduction of targets, financial incentives, public financing measures and regulations. Such policies and measures were rarely implemented in the region prior to 2000.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|solar backing additions cent stance|1.5568987|2.0199268|2.6491625
6406|According to the results of a national survey about EPS services conducted by the MSPS in 2014, the average of enrolees waiting more than ten days for consultation with a general doctor was 10.1% among EPS in the SR, compared to 13.3% among EPS in the CR. The MSPS estimated that the share of OOP payments in Colombia was 15.2% of the funding of the health system in 2012 (as seen in Chapter 1). While the WHO estimated that the OOP in Colombia was somewhat higher (around 17%) in 2012, it was still among the lowest in Latin America (Figure 2.1) and also lower than the OECD average of around 20%. Cost-sharing is determined both by the scheme that the person belongs to and their assessed socio-economic vulnerability, measured by an index called SISBEN. Enrolees of the SR make no co-payments for services if they belong to SISBEN 1 (most vulnerable individuals) and pay only a 5% co-insurance rate if they belong to SISBEN 2.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|sisben enrolees oop belong colombia|8.678991|8.779348|2.4153874
6407|A strong policy focus on education and training pays off, particularly in the shift from low- to high-skilled labour demand due to automation in the manufacturing sector. New skills and well-educated workers are essential for optimal implementation and operation of new technologies. Thus, policymakers should prioritise and increase public investment in education infrastructure to effectively deal with the challenges of new technology implementation. As automation may have negative effects on employment in labour-intensive industries, special emphasis should be placed on retraining and redeployment measures for workers who have lost their jobs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|automation new workers retraining implementation|8.200275|2.9482934|2.944033
6408|This is especially important since data indicate wage gaps are closing very slowly, in large part due to women’s exclusion from high-paid jobs. A good deal of research shows that once employed, gender and racial inequality is largely attributable to job segregation. Even in rapidly growing middle-income countries, which are experiencing industrial upgrading, we observe evidence of defeminization of manufacturing employment (Tejani and Milberg20i6). As a result of the higher consumption rates of low-income groups, higher minimum wages also stimulate aggregate demand and job growth, reducing women's unemployment and offsetting negative effects of higher female wages on female unemployment. Evidence from Latin America’s decade of inequality reduction indicates that the gender employment gap was narrowed in the 2000s in part due to higher minimum wages in a number of countries (Braunstein and Seguino 2012). Because the employment data are broad, they do not allow us to assess the quality of employment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wages employment higher minimum unemployment|8.911732|4.428232|5.788354
6409|Fish is also the most important source of protein intake in the Indonesian diet (OECD, 2012). All these aspects have led the Government of Indonesia to place a high development priority on the sector in the context of its employment and poverty alleviation strategy. Indonesia is the fourth major fish producer after China, India and Peru, but only the world’s tenth exporter of fish and fish products, with export performances weakening during the last decade.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fish indonesia performances weakening tenth|0.4034709|6.036161|6.59605
6410|An effective strategy to reduce informal employment should encompass a broad range of policies aimed at reducing the costs of formalisation, increasing its benefits and strengthening enforcement of labour codes. Special attention should be paid to minimising existing disincentives to formality that disproportionately affect women, such as high marginal tax rates on secondary earners. Removing obsolete legislation that impedes women’s access to certain sectors of the economy will further reduce reliance on informal employment. All countries should have a modern legal framework to deal with violence against women and especially domestic violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence informal women reduce impedes|8.623799|4.284344|5.4870286
6411|This chapter looks at such structures in the MENA region. Most MENA governments have established institutions mandated to advance women's economic and social status, although none have yet established a government unit dedicated specifically to women's entrepreneurship development. Business registration and licensing bodies seldom have mechanisms to reach out to women entrepreneurs. Nor do SME agencies generally have clear strategies or targeted support for women entrepreneurs.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mena women entrepreneurs established seldom|8.975595|3.4826303|6.527147
6412|Reforms can lower the volume of water some users will have access to, they can change the distribution of the risk of shortage across water users, and they can affect infrastructure and investment needs. Even incremental changes to an existing allocation regime can create opposition and require costly compensation to free up water by buying out existing water users. These insights can be instructive for those contemplating allocation reform or actively pursuing it.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|users water allocation existing buying|1.2553521|7.427073|2.3923542
6413|Modern service activities such as financial intermediation, real estate, renting and business activities and health and social work also have more informal workers among men than women. Public administration and defence is primarily in the government sector and as such has the lowest percentage of informal workers. However, about one quarter of the women workers even in this sector are informal. The lowest percentage of informal workers is among those with graduate and above levels of education, although it has been increasing over the years among both women and men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|informal workers lowest women percentage|8.449281|4.250359|5.2712173
6414|The armed conflict and refugee crisis situations have given rise to increased demands for emergency supplies, including internationally controlled substances for medical purposes. However, as supply is wholly dependent on emergency aid, delivery in certain areas has been inadequate or severely limited. In that context, INCB wishes to draw attention to the special topic published in its annual report for 2014 on availability of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in emergency situations39 and remind all States that, under international humanitarian law, parties to armed conflicts have an obligation not to impede the provision of medical care to civilian populations located in territories under their effective control. This includes access to necessary narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|substances psychotropic emergency narcotic armed|8.315256|10.1906|3.5059073
6415|More than 80% of the delineated Natura 2000 forest area is on LP-administered land. A survey conducted in 2006-11 by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection revealed that natural forest habitats in the network had predominantly poor or bad conservation status; only 30% of their area was in good condition (MoE, 2013). ( It should be noted that the survey shows the non-forest Natura 2000 habitats to be in similar shape.) Natura 2000 also requires significant investments: financing needs for the network in 2014-20 are estimated at more than 12 times the level of spending in 2007-13 (Section 4.3).|SDG 15 - Life on land|natura forest habitats network survey|1.5497363|5.0003977|4.010247
6416|By 2012, female literacy was almost equivalent to the male rates attained in 1994. It had reached over 70% in Tunisia and almost 100% in Jordan. But the gap is still significant in some countries. In Morocco only 57% of women were literate, compared to 76% of men, and in Egypt only 65% of women could read, compared to 81% of men (Figure 1.1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|compared men read attained tunisia|9.548679|4.2524147|5.7349787
6417|Korea also has FTAs with Singapore, EFTA (The European Free Trade Association; Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland), European Union, and United States. In 2012, Korea signed a FTA with Colombia. As of July 2014, Korea is pursuing negotiations with Viet Nam, Indonesia, and China. The FTA with China in particular is expected to have a large impact on the Korean fisheries industry.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fta korea china european ftas|4.0154834|4.390775|3.857946
6418|Given the uneven performance in the four focus areas of the Strategic Plan 2008-2013 in promoting gender development results, UNDP should ensure that future assessments pay specific attention to the progress, effectiveness and quality of gender development results in the seven outcome areas of the current Strategic Plan. The assessment can build on the limited data from the Integrated Results and Resources Framework report cards, which summarize UNDP progress and performance in 2014 and include a deeper, qualitative analysis of the UNDP contribution to gender results on the ground. Preliminary lessons of the Gender Equality Seal certification process, which has been completed in 28 country offices (and implemented on a non-certification basis in others), could also be a rich source of information.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|undp results gender certification strategic|10.036083|3.9123664|7.837194
6419|Furthermore, wind power is commonly regarded as a key technology in addressing some of the greatest environmental and resource concerns of today, namely anthropogenic climate change and other negative consequences from air pollution, and energy security. Among other factors, a strong growth in today's markets and prospects of exploiting vast and as yet untapped resources, contribute to the anticipation that wind power will play a significant role in shifting energy markets away from fossil-based power generation towards renewables in coming decades (GWEC, 2011; Wiser et al., Wind power likewise features prominently in the current body of global climate change mitigation scenarios produced by energy-economy models (IEA, 2010a, 2013; Krey and Clarke, 2011). These environmental and resource pressures can be quantified and assessed by methods of life cycle assessment (LCA).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power wind today energy resource|1.4515215|1.8085272|2.1072893
6420|Overall, means-tested family and education benefits seem to be providing a useful contribution to reducing inequalities. Given the high and rising incidence of poverty among children, raising the means-tested child benefits is likely to be an efficient way to reduce child poverty. The average effective income tax rate faced by the top quintile of the income distribution is around three times higher than for the bottom quintile, and as a result, the top quintile accounts for over two thirds of income tax payments (Figure 9). Income tax rates were increased in 2010, 2011 and 2013, and a comprehensive income tax reform in 2013 reduced the number of income brackets from 8 to 5, significantly increased marginal rates, and reduction in tax breaks, including for private education and health expenditures, which are overwhelmingly consumed by better-off households. The elimination of these tax breaks is clearly a step in the right direction, and it also makes the tax system simpler and more transparent. The overall redistributive effects of these changes to income taxes are difficult to evaluate, particularly the 2013 changes to personal income taxes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|tax income quintile breaks tested|7.0934834|5.222263|4.380368
6421|For the non-indigent poor, the figure was 15%, and it was even lower in the two other groups (13% for the at-risk group and 6% for those not at risk). These data point up the complexity of the situation to be addressed by anti-poverty policies, in the broad sense of the term, w'hen dealing with sectors w'here ethnic identity' is a significant factor, since, in these cases, policy initiatives have to focus on basic needs satisfaction, recognition, and social and cultural inclusiveness at one and the same time. Among the indigent and the non-indigent poor, minors (up to 17 years of age) make up 51% and 45%, respectively, which means that children account for nearly half of the poor population.|SDG 1 - No poverty|indigent poor minors hen risk|7.137378|6.332691|5.211765
6422|Over the past decade, the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) has become the world's premier yardstick for evaluating the quality, equity and efficiency of school systems. This chapter introduces PISA and sets the scene for situating the PISA performance of 15-year-olds in the United States against global patterns and trends. Results from the OECD's recent Survey of Adult Skills (OECD, 2013a) show that highly skilled adults are twice as likely to be employed and almost three times more likely to earn an above-median salary than poorly skilled adults. In other words, poor skills severely limit people's access to belter-paying and more rewarding jobs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa skilled adults oecd scene|9.598364|2.1672304|3.0892146
6423|The SRA established the Road Traffic Inspectorate to help monitor road safety performance and stakeholder activity. A review by the Swedish Road Administration estimated that the performance indicators suggested the potential for a total reduction of more than 250 in the number of road fatalities by 2002. The 2012 summary appears in Table 3.3. Cumulative counts of people KSI compared to targets fatality rates per 100 000 population, Western Australia and Australia- moving 12 monthly data Fatality rates per 100 000 population selected Australian states and territories- moving 12 monthly data.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road fatality monthly moving australia|4.229002|5.292079|-0.14826024
6424|Few commercial banks are, in fact, equipped to deal efficiently with very small firms, given their high mortality rates, low availability of collaterals, and demand for micro-loans. Data from the Mix Market Database show that the percentage of female borrowers from NGOs and NBFIs is much higher than from commercial banks providing micro-loans, especially in East Asia and the Pacific (where women account for 89% of the micro-borrowers from NGOs and only 35% of the borrowers from commercial and rural banks). Therefore, even if the private sector has proven to be an innovative and fast growing provider of micro-loans, subsidised credit and other public interventions still play an important role in increasing access to credit for women of all socio-economic backgrounds, thereby contributing to financial inclusion and the fight against poverty through entrepreneurship (Karlan and Morduch, 2009). Technological innovations like mobile banking are promising tools for extending financial services to self-employed women, particularly in rural areas.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|micro borrowers banks loans commercial|8.605468|3.4090989|6.3455687
6425|Non-demographic growth is projected forward using an exponential growth form, starting at the rate implied by the component models at the end of their projections — around 1.8 per cent. This is transitioned up to the all-government growth rate of 3.2 per cent using a logistic curve. The impact on percentage point change in 2049-2050 in health spending of alternative scenarios as to participation - total labour force, older workers, and unemployment - productivity, and population - net migration, fertility, and life expectancy - is assessed.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|growth logistic exponential using cent|8.970345|8.701228|2.6496804
6426|National statistical systems need to regularly collect, analyse and disseminate data that address relevant gender issues. Gender statistics should document womens and men’s participation in and contributions to all social and economic areas and reflect the underlying causes and consequences of gender inequality (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996; United Nations, 2002). The coverage of gender issues by official statistical systems and the adequacy of such systems should be regularly reviewed, as recommended in paragraph 207 (b) of the Beijing Platform for Action (United Nations, 1996).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender regularly statistical systems nations|9.677422|4.424432|7.8301334
6427|It is a set of balanced and realistic policy measures that countries can adopt to ease the impact of the crisis and accelerate recovery in employment (www.ilo.org/jobspact). There is some indirect evidence of a positive impact on the local economy from reports of an increase in the sales of motorcycles in remote target areas, where better transportation means is a conduit to the expansion of economic activities. The Community Works Programme of South Africa (CWP SA) also provides a guarantee of 2 work days per week to its beneficiaries. International Training Center Validation Workshop on Public Employment Programmes, April 2010.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|motorcycles validation impact employment realistic|7.9545445|4.3241253|3.7825751
6428|Social skills are a key determinant: the ability to get along with others (i.e. with co-workers) is crucial for the likelihood of employment success. This is why social skills training gained importance in vocational rehabilitation. Social skills are needed for the job interview and they increase the chances to stay employed even if the work performance is fluctuating. This is a main reason for poor employment outcomes of those with personality disorders (Baer et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|skills social fluctuating personality employment|10.271346|8.68143|2.1214225
6429|Methodology is another significant issue. Data on income poverty are based on a long-established methodology whose results are solidly enshrined in monetary income thresholds that unequivocally delineate the poor population and, within it, the indigent population. By comparison, the multidimensional, deprivation-based approach to poverty measurement still lacks the methodological consensus enjoyed by income-based measurements, and does not support such a clear-cut interpretation of the results. Nevertheless, it complements the income approach and captures both population groups that both parameters signal as poor, and groups whose income places above the poverty line, but that suffer deprivation in relation to basic needs. The most recent available data indicated that the poorest income quintile (i.e. the 20% of households with the lowest income) on average accounted for of 5% of total income, with the figure varying between 4% (in the Dominican Republic, Honduras and Paraguay) and 10% (in Uruguay). Meanwhile, the wealthiest income quintile accounted for an average of 47% of total income, ranging from 35% (in Uruguay) to 55% (in Brazil) (see table 3).|SDG 1 - No poverty|income quintile uruguay methodology accounted|6.473|5.7575536|5.128539
6430|The Oslo Manual defines a business innovation as “a new or improved product or business process (or combination thereof) that differs significantly from the firm's previous products or business processes and that has been introduced on the market or brought into use by the firm.” The product can be either a good or a service. Innovation activities “include all developmental, financial and commercial activities undertaken by a firm that are intended to result in an innovation for the firm”.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|firm innovation business product thereof|5.4331026|3.3852153|2.4804122
6431|No more than 40% of SP funds can go to human resources, for example, and no more than 30% can be spent on pharmaceuticals with a minimum of 20% on preventive activities. For example, Italy has also been faced with a comparable situation to Mexico, having significant variation in administrative and managerial capacity across regions in a largely decentralised setting. Since the beginning of the 2000s, regions have been able to obtain additional resources conditional on improved reporting of health service activities, costs and outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|regions sp activities managerial pharmaceuticals|8.794588|8.959903|2.245481
6432|"The highest overall effective tax rates tend to be in European countries, and the lowest in Australia, New Zealand and the Americas. If well targeted, subsidies can weight incentives in favour of more environmentally sound activities and products, address market failures, and drive green innovation and investment. Governments spent an estimated USD 121 billion on renewable energy subsidies worldwide in 2013 (IEA, 2014a). Mixed messages, ""stop-and-go” policy making and retroactive changes can seriously weaken market signals, however. In the United States, only 1 gigawatt of new wind power capacity was installed in 2013 - a fraction of the 13 gigawatts installed in 2012 - following the anticipated expiration of a tax credit on renewable electricity production at the end of 2012 (IEA, 2014a); the credit was subsequently extended in late 2012. Governments currently spend an estimated USD 640 billion a year on environmentally harmful support for fossil fuels, with an estimated USD 550 billion spent by emerging and developing countries."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|usd billion estimated installed environmentally|1.673909|2.4783907|2.2983878
6433|The Broadband Commission has the aim to promote access to broadband infrastructure as a mean towards sustainable and inclusive development, and set up international targets for incentivising further investments in broadband development (see Box 2.4). The Commission, which was rebranded as the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development following the 2015 UN summit, brings together industry leaders, senior officials, academia and international organisations, and advocates for universal access to the Internet. A key component has been to encourage the development of national broadband plans or strategies.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband commission development incentivising sustainable|4.7988873|3.0199518|1.7829089
6434|"Investors also communicated a mistrust and wariness in EE technology. Through this MoU, HSBC commits to work in collaboration with the Indian government on the former Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP) to promote EE projects through the development of ""risk-sharing strategies"" as well as ""capacity up-gradation of financial institutions"" (news release announcing the signature of the MoU in March 2010). Although it is of course too early to gauge the effects of this initiative, it is a significant step in the right direction."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee signature mistrust commits gauge|2.2930944|3.1153076|1.7935932
6435|However, only a few states and river basins charge for water. When charges exist, unit prices are often too low to affect decisions about water allocation and use (Chapter 3). National parks can charge entrance fees, but only a few of them have done so and have the capacity to collect such fees (Chapter 5).|SDG 15 - Life on land|fees charge chapter entrance water|1.3747576|7.500196|2.2503464
6436|Nevertheless, productivity of hospitals has been declining since the late 1990s, and large regional differences remain in efficiency, cost and outcomes (Aaltonen, 2007, Hakkinen, 2010). The average length of stay in hospitals is long for most conditions (OECD, 2010b). Municipalities tend to complain about difficulties in controlling costs because of the asymmetry of information between hospitals and them, as well as standards fixed at the national level (OECD, 2005).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals asymmetry controlling stay oecd|9.262389|9.029588|2.0501304
6437|She convinced her own family and other relatives to not participate in such marriages, as they could all beheld responsible and arrested. After hearing details on the legal implications of underage marriage, many families decided to boycott the wedding and informed the parents of the couple about the risks. The wedding was eventually cancelled.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|convinced cancelled hearing marriages couple|9.52485|5.380606|6.61723
6438|Only 7% of individuals with university-educated parents have only a primary education, compared with 42% of those whose parents’ highest level of education was lower secondary. At the same time, the probability of relative upward mobility towards tertiary education has stagnated for people born post-1975 at 15%. At the same time, school effects are driven by the selection of better students into schools, which is partly a parental choice, partly a school choice and partly the result of tracking or other institutional policies.|SDG 4 - Quality education|partly choice parents education stagnated|9.293185|2.5351589|3.008828
6439|"The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) provides a useful way to compare students' learning outcomes across countries. By setting PISA Level 2 as the “minimum proficiency level"", Global Indicator 4.1.1.C reveals large discrepancies in students' performance in mathematics and reading across countries. For example, less than 50% of 15-year-old students achieve at least PISA Level 2 in mathematics in Mexico (43%) and TUrkey (49%) while almost 90% do in Estonia (89%) and Japan (89%) (OECD, 2018,3,)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa mathematics students level discrepancies|9.623286|2.2278714|3.1424963
6440|"Combined with the provision of public services, such as in health and education, these popular programmes contributed to an overall improvement in social outcomes and reduced inequality while offering a low cost-to-benefit ratio. Brazil’s Bolsa Familia and Mexico’s Oportunidades cash transfer programmes increased both school enrolment and attendance rates while reducing child labour. An International Assessment (New York, 2010); Goran Holmqvist, ""External financing of social protection: opportunities and risks"" Development Policy Review, vol."|SDG 1 - No poverty|familia bolsa oportunidades programmes popular|7.400107|5.9873333|4.346099
6441|Others have adopted a range of climate-proofing approaches; applying standardised environmental screening and scoping, assessing environmental and social risks of projects financed; adopting green procurement guidelines, developing and mandating green guidance notes for staff working in the agency. The graph also shows how SDGs are related to different economic sectors. While the energy sector performs well in terms of development finance targeting mitigation, further measures could be taken to increase the resilience of this sector to climate impacts through adaptation. Agriculture is starting to reveal the potential for actions that address both adaptation and mitigation through climate smart agriculture (12% of ODA address both adaptation and mitigation).|SDG 13 - Climate action|mitigation adaptation climate green address|1.7866169|4.6448636|2.1767921
6442|Forests cover 11 per cent of the territory in Azerbaijan and 10 per cent in Armenia, mainly due to unfavourable natural and soil conditions and scarce rainfall. Primary forest of native species, with its extension of 500,000 ha largely consisting of protected forest, has remained virtually unchanged. The country’s nine varied climatic zones, ranging from wet subtropical to everlasting snow and glacier zones, in combination with variation in soils and reliefs, favoured the development of diverse vegetation formations. Beech (Fagus orientalis) is the species with the highest growing stock, estimated to 229.3 million m3.|SDG 15 - Life on land|zones species forest subtropical formations|1.3417021|4.8267426|4.120885
6443|Such public interventions are most effective in mobilising finance when they target specific market failures and barriers that hinder investment. Analysis of the factors needed for effective national enabling environments has highlighted a number of barriers to effectively scaling-up the levels of private investment in climate-resilient activities (e.g. Corfee-Morlot et al. The private sector has identified several policy recommendations for improving national enabling environments for mobilising and attracting low-carbon investment (see e.g. IIGCC, 2011).|SDG 13 - Climate action|mobilising environments investment enabling barriers|1.9413115|3.892622|1.4134485
6444|The third subcomponent is a system to support the development of common safety net mechanisms including payment systems, targeting, wage-rate setting and market price monitoring. This component is aligned with the second focus area of the NSPP, which focuses on promoting employment and improving livelihoods. The livelihood support component includes counselling and life-skills development, technical skills, entrepreneurship opportunities, and financial support and training. It also finances capacity development and programme management.|SDG 1 - No poverty|component support development skills finances|4.9213114|5.6146183|4.1143074
6445|No empirical studies are available on this topic in Ghana, yet studies undertaken elsewhere often suggest limited effects of immigration on native-born labour market outcomes. These jointly determine skill cells, which are at the centre of the empirical approach adopted in this report. The impact of immigration on labour market outcomes, including the real wage, the employment-to-population ratio and the proportion of employed in paid employment, is measured by the variations that exist in the proportion of immigrants across skill cells. Furthermore, on average, a decline in employment rates is observed across all education groups at younger and older ages due to cyclical unemployment or early retirement.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|cells immigration empirical skill employment|7.261663|3.7339814|4.202528
6446|In urban areas in Emerging Asia, fine particulate air pollution in excess of WHO guideline level is estimated to cause an additional 1.5 million premature deaths per year (Table 3.2). Most of these deaths occur in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) (767 772) and India (614 522), due to their large urban populations and high levels of exposure to air pollution. The welfare costs associated with this increased mortality totalled USD 1.28 trillion in 2015 dollars.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|deaths air pollution china guideline|3.4815311|4.752242|1.1609695
6447|These agree with the recommendations made by the OECD in its study Meeting the Water Reform Challenge (OECD, 2012b). In 2015, water and sanitation should no longer be a modest component of the seventh Millennium Development Goal but rather a fully fledged priority. Multiple partners and water management stakeholders should be brought together in an atmosphere conducive to trust.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water seventh atmosphere conducive agree|1.2435718|6.839376|1.8548342
6448|It is important that statistics made available on a regular basis to policymakers include a gender dimension. As recommended in paragraph 207 (d) of the Beijing Platform for Action, Governments should use more gender-sensitive data in the formulation of policy and implementation of programmes and projects (United Nations, 1996). Presentation of gender statistics in regular statistical products produced by national statistical systems increases the accessibility of gender statistics and their chances of being taken into account in policymaking.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|statistics gender statistical regular paragraph|9.68959|4.4231367|7.9259467
6449|Three new laws on the judiciary also took a decade to produce. Economic growth still depends heavily on exports of garments and footw'ear, leaving the economy vulnerable to potential declines in competitiveness and the erosion of preferential market access. Overseas development assistance is declining steadily as a share of GDP, increasing the importance of private capital.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|garments judiciary preferential overseas steadily|6.027618|4.667282|4.034318
6450|Activities are carried out by a broad range of actors, mostly research institutes and universities but also government entities at all levels, sometimes in co-operation with private partners. Database ol Adaptation Projects (www. A majority of projects relate to natural hazard management, an area of particular importance for Austria irrespective of climate change, and many projects involve multiple sectors.|SDG 13 - Climate action|projects ol irrespective hazard institutes|1.3243991|4.638761|1.4652561
6451|Accelerating sea surface warming in the waters surround Chinese Taipei since the 1980s has not only diminished winter migratory fish stocks year on year, but also caused such changes as displacement of fishing grounds, species regime shifts and increased the vulnerability of the marine ecosystem. The marine ecosystem and fisheries have to face the problem of the expansion offish stocks from the south and withdrawal offish stocks from the north. In addition, the numbers of large fish at high trophic levels have decreased under pressures from several decades of fishing activity while small pelagic fish have shown a relative increase. Meanwhile, frequent extreme-weather events and climatic variability during the warming process will damage the Chinese Taipei fishery more. Under such circumstances, traditional fishery management measures will not be able to adapt to the problems caused by climate change. External precautionary and adaptation measures need to be introduced to reduce its impact.|SDG 14 - Life below water|offish stocks taipei fish warming|-0.2544337|6.0331597|6.2708282
6452|"With its much higher albedo, the sea ice reflects the light and hence limits the warming effect. By forming a ""protective"" layer, it also limits heat exchanges between the atmosphere and ocean. When it melts, however, those exchanges increase and the surface albedo diminishes, resulting in a local temperature increase."|SDG 13 - Climate action|exchanges limits diminishes layer forming|1.0668538|4.296759|2.040867
6453|Moreover, Android applications are programmed in Java, a widely used, standard programming language. Finally, low-cost Android devices are appearing in the African market, with prices under $80 and expected to decline further. Together with the Centro de Informatica da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, PT Inovagao and SAP Research South Africa, Fraunhofer Portugal AICOS invited university students to submit ideas for mobile applications.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|applications pt java da invited|4.863492|2.8580625|1.5293039
6454|It will create employment and rejuvenate economic sectors that have suffered in recent years, such as tourism, manufacturing and transportation. It will provide vital experience of the region’s ability to work together, leading to better regional understanding and cohesion. Perhaps most importantly, the Caribbean successfully pursing a sustainable energy system will send a strong message to the rest of the world that tackling climate change and transitioning from an almost 100 per cent fossil fuel-based energy system to a clean, sustainable energy system is indeed possible. There then follows a review of the international sustainable energy environment, determining both emerging trends and risks, before assessing the ability of existing strategies to foster sustainable growth.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sustainable energy ability transitioning message|1.747306|2.3254158|2.5329685
6455|This is a consistent picture that emerges for a range of mental health indicators and a large number of countries. Yet, in the empirical analysis presented in this paper, there is no evidence that these higher expected needs are being met through higher hospital admissions or pharmaceutical consumption for mental health. This is perhaps a sign of further stress on mental health systems that are unable to respond and provide adequate treatment during times of high need. The clear lesson is that providers need additional capacity to respond to the additional mental health needs during times of economic downturns.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health respond times additional|10.294371|8.879111|1.8803841
6456|Positive peer pressure can also play an important role in stimulating business growth and innovation. To be effective, these initiatives should allow for a great deal of interaction between the entrepreneurs in the target group and the wider business community, so as to enlarge the pool of resources they have access to. Such networks should also have clear objectives.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|business stimulating pool peer interaction|5.3448687|3.2838383|2.4288545
6457|Lone Christiansen and Per Tronsmo present Norwegian approaches to leadership, and national programmes for school leadership professional development and the Advisory Team programme for mentoring principals and local providers. The South Australian and Israeli examples presented by Susanne Owen and Dorit Tubin feature the work ofparticular sections of the education ministries looking to drive innovative learning and provide conditions to support it. This layering of networked learning opportunities helps to sustain and extend their leadership influence. Both CIEL and the earlier programme have been informed by international research on school leadership development, in particular the work of Stefan Huber and Viviane Robinson.|SDG 4 - Quality education|leadership learning networked robinson programme|9.769798|1.3807173|1.7882282
6458|These institutions are essential to monitor the respect, application and enforcement of anti-violence legislation and policies. To achieve this objective, governments may choose to establish specialised courts with specifically trained judges and prosecutors who efficiently and professionally deal with the civic and criminal aspects of violence against women and facilitate quick access to support and counselling services. For example, New Zealand has established family violence courts with appropriately trained judges and other court staff to streamline and speed processing to ensure that matters of domestic violence are dealt with in a timely manner. Governments can set up specialised police units, like those in several Latin American countries, that offer a safe environment where sensitised and mainly female police officers focus on protecting victims of violence and uncovering cases of violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence judges courts police trained|9.982787|5.2498403|7.563153
6459|Using a questionnaire, AGENAS monitors compliance with the recommendations and seeks to understand the barriers that R&AP encounter in implementation. High-quality care is care that is safe, effective and patient-centred, and should never be taken for granted. Health care systems face tremendous challenges -complex care needs and care processes, increased health care demands (especially for chronic conditions), and, crucially, an economic landscape in which health care systems will have to achieve more for less.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health crucially tremendous encounter|9.19478|9.306311|1.8778083
6460|In spite of the economic need for immigration among developed nations, native workers and the unemployed push back against migration, seeing migrants as contributing to low wages and labour competition. In leaving their homes and social networks, they set out to secure work that is not always available or of the quality they had envisioned. Migrant youth, in particular those immigrating without the proper documentation, are often forced into the informal economy, where they are vulnerable to exploitation by unscrupulous employers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|envisioned seeing spite documentation immigration|7.8323693|4.053813|4.090709
6461|Furthermore, considering patients’ wishes, and ensuring that their human and patient rights are respected, are of upmost importance. Mental health service user advocacy and representation is particularly important given the nature of mental illness, and the fact that individuals are often struggling with a disabling condition, restrictive circumstances, and high levels of stigma. Service user groups -and groups representing the families of service users - can also play a role in shaping the mental health system, and improving care quality.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental service user respected groups|10.370373|8.864803|1.7278208
6462|Law Cell, “Circular no. The first calls for a clear and comprehensive legal framework that includes penal and/or disciplinary standards, complaints mechanisms, and mechanisms for investigating and recording of acts of violence. It also refers to the importance of administrative procedures relating to acts of violence in school that guarantee the rights of parents to be fully and promptly informed, and the right of victims of violence to the protection of privacy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|violence acts mechanisms penal investigating|9.936376|5.28514|7.5069304
6463|At that time, the leaks in Wawarsing would be repaired and the bypass tunnel would be connected to the existing tunnel. The shut down work would begin in 2022 and take between five to eight months. According to the results of the OECD Survey on Water Governance for Future Cities, several Mexican cities (e.g. Hermosillo, Veracruz, Toluca and Chihuahua) show lower shares of wastewater treated (Figure 2.5).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tunnel cities leaks shut chihuahua|1.5974889|7.046835|2.5874243
6464|The data used in these studies all originated from marine litter surveys on beaches. Several authors mention the problem of differentiating litter items since they may belong to both land- and sea-based sources or to multiple sectors, if looking at a more detailed level. However, based on best practice by the researchers and experts, the suggested source of litterfound in the literature is presented in Table 1.|SDG 14 - Life below water|litter differentiating beaches originated belong|0.0457496|5.719669|5.717121
6465|Optimal use of our Nordic strengths such as access to good quality water sources, highly developed fisheries sector and good national infrastructures should be taken into account in the prioritization of policys and measures. This adaptation is based on existing knowledge and on-going development processes (see e.g. EATiP at http://www.eatip.eu). However, before a large-scale use of new resources, progress in legislation, research and infrastructure is needed. Most potential new sources are by-products of agriculture and underutilized marine resources.|SDG 14 - Life below water|good sources prioritization resources infrastructures|0.24792261|5.652508|6.155998
6466|Eighteen countries in Africa, 12 in Asia, 8 in Latin America and the Caribbean and 8 in Oceania allowed abortion only to save a woman’s life. Both Governments in Northern America and 73 per cent of Governments in Europe allowed abortion on request. Among the countries that reduced the number of grounds, two countries (the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua) that previously allowed abortion to save a woman’s life no longer allowed it on any grounds.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|allowed abortion grounds save woman|9.379286|5.7976375|6.169688
6467|Norway and Denmark have remained consistent in reading and science and improved in mathematics. Iceland has not shown any improvement from its 2012 performance and remains below the other Nordic countries and the OECD average on all subjects. With respect to gender, female students have significantly higher reading scores than male students in all Nordic countries (consistent with the OECD average). In Finland, female students also outperformed male students in mathematics and science (both counter to the OECD average).|SDG 4 - Quality education|students reading mathematics nordic average|9.657901|2.2931955|3.2577202
6468|This means the total yearly amount can be substantial for people with low income. In addition, similar to most countries, dentistry is not induded in the public health care benefits package and is subject to higher copayments, although all children and adolescents up to the age of 21 are fully covered (to be increased to 23 in 2019). While Sweden has very low levels of catastrophic expenditure' due to health service utilisation, some people report financial accessibility problems. Almost 7% of people in the lowest income group reported some unmet needs for dental examination in 2015, compared to 3% for the national average (Eurostat, EU-SILC).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|people copayments dental eurostat catastrophic|8.594641|8.759566|2.1730082
6469|Monitoring programmes are usually constructed when scientific interest in research exists and/or when policy or quality norms are established for specific areas that show the most problematic signs of marine pollution. The data from these monitoring stations require further processing to produce environment statistics on the water quality of specific locations. Spatial and temporal considerations are very important when constructing statistics on this topic. For instance, with regard to oceanic and marine water pollutant concentrations, most monitoring stations and water regular quality monitoring programmes focus on surface marine water and coastline zones.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|monitoring marine water stations quality|0.71995866|6.7780194|2.5893645
6470|Tne identification phase sets out the stage for project preparation and implementation, it is crucial to address all the conceptual issues at this stage. Many issues encountered in preparation and implementation are rooted in the identification phase; it is also important to address them properly. Major issues to be addressed during the identification phase include: rationale for project intervention; compliance of proposed project concept and approaches with relevant IFI and government strategies and priorities; clarification of client's commitment and ownership; feasibility of project development objectives (PDOs) and time frame; suitability of technical models and methods; appropriateness of financing instruments and models; sustainability of project investment; and balance between risks and results. Depending on specific project concept and scope, application of relevant innovative approaches and practices summarized in Part 1 and further described in Part 3 could be considered. For example, the AWM investment planning approach can be used for defining water service demand, financing model and O&M arrangements in the context of local value chain and agribusiness development. The WAA approach can be used for preliminary water resources assessment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|project identification phase issues preparation|1.4419463|6.8568563|1.8422371
6471|The standards framework is composed of seven standards organised in three areas: Professional knowledge, Professional practice and Professional engagement. Professional knowledge incorporates two standards: 1) Know students and how they learn, and 2) Know the content and how to teach it. The majority of standards in this area are designated by the expression “demonstrate knowledge”. Five of the twelve areas explicitly focus on teaching diverse classrooms.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professional standards knowledge know expression|9.390801|1.1551573|1.9281019
6472|However, these villages are not considered properly electrified until further solutions are implemented (Ministry of New and Renewable Energies, 2007). However, the vast majority, 95%, of remote census villages taken up for electrification under the programme are provided with SPV home lighting systems. Such complaints have been taken up by some political parties which have been exerting pressure for grid power to reach their constituents, as opposed to stand-alone systems. As a consequence, the list of villages to be electrified under the Remote Village Electrification (RVE) scheme is being shortened each year.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|villages electrified electrification remote taken|2.2626185|1.7953099|2.6036947
6473|Pirmohamed et al (2008) looked at costs of ADEs resulting in a hospital admission in two hospitals in the UK. Eighty percent of all ADEs led to a hospital admission, which accounted for 4% of the hospital bed capacity in 2008. The projected annual costs of these admissions to the NHS amounted to €706 million (USD847m).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ades hospital admission bed looked|8.931299|9.0256605|2.0190372
6474|Equally, on marriage, girls receive items considered more appropriate for women, such as kitchen utensils, rather than land. In other districts, property is shared equally between male and female children; but when girls get married and move out of the household, they leave their land behind. While they may resume use of the land once they return to their home village, they do so under their brothers' authority.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|land equally girls resume kitchen|9.197947|5.0713396|7.1338296
6475|The driver is given a defined period to fix the fault, forward evidence that the fault is corrected within 14 days, and the police will waive the fine. Similarly, an unlicensed driver who is issued a NZD 400 instant fine and is forbidden to drive is given the opportunity to commence the driving licence testing process. When evidence is presented to police, the fine is waived.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fine fault police driver evidence|4.415168|5.15712|-0.058099948
6476|At the same time, the average traffic speed through the Namsan Tunnel increased by 115%. This type of congestion charge could be expanded to other areas of Seoul and to other cities (OECD, 2012b). Several attempts have been made to increase charging fees and expand to other congested major arterial roads, such as urban expressways, but these failed owing to public opposition and concerns over stagnation of the local economy.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tunnel congested stagnation seoul opposition|4.1687155|4.8116655|0.8065502
6477|Oceania also reported a net loss, largely due to severe drought and forest fires in Australia. Asia, on the other hand, registered a net gain of around 2.2 million hectares annually between 2000 and 2010 following a net loss in the 1990s. This gain, mostly due to large-scale afforestation programmes in China, offsets continued high rates of net loss in many countries in Southern and South-Eastern Asia.|SDG 15 - Life on land|net loss gain asia offsets|1.4251814|4.5195065|3.918415
6478|Support for teachers’ professional development is even more important as acute teacher shortages often mean that adults and youth who have never taught before or even finished their own education are recruited as teachers (Kirk and Winthrop, 2005: 18). Training new teachers, however, as a response to teacher shortfalls in the emergency, does not address the question of where the already qualified teachers are. Baxter and Bethke (2009) similarly report that teachers tend to prefer government schools, because they receive a salary from the government.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers teacher recruited finished shortfalls|9.577844|1.3677169|2.3961954
6479|Patterns of participation in different types of sport vary considerably across and within different countries. Evidence from developed countries, especially, points to links between changing work-leisure patterns and increasing interest and participation in individualised and noncompetitive forms of sport and active recreation (Kural 2010). As a result, innovative utilisation or re-orientation of existing outdoor community spaces for non-traditional forms of sport can be a feasible option in high-density urban environments (Kural 2010).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sport patterns forms individualised participation|3.8521063|4.9858685|2.0062993
6480|This was in part due to the lack of monitoring of some variables crucial for constructing robust projections and the lack of a centralised system to co-ordinate and store meteorological data (INTOSAI, 2010 in OECD, 2015b). Countries may wish to start by conducting an inventory of adaptation-related monitoring processes already in place to get an overview of existing data availability, identify redundant collection processes then rationalise these activities to meet emerging needs (Bedi et al., To efficiently meet adaptation-related resource needs, questions specific to climate change can be inserted into established data collection processes, such as household surveys which are in many cases conducted every four to five years (OECD, 2015b).|SDG 13 - Climate action|processes collection meet data adaptation|1.2499231|4.7443204|1.4954021
6481|A key focus is to support schools and school boards to include the principles of equity and inclusive education in all policies, programmes, operations and learning environments. The Ministry supports effective implementation of the strategy through board-led implementation networks and diverse education and community stakeholders working to deliver evidence-informed tools, resources and professional learning opportunities. Parent and community engagement are essential components of the strategy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|strategy learning community implementation boards|9.941109|2.2114382|1.9814985
6482|The productivity and contribution of cities to national economic welfare cannot be taken for granted. Both tangible and non-tangible cultures can also be identified by location, religious and other beliefs, and by other characteristics such as common historical roots or experience. Resources are squandered, temperatures and sea levels are rising, and the numbers of people at risk of being left behind are staggering.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tangible roots beliefs cultures temperatures|4.114974|5.039742|1.892575
6483|It is also about meeting one of the key “learning principles” outlined above: promoting horizontal connectedness, including connections between the worlds of education and the broader social worlds beyond school boundaries. Growing and sustaining ILE reform is about helping to create ever denser clusters of 21st learning practice so that critical masses of practice and change may be reached. Further, it is about recognising that in contemporary learning systems, formal institutional provision is only one part of the whole.|SDG 4 - Quality education|worlds learning practice ile contemporary|8.75655|1.8821388|1.9957725
6484|Chile’s fragile ecosystems in the Andes, coastal areas and deserts have experienced continuous biodiversity losses due to extensive, partly unplanned, urbanisation. This calls for an integrated approach to biodiversity within urban and regional development plans. Other OECD cities, such as the City of Edmonton, Canada, have successfully integrated their biodiversity strategy with urban planning (City of Edmonton, 2009).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|biodiversity integrated city unplanned urban|3.9845483|5.570667|1.8318951
6485|Age-adjusted death rates increased for seven leading causes and decreased for one (Sherry et al, 2018). Life expectancy at birth fell by 0.1 year between 2016 and 2017, largely because of increases in mortality from unintentional injuries, suicide, diabetes, and influenza and pneumonia, with unintentional injuries making the largest contribution. Age-adjusted death rates increased at ages 25-44 and 85+.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|injuries death adjusted influenza pneumonia|9.108229|8.69879|3.2625864
6486|According to field surveys, most farmers admitted that they could not know whether the fertiliser that they had bought, either imported or produced domestically, was adulterated, except for some brands selling at a 50-100% premium. A test to check fertiliser quality should not cost much relative to the price of the fertiliser and could be made widely available (HKS, 2011). Three urea state-owned plants, built in the 1970s and run by the Myanmar Petrochemical Enterprise, produce around 100 000 tonnes per year, i.e. less than 25% of their capacity and around 17% of domestic requirements.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fertiliser urea brands bought admitted|3.7013338|5.0676384|3.9723551
6487|Clear leadership from central authorities to provide a national, consistent approach towards measuring quality in mental health was a key enabling factor. In England, patient level mental health data are collected in primary, community and secondary care settings, including process and outcomes measures for the service user. These include, for example, data on hospital admissions for mental illness, patient experiences with community mental health services, access to psychological therapies and recovery rates, and waiting times. By contrast, a national strategic approach to measuring quality in mental health care is still lacking in Japan and Korea (OECD, 2012b, 2015f).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health measuring patient community|10.393291|9.043938|1.8873078
6488|The data consisted of the number of units sold and the number of units that had passed the use by date and thus were discarded. The corresponding purchasing value for units sold and units discarded were included in the data. The data basis was specified for three varieties of minced meat in 629 stores in Norway.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|units discarded sold data consisted|4.128796|5.2501693|4.555916
6489|The way governments collect revenue and allocate resources can have a differential impact on women and men. As taxes affect wages and disposable income, they can influence how women and men allocate their time to formal, informal and unpaid work (Barnett and Grown, 2004). Joint filing in income-tax systems with higher tax rates on higher incomes is found, for example, to discourage womens participation in the labour market (Elson, 2006).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|allocate tax elson filing men|9.076576|4.755084|6.0290403
6490|Design a comprehensive policy intervention to boost the demand for high skilled workers so as to fully exploit the existing skill supply and to generate incentives to increase it further. In particular, special attention should be paid to engage firms more systematically in the process, reach out to NEETs more proactively, align the quality of offers across regions, and allocate more (financial and human) resources to ensure an adequate service delivery. Italy is the only G7 country with a higher share of tertiary educated workers in routine occupations (tasks that can be accomplished following a set of specific and well-defined rules) than in non-routine ones (tasks that entail performing more complicated activities, such as creative problem solving and decision making).|SDG 4 - Quality education|routine tasks proactively workers neets|8.2911215|3.13382|3.113683
6491|These eastern cites are now economically and ethnically segregated from central Paris: the peripheral suburbs are characterized by poverty, a high share of public housing, and low education levels. Labourers and the unemployed are overrepresented among households in this region (Clerval et Delage 2014), and many of the residents are Algerian, Moroccan, and sub-Saharan African immigrants or descendants. The French government has labelled 731 of these neighborhoods zones urbaines sensibles (“sensitive urban zones”), which makes them a high-priority target for policy intervention.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|zones algerian moroccan suburbs labelled|4.772949|5.5009904|2.3556535
6492|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The country was amongst the first in the region to achieve universal primary school enrolment and ensure all young people and adults have basic literacy skills. This early progress provided the foundations for the country’s strong social and economic development over the last century.|SDG 4 - Quality education|foundations country golan heights jerusalem|8.49077|2.8641152|1.7224832
6493|Such aspects include the increased flows of refugees and migrants; the region has the largest global number of IDPs, at 17.3 million. Urban slums are not a significant feature in the Arab and North Africa region as a whole, but certain countries in North Africa have very high levels of informal settlement. The complex nature of the evolving risk landscape is most articulated in coastal areas, which are particularly susceptible to flooding, as well as seismic and climate risks.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|north africa idps susceptible region|4.5036025|5.156596|2.2767782
6494|These could include tax incentives and other relevant measures. In-work benefits can translate into potentially significant increases in employment rates, provided they have a sufficiently large impact on financial incentives. When in-work benefits are very low, they are unlikely to have much of an impact on employment. On the other hand, generosity has to be accompanied by narrow' targeting in order to channel help to the neediest families and keep programme costs within reasonable limits. Well-designed targeting, conditions on the number of hours worked to become eligible and phasing-out rates (i.e. the speed at which benefits are w ithdrawn as incomes rise), can help them to be effective. In terms of the impact on competitiveness, some research points to the role of social enterprises, and a vibrant social economy as a whole, in encouraging innovation.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|benefits targeting impact incentives vibrant|7.5955586|4.8076725|4.0779037
6495|Variation between Australian local areas was evident across all interventions and conditions. There was also wide variation compared with other countries. For example, hospital non-surgical admission rates were twice as high in Australia, at about 12 000 per 100 000 population aged over 15 years, than in Spain, Portugal and Canada, where they stood at below 6 000.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|variation surgical stood admission evident|9.404197|8.830467|2.2673237
6496|One way in which scarcity of water could be reflected in water prices would be to link them to indicators of water scarcity in the relevant river basins. Indeed, a system of such indicators that allows the development of water resources to be determined in real time has been developed with the implementation of the latest National Hydrologic Plan. Current legislation does not create any room for charging for environmental costs from water abstractions that result from changes in water flows, river morphology, or water quality and their impacts on human health and ecosystems, although this is required by the European Water Framework Directive.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water scarcity river morphology indicators|1.2056042|7.3555923|2.4685905
6497|Most of the 2011 GDP data are provisional estimates. It was found that remittance-financed community projects contribute to development of infrastructure in a number of LDCs (Bakewell 2009). In addition, remittances were also found to promote development of the financial sector, one of the key drivers of economic growth (UN-OHRLLS 2010). At the national level, remittance flow replenishes foreign reserves, helps maintain stability of the foreign exchange value of domestic currencies and provides the purchasing power needed to import goods, services, capital machineries and other imports of developmental importance. On the other side, the local currency released against the remittance flows that accrue to the households of migrant workers helps meet their consumption and investment demands.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|remittance helps foreign provisional currencies|5.8937664|4.3407283|3.8429387
6498|This can be achieved through a range of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures that will need to be included in master plans. Waterproof surfaces within the city can be balanced with permeable ones, since permeable surfaces mitigate extremes in temperature. Cities should view tree planting as an environmental service, providing shade during the hot season and protecting buildings during the cold season. Peripheral greenbelts will be vital for maintaining urban resilience to climate change.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|surfaces season hot planting extremes|1.410342|4.788261|3.4934072
6499|This regime can be consistent with the TRIPS Agreement, as will be explained below. It should also be noted that a totally free market policy towards new uses risks significantly lessening the incentive to explore such uses, even for potential local producers. For this and other reasons, we shall also discuss other means of protection that offer an alternative to patents that developing countries might find particularly well-suited to promoting investment in the discovery of new uses of known pharmaceutical substances. As will be further described below, the manner in which governments implement the options available under the TRIPS Agreement will determine both the extent to which the originator patentee will have control over new uses and the space available for follow-on innovators, including local companies, to produce the product in question for such uses. The first concerns the extent to which TRIPS obliges countries to protect new uses of known substances at all, as a technical legal matter. If the TRIPS Agreement does not include such a requirement, the second question concerns the benefits and detriments of choosing whether or not to protect new uses of known substances.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|uses trips substances known new|8.262607|9.686667|2.5707066
6500|It is unknown, however, whether the availability of courses and programmes is sufficient to meet the needs and demands of adult learners. Other approaches that have demonstrated effectiveness with adults, such as work-based programmes and on-line courses targeted to adults were not so readily available. Furthermore, as earlier noted, the Galilee, and particularly its Arab population appears to be underserved by the Open University. The college provides programmes for teachers to prepare for changes in the math and science curriculum. The Gordon College conference centre organises meetings and conferences in fields such as gifted education, green education, that provide opportunities for teacher professional development.|SDG 4 - Quality education|college courses programmes adults math|7.8292236|2.3869553|2.700415
6501|In addition the PBC provides indirect allocations to colleges through its support of research funds in external research funding bodies. The block grants include a teaching component and a research component, but the research component applies only to universities. While the PBC establishes the enrolment levels at each institution for the purpose of allocations, institutions can enrol students outside these limits on a tuition fee basis within limits established by the PBC. The principal incentive for the colleges is negative: their exclusion from research funding.|SDG 4 - Quality education|research component allocations colleges limits|8.308283|2.3279142|2.5679765
6502|"The study reviews the extent to which the design and implementation of these policies take into account the contemporary interpretation of rights related to the family included in human rights treaties and the commitment to achieve gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls as required by the 2030 Agenda. The recognition of the family as the foundation of society requiring protection and assistance is also included in regional human rights instruments such as the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador, e.g., art. If families human rights treaties."" The African Charter differs from other human rights instruments because it not only enshrines the duty of States to protect and assist the family (art.18) but also includes several 'duties'for individuals, such as the duty towards his/her family (art. This section is based on Sepulveda 2003, Chapter III."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights art human family treaties|9.303072|5.04308|7.137523
6503|Center for Global Health Policy, “WHO Regional Director for Africa Discusses Abuja Declarations”, Science Speaks: HIV & TB News, 8 May 2010, (http://sciencespeaks. African Union, “An African Common Position for the UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on AIDS, New York, June 2006”, Sp/Assembly/ATM/3 (I) Rev.2, (http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/may/summit/doc/en/ UNGASS_Common_Position.pdf) (accessed 5 September 2011). Resolution AFR/RC55/R6, “Acceleration of HIV Prevention Efforts in the African Region”, 25 August 2005, Maputo, Mozambique.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|african assembly hiv http union|8.379616|8.900485|3.2890787
6504|For the San, language has become an added barrier to learning. Further, many families consider the costs to be incurred in obtaining a birth certificates extremely high. There are also issues associated with learning in a foreign language and culture, the absence of successful San students who can serve as role models, and the lack of availability of formal education and real economic opportunity in the areas where San are living.|SDG 4 - Quality education|san language learning incurred certificates|10.080281|2.6923444|2.7505815
6505|Declining quantities of ketamine seizures were reported in Indonesia (declining from 117 kg in 2010 to 4.7 kg in 2013) and Malaysia. The seizure of the plant-based psychoactive substances kratom and khat and the eradication of their cultivation continues to be reported. The largest total of kratom seizures in the region was reported by Thailand in 2014 (54 tons), up from 45.5 tons in 2013. Considerable seizures of kratom were also reported in Myanmar (219 kg in 2013). More than 6 tons of khat were seized in Hong Kong, China, in 2014. Almost 2 tons of khat leaves imported from Africa were found in the storage facilities of four logistics companies, destined for the United States, Canada and Taiwan Province of China.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tons seizures kg reported declining|8.282828|10.288971|3.595662
6506|While improved security and military presence may improve access to services for women (such as schools, health providers, etc.), Rape carried out by soldiers/insurgents/private military troops and military-fuelled prostitution are the most blatant examples of the negative impact of military-embedded organizations on gender. The likelihood of progressive gender change is thus mediated by CoSOs in complex, multifaceted ways, depending on identity, framework of action and political opportunity structure as well as context.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|military soldiers mediated prostitution multifaceted|10.122123|4.8814774|7.538682
6507|The geomorphology of the Georgian coast is influenced by the many rivers that rise or flow through the region. This biome occurs at between 150 and 600 m. The vegetation is characterized by halophytic and ephemeral species. One form of eroded deserts is found on Iori Plateau, where the rare endemic Tulipa eichleri can be found. The climate is subtropical with continental dry winters and hot summers. Snow is rare and snow cover is unstable. The bearded grass (Botriochloa ischaemum) ecosystems are the most spread on the steppe.|SDG 15 - Life on land|snow rare steppe subtropical biome|1.2452382|5.3339424|4.2339697
6508|Many utility companies are motivated to manage demand because they face load-capacity limitations, blackouts and unreliable supply. Demand-side management programmes aim to reduce industrial energy consumption through rebates, loans, subsidized audits, free installation of equipment and energy awareness programmes (Gillingham, Newell and Palmer 2006). The changes are implemented through specialized firms.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|rebates demand unreliable subsidized programmes|1.9323882|1.6078798|2.04394
6509|Austria introduced a similar exam (the Lehre mit Matura) in 2008 (Musset et al., In Korea, although vocational high schools are designed for direct labour market entry, in fact around three-quarters of graduates immediately enter tertiary education (Kuczera, Kis and Wurzburg, 2009). Upper secondary vocational programmes therefore need to be designed not only for labour market entry but also to prepare students for further education, building into these programmes a sufficient range of study skills, including basic skills - a point emphasised in OECD (2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|entry vocational designed skills exam|8.494179|2.5830505|2.7524858
6510|It trained 22 engineers in motor-system optimization techniques. And within two years of completing training, these local experts had trained more than 1,000 factory personnel, conducted 38 industrial plant assessments and saved nearly 40 million kilowatt hours of energy. Energy awards provide a channel for companies to audit their energy use, identify possible energy savings and increase profitability. In India, the Ministry of Power launched the annual National Energy Conservation Awards programme, which recognizes industrial firms that reduce energy consumption while maintaining production. Companies submit reports on completed energy conservation projects, which are reviewed by government officials. The number of participating firms expanded from 123 in 1999 to 558 in 2009 and over that period saved 12,113 million kilowatt hours of energy (11.3 million rupees; NECA 2009).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy awards saved million trained|2.0693874|2.746816|2.3335037
6511|A multifaceted disease-related approach is needed to reduce this excess mortality, including primary care prevention of physical ill health among people with mental disorders, better integration of physical and mental health care, behavioural interventions, and efforts to change professional attitudes. The use of individual care plans (ICPs) could help support patients, and their care providers, to secure the care package that they need over time. Across several OECD countries (notably in Norway and Japan), ICPs are not fully exploited as a tool to promote good coordination and good quality of care between mental and physical health (OECD, 2014d, 2015f). Scope exists to raise professional awareness around the need to attend to the physical health needs of individuals with mental ill-health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care mental physical health ill|10.321286|8.919323|1.7809358
6512|The storage may be geological (underground) or in tanks. To be traded as a commodity, all gas entering the pipeline system has to be treated to limit impurities (dry gas). The gas pipelines are pressurized; the high-capacity lines have pressure over 100 bar. Automatic gas leak detection and location systems are important for pipelines to avoid loss, ensure safety, and prevent greenhouse gas emission;45 the same systems are useful for reducing loss and speeding recover)' in case a pipeline is damaged for any reason, including sabotage.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gas pipelines pipeline loss leak|1.4368194|6.8167763|2.227801
6513|Whilst the trend for addiction care is towards integration, the two systems are still frequently separate. There are variations of between three and 23 weeks for access to a Medically Assisted Treatment scheme for opiate addiction (http://frittsvkehusvalg.no); 23 weeks is an unacceptably long time to wait for access to treatment. Addiction services, which are less widespread in Norway than mental health services, likely need support from mental health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|addiction weeks mental services treatment|8.362395|10.182293|3.5285258
6514|Central government spending for this form of support amounts to between 0.6 and 1.8% of GDP in reporting countries. Eligibility conditions and payment rates vary, but these allowances are mostly reserved for lower income and vulnerable households. In all reporting countries housing allowances are granted to private market tenants but they are often also granted to social housing tenants and owner-occupants.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tenants allowances granted reporting housing|5.037581|5.775973|2.2474146
6515|With this in mind, the School Resource Review' advised the Ministry and the wider education community to complete work on the 2014 draft ‘Teacher Competency Framework”. This framew'ork, it proposed, could serve as a common basis “to guide initial teacher education, regular teacher appraisal, certification processes, teacher professional development and career advancement.” However, the review identified the “lack of strategic oversight” provided by the Ministry to this process, and, while noting wide stakeholder consultation, it also pointed to “lack of debate or common understanding across the system regarding w hat constitutes good teaching” (Shewbridge et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher review ministry common hat|9.414082|1.2040501|2.0169268
6516|For example, can electricity generated by a new wind farm gain access to the transmission network on equal terms to electricity generated in an existing power plant? The extent to which rules are harmonised indicates the ease with which producers and consumers of energy are able to trade across borders. At 3, Kosovo has the highest score: structural reform is underway and arrangements for non-discriminatory access to the grids are in place. Kosovo has also transposed legislation for unbundling and third-party access, including congestion management in electricity, that complies w'ith Third Energy Package requirements.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|kosovo electricity generated access harmonised|1.7007293|2.0815887|2.2390559
6517|Although, on average, climate change may have a negative impact on yields, the projected yields by 2050 are still higher than current yields for most commodities. In the case of maize, for instance, under Scenario 4, climate may reduce the potential yields by almost 20%, however the maize yields are still expected to be about 50% higher than they were in 2005. The two scenarios that use inputs from the DSSAT crop model (Scenario 3 (IPSL/DSSAT) and 4 (Hadley/DSSAT)) result in higher world prices for maize, wheat and rice than do the two scenarios using the LPJmL crop model (Scenario 1 (IPSL/LPJmL) and 2 (Hadley/LPJmL)).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|yields maize hadley scenario scenarios|1.7250787|5.3915977|2.6461968
6518|In this index, as in ECLAC (2013), households without electricity and those using toxic fuels for cooking are considered to be deprived in respect of energy. Although information on durable goods is usually available in national surveys in the region, it has not been particularly widely used in multidimensional measurements of poverty. It was therefore decided to include a durable goods deprivation indicator in the index, as a more lasting proxy for the standard of living of households.|SDG 1 - No poverty|durable index goods households toxic|6.656616|6.4044356|5.076347
6519|This would remove a bias against poor parents who find it difficult to find ready cash and also prevent students misspending the bus fare money on other items. Free home-to-school transport should also be provided for upper secondary school students from low-income families, so that their participation in upper secondary education is not inhibited by transport costs. The organisation of home-to-school transport should be better co-ordinated in order to make school consolidation involving several municipalities easier to achieve. It is not necessary to provide dedicated school buses as a cheaper alternative but, in the absence of suitable public transport, an option is contracting private bus operators to provide home to school services.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school transport home bus upper|9.583495|2.1555564|2.2484295
6520|The central co-ordination body is responsible for developing the strategy and the government-wide policies, for monitoring progress, promoting the benefits, and providing guidance and support to line ministries and agencies for policy implementation. Indeed, about 30% of countries responding to the OECD Survey on National Gender Institutions, Public Policies and Leadership identified lack of funding among the top barriers for advancing gender equality reforms. The OECD countries’ experience shows that mandates derived from constitutions or enshrined in law afford national mechanisms a greater sense of political legitimacy and stability, accompanied by a sufficient resource base, than mandates originating from a governmental decree. Having both the statutory authority to propose policy and the proximity to the executive or central administrative structures increases the influence of national gender institutions. Finland’s national gender institution is an instructive example.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender mandates national central enshrined|9.997282|4.1241245|7.3346486
6521|According to Klasen and La manna (2009), per capita GDP growth rates in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia could increase by as much as l per cent annually with gender equality in education. Bandara (2015) finds that total annual output losses due to gender gaps in effective labour (the combined effect of inequality in education and labour market participation) could exceed $60 billion for sub-Saharan Africa, rising to $255 billion for the Africa region as a whole. The latter reflects the wider gaps in North Africa.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|africa saharan gaps sub billion|9.283018|4.2867055|5.905938
6522|Instead, while maintaining fishing activities through restrictions on individual fishery resources based on ecological system and fishery resources, the system allows effectively and quick recovery of resources. As a result, suspension or contraction of fishing activities due to resource recovery can be minimized. Accordingly, fishing business can be maintained with relative stability while promoting resource recovery at the same time.|SDG 14 - Life below water|recovery fishing fishery resources resource|-0.2628349|5.8371572|6.696254
6523|Hence, the willingness to pay for improved health is likely to rise sharply with income, and so is the willingness to pay for health care, since health care is a vital input in the production of health. Hall and Jones (2007) claim that as people get richer and consumption rises, the marginal utility of consumption falls rapidly. Furthermore, the marginal utility of life extension does not decline and spending on health to extend life allows individuals to purchase additional periods of utility.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|utility health willingness marginal pay|8.939534|8.749363|2.7325416
6524|The AREI envisions smart, distributed energy systems that can handle a mix of renewable energy generation. With a highly diversified ownership base compared with conventional, centralized energy systems, a vast number of households, communities, cooperatives and enterprises of all sizes will become producers and consumers of electricity, allowing Africa to leapfrog to the energy systems of the future. As such the AREI stands to contribute substantially to the green growth agenda in Africa.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy systems africa leapfrog centralized|1.7774239|2.1960638|2.4584982
6525|In particular, Sustainable Development Goal 4 stresses the importance of providing equitable access to education and lifelong learning opportunities that lead to effective learning outcomes. It also emphasises the need to adapt the content of education to include relevant topics such as human rights and gender equality. The challenge, however, remains to collect quality and comparable data to monitor the wide range of Sustainable Development Goal 4 indicators.|SDG 4 - Quality education|goal learning sustainable stresses lifelong|9.167954|4.527517|7.1404886
6526|The licensing system for surface water abstraction and for wastewater discharges was eliminated. According to the 2007 Law on Environmental Impact Permits EIPs are required for new developments and already operating industries w'hich started their activities up to 1996 (before the Law on Environmental Permits came into force). Currently, the legislation on water resource management contains many contradictory provisions, which limits its implementation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|permits law contradictory environmental eliminated|1.0825804|6.959894|2.2391179
6527|Although connectivity increases, the reliability of information, the safety of access and the openness of data is not guaranteed. The Smart Cities for All toolkit supports a range of organizations and roles related to Smart Cities, including government managers, policy makers, ICT professionals, disability advocates, procurement officials, technology suppliers, and developers who design Smart City apps and solutions to be accessible for all. The toolkit includes several tools targeting specific digital inclusion challenges facing all cities and is available in 10 languages.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|smart toolkit cities openness languages|4.128998|4.082437|1.5061848
6528|The CCSS does have a system in place to monitor, respond to and prevent hospital-acquired infections. A national monitoring and learning system for other adverse events is not, however, in place. The ministry’s 2015-2018 National Health Plan established a health care quality programme that focuses on wider implementation of the EDUS information system and reduction of waiting times. It also, however, aims to systematise measurement of patient experiences and establish quality standards and indicators, initially around organ donation and transplantation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|place ccss infections quality acquired|9.1984005|9.503135|1.6705095
6529|Second, political backing must support projects that are necessary at the national level against excessive delays, through appropriate regulatory processes and zoning laws, as well as provide effective mechanisms for consultation, mediation and compensation. The challenge is always to combine pertinent indicators with relevant, consistent and comparable data. In 2010, the NEA published The Security of Energy Supply and the Contribution of Nuclear Energy which developed a consistent methodology for all forms of energy and electricity to deliver quantitative metrics for the security of supply.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|consistent energy backing security mediation|1.0685185|1.7991543|1.914116
6530|It was first established in 1960 as a moral obligation for employers, and became a legal requirement in 1976 (Matsui, 1998). The main features of the policies currently in place to support the labour market participation of people with disabilities appear in the Basic Programme for Persons with Disabilities, which runs from FY 2003 to FY 2012. In addition, already in 2003 MHLW formulated a Five-Year Plan for increasing the number of people with disabilities who can find a job through the PESOs (JILPT, 2006). However, the employment of people with severe physical or intellectual disabilities counts double in the calculation of the fulfilment of the quota.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|disabilities fy people pesos mhlw|7.9585195|4.746342|3.9552724
6531|Some of these are solely related to the large size of the new commercial nuclear units and would be equivalent for any power plant of a comparable size. However, most are in relation to the essential role that the electrical system plays in the safety of nuclear power plants. In particular, nuclear poses additional requirements in terms of grid control, monitoring and operations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear size power poses electrical|1.1739854|1.4580942|1.891491
6532|"Water Workshop on Re - thinking Water and Food Security Paradigms, CRC Press, London. Water, Agriculture and the Environment in Spain: Can we square the circle?, The Establishment of Baseline Groundwater Conditions for the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Spain"", Water Resources Management, Vol. Fixed Effects Estimation of the Intensive and Extensive Margins of Irrigation Water Demand."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water spain paradigms crc margins|1.2032405|7.3379245|2.3525581
6533|This proportion is slightly above the average of 9.5% of teachers in TALIS who said they regretted joining the profession (OECD, 2014). This ISCED classification defined tertiary-type A education as ISCED level 5A and tertiary-type B education as ISCED level 5B. According to this classification, tertiary-type A education programmes (ISCED 5A) are largely theory-based, but are not exclusively offered at universities. They aim to provide sufficient qualifications for entry to advanced research programmes and professions with high skill requirements. These programmes have a minimal cumulative theoretical duration of three years, although they typically last four or more years.|SDG 4 - Quality education|isced tertiary type classification programmes|8.648489|2.5513146|2.8795865
6534|This compares with an average bound rate at 47% in 2010. Rice and sugar are covered by specific tariffs with levels adjusted frequently in response to changing international prices for these commodities. Since 2008, companies must be approved by the Ministry of TVade as registered importers to import a range of processed products manufactured from meat, cereal, sugar and cocoa.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|sugar cocoa cereal manufactured importers|4.0046163|4.8335857|4.213106
6535|Depending on the water risks faced, incremental risk reduction may be disproportionally costly. By identifying the level of acceptability and tolerability of water risks, a risk-based approach fosters targeted and proportional policy responses, and thus cost effectiveness. It also helps to clarify risk-sharing arrangements between public and private actors.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|risk risks disproportionally fosters acceptability|1.340779|7.0979357|2.5570862
6536|By linking up jobs into a coherent system, they help make the labour market more transparent which facilitates supply and demand matching, as well as providing a basis for adult careers advice and the co-ordination of local education and training (Froy and Gigu£re, 2010). Such approaches are important in a complex and fragmented labour market like tourism where employees move vertically and horizontally around a set of jobs. The Department of Labor has identified 16 career clusters by classifying specific jobs and industries into similar categories based on the knowledge and skill required. Within each cluster are job, industry and occupation types known as pathways.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs horizontally classifying vertically labour|7.063718|3.8853257|3.22243
6537|In India, 60.9 per cent of mainstream population has heard about HIV/AIDS, compared to only 38.6 per cent of women from Scheduled Tribes who have received such information. The situations of Bangladesh and Nepal are also similar as 46 per cent of the population has ever heard of HIV/AIDS and only 13 per cent of women have complete information on transmission of the disease in Bangladesh. Disparity between the indigenous and non-indigenous peoples in Nepal with regard to knowledge about HIV/AIDS remains a cause of concern as the only 60 per cent of women among the indigenous peoples living in southern plains of Nepal known as Tarai have heard about HIV/AIDS compared to national average of 73 per cent. Indigenous women lack direct links and access to public information and mass media, and most importantly it is not communicated in their mother tongue. The first and often-cited reason is the distance to the health facilities. As most indigenous peoples in Asia live in remote parts of the country where government has not invested in the health infrastructure, thus leaving the majority of indigenous populations to rely on the traditional medicines and methods for health care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indigenous aids hiv cent heard|9.221528|8.4037485|3.4124987
6538|In contrast, concessional finance towards technology is stable following a decline between 2010 and 2012. Still, technology-oriented concessional finance is scarce, representing only one-third of the amount spent on research and innovation and less than 2 % of total concessional finance. While nonconcessional and private finance represents a large share of total support towards ICTs and other technologies, greater international efforts using concessional finance could further support people’s access to ICTs and improving digital skills. However, there are wide discrepancies across countries with core research activities representing one-quarter or more of total STI resources in Ethiopia and India, but less than 5% in Indonesia and Pakistan. In Ethiopia, Kenya, and Pakistan support towards ICTs represents less than 1% of total support to STI, while more than 10% of STI resources are targeting ICT development in Indonesia and Tanzania. The sum of the two charts will exceed total support to STI because of activities contributing to both science/innovation and technology.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|concessional sti finance icts total|4.8391113|3.3425095|2.0435321
6539|The purpose of this indicator is to assess the extent to which child care can be used by employed persons. International agreements and conventions: • ILO Convention: Workers with Family Responsibilities, 1981(No. Household Child care: This indicator measures the actual use of childcare by calculating the percentage of employed persons with children under compulsory school age (according to national circumstances). Three types of child care from outside the household can be distinguished : • Family (informal) childcare from parents, grandparents or other family members living outside the household • Non-family (formal) childcare by: A nanny, childminder or babysitter in the child's home.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|childcare child family household care|8.417817|4.6770883|4.633227
6540|Belize is a regional leader in the use of bioenergy as a base load energy source. Many CARICOM member states, particularly those on the mainland and the larger island states, have good biomass potential. Waste-to-energy technologies are considered to be thermal power plants in that they raise steam to drive a turbine, which then drives an electrical generator. These types of plants can have characteristics that make it difficult for them to respond to variable changes in a utilities power curve - for example, if there are large numbers of intermittent power plants such as wind and solar.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plants power mainland caricom belize|1.7392389|2.3746498|2.6195517
6541|In general, recent government reforms and policies have tried to address these issues in order to strengthen the contribution of education and skills strategies to inclusive growth, competitiveness and people’s well-being. The overall satisfaction with the education system and schools has increased in Korea since 2007, but remains very low among the poorest population groups. Between 2007 and 2015, the general level of satisfaction with the education system has increased by 4 p.p.|SDG 4 - Quality education|satisfaction education general tried increased|9.090718|2.0655456|2.6737626
6542|The second National Environmental Action Programme 2012-2016 (NEAP-2) underlines the impact of environmental degradation on health, but no specific actions are given to better understand the health impact. The main goal of the action plan and governmental programme is the promotion of health quality in the Georgian population by reducing tobacco consumption and protecting the population from passive smoking. The NCDCPH develops national standards and guidelines; promotes the improvement of public health; participates in the development of public health policy; carries out epidemiological surveillance, the immunization programme, laboratory diagnostic and surveillance activities; responds to public health emergencies; and produces health statistics.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health surveillance programme public action|9.072206|9.343306|2.8856437
6543|However, attempts to introduce national urban policies need to be responsive to the national context and sensitive to the political culture as well as an appetite for such a policy. This makes it vital to understand the distinctive history and evolution of urban policy in each place, including the role of other territorial, rural and regional policies. Fblicies can attract investment -connecting big cities to intermediate ones, which provide the necessary linkages with rural areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rural urban distinctive connecting policies|4.0602713|5.2171955|1.8593452
6544|The indicator system covers 20 indicators in five major dimensions not confined to academic performance but also including moral development, physical and mental development, nurturing of academic interest and pupils’ burden. This framework was piloted in 30 areas, including in Zhejiang Province and Shanghai Municipality. Several aspects of the current education system are recognised as needing reform to enable the country’s transition towards an innovation economy. Schoolwork burdens on primary and middle-school students are often too heavy and there is enormous family pressure to get admitted to good schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|academic nurturing needing piloted shanghai|9.266359|2.1000423|1.8837315
6545|The irrigated area decreased to 5,000 ha in 1998, and increased to 37,000 ha (about 10 per cent of the area under crops) in 2010. Currently, most crops are cultivated without irrigation, and crop yield largely depends on w eather conditions. In the Gobi region, the average wind speed is 3-4 metres per second or even stronger, which can cause significant soil moisture loss and erosion. It is estimated that, over the past 30 years, an average of 35-50 tons of soil have been lost per hectare of cultivated land.|SDG 15 - Life on land|cultivated ha soil crops area|1.0631349|7.1151977|3.1478288
6546|If the industry is shielded by a high weight-to-value ratio and import tariffs, the industry is deemed at low risk of carbon leakage, because the industry is far from the tipping point. Being far from the tipping point means that C02 prices need to be high to spur international competition. We evaluate the investment rate of the industries at risk of carbon leakage to find out whether it is a long-term or short-term risk.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|leakage industry risk far carbon|1.4593495|3.0041676|1.9021193
6547|This is known as academic tracking or streaming. Some countries have comprehensive systems that provide the same educational programmes to all students up to the end of primary or lower secondary education. Other countries separate students into several tracks that have a different focus in preparing students, which involves providing different curricula, levels of academic intensity and learning experiences.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students academic streaming tracks different|9.339558|2.1416404|2.4468434
6548|The participant survey showed that on average, half of the participants in work while on the Work Programme received in-work support. The support rates were higher for participants with caring responsibilities and those with long unemployment spells prior to employment. In-work support included advice from a personal adviser, help and support with benefits and financial advice, and contact with the employer to support the participant. However, providers did not use the sustainment payments to pay ERA-type retention bonuses. Also providers emphasised a need of in-work support for those who had been out of work for longer periods. In contrast, 30-39% of participants entering work avoided or refused the in-work support, possibly because they felt stigmatised by being on the Work Programme or wanted to feel that they had moved on from unemployment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|work support participants participant advice|7.925265|4.6701145|3.9217935
6549|The main governmental institution responsible for forestry, forestry-related activities and forest management is MoNP and its subordinated bodies, the Department of Forestry, NIDFF, and the Service for Forest-Seed Farming and Natural Parks Protection. During that period, the Department of Forestry had 29 forestry companies and organizations. Among engineering and technical personnel, there were specialists specifically qualified in forestry, as well as agronomists, geographers, biologists and others.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forestry department forest seed parks|1.5788738|4.830592|3.8084989
6550|Yet mothers in two-parent families who had more time to spend with their daughters did not always follow up on their sexual activities, whereas fathers did. The implication is of underlying material needs and of paternal reluctance to recognise their role in the decisions of adolescents. These cash transfers are often deployed to ensure children's schooling, improve health care and re-allocate productive resources within households (Adato & Bassett, 2009; Mokomane, 2013). It has been found, for example, that girls in households receiving non-contributory social pensions are more likely to attend school, succeed academically, and have better health and nutrition indicators than children in similar households that do not receive the pension (ISSA, 2008).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|households did issa paternal academically|7.7496815|5.729624|4.884324
6551|In addition, using a simple payback rule neglects the time-value of money and the expected positive cash flow from energy cost savings in the longer run. Finally, the non-energy benefits of industrial energy efficiency are often overlooked. More efficient furnaces, for example, are more reliable and reduce down time, improving productivity (Worrell et al.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy payback overlooked time rule|2.0964649|2.6521177|2.544736
6552|Several governmental and civil society organisations are actively involved in raising awareness of the relevant legislation and they provide legal advice in this regard” (CEDAW, 2012). Such a procedure could ensure women greater access to financial assets. Land may also be divided among male heirs before the father dies, as it is possible to make living bequests and donations. Women are then put under pressure not to claim their share.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|dies donations cedaw claim father|9.145664|5.09585|7.080004
6553|For example, some countries with career-based public employment have increased the level of school involvement in selecting teachers or in matching teachers to vacancies, or they have introduced performance-management schemes and devolved the responsibility for them to school leaders. More radical reforms of public-sector employment are rare, however, and often encounter significant resistance. But the shared goal of supporting teachers' professionalism throughout their career translates into many different approaches to selecting and evaluating teachers, and a wide range of career and compensation structures.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers career selecting professionalism devolved|9.557962|1.3383965|2.3211997
6554|"Cities and countries reporting on this indicator are encouraged to promote better design and use of streets as public spaces. The fact that the indicator measures the share of the built-up area allocated to open space makes it sensitive to the definition of what constitutes a city and its built-up area. The indicator does not include measurement on safety, and it partially covers the notion of inclusivity by reference to access should be available ""for all? Definitions on what constitutes public space, public use and the notion of open were agreed upon by experts through consultative meetings.35 Disaggregation of information by sex, age and persons with disabilities remains a key challenge which requires conducting comprehensive surveys in cities on public spaces."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|indicator notion constitutes spaces public|4.138843|5.0334954|1.5725839
6555|It improved the understanding of the system's problems and made specific measures to be taken. For instance, the process of school consolidation first targeted the poor performing among the small schools. Such data provide teachers with valuable diagnostic evidence about both student performance, and school performance, more generally.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performance school diagnostic consolidation performing|9.628575|1.860208|1.8253766
6556|This has led to a world fishery that is characterized by falling productivity, economic inefficiency and stagnant incomes for fishers. Recent work by the World Bank indicates that the economic benefits from rebuilding and effectively managing fisheries are substantial, estimated at around USD 50 billion a year (World Bank/FAO, 2008). In particular, at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002, governments committed to an ambitious goal of rebuilding fish stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield by 2015. Recognizing that rebuilding international fish stocks must occur within a cooperative governance framework, the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA, December 2001) has enabled RFMOs to address the overfishing of straddling and highly migratory stocks fished primarily on the high seas. The primary motivation for the OECD work on the economics rebuilding fisheries stems from a recognition that policy makers need to not only ensure that rebuilding paths are scientifically well-founded and achievable, but also that the programs are cost-effective and efficient in achieving their objectives. This requires the integration of a broader amount of economic information in decision making processes than is generally the case in many OECD countries.|SDG 14 - Life below water|rebuilding stocks fish world fisheries|-0.036582697|5.6550097|6.498995
6557|Information on educational attainment by gender is taken from the revised Barro-Lee dataset [Barro, R.J. and J.W. Lee (2010), “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010”, NBER Working Paper, No. As the gender ratio of education increased on average by around 0.09% each year, it suggests that it contributed to increasing annual economic growth by a further 0.07% per annum (i.e. 0.09% * 0.81). Information on educational attainment by gender is taken from the revised Barro-Lee dataset [Barro, RJ.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|barro lee attainment dataset educational|9.334945|4.3018837|5.856685
6558|Transcalar approaches also need to be considered when identifying the “right” scale for stakeholder engagement as they can challenge the usual conception of levels of governance and governments and shed light on stakeholders that are active alternatively at different scales. As a result, it can contribute to making stakeholder engagement more inclusive and implemented at the relevant scale so it effectively contributes to formulating sustainable water policies and projects. But mappings are specific to given places and times, across which targets change and adapt. Such exercises should therefore be iterative, transparent, regularly assessed and adjusted each time targets change to allow actors to leave, and new ones to join, including from outside the water sector. Therefore, formulating rules on how to ascertain that engagement processes remain “fit-for-target” is important to guide decision making and implementation (Figure 3.16). Similarly, the Swiss private bank Pictet Asset Management has financed activities in water reuse and recycling, smart water grids, storm water management and decentralised integrated systems such as rainwater harvesting.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water engagement formulating stakeholder targets|1.103541|6.8179784|1.4198381
6559|At the same time, the high population growth and rapidly changing lifestyles and diets are leading to growing demand for wheat. This increasing demand for wheat is not only an Arab phenomenon; rather it is a worldwide occurrence indicating, therefore, that ensuring wheat availability will remain at the top of the regional agenda for the foreseeable future. It is easily stored and processed into flour that can be used in many culinary preparations, making it one of the most important sources of carbohydrates. It contains proteins and a wide diversity of minerals, vitamins and lipids, which makes it highly nutritious especially when combined with other food items (such as, for example meat, legumes and vegetables).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|wheat foreseeable flour preparations demand|3.9686513|5.3944855|4.332316
6560|In practice, there remains a large gap between commitments and funds that have been pledged and disbursed by developed countries. The largest target sector for these flows in 2016 was renewable energy, with a share of 43.3 per cent ($295 billion), followed by energy efficiency with a share of 36.1 per cent ($246 billion), and sustainable transport with a share of 13.5 per cent ($96 billion). Climate finance flows to non-Annex 1 Parties (developing countries) are only a fraction of these total flows, as illustrated in figure 4.1. Total climate finance flows to developing countries, including mobilized private finance, increased by 13.4 per cent between 2015 and 2016, from $61.9 billion to $71.4 billion. Several initiatives that aim to provide an overview of available funds are under way.|SDG 13 - Climate action|billion flows cent finance share|1.8198038|3.7915554|1.0899178
6561|For many, well-being is to be found in a way of life that minimizes the need for the sorts of material goods and services included in calculations of GDP per capita (AHDR, 2004). These problems are related to the region’s small scale, its resource dependence, the importance of subsistence, and the significant outflows of resource rents and inflows of transfers. This drawback has long been recognized and emphasized as a limitation in using GDP as a measure of social welfare.|SDG 1 - No poverty|gdp resource drawback sorts outflows|6.603814|5.93767|4.7297096
6562|There were co-payments for outpatient services across all programmes, except for SSK pensioner and dependents who had to pay TRL 0.8 per outpatient visit. For inpatient services there were no copayments. For outpatient pharmaceuticals, coinsurance rates for active workers and dependents under SSK, Emekli-Sandigi and Bag-Kur were 20%, while for pensioners and dependents they were 10%. At the centre of the Health Transformation Programme was a consolidation of multiple health insurance schemes into a single payer.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|dependents outpatient copayments pensioners pharmaceuticals|8.493935|8.985401|2.0565062
6563|The example of Mexico outlines how different satellite accounts can overlap in the phenomena that they are attempting to measure. For instance, the provision of help or care to other households may be captured in both household satellite and health satellite accounts. Recognising these linkages helps avoid duplication and achieve results that are consistent across satellite accounts.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|satellite accounts attempting phenomena duplication|8.512558|8.713538|2.481618
6564|Groupings of dwellings whose owners co-operate to provide and maintain a common water supply. Drinking water standards do not allow any presence of E. coli. When a group scheme gets its water from the local authority (e.g. from a public main), it is called a public scheme. One that distributes water from its own intake or well is called a private group water scheme.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water scheme called distributes group|0.99413407|7.36798|2.007889
6565|These charges can represent a significant share of the water bill (about one-third of water supply and sanitation bills for households, in the case of France, as an illustration). This is reflected in the level of prices (which have increased, at times substantially, over the last decade) and in the structure of tariffs (which better reflect consumption and treatment costs). Water tariffs in Denmark reflect the choice to recover all supply and sanitation costs from users (see Box 3.2).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tariffs sanitation reflect water supply|1.6288283|7.6183944|2.3062782
6566|Because poor consumers are more responsive to price changes than affluent consumers, tax and subsidy policies may have disproportional impacts on different population groups. Moreover, many foods contain a combination of nutrients that may be beneficial or harmful depending on the amount consumed and the nutritional status of the consumer. These and other factors pose challenges to the effective use of nutrition-specific taxes and subsidies to improve dietary choices and nutritional outcomes.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|nutritional consumers affluent dietary foods|4.4974318|5.5839024|4.406288
6567|For example, investing in infant nutrition during the first 1,000 days of life can prevent malnutrition among older children (Scaling Up Nutrition 2016). Social cash transfers have been proved to reduce school dropout rates, child labour, adolescent stress and risky behaviours such as substance abuse, transactional sex and teenage pregnancy (Davis et al. Most often, social assistance programmes are designed with rural poverty and vulnerabilities in mind. What do urban contexts imply for the design (adaptation or extension) of social assistance programmes, especially for urban children?|SDG 1 - No poverty|nutrition assistance social davis teenage|7.0742626|5.8791327|4.1960826
6568|Meanwhile, Governments of countries in the subregion should continue to make progress in tackling corruption within the tax and customs administrations, strengthening the rule of law and the protection of migrant workers’ rights and ensuring fair business competition. One group consists of Pacific island developing economies and the other, the developed countries, Australia and New Zealand. All the Pacific island economies, except Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia and Tonga, improved their growth performance in 2011, averaging an economic growth rate of 7.9%, following the setback they had experienced during the global financial and economic crisis of 2008/09.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|island pacific economies marshall averaging|5.6337585|4.5099316|3.863151
6569|Reference was also made to the importance of clear land tenure and effective governance arrangements to support implementation. The Co-Chair concluded his summary by emphasizing the importance for the future international arrangement on forests of securing strong political commitment to the implementation of sustainable forest management. The high-level interactive dialogue with the heads of the member organizations of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests, heads of the regional organizations and senior representatives of major groups was held on 14 May 2015.|SDG 15 - Life on land|heads organizations forests importance emphasizing|1.608432|4.7114496|3.7365816
6570|The legislation, which amends the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, establishes specific criteria that must be met by applicants seeking an exemption for activities involving illicit substances at a “supervised consumption site” in order for the exemption request to be considered by the Ministry of Health. Canada currently has one supervised consumption site, but additional applications for the establishment of drug consumption rooms have been received by Health Canada and are currently under consideration. In June 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada issued its judgement in the R. v. Smith case relating to the definition of “marihuana” in the country’s medical cannabis programme which, until then, limited the lawful use of cannabis to “dried herb”.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|canada supervised cannabis exemption consumption|8.33986|10.209067|3.4976974
6571|For example, given the crucial role of MOC in urban green growth, MOC could be added to one of the vice-heads of the ICB. As outlined in the previous section, out of VGGAP’s 42 actions which are relevant to urban areas, only five actions have been allocated to MOC to lead on. Currently, while green growth is assigned to DPI and climate change is assigned to DONRE, no inter-sectoral co-ordination mechanisms are institutionalised.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|assigned actions green institutionalised urban|3.2265513|4.7334423|1.8883317
6572|Gender-blind policies and public sendees are often based on information derived from men’s activities and/or the assumption that everyone affected by the policy (both women and men) has the same needs and interests. Because men and women will have different experiences due to societal structures, such as gender roles, access to resources and opportunities, equal treatment is often insufficient. Achieving gender equality, therefore, necessitates recognising differential impact.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men gender sendees necessitates blind|9.719786|4.3074923|7.1853385
6573|Ensuring equal opportunity for students in both private and public education can make Chile a more equal society - one that can seize upon the unique talents of all its citizens. Ensure a shared vision across the system concerning what students should leam and why. Make effective instructional and school management practices visible across the entire school system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|equal talents make seize students|10.143235|1.9565487|2.4388952
6574|It is also a major reason for the practice of fallowing of aquaculture facilities (O’Connor etal., As aquaculture moves into offshore and deeper waters, oxygen will be a limiting factor in many areas around the globe that seasonally develop severe bottom water hypoxia. Offshore areas that may be risky places for aquaculture include the northern Gulf of Mexico off the coasts of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, much of the Danish straits, the northern Adriatic Sea, the northwest Black Sea, the East China Sea off the Changjiang River (Rabalais et al.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture sea offshore northern hypoxia|0.11053311|6.0761056|6.089538
6575|For example, overall effects of urban planning and design on levels of physical activity and a range of related health outcomes are now well evidenced, especially in developed countries (Smit et al. Such policies may be especially important in low- and medium-income countries where rapid urbanisation and related developments have resulted in the loss of outdoor spaces conducive to sport and active recreation (Akindes and Kirwan 2009). However, spaces that allow both structured and unstructured engagement in sport and active recreation, alongside other leisure pursuits, can encourage wider family and community engagement, and more sustained use (McCormack et al.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sport recreation spaces engagement active|3.8719072|4.9665313|1.9835591
6576|A special programme for the conservation of rare and endangered plant species on a national scale is currently being prepared by a professional team led by the National Parks Authority (NPA). The IGB is a national body responsible for the collection, preservation and evaluation of indigenous plant species, with the aim of preserving plant genetic resources and the endangered genetic variability of Israel’s flora. A few additional small, targeted ex situ collections are located in other research institutes. Efforts are being made to conserve both natural and agricultural biodiversity, applying conservation not only to species related to agriculture but also to other endangered or rare wild native species.|SDG 15 - Life on land|endangered species plant genetic rare|1.5911772|5.354607|4.029966
6577|All Parties are now requested to monitor and evaluate adaptation activities at the national level under Article 7.9 of the Paris Agreement, and report on their adaptation activities under Article 7.10. In both cases, collecting and providing information on adaptation monitoring and evaluation is at the discretion of Parties. Under its Ar ticle 14, the Par is Agreement also requires the Conference of the Parties to periodically take stock of the collective progress made towards achieving the global goal on adaptation (Article 7.1), through a process called the “global stocktake”. National adaptation monitoring and evaluation is a relatively recent activity, and there is limited experience with mid-term and end-term evaluations of adaptation policies at the national level. Evidence of growing interest in adaptation monitoring and evaluation at the national level can be found in the recent proliferation of initiatives, guidelines and frameworks to develop systems in the policy and research commuities, as well as references made within countries’ NDCs. Among the large majority of Parties who have included adaptation within their NDCs, almost half reference the importance of monitoring and evaluation systems, often indicating they plan to develop one.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation parties evaluation monitoring article|1.1421044|4.6913023|1.3266
6578|To facilitate access to health care, Brazil should train more doctors and nurses, especially in family medicine, and strengthen incentives for them to move into underserved areas. Explicit targets for expanding capacity to reduce waiting times could also help to ease difficulties in access. Improving the governance of the system requires strengthening the role of regional networks and a better co-ordination of health care services, especially beyond primary care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care especially underserved access train|8.935863|8.575491|1.967358
6579|Poverty among young adults and families with children increased over the past 20 years as well. By 2005, the poverty rate for children and that for young adults were about 25 per cent above the total average, whereas they were close to and below that average, respectively, in 1985. Poverty rates are three times higher than the average among households with children; for single-parent families, they exceed 40 per cent in one third of OECD countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children poverty adults average families|7.2484446|6.1282635|5.1764336
6580|Unlike women, men’s share of unpaid care work remains relatively stable across age groups, slightly increasing later in life. The following three sections present policy options within the “3Rs” framework. It is crucial to design policies and programmes that empower women and men to spend their time in more fulfilling and productive ways, such as paid work or study, quality time with their families, participating in their communities or resting.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men fulfilling empower work time|9.066164|5.0176897|5.86967
6581|According to selected evidence, only about 10% of candidates who apply to primary-teacher studies are accepted. Applicants for teacher education must have passed the Finnish matriculation examination (or a foreign equivalent) or completed a three-year vocational education programme. The selection process for primary-teacher education involves two stages: an examination to assess applicants' academic learning skills and a combination of written questions and aptitude tests to assess their skills, motivation and commitment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher applicants examination assess education|9.550313|1.2980263|2.4143786
6582|While Mexico has made significant progress in increasing women's representation in elected bodies over recent years - making it one of the top OECD countries for female political participation -their access to positions of power within both Houses of Congress remains uneven. There are still gender gaps in access to leadership in the judicial and executive branches of government, too, and in the Federal Public Administration. The chapter examines the mechanisms and policies in place to support women's access to positions of power. It also explores the barriers to women's participation in public life and in senior positions, such as political violence, a culture of long hours and limited work-life balance policies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|positions access women political life|10.271773|4.1760774|6.4849625
6583|"Related to ""Nature's benefits to people"" and ""quality of life"" there are also indirect drivers and policy options, and many others as well, such as outdoor recreation organisations, local development groups etc. Examples are the PISUNA project in Greenland and the Snowchange Deatnu Oral History Project in Finland. This includes the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets, see Annex 8, and the Nordic region and countries' specific policy questions. It should present Nordic aspects of priority regarding the thematic challenges identified by the IPBES, such as land degradation and restoration, invasive alien species, and sustainable use of biodiversity."|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity nordic ipbes alien project|1.4215925|5.333796|3.856975
6584|Rates of survival after heart attack or stroke are markedly worse than in other OECD countries. Failure to modify lifestyles which harm health is a particular concern: with 32% of the adult population obese, Mexico ranks as the second most overweight nation in the OECD and almost one in six adults are diabetic. Other key metrics imply deep-rooted inefficiencies in the system: administrative costs, at 8.9% of total health spending, are the highest in the OECD and have not reduced over the past decade.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|oecd diabetic modify attack obese|8.914904|8.956459|2.7604833
6585|"The greater variation in the data at higher levels of mean living standards can also be seen to reflect greater variation in the social subjectivity of poverty lines at higher levels of development. Indeed, the political nature by which societies choose to set their national lines may become more salient at higher levels of economic (and institutional) development. A tendency for higher income countries to politically decide to choose a higher poverty line than what might otherwise be the most socially salient poverty line would bias upward the regressions on which Ravallion and Chen's income elasticity of the poverty line is based. Citing Fuchs (1969), he reminds us that it is desirable for the setting of the poverty line to be recognised as ""a national value judgement-arrived at through the normal political process""."|SDG 1 - No poverty|line poverty higher salient choose|6.3848357|6.1754026|5.077962
6586|This orientation to improvement should be carried across each sector of its education system. Lithuanian policy makers should therefore focus on raising demand for care in rural communities - where participation in ECEC is low and social and educational disadvantage are pronounced. The quality of education and care appears to follow international standards, but monitoring and assurance of quality are inadequate and require improvement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|improvement lithuanian care quality orientation|9.445117|2.6066184|2.0401888
6587|However, in the absence of strong public participation it is difficult to claim that the plan has local endorsement or acceptance. Efforts to capture local concerns through the use of mathematical models that assess the impact of changes in transport networks at the local level on agriculture, landscape and housing provide a weak substitute for direct contact with the local population. Most opposition was directed towards the proposal to increase housing density in the urban core and to limit the peri-urbanisation process.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|local housing mathematical endorsement peri|4.1041493|5.206938|1.4657817
6588|"Accordingly, clearing a hectare of forest translates into a total loss of TSh 16,767 per ha per year (2001) in terms of direct losses and losses incurred by other sectors, which is equivalent to TSh 83,771.70 per ha per year (2013). In this section we consider the question: “What is the contribution of the 17 industries modelled in the social accounting matrices to aggregate GDP?"" Table 2 presents the contribution to GDP by sector (in descending order), highlighting the value added by the sectors of forestry and hunting, and that of wood, paper and printing."|SDG 15 - Life on land|tsh ha losses contribution gdp|1.6663357|4.5585833|3.950307
6589|On another level, agency is dependent on factors such as the degree to which a partner respects the others bodily integrity or the degree to which there is freedom to express views about contraception. Within all these relationships, gender norms are key. They can build—or undermine—agency in all aspects of life, but especially in making sexual and reproductive health decisions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|agency degree respects express contraception|9.521874|4.830823|6.701237
6590|These gravitation effects are often difficult to quantify, and in order to detect any significant trends the phenomenon has to be monitored for longer time periods. Likewise, different type of counteracting effects should be considered, like the cost of wear and tear, and the need for investments in infrastructure. To conclude, the authors were critical towards some of the simplified interpretations of economic impact studies, but still argued that such studies are needed. However, these studies should take account of all effects, both positive and negative effects on regional economies, include comparative analyses (i.e. what would have been the effects of alternative investments), and also explicitly specify the type of financing allocated to the project under consideration.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|effects studies type investments wear|3.888333|3.9250026|2.0879982
6591|The implementation of efficient and effective public services on these areas in special at local level and in the family is strategic for achieving gender equality and empowering women. Infrastructure - The lack of appropriate basic infrastructure, such as transport systems, water and sanitation, energy systems, nursery system as well as sharing the household division of labor assignments and the responsibility of daily maintenance tasks limits gender equality and empowerment of the women. Increasing women’s participation in the design and implementation of family oriented infrastructure policies and projects certainly will help to overcome gender equality obstacles. Property and inheritance rights - Ensuring women property and inheritance rights empower women both economically and socially and rectify a fundamental injustice. Secure tenure to land and home improves women’s welfare, provide economic security, incentives for taking economic risks that lead to growth, and important economic returns, including income. Gender-equal land rights improve women’s rights to credit strengthening the assets of the family.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women rights gender inheritance equality|9.34265|4.953375|7.14058
6592|First, as long as the technology that is less expensive in the short run is subsidised, natural movements towards market equilibrium are suspended. Without subsidisation, renewable technologies with their high fixed costs would be the first victims of lower electricity prices due to their own low, short-term costs and investors would quickly hesitate to invest in them. Given the resulting impacts on system stability, investment conditions and consumer preferences, the resulting system costs may well be higher than in a system where dispatchable producers were unaffected from the price impacts of variable renewables.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|costs resulting short impacts subsidisation|1.7117563|1.676149|1.8454567
6593|An inclusive culture that engages women in the design, operation, and maintenance of water and sanitation systems leads to better responsiveness and customer satisfaction. As satisfaction increases, so does willingness to pay for services and maintenance of water systems, which is key to sustainability. Its targets 6.1 and 6.2 are measurable by access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation services, coupled with hygiene promotion and an end to open defecation. Special attention is paid to gender and social inclusion, which brings sustainability into focus. Other targets respond to the environmental considerations and needs, along with a focus on international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water and sanitation-related activities and programmes.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sanitation water satisfaction maintenance sustainability|1.6586025|6.736216|2.2615654
6594|For instance, in the early-mid 2000s, the English-speaking countries, Israel and Poland ranked highest in terms of the inequality indicators of both market and disposable income. That countries with the highest market-income inequality are also those with the highest inequality in disposable income is notable as it contrasts with findings from studies that include the elderly population (e.g., Jesuit and Mahler, 2004). This can be interpreted as choosing a social welfare function that attaches greater importance to the situation of low-income households (see Duclos, 2000).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|highest inequality income disposable contrasts|6.8912487|5.2065578|4.698881
6595|Troms County recommended the Energy Lab Dyrpy as a pilot project in the 2001 county council “Action Plan for Climate and Energy in Troms”. The energy lab is intended to strengthen the RE industry's innovation capability in small-scale production, energy efficiency, energy management and energy conservation. As in the rest of the country, the county has specialised in large-scale hydro-electric power, prompted by the excellent water resources and a national policy that supports rural development through the availability of energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy county troms lab scale|2.0262802|2.272946|2.3915684
6596|Scientists are seeing greater and faster change, with more rapid declines in ocean health than had been previously anticipated. Today we live in an age of a changing climate, and no part of the ocean is unaffected by human influence. Some areas, particularly those near large population centres, are strongly affected by multiple pressures.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean seeing scientists anticipated declines|-0.027180705|5.950934|5.996448
6597|"When estimating mobilised climate finance, decisions need to be made at various points on the methodological option used. A scoring system of three values is used, in which development co-operation activities are “marked” as targeting the environment or the Rio Conventions as the “principal"" objective or a “significant"" objective, or as not targeting the objective. A marker for climate change mitigation was introduced in 1998, and one for climate change adaptation in 2010."|SDG 13 - Climate action|objective targeting climate scoring marker|1.5116798|4.386683|1.3297491
6598|Improving access of smallholder farmers to risk management tools such as index-based insurance, is another means of protecting their livelihoods from climate and weather-related shocks. It is estimated that global forests sequestered an average of about 4 billion tons of carbon per year during the period 1990-2007, which amounts to 60 per cent of fossil emissions during this period (Pan et al., In addition to their crucial role in regulating the earth’s climate, forests also provide essential ecosystem services, including water regulation and retention, soil stabilization and habitat for biodiversity.|SDG 13 - Climate action|forests period pan stabilization regulating|1.4434682|4.5697365|3.781352
6599|This was followed by HIV antibody testing and blood-screening facilities, which were introduced in 1987.23 The beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed a major HIV campaign by the government of Ghana and it adopted a multi-sectoral approach to HIV/AIDS programming. The Ghana AIDS/STI Commission (GAC)24 was established as a supra-ministerial and multi-sectoral body under the leadership of the President to direct and coordinate all HIV/AIDS activities in the country. For instance, as a result of the accessibility of funds and the efforts by the implementers of some of the policies in place, the care, treatment and support for HIV/ AIDS patients were expanded and the number of people accessing these services increased. However, existing findings reveal that, although there is high HIV/AIDS awareness amongst the Ghanaian population, this has not translated into behavioural changes because most citizens believe that they are not personally at risk of contracting HIV.30 This shows the failure of the behavioural adjustment model of HIV/AIDS intervention in this country.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hiv aids behavioural ghana multi|8.357481|8.926641|3.2776725
6600|To describe the non-marginal changes that would need to occur, these economists used metaphors like the “snowball” (Lewis), the “big push” (Rosenstein-Rodan), “dynamic linkages” (Hirschman) and the “take-off” (Rostow). Different views existed on how best to induce the necessary change, but the dominant one was that the developmental state should be the prime mover. In 1955, for example, developing countries were granted special treatment in the GATT, allowing them to protect particular industries and introduce quantitative restrictions so as to address balance-of-payments difficulties.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|hirschman mover lewis existed economists|6.702228|5.3056736|4.433333
6601|Public forms of sexual violence are more likely in conflict, while sexual abuse and violence in more closed institutions.4 As with sexual violence against women and girls as well as against those of non-binary gender identities, sexual violence against men is about gendered and patriarchal power and domination. One of the main reasons why SGBV against men and boys is so effective in undermining survivors’ selves is that it strikes at multiple levels what it means to ‘be a man’ in many societies. This includes: to be able to protect oneself, the family, and the community; to be a breadwinner - as this might become impossible because of the injuries incurred, especially where manual labour is the main opportunity available; to partake in the leadership of the family and community; and to not seek outside help or support.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sexual violence breadwinner community family|9.952511|5.3704543|7.330657
6602|Differences across countries are again very wide, with median wealth ranging from USD 5 600 in Finland to almost USD 39 000 in Japan and mean wealth from USD 22 000 in Finland to USD 219 000 in the United States. The highest shares of older people without wealth are found in Slovenia and Greece (around 25%), while in Finland and Luxembourg close to 100% of the elderly had some form of financial wealth. Mean financial wealth was about EUR 120 000 in the euro area’s total population in 2010, ranging from EUR 7 700 in the Slovak Republic to more than EUR 260 000 in Spain. Median wealth, however, was much lower at EUR 20 000 on average, with EUR 3 000 in the Slovak Republic at one end of the spectrum and EUR 69 000 in the Netherlands at the other. Among the countries depicted in Figure 2.21, the gender wealth gap in old age is about 46% on average.36 Countries where the gap is widest are Belgium, France, Germany, Greece and Spain (see also D’Addio et al., The x-axis sorts households by wealth deciles, while the cumulative proportion of financial wealth held by households lies along the y-axis.|SDG 1 - No poverty|wealth eur usd finland axis|7.3729224|5.42615|4.7554426
6603|"It welcomes the efforts of cities and local authorities, and invites them to ""scale up their efforts and support actions to reduce emissions and/or to build resilience and decrease vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change and demonstrate these efforts. For this reason, the United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management has developed the Strategic Framework on Geospatial Information and Services for Disasters.376 This approach offers urban areas and cities options for strengthening risk governance, enabling these localities to access and utilize nationally generated geospatial information as well as feeding local information back to the national level. This mitigates consistent challenges regarding the provision of geospatial information and strengthens informed decision-making and monitoring, before, during and after hazardous events. However, the reality is that integrated implementation is not consistently pursued across countries or within States and regions."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|geospatial information efforts cities utilize|1.5300969|5.129649|1.7223631
6604|This equality is now usually evaluated by means of a handful of well-established income distribution indicators, most particularly the Gini coefficient and the income shares of the different socioeconomic strata. This is not to disregard the fact that these inequalities stem from the distribution of assets and the concentration of power in the hands of elites, which are crucial aspects in structuralist explanations of equality. The following pages analyse what has happened in the region in terms of income inequality, but will also suggest other ways of analysing income distribution that complement and broaden our understanding of resource equality in the region.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|equality income distribution disregard elites|6.7038875|5.026911|4.692279
6605|The services sector, especially in the least developed countries, also faces the challenges created by the informal nature of many service activities, which could perpetuate poverty and increase the vulnerability of the poor. The country passed the thresholds for gross national income per capita and the human assets index at the 2018 review. If that country sustains its development gains and meets the criteria again in 2021, it will qualify for removal from the list in 2024. In the context of structural transformation, the Lao People's Democratic Republic may have to face more intense competition from other labour-surplus countries in low-end, assembly-type production than that confronted by the early industrializers, especially in a more globalized economy.|SDG 1 - No poverty|especially perpetuate confronted qualify faces|5.5164666|4.9647474|4.0479884
6606|Under certain circumstances, the xenon effect on core reactivity is so substantial that the reactor cannot be restarted for a certain time after shutdown. Also, if control rods are used for power variations, they can deform the axial power distribution and thus create an axial imbalance in 135Xe distribution. Management of these axial power imbalances and oscillations is an additional challenge for operations in load following mode, especially in the case of large power variations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power variations certain shutdown distribution|1.2817409|1.3765405|1.8705958
6607|By providing extensive and internationally comparable information on students' skills and their family and community backgrounds, PISA offers a unique measure to assess progress towards the SDGs and to analyse inclusion and fairness in education 1 international perspective. In this light, education systems where a large proportion of 15-year-olds has not learned the basic skills needed to fully participate in society are not considered as sufficiently inclusive. First, access to schooling can be seen as a precondition for children to benefit from education. Access is chiefly reflected in school enrolment rates; more equitable and inclusive systems succeed in minimising the share of school-age youth who are not enrolled or are significantly delayed in their progression through school. Using the innovations developed by the most skilled workers requires a workforce that has acquired at least basic skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills school inclusive education basic|9.741177|2.2517922|2.7822742
6608|This lack of genuine choice can, in turn, make women and girls more vulnerable to trafficking than men, particularly in certain circumstances and for women and girls of certain nationalities and ethnicities. For example, minority women and girls, women and girls living in poverty, or women and girls living in conflict or post-conflict settings may face increased risks of being trafficked. For example, women may accept dangerous migration arrangements in order to escape the consequences of entrenched discrimination including family violence and lack of protection against such violence. Women may also be more vulnerable than men to coercion and force at the recruitment stage, increasing their susceptibility to being trafficked in the first place.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls women trafficked conflict violence|9.534713|5.443452|7.3236046
6609|Vocational education and training should be strengthened and expanded, through the creation of specialised technical schools and the development of short post-secondary vocational programmes. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This needs to reflect both fast-changing labour market requirements and the varying needs of students, preparing them as citizens, and opening up a range of career paths. Costa Rica aspires to be a high-income country and realising this ambition will require young Costa Ricans to have higher level skills, as well as basic literacy and numeracy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|costa vocational realising needs paths|10.218426|1.604066|2.6919227
6610|Indeed, there is no conclusive evidence that moderate inflation has adverse effects on growth (Stiglitz et al., In such cases, the focus of policymakers must be on preventing inflation from becoming excessive. These can include aggregate growth, productive investment, employment generation and poverty reduction.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|inflation conclusive stiglitz growth excessive|5.4702005|4.9728|3.7762926
6611|Social protection and agriculture can also be joined together in integrated programmes, such as Bangladesh's BRAC graduation model, which combines a package of one-time productive assets, cash or food support, savings, training, health care and social integration. Interventions can also be sequenced or layered; as households gradually improve their well-being, they can receive a broader menu of complementary agricultural interventions to assist farmers in expanding their agricultural production and income generation. Since linkages between agriculture and social protection occur at different levels (i.e. household and local community/regional economy), there are significant opportunities to exploit interactions among instruments, even when they are not delivered in the same locations or target the same beneficiaries.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|interventions social protection agriculture agricultural|4.619102|5.5182176|4.1780815
6612|The construction of oil and natural gas pipelines can also have ecosystem impacts, affecting habitat and disrupting land and water resources (Consumer Energy Report, 2010). The transmission and distribution of electricity also has environmental impacts, primarily related to land use, habitat, and related impacts of construction and maintenance of the transmission/distribution system. Most renewable energy technologies are either used on-site or use the established transmission/distribution system for electricity distribution. For remote generation sites, new transmission facilities may be required, with associated environmental impacts.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|transmission distribution impacts habitat construction|1.5668424|1.9541419|2.1151814
6613|Particularly in rural areas, gender issues need to be assessed in each specific geographic and cultural context, which vary widely both between and within countries. These relate particularly to women’s double burden of productive and “care” work; gender-based cropping and marketing patterns; and gender-specific patterns of employment and discrimination in rural labour markets. They are also central to understanding the critical constraints women face in engaging in productive work, notably in terms of time allocation and mobility.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender productive patterns rural particularly|8.88116|4.4669886|6.2485943
6614|Another distinct feature of the primary care system is that the majority (around 94%) of clinics are solo practices (Table 3.2). From a quality of care perspective and in the absence of a patient registration system embedded within primary care, this raises obvious questions about care continuity and co-ordination and about the functionality of the primary care system outside of normal working hours. Solo privately owned clinics are also less able to weather difficult economic circumstances, which is a compounding viability issue in a market where patients tend to prefer to be seen in a hospital setting.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care solo clinics primary compounding|9.237584|8.854827|1.6272585
6615|Given the relatively low share of public revenue in GDP in most LDCs, improving domestic resource mobilization may be the best way to place the financing of public investment on sounder footing. This can be done by strengthening fiscal revenues through tax reforms and by making tax collection and administration more efficient. Many LDCs receive ODA in the form of grants and conditional lending, which enables them to finance significant public investments.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ldcs public tax footing mobilization|4.997633|4.378736|3.3393712
6616|The indicator includes regular paid and unpaid extra hours and work done at home. It excludes the travelling time between home and workplace and the main meal break. Employed persons with non-response should be dropped from the calculation (see glossary). Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|glossary persons employed home icls|8.3398695|4.540055|4.521445
6617|First, food demand in this part of the world had already grown rapidly for some time, and not suddenly in 2007. Second, in the cereals sector, where the price spikes were particularly pronounced, India and China are almost self-sufficient. Moreover, the imports of meat during that period remained somewhat constant with the exception of China.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|china suddenly spikes cereals pronounced|4.081756|5.1079774|4.3451986
6618|Systematic joint efforts should be made by the authorities, educational institutions and key stakeholders to raise the levels of education attainment, particularly among the Arab population. Authorities should provide adequate support for the existing Arab colleges and allow colleges of education to diversify their provision according to the needs of the local industry. Investing on Arab colleges would generate mid- to long-term benefits for the regional economy in the form of tax revenues and job creation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|colleges arab authorities diversify education|7.8624554|2.3868604|2.7481105
6619|Third, the channel decomposition analysis indicates that gender-based discrimination in social institutions tends to reduce income per capita by lowering both women's human capital acquisition and labour force participation, as well as total factor productivity. Fourth, the income loss associated with gender discrimination in social institutions is estimated at up to USD 12 trillion, or 16% of world income. By contrast, a gradual dismantling of gender-based discriminatory social institutions by 2030 could increase the annual income globed growth rate by 0.03 to 0.6 percentage points over the next 15 years, depending on the scenario.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|income institutions gender discrimination social|9.204366|4.5767574|6.68982
6620|While it is too early to know the outcome of the current global financial and economic crisis, studies of earlier crises highlighted their gender-specific impacts (UN-ESCAP, 2003). Regardless of whether men’s or women’s jobs are most affected by crisis, women spend more time in both paid and unpaid work to offset the impact on household incomes. When meals have to be forgone, it is most often women who reduce their food consumption to ensure that children get sufficient nutrition.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|crisis women meals escap crises|8.820504|4.8453655|6.1380024
6621|For example, a substantial share of today's renewable energy consumption comes from the use of wood and charcoal by households in the developing world; however, such energy use is sometimes associated with unsustainable forestry practices and health-threatening, heavy, indoor air pollution. However, incompatibility between the definition of the industrial sector used for energy statistics and the classifications used for GDP statistics severely limits the calculation of a number of indicators, such as energy intensity for different sectors. A separate note of caution must be mentioned when referring loenergy intensity figures: this indicator is an imperfect proxy for energy efficiency as it is affected by a number of factors unrelated to energy efficiency, such as climate, structure of the economy and nature of economic activities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy intensity statistics efficiency charcoal|1.8468444|2.786905|2.5015988
6622|Moreover, strategic goals were based on careful diagnosis of underlying problems and their causes, including the need for household energy and food and the impact of deforestation on erosion and flooding. The approach to reforestation was adapted over time, taking account of lessons learned and adopting a more scientific approach to seedling selection and maintenance. The reforestation programme also coincided with a period of very rapid economic growth and societal transformation. Its population is growing at 1.2 percent per year.|SDG 15 - Life on land|reforestation coincided approach diagnosis careful|1.500582|4.7270365|3.7553537
6623|No specific data are available on the impact of UV on the health of the Mongolian population. Despite traffic jams observed in Ulaanbaatar and noise around mining activities, this environmental factor is not taken into account, though its negative impact on public health is well known. In January 2017, alcohol selling and distribution was temporary banned in response to one death and four hospitalizations due to methanol poisoning.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|poisoning mongolian ulaanbaatar banned noise|9.088211|9.448166|3.4023938
6624|However, most of these measures are implemented at the school or regional level which makes it impossible to follow progress of specific groups of students over time. It would be of great value to establish a systematic approach to monitor the educational progress of specific groups of students against educational standards that are common to all students. This would shift attention from the average learning outcomes at the school level to the average learning outcomes of those most in need (e.g. socio-economically disadvantaged, Indigenous students, students in rural and remote areas, students with special needs). Information for specific groups of students would facilitate the analysis of the particular learning needs of these groups and the pedagogical needs of the schools serving these students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students groups learning specific needs|9.347585|1.8243842|2.0162668
6625|The Ministry’s main functions in education system evaluation are: the development of tools to monitor the performance of the education system (e.g. indicators framework, national student assessments, cohort studies), the promotion of evaluative studies of particular aspects of the education system (e.g. policy and programme evaluation), and the use of evaluation results for decision-making and policy development. The Dutch Constitution entrusts the Inspectorate of Education with the preparation of an annual report on the State of Education in the Netherlands. Overall, the Inspectorate is responsible for reporting publicly on the education system as a whole, providing information for policy development, and supplying reliable information on education. In consultation with the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, it also engages in policy evaluations, and contracts research and analysis on specific aspects of the education system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education inspectorate evaluation policy aspects|9.646965|1.9332308|1.6665099
6626|Currently, the Illinois Energy Conservation Code incorporates the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code, which is considered the current global building code standard. Local governments around the state may adopt more-stringent energy codes for commercial buildings, but not residential buildings. The City of Chicago was granted an exception, thus the City of Chicago Energy Conservation Code of 2008 requires residential buildings applying for construction permits to exceed the standards called for by the Illinois Building Energy Code.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|code buildings energy illinois conservation|2.2413|2.7788584|2.3518028
6627|A report on the outcome of the Algerian programme, delivered by 1’Agence nationale de soutien a l’emploi des Jeunes (ANSEJ), revealed that 18% of the enterprises created from 2005-08 were led by young women (MPMEA 2009). The argument for the gender mainstreaming approach is that it is better, from a resources perspective, to ensure that mainstream business development service providers are sufficiently sensitive to the needs of women since it avoids duplication. Although there are some examples in the MENA region of mainstream business development organisations which have made it a priority to integrate women into their client base (the Business Development Centre in Jordan as a case in point), the infrastructure of generic SME support organisations is still generally underdeveloped. In addition, given the strongly-held cultural gender biases, it would take considerable time and effort to gender-sensitise BDS service providers, counsellors and trainers. This work should begin, but it will be insufficient in itself to overcome the current systemic and market failures in MENA economies with respect to business service provision to women entrepreneurs. There are many examples of such initiatives in developed countries which demonstrate their effectiveness.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business mena mainstream service women|9.004669|3.4135144|6.568635
6628|Policies contributing to emissions are also under review. Their report shows that between 2002 and 2008 there was a 16.8% increase in the combined carbon footprint of all Dutch holidaymakers, to a total of 15.6 million tonnes of C02 in 2008 (Table 4). This is equivalent to 9% of all C02 emissions from the Netherlands in that year as calculated under the Kyoto Protocol.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions footprint kyoto dutch protocol|1.3171597|2.9532106|2.2051573
6629|The system includes 3 biosphere reserves, 13 national parks (table 9.3), 14 nature parks, 5 Ramsar sites, 1 World Heritage site, 2 geoparks, and many nature reserves, strict reserves, nature monuments and Natura 2000 sites. Without a management plan, the PA administrators have to comply with the laws for PAs in general. The benefit of the management plan is to make the regulations clearer and more specific. There w'as previously a proposal to establish a National Protected Areas Agency with dedicated staff, but this body was not set up due to the financial crisis in Romania.|SDG 15 - Life on land|reserves nature parks sites plan|1.6142102|5.1173196|4.049731
6630|Many wastewater treatment plants are inefficient as the treated water they discharge into water bodies significantly exceeds MACs for ammonium, nitrites, organic substances, copper, chrome and oil products. Although the soil pollution at old pesticide landfills and former agricultural airfields has been decreasing, it still substantially exceeds the MACs in terms of chlororganic pesticides. The areas of agricultural lands polluted by nitrates and phosphates have been increasing in Uzbekistan.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|exceeds nitrates agricultural copper pesticide|0.7673901|6.6892962|2.9464526
6631|If a surviving spouse who stays on the land remarries and dies, the new surviving spouse will also have a right to remain on the land. However, if the second surviving spouse dies, the land reverts to the traditional authority to determine who has the right to stay on the land. This decision must be made in consultation with the members of the concerned family or families identified by the traditional authority with reference to the relevant customary law. Traditional gender practices and norms such as patrilocal residence and patrilineal inheritance influence the decisions ofthe village committees in such a way that renders women's land tenure insecure.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|surviving spouse land dies traditional|9.235277|5.120522|7.158435
6632|Studies from the Mediterranean have found, however, that only one of every three MPA boundaries are marked at all (MedPan, 2013). Advances in technology can help in this context: to help recreational fishers keep track of their position in Parks Victoria in Australia, the agency introduced a recreational fishing guide app for mobile phones in 2013. This uses the geolocational ability to show fishers whether they are in a no-take zone (red warning message), close to one (orange message) or safely clear from one (green message). In 15 MPAs in Italy, for example, only 3 were identified as having high levels of enforcement (Guidetti et al.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|message recreational fishers mpa orange|0.021829471|5.5778966|6.2313643
6633|The main reason for this is that there is less transportation in the Nordic scenario, and the final fate of the textiles after reuse (incineration/landfill) also plays a role. It is noted here that the documentation for the recycling process is of poor quality, and the results shall therefore primarily be used as an indication of which types of environmental impacts are affected by the process - and how. The poor data quality in this scenario primarily concerns the input of energy in relation to the output of recovered chemicals (DMT and EG).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|scenario primarily process poor textiles|0.7213421|3.8046906|3.0604856
6634|However, many commercial fish stocks are overfished with resulting loss in benefits and welfare due to poor management of the fish resources (World Bank, 2009). The oceans are not only a source for wild caught fish but also an important location for expanding marine aquaculture production. For millennia the oceans have been used for transport of goods and people. The bulk of long distance transportation for world trade of goods is done by freighters on international shipping routes.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish oceans goods overfished caught|0.14118223|5.8313217|6.301907
6635|This analysis highlights the need, in order to counteract the effects of the crisis and reduce child poverty, to implement policies that not only increase access to employment for parents from low-income families, but also promote greater mobility towards better quality and better paid jobs. Finally, the decline in disposable income experienced in many countries by low-and very low-income families suggests that social benefits have played a rather limited role in mitigating the effects of the crisis. There is, however, some indication that transfers may have cushioned the effects the Great recession had on the income of the poorest families in the United Kingdom and the United States (as shown also by (Bradshaw, Chzhen and Main, 2017[37]) and (Wimer and Smeeding, 2017(33]).|SDG 1 - No poverty|families income effects low crisis|7.4304185|5.9583325|4.878167
6636|This implies a fully co-ordinated approach with interventions from each agency with responsibilities for road safety implemented in concert. It also demands enforcement effort dosed to achieve optimal results and ensure measures are mutually reinforcing. It requires effective leadership from a unit at the highest levels of government to facilitate the work of the road safety agencies, co-ordinate then- interventions and be the main interface with NGOs and the private sector.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road interventions safety interface reinforcing|4.187653|5.279144|0.0001790436
6637|Implementation of transport projects in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan is especially complicated because most of the roads are mountainous, which means tunnels will be required and construction and maintenance will take place in adverse conditions. In terms of railway transport, the planned implementation of 13 development and electrification projects includes the Angren-Pap, Maroqand-Qarshi, Qarshi-Termez and Maroqand-Bukhara rail lines. The plan envisages measures to build and rehabilitate roads and railways, logistic centres and communications. The country also plans to develop a 920-km route going from Uzbekistan through Kyrgyzstan to China (Andijan-Osh-lrkeshtam-Kashgar).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|kyrgyzstan roads osh transport logistic|4.265356|4.6940126|1.1042964
6638|The estimated nutrient load has been decreasing due to the closure of several sources, resulting in improvement in the status of the lake, indicated, for example, by a slight decrease in chlorophyll. During the recent very rainy years, surface water run-off from the adjacent areas slightly increased nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations, and decreased water transparency (Secchi depth). On the Finnish side, the Juustilanjoki Basin includes the Mustajoki River, the catchment of the KSrkjarvi River, and part of the Saimaa Canal,19 including the Soskuanjoki River.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river nutrient rainy canal closure|0.5767432|6.850469|2.9143577
6639|In Uganda only 6% of rural health facilities and 16% of all health facilities are connected to grid energy (UN Women, UNDP and UNEP 2015). Socially constructed gender roles, identities and underlying power dynamics affect whether (and how) women and men access and use energy and participate in decisions and investments. Surveys have repeatedly shown that women and men express different energy needs and priorities and perceive different risks in regard to energy choices (as discussed below).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy facilities women men repeatedly|9.081084|4.176467|7.18902
6640|In Svalbard, the electricity and heat production is mainly based on coal and diesel oil. Energy efficiency measures can be implemented directly by the sector whereas a switch to renewable energy must be driven by the energy production sector if the energy is produced centrally. In the cases where the energy is not produced centrally the tourism sector can take steps towards a reduction in fossil fuels.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy centrally produced sector production|1.794825|2.5487094|2.4100645
6641|Some of the biggest DFIs (by size of portfolio), including DEG (Germany), Proparco (France), OPIC (US), currently do not report activity level information on Rio Markers and FMO (Netherlands) does not report on its activities to the OECD DAC statistical system at all. As a result these agencies have been excluded from the analysis, which biases comparisons between types of providers towards multilateral providers. As a result the analysis in the paper covers development finance targeting climate change only.|SDG 13 - Climate action|providers report dfis analysis result|1.546295|4.121863|0.7702385
6642|Because of the interconnectivity between ecosystems across scales, land degradation triggers destructive processes that can have cascading effects across the entire biosphere. Loss of biomass through vegetation clearance and increased soil erosion produces GHGs that contribute to global warming and climate change. Land degradation and desertification affects biodiversity and global climate change through soil and vegetation losses.|SDG 15 - Life on land|vegetation degradation soil biosphere triggers|1.3763814|5.086711|3.7275972
6643|Nurses also go abroad for advanced specialist training. Nurses run their own clinics for a wide range conditions, including diabetic complications (such as foot ulcers), anticoagulation and cardiac rehabilitation. Such well-developed advanced nursing roles are unusual even in OECD health systems, and offers an example of good practice for other health systems to consider. Health system financing is discussed in detail in Section 3, but a steady upward drift in out-of-pocket spending is worth noting during this discussion on accessibility.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nurses advanced health diabetic foot|9.216232|8.922458|1.8027291
6644|Accordingly, a multidimensional approach is meant not for international comparisons, but to create a better understanding of poverty in a specific context and then generate relevant information for policymakers. Furthermore, the selection of dimensions has to be context-specific and based on socially accepted development objectives (e.g., the good living rights approved by referendum in Ecuador). But there are different approaches to identifying a person as poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|context specific ecuador accepted socially|6.501758|6.4876747|5.1054435
6645|Women say that, among all the little millet landraces, Kottapattisamai is the most beautiful, as stated in a local language (Tamil: samaikku azhaku kottapattisamai), and prefer this landrace due to ease in processing, productivity, meal quality and adaptation to diverse agro-ecosystems. Women rate the landraces according to meal quality and taste. Also, women classify little millet landraces based on bran to edible portion ratio and prefer landraces that are lower in bran proportion.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|landraces millet meal prefer little|3.3683865|5.5262775|4.0626373
6646|However, it was ultimately rejected by the Chamber of Deputies. As result, the Federal Electoral Tribunal endorsed the working group’s work and developed a regulatory Protocol on Political Violence against Women. It can also help increase women's participation and create a more gender-balanced workforce.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|tribunal chamber rejected electoral endorsed|10.410138|4.47591|7.2643304
6647|Both sexes are guilty of woman and child abuse. Since women often have the primary responsibility to shape their children into gender roles, some play a significant role in encouraging males to be violent to prove their masculinity. In northern Kenya, some mothers acknowledge that they urge their sons to steal cattle and kill young men from opposing tribes so they can prove their masculinity and be initiated into manhood.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|masculinity prove tribes sons violent|9.92064|5.3575315|7.288603
6648|These are defined as policies that generate a transfer from taxpayers to fishers. It also provides a review of the past literature on the nature and effects of support to the fisheries sector, including a preliminary analysis to identify the factors that determine how support can affect overcapacity and overfishing, including illegal fishing, along with their likely benefits. These countries represent 35% of global fisheries landings by volume. This database currently contains data from 2009 to 2015, and is updated annually.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries overcapacity taxpayers landings overfishing|-0.08711015|5.6242113|6.846326
6649|However, full realization of the potential of 3D printing depends on overcoming a number of obstacles. The necessary material technology is still nascent and building complex objects is slow. There are also regulatory issues that need to be addressed before 3D printing can be widely adopted in the consumer market.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|printing nascent objects realization overcoming|4.6606445|3.2098696|2.5783467
6650|If he abandons his religion once the marriage has already been consummated and then comes back to Islam during the wife’s retreat, the dissolution is void and the marriage is reinstated; b) the marriage is not dissolved when the wife abandons her religion. According to Article 16.1 of the CEDAW, states shall ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, “The same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution” as well as “The same personal rights as husband and wife, including the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation” and “The same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property, whether free of charge or for a valuable consideration.” In many countries, the woman’s role as a wife is usually seen as an obedient women, whose basic freedoms can be, to some extent, controlled by her husband (for example in Bahrain,7 Djibouti and Yemen).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wife marriage dissolution religion husband|9.458248|5.1875005|6.989922
6651|Special thanks to Diana Martirosova and her colleagues at the National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia for giving access to the survey data and for giving constructive feedback on the results. The views and findings in this report are the responsibility of the authors alone. In addition, this report analyses multidimensional poverty together with monetary poverty, providing estimates of the degree to which the two measures of child poverty overlap, and offering a comprehensive picture of child poverty in the national context.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty giving child constructive report|7.0380516|6.5594087|5.1566944
6652|The Constitution of January 2014 ensures equality of opportunity to achieve parity between women and men in elected posi-tions, and highlights the role of the state in eliminating violence against women. This progress is due in large part to the efforts that women's organizations have made, pushing for a more representative parliament that would understand women's specific needs and chal lenges. In particular, the use of alternating gender lists for elections has been instrumental in achieving this increase in women's political participation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women pushing eliminating elections instrumental|10.325931|4.452538|7.2405653
6653|"Investment Plans included objectives such as public transport efficiency, or promotion of ""integrated development"" of both housing and residential infrastructure, along with so-called productive investments such as industrial parks or factories. Strategic investment plans acknowledged that the urban area was larger than a project area, that some spaces deserved higher priority than others, and that ""strategy"" meant making choices in a spatial context. The challenge, therefore, was to determine which rules might encourage behaviour in specific directions and what were the so-called ""enabling conditions"" required for desired outcomes to be achieved. The difference lay in the assertion that market-oriented policies were intended to affect not only individual entities, both corporate and otherwise, but the whole pattern of behaviour of all entities, both individually and collectively."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|entities behaviour called plans area|4.0141087|5.276648|1.584744
6654|Over time, consider moving away from shared financing and increase voucher subsidies sufficiently to make up for this. If needed, teachers’ assistants and trained special education teachers provide extra support under the supervision of the teacher. Close to 30% of the student population receive support in this way each year (Field, Kuczera and Pont, 2007). If all of these measures fail, a multi-disciplinary team comprising teachers, social workers, psychologists and representatives of health and public housing authorities, if necessary, work out a plan of support.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers support pont voucher psychologists|9.863071|2.1556802|2.128843
6655|Some of the policy options proposed for this area may be equally relevant to Danish parents of less advantaged socio-economic backgrounds. This section is not concerned with the many other immigrant parents who understand the Danish education system and who, with their children, are successfully integrating into Danish life and its education system. In Denmark, parental involvement is particularly important because school only lasts for half a day and a significant responsibility for support with homework and choice of educational pathways is placed with parents.|SDG 4 - Quality education|danish parents lasts homework advantaged|9.922101|2.739556|2.4906921
6656|The first step of the budget formulation consists in drawing the list of personnel of the school, which is based on the number of consolidated classes. The number of classes determines the type and number of school deputies, the number of teaching hours and related tasks to be allocated, and the number and type of support staff of the school (see Annex 4.A1). The overall number of teaching hours is used to determine the number of teachers needed as well as their teaching workload, once up to nine teaching hours have been allocated to each school leader.|SDG 4 - Quality education|number teaching school hours classes|9.616763|1.9566804|2.2335062
6657|Research has found that the quality of teachers and their teaching are the most important school-related factors in student outcomes (Darling-Hammond, 2000; OECD, 2005). Teachers are also at the front line of any education reform movement, ideally providing input when policies are being developed, and tasked with understanding and implementing the new vision (OECD, 2005; Jensen et al., As a representative of Thailand’s Office of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC) said to the review team, “teachers are the heart of the matter”.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers jensen darling tasked ideally|9.37473|1.4923085|2.25515
6658|Although it calls for caution when interpreting domain poverty outcomes, it also points towards the largely consistent results in terms of financial resources despite the comparatively large number of indicators included. Standard errors are calculated taking into account the survey sampling design. Levels of dimensional and monetary poverty are generally highest for UK, although deprivation with respect to access to basic services is smallest in this country.|SDG 1 - No poverty|interpreting dimensional poverty smallest sampling|6.558494|6.3254185|5.0674644
6659|Furthermore, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has a vast potential for renewable energy sources (RES), which is largely untapped with the exception of large-scale hydropower. While the region is expected to see a steady rise in hydropower and rapid expansion of other renewables, the International Energy Agency (IEA) still projects the share of fossil fuels in the total primary energy supply (TPES) to increase to 78% by 2040. The target is to increase the share of renewables (including large-scale hydropower but not traditional uses of biomass) in the TPES to 23% by 2025. In emerging Asia as a whole, coal and gas are expected to prevail as the dominant source of energy towards 2040. However, the projected growth in energy demand provides great opportunities for emerging Asia to exploit its largely untapped potential of renewable energy sources. Although energy efficiency measures could help to slow the growth of fossil fuel consumption, large-scale investment in renewable energy development would still be needed to make a significant difference.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy hydropower tpes untapped renewable|1.4148179|2.2708628|2.506747
6660|The percentage of the population with some level of deprivation in work and social security was 84% in 2010, showing that this dimension requires special government attention and an increase in the coverage of the social security system. The indigenous population has the largest deprivation gap (see table 3). Lastly, the work deprivation gap for indigenous people decreased from 32.7% in 2006 to 15.6% in 2010. This reduction cannot be interpreted in the same way as a headcount ratio (i.e. a reduction in the number of poor people), but the important thing is that it shows that the level (severity) of multidimensional poverty in the country has fallen.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation indigenous gap reduction security|6.568959|5.8953304|4.929474
6661|The amount of municipal waste - around 10% of total waste - has decreased by almost 4% over the past decade; meanwhile, the amount of material and energy recovery from waste has grown, thanks to efforts to treat waste as a resource. Recycling rates are increasing (by up to 80% in some cases) for important materials such as glass, steel, aluminium, paper and plastics (OECD, 2015a). More sustainable waste management has played its part: the country has used effective pricing (among other policy measures) to reduce municipal waste, improve waste recovery and reduce landfill (OECD, 2012c).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|waste recovery municipal reduce aluminium|0.50143677|3.9714003|3.084685
6662|"Some Member States (for instance, Estonia and Hungary) even require sending copies of all Annex VII documents to the competent authorities, but the countries considered in this project-Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden - do not. Because the companies arrange the shipments between themselves and the authorities are not automatically involved, it can be stated that the control of shipments of green-listed waste is not very strict. On account of this low level of control, the fact that interpreting the regulations requires some experience, and the fact that several kinds of operators are active in the waste business, there is a risk that not all shipments described as shipments of green-listed waste take place ""by the book"". It might be that some waste requiring a notification is shipped as green-listed or that waste is shipped in contravention of an export ban."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|shipments waste listed shipped green|0.5301447|3.945962|3.0173447
6663|This principle means that “learning centredness” should permeate the priorities of the learning organisation, whether it is a school or another site for learning. This is about each individual learner engaging and ensuring that all learners are engaged. The principle also stresses that learners should be capable of organising and monitoring their own learning, and able to assess what they have already accomplished and what still needs to be done.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning learners principle learner accomplished|9.030808|1.6268283|1.8269589
6664|Among the new challenges are the trend towards autonomy in academia, the excellence in research initiatives, innovation policy and internationalisation. As a result of these new research policy focus areas, the gender equality efforts in academia have become more diverse and complex in recent years. Although gender equality is a stated objective in academia in the Nordic countries, there are very few comprehensive studies of university and research policy in a gender equality perspective. The intention exists, however.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|academia equality research gender policy|10.06337|3.955074|7.531163
6665|This means that some children are already advantaged over others when they begin formal schooling, while in turn school results exert a strong influence on their university outcomes (Boarini et al., Moreover, people with higher education and skills are more likely to undertake on-the-job training (OECD, 2010c). The way that inequalities are compounded means that educational deficiencies should be tackled as early as possible and that pupils from a lower socioeconomic background should receive adequate support in schools to compensate for their initial disadvantage.|SDG 4 - Quality education|means exert tackled deficiencies compounded|9.249837|2.5823762|2.954973
6666|In all habitat categories together, nature and landscape complexes increased from 78 000 ha in 2000 to 96 000 ha in 2012. There are 161 documentation sites in all, which are important for research and education. Natural monuments have particular scientific, cultural or landscape value; Poland has a total of 36 316, including glacial boulders, rocks, grottos, caves and springs.|SDG 15 - Life on land|landscape ha rocks glacial monuments|1.3720956|4.8433375|4.1723948
6667|The outcomes are promising: 32% of the participants were employed at the end of the project, 8% had returned to education and 40% had held short-term jobs. However, that the payment of related benefits has remained under the Social Insurance Agency (SIA) while the PES is in charge of job-search support has created inefficiencies. For instance, not many actions are initiated in the earlier phase of sickness absence, even though this can be very important for unemployed with mental health problems (OECD, 2012g).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sickness returned inefficiencies pes promising|7.9496875|4.677136|3.8140852
6668|The separation of students into different educational programmes occurs only after grade 9, when students can choose to continue to tenth grade in the same regular school, in a more academic school (e.g. lyceum, gymnasium) or a vocational school, and are therefore separated into different educational programmes. The review team visited schools where teachers and psychologists provide students with some individual attention in the form of remedial after-school classes at schools. Some students told the review team that when they had difficulty with any subject, their first strategy was to discuss the problem with their teacher.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students school grade team review|9.517893|2.017155|2.4302945
6669|Its members include staff from a number of different ministries, including the NFPs to the Biodiversity-related Conventions (as above) and also to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A specific sub-committee charged with the review and harmonisation of the implementation of Biodiversity-related Conventions will be set up in 2015. This council is formed under the UNFCCC focal point, but includes different ministries which are focal points to other conventions; the Hon.|SDG 15 - Life on land|conventions focal unfccc ministries biodiversity|1.6188519|5.2367206|3.6787975
6670|These events reached up to 100 000 people. Among the 78 countries from all over the world which organised Entrepreneurship Week, Poland was one of the leaders in terms of the number of partners and planned events. The European Enterprise Awards identify and recognise the most successful promoters of enterprise and entrepreneurship around Europe, showcase best entrepreneurship policies and practices, raise awareness of the added value of entrepreneurship, and encourage and inspire potential entrepreneurs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|entrepreneurship enterprise events awards recognise|6.241606|3.4541852|2.7048624
6671|However, young people who leave school at the minimum leaving age without a qualification are likely to spend a long time out of work during their working life. In fact, in most countries over half of low-qualified unemployed 25-34 year-olds are in long-term unemployment (OECD, 2009). Basic skills of VET graduates were evaluated as “strong” by only 38% of employers; 58% of employers assessed basic skills as “medium” and the remaining 4.3% of employers assessed graduates proficiency in basic skills as “weak”.|SDG 4 - Quality education|employers basic skills graduates assessed|8.658162|2.9371924|3.0669513
6672|This missing analysis would not be an issue if the existing research results on OECD countries applied equally to non-OECD countries, but they may be different due to a different context. Moreover, the economic and policy context in which these immigrants integrate into the labour market is different. As an example, the share of informal employment3 tends to be more elevated in lower than in higher income countries. Both of these factors likely contribute to impacts of immigration that differ between developed and developing countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|different countries context elevated immigration|7.6671576|4.4161177|4.532082
6673|Each country has its own definition of a standard drink (how much pure alcohol it contains) and its own recommendation for hazardous drinking limits (defined as number of glasses or amount of pure alcohol per day or per week) (see Table 2). While some countries do not have official recommendations, others set national guidelines for maximum weekly and/or daily consumption, either expressed in standard drinks or grams of pure alcohol (Furtwaengler and de Visser, 2013). To overcome this problem, we transformed the various measures of frequency and quantity of alcohol drunk into a common measure of quantity in grams of pure alcohol per day.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol pure grams quantity day|9.304118|9.685743|3.5555239
6674|The coalition adopted the universal mitigation approach of the USA and the EU, with the much more aggressive targets sought by the SIDS and African states most affected by climate change. It focused on establishing a COP agreement with legally binding, science based long-term goals and a system by which to track and review progress on a five-year cycle. By aligning developing and developed world interests, it largely succeeded in its ambitions for Paris. It establishes several new longterm goals.|SDG 13 - Climate action|goals aggressive coalition succeeded ambitions|1.1063492|3.7005274|1.2791446
6675|This is exemplified in Rwanda, which achieved the highest percentages of women in parliament after the introduction of a quota system in 2002. With 44% of its parliamenterians being women, Rwanda outperformed even Sweden, one of the few countries that has made continous progress towards closing the gender gap in parliament (without a quota system). This composite index is available from 1950 to 2003 (Figure 12.10). After a slow start in the 1950s, the gender equality measure exhibits a steady trend upwards, which can be observed for all the world’s regions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rwanda quota parliament exemplified upwards|10.490092|4.24022|7.0807467
6676|Mercurio (2008) considers a mixture of internal and external assessment as a way that strongly promotes fairness. However, in most states in Australia there is a stronger focus on external assessment (INCA Australia, 2008; QSA, 2010). The distribution of responsibilities for assessment in upper secondary education also tends to depend on the subject. In many systems, including Austria and several German Lander, central institutions hold responsibility for designing assessments in core subjects such as mathematics, the language of instruction and foreign languages, while teachers hold the sole responsibility for other subjects. There is, however, a general trend for central agencies to take on assessment responsibilities in an increasingly broader range of subjects. In terms of transparency, it is argued that externally processed assessment for qualification and certification allows a clearer communication of students’ achievements (Cedefop, 2010; OECD, 2010a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment subjects hold external responsibilities|9.607155|1.7842658|1.3608354
6677|Background paper prepared for World Economic and Social Survey 2011. The Resource Outlook to 2050: By How Much Do Land, Water and Crop Yields Need to Increase by 2050? Paper presented at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Expert Meeting, June 24-26, 2009, Rome on “How to Feed the World in 2050.”|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|paper rome world outlook expert|3.8247433|5.416003|4.3332763
6678|The programme's success was, in part, due to the fact that it replaced other poorly targeted subsidies, suggesting that good targeting is important for reducing poverty. Furthermore, the Mexican experience highlights the importance of rigorous independent monitoring and impact evaluation, which gave the programme legitimacy and enabled it to be scaled up and improved on the basis of lessons learned regarding design and implementation. The programme has been credited with a reduction in poverty and extreme poverty by 1.9 and 1.6 percentage points, respectively, between 2003 and 2009. That corresponds to 13 percent of poverty and 32 percent of extreme poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty programme percent extreme legitimacy|6.868844|5.9449444|4.4583855
6679|"Western Australia, for example, has implemented a mandatory review of all deaths that occur in public hospitals and private health facilities that provide services for public patients. Queensland conducts an annual “Bedside Audit"", where clinicians collect information on certain elements of care to gauge whether expected standards have been met. At a national level, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons makes it a requirement to participate in the Australian and New Zealand Audit of Surgical Mortality as part of the college's Continuing Professional Development programme. The ACSQHC also conducts audits to assess compliance with standards. Most data is focused on volumes of care and resources within the system. Clinical data is also gathered almost exclusively by specific registries (organised by disease, targeting specific group of population, or hospital based)."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|conducts audit college standards queensland|9.214969|9.538633|1.7112844
6680|As a further comparison, the secretariat of the Council for Environmental Cooperation (the organization set up as part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to facilitate coordination of environmental protection in the three countries) employs fewer than 50. Finally, energy security issues are of prime importance to political leadership and it was widely believed that national energy security would be compromised by regional energy trade diat creates import dependency on neighbouring countries. Political and policy mindset was thus working against regional energy connectivity until very recendy. This will have to change if energy connectivity is to take root in the Regjon.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy connectivity political security diat|1.4543996|2.223507|2.1509106
6681|Such information is essential to guide integrated policies. Whereas the traditional dashboard of non-monetary indicators reflects deprivations of all people, rich and poor (and is also reported), the coordinated dashboard of consistent sub-indices that unpack the MPI is focused on the poor. The MPI and its associated statistics can be reported for more than one poverty line or cut-off.|SDG 1 - No poverty|mpi reported poor indices deprivations|6.41125|6.600745|5.1635795
6682|Furthermore, while in many EU countries, income growth has been fairly uniform across deciles between the second and the ninth, in Sweden, growth has been faster the higher the income decile, pointing to some polarisation of the income distribution (Figure 3, Panel B). Relative poverty has increased with those w'ithout a job and children now facing a higher risk of poverty (Figure 3, Panel C). The authors would like to thank Miige Adalet McGowan, Olof Aslund, Andrew Dean.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|panel income ninth andrew polarisation|7.1315584|5.8620796|5.0596895
6683|There should also be strong links with the public technical-pedagogical support services (ATP) and their new school improvement framework as well as private technical-pedagogical consultancies (ATE). Second, concerning the school evaluation process itself, the Agency should continue to focus on the formative dimension of school evaluations that leads to lasting changes to practice. School evaluation that is meaningful should involve: an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of schools; an assessment of strengths and areas for development, followed by feedback, coaching, support and opportunities for development; an opportunity to celebrate, recognise and reward the work of schools and to identify best practice; and an opportunity to identify underperforming schools. Third, school self-evaluation should be central in any national approach to school improvement and as school systems mature schools should take on a greater role for driving their own improvement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school schools improvement evaluation pedagogical|9.813825|1.7118565|1.5053807
6684|Combinations of deprivations are highlighted at this stage and estimations are made on the proportion of children suffering from one or multiple deprivations at the same time. The headcount ratio (H) refers to the percentage of children who are multidimensionally deprived. The average intensity (A) is the number of deprivations experience by the deprived as a percentage of all possible deprivations.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivations deprived percentage multidimensionally combinations|6.8716536|6.550954|5.257517
6685|The poor track record of women entrepreneurs has been attributed to multiple factors such as lack of credit or savings, lower education levels, inability to access training opportunities, gender bias and lack of social capital. The new Kenya Constitution, which grants women equal rights before and after marriage, was promulgated on 27 August 2010. It also grants equality of inheritance rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|grants promulgated rights lack inability|8.943627|3.7788272|6.464095
6686|See Table 3 for details of changes in overall average age of first marriage (SMAM) in the region, and in percentage of married girls under 18.) While these rates, along with the figures indicated below, may not be always consistent or exact, they do nevertheless give a fair indication of the persistence of this problem and its overall prevalence. Moreover, examining data on women aged between 20 and 49 years, researchers found that 43.7 per cent of women in this age group in Yemen (in 2013), 23.5 per cent of women in this age group in Syria (in 2009), and 18.5 per cent of women in this age group in Morocco (in 2011) were married before the age of eighteen.52 Furthermore, the PAPFAM research found that age differences and educational disparities between spouses in marriages involving minors were associated with divorce.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|age group women married cent|9.573983|5.438612|6.6136537
6687|The initiative has proved successful in terms of students completing the relevant credit courses. These positive outcomes have led the ALP to be adopted by different colleges throughout the United States. Institutions are rewarded with additional funds if they record a significant improvement in the number of students moving from remedial to credit courses, completing credits, and successfully completing a degree.|SDG 4 - Quality education|completing courses credit students remedial|8.05796|2.557097|2.6995897
6688|Goldwind’s recent partial acquisition of the German turbine developer Vensys was similarly motivated by the desire to improve the product quality of China’s leading turbine manufacturer. One way to foster R&D in a particular technology area is to concentrate technology firms, suppliers, and ancillary services in spatially circumscribed technology clusters (a sort of dedicated industrial park) (Porter, 2000). To a certain extent, this has happened in the Chinese wind energy sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|turbine technology porter developer ancillary|2.2318099|1.9186318|1.9216862
6689|In 2016, enrolment rates among 15-16 year-olds (i.e. those typically in upper secondary programmes) reached at least 95% on average across the OECD. At age 17, 92% of individuals are enrolled in education on average across the OECD, reaching 99% or more in Ireland, and Sweden, but also in partner countries Lithuania and Saudi Arabia. By contrast, fewer than 80% of 17-year-olds are enrolled in education in Brazil, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey, with the lowest rate in Colombia (52%). Declines in enrolment for this age group coincide with the end of upper secondary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|enrolled olds enrolment upper education|9.172323|2.658973|2.9097211
6690|Overall, the interviews provided an opportunity to better understand both public and private financial institutions' perspective of the EE market opportunities and barriers. Personal interviews were conducted with representatives from the World Bank (WB), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), as well as private financial institutions (JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, Climate Change Capital etc.). They allowed gauging the relative importance of different challenges facing EE financing, i.e. access to capital vs. risk, or others.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee bank interviews capital wb|2.3203804|3.217818|1.7273695
6691|These would allow the countries to consolidate existing programmes and expand the scope and coverage of the system. Since the rural poor derive most of their income from agricultural activities, policies to facilitate the access of smallholder producers to land, agricultural inputs, finance, extension services, and markets would both contribute to enhancing food security and reduce poverty. Such policies also promote nonfarm business and employment opportunities.|SDG 1 - No poverty|agricultural consolidate derive smallholder policies|4.1996064|5.324617|3.7186036
6692|If present in the conventional generating portfolio, nuclear power plants can compensate for the decrease of the electricity generation from wind and PV power plants. In the scenario without nuclear, mainly gas-fired power plants are used to replace the shortfall from wind and PV power plants. As expected, total electricity system costs are higher with lower availabilities of wind and PV power generation, since the electricity normally produced by low marginal cost technology must be substituted by more expensive technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power pv plants wind electricity|1.3678143|1.5777205|1.844762
6693|However, this should be seen in the context of very high initial redistribution and thus a likely binding trade-off with economic efficiency. Education, employment regulations and wage bargaining have also seen significant changes since the 1990s, and there are no doubt further challenges and need for reforms looming. However, the Nordics have so far been able to adjust their policies in such a way that equality, opportunity and economic efficiency co-exist relatively well compared to the rest of the OECD.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|seen nordics efficiency doubt bargaining|7.168352|4.917486|4.394905
6694|After investment approval has been attained, and the environmental impact favourably appraised, the proponent must submit a request for land allocation to the local Department of Natural Resources and Environment. A construction permit based on detailed design of the project is also required. Under the relevant Construction Law, construct permits are issued either by the Ministiy of Construction, the provincial Department of Construction, or the District-Level People's Committee, depending on the complexity of the project. After approval, the project proponent negotiates the compensation and resettlement plan.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|construction approval project department favourably|3.8733954|5.38302|1.5927094
6695|Global fixed-and mobile-broadband penetration had reached 9.8 and 32 per cent, respectively, by the end of 20141. While fixed broadband showed only cautious growth between 2013 and 2014, mobile-broadband subscriptions were three times higher than wire-line broadband connections worldwide and are growing fastest in the developing regions, where growth rates are twice as high as in developed regions. Mobile broadband has helped bring high-speed data and Internet services to unconnected areas2.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband mobile fixed regions cautious|4.826436|2.870948|1.5162756
6696|The capacities of all the organizations involved in an ICT for agriculture or rural development initiative should be developed to better take into account gender in their work and activities, whether these are farmer organizations or other development partners. At the organizational level it is important to ensure gender responsive systems and structures. In order to design and implement gender responsive ICT projects, organizations need gender aware staff, monitoring and evaluation systems that capture well what is happening on the ground, cooperation among staff with different tasks, and learning mechanism to deal with gender gaps when and where they surface. When policies and strategies are developed, it is crucial to ensure that all stakeholders are represented, including women and men at all levels.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender organizations responsive ict staff|9.405865|4.28175|7.105639
6697|"Although a very wide range of national policies can have a profound effect on urban development, national governments rarely review this impact systematically through an ""urban lens"" (OECD, 2014; OECD, 2015d). For example, fossil fuel subsidies negotiated at the national level clearly undermine local efforts to develop environmentally sustainable cities. A NUP can also connect all levels of government and other stakeholders by providing forums for the co-creation of a shared vision and a framework which enables them to move as one towards the stated goals."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|national urban nup forums lens|3.560671|5.0766125|1.6943872
6698|Harassment and sexist practices decrease the possibility for women to work in fair, equitable and safe environments. Unconscious bias in recruitment and promotion systems continues to limit the progression of women into leadership roles, and while there has been some progress on new institutional mechanisms to address womens employment concerns, formal policies on flexible work, childcare or strategies to address caregiver roles still do not adequately respond to the wide scope of womens work needs. It is necessary to work across all four quadrants of the Gender at Work change framework, to ensure that employers are both providing resources to women and ensuring that they utilise this untapped potential.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|work womens roles women address|9.9484005|4.4107676|6.8146243
6699|It will remain crucial to the future growth of developing countries. That is the central question addressed in this Industrial Development Report 2016. The ISID concept is part of the new Sustainable Development Goal 9 to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. The first is long-term, sustained industrialization as a driver for economic development.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|industrialization development sustainable driver sustained|4.790556|3.3627899|2.2049866
6700|Climate change is a key driver for developing an ecosystem based fishery management system as it exerts a pervasive influence over the whole fished system. Management approaches and policies should be expected to differ in detail due to regional differences. Still they will have an overarching functional similarity as a result of responding to climate drivers of change.|SDG 14 - Life below water|similarity fished pervasive climate change|-0.3305436|5.9877114|6.3358946
6701|It could also shed light on the quality of small primary schools, and ensure that learning considerations are at the forefront in the rationalisation of the school network (see Policy Issue 3.2). A school census assessment could also provide a more reliable indicator of student learning for supervisors to prioritise their interventions, and assess the progress of school. An example is Mexico's new National Plan to Evaluate Learning (Plan Nacional de Evaluacion de los Aprendizajes, PLANEA), which alternates full cohort with school and national sample assessments in different years and grades to provide useful, timely and reliable data for national and school needs (see Table 3.3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|school learning reliable national plan|9.737551|1.9687924|1.8281589
6702|These pilot projects have in turn sparked other similar biodiversity stewardship projects in other comparable farming communities. These lessons would apply to all sectors, but are particularly acute within the agriculture sector in South Africa. Perhaps most significant is the realisation that the agriculture sector is broad and complex, and that interventions should be strategically planned to align with existing initiatives.|SDG 15 - Life on land|agriculture projects stewardship strategically realisation|1.833665|5.33183|3.745557
6703|The challenge is operating within the 5-year AMP cycles, which result in five-year cyclical spending patterns. Instead of innovation, utilities have been driven to large framework agreements with a small group of outsourcing specialists, driving down margins through economies of scale.8 Ofwat regards efficiencies as being deliverable within each AMP period after which each utility’s cost base is re-set, cancelling out the efficiencies attained during the period. Smart metering has too long a payback time for this model. Ofwat has commissioned UK WIR (the w'ater utility joint research body) to prepare an evaluation of the costs and benefits of smart metering before the price setting for AMP6 in 2014-15.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ofwat efficiencies metering utility smart|2.1461082|1.9410418|2.2521484
6704|There is much less experience with reporting and review of mobilised private climate finance than with public climate finance provided. Reporting on private finance mobilised by multilateral sources, or indirectly mobilised by policy interventions, is not mentioned in current reporting requirements for biennial reports from any country grouping. To date, some donor countries have commissioned and completed pilot studies to make initial estimates of the levels of private climate finance that they mobilised from their bilateral public climate finance (e.g. Abeille et al.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|mobilised finance reporting climate private|1.5798001|3.8321126|0.7866884
6705|Further efficiencies than those assumed in the Baseline are considered less likely for OECD countries and therefore this remains unchanged in this scenario; it is assumed that irrigation in the OECD in the Baseline has reached an upper limit of efficiency as risks of salinisation and pollution problems are associated with more than 70% evapotranspiration of irrigation water (Fraiture et al., Hence, compared to the Baseline, the water demands in each region are reduced in proportion with the energy savings rate in the Resource Efficiency scenario (van den Berg et al., Larger shares for solar and wind-based power generation versus thermal are assumed, but until 2050 an assumed shift to (thermal) bio-energy and nuclear power plants limits the overall reduction in this sector. The assumed reduction in energy demand described in the point above translates directly into less water demand for cooling.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|assumed baseline thermal scenario energy|1.0849531|7.3143497|2.9585896
6706|The main interpretation issue with relative poverty lines is that poverty rates based on them may remain constant or even fall if all households (including the poorest ones) experience a decline in their incomes . Moreover, people identified as poor in one country might not be considered poor in another, given the substantial differences in median incomes across OECD countries. Figure 5 shows the interregional dispersion of poverty headcounts w ith the poverty line defined at 60% of the national median income.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty median incomes poor dispersion|6.3910475|6.1048937|5.016771
6707|It provides potential young entrepreneurs with the experience, support and advice they need to establish and run successful businesses and contribute to overall economic growth and job creation. Its initiative, Promise Programme, is a highly intensive youth entrepreneurship training programme of 14 months that combines traditional entrepreneurship theory with interactive case-based studies, practical experience, personal development retreats, and professional business consulting and mentoring. This support has included the provision of incubator facilities including office space, monthly training workshops, group learning, mentoring, and counselling (provided by some of the best-known companies in Senegal).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|mentoring entrepreneurship experience training incubator|6.8841767|2.9933918|2.7135005
6708|Growth in mobile-cellular networks and services, particularly over the last decade and a half, has allowed many people to join the information society. Access to ICTs can be an important enabler of broader development objectives, for instance, through the field known as “e-government” services. Other forms of technological change have also been monitored, if succinctly, in the current series of reports, including those addressing climate change and disaster risks.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cellular change join icts services|4.731371|3.0633514|1.9224762
6709|This person runs the school development process locally, both when it comes to content and organisation. Resource persons can be administrators, school leaders, teachers, university employees or from other agencies. The school owner can hire the resource person at a higher percentage of a full-time equivalent, and for municipalities the resource person(s) can also serve more than one municipality.|SDG 4 - Quality education|person resource school administrators hire|9.895862|1.4251845|1.8654315
6710|This makes tourism a co-ordination-intensive, as well as information-intensive, industry (Zhang et al. The key components of tourism are accommodation, transport, attractions and excursions, and restaurants; all are ‘perishable’. This means that airline seats, hotel rooms and daily ticket sales, for example, cannot be stored for potential future sales. This level of uncertainty, coupled with the uncertainty of global trends and exogenous shocks, has become an important area of tourism supply chain research. Areas of particular interest include demand forecasting, yield or revenue management and inventory management (Zhang et al. Finally, the supply chains in tourism that already exist are usually part of the wider global operations of major hotels and resorts (for example Hilton and Four Seasons hotels) and of cruise ship operators (for example Carnival Corporation and Royal Caribbean).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|tourism zhang hotels sales uncertainty|6.382015|3.8506534|2.8861983
6711|Adverse health effects start to occur at a blood lead level less than 10 pg/dl in children. However, no statistically significant difference in blood lead levels was observed between women living in gers and in apartments, suggesting that lead exposure comes from several sources and not only from polluted air resulting from coal combustion. However, there is a lack of data concerning the different sources of lead exposure, such as lead in paint and in toys, lead and occupational exposure, and lead in dust and soil, and their impact on the health of the Mongolian population.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|lead exposure blood sources dust|0.94082546|6.6064167|3.1404672
6712|In the Pacific, both Australia and New Zealand have elaborate social security schemes for the unemployed, including firsttime jobseekers. In most countries, they are covered by social security and social protection policies. They are also eligible for old-age pensions and income support if they meet the eligibility criteria.|SDG 1 - No poverty|social security elaborate jobseekers eligibility|7.7940884|5.137345|4.1575794
6713|And because industrial energy-efficiency investments depend on context, energy and cost savings can sometimes be assessed only after installation. Assessment is at times difficult even after installation because of metering difficulties. Without submetering, for example, the performance of control systems, motors and variable-spccd drives is difficult to monitor and evaluate.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|installation difficult motors drives metering|2.1558177|2.4482791|2.3030446
6714|Etant donne le role central du systeme communautaire d'echange de quotas d’emission, la strategic du Royaume-Uni devrait en particulier viser 1‘adoption de quotas plus rigoureux dans le cadre du systeme communautaire. Les efforts d’adaptation aux impacts climatiques doivent aussi etre renforces, en s’attachant a developper l’information, a ameliorer les cadres devaluation des risques, et a affiner les outils de mesure utilises pour le suivi et revaluation de la planification des mesures d'adaptation. Application for permission to reproduce or translate all, or part of, this material should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France.|SDG 13 - Climate action|du le les systeme des|1.1134022|4.738927|1.3695496
6715|First, the programme for Strengthening School Management (Fortalecimiento de la Gestion Escolar), which will invest MEX 41 million in 595 schools, seeks to support school leaders in the management of school resources (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). With a similar ambition, the Schools of Quality programme (Programa Escuelas de Cualidad) aims to strengthen the autonomy of basic education institutions in managing resources, while supporting each school and their Technical School Council in the adoption of best practices that can help them meet planning, evaluation and budget allocation responsibilities effectively. Through an investment of MEX 26.57 million in 2015-16, a total of 475 schools are benefiting from the programme which, compared to the previous year, represents an expansion to 55 new schools (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). Another component of the Schools of Quality programme involves the evaluation of teachers in their classroom instruction and directors in their capacity to lead as well as activities to increase parents’ engagement in their child’s learning. The instructional costs of disadvantaged children are likely to be higher than those of the well off and Morelos is taking positive steps in palliating those needs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|morelos schools school gobiemo programme|9.79532|1.9447407|2.1644616
6716|In addition, it is also important to consider the scale of income tax. In particular, marginal tax rates at the top of the income scale are an important element in overall progressivity, even though the top earners constitute a small segment of the population, because they often account fora large share of aggregate income and the total income tax yield. Yet marginal personal income tax rates at the top of the income scale in OECD countries fell from an average of 71 per cent in the late 1970s to around 57 percent in the late 2000s (chart 5.1). One reason for this was divergent patterns in the taxation of wealth (Piketty, 2010).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|income tax scale marginal late|6.8774934|5.057748|4.3700113
6717|Great emphasis is placed on primary care, and people are required to register with a General Practitioner (GP) (or a paediatrician up to the age of 14). Primary care seivices in health centres are guaranteed 24 hours a day/7 days a week through the primary care out-of-hours service (called the guardia medico). Moreover, financial incentives have been provided in recent years for GPs to move towaids various models of group practice with fellow GPs and/or other health professionals, following a multidisciplinary and multiprofessional approach.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gps primary care hours multidisciplinary|9.245699|8.887338|1.6257187
6718|"As in other studies by ECLAC and UNICEF, therefore, childhood is understood to refer to the population aged 0 to 17 years. The particular concern for children and adolescents comes in response not only to their overrepresentation among the poor but also to their greater dependency and lack of autonomy within families and to their particular vulnerability to the consequences of poverty and inequality. Any measurement of poverty among children should recognize their specific characteristics and adopt households and individuals as the unit of analysis. According to The State of the World's Children 2005, ""children living in poverty experience deprivation of the material, spiritual and emotional resources needed to survive, develop and thrive, leaving them unable to enjoy their rights, achieve their full potential or participate as full and equal members of society"" (UNICEF, 2005, p. 18)."|SDG 1 - No poverty|children unicef poverty spiritual thrive|7.2005334|6.4613085|5.1525946
6719|The paradigm shift from the more specific focus of the MDGs on child mortality, maternal health, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis recognises the immense significance of global health threats that have risen to prominence in the interim. Non-communicable diseases now account for 38 million deaths per year, of which 28 million are in low- to medium-income countries (WHO 2015a). Mental illness is expected to account for 15 per cent of the global burden of disease by 2020, with young people disproportionately affected (Biddle and Asare 2011). Consistent international data indicate that inactivity directly accounts for between 1 and 4 per cent of all healthcare costs (Davis et al.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|account million prominence davis tuberculosis|8.829829|8.922951|3.1469486
6720|A country can find itself in an emergency situation due to a specific shock that requires a rapid response: a price spike of a staple food or sudden food inflation, a severe drought that produces crop failure, or an economic slowdown reducing the income of the poor, a local natural disaster like an earthquake that destroys assets and livelihoods. The framework set out in this report is not concerned with the management of disasters and emergencies themselves, but rather with the portfolio of policies that can respond to transitory shocks to food availability and access. Many countries are prone to potential events that could occur at any time and plunge large segments of the population into extreme food insecurity of unspecified duration.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food transitory spike earthquake staple|4.6665144|5.400405|4.254976
6721|Two recent government decisions seem to suggest a new intent to achieve these goals: the National Health Council (which was established legally over 25 years ago but never put to work) has been 'activated' and an NHS portal (www.sns.gov.pt) has been launched. It works at arm’s length from the Ministry to promote system transparency and accountability to society. The new NHS Portal provides detailed information about how NHS facilities function, including waiting times for outpatient consultations, emergency services and elective surgery. The new NHS Portal also provides a 'transparency' area, making a wide range of indicators on NHS access, efficiency and quality available in real time. However, life expectancy at birth has increased by over four years since 2000 and is higher than the EU average. Mortality rates for the most common causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers) have been decreasing, but some unfavourable trends have emerged, such as the increase in number of deaths caused by diabetes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nhs portal transparency new pt|9.095269|9.466585|1.855309
6722|This work has highlighted the differences between the types of risks faced and the respective role of government in addressing them. Namely, some level of fluctuations in output or price represent normal risks and should be managed by producers. On the other extreme, there are catastrophic risks from extreme, uncertain and infrequent events that create damage beyond the capacity of farmers or the market to cope.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|risks extreme catastrophic uncertain fluctuations|3.4336715|5.562734|3.89043
6723|Nevertheless, wider adoption of the technology faces some stiff challenges. The deployment of connected devices, many of which were designed without much thought for security, can contain dangerous vulnerabilities. Connecting large numbers of new devices to the internet can create serious bottlenecks in telecommunication systems.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|devices telecommunication dangerous bottlenecks faces|4.7923694|2.9132113|1.6753697
6724|As discussed below, some procedures are performed very infrequently in Kazakhstan, implying that access to them is likely to be uneven. Referred patients have a higher likelihood of being admitted (82%) than those who arrive by ambulance (56%) or through self-referral (49%). The most common reason for patients being refused admission (including those with referrals) is lack of medical necessity. Unplanned procedures also represent the bulk of surgical activity in most Kazakh hospitals. Unplanned admissions occupy beds intended for planned activities, can lead to the postponement of necessary care, thereby becoming in effect a barrier to access. While waiting times appear short, given the low volumes of surgical procedures performed, comparisons should be made with caution.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|procedures surgical unplanned performed patients|9.006891|8.881332|2.0427246
6725|While the pervasiveness of serious market failures in the health care sector means that markets alone cannot produce efficient outcomes, the introduction of regulated competition in some areas of health care supply can improve user choice, efficiency and innovation. Establishing a separation between purchaser and provider functions is at the heart of the creation of market-type mechanisms. With such settings, the purchaser is in principle able to maximise value-for-money for its residents by buying medical services from competing suppliers, either public or private, though this requires sufficient size and expertise. More choice is provided to users, though control over patients’ choices remains tighter than in insurance-based systems, where choices are individual rather than made by purchasing organisations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|purchaser choices choice tighter buying|8.595628|8.953935|1.754679
6726|"Over E-health en zelfredzaamheid van patienten in de ggz” (E-health: Face-to-Facebook. About e-health and self-reliance of patients in mental health care), Erasmus University, Rotterdam; TYimbos (2013), [Online], available at www.trimbos.nl/, accessed 8 July 2013; Riper, H., L. Kooistra, J. de Wit, W. van Ballegooijen en T. Donker (2013), “Preventie & eMental- Health kennissythese 2012"" (Prevention eMental Health knowledge synthesis], ZonMW. Almost all OECD countries reported that they had a national mental health user group (see Chapter 6), and in many instances user groups have local branches that organise meetings to offer peer support, discussion, and information. Often, support groups are disorder specific, for example in Germany more than 5 000 self-help support groups were identified, covering a broad range of psychiatric disorders, particularly groups for families and partners, bereavement, anxiety disorders, depression, and eating disorders."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health disorders groups van user|10.388713|8.915718|1.6747186
6727|There is some evidence to support these claims but this line of research should be deepened. Thus, to ensure that these benefits are realised, the design of resource efficiency policies should be guided by an assessment of their costs and benefits, particularly when establishing objectives and targets. The G7 can play an important role in this respect, including by supporting businesses in their supply chain management efforts, addressing trade and investment related obstacles, using official development assistance to support resource efficiency efforts, and improving environmental labelling and information schemes, as well as resource efficiency data and indicators more broadly.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|resource efficiency efforts benefits realised|1.9214605|3.0455577|2.4938157
6728|It is projected that four countries will experience slow urbanisation, increasing less than 2 percentage points in urbanisation levels between 2010 and 2030: Djibouti, Mauritius (which will continue to experience negative urbanisation), Swaziland and Zimbabwe. While African urbanisation patterns are diverse, up to now few may be deemed sustainable economically, socially or environmentally, as confirmed by the AEO 2016 experts’ survey (Figure 6.1S). Without productive jobs in rural areas, most economies have seen labour move from agriculture into urban, low-skilled and informal service activities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urbanisation experience swaziland zimbabwe djibouti|4.4889007|4.9503264|2.1988535
6729|Thus, the decision to liberalize exports by C is likely to displace As exports to B with adverse effects on equality. It may even happen that, because of Cs decision to liberalize, A will shift to the production of goods with a medium-high skill and capital content with the effect of worsening its wage distribution. This is what happened in the 1990s, with the entry into the world market of labour-intensive manufactures by China and other Iow-wage economies affecting the exports and comparative advantage of the middle-income countries of Latin America, Eastern Europe and South-East Asia. While an increase in land- or mineral-intensive exports may reduce inequality in countries with an egalitarian distribution of assets, it would raise it in countries dominated by latifundia and a highly concentrated mining sector. Indeed, due to the labour surplus prevalent in their labour market, it is unlikely that an eventual rise in the demand of workers would raise their wages in line with the increase in export receipts. Yet, trade liberalization can enlarge the access to previously restricted technologies or, by relaxing foreign exchange constraints, raise the imports of capital-intensive investment goods.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|exports intensive raise labour goods|5.8219585|4.670438|4.1536374
6730|In principle, domestic production should for the most part “trickle down” to domestic households, which implies that, absent measurement and methodological considerations and controlling for shifts in terms of trade, the elasticity of average household disposable income to GDP per capita should be close to one in the long run. Associated distributional patterns depend on the differential effects of GDP per capita growth across income groups. The question is then whether economic growth “lifts all boats”, including incomes at the lower end of the distribution.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|capita gdp domestic boats absent|6.631043|5.0193486|4.53517
6731|The performance agreement outlines key objectives that the institution should strive to achieve over the course of a three-year period. The ministry meets with each institution during the year to discuss progress towards achieving these goals. Each institution is required at the end of the year to report data to the Database for Statistics on Higher Education (DBH) and to present an annual report to the ministry. This information is used by the ministry to develop an annual report on the state of higher education and to develop an annual feedback letter for institutions about their annual performance (Larsen et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|annual institution ministry report year|9.638374|1.9105699|1.7403606
6732|There is also a decreasing trend of discharges treated according to regulatory requirements in Ukraine. The impact of the presence of viruses and bacteria from insufficient wastewater treatment is, however, assessed by the Republic of Moldova as local and moderate. In Ukraine, 15% of surface water samples do not meet the requirements for bacterial indicators.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ukraine requirements bacteria moldova samples|0.8111358|6.848973|2.6957977
6733|The values for the three indicators for white male heads of household are below average for both years, whereas the values for all other categories were above the average (signalling a greater propensity to monetary and multidimensional poverty). The values of both types of poverty indicators were lower in 2008 than in 2003. The trend in terms of deprivation as measured by at least one indicator is unclear, since all the cohorts register similar values (around 70%).|SDG 1 - No poverty|values indicators signalling propensity cohorts|6.8885293|6.1491413|5.224214
6734|In some countries, UI / UA benefits for young unemployed decrease when they live with their parents (Australia, New Zealand, and Finland). In Finland the benefit is reduced with the parents’ income above a certain threshold. In Denmark, unemployed youth who joined the voluntary UI immediately after finishing their education receive a reduced UI amount (either 82% or 50% of the maximum UI benefit received by unemployed with an employment record).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ui unemployed finland parents reduced|7.8957267|4.6846623|4.012227
6735|Alcohol-related deaths are more than two times greater than the EU average. One-third of health spending comes from private sources - largely out-of-pocket payments. In addition, informal payments are not uncommon in Lithuania. The Lithuanian health insurance system has an effective counter-cyclical mechanism in place and was successful in protecting public spending on health at the time of the financial crises. Quality indicators provide a mixed picture, but both hospital and primary care services are improving their performance.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payments health spending uncommon lithuanian|8.962957|9.021697|2.4157467
6736|But the status of early warning for the region as a whole was transformed following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami which affected 14 countries in Asia and Africa, and led to over 230,000 deaths. With no tsunami early warning system in place at the time, most of the victims received no warning at all. It had a profound impact on the development of the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) only weeks later.|SDG 13 - Climate action|warning tsunami early transformed profound|1.5053813|5.172661|1.7341768
6737|Without diversity, these crops do not provide wholesome nutrition. According to Graziano da Silva (FAO, 2012a), dependence on a few crops has adverse consequences for ecosystems, food diversity and health. Food monotony also increases the risk of micronutrient deficiency. The world population is around 7 billion and is expected to increase to 9.7 billion by 2050 (UN, World Population Prospects, 2015).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|crops diversity billion micronutrient silva|3.9797049|5.4760923|4.354603
6738|It mandated that any municipality located within 15 km from the outer limit of an urban agglomeration w ould lose its right to elaborate a land use plan and give building permits if it were not covered by a Territorial Coherence Plan (Schema de Coherence Territoriale, SCoT) —a form of inter-municipal plan whereby municipalities commit themselves to integrated and joint development. This rule created a very strong incentive for municipalities to join the SCoT, but it was not enough to limit urban sprawl from persisting. Writing in 2014, a government note on the matter comments that only 20% of the territoiy is currently covered by an enforceable SCoT, and that their coverage is not wcll-connected to areas of population growth. Moreover, industrial and commercial developments have continued to contribute to sprawl.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|scot sprawl plan coherence limit|3.9207206|5.5620117|1.5826641
6739|Inventories can provide the starting point to characterize and disseminate the socioeconomic importance of fisheries in terms of people's participation, economic investments (vessels size and numbers), and returns (landings in volumes and currency). Inventories can also be used to characterize fisheries in terms of their potential impacts on biodiversity (e.g. by itemizing bycatch species). In aquaculture, inventories of farming installations’ can provide policy-makers with the knowledge to enable effective planning and management.|SDG 14 - Life below water|inventories characterize fisheries bycatch terms|-0.011057355|5.887325|6.5948663
6740|There are now 11 transport card companies (including KSCC), operating in different cities and provinces through direct service contracts with subnational authorities. Beyond these conventional pre-paid sendees, ten commercial banks nationwide also topped their own credit or debit cards with a public transport card function, with deferred payment. Transfer discounts are applicable for up to 4 times a day, within a transfer time limit of 30 minutes (up to 1 hour from 9 pm to 7 am the next day). The user simply needs to tap his device on the sensors as he/she gets off the bus or exits the subway.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|card day transfer transport subway|4.2339125|4.931423|0.57115275
6741|The first target of the first SDG proposed by the Open Working Group (OWG) of Member States is to “eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere” by 2030. The second target is to reduce at least by half the proportion of people living in poverty according to national definitions. These are noble and historic targets for global progress—they deserve their status at the top of the list. At the same time, they illustrate issues affecting a considerable number of the 169 development targets proposed by OWG, such as how do we measure them and are they plausible?|SDG 1 - No poverty|proposed targets target deserve plausible|5.931651|6.2897854|4.7775855
6742|However, the institutional setting of the agencies under its supervision was subject to significant adjustment as part of the Programme for Restructuring the Government’s Central Administration (PRACE). The purpose of this programme, launched by the central government in 2005, was to increase the coherence and efficiency of public administration. The APA is the principal body responsible for monitoring and implementing environmental policies with regard to climate change, air pollution and air quality, noise reduction and waste management.1 In the area of nature protection and biodiversity conservation, reorganisation of the Institute for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity (ICNB) has included the establishment of five new Regional Departments for Management of Classified Areas (DGACs). In 2009, the Institute for the Regulation of Water and Solid Waste (IRAR), responsible for regulating water and waste services, was reorganised into the Water and Waste Services Regulation Authority (ERSAR).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|waste administration institute air regulation|1.1659287|6.700043|1.583546
6743|The total area (mainland and sea) under permanent protection in Croatia steadily increased over the period 2009-2012 (table 8.4 and map 8.1). By the end of 2012, there were 431 nature sites protected in nine categories (table 8.5). The national protected areas feature internationally recognized protected areas including five Ramsar sites (Cma Mlaka, Lonjsko polje and Mokro polje, Kopacki rit, Neretva River Delta and Vransko Lake), two biosphere reserves (Mura-Drava-Danube Regional Park, and Kopacki Rit Nature Park), and a World Heritage site (Plitvice Lakes National Park).|SDG 15 - Life on land|park protected sites nature mainland|1.6016474|5.021324|4.1916356
6744|Data are sampled from the operating model to mimic collection of fishery dependent data and research surveys (and their inherent variability). These data are passed to the assessment model, which estimates parameters such as indicators of current abundance. The assessment model can explicitly calculate stock abundance, or may focus on a simple indicator such as standardized CPUE - whatever will actually be used in the decision rule.|SDG 14 - Life below water|abundance model data assessment sampled|-0.2061117|5.911026|6.6167846
6745|Far fewer women than men become entrepreneurs, and most of those who do create micro-firms that contribute little to formal employment, value added or productivity growth. However, some reservations introduced by the countries have not yet been lifted and still affect the legal impacts of CEDAW. The countries have also committed to regional standards on gender equality and non-discrimination.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reservations lifted cedaw committed micro|8.973519|3.9126718|6.354617
6746|One explanation offered for this is that people at the bottom of the distribution scale did not benefit as much from growth as other sectors of the population over the decade (Morley, 2001; Szekely, 2001). Generally speaking, less unequal countries performed worse on average than more unequal ones over the decade, as described in Gasparini (2003). Inequality increased in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Uruguay, whose economies have lower levels of inequality, while countries where inequality fell were invariably those with high initial levels of inequality. This was compounded by the effects of structural reform (trade liberalization, financial reform, tax reform, privatizations and labour-market reforms). In the case of trade opening, the evidence suggests that this contributed to rising inequality (see the reviews in Taylor, 2005; and Goldberg and Ravnick, 2007), while for the other reforms analyses are less compelling.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality reform unequal decade reforms|6.575029|5.1334705|4.7883024
6747|An assessment of the carrying capacity levels in Israel’s protected areas should be prepared (Box 5.4). They include hiking trails, camping areas, and areas for sports and recreation activities. Forests adjacent to nature reserves attract visitors and consequently help lower visitor pressure on nature reserves.|SDG 15 - Life on land|reserves areas nature visitor visitors|1.5074592|4.9724913|4.1171746
6748|This report finds that Mexico has a long way to go on the road to gender equality. Mexican women's economic outcomes, including labour force participation, continue to lag behind those in most other OECD countries. Mexico's adolescent pregnancy rate remains high, and the share of young women not in employment, education, or training is nearly four times the share for young men. Mexican women continue to suffer from high levels of violence and face pervasive gender stereotyping.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mexican continue mexico women young|9.949718|4.1913724|5.9336066
6749|"Adequacy is generally assessed using indicators such as the probability of lost load or the expected duration of load curtailment. Consequently, assessing the amount of power they can be expected to produce with a reasonable degree of confidence when demand is the highest is challenging. This ""capacity credit"" of renewables depends on the correlation between wind, sun and demand. ("|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load expected curtailment sun demand|1.5629332|1.4682962|1.9317044
6750|Poor sanitation and wastewater management leads to contamination of fresh water sources and is a major cause of disease and death while also being detrimental to the health of ecosystems. Nevertheless, improvements among Asia-Pacific subregions vary in terms of both speed of progress and attainment levels. In the Pacific, overall coverage has declined from 82.1 percent in 1990 to 79.9 per cent in 2015. Access to basic sanitation is a particular concern in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands where less than a third of the countries' populations had access to improved sanitation in 2015, with limited or no progress over the levels recorded in 1990, that is, from 20 per cent in 1990 to 19 per cent in 2015, and from 26 per cent in 2000 to 30 per cent in 2015 respectively.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cent sanitation pacific progress subregions|1.8667744|6.8411508|2.5520263
6751|Recent joint public commitments highlight convergence around key principles and greater ambition. All new operations are to be screened for short- and long term climate change and disaster risks and, where risks exist, they will be addressed with appropriate resilience measures. Screening tools have been developed for the national policy level, along with project-level tools and a specific sector tool for agriculture. The tools are designed to help increase the effectiveness and longevity of investments.|SDG 13 - Climate action|tools risks screened longevity ambition|1.6078143|4.892046|1.8393816
6752|In addition, IRENA estimates that about 80% of Ukraine’s renewable energy potential is in biomass where most biomass operations could be undertaken by agricultural companies. A commission establishes the level of green tariffs. The feed-in tariffs are paid both to new and existing renewable energy plants. The tariff system was revised in July 2015, reducing the level of tariff for solar (which had been among the highest in the world), establishing a fairer system of quarterly euro-indexation and restructuring the local component requirements (moving to a bonus, rather than a mandatory requirement which had been acting as a barrier to investment).3 The revised tariffs are listed in Table 3.3.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tariffs revised biomass tariff renewable|1.6325275|2.087318|2.04112
6753|Thus important challenges remain to be tackled so that Riga and Latvia can reach their national targets of reducing fatalities by 50% by 2020 (European Commission, 2015). The following sections delve into governance structures of road safety and further explore specific policies and mechanisms that were introduced to improve road safety performance in the city of Riga. It sets out the main principles and governance bodies for the organisation of road traffic and the responsibilities of different administrative levels. It organises and co-ordinates the development and implementation of national policies and monitors compliance with laws and regulations concerning road traffic safety.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road riga safety traffic governance|4.215723|5.2532744|-0.01771988
6754|It is also noticeable that while for both Jamaica and St Luda the dramatic fall in treatment costs caused the share of GDP lost to be reduced, in the case of Trinidad and Tobago the opposite happened. The downward effect of the fall in treatment costs was more than compensated for by the upward impact of the significant increase in the number of infected individuals. The results of the study are summarised in Table 4.4, which shows HIV/AIDS negatively impacting on key macroeconomic variables.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|fall treatment infected impacting noticeable|8.364622|8.904724|3.2781825
6755|Nevertheless, this approach could be used to report climate-relevant information voluntarily to the UNFCCC as well. Several countries that provide development support to developing countries also report on this information domestically, for example in financial yearbooks and public expenditure reports.18 Article 9.5 of the Paris Agreement stipulates that developed countries shall communicate “indicative quantitative and qualitative information” on finance provided and mobilised including, as available, projected levels of public financial resources. The use of the term “indicative” suggests this provision refers to communication of expected amounts of finance to be provided and mobilised in the future.19 Such reporting, which is currently voluntary, could be made more complete and transparent (UNFCCC, 2015d).|SDG 13 - Climate action|indicative mobilised unfccc information finance|1.3576581|3.680855|0.70748216
6756|"In addition, high administrative costs are incurred in the application of ""means tests"" in order to verify eligibility for free basic supply. To avoid these administrative costs, some municipalities have opted to apply free basic allocation to all domestic consumers, with the unintended consequence that wealthy consumers receive the free basic allocation if they happen to reside in one of those municipalities. South Africa has one of the lowest electricity tariffs in the world, with an average selling price (as illustrated below) at around USD 0.027 per kWh. Despite the tariff regime, there is argued and documented energy poverty among both electrified and non-electrified consumers (Department of Energy, 2009g)."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrified consumers free basic allocation|2.2699533|1.8641286|2.4998517
6757|No major reform of the public sector is expected before the resumption of a functioning government. As the number of public sector employment opportunities declines, the expectation is that workers will be absorbed by the private sector, which is unlikely unless it significantly expands. At the same time, public sector workers will need retraining to develop the skills required by private sector employers or to start their ow'n businesses. An educated and skilled labour force is critical for developing the private sector, entrepreneurship and SMEs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sector private public workers retraining|7.7895026|4.1897755|3.692964
6758|Use a differentiated approach to reach out to students at different stages of their study process. Use performance assessment exercises, including regular feedback sessions with people from the business community, alumni entrepreneurs and students and to track and survey alumni with entrepreneurial careers. Build and expand linkages between research and teaching, for example by getting doctoral students to work on research topics related to entrepreneurship education. Recognise that compulsory courses may reduce genuine interest in entrepreneurship. Interdisciplinary team efforts in entrepreneurship education allow individuals to concentrate on what they know and like best and at the same time become familiar with new knowledge that can be associated in a new way of solving a problem or creating a new product or service.|SDG 4 - Quality education|entrepreneurship students new doctoral interdisciplinary|6.906006|2.8803098|2.6465473
6759|The proportion of older people who reported being mistreated or witnessing the mistreatment of a fellow resident was 2.4% in Uruguay, around 8% in Argentina and 14% in Chile. These figures are a cause for concern, as the study included a direct question on this issue. Similarly, provide mental health services to older persons living in long-term care establishments. In practice, government bodies responsible for overseeing such services usually report problems in assessing compliance with care standards in private institutions; in some cases only institutions that receive State funding are monitored.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|older witnessing overseeing institutions resident|9.136734|8.38684|2.6299968
6760|Domestic investment is even much lower. Since 2007, no domestic investment has been registered for crops, and USD 18.22 million has been registered for livestock and fisheries (Table 9.6). However, additional DICA data show that, as of 31 October 2010, domestic investment in crops reached around USD 0.53 million and domestic investment in livestock and fisheries around USD 14.39 million.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|domestic investment usd million registered|3.6671665|5.049039|3.8676496
6761|Given that approximately 20% of poor children in two-parent families lived with a father who was not working for most of the year in 2013, increasing coverage of unemployment and/or social assistance benefits could improve the standard of living of many poor children. Relative poverty is 16% among households headed by a non-regular worker compared to only 5% in those headed by a regular worker (OECD, 2016): reducing the barriers between regular and non-regular employment is key to improving the living standards of one-earner households. For example, one option may be to further limit opening hours.|SDG 1 - No poverty|regular headed worker living households|7.4587893|5.896878|4.894493
6762|This requires the close integration of the different active and passive labour-market policies, including unemployment insurance. A key dimension is that of increasing productivity, both by reassigning workers from one sector to another (structural change), and by making improvements within sectors. This requirement is due to the possible effect of high employment insecurity on confidence in political institutions, as well as the short- and long-term impact on the well-being of households, especially those with low income levels (ECLAC, 2010a: page 51). This also means not reversing course in respect of the labour advances achieved in the recent period.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|reversing passive page labour advances|7.747974|4.6547375|4.1541824
6763|The number of pre-school institutions was 8 392 units in 2013 with a net enrolment of 631 489 children, a significant increase from 232 925 children enrolled in 2007 (MESRK, 2013b). The duration of lower secondary education is 5 years, followed either by 2 years in general upper secondary education or 3 or 4 years in technical and vocational education. Students that successfully complete general or vocational upper secondary education can attend either post-secondary technical and vocational training programmes or continue to higher education (OECD, 2013).|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary vocational education upper years|8.7254|2.4780571|2.8373349
6764|It outlines information on climate-related development finance and sectors w'here such finance is directed, as well as policies directly or indirectly relating to mobilisation of finance for climate actions. This amount covers both finance for adaptation and mitigation, while excluding overlapping finance for both mitigation and adaptation. It accounts for 7.1% of the total climate-related development finance committed globally in 2013 and 2014 (i.e. USD 47.3 billion per year on two-year average). More specifically, climate-related development finance committed to mitigation in the EECCA is 8.3% of that for all the recipients globally, while adaptation finance accounts for 3.5% of the global total.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance mitigation climate adaptation committed|1.6293374|3.9043758|1.26926
6765|In the absence of these conditions, decentralization can lead to capture by local elites. In reality such transfers generally give little weight to levels of poverty or vulnerability - being based more on the size of the population or the geographical area. Fiscal transfers thus fail to address regional inequalities; indeed the rich regions may get more than the poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|transfers decentralization elites fail reality|6.911802|5.3450017|4.422478
6766|In contrast, in 2011 the value of “dried, salted and smoked fish” was down on the previous year. The prices of whole Atlantic mackerel and whole Spanish mackerel also increased. The price of whole cuttlefish did not change, and neither did the prices of dogfish and anglerfish. The producer prices of tuna supplied to industry fell by 4%, to EUR 1 200 per tonne.|SDG 14 - Life below water|mackerel prices did dried spanish|0.5325133|6.058396|6.6951685
6767|These may be based on age, sex or income level; or groups of risks based on people’s environment, such as the roadway, home, workplace or residential area. Thus, selected individuals or groups of individuals exposed to similar risks are targeted by preventive programmes to help them to avoid these risks or to detect specific conditions at an early stage. Although some risks are related to specific health conditions, the same or similar types of risks may lead to various health conditions, thus overlaps may exist in the coverage of programmes, depending on their structure at the national level.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|risks conditions individuals similar detect|9.323443|9.195144|2.6073265
6768|However, this positive effect is limited by the small amount of attention which GHPs have dedicated to strengthening national health systems, and by the unintended adverse impact that they may have on those systems, as discussed below. In addition, the provision of services does not reflect the actual use of those services by different sectors of society. There is ample evidence that improvements in access to antiretroviral treatments in Africa, for example, do not necessarily lead to the actual use of those treatments by many people, especially among the poor. To achieve this requires strengthening national structures of primary health care, aiming at providing rational, evidence-based and anticipatory responses to health needs and to social expectations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|treatments actual strengthening health evidence|8.513719|8.9014|3.0852535
6769|A permit is not required in cases of wastewater discharge (Chapter 2). Food production impacts the water quality' with high loadings of nutrients and organic material, the mining industry with heavy metals and suspended material. Agreements are signed by industrial plants and local authorities; however, in view of the fact that no regulations exist for indirect discharges, which cause problems in public wastewater treatment and worsen water pollution, requirements are not placed there.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater material worsen suspended metals|1.0317588|6.923646|2.3062298
6770|Loans from these institutions generally have a longer tenure than from commercial banks, which helps lower the energy tariff; their participation also lowers the risk profile and thus the cost of funds. However, it is important to satisfy the more stringent requirements of the development institutions, particularly regarding transparency and minimizing environmental and social impacts. It is envisaged that energy connectivity (electricity transmission lines, markets and natural gas pipelines) will initially strengthen the systems in the four subregions — South-East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and North-East Asia.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|asia east south minimizing institutions|1.5657797|2.1530428|2.316203
6771|From the 2006 population-based survey, Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BIAS II), the national average prevalence was estimated at 17.1 per cent, while for those aged 15-49 years, it was estimated that 24 per cent was HIV-positive (CSO/NACA, 2005). A third population-based survey was completed and preliminary results have just been released indicating some slight increase in prevalence to 17.6 per cent (CSO/NACA, 2009). Women account for a majority - about 57 per cent - of people living with HIV/AIDS. Just like Botswana, Lesotho has been experiencing declines in infection levels among young pregnant women, falling from 25 per cent in 2003 to 21 per cent in 2005.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent cso botswana survey aids|8.442628|8.899823|3.396647
6772|Farmers in drier areas (east coast of both islands) or in colder areas (especially in the South Island) often carry more than one year's supply of feed, but very seldom more than two year's supply. In recent adverse events, while feed reserves within the affected area were limited, sufficient feed was brought in from outside the area. There is also an increasing trade in imported feed, particularly Palm Kernel Extract (mostly from Malaysia), which is largely fed to dairy cows.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|feed extract drier cows area|4.08414|5.1073327|4.3079333
6773|Emirate Transport worked with the bus manufacturer to adjust the efficiency of applications, such as the air conditioning, to comply with local regulations and specifications. Numerous integrated bus power stations will be constructed that will recharge the batteries within four hours. It garners the Clean Development Mechanism to fund the project more effectively.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bus manufacturer batteries conditioning specifications|4.0473595|4.818125|0.67550564
6774|The Kor Timor associate was not familiar with the social enterprise concept, though her description indicates the business is a social enterprise. It represents an alternative to fly-in, fly-out high-end tourism such as has been established across the Pacific, where visitors pay to stay in luxury international hotels, eat largely imported food and have minimal contact with the local people. Ecotourism aims to develop small-scale locally run hotels and restaurants that will use local products and local staff as much as possible.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fly hotels enterprise local ecotourism|6.184866|3.9246185|2.8629975
6775|This programme is strengthened and rendered truly effective and impactful through the wide engagement of stakeholders involved in the NUP process, from all levels of government, civil society, the private sector and academia, to bring about a stronger and more connected network, and to share more knowledge and experience. Matters of climate resilience or vulnerability, environmental sustainability or degradation, social equity or turmoil, economic competitiveness or decline, all converge in urban areas, and involve a variety of actors from all levels of government, civil society and communities, and domestic and foreign businesses. Recent global agreements, such as the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, the New Urban Agenda and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, illustrate this realisation, identifying the management of urbanisation as a global priority and a national responsibility.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|civil agenda society rendered converge|3.5182228|4.9499907|1.7275099
6776|In these cases, it is the Chairman of the intercommunal body who will have primary responsibility for planning decisions (French Property, 2016). Expropriations for private uses of land are not possible. Reasons for expropriations include the construction of infrastructure, public buildings, and housing developments as well as the establishment of nature reserves.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|chairman intercommunal french reserves buildings|3.7886858|5.727144|1.7026395
6777|The premium is then set as the difference in the average wind market price and the feed in tariff level. This represents an implicit floor price guarantee for the wind farm at the level of the regulated tariff. All wind generators that achieve a higher price on the market have an advantage; all who make a below average revenue get less.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind price tariff generators floor|1.8475615|1.6627505|1.9141783
6778|Experimental evidence in Sri Lanka shows that women who have less autonomy in household and business decisions invest a smaller portion of their grant in assets that are easy to capture (De Mel et al., For Ghana, Fafchamps et al. ( Capital injections significantly raised profits only for a subset of high-ability women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|al et subset experimental lanka|8.908356|4.1527586|6.372572
6779|As groundwater resources run out, those in the informal settlements are most immediately affected. Small-scale farmers in the Sana'a Governorate are also vulnerable given that groundwater, which represents their main source of income, is depleting at a faster pace with each passing year, which forces communities to relocate. However, for the city as a whole, including informal settlements, it would be easy to secure the drinking water source by reallocating 5-10 per cent of the irrigation share in the basin to the domestic supply. Some physical investments and economic incentives are needed to apply this solution.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|settlements groundwater informal source relocate|1.6802624|7.0029488|2.5159118
6780|People are often simply unable to find a job in the formal part of the economy due, for example, to a shortage of employment opportunities, or a low level of formal education. Such workers have generally no other choice than to seek a job within the informal economy since they cannot afford to be unemployed. High taxes, bureaucratic procedures and corruption can make formal employment complicated and expensive.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|formal job economy bureaucratic employment|8.05745|4.1713324|4.615657
6781|The document provides concrete examples, such as mapping out the necessity of using gender-equal staffing procedures for positions responding to asylum seekers. Swedish law requires anti-discrimination measures be taken into account during the formation of public procurement contracts and government spending above a fixed amount is also legally obligated to apply “anti-discrimination conditions” in procurement contracts (Callerstig, 2014(29]). Forthese reasons, the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions published a guide on gender procurement “which informs on the legal possibilities of imposing gender equality criteria in public procurement on the one hand and contains practical examples on the other one”} The guide emphasises ex ante efforts, specifically the role of planning and design as well as that of feasibility studies. It considers the core of gender procurement to revolve around ensuring all citizens are offered equal services (while increasing efficiency and quality of services offered).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|procurement gender anti swedish guide|9.697361|4.030641|7.1917624
6782|Addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions without improving energy efficiency would worsen energy poverty. The region achieved 98% access to clean fuels and technology for cooking in 2014, up from 95% in 2000, but 23.3 million people in remote regions still relied on traditional fuels for cooking in 2014. The growth rate from 2012-14 was -2.0% per annum, almost equal to the global rate of-2.1 %. Decomposition analysis shows that changes in energy intensity since 1990 result from decoupling energy consumption from economic growth through efficiency gains.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy cooking fuels efficiency rate|1.6937625|2.754613|2.7218235
6783|"Clifford and Clancy (2011), using a detailed model of the all-island Single Electricity Market, show that the wind generation expected in 2011 will reduce Ireland's wholesale market cost of electricity by around EUR 74 million. This is approximately equivalent to the sum of the Public Service Obligation (financing the feed-in tariff for wind) cost, estimated as EUR 50 million, and the increased ""constraint"" (or balancing) costs incurred due to wind in 2011. The reduction of Ireland's dependence on fossil fuels and the C02 emission cuts cost nothing in this case, despite the persistence of the support scheme which ensures recovery of the long-term costs of electricity generation from the wind even when the market prices are low."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind electricity ireland cost eur|1.4860176|2.0559375|1.9292895
6784|Figure 8 shows the intensity and development speed in ICT-related technologies. The size of the bubble indicates the “burst” intensity, and different shades indicate the different technologies that burst. The X axis indicates the year in which the technology bursts and the Y axis indicates the number of years during which patents field are accelerating before levelling off.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|indicates axis intensity technologies levelling|4.8524923|2.9885266|1.9380622
6785|The mothers all live and work locally, and they drop their children off in the morning and pick them up as soon as they have finished work. The children are given lunch and spend most of the day watchingchildren'sTVand/or playing with each other in the small space. It is primarily Rubka who looks after all the children as well as doing domestic work, but this arrangement works for her as it allows her to also look after her three-year-old son Yafit (which she would not have been able to do in a ‘regular’job as a domestic worker).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|children work morning domestic pick|8.974751|5.196113|5.576803
6786|The criminal justice system should seek to restore and reinforce those qualities, while avoiding measures that re-victimize the victim. In violence against women cases, the criminal justice system needs to shift the focus away from questioning the credibility of victims to enhancing evidence-gathering and case-building and ensuring consistency in investigation, prosecution and punishment. This could include early case discussion between police and prosecutor to explore potential evidential weaknesses and whether these might be addressed through additional evidence expert testimony, research findings or courtroom advocacy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|criminal justice evidence prosecution punishment|9.9588585|5.323223|7.556262
6787|Figure 25.1 shows that self-employed women earn significantly less than men across countries. The gaps in earnings from self-employment are substantial everywhere and wider than those observed in wage employment. The gap narrows, however, when calculated on the basis of earnings per hour worked, as women tend to work significantly less time on their businesses. There is also less disparity when only the self-employed with employees are considered.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|self earnings employed significantly disparity|8.882203|4.0354476|5.819677
6788|A related challenge lies in the recruitment of unqualified teachers by private establishments, an issue which is dealt with by regular institutional inspections. Currently the Mauritius Institute of Training and Development (MITD) is working with a network of around 150 enterprises on this project, and more than 1,000 apprentices are enrolled every year to follow courses under the scheme - representing 30 per cent of total pre-employment training. The figure shows that apprenticeship training contributes to enhancing the employability of young people.|SDG 4 - Quality education|training mauritius establishments apprentices dealt|8.541444|2.621563|2.798021
6789|Under authority of the Fisheries Act, the AAR provides greater environmental assurances and regulatory stability for businesses. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Fish stocks data were sourced from Canada's 2015 Sustainability Survey for Fisheries.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture sourced production fisheries value|0.4482131|6.0765495|6.6231465
6790|As a result, adaptation is often a relatively small component of larger programmes, strategies and plans that may not explicitly target climate change but that nevertheless influence the country’s climate resilience (e.g. disaster risk management and flood protection strategies). Such an integrated approach makes it difficult to determine the attribution3 of specific initiatives to adaptation and to distinguish their impact from national development in general. However, if the strategic policy on adaptation is complemented by an action plan with clearly defined objectives, it may be possible to assess the attribution of these confined objectives in the short- and medium-term.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation objectives strategies attribution confined|1.3200057|4.9039316|1.6846813
6791|Innovators face larger uncertainty and information asymmetries, as well as larger sunk costs (since markets are often created from scratch and require infrastructure/ecosystem development to become profitable), all of which result in missed markets. Moreover, among the relatively large pool of potentially successful inclusive innovations that have been developed, few have managed to reach a large enough scale to make a sizeable impact. Localisation can be critical (e.g. for agricultural activities) not only to improve local production techniques, but also to adapt them to specific rural contexts.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|larger markets sunk missed innovators|5.319947|3.7823164|2.7181394
6792|Both spouses are responsible for managing the family and bringing up the children, and a wife with financial resources must contribute towards providing for the needs of the family. Any agreement to the contrary' is deemed null and void. Article 23 of the 1956 Tunisian Personal Status Law as amended in 1993. Article 4 of the 2004 Moroccan Family Law. Article 51 of the 2004 Moroccan Family Law.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|moroccan article family law void|9.3451|5.175945|6.9856253
6793|However there are many obstacles. The Council of Higher Education prohibits the recognition of technical courses like the ones offered by INA at almost all universities with the exception of the National Technical University (INA, 2014). Its objectives are: to co-ordinate the activity of training institutions and meet the needs of the productive sector; to promote technical education; to collaborate in the attraction of high-tech investment; and to advise the government in the field of technical education (MEP, 2014:27).|SDG 4 - Quality education|technical education advise attraction prohibits|8.223731|2.5049489|2.6983771
6794|Within this framework, a relatively large share of the total land area is protected. About 20% of land area is currently classified as nature reserves (primarily for nature conservation) and 1% as national parks (primarily for conservation of heritage and archaeology). Although the number and extent of protected areas are increasing, they do not adequately represent the country’s diversity of habitats.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected primarily conservation nature area|1.5342516|4.9735165|4.1486673
6795|The circular economy represents a life cycle approach to maximise value creation in each link of the system. The overarching goals are to enhance the restorative capacity of natural resources, improve the reuse aid recycling of products and raw materials, phase out waste and hazardous substances, and transition towards renewable and sustainable energy supplies. In recent years, the Netherlands has begun laying the groundwork towards a circular economy.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|circular economy reuse begun maximise|0.94652766|3.754795|2.846609
6796|Plans to expand telehealth, however, need to be supported by the necessary infrastructure to facilitate this technology. Patient travel assistance schemes should be evaluated and refined to ensure national consistency around eligibility requirements and levels of reimbursement. As earlier highlighted, the differing criteria make patients eligible in some states but not others. An approach that better reflects the true costs of travel would make the scheme more equitable, and support patients to move more easily.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|travel patients make refined differing|9.023114|8.980556|1.7234827
6797|Similarly, studies on the cultivation of FSF crops in paddy fallow revealed that these crops respond positively to balanced nutrient management inclusive of secondary and micronutrients. Similar results have been reported from watersheds in China, India, Thailand and Viet Nam (Wani, Pathak and Jangawad, 2003; Wani, Joshi and Raju, 2008; Wani etal., Chickpea is a crop that attracts little private-sector involvement because of its lowseed-multiplication rate, its production being limited to the rabi season, and vulnerability to storage pests throughout the intervening rainy season.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|wani season crops rainy micronutrients|3.7425463|5.305664|4.143701
6798|This mode is being implemented to reduce congestion and promote healthier living by some cities that are experiencing congested sidewalks and broken bicycles that contribute to unsightly littering. With government support, both are also operating in Singapore. The fastest adopters of this mode of transport are young users. Mobike has 6,000 bicycles and records 20,000 rides a day.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bicycles mode adopters congested healthier|4.1530027|5.0556383|0.42126697
6799|Provinces and territories provide minority-language education where there is a sufficient number of qualifying students (French or English depending on the jurisdiction). In PISA 2012, students in majority-language schools outperformed their peers in minority-language schools in at least one test topic in six of the seven Canadian provinces with sufficiently large minority-language populations (Measuring Up: Canadian Results of the OECD PISA Study). Native-born students and students with an immigrant background in Canada showed no significant difference in mathematics performance in PISA 2012. Among Aboriginal people aged 25 to 64, 28.9% had no certificate, diploma or degree, compared to 12.1% for non-Aboriginal people in the same age group.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language minority pisa students aboriginal|9.807317|2.4704492|3.1316833
6800|It is important to provide information and guidance for parents to increase enrolment in pre-primary education for all children, regardless of their socio-economic status. Governments should ensure that quality pre-primary education is available locally, especially when disadvantaged families are concentrated in certain geographic areas. Governments should also develop fair and efficient mechanisms for subsidising pre-primary education to ease the financial burden on families.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pre primary families education subsidising|9.314709|2.706679|2.354562
6801|It is essential to ensure that access to health services does not become less equitable as a result of GHP interventions. New GHPS should be introduced only where they support these objectives. In this way, GHP interventions can respond to the specific characteristics of domestic health systems and their respective needs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|interventions health respective equitable respond|8.854504|9.039459|2.5102398
6802|Premature death rates (age group 0-64 years) from ischemic heart disease vary by nearly a factor of five between the region with the lowest mortality - Kyzylorda Region - and the much more rural Pavlodar region. Similarly, premature death rates from cerebrovascular disease are nearly three times higher in the mostly rural North Kazakhstan Region than in the city of Astana, which recorded the lowest mortality in the country (MOH, 2016). Overall, the three risk factors that account for the greatest disease burden in Kazakhstan are tobacco smoking, alcohol use, and excess weight (IHME, 2010). Indeed, a recent study (Kulkayeva et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disease region premature death kazakhstan|9.227391|9.325131|3.1357706
6803|Data on patients collected by primary care providers forms the basis for an electronic database (the Quality Indicators in Community Health Care, QICH, programme) that is one of the most comprehensive in the OECD area (OECD, 2012). The QICH data include basic patient demographics and more than 60 measures across six areas - asthma, cancer screening, immunisation for the elderly, children’s health, cardiovascular health and diabetes. The data also flag risk factors and log treatments, drug utilisation and treatment outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|qich data health flag demographics|9.383803|9.446534|2.126642
6804|Cities have the capability to improve living and working conditions, and to create an environment within which poor people are treated equitably by political and bureaucratic systems. Unfortunately, however, many poor do not benefit from the opportunities offered by cities (www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications/wssd-neg-cochin.pdf). Urban poverty in India remains high, at roughly 25 per cent, with an estimated 80 million poor people in the cities and towns of India (source: National Sample Survey Organization’s survey report).|SDG 1 - No poverty|cities poor india survey dfid|6.0822134|5.837367|4.8392334
6805|Section 8 concludes the analysis. The demand for food depends on, among other factors, population growth, diet composition and income levels. The supply of agricultural goods is, to a large extent, determined by the biophysical conditions that crops and livestock are exposed to, but also by socio-economic developments and agricultural and (bio)energy policies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|biophysical agricultural bio diet concludes|4.205331|5.274599|4.339174
6806|Specifically, the Convention includes the right to live independently and in the community (article 19), and the right to an adequate standard of living and social protection (article 28). These are linked to target 11.3 that calls for enhanced inclusion and sustainable urbanization for sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries. Inclusion is also reflected in various SDGs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|article inclusion right sustainable independently|3.578394|4.9429893|1.9651417
6807|In 27 out of the 37 countries with available data, an individual can teach at the pre-primary level of education after earning a bachelor’s degree or equivalent (ISCED level 6) at the end of initial teacher education. However, there are some exceptions. In the Slovak Republic, pre-primary teachers can start teaching w ith an upper secondary diploma, but an increasing number of teachers have now a bachelor or a master degree; in Germany and Ireland, they can begin teaching after graduating from a post-secondary vocational programme; in Austria, they typically start initial teacher training at age 14 when they enter upper secondary education, and graduate at ISCED level 5 after two years of a short tertiary cycle programme (e.g. higher technical and vocational college).|SDG 4 - Quality education|bachelor isced secondary vocational upper|9.528759|1.2255205|2.4289508
6808|A related concern is that, whereas the share of manufacturing in total employment used to peak at more than 20 per cent in countries which now enjoy a high income, this share has fallen to 13-15 per cent for a typical developing country today (figure 1.7, bottom right panel). However, the past decade was marked by only modest productivity growth. Factors constraining higher productivity growth include skills and infrastructure deficits, inefficient allocation of resources and weak technological innovation and diffusion.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|productivity constraining cent share growth|5.6115456|4.2026467|3.4940414
6809|Both public and private investment buoyed the construction sector and created employment. Eased consumer credit conditions and low inflation also supported consumer spending. Cyclone Winston affected Fiji in February 2016, causing damage to agricultural output and tourism services in some parts of the country.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|consumer eased cyclone fiji causing|1.9386911|6.007896|2.497063
6810|Extensive college engagement occurs through student community service and volunteer programmes, for example the Perach programme which engages students from all Israeli higher education institutions with children from disadvantaged socio-economic background in raising aspirations. The eight Perach programmes in operation in the Galilee involve approximately 1 000 higher education students. The authorities need to address these challenges in the periphery in a comprehensive way and mobilise appropriate levels of financial resources to support public education at all levels and for all population groups. Measureable targets should be set for higher education institutions regarding the enrolment and graduation rates of the minority groups. Institution-wide measures should be adopted to improve the retention rates of the first generation students. There is also a need to increase the outreach efforts of the higher education institutions and share good practices among themselves in a systematic manner.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education higher students institutions volunteer|7.844374|2.4043267|2.7126768
6811|Eutrophication (discussed below), acidification, toxic contamination and micro-pollutants all place pressures on human health, the cost of treating drinking water, irrigation and the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems. Water quality that is too poor for use exacerbates the problem of water scarcity. Pollution loads from diffuse agricultural and urban sources (fertilisers and pesticides, run-off from sealed surfaces and roads, and pharmaceuticals in animal and human waste) are continuing challenges in many countries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water surfaces human acidification exacerbates|0.98968655|6.7440605|2.8782926
6812|Since urban lifestyle, resource consumption and income status are factors contributing to the rising household waste generation, targeted efforts at controlling household behaviour needs to be considered to minimise waste in this regard. These policy instruments offer varied incentives to promote environmentally responsive consumer choices among households whether through economic instruments, direct regulation or information based measures. Cebu City has a policy of “no segregation, no collection”, which compels waste sorting at source with penalties for non-compliance.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste instruments household sorting cebu|0.47673425|4.021012|3.071765
6813|Recent moves to address shortcomings, for example by introducing more psychologists, psychological therapies and internet-based therapies, indicate that Norway is among the countries that are leaders in driving effective and innovative mental health care. In terms of collecting indicators of mental health care quality Norway is also making impressive progress in many respects. This chapter explores ways that Norway can build on progress that has been made, and areas of great strength within the system - for example the very impressive service user movement, and a growing data information system - and bring further improvements to the quality of mental health care. There are opportunities for Norway to further strengthen data collection and to use data to help drive improvements in outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|norway mental therapies impressive care|10.363735|8.977189|1.7835857
6814|The Danish health system generally provides good access to high-quality care, with comparatively low levels of unmet need for medical care. Challenges remain to tackle important risk factors to health, such as excessive alcohol consumption and rising obesity rates and to improve care coordination for the growing number of people living with chronic conditions. Danes can expect to spend about 60% of this time beyond 65 in good health and free from disability (12 years r ;, for women and 11 years for men).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health good unmet years|9.185429|9.269819|2.356081
6815|The National Credit Guarantee Fund programme was launched in 1994, followed by the first local and regional guarantee funds in 1995. The local and regional guarantee funds are funded largely from the ROPs. The Eastern Poland Development Fund will have EUR 23.5 million available for guarantee funds for early-stage SMEs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|guarantee funds fund regional local|2.30894|3.4730148|1.5633886
6816|Vulnerable groups are those with a higher probability of falling into poverty in any given year. Internationally comparable numbers in this report are based on two regional data harmonisation efforts known as SEDLAC and LABLAC, joint efforts of the World Bank and CEDLAS at the National University of La Plata in Argentina. Unless otherwise noted, indicators for LAC are calculated using data from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay (LAC-17). Although the analysis does not include the racial/ethnic dimension, it is another relevant consideration for discrimination and inequality in LAC.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|lac argentina efforts harmonisation racial|6.603098|5.8904915|5.1092906
6817|The level of discriminatory norms and attitudes, as well as the prevalence of discriminatory practices, will also depend on their legality. New legislation and incentives, in turn, influence informal laws and social norms, as well as attitudes towards gender discrimination, regardless of the level of development of a country. All data sources and definitions are presented in Table 1.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discriminatory attitudes norms regardless level|9.49988|4.7194786|6.8574343
6818|Its Red Book of Flora (following IUCN standards) has been compiled. This Red Book identifies biodiversity hotspots. Approximately 370 red species have been identified in four types of habitats: wetlands and salt swamps (33.9%); heavy soils and fields (33.8%); sandy soils (20.2%); and cliffs and rocks (19.6%).|SDG 15 - Life on land|red book soils rocks iucn|1.3952605|5.294394|4.2452817
6819|Labour-market institutions and regulations need to address these issues. Institutions comprise laws, rules and established social and cultural practices that affect incentives and behaviour (Edquist, 1997),5 such as patent laws, cap-and-trade systems and regulations. As elsewhere in the G-NIS, there should be two-way relationships between these elements and the rest of the system. Domestic institutions and existing infrastructure set incentives and affect how the actors behave. Infrastructural or institutional rigidities that arise can hamper innovation. Such policies treat green economy activities as “infant industries”, requiring appropriate support, including regulatory requirements, government procurement, subsidies (preferably performance-related and time-bound), access to credit and, possibly, some level of trade protection, as discussed in chapter VI.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|institutions laws regulations affect incentives|4.7295117|3.8843505|2.9446232
6820|Nonetheless, even when this relative line falls below the absolute line, it provides valuable information about the distribution of welfare among the poor. This proposal follows the spirit of Atkinson and Bourguignon's (2002) proposal to operationalise poverty measures that combine absolute and relative measures. It builds on the idea that absolute and relative poverty reflect failings in different capabilities, respectively linked to survival and integration. While the development agenda has largely focused on the first in the past decades, the second should be given its rightful place.|SDG 1 - No poverty|absolute relative proposal line bourguignon|6.4356265|6.1585407|5.0039806
6821|It represented 39.2% of export value in 1997, increasing over time to reach 65.5% in 2008. The 2007 ISA outbreak had serious consequences on the Chilean salmon aquaculture sector. The negotiation process was completed in November 2009 and ratification is expected to be processed by the Chilean Parliament.|SDG 14 - Life below water|chilean isa ratification outbreak salmon|0.43886676|5.9860115|6.739007
6822|Gender equality is key to ensuring that no one is left behind, and is intrinsic to the success of each and every SDG. In Rwanda, some 3,500 women farmers are now connected through mobile technology to information, markets and finance. How can we ensure that women and girls acquire the right ICT and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) skills to compete on a par with boys and men in the 21st Century economy, enjoy greater choice and access better-educated, better-paid jobs?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|technology better intrinsic par compete|9.294352|3.8611867|6.123737
6823|Hai Phong should improve solid waste management in two ways: minimise damage to the local environment and public health, while making the most of the potential for growth. Major industrial waste includes: i) vamish products (paint, varnish, enamel glass), adhesives, sealants and printing inks; ii) waste oil, waste from liquid fuel, organic solvent waste, refrigerants and propellants; and iii) packing waste, sorbent, rags, filter materials, protective fabrics. In Hai Phong’s industrial zones, such as Nomura, Dinh Vu, Trang Due, south of Kien Bridge and Do Sonthese, industrial waste is collected and treated (mostly by burning, while gas and oils are recycled) by five private companies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste phong hai industrial vu|0.5620226|4.0476136|3.0424693
6824|The licensing of new private primary care providers eligible for public funding is based on compliance with stipulated conditions for accreditation, which focus on the minimum level of clinical competences required in primary care. The same requirements apply to both private and public providers. Since health care provision is decentralised to county councils, the conditions for accreditation vary across the country. As with other health care providers, since 1 June 2013, the Health and Social Care Inspectorate plays an overarching inspection and supervisory role, but ongoing quality monitoring and assurance in primary care is largely undertaken by county councils.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care providers accreditation county councils|9.259302|9.153754|1.607363
6825|Managing these risks requires greater care in selecting and training principals and other school leaders, and providing schools in unpopular locations with significantly more resources to remain attractive. When teacher allocation and promotion is governed by impersonal rules, those rules might result in suboptimal matches between teachers' talents and preferences on the one hand and the needs of schools and students on the other. Many systems combine multiple levels of governance precisely in order to avoid the dangers of both excessive fragmentation and centralisation. In most countries, schooling is principally a public-sector activity.|SDG 4 - Quality education|rules schools suboptimal talents centralisation|9.782258|1.5601567|2.0558898
6826|When doing so, labels should be explicit about the programmes contained and about any comprehensive metadata provided so as to allow international comparison of categories. The classes by type of service have a strategic focus more than a disease focus, which can be obtained through ICD classes in the distribution by beneficiary (see Chapter 1035). To ensure continuity of reporting, SHA 1.0 classes have been kept as memorandum items.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|classes focus memorandum labels beneficiary|9.042868|9.187722|1.8810992
6827|A good education is essential for a life out of poverty. The negative correlation between the risk of poverty and educational attainment of the household head holds in all countries. Individuals living in a household with a head having completed higher education have the lowest probability of living in poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|head poverty living household holds|8.970886|2.7910233|3.1094556
6828|This was compensated for in that year by a reduction in both the quantity of rice distributed per household from 20 to 10 kg and a reduction in the number of months from 12 to 10. Over 2000-07, an average of 1.9 million tonnes of rice was distributed each year through RASKIN (Figure 2.8). The number has since fallen to 17.5 million in 2010.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|distributed rice reduction million year|3.9771829|5.065553|4.197476
6829|This will involve assessing climate risks and opportunities within national government processes, at sectoral and project levels, and in both urban and rural contexts. The uncertainty surrounding climate impacts means that flexibility is important. Participation of all major emission sources, sectors and countries would reduce the costs of mitigation and help to address potential leakage and competitiveness concerns. This Outlook models a 450 ppm Core scenario which suggests that achieving the 2 °C goal would require establishing clear carbon prices that are increased over time.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ppm leakage climate surrounding outlook|1.4152592|3.523668|1.8373103
6830|"There is evidence that in the Flemish Community more experienced teachers are more likely to be in schools with a less diverse student body while beginner teachers are typically more concentrated in challenging schools. In part this reflects the inability of the system to steer more qualified and experienced teachers to the neediest schools as no special incentives are available. The main response of the system to disadvantage seems to be the provision of additional teacher hours, rather than a focus on the distribution of teachers and the quality of teaching. The system for funding teacher salaries also tends to reinforce inequities across schools: since schools enrolling students from more advantaged backgrounds are in a better position to attract more experienced teachers, they receive more ""teacher resources” in terms of government money invested in salaries. Part of the explanation lies in the fact that beginning teachers are more likely to obtain a teaching post in a disadvantaged school where working conditions can be particularly challenging given high levels of diversity and more difficult socio-economic circumstances."|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers schools experienced teacher salaries|9.59007|1.5501481|2.544335
6831|It is intended to collect drainage water from the irrigated lands of the Lebap, Mary and Akhal Provinces, and partly from Dashoguz and Balkan Provinces, and direct it to the Karashor depression in northern Turkmenistan where Lake Altyn Asyr was created. The northern system is to collect drainage water from Dashoguz and, partly, the Khorezm oasis of Uzbekistan, while the southern system is to collect drainage from Akhal, Mary and Lebap Provinces. The total length of the Trans-Turkmen Collector is 720 km.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|drainage provinces collect northern partly|0.494175|7.0877004|2.7125525
6832|Social and cultural factors are the single most important barrier to women's access to decisionmaking. They often continue to hamper the effectiveness of women, even when they have a foot in the door. This is reflected in the dual burdens of home and work that women in politics continue to bear; the open hostility in some public spaces towards women in decision-making (especially at the local level); and the difficult relationship that women in politics frequently have with the media. In her study of women in the South African parliament, Mtintso discovered that most women found 'political fulfilment at the expense of personal fulfilment'.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women fulfilment politics continue foot|10.40848|4.5210524|7.2151294
6833|Proposals for other increases to the duration of schooling - including a lengthened school year and an earlier start to compulsory schooling (at age six) have been discussed, but neither has been implemented. Three options - or their combination - could be adopted to extend compulsory instruction time: an increase in the number of instruction days per year, extending the number of years of compulsory schooling, or an increase in the number of instruction hours per day. For instance, school vacations could be shortened to gain more instruction days a year. Among top PISA 2015 performers, Japan, Korea and Australia have fairly long school years of 190 days or more. This option could be especially attractive for Lithuania for two reasons. First, Lithuania’s instruction year (168 days in lower secondary) is among the shortest in comparison to OECD member countries (on average, 184 days) with frequent interruption for breaks, including almost three-month long summer holidays.|SDG 4 - Quality education|instruction days compulsory schooling year|9.434925|1.9515538|2.8043692
6834|The environmental consequences and costs of material resource use are not yet fully understood, nor are the economic opportunities provided by improved resource productivity. More in-depth analysis is needed of specific resources and materials (trade-related material flows, flows of secondary raw materials and waste, etc.) Most of the growth in both income and population will be in the rapidly industrialising economies of Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa (the BRIICS) and in developing countries.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|materials material flows resource briics|1.6073971|3.4178944|2.944852
6835|Digital technologies are integrated into the city’s social, physical and environmental policies, thus enabling centralised monitoring and decision-making. As of July 2018, SCCs had already been set up in ten cities (Naya Raipur, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Pune, Nagpur, Rajkot, Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, and Bhopal) and a further 13 cities had begun the process of setting up their SCCs (Hindustan Times, 2018). This design thereby grants the subnational government more responsibility, along with the associated potential difficulties and opportunities, as well as greater flexibility regarding how financing can be secured through, for instance, PPPs, user charges, multilateral funding and other taxes. In this way, such a framework provides subnational governments with a degree of flexibility in pursuing their priorities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|subnational flexibility cities secured ppps|4.0788083|4.3063583|1.511947
6836|Between the 1990s and the late 2000s, in two-thirds of the countries female employment rates increased more among women whose husbands were in the top eamings deciles than among those at the bottom of the distribution. In certain countries, such as Italy and Mexico, the employment rates of wives of top earners increased more than for wives of low earners at the end of the 2000s while the opposite was true in the early 1990s. Only includes couples with one female and one male.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wives earners female deciles eamings|8.866617|4.5838237|5.6348476
6837|The sheer remoteness and poor road and railway connectivity to large urban centres typical of many monotow'ns is a powerful obstacle to economic diversification, especially toward manufacturing activities. Indeed, since transport costs for raw' materials tend to be lower than those for manufactured goods, high transport costs tend to reinforce the specialisation in raw' commodities and constitute yet another barrier that producers of higher-value manufactures must overcome in order to compete (OECD, 2015c). In 10 monotowns, real wage growth has been negative (Figure 1.28).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|raw tend transport remoteness monotowns|4.1647725|5.0570636|1.4516863
6838|Some countries recognise the validity of other types of job-search actions, which eases this problem. The United Kingdom has taken a different approach. While not necessarily specifying the number of job-search actions, the individual action plan resembles an employment contract and details work preparation and job-search activities covering the same amount of time as agreed hours for prospective work (OECD, 2014a).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|search job actions specifying validity|8.038132|4.514641|3.8927426
6839|Couples living in poverty are thus more likely to divorce than the non-poor. Male unemployment in particular is thought to be a trigger for divorce. More recent work has, however, argued that it is not poverty resulting from male unemployment which leads to divorce. Charles and Stephens (2004) show that divorce increases only after lay-offs and not after plant closures.|SDG 1 - No poverty|divorce male unemployment lay trigger|9.255447|5.2690196|6.3189764
6840|"Concluding Observations Jordan Fifth Periodic Report."" Concluding Observations Bahamas Combined First thru Fifth Periodic Report."" In her report she makes it clear that: 'When a woman is unable to access adequate housing and land mainly because she is a woman, she is not only affected in terms of her immediate material needs, she is also relegated to a subordinate and dependent position within society because of her gender. Ensuring that women have access to and control over, vital resources such as housing and land is essential to challenging and changing gender power structures and patterns of gender inequality which continue to oppress, exclude and relegate women to the margins. The treaties on the face of it take a fairly formal equality view of this issue."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|concluding periodic observations fifth report|9.4513445|4.9357104|7.073652
6841|It indicates the degree of income inequality that would prevail if wage dispersion was the same in finance and the rest of the economy. The results can be interpreted as measuring the raw contribution of financial sector employment to labour income inequality. A second approach adjusts earnings of each financial sector employee to the level explained by observable characteristics. Hence, it wipes out financial sector wage premia (using the decile-by-country estimates from the previous subsection).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|financial sector wage inequality subsection|7.0733466|4.8212686|4.6835604
6842|"The young men attend Centres or outreach sites close to their homes and provide their respective outreach managers with reports on their activities. It notes that ”[s]pecial efforts should be made to emphasize men's shared responsibility and promote their active involvement in responsible parenthood, sexual and reproductive behaviour, including family planning; prenatal, maternal and child health; prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV; [and] prevention of unwanted and high-risk pregnancies"" (paragraph 4.27). Effective campaigns generally go beyond merely providing information to encouraging boys and men to talk about specific issues, such as violence against women. Some effective campaigns also use messages related to gender-equitable lifestyles, in a sense promoting or reinforcing specific types of male identity."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|outreach campaigns men prevention parenthood|9.881272|5.134436|6.8162446
6843|It is also used for sugarcane, cotton, rice and nut trees in Australia (Deloitte Access, 2013), and olive trees, vineyards, and for greenhouse fruits and vegetables in Spain and Greece (Garrido et al., This exceeds previous figures from 2002, which reported that groundwater irrigation covered at least 30% in only a third of OECD countries (OECD, 2006). Shares vary from a few per cent in countries with relative abundance of surface water (e.g. Estonia, Norway), to higher shares for countries relying significantly on groundwater for irrigation (e.g. Germany, Denmark).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|trees shares groundwater irrigation garrido|1.0924562|7.342731|3.0367546
6844|The most recent examples include, inter alia, studies analysing the skills needed for ensuring accessibility of tourism destinations and mapping the gap between skills required by the labour market and those provided by member states’ education systems; a pilot series of webinars to enhance the skills of tourism entrepreneurs in the area of digital marketing; services provided by the European Enterprise Network; multilingual classification of European Skills, Competencies, Qualifications and Occupations (Box 16); and the European skills passport for the tourism sector (Box 28). This section has sought to bring statistical evidence to support the discussion. However, available employment data for tourism is limited and national labour force statistics do not capture the micro-level reality of the sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism skills european box provided|6.5637255|3.8186116|2.969063
6845|A Norwegian study has shown that female researchers participate less than their male counterparts in international research cooperation.42 The link between international researcher networks and career development is interesting in a gender equality perspective and should be studied more closely. A key objective in this context should be to facilitate the recruitment of outstanding female researchers from abroad. Those responsible for recruitment should be encouraged to actively seek out women across national borders in subject areas where the Nordic countries have few women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|recruitment researchers female researcher outstanding|10.073154|3.9813912|7.5602093
6846|The greatest difference between the LFPRs of women and men is in the 25-34 age group (Table 6-1). The next greatest difference is in the 45-54 age group, when women are often engaged in looking after old parents and grandchildren and start withdrawing from the labourforce. In order to assess the real impact of marriage and to exclude the impact of age and attendance in educational institutions, the LFPRs were computed for those in the 25-44 age group 25 to 44. Currently married men cannot afford to remain outside the labour force and thus they have LFPRs of about 99 percent in all the three years (Table 6-2).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lfprs age group greatest difference|8.977909|4.5421944|5.5822725
6847|"The Commission noted that towards the end of the Commission's investigation phase, as trust and confidence in the Commission's work had grown, many more women indicated their willingness to be interviewed, but due to the Commission's compressed timeline this was no longer possible."" ( A/HRC/29/CRP. United Nations and other stakeholders have documented how persons have been specifically targeted by state and non-state actors in conflict settings as a result of their actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity, including for being seen to transgress entrenched gender norms."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|commission compressed timeline hrc entrenched|10.03243|4.629554|7.6991863
6848|To achieve impact in increasing farming systems resilience or reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate finance must focus on using strategic leverage points to direct broader financing volumes towards climate outcomes. At the same time, capacity constraints are a major obstacle to the effectiveness of all climate finance mechanisms. This applies to funds such as the GEF and the GCF, where a major impediment to impact is the high cost of project development.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate impediment finance major gcf|1.8759366|4.1244307|1.5049666
6849|There are diverse opinions today on whether such programmes have contributed to women's empowerment or, on the contrary, have reinforced traditional gender roles, increased the time women are forced to devote to unpaid domestic and care work and limited their participation in the labour market. It must also be considered that making autonomous income dependent on a conditional cash transfer from the State treats women as just another adjustment variable for the economic crises that the region's countries face on a cyclical basis. As many cases have confirmed, o+nce a crisis sets in and public spending is reduced to address it. The result is income fragility with very little certainty of continuity.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|women devote fragility certainty cyclical|8.856949|5.0395913|6.036831
6850|Thus, around 90% of beef and 80% of milk in Kazakhstan are produced by rural households and mostly for their own consumption. Household producers participate in markets mainly to sell quantities that exceed their home consumption, and are less guided by market signals than commercial producers. This is examined in greater detail in Chapter 3.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|producers consumption beef guided sell|3.7696512|4.9885607|4.345006
6851|On the other hand, it can also address the offer side of the problem by increasing capital availability and adequacy for private sector projects dealing with green growth and climate action (e.g. small-scale adaptation-related projects, innovative green growth projects), through direct financing (e.g. grants, challenge funds), risk sharing mechanisms which improve the risk-return profile of investments (e.g. guarantees), provision of medium to long-term finance to cover the longer payback of relatively new green technologies, etc. The global average is computed by taking a simple average of country-level point estimates. For each economy, only the latest available year of survey data is used in this computation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|green projects computation payback risk|2.1412065|3.8387768|1.8694694
6852|If the decision is made to engage in global monitoring of food insecurity among households with children, no new knowledge is needed in terms of measurement; however, without additional knowledge even this measure will be limited in its utility as it is not yet established how, or to what extent, household food insecurity represents a developmental risk to children across contexts. For all other measurement purposes some new knowledge is necessary. As discussed in the previous sections of this paper, three main conclusions from existing research are particularly important to informing the development of that new knowledge.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|knowledge insecurity measurement new food|4.4899893|5.742576|4.7788906
6853|It analyses how the effectiveness of resource use is influenced by key features of the school system such as the distribution of responsibilities, the structure of schooling, diversity of school offerings, and learning opportunities across student groups. The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for Uruguay such as the structure of education governance and equity within the school system. Almost all of the decisions about administrative and pedagogical aspects that provide the framework for the operation and organisation of schools are taken at the central level by ANEP’s Central Governing Council (CODICEN) in Montevideo and the councils for the different subsystems of the education system (the Pre-primary and Primary Education Council [CEIP], the Secondary Education Council [CES] and the Technical and Professional Education Council [CETP]). As described in Chapter 1, the CODICEN co-ordinates the work of the different councils and holds ultimate decision-making power in some administrative and pedagogical areas (e.g. approving the statutes of teachers and non-teaching staff, approving curricula, setting instruction time and the school calendar), even if in practice it works jointly with the councils in these areas.|SDG 4 - Quality education|council councils approving education school|9.850531|1.7282282|2.229329
6854|Many countries have established specific medical specialties in cancer care along with corresponding licensing and certification schemes (see the discussion later in the section and in Chapter 4, “Governance of cancer care systems”), but countries have different specialty categorisations. A number of countries also rely on existing specialists. These specialists often acquire knowledge and skills to provide up-to-date cancer care through continuing training, but in a few countries such training is not necessarily needed for practicing specialists who provide oncology care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|specialists cancer care countries specialties|9.225881|9.269719|2.1413572
6855|The agenda also specifically emphasizes the importance of transport, electricity and ICT. Deficiencies of infrastructure thus present a bottleneck to economic growth, a risk to business competitiveness, a factor contributing to growing inequality, an obstacle to poverty reduction, and an impediment to effectively pursuing SDGs and other internationally agreed development goals. Improving access to infrastructure services boosts economic activities and produces spillover effects in various productive sectors.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|impediment bottleneck emphasizes infrastructure spillover|3.9805882|3.9121473|1.8996242
6856|Lack of clear legislative frameworks can act as one of the major impediments to effective design and implementation of these policies, standing in the way of “positive urbanization.” Cities can adopt essential elements of laws that are grounded in sustainable processes and systems, and move on to more elaborated arrangements and legal instruments as management and governance institutions mature. They must be adapted to any country's and city’s specific needs, resources and capacities and be enacted according to specific circumstances. Since the 1990s, extensive research in many countries on urban regulations such as building codes, zoning, environmental rules, and others suggests that many urban regulations are out of date. Some reflected colonial heritage, others were biased in favour of middle- and upper-income groups, while others still generated perverse economic incentives for private (as opposed to public) investment in housing and other services.26 This goes to show that reform of urban regulations is an important lever for change.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|regulations urban colonial perverse lever|4.054047|5.2884026|1.6667247
6857|There is a shared understanding that democratic decision making and buy-in from those concerned by evaluation and assessment policy are essential for successful implementation. In addition, the government does a lot to build and strengthen capacity at local levels and to bring local communities together to compare notes. The members of the Education Evaluation Council represent the education administration, teachers, students, employers, employees and researchers. It has two main missions: co-ordinate and review the coherence of the education system, and follow the implementation of pedagogical reforms.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation education implementation missions local|9.76265|1.7783207|1.6055119
6858|In state-level cabinets, women held an average of only 16.8% of seats in 2015; ranging from allmale cabinets in Sonora and Yucatan to 55% representation of women in Morelos. The gender gap in the judiciary is akin to that of the political executive. Women occupy only 21% of offices in first instance courts, 19% in appeal courts and 18% of judgeships in supreme courts in Mexico. However, there is a wide gender gap in top managerial positions in central government.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|courts women gap sonora akin|10.419668|4.2359805|6.7521167
6859|It should be underpinned by allocated instruction time (see below). These can offer remedial or enrichment instructional activities. On average in the OECD, students in PISA 2012 reported spending 4.9 hours per week on homework or other study set by teachers; this was one hour less than reported on average in PISA 2003 (OECD, 2013b, Tables IV.3.27 and IV.3.48).|SDG 4 - Quality education|iv pisa reported enrichment remedial|9.505965|1.885289|2.911724
6860|To date, development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately. There is also a lack of incentives for regional engagement of higher education and for collaboration among institutions and limited pathways for students through the education system. There is a need for stronger credit recognition schemes, course and programme articulation agreements, clear and enforceable policies related to credit transfer and increased support for joint and collaborative programmes. Increase regional dimension in student experience through problem-based learning, internships, etc.|SDG 4 - Quality education|credit enforceable articulation internships regional|7.7114296|2.4694827|2.5725675
6861|In OECD countries, this approach was chosen by Belgium, Chile, France, Korea, Luxembourg and New Zealand. In the Palestinian Authority, the ministry’s mandate is to facilitate gender mainstreaming across the government and to carry' out monitoring and evaluation of programmes and policies aimed at advancing women’s situation. Single ministries with a minister for gender equality bring visibility and enable advocacy for gender equality concerns in the Cabinet.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality palestinian cabinet visibility|9.967043|4.20962|7.340729
6862|This new legislation strongly supports work-based learning as schools are now encouraged to establish partnerships with companies for providing practical training in accordance to their needs. According to CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training), the new school-company partnerships may gradually change the nature of initial VET, “transforming the traditional school-based supply-driven system to a demand-driven work-based learning system” (CEDEFOP, 2015). A recent amendment to the School Act is also linking the state funding of VET schools to the labour market relevance of their programmes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cedefop vet school partnerships driven|8.467687|2.7655208|2.810678
6863|Further, specific reporting tables may be needed for collective reports. Thus, they omit all three sources of mobilised private finance. Improved reporting would be facilitated if current CTF tables were revised, or new (voluntary) CTF tables developed to include reporting items that will become mandatory once reporting starts under the Paris Agreement.|SDG 13 - Climate action|tables reporting ctf starts mobilised|1.4017913|3.7268145|0.6378317
6864|Labour market structures and a culture of long paid hours combine with the unequal distribution of unpaid hours to reinforce gendered outcomes in the labour market and at home. Fathers - who are more likely to spend long hours in paid work - lose out on time with their family, while mothers - who more commonly care for children - are more likely to drop out of the workforce. Time poverty is taking its toll, and addressing these challenges will require a multifaceted approach involving the government, employers, and families.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hours paid multifaceted likely toll|9.161717|4.924157|5.555067
6865|Concentration of practical training in workshops serving a few schools is another way of lowering the cost of VET provision. Better co-ordination between different levels of government is a necessary condition to improve the planning of VET provision according to the principles presented below. Suppose, for example, that engineering skills drive innovation and economic growth in a manner which is very helpful to the economy but where the benefits are not captured in the wages of engineers. This would mean that the incentives to pursue engineering qualifications would be limited and there would be fewer VET engineering students than would be socially desirable.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vet engineering provision engineers serving|8.509579|2.828914|2.804304
6866|Legal empowerment of the poor and its relation to pro-poor growth). These in turn contribute to further processes of empowerment, for example through access to better-quality services and legal changes to social and political status which shape patterns of growth that are inclusive and equitable. Donors can support various collective actions, including advocacy for legislative change, trades unions (Good Practice Note 5.|SDG 1 - No poverty|empowerment legal poor trades growth|5.4617763|4.5834374|2.693818
6867|A good tool for this is to ensure correct marking of known monuments and sites and cultural environments in the forest management plan. In forests there will be numerous monuments and sites not automatically protected because of age. Also among these there are valuable monuments and sites that shall be taken into consideration. Important landscape ecology features that cross property lines shall also be considered as far as possible on smaller parcels as well.|SDG 15 - Life on land|monuments sites shall parcels ecology|1.4757181|4.9759865|3.9972003
6868|The large variation in adult learning activities and participation among OECD countries at similar levels of economic development suggests that there are significant differences in learning cultures, learning opportunities at work and adult-education systems (Borkowsky, 2013). Similar reinforcing patterns hold for numeracy proficiency and skills and readiness to use information and communication technologies (ICT) for problem solving in relation to participation in formal and/or non-formal education. Around three-quarters of partidpants in formal and/or non-formal education and training consulted the Internet to get relevant education and training information.|SDG 4 - Quality education|formal learning education adult similar|8.62938|2.7154384|2.8175712
6869|This reinforces stereotypes about womens and men’s roles, which prevents the equal sharing of family responsibilities and in turn influences women’s and men’s workplace participation. The new, strengthened legislation is applicable to all non-public sector employers with 100 or more members of staff. It aims to improve and promote equality for both women and men in the workplace and includes innovative measures to ensure effective implementation that are likely to be of interest to other Commonwealth governments.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|workplace men reinforces womens prevents|9.904881|4.2927117|6.9519567
6870|Following a short introduction on the global status of mobilization, this section focuses on the mobilization of private climate finance and the role of Nordic countries therein (see Appendix 5 forterminology on climate finance mobilization). The role of the private sector in reaching these goals is evident. Most of private sector climate finance is being invested in Asia and Europe and for example in 2014, private climate finance rose by USD 50 billion, mostly driven by investments in renewables in China (Buchner et al.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mobilization finance private climate buchner|1.8431947|3.9056847|1.0957642
6871|Section 4 ties the case studies together by providing a roadmap for the implementation of ideas and creating pilot programmes. Financing platforms that collect and distribute investment for infrastructure projects, such as renewable power plants, transport infrastructure (e.g. bike roads, community car sharing), sustainable food sourcing and supply chains, as well as natural capital, pose a promising model. However, the associated operational inefficiencies and high transaction costs currently offset the benefits.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|bike sourcing infrastructure roadmap distribute|3.2075756|3.927176|2.020764
6872|In this way, students learn to apply mathematics to solve problems, appreciate the value of mathematics and develop important skills that will support their future learning and their ability to deal with new problems. There is no question that state-of-the-art knowledge and skills in a discipline will always remain important. Innovative or creative people generally have specialised skills in a field of knowledge or a practice.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills mathematics problems knowledge appreciate|8.861093|1.5778514|1.88074
6873|The lack of monitoring mechanisms to evaluate the effect of gender equality initiatives was identified as a major barrier by over 30% of responding countries, and lack of gender analysis skills by almost 40% of respondents (see Figure 4.7). As such, building capacity in gender institutions and across the public sector in these areas appears to be critical to address the remaining equality gaps. These staff members are usually located in line ministries and agencies, and are mainly responsible for administering specific laws or regulations related to gender equality (64%), collecting data (64%), developing sectoral plans (64%), training (55%) and developing gender-sensitive personnel policies (50%). The gender unit serves as the focal point for ensuring that questions of gender equality and mainstreaming are brought to the executive table, and for supporting the executive in exercising its leadership on this issue.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality executive exercising lack|9.973962|4.212237|7.311083
6874|Effective and timely adaptation can lower the cost of climate change impacts. In the absence of accurate and precise climate predictions, a risk-based approach can explicitly accommodate a range of possible futures to inform adaptation decision-making by identifying priorities and options to manage risk and enhance resilience at least cost to society. While climate change adaptation should be considered in the broader context of water security and not in an isolated manner, it is also critical aspect of, even a prerequisite for, achieving resilient water security over the long-term.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation climate security predictions futures|1.3547913|5.090154|1.8048915
6875|K? & # & # & # & & & Flexibility of conventional plants (ramp-up/down, startup/shutdown, reserve capabilities, etc.) Modelling results (Figure 18) for the United Kingdom with a very high share of renewables (80%) and a wind-heavy portfolio shows many hours of excess VRE output (negative residual load). The hourly variation in residual load could exceed 10 GW/hour and can reach 40GW/hour during windy hours (about half of the system peak load), should wind benefit from priority dispatch run at available output.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load residual hour wind output|1.5766388|1.478366|1.966764
6876|Large increases in imports (or reductions in net exports) of rice, wheat, and maize result in higher world market prices, implying that other countries’ producers and consumers help to reduce, though certainly not eliminate, the suffering that a South Asian drought would cause. In practice, the share of global production of the major staples entering international trade is rather low (Figure 3.5). When an unusual event takes place, such as the US drought in the summer of 2012, the sharp reduction in production is translated into an even sharper fall in exports or increase in imports, putting immense pressure on markets where only a fraction of production is traded internationally.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|drought production imports exports sharper|4.363022|4.767195|4.1207604
6877|One explanation for this situation is that the jobs are temporary in nature. In the case of young people, it is also noted that they start in low-productivity jobs because they are less qualified, and their pay reflects their lack of experience. It is also found that this type of employment may be related to inadequacies in the functioning of the labour market, principally as regards the creation of wage employment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs principally employment explanation regards|8.049986|4.0928226|4.144959
6878|The major objective of the TNMN is to provide an overview of the overall status and long-term changes of surface water and, where necessary, groundwater status in a basin-wide context (with particular attention to the transboundaiy pollution load). Data are integrated into the ICPDR database and are available for the stakeholders. Examples of information systems from Spain and Danube River (cont.)|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|status danube cont load overview|0.45670676|6.9079876|2.5696905
6879|Tourism is the principal export in a third of all developing countries and, amongst the 49 Least Developed Countries (LDCs), it is the primary source of foreign exchange earnings. Secondly, tourism is growing much faster in developing countries than in developed countries. Therefore tourism, if well and sustainable managed, has great potential to alleviate poverty and contribute to local development.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|tourism countries developed alleviate developing|6.373169|3.888708|2.9145474
6880|Stock measures reflect the pool of human capital available in the economy at a specific point in time whereas flows reflect the contributions of incoming cohorts to the stock of human capital. A number of researchers have constructed international data sets that attempt to measure both stocks and flows of human capital across a large number of countries. Women are, however, overrepresented among university nonprofessionals and among those with some education beyond high school. Men, on the other hand, are overrepresented among high school graduates.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|overrepresented capital human stock flows|8.938213|3.8988755|5.9343033
6881|A school system that lacks quality teachers, adequate infrastructure and enough textbooks will almost certainly fail to promote quality education. Underinvestment in the school system can also result in educational inequalities, as disadvantaged areas or schools receive scarcer resources. The government is aware that public spending is low but concerns about both the sector’s efficiency and its absorptive capacity prevent increases.|SDG 4 - Quality education|absorptive underinvestment textbooks school lacks|9.29117|2.087411|2.5223327
6882|Using digital technology it provides information about market opportunities, tracks goods, enhances transparency and connects buyers and sellers. The platform also issues regional quality certifications and protects farmers against prices falling too low by offering storage facilities that enable them to sell their goods at more favourable prices in the future. The platform, which received a USD 4.4 million DfID grant, is implemented by the Eastern Africa Grain Council in partnership with various industry stakeholders (grain traders and buyers; policy and research bodies; trade and information agencies). Engagement with the private sector has proved critical to the success of the project {OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 70).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|buyers grain platform goods prices|4.624538|3.7657502|2.0510209
6883|Since 2010, policy progress has been made with the introduction of the “Grand Design”, a blueprint for the development of early childhood care and education (ECCE), building on a programme dating back to 2001. The Grand Design sets outcomes, targets and principles for the expansion of early-years education and care from 2011 to 2025 as part of an ambitious and far reaching set of goals to be realised by 2045. Increasingly the period from birth to six years is being seen in a more holistic way, bringing together health, social care, childcare and education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|grand care design education dating|9.365866|2.8020868|2.0250988
6884|This moderate level of severity of food insecurity can contribute to various forms of malnutrition and has serious consequences for health and well-being. For this reason, this report was renamed The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World in 2017. Since then it has reported on nutrition indicators, in addition to food security indicators.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food nutrition security indicators severity|4.406283|5.6255226|4.5647583
6885|"A ""0"" score is attributed to countries with a single national scheme (NHS or single-payer system). Source: OECD Survey on Health System Characteristics 2008-09. Various institutional aspects of the health care systems mediate the impact of competition on hospital costs and patients’ health outcomes. In the United States, competitive pressures have fostered the development of Health Maintenance Organisations (HMOs) since the 1980s (Kessler and McClellan, 2000). However, effective health quality monitoring by regulators is crucial as recorded quality care improvements may be due to hospitals focussing on monitored quality indicators while neglecting unmonitored and unobserved quality aspects (Propper et al., The overall experience is that regulated competition among private insurers has contributed to better align benefit packages to purchasers’ preferences, but health care cost reductions have proved elusive."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health quality competition care aspects|8.708949|9.03175|1.8404281
6886|On average across OECD countries in 2016, around 85% of students in lower secondary education were enrolled in public institutions. Among all OECD and partner countries, only Belgium, Chile and the United Kingdom have more than 50% of students enrolled at this level in private institutions, which include a large percentage of students enrolled in government-dependent private institutions. At upper secondary level, the share of enrolment in public institutions drops to 80% on average across OECD countries, with a decrease by over 20 percentage points in Iceland, Japan and Korea, where private institutions play a more prominent role at this level.|SDG 4 - Quality education|institutions enrolled students private oecd|9.217875|2.3762298|3.0135055
6887|Another focus is on education and training and the relationship to social cohesion. The impact of social circumstances on economic performance appears weaker than the effects of economic change on social conditions. Economic success seems to support some forms of cohesion (particularly social inclusion, equality and stability) provided it is broad-based enough to create a range of jobs relevant to the resident population.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|cohesion social economic resident weaker|6.8538346|5.641775|4.520107
6888|Following this brief introduction, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process on climate change, and the role of agriculture within this, is discussed. Finally, the focus region of this report, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), is presented. This included searching for academic, peer-reviewed literature, as well as recent reports by international organizations, such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and research organizations, such as the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).|SDG 13 - Climate action|agriculture organizations climate change nations|1.5624549|4.7287374|2.1337996
6889|In addition, the IWC undertakes co-ordinates and funds conservation work on many species of cetacean. Through its Scientific Committee it undertakes extensive study and research on cetacean populations, develops and maintains scientific databases, and publishes its own peer-reviewed scientific journal, the Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. Subsequent work has shown that marine debris, such as ALDFG and plastics, including microplastics, can be a conservation and welfare concern for cetaceans throughout the oceans.|SDG 14 - Life below water|scientific undertakes journal conservation debris|0.031028442|5.700151|5.836641
6890|To support partner countries in achieving their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and pursuing green growth, development co-operation providers will need to better engage with the private sector to mobilise resources, innovation and know-how. This paper contributes to the emerging literature on how development co-operation providers are working with and through the private sector to promote development outcomes. With a focus on green growth and climate change, the paper provides a broad overview of private sector engagement (PSE) approaches used by development co-operation providers, discusses ongoing challenges, and highlights emerging areas of good practice. The challenge is great, as much of the infrastructure investment needs in coming decades will be in emerging and developing countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emerging providers operation private development|2.0594115|4.154351|1.3798001
6891|The treatments are based on the indigenous concept of health, which sees the therapist as a spiritual mediator who stimulates the healing forces of the sick person rather than trying to cure the disease through a cocktail of synthetic drugs. Keur Massar's traditional healers have succeeded in developing treatments for HIV/AIDS that have the benefits of being non-toxic, of addressing secondary infections such as tuberculosis, and of being formulated with natural plant components that do not require the support of rich nations in orderto be synthesized. Where modern medicine is analytic and attacks the problem with a single molecule, traditional medicine attacks it on several fronts. This prevents the development of resistance to the combined action of all these plants.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|attacks treatments medicine traditional stimulates|9.545706|8.373693|3.2039795
6892|Research with children, however, indicates that worry about whether parents can provide enough food may, at times, reflect quite severe situations [48], This makes sense from a developmental perspective since children have less control over their food environment, and children's sense of safety depends on the reliability of parents' ability to meet child needs. A child may feel unhappy about reduced food quality, may feel hungry when food quantity is reduced, but feel most distressed when they lose confidence that, in the end, their parents will always find a way to feed them. There is evidence that children age 7 and older can accurately report their food security [3,9], but particularly younger children are less able to report the causes of their experiences.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|feel food children parents sense|4.5008473|5.775576|4.811615
6893|Students’ experiences in class should be discussed and evaluated in specialised training courses in teacher education programmes to help students develop the skills that they will need to help their pupils succeed in class. Over time, becoming a mentor for student teachers could become an interesting career step for motivated teachers. Given the strong stratification of the Chilean school system, many teachers will confront schools with a large number of poor students in a difficult learning environment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers students class mentor confront|9.753037|1.5547659|2.4411871
6894|Market Price Support is net of producer levies and Excess Feed Cost. Market Price Support is net of producer levies and Excess Feed Cost. The composition of support is important because how support is provided determines its impact on the agricultural sector and the distribution of benefits to society as a whole. For example, market price support can have a large effect on production and trade, but it imposes additional and regressive costs on domestic consumers, is not effective in improving farm income and can have negative effects on the environment. On the other hand, income support not based on current commodity production is much more effective at improving farm income with less spill-over effects. Policies that directly target non-commodity criteria such as landscape elements, environmental performance or traditional breeds of animals are also typically more effective at reaching these societal objectives.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|support levies price excess producer|3.798036|5.1196017|4.042011
6895|The creation of state water resources councils accelerated after the 1997 Water Law (Figure 2.5) and nowadays Acre is the only state with no water council (Figure 2.5). In that state, a project is ongoing to reform the current Environment Council, which should be renamed the Council of Environment and Water Resources. The councils are at varying degrees of maturity: some states have given attention to water problems (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais or Ceara) while others are still stabilising their composition and their role. They often lack qualified staff and financial resources to work properly and sometimes also cany out the tasks of river basin agencies when these do not exist.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water council councils state resources|0.9686876|7.2772613|1.71172
6896|This is why more than 140 countries have adopted national broadband-related policies, plans and digital agendas precisely recognizing the cross-sectoral and pervasive nature of ICTs on all aspects of the digital economy. More analysis of the impact of broadband policies and regulation on getting people connected is available in Sections 1.3 and 1.4. Sensors are deployed in a number of places to quantify (measure) almost anything from human, animals to machine activities. The Internet of Things (IoT), which connects many things to the Internet, and Machine to Machine (M2M) communications through cellular mobile networks are predicted to become the fastest-growing parts of the industry in terms of traffic.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|machine things broadband digital internet|4.8141975|2.8953047|1.6282454
6897|In Spain, this high-level consultative agency was created in 2009 and includes autonomous communities, local entities, river-basin authorities, and professional and economic unions related to water. These include, for example, the consultation of private actors (including citizens’ groups, water users “associations and civil society”) and financial transfers and incentives across levels of government (e.g. earmarked versus general-purpose grants for financing infrastructure). Other instruments they can consider are co-ordination agencies, contractual arrangements, (multi)sectoral conferences, performance indicators, regulations, shared databases, river basin organisations, regulation and performance indicators, and intermediate bodies. Box 3.4 provides some examples of the use of performance indicators in a number of OECD countries. Some OECD countries have chosen to use all the mechanisms listed above (e.g. France, Mexico), while others have adopted none, due to highly centralised water policy and limited involvement of sub-national actors (Korea, Israel). The STOWA (institute of Applied Scientific Research) is leading the drive toward standardisation of monitoring systems for water quality, water quantity and ecology.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water performance indicators basin actors|1.0215707|7.0272384|1.5468619
6898|It also supervises the system of minimum wages and working-hours regulations. Another important task for the Bureau is to promote adherence to the Labour Insurance (Workers’ Accident Compensation Insurance and El) system and ensure the payment of the annual premiums. Under its supervision, over 300 Labour Standard Inspection Offices enforce labour standards at local level. It audits Prefectural offices (which in turn audit local welfare offices) to ensure uniform administration across the country.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|offices labour insurance supervises adherence|8.203572|4.6521535|4.0638456
6899|Iceland, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway had the lowest NEET rates in 2008 (4-6%), while the share of youth in NEET was the highest in Turkey and Mexico at 42% and 22%, respectively. Among NEET youth, two in three were already clearly outside the labour market, either because they had been unemployed for more than a year or were inactive and were not seeking employment. On average, the increase was 2 percentage points, a little more than half due to the increase in short-term unemployment (less than one year).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|neet youth year inactive increase|8.405118|3.9546626|4.1462255
6900|Some respondents requested that events be held over lunch or at other times during the work day to include women who could not meet after business hours. However, women have a low rate of mobile phone ownership. There are 300 million fewer female subscribers than male subscribers with handsets, according to the 2010 GSMA Cherie Blair Foundation report.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|subscribers phone requested women foundation|9.079783|4.4756145|5.527191
6901|In 2015, 49% of the people in the local news were women, but only 41% in the sports section. The managing editor of the newspaper Gunnar Falck (2014) says that measuring content is key to making changes. Changing the gender ratio has had a positive impact on the readership of the newspaper and therefore also on the economy of the company (Edstrom & Jacobsson 2015: 50-51).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|newspaper says sports news measuring|10.002785|4.357526|7.7989974
6902|Decisions are typically made closest to where they will have an effect, and the central government takes a subsidiary' function performing mainly those tasks that cannot be as effectively dealt with at the school level. They are responsible for choosing approaches to student assessment (except for the central part of secondary school leaving examinations), designing and implementing teacher appraisal processes, conducting their own quality care, and acting upon feedback by the Inspectorate. There is considerable attention on reducing administrative burdens on schools and limiting reporting requirements that generate paperwork but have little bearing on actual practice. As described by Scheerens (2013), there is a tradition of “bottom-up reforms”, where schools are offered incentives to join networks exploring new' practices, rather than having changes imposed from the top down.|SDG 4 - Quality education|central schools closest subsidiary dealt|9.719848|1.8709682|1.6853747
6903|"These types of metrics may include on-time performance, average headways, and other operational aspects of public transport production. These are important but they do not capture how the public views the services being offered. Other metrics relating to wait times (average and distribution), frequency, the ""feel"" of the trip experience (e.g. Los Angeles is tracking transport ""happiness""), overall convenience, etc.,"|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metrics transport angeles happiness convenience|4.2885923|5.1237383|0.5411624
6904|The move also entails a shift in stewardship arrangements: in contrast to its traditional 'command and control' role of direct management, the Ministry of Health is expected to exercise influence via its newly adopted role as the contractor of services. The contracts were heavily redacted when presented in the public domain and have been referred to the National Audit Office for scrutiny by the Ministry of Health. The reform will need to be monitored carefully, not least to ascertain whether it is contributing to the fiscal sustainability of the health system and meeting other goals such as maintaining equitable access and improved quality of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health ministry ascertain stewardship scrutiny|8.804053|9.136444|2.0675385
6905|This is followed by an overview of France’s spatial and land use planning system and how it has changed over time. Finally, the purpose and scope of various spatial plans at the different levels of government are elaborated, including a discussion of how they are intended to integrate with each other. But each country implements these tools in its own way and uses its own framework of subnational government to assign different tools and functions to specific levels.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial tools assign implements elaborated|3.8834984|5.677584|1.6972761
6906|The typical TDR programme involves the landowner of a preservation or sending zone (or parcel) selling the development rights to a developer who will use these rights in an area designated as development or receiving zone (or parcel). In general, the receiving area allow s for higher density of construction than the base density established by law through density bonuses provided by local governments, thereby creating incentives for developers to buy the development rights (Tavares, 2003). Successful TDR programmes require strict sending-area regulations, market incentives and or ways for development to gain bonus density' without using TDR (Pruetz and Standridge, 2005).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tdr density sending zone rights|3.8701708|5.4423985|1.5797334
6907|It explores how ECEC and primary school quality, as well as the quality of transitions, are affected by staff and teachers’ qualifications, support for staff, and leaders’ characteristics. It builds on evidence from previous Starting Strong publications and recent literature findings to compare the respective roles of ECEC and primary school staff in preparing children during this period. Research shows that the behaviour of those who work in ECEC matters and that this is related to their education and training” (OECD, 2012:144). A good understanding of child development and an ability to praise, comfort and be responsive to children are also key for high quality ECEC services (OECD, 2012). Neuss et al., (|SDG 4 - Quality education|ecec staff quality primary comfort|9.312557|2.7395031|1.8759898
6908|The ten indicators are presented in Table 4.12. The framework covers several dimensions of care including effectiveness, safety, patient-centredness, timeliness, equity and efficiency. This framework has been applied to psychiatric care with the development of more than 30 process and outcome indicators which were then compared between regions or patient groups (Bjorkenstam et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient timeliness indicators framework psychiatric|10.38327|9.09133|1.8395094
6909|This requires widespread metering, in particular for agriculture in basins where irrigation is the main water user. ( The new' Law' on Water Resources Management (WRM) is being developed, w'ith support from a UNECE project. The Ministry concerned (MENRP) already has basic information on major basins and sub-basins, including some on GIS maps.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basins gis metering unece maps|0.9323038|7.296286|2.3338888
6910|It is not a measure of overall inequality in the society; it is a measure of how the poorest are faring in relation to those in the middle. But this is a problem not so much in the concept as in its communication. It can and should be addressed by sticking strictly to the term ‘relative child poverty’ when that is what is meant. To say that ‘relative child poverty levels’ are higher risks no such misunderstanding; there is nothing either misleading or meaningless about the statement that a greater proportion of children are allowed to fall significantly below the norms of their societies in the United States than in the Czech Republic.|SDG 1 - No poverty|measure relative child misleading poverty|7.205075|6.2881618|5.203597
6911|It is also considered important that staff believe in their ability to organise and execute the courses of action necessary to bring about desired results (Fives, 2003). Qualifications can matter in terms of which skill sets and what knowledge are recognised as important for working with young children. 2009).There is strong evidence that enriched stimulating environments and high-quality pedagogy are fostered by better qualified staff; and better quality pedagogy leads to better learning outcomes (Litjens and Taguma, 2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogy better staff execute fostered|9.117266|2.414469|2.01911
6912|Wars, armed conflicts and the occupation of territories often lead to increased prostitution, trafficking in women and sexual assault of women, which require specific protective and punitive measures. Equality in employment can be seriously impaired when women are subjected to gender-specific violence, such as sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined behaviour as physical contact and advances, sexually coloured remarks, showing pornography and sexual demand, whether by words or actions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sexual sexually harassment women wars|9.922553|5.425463|7.3532248
6913|Women reported 32% of Danish news stories, but female and male reporters do not report equally on all news topics. Women reported only 15% of the news stories on politics or the economy and female reporters were also more likely than male reporters to use female news subjects and put a woman in the central focus of a story. However, the majority of male and female reporters used male news sources and only 13% of news stories had a woman in the central focus in 2015.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|news stories male female woman|10.024887|4.375709|7.820968
6914|Some of these regional collaborations are far more developed than others. Flowever, states themselves must take the lead in planning, funding and implementing the range of policy changes and initiatives outlined in this chapter. In 2003 free compulsory primary education was introduced and in 2008 all school fees were abolished.|SDG 4 - Quality education|collaborations abolished outlined fees compulsory|9.393211|2.3544862|2.1665106
6915|In the next chapters we will examine whether the legislative frameworks of the six countries contain provisions that hold back women’s economic empowerment. The 1959 Constitution in Tunisia proclaimed equal access to education, which became compulsory in 1991. In Morocco, education for children aged 6 to 13 became compulsory in 1963. In Egypt, the 1971 Constitution established public education as compulsory' and free of charge.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|compulsory constitution education tunisia chapters|9.675777|4.6232066|6.3096623
6916|Only by using longitudinal data one can understand the processes behind cross-sectional statistics: the events leading individuals into and out of poverty, and the associated impact on their living standards. Longitudinal poverty analysis can also identify ways in and out of poverty, which can help policymakers adopt better safety nets or other inclusion policies. Discrepancies between international and national databases often result from differences in the ways in which the associated indicators are defined and reported. Empty cells indicate that the corresponding figures do not appear in either database, for any of the years taken into consideration (from 1990 to 2009).|SDG 1 - No poverty|longitudinal poverty ways associated cells|6.5552177|6.409811|5.179979
6917|This chapter reviews Thailand’s teacher and principal preparation, licensing, assessment and continuing development policies and the structures and organisations that support them. It identifies five policy issues that may be preventing the development of a high-quality education profession: 1) inadequate teacher preparation programmes; 2) a lack of a strategic approach to teachers ’ professional development; 3) administrative burdens keeping teachers away from the classroom; 4) no strategic framework to support the development of school leaders; and 5) a fragmented approach to data management and teacher deployment making it harder to tackle teacher shortages. This should be developed in consultation with teachers, school leaders and their associations. Teacher funding and deployment should better reflect local needs to ensure all students are taught by highly qualified and high-quality teachers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher teachers deployment preparation development|9.123194|1.5824807|2.2969294
6918|The fees are used to carry out the compensation and restoration activities through the CUSTF. This chapter reviews the CUSTF, an environmental compensation programme that has been operating in Mexico for almost a decade and has been adjusted over the years in an effort to better meet its intended objectives. This includes land-use change due to mining, energy transmission, agriculture, tourism and service infrastructure, among other activities. The programme is intended to take action specifically by restoring soils, reforesting and maintaining forest ecosystems that were deteriorated.|SDG 15 - Life on land|compensation intended restoring deteriorated programme|1.7715017|5.2305746|3.3551526
6919|Raising the incomes of the poor is the main channel through which trade can contribute to food security. At the same time, trade can make an important contribution to the other dimensions of food security. Trade in food and agricultural products in particular increases the availability of food by enabling products to flow from surplus to deficit areas.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food trade products security channel|4.393862|5.0911584|4.266451
6920|Yet most gender-equality agencies are vested with this responsibility (OECD, 2011d). While audits or inspections also exist, they are very rare. Similarly, it is not common practice to incorporate the implementation of genderrelevant policies into managerial performance objectives and there are often little or no consequences for failing to meet gender equality targets (OECD, 2011d).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality vested failing gender audits|9.91446|4.1490297|7.2020497
6921|Cote d'Ivoire was estimated to have exported 28 000 tonnes of maize over the same period, including 22 000 tonnes to Mali. Consequently, it is difficult to evaluate the growing interdependence between policies, flows and production, biasing interpretation of the real capacity of supply to meet food demand. This information is an essential contribution in food security and nutrition policies and provides the basis for calculating food energy supply. Consumption of maize H and sorghum is overestimated and H of rice underestimated.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|maize tonnes food overestimated interdependence|4.2145677|5.0494366|4.160983
6922|Some of the affected workers were able to move to the higher-end of the job distribution, but many had to take up jobs in the lower-wage service sector, potentially displacing lower-skilled workers. This shock was especially strong in the Western states, w'hich lost about 8% of construction jobs between 2007 and 2008. While there have always been profound changes in labour demand (e.g. when agriculture contracted and manufacturing expanded), the fact that these recent changes have been associated with a decline in labour force participation may reflect the difficulty for workers losing their job to adapt to changing demand and remain in the labour force.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers labour force jobs job|7.567643|4.4648013|4.198209
6923|The differences between countries are due to differences in load factors and the cost of back-up capacity. The system costs of the three key technologies increase from onshore wind to offshore wind and solar PV. These system-level costs come over and above the higher plant-level costs of renewables. Including the latter, based on the figures contained in the 2010 IEA/NEA study on the Projected Costs 0/ Generating Electricity as well as more recent figures for solar power, increases total generating costs by up to 30% for onshore wind, up to 50% for offshore wind and up to 200% for solar energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind costs solar onshore offshore|1.4826272|1.7610518|2.0367844
6924|The report also shows that newborns whose parents have little or no education are more likely to be readmitted to hospital following discharge than the babies of parents with more education. In the 2009 report Doing Better for Children the OECD stated that “Countries should invest more resources during the period from conception until entry into compulsory schooling when outcomes are more malleable and foundations for future success are laid. If interventions are well designed, concentrating on early childhood can enhance both social efficiency and social equity” (OECD, 2009, p. 179).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|parents babies conception report concentrating|9.1797|2.9366043|2.567109
6925|Significant investment is also needed to upgrade combined sewer overflows, reconstruct trunk sewers and construct storm water detention tanks (MoE, 2010a). Another significant challenge will be to increase drinking water and sewerage connection rates to new houses, as inhabitants have refused to join the networks citing high collection charges and a requirement that they finance the connection. A low connection rate threatens the financial viability of water service networks.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|connection networks water detention citing|1.548251|7.0874677|2.4845889
6926|According to Tanvig, women in peripheral areas most often opt for a certain type of entrepreneurship; a type of entrepreneurship which is highly dependent on the local communities and the opportunities within this community. Thus, women in these areas often start up small businesses with no or only a few employees working part-time or full-time. This might not create many new jobs in the peripheral areas, however, more women might return to the peripheral areas upon having finished their education and remain there to create other forms of employment than those traditionally offered in the local communities; thus these women might be instrumental in evening out the gender balance (Tanvig 2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peripheral areas women entrepreneurship type|8.925104|3.9691408|6.1350865
6927|Using discarded hard drives, discs, circuit boards and other components, sculptors are able to create works of art, some of which are quite expensive.51 Below is 'Jack', an art piece by Brenda Guyton that was on sale for USD99552. Creative forms of utilization of the e-waste would help to raise awareness while creating employment at the same time.53 An e-waste treatment facility established by Hewlett Packard in Cape Town, South Africa processed approximately 60 tons of electronic equipment, generated about USD14,000, and employed 19 people in 2008 54 . Workers refurbished and resold some products and dismantled others to sell the raw materials to businesses that recycle metals and plastics.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|art waste dismantled recycle circuit|0.6264361|3.8416188|3.0491955
6928|For small agricultural producers in particular, e-commerce provides an opportunity to gain direct access to more consumers and renders prices more remunerative, as intermediary costs are eliminated. However, business training, access to credit, targeted online promotions and effective distribution networks are a necessary condition for these economic gains. Given that time and mobility constraints are often greater for women, particularly those with children, technological developments like e-commerce can have an important impact on women's work.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|commerce renders promotions remunerative intermediary|8.932547|3.7115762|6.42207
6929|For persons with disabilities, information should be provided in accessible formats. If such vulnerable groups are not adequately informed and supported, the system as a whole must be judged to have failed. Rapid onset disasters such as near-field tsunamis and flash floods only allow between 15 minutes and a couple of hours from detection to impact, so the warning system should be able to respond to imminent danger. Other hazards, such as cyclones and seasonal floods, may be detected days or even weeks in advance - allowing people to protect assets and livelihoods (Figure III-2).|SDG 13 - Climate action|floods flash formats cyclones detected|1.5177252|5.248411|1.7093296
6930|The build-up of plastic debris in coastal zones is severe and different in character from open-sea plastic pollution, with different impacts on women's near-shore fishing than on open-ocean fishing by men. Loss of economic activities, damage to well-being, and mental health aspects of the impacts of degraded environments are all gender-differentiated and likely to be more intense for women in near-shore fisheries than for men in fisheries located offshore. However, virtually no research or data exist on such differences.|SDG 14 - Life below water|shore plastic near fishing open|0.026608484|5.795616|5.797493
6931|"There are also some regions where groundwater sources have been contaminated by local industry. In 2000, the Ukrainian Government adopted a State programme to connect 848 villages from 14 oblasts to a centralized water supply. But centralized solutions were too expensive for the State to build and too expensive for rural communities to operate. The new policy on rural water supply developed in 2010 widens the options for providing services to rural communities, including decentralized, small water supply systems and ""on tap"" water treatment measures."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|centralized water expensive rural supply|1.3655167|7.2033176|2.4191105
6932|In that context, social security plays a central role in ensuring that autonomy and for exercising a series of related rights, such as the rights to food, health, leisure and social integration. Social security also has an important part to play in helping the region's societies achieve gender equality. As a result, although the situation across the region is not uniform, the feminization of old age is a trend that is unfolding in all the countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|social exercising security rights feminization|8.083099|5.516241|4.855999
6933|Therefore, high-quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) can result in better outcomes in subsequent stages of life. For instance, the number of years spent in ECEC is a strong predictor of level ofperformance in and out of schools reached at later stages. In the same vein, children with an immigrant background and more globally disadvantaged children can benefit the most of attending high-quality ECEC. However, the benefits of ECEC attendance are not limited to learning outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ecec stages outcomes vein predictor|9.350095|2.7648304|1.9797502
6934|This paper focuses on pension system rules and how they interact with other social and labour market conditions over women’s lifecourses. In particular, the paper evaluates the way in which specific pension design features can reproduce or mitigate gender inequalities in old age. Identifying the sources of gender gaps in pension systems can contribute to understanding the impacts that recently adopted pension reforms can have and the policy directions that can help enhance gender equality today and in the future.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pension gender paper reproduce evaluates|8.448014|5.428962|5.3178744
6935|The latter are imposed on wastewater emissions by industrial and other large w ater users w'ho discharge into public sewers and who pay the utility according to the volume and strength of pollutants present in their w'astew'ater. Environmental Management in Practice, Routledge, London and New York. Environmental Management in Practice, Routledge, London and New York.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ater york london practice environmental|1.2880778|6.87195|2.4008765
6936|The diversity and abundance of reef fishes is correlated with the extent and architectural complexity of coral reefs (Friedlander and Parrish, 1998). The loss and degradation of coral reefs through climate change can be expected to reduce the abundance and diversity of fishes, with negative impacts for subsistence and artisanal fisheries that provide important livelihoods and a source of protein and micronutrients for coastal and island populations. Events such as the 1998 mass coral bleaching in the Indian Ocean have not been accompanied by obvious negative short-term bio-economic impacts for coastal reef fisheries (Grandcourt and Cesar, 2003; Spalding and Jarvis, 2002; Bellwood et al., However, a longer term study of Seychelles fish assemblages has indicated that responses may lag long after the coral mortality event, due to the loss in complex substrate that smaller fishes depend upon. Fish assemblage structure appears to be determined by the degree of bio-erosion and collapse of the dead reef architecture (Graham et al.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|coral reef fishes reefs abundance|-0.092563294|5.9760547|6.0735693
6937|Almost 100% of the urban population has access to drinking water and as of 2007 about 82% of it was connected to a sewerage network with treatment (Figure 10.3). This is the result of a modern and effective institutional and policy framework that was made possible by a proactive process of privatisation of water utilities initiated in the late 1990s. The framework combines: i) high-quality regulation; ii) water operators (in most cases private sector providers) being allowed to recover the full cost of service provision, thereby enabling investment in assuring coverage and quality of service; and iii) an innovative system of subsidies targeted to poor consumers to ensure affordability.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water service privatisation assuring framework|1.5427383|7.2914147|2.2261245
6938|The recommendations advanced in this report are therefore designed to shift the balance and increase the incentives for schools and school districts to give adequate attention to quality CTE alongside other aspects of education. A LEARNING FOR JOBS REVIEW OFTHE UNITED STATES. Part-time teachers are also often used constructively to tackle the challenge of recruiting CTE teachers. In postsecondary CTE state standards allow students to move easily from one institution to another in the state while retaining earned credits. These include “Achieve Texas”, which restructures high school CTE provision into 16 federally defined career clusters and defines programmes of study.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cte teachers postsecondary federally texas|8.733356|2.3096125|2.655814
6939|For example, Decision 12/CP.2 stipulates that the Global Environment Facility is to submit annual reports to the Conference of the Parties that “should” include a financial report with information on the “financial resources required” for projects under implementation and approved. Thus, climate finance information is included by these entities in their annual reports to the COP. However, the COP has not (to date) provided specific guidance on what financial information to report, and how. While most COP requests for information to GEF are couched in quite tentative terms (e.g. Decision 1/CP.20 requests and encourages specific actions or reports from the GEF), others are stronger (e.g. Decision 8/CP.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cp cop reports gef decision|1.4096376|3.722047|0.567922
6940|In urban areas near international borders, the implementation of smart trade initiatives can help to improve cross-border transportation and trade (Box 2.8). Co-ordination is needed across different levels of government to develop spatial and strategic planning that will foster synergies and avoid duplication and conflict in planning within and between cities and regions. Among OECD member countries, spatial planning considerations are increasingly important, while in some countries, such as Denmark, Finland and Norway, spatial planning takes into account land use and other related matters (OECD, 2011).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|planning spatial trade duplication borders|3.9414692|5.453649|1.5322341
6941|The expansion of access to Medicare funding can be considered a possible tool to encourage appropriately qualified and trained health practitioners to embrace other roles. For example, pharmacists in areas of need could be eligible to receive Medicare funding to administer vaccines and prescribe limited medications. Such a move should be carefully regulated and done in a fiscally responsible way.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicare funding fiscally vaccines prescribe|8.881889|8.706097|2.0384226
6942|This decline in the participation rate from earlier years (for both men and women) was due to cyclical factors, such as the recession and slow recovery from the recent financial crisis, and to structural factors, such as population ageing and more years of education (ILO, 2016). According to ECLAC (2004), there are still differences between men and women despite this progress. In 2002, about half of all women aged over 15 had no income of their own, while just 20% or so of men were in this situation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men women factors cyclical years|9.046598|4.383377|5.60798
6943|The survey provides information on the prevalence of selected lifetime and 12-month mental disorders by three major disorder groups: anxiety disorders (e.g. social phobia), affective disorders (e.g. depression) and substance use disorders (e.g. alcohol harmful use). The survey also provides information on the level of impairment, the health services used for mental health problems, physical conditions, social networks and caregiving, as well as demographic and socio-economic characteristics. In 2012, the Canadian Community Health Survey (Area Specific Version) focused on mental health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorders mental survey health provides|10.238603|8.83506|1.8733667
6944|To compete for FDI effectively, Penang needs to target specific industrial clusters that leverage on the existing competencies of the state and the natural resources in its regional hinterland. Examples of possible industrial clusters where Penang could forge comparative advantages might include the marine & agro-technology sector, opto-electronics and precision engineering, as these are sectors where Penang has already built some foundations over the years. In addition to improving the technical contents of its educational system, Penang should also look into injecting an entrepreneurial dimension to its university research and education system, for example by offering educational programmes involving experiential learning of entrepreneurship among the students of science and engineering, and other disciplines and by providing seed funding and mentoring of entrepreneurial start-ups by university professors and students. (|SDG 4 - Quality education|penang clusters entrepreneurial engineering university|6.932694|2.8404171|2.6090245
6945|Third, and most significantly, it is important to build up women's agency and capabilities to create better synergies between gender equality and sustainable development outcomes. Ensuring women's access to and control over agricultural assets and productive resources is important for achieving food security and sustainable livelihoods (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2011). Women's knowledge, agency and collective action are central to finding, demonstrating and building more economically, socially and environmentally sustainable pathways to manage local landscapes; adapt to climate change; produce and access food; and secure sustainable water, sanitation and energy services. Further, certain aspects of gender equality, such as female education and women's share of employment, can have a positive impact on economic growth, although this impact is dependent on the nature of growth strategies, the structure of the economy, the sectoral composition of women's employment and labour market segregation, among other factors (Kabeer and Natali, 2013).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sustainable women food agency equality|9.200477|4.3781443|6.9551215
6946|For example, in South and South-West Asia, the population living on or less than $2 per day increased from 985 million in 1990 to 1.1 billion in 2010, which accounted for about 62 per cent of the regions poor. However, out of this number, India alone accounted for 834 million people living below $2 in 2010. In particular, two of the worlds most populous countries, namely China and India, have been able to significantly reduce extreme poverty over the last two decades. The percentage of people living in extreme poverty in China was reduced from 60.2 per cent in 1990 to 11.8 per cent in 2009.|SDG 1 - No poverty|living cent accounted extreme india|6.036585|5.8165774|4.8192797
6947|For example, abstraction charge rates are higher for domestic users while volumes abstracted for drinking w'ater supply are much lower than volumes abstracted for irrigation purposes. The pressure exerted on the resource can also be assessed through the difference between the volumes of water that are abstracted and the volumes that are returned to the environment. For example, it is estimated that around 90% of the volume used for cooling thermal and nuclear power plants is returned to the w'atercourse, w'hile irrigation returns a small portion of its abstracted volume to the environment. The latter explains why rates for cooling purposes are quite low compared to other uses, but does not explain why rates for irrigation are low'er than rates applied to drinking water supply, know'ing that almost all volumes used by households are returned to the environment after treatment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|abstracted volumes returned irrigation rates|1.3783863|7.581644|2.5582633
6948|The Australian state of Victoria funds a programme, specifically targeted at boys, called “Boys, Blokes, Books & Bytes” that promotes learning styles that are appealing to boys, and involves adult men as positive role models and reading partners. The programme is based on peer learning, as teachers leam from and with each other with the support of a tutor. Once fully developed, the programme will be offered to teachers from pre-school to upper secondary' school. New York City’s Young Men’s Initiative includes reading and math classes for young black and Latino men who are not yet ready to take the General Education Development (high school equivalency) test.|SDG 4 - Quality education|boys reading men programme school|9.468063|2.4414384|2.951647
6949|In particular, the Asian crisis and El Nino were two major factors behind the contraction of production during 1997-99. Overall, between 1990 and 2009, Gross Agricultural Output increased in volume terms by 97%, of which crop production by 97% and livestock production by 89%, compared with a population growth of 29% over the same period indicating a significant increase in production per capita. In the 1990s, overall TFP growth was weak, reflecting a fall in public spending in the sector that was not replaced by private investment.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|production tfp overall nino contraction|4.01293|5.1193905|4.1953893
6950|The most prominent biological explanations for gender differences in health and mortality are hormonal, autoimmune (greater susceptibility of men to infections) and genetic (Waldron, 1995; Crimmis and Finch, 2006). Women are found to be more interested in health (Green and Pope, 1999), to be more likely to report symptoms to clinicians (Kroenke and Spitzer, 1998) and to show higher healthcare utilisation than men do (Bertakis et al., Smoking prevalence among men is higher than among women in all OECD countries except in Sweden and Canada. Rates for men and women are equal or nearly equal in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and the United Kingdom.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men equal women clinicians explanations|9.272155|9.248793|3.0552878
6951|The organic load of the industrial treated wastewater discharged into natural receiving waters represents 3.142 per cent of the organic load of urban wastewater discharged into natural receiving waters. Council Directive 76/464/EEC of 4 May 1976 on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community has been transposed into Romanian legislation by MO No. Annex 2 of this amending GD sets limit values for pollutants in surface waters which are highly toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative, in addition to stipulating environmental standards and quality standards. Annex 6 contains guidelines for developing an inventory of emissions, discharges and losses of priority substances and specific pollutants.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|discharged waters pollutants substances organic|0.81045336|6.736328|2.6644583
6952|Priorities identified include customer service, management of small tourism enterprises and marketing. Work has commenced in collaboration with local stakeholders, including capacity building in career guidance, vocational training for the hospitality sector, language training and capacity development in planning and marketing. There is a need to explore policies that generate more and better quality jobs and address the needs of the most vulnerable members of society.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|marketing training commenced hospitality capacity|6.5093|3.8229296|2.934955
6953|In 2012 the number of women in ministerial positions and in parliament was higher in the OECD on average than in Asia/Pacific economies. Across the board, New Zealand consistently performs better than its OECD peers. In recent history, Indira Ghandi (prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again in 1984) is arguably the most famous female Asian leader.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|famous performs arguably ministerial prime|10.518731|4.2628646|7.0367513
6954|By limiting their access to opportunities, resources and power, discriminatory social institutions restrict women's capabilities to achieve their migration wishes. In particular, discrimination within the family and restricted civil liberties drive our findings. In particular, migration may either entrench gender inequality in social institutions or challenge them, according to the level of discriminatory social institutions in the host country.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discriminatory institutions migration social liberties|8.834329|5.2292466|7.0868187
6955|In Mexico, gender gaps have been found to exist both in wages and in employer-provided benefits (De la Cruz Toledo, 2016). The gap in monthly earnings reflects both gender differences in hourly wages and in hours worked. When looking at the hourly gender w'age gap, however, Mexico performs better: the hourly wage gap of full-time workers is 6.0%, compared to 14.1% on average the OECD (OECD estimates of labour force surveys).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hourly gap gender wages mexico|9.743039|4.2788873|5.7281113
6956|This is expected to be completed by 2015. In other words, making health insurance compulsory for all Vietnamese. Notably, in the past years, few of the people working in the informal sector have voluntarily joined the health insurance system, and based on this alone, reaching the goal of universal health insurance coverage by 2015 will require a change in mindset among informal workers and non-working family members towards health insurance.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurance health informal working vietnamese|8.480782|8.583104|2.30858
6957|This suggests that at a given level of social spending and targeting, a greater proportion of households living in rural areas tends to reduce child poverty risks. In terms of the economic environment, the employment rate for mothers - proxied here by the proportion of couples with two earners and the employment rate for singleparent households - shares a negative association the child poverty rate (Columns 4 to 8), implying child poverty rates are lower when maternal employment is higher. The dependent and independent variables are expressed in log.|SDG 1 - No poverty|child rate employment poverty proportion|7.3966823|6.0275736|5.1302333
6958|Typically speed limits are reduced when traffic builds up towards the critical 2000 vehicle per lane per hour. The aim of the speed limit reduction is to reduce speed variance and the propensity for shock waves to cause incidents and accidents. The overall aim is to maintain throughput, but the schemes typically bring about a reduction in crashes and secondary crashes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|speed crashes aim typically reduction|4.3029327|5.132063|0.02144827
6959|Teachers are assessed in job performance interviews with school heads (usually bi-annual). The assessment includes classroom observations. In secondaiy schools, teachers’ peers and students may also be consulted. Some schools conduct annual assessment interview's, which are separate from the job interview.|SDG 4 - Quality education|interview annual job teachers assessment|9.685964|1.4756814|1.6361996
6960|The focus on these economies stems from their vulnerability to climate change. Most of them are also among the world’s poorest, with limited capacity to adapt to climate change. And because of their dependence on commodities, climate change mitigation and adaptation add to the challenges they already face.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change stems add dependence|1.4464079|4.883788|2.0105119
6961|Overall, at national level, the authorities estimate that reaching the level of treatment which meets discharge standards will require levels of investment of some MXN114 billion (USD 9.5 billion). In addition, the municipalities of Chihuahua and Juarez have been active in recycling water for green areas’ irrigation and industrial use. This map is for illustrative purposes and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory covered by this map.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|map billion chihuahua sovereignty illustrative|1.7550668|7.0646048|2.0524688
6962|However, emissions levels recorded in 1990 and immediately thereafter, rather than being real reductions in emissions, were actually due to economic decline, which caused GHG emissions to fall sharply. The Strategy was meant to be a general framew'ork for climate change policies and measures during the brief period of 2005-2007, outlining Romania’s policies in meeting the international obligations under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, as well as the country’s national priorities such as EU integration and possible participation in EU ETS. It assigns tasks and responsibilities for all stakeholder institutions and identifies the main actors for each specific action and relevant task.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions eu assigns outlining framew|1.3106942|3.7261276|1.6761386
6963|However, participation and attainment in education among Arab-Israelis is low, and Ultra-orthodox education is unconventional, which is contributing to high levels of relative poverty. Furthermore, international surveys reveal a general problem of weak core skills among secondary-school students, with negative implications for employers and tertiary institutions. This paper investigates these problems and the policy response to them.|SDG 4 - Quality education|orthodox ultra investigates reveal education|7.9738045|2.4514055|2.828145
6964|At a minimum, these frameworks should incorporate the suggestions made by the UN Special Rapporteur {Box 6.1). Eliminate legislative or constitutional barriers to the inclusion of children and adults with disabilities in the regular education system. Ensure that one ministry is responsible for the education of both children and adults.|SDG 4 - Quality education|adults rapporteur suggestions children constitutional|10.287892|2.4522426|2.060593
6965|Only in Sweden, in reading literacy, can a major change in results be observed, which might be related to the amount of time students spend on the Internet. Even if it is not possible to clearly show whether the change of test mode in PISA 2015 has influenced the results, the authors warn that there are reasons to be careful when comparisons are made of PISA results from 2015 with results from earlier PISA studies. The comparative link between the PISA studies from different years might be weaker in 2015 than earlier.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa results earlier studies change|9.879509|1.9909921|3.0760424
6966|The large uncertainty on recharge prevents any meaningful groundwater management response (Crosbie et al., Aquifer storage and recovery in particular requires an advanced knowledge of the hydrogeology to avoid costly mistakes (e.g. see for instance Blood and Splagat, 2013). Ignoring existing connections with surface water in management can be very costly.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|costly ignoring blood prevents recharge|0.74723387|7.487168|2.8847086
6967|This experience provides a number of lessons. Donors need to understand how interest groups will react to, and seek to influence, programmes they support in order to be able to design interventions which have a realistic prospect of shifting the balance of power in favour of poor people. Again donors are not starting from scratch. There are many effective tools already available that are suitable for a range of aid modalities, from simple stakeholder analyses to more complex approaches for identifying drivers of change.|SDG 1 - No poverty|donors react prospect modalities realistic|5.4125633|4.568942|2.6464236
6968|This approach has not worked. As this chapter shows, climate change is fundamentally a social and political issue. Social dimensions, including the politics of transformative change, are crucial for understanding both the drivers of climate change and its impacts, as well as necessary responses to address the problem in an equitable way.|SDG 13 - Climate action|change fundamentally climate transformative politics|1.4812537|4.814904|1.9458976
6969|Hospitalisation is among the most common sequelae of harm in primary and ambulator)' care. The previous section identified that the majority of the direct costs stemming from safety lapses such as diagnostic error and ADEs generated by the need for hospitalisation. Consumption of hospital resources carries a direct cost - bed days and activity - and an opportunity cost - other admissions foregone (assuming hospitals are operating at high occupancy). This report defines patient safety in the primary and ambulatory setting as managing risks over extended periods of time.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitalisation safety direct ades primary|9.105335|9.554389|1.4858277
6970|However, a significant barrier to the increased penetration of renewable energy arises from the “intermittent” nature of the electricity produced. While some sources are “dispatchable” (e.g. hydro, geothermal, and biomass), wind, solar and wave/tide power are subject to varying weather and ecological conditions. The extent to which the grid as a whole can accommodate such variations is a function of its capacity to adjust to supply and demand shocks, and as the penetration of intermittent renewable sources increases the need for such capacity increases.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|intermittent penetration renewable increases sources|1.6399161|1.4004812|1.9820837
6971|Nevertheless, Mexican women continue to face gender stereotyping, discrimination, and very high rates of violence. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Yet the share of Mexican women in the workforce remains among the lowest in the OECD, the gender gap in labour force participation is very high, and Mexican women tend to have lower-quality jobs than their male counterparts. The challenges common to the development process hit w'omen particularly hard: female workers are much more likely than male workers to hold informal jobs, and many women live in poverty. This includes a bird’s-eye view of gender gaps in education, the labour market and political life, and discusses how' attitudes and stereotypes -while evolving- still impede women’s opportunities and empowerment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mexican women gender male jobs|9.898354|4.202089|5.8809247
6972|They interact with each other and their customers through the electricity grid as well as with the wider natural, economic and social environment. This means that electricity production generates costs beyond the perimeter of the individual plant. Such external effects or system effects can take the form of intermittency, network congestion or greater instability but can also affect the quality of the natural environment or pose risks in terms of security of supply.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity natural perimeter effects environment|1.6396183|1.8975444|1.7997781
6973|This data comes from Barro and Lee (2010), as their dataset - to the best of our knowledge - has the highest level of global coverage on human capital by gender.11 Data on average years of schooling for the male and female population aged over 25 is employed.12 To highlight the educational differences between men and women, the ratio of women’s to men’s average years of schooling is used. The data on the percentage of women in parliament comes largely from the Women in Parliament 1945-2003 dataset (Paxton et al., This data was extended back until the beginning of the 20th century in 1907 when the first woman MP was elected in Finland.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|dataset data women parliament comes|10.378592|4.254864|7.003293
6974|Specific programmes like Snabbsparet in Sweden, and Hurtigsporet in Norway add hope to a faster integration of skilled refugees in the matchmaking to the labour market. More targeted measures are needed to promote the integration of low and informally skilled people. The Norwegian programme jobbsjansen is one recent effort in this direction.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|skilled integration informally hope refugees|9.870233|2.6056037|2.7351742
6975|In most counties it is found that some forests are used up to about a thousand times more intensively than others. In Koch (1980) detailed descriptions of the different methodological aspects are presented as well as the results. Due to this, the Outdoor Life '95-'98 project was initiated and a new data collection on a local basis was accomplished in 1996/97 (Jensen 2003). The geographical variation in use intensity as described for the 1976/77 survey was more or less retained. The practical work of inspection and collecting the data is carried out in cooperation with the Danish Road Directorate.|SDG 15 - Life on land|jensen intensively retained descriptions accomplished|1.33023|4.678673|3.881518
6976|The relationship between these two variables indicates that around 17% of the cross-country variation in cerebrovascular mortality can be explained by smoking prevalence. Higher smoking rates are also associated with increased CVD mortality, although this relationship is not quite as strong as with cerebrovascular disease. The decision to pursue such behaviours is determined by a complex set of factors, including the perceived costs and benefits, prices, income and information (Lundberg and Shapira, 2014).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|smoking mortality relationship cvd behaviours|9.202658|9.350588|3.0868347
6977|The large emerging economies, like India, China and Brazil, aligned themselves with smaller and less developed economies to emphasise the need for aggressive emission cuts from the industrialised economies, and to seek new and additional financial assistance, 'climate finance', as a condition to action for all developing economies. Developing countries, particularly the SIDS and African states, also emphasized the need for greater allocations of climate finance for adaptation. Many experts, and negotiators, were understandably sceptical as to what successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol could be achieved in light of misaligned positions of the various blocs, and particularly between historic and new major emitters. During the conference it was able to add other influential member states, including Brazil, Canada and Australia, to its ranks.|SDG 13 - Climate action|economies brazil finance negotiators aggressive|1.4293063|3.856422|1.355114
6978|Hence, appropriate routing with low-level transmission power significantly decreases energy consumption under desired qualify of service level. In the previous works, energy consumption of the Secondary Users (SU) at different states (transmit, collision, idle modes) have not been studied comprehensively in cognitive radio networks. The secondary network is allowed to use the licensed channels in an opportunistic manner.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|secondary consumption collision su transmit|2.1982224|2.036746|2.0378437
6979|Compared to other monitoring areas (staff quality and child development), service quality is relatively frequently monitored for accountability purposes with sanctions or rewards attached to the results (this is done by 17 jurisdictions). In Norway, for example, settings that do not meet the regulatory minimum quality standards can lose funding or have to reimburse at least some of the public funding received. Monitoring the level of quality is also conducted for accountability reasons without any rewards or sanctions in 9 out of 24 jurisdictions. In Finland, France and Mexico, no sanctions or rewards are imposed based on monitoring results, while in England and Scotland (United Kingdom), for instance, they are.|SDG 4 - Quality education|rewards sanctions quality jurisdictions monitoring|9.331741|2.7513833|1.8652649
6980|Payments based on the use of variable inputs are found to be the most likely to provoke increased fishing effort, while payments based on fixed capital formation are most likely to encourage increased capacity levels. Payments based on fishers income are less likely to increase effort or capacity and may be more effective at improving the welfare of fishers. Payments to general services for the sector are least likely to increase effort or fishing capacity. The authors are grateful to Franck Jesus, Rachel Bae, and the whole TAD/NRP Fisheries team for helpful discussions.|SDG 14 - Life below water|payments effort likely fishers capacity|-0.29079598|5.700688|6.894491
6981|Relative to larger nations, in SIDS national energy generation and use are therefore relatively small, but domestic demand is increasing over time as populations develop and new industry is created. Trinidad and Tobago has the highest rate of energy use per capita, at over 15 tonnes of oil equivalent per year. In global terms, the energy use and CO, emissions of SIDS are low, with CO emissions averaging 4.7 megatonnes per year; however, there is an extreme difference between the highest and lowest emitters. Higher-income countries are the highest emitters; they include Trinidad and Tobago (the highest emitter, with 50 megatonnes per year), Dominica and Jamaica.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|highest emitters trinidad tobago sids|1.6557392|2.4460425|2.6066127
6982|Norway has a comprehensive education system until the age of 16 and high enrolment in pre-primary education. At upper secondary level, there is strong supply and student uptake of vocational education and training, but completion rates in general or vocational programmes are low compared to the OECD average. Tertiary education attainment is higher than the OECD average, resulting in a highly skilled workforce with a relatively small wage premium due to low income differential in Norway.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education vocational norway average uptake|9.062127|2.6174448|2.8823974
6983|The National Energy Policy also highlights the negative health impacts, particularly on women, of traditional cooking and the need to more actively involve women in determining future forms of energy sources for cooking. Energy consumption is concentrated in the Gilbert Islands, where 90 per cent of Kiribati’s 112,900 people live, particularly in the capital atoll of Tarawa. Kiribati relies on fossil fuels for 97 per cent of its energy needs, with the rest provided by biomass (Figure 9.1). Fuel imports have almost doubled since 1990, making up close to 20 per cent of Kiribati’s merchandise imports in 2013, which is higher than the world and small states average (Figure 9.2).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|kiribati energy cooking cent imports|1.7521957|2.2119968|2.6874707
6984|The risk remains that citizens forego effective care that can have long-term adverse health outcomes. A further aspect of co-payments that will require careful monitoring are the potential incentives they create for patients seeking care in parts of the health care system where their costs can be minimised. For example, higher primary care co-payments may increase incentives to seek care in the emergency department. However, these incentives may not always align with delivering care in the most appropriate place. This would entail that the co-payments become distortionary and act as barrier to efficient care provision. The strongest evidence can be found in the rate of hospital admissions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care payments incentives forego distortionary|8.743989|8.993815|1.724601
6985|First, school evaluations follow a proportional approach focussing on low-performing schools. Second, school evaluations promise to create a greater understanding of school processes and contexts. School evaluations should result in an evaluation report that takes into account the school educational project, context, and results.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school evaluations focussing promise proportional|9.794976|1.7391832|1.4572004
6986|In this study, productivity is measured by means of the number of sick days (per month or per year depending on countiy). This information is mainly available in health and retirement surveys focusing on senior people. In this study, early retirement refers to the situation when people retire before the national legal retirement age.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|retirement study retire countiy sick|9.337256|8.907178|2.7459595
6987|Simulations show that Georgian children living in households in extreme poverty would have doubled without pensions, and the percentage of children living in poor households according to the national poverty line would have increased from 28 to 38 per cent. In the case of Georgia, social pensions have a higher impact on poverty reduction for households with children than targeted social assistance. In Kyrgyzstan, for instance, expenditure is around 5 per cent of GDP, while spending on social assistance and child benefits reaches only 0.5 per cent of GDP.|SDG 1 - No poverty|households pensions cent children poverty|7.5489507|5.838369|4.5931044
6988|Around 55% of the Icelandic alpine habitats are sparsely vegetated. These areas were formerly largely covered with heathland vegetation, which has been degraded in historic time due to grazing, combined with harsh environmental conditions and volcanic activity (Arnalds 2015; Agustsdottir 2015). There is growing pressure for development of the highlands, especially from the energy sector (construction of dams and hydro and geothermal plants) and tourism (Ministry for the Environment and the Icelandic Institute of Natural History 2001).|SDG 15 - Life on land|icelandic sparsely alpine highlands volcanic|1.1745948|4.9680085|3.8027391
6989|Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, conservation, the sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), an international forest-based climate policy framework, is aimed to be implemented in developing countries and has direct relevance to tropical forests. It does not have any direct implication for forests in the Nordic countries. The region has just under one-third of forests in Europe excluding Russia.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests forest direct redd implication|1.6011791|4.537826|3.5021904
6990|Then came a golden opportunity that provided me with a springboard to join politics: that was in 1998/99, when the parliament of Tanzania passed a law that required 30 per cent women's participation in legislatures. It is on record that before I joined parliament, I was the founder the Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA), and was a key player in fighting for women’s rights in Uganda. We as parliamentarians have also benefited immensely from the partnership and training from CSOs in areas of gender-responsive budgeting and human rights, among others.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parliament women lawyers golden legislatures|10.383534|4.5339317|7.2094812
6991|Yet, in many countries in the region, the current political, regulatory, and industrial infrastructure is not yet ready for such a transformation. Some countries and sub-regions seek to promote energy independence or self-sufficiency while others strive for efficient integration of energy markets. Promoting mutually beneficial economic-interdependence would accelerate attainment of the 2030 Agenda through integrative, nexus areas that the notion of sustainable development offers. For energy, it is critical to think in terms of a wholly interconnected, complex system in which supply, demand, conversation, transport and transmission interact freely and flexibly.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy interdependence wholly strive interconnected|1.6708026|2.4546034|2.210537
6992|Irrigated crops have access to more diverse water sources, including groundwater and rivers. In rain-fed agriculture, the only water available is that which the plants can access from the topsoil. Differences between the IPSL and Hadley GCMs are not especially pronounced, even if these models present contradictory results for some regions.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|hadley contradictory fed rain access|1.0055679|7.238379|3.0356894
6993|In Mexico’s public sector, however, few efforts have been made to address pay inequality. The predominance of women versus men in job classes has not been identified, there are no regular pay assessments to ensure equality in pay, and there are no audits to ensure pay equality as well as equity (i.e. in promotions or to ensure gender balanced representation in job classes). Should a public sector employee wish to lodge a complaint challenging a gender gap in wages or inequity between male and female employees, there is no specific procedure for doing so. These rates have changed little over the past decade (Figure 2.8).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pay classes ensure equality job|9.833673|4.241994|5.895465
6994|These statements set out what universities and colleges offer to their students to support their employability and transition into employment and beyond (http://www.hefce.ac.uk/). The evaluation system essentially focuses on measuring the extent to which intended learning outcomes are achieved in terms of three major concepts: i) knowledge and comprehension: ii) competency and skills; and iii) judgment. Hie description of learning outcomes and professional qualifications emerge in close co-operation with professional associations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professional hie outcomes learning judgment|9.568182|1.7397357|1.530074
6995|Below the surface waters, the deep layer where sunlight penetrates with insufficient intensity to support primary production is called the mesopelagic zone. This zone is a particularly important habitat for the fauna controlling the depth of C02 sequestration. Below the mesopelagic zone, about 1,000 m deep, is the largest layer of the deep-sea water column and by far the largest ecosystem on our planet, the bat-hypelagic region.|SDG 14 - Life below water|deep zone layer largest sequestration|0.06909111|6.0063286|5.9998636
6996|State Electricity Boards own around 50% of total installed capacity. Public companies owned by the central government, including the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCI) control around 34% of India's total capacity. The eastern and north-eastern regions, traditionally the poorest regions in terms of GDP per capita (Figure 7) have also much less installed capacity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|corporation installed power eastern capacity|1.4067345|1.6921706|2.3528194
6997|This is especially relevant in the context of efforts to expand access and integrate renewables in electricity systems through an optimal mix of centralized and distributed generation (Chattopadhyay et al., Planning should encompass choices between private and public provision of electricity, and private and public financing. For example, public provision through centralized systems provides an opportunity for cross-subsidization to increase affordability, while distributed or stand-alone systems locally operated by the private sector usually aim to be financially self-sustaining with full recovery of operating and maintenance costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|centralized distributed private systems public|1.8395258|1.623417|2.1765041
6998|Hospital doctors are required to provide patient data and indications for pharmaceutical use and dosage online, and the pharmaceutical validated by the system is released at the hospital pharmacy. If the patient is considered as a “non-responder” based on disease progression, progression-related death, or an excessively high toxicity level for continuing treatment, the manufacturers are expected to bear a certain proportion of the pharmaceutical costs. For example, during the initial six weeks of treatment with Avastin, half the cost is bom by the pharmaceutical company, and the other half by the NHS. After this period, all the cost is born by the NHS if the pharmaceutical is found effective, but for doses administered above a certain threshold, the pharmaceutical company has to reimburse the entire cost. The risk-sharing arrangements for the same pharmaceutical are sometimes different depending on the indication.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pharmaceutical nhs progression cost patient|8.537631|9.416102|2.1096404
6999|One reason is that non-regular workers have less access to social insurance benefits (OECD, 2018(2]); another is that prevailing norms limit the use of the social insurance system. For example, women are still expected to leave employment upon having a child rather than using parental leave provisions, while fathers fear the career repercussions of making use of their entitlements (OECD, 2017(8]). Take-up of social assistance benefits is lower in Korea (13% of the working age population is covered by the Basic Livelihood Security Programme) than in any other OECD country and far below the OECD average at 30% (OECD, 2018(7]).|SDG 1 - No poverty|oecd leave insurance social repercussions|7.647905|5.5875382|4.469252
7000|However, which such an acute focused health care system, Korea’s starting point today is behind that of many other OECD countries. Turning this situation around will demand a consistent policy commitment to developing effective primary care services over a long period of time. Better remuneration and more primary care practices will help set the foundations, but will need to be supported by a workforce dedicated to primary care and better information to help the single insurer direct funding to areas of need.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary insurer better help|9.217907|8.929265|1.8083236
7001|It is now attracting interest from other donors including Norway and Denmark. It will channel finance at the national level (through the CRGE Facility), and sector level (direct financing through ongoing programmes such as the Productive Safety Net Programme], disaster risk management, forestry etc.). This was done by EPA through collaboration with the African Climate Policy Centre.|SDG 13 - Climate action|epa crge attracting channel level|2.0047047|3.8529344|1.5880551
7002|The PRINTS findings for access to education in Serbia suggest the need for a closer look at all points of transition to secondary and tertiary education. A Pearson product-moment correlation analysis carried out in the course of INTES methodology development used data from Ihe Corruption Barometer of Transparency International (the extent to which respondents perceive the education system in a specific country to be affected by corruption), and Ihe mean reading score in PISA 2009 adjusted for the country's socio-economic profile. The square of the correlation co-efficient shows a negative correlation between learning outcomes and perceived levels of corruption.9-,(> While numerous questions need to be answered before such analysis becomes sufliciently reliable, the tentative answers are good enough for orientation and support when working with assumptions about causality.|SDG 4 - Quality education|corruption correlation ihe education tentative|9.318851|1.9298936|2.3499403
7003|In other words, a broad reduction in child poverty is to be expected here, not so much from an increase in the employment rate, but from an improvement in the quality of the jobs occupied by parents and/or better compensation by the redistributive system for the penalty weighing on the poverty rate. A sharp decrease in poverty rates can also be expected from a reduction in the child penalty bom by single-parents in many countries (Austria, Belgium, Chili, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Portugal, Sweden, Tukey and the United States) where the lowest poverty rates among single parents occur when the poverty rate for single parents is the same for childless singles (Table 5). In fact, for France and Japan the lowest overall family poverty rate occurs when the poverty rate for single parents and childless singles are the same (Table 4 Column 6).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty parents rate single childless|7.4455175|6.1052604|5.1122594
7004|The paper then identifies possible changes needed to the UNFCCC reporting framework in the post-2020 period, to ensure the provision of information adequate for the purposes of understanding and tracking progress towards both nationally determined contributions (NDCs) at the country-level, and collective climate-related efforts for mitigation, adaptation and climate support. Transparency and completeness have tended to improve where reporting has benefitted from regular feedback through review processes (e.g. review of inventories and National Communications from Annex I countries), and where there is a regular reporting system in place in the country (and underlying measurement or monitoring system). In general, reporting (particularly of emissions inventories) has been improving over time, as countries have gained experience and increased their reporting systems and capacities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|reporting inventories regular review completeness|1.2325491|3.727727|0.8525978
7005|On the contrary, they allow placing progressively less weight on incomes higher up or down the distribution, such as from top to average incomes, from average to median incomes, from median to bottom incomes (Box 2). The equally distributed equivalent level of income is the level of income per head, which if equally distributed, would give the same level of social welfare as the present distribution. Clearly, the general mean reduces to the standard mean or equivalently the average when a = 1. The case where a = 0 is called the geometric mean whereas a = -1 is known as the harmonic mean. General means as income standards (cont.) The income standard pa(x) places greater weight on higher incomes and less weight on lower incomes as the parameter rises.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|incomes mean weight income median|6.759469|5.312083|4.7195272
7006|This is because, except for flash floods, these hazards can be predicted fairly accurately - making it possible to evacuate people and reduce damage to property and livelihoods.34 The benefits can be lower from tsunamis which, although they can be very destructive occur less frequently. Instead, the report suggests addressing practical needs - such as estimating and calibrating models, carrying out hazard analysis, digitizing past data and improving data from ground observations. Multiple partners can coordinate their investments and thus reduce the risk of duplication. One example, established after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, is the ESCAP Multi-donor Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness (Box III-4), which applies a regional approach focused on South-South cooperation. By the end of 2013, GFDRRs global portfolio consisted of 226 grants worth $156 million.37 This included 45 grants worth $34.8 million in East Asia and the Pacific, and 30 grants financed with $13.6 million in commitments in South Asia.|SDG 13 - Climate action|grants tsunami south worth million|1.7924744|4.528559|1.6885959
7007|In the United States, public-private partnerships are an important component of government innovation policy (Audretsch, Link and Scott, 2002) and have been particularly helpful in overcoming the risks associated with the introduction of new technologies into the market. A prominent example is the 1986 United States Clean Coal Technology Program, which was created to address the acid rain problem. The industry covered almost two thirds of the project costs, and a Department of Energy (DOE) study found that “cost sharing between (the) DOE and industrial collaborators frequently improved the performance of RD&D programs and enhanced the level of economic and other benefits associated with such programs” (National Research Council, 2001).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|doe programs associated scott acid|1.9302956|2.883634|1.8447077
7008|After a short description of CVD and diabetes, it will examine trends in mortality and morbidity. It summarises recent findings that seek to explain some of these recent trends. This chapter will also assess the mortality and morbidity burden across countries according to gender and age. Finally, this chapter will describe the economic burden in terms of direct health care cost.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|morbidity burden mortality trends recent|9.212955|9.156866|2.558908
7009|Currency depreciation against the United States dollar did not boost exports much, due in part to stable or appreciating real effective exchange rates and offsetting effects on companies with high dollar debt.17 At the same time, consumer spending moderated in some countries on the back of slower job creation, high household debt and weak rural incomes. Mild inflation and low interest rates were unable to stimulate domestic demand as much as in the past. Given the subpar demand in both external and domestic markets, private investment was not robust either. Fiscal policy was generally supportive, such as strong growth in social spending and capital expenditures in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. Except for the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Malaysia, subregional countries still have relatively low levels of public debt and external debt. In particular, consumer spending and investment are expected to steadily strengthen in Indonesia and Thailand - the two largest economies in South-East Asia - benefiting from economic stimulus and reform measures introduced in late 2015.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|debt spending dollar thailand consumer|5.5416303|4.910073|3.7773395
7010|To feed an additional two billion people by 2050, food production will need to increase by half globally (FAO, SOFI, 2017). Increasing the production of traditional staple crops is unlikely to meet the increasing demand; in major irrigated wheat, rice and maize systems, yields appear to be near 80 percent of the yield potential. The second challenge is the nutrition gap between what foods are grown and available, and what foods are needed for good health. This requires increasing the availability and access to the nutritious foods necessary for a healthy diet.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|foods increasing nutritious production staple|3.9475172|5.3846116|4.39807
7011|However, they enable policy makers and epidemiologists to monitor the impact of reforms and policies. According to Rosstat (2009b), the number of deaths directly linked to alcohol consumption decreased by 40% between 2005 and 2008. Nonetheless, 76 268 people died in 2008 due to over-consumption of alcohol.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol consumption died nonetheless deaths|9.3022|9.677577|3.5393176
7012|In Italy, several of the OECD’s set of health care quality indicators are well above the OECD average. Figure 1.2, which shows admission-based acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 30 day in hospital mortality, places Italy above the OECD average, with an AMI 30 day in-hospital mortality rate below Switzerland, France or the Netherlands. On for example hospital admission rates for asthma, Italy reports the lowest age-sex standardised rate at 11.4 per 100 000 population, compared to an average rate of 45.6 per 100 000 population across OECD countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ami italy hospital admission oecd|9.161163|9.311016|2.277006
7013|Other activities include analysing and assessing emerging problems, projects and policy interventions. The third area of activities in the FAO projects are supporting state management at all levels such as: developing legal documents, strategies, action plans, policy mechanisms, governance mechanisms as well as agricultural product standards, quality management and food safety, as well as introducing and complying with international norms and standards. The financial requirement for implementing CPF 2012-16 is USD 62.5 million. Provincial People’s Committees implement the support at local level (TYan and Dinh, 2014a).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|mechanisms standards projects complying activities|3.5774918|5.09564|3.3154
7014|In 2013 for example,over 200 million women started or operated businesses in 67 countries, and more than a third of the firms worldwide had women owners (Vanderbrug, 2013). These businesses—which primarily operate in the consumer sector—have contributed to the gross domestic product of their respective countries, generating millions of new employment opportunities and spurring local development. The Center for Women’s Business Research (CWBR) quantified the economic impact of women-owned businesses at $3 trillion annually.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|businesses women quantified millions center|9.004705|3.7739694|6.2850685
7015|The recteur, who is the local representative of the Ministry of Education, holds the main responsibility for the processing the assessment. Despite this centralisation, the French system strongly relies on the principle of participation and thus teachers are involved in all processes (INCA France, 2008). Even though differences existed between the assessment procedures across the German Lander, the only tool for verification was the collection of some sample papers for central checking. By now, however, most Ldnder have introduced central examinations to some extent.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment central checking centralisation existed|9.624587|1.8066286|1.4018824
7016|Maladaptation (entailing further environmental deterioration, increased vulnerability or decreased welfare) may arise owing to inconsistency among these sectoral adaptation policies, or among short-term solutions and long-term adaptation needs. Maladaptation may then result in greater vulnerability in the future or in negative effects on other communities or sectors. An integrated policy approach, in contrast, possesses the advantage of taking into consideration different priorities and various sources of information, which are crucial in the policymaking process, in order to prevent maladaptation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|maladaptation vulnerability adaptation term policymaking|1.375603|4.9001603|1.6994562
7017|For the application to the Central and West Coast Basins, expected emergency benefits of artificial recharge are dominated by reduction of potential subsidence costs (Figure 2.4). The extent of damage to the distribution system, and the time and cost required to make necessary repairs could be represented probabilistically. These extensions of the analysis would allow assessment of the benefits of investing in additional well capacity for emergency supply purposes and improvements in the resiliency of the water distribution system. The approach demonstrated in coastal Los Angeles could be applied to assess the emergency benefits of these conjunctive use strategies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|emergency benefits distribution repairs angeles|1.0878304|7.506085|2.765024
7018|At the same time, health systems need significant strengthening. External assistance will be critical for countries that do not have enough domestic resources to finance the spending required. Vertical interventions should continue to be harmonized with the horizontal health system so that the former do not weaken the latter, but instead strengthen it. The world has seen a reduction in under-five, maternal and malaria-related mortality rates and the number of new HIV/AIDS infections, as well as an increase in the number of lives saved through improvements in testing and treatment of tuberculosis.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|weaken tuberculosis harmonized malaria saved|8.562627|8.876722|2.9941945
7019|It explores each city’s strengths and challenges in terms ofpublic transport policy, with an analysis of accessibility and inclusiveness when available. The first three cities were selected as case studies because they received several awards from the Korean Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) in “sustainable transport” and “public transport policy evaluation” (Box 3.1). The fourth city, Sejong, offers a unique case of a city entirely planned and created by the central government as a new administrative hub of Korea, which is strongly committed to transit-oriented development (TOD).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport city awards case inclusiveness|4.021604|4.921154|0.77785194
7020|The share of the population with access to drinking water and wastewater infrastructure has expanded significantly, driven by financial support from the EU and matching national funds. The process of establishing multi-municipal bodies for more efficient water supply and sanitation has been completed. The water sector has been opened up to competition and participation of the private sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water opened matching sector completed|1.5884414|7.152792|2.2518146
7021|In the meantime, both cities are renewing their municipal bus fleet and introducing integrated electronic ticketing systems. As in other post-Soviet countries, road traffic has grown rapidly in Kazakhstan since 2000. The rapid shift of goods shipment from the railway to the road network and the high level of road shipments per capita led to a rapid deterioration of roads, raising the demand for funding for repairs and maintenance (Coulibaly et al.,|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road rapid renewing shipment repairs|4.4157968|5.107992|1.1206051
7022|In this endeavour, it has also worked towards building healthy families and improving women’s healthcare. The council is responsible for providing recommendations to the President on the effects of pending legislation and executive branch policy proposals; for suggesting changes to federal programmes or policies to address issues of special importance to women and girls; for reviewing and recommending changes to policies that have a distinct impact on women in the federal workforce; and for assisting in the development of legislative and policy proposals of special importance to women and girls. The functions of the council are advisory only.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|proposals women council federal girls|10.122206|4.431051|7.325255
7023|Redirecting innovation from dirty to clean technologies reduces the cost of environmental policies and can lead to higher economic growth in the short run, if the benefits from higher spillovers exceed these costs. This financial effort needs nevertheless to be sustained and accelerated, if indeed the objective of a near-zero-GHG emission electricity production is maintained. The commitment made by the 22 countries (and the EU) under the Mission Innovation, to double their public financing for low-carbon energy RD&D is therefore crucial and may need to be strengthened even further in the future.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|innovation rd spillovers mission accelerated|1.9907676|2.8935125|1.8728355
7024|Each nation has distinctive R&D characteristics, which are a reflection of the heterogeneity of structures and the concentration of R&D by region, institution, sector and even project (UIS, 2010). The heterogeneity of the R&D landscape is reflected in the supporting institutional frameworks and directly influences the coastal and marine research landscape. They suggest that not only is R&D in many developing countries highly constrained by funding, but also, that resource allocation procedures are sensitive to personal or political affiliations or entitlements. This is often not balanced out by considerations of efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, utility, or excellence.|SDG 14 - Life below water|heterogeneity landscape uis distinctive reflection|5.3833356|3.3152297|2.3921995
7025|There are also increasing population pressures, resource scarcities, price pressures, and competition with other countries. An integrated perspective that works operationally is needed - one that makes economic, social and environmental sense and that inspires stakeholders. If adopted early, such a perspective offers many opportunities - not least to shape a generic Ethiopian ‘green brand’ that helps national competitiveness. The holistic approach that the Ethiopian Government has recently chosen to take is conceptualised around ‘green economy’, as we shall see in section 4.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ethiopian pressures perspective green brand|1.9646406|4.2579174|2.3352833
7026|As for income from household capital, its decline with respect to the no crisis scenario results from the declines in the capital remuneration and accumulation rates. Table 17 shows that the loss of labour income in the formal sector that year is stronger among non qualified urban workers (-4.44%) than among qualified urban (-2.65%) and rural (-2.35%) residents. Relative to the reference scenario, the child monetary poverty rate increases by 0.52 percentage points in 2008, 2.02 points in 2009, 2.17 in 2010 and 2.09 in 2011 (table 18).|SDG 1 - No poverty|qualified scenario points capital table|7.1872883|6.101555|5.084625
7027|Rural women are at risk of gender-based violence because of traditional attitudes regarding the subordinate role of women that persist in many rural communities. Girls from rural communities are at special risk of violence and sexual exploitation when they leave the rural community to seek employment in towns. Compulsory sterilization or abortion adversely affects women’s physical and mental health, and infringes the right of women to decide on the number and spacing of their children.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rural women violence communities spacing|9.910903|5.3180547|7.269976
7028|The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Commonwealth SecretariaL 1 This Trade Hot Topic has been prepared based on a background paper prepared by Campling and Havice (20171 in March 2017 in which the last known submission to WTO members included In the analysis Is J08/RL/8 by Japan. Second, the proposals reintroduce discussion about 'capacity-enhancing subsidies', which had previously dropped out of discussions on the SDGs, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and MC10, contributing to their narrowing of scope of the rules. The following summarises each of these proposals in turn. It focuses on prohibiting subsidies linked to overcapacity, including subsidies to enhance the capacity of existing vessels, for new vessel construction and for flag-based vessel transfers (EU, 2016). Subsidies to vessels engaged in illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing (i.e. on flag-state and/or regional fisheries management organisation (RFMO) IUU lists) would also be prohibited.|SDG 14 - Life below water|subsidies flag iuu vessel vessels|0.039340086|5.481606|6.7557425
7029|Therefore, although there has been a steady decline in the incidence of poverty in India, the efforts of the Government have not resulted in a uniform impact across regions. There remain regions where the poverty is still deep and severe and hence they require greater attention. In several countries, the rate of rural urban or interregional convergence has declined over time as a result of widening income inequalities and pro-urban industrial and public investments policies.|SDG 1 - No poverty|regions urban poverty widening uniform|6.0729976|5.8174243|4.824988
7030|Private companies can foster the manufacturing of efficient appliances along with the necessary instructions and after-sales service to ensure appropriate application and long-term operation. This is necessary to increase economies of Page ^ 39 scale, which will reduce prices and reduce investments in inefficient technologies that have lower up-front costs, but higher long-term costs and greater environmental impacts. In this case, it is typically found that the extra cost associated with highly efficient end-use equipment is cost effective when the entire electricity application is considered.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|application efficient necessary reduce instructions|2.0928042|2.315934|2.3853726
7031|This must become a priority for those responsible for regional policies, whose actions are currently informed by partially false or incomplete assessments due to a lack of reliable and homogeneous figures. The following paragraphs set out the modelling proposed for estimating the agricultural population in urban areas and then for the same population in a rural environment. This particular stratum of urban and peri-urban farmers plays a vital role in structural transformations in the agricultural sector, because of the environment in which they live and carry out their activities (e.g., market gardening, horticulture, poultry farming, fishing). Settlement dynamics also require developing new and simple indicators to monitor these changes.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|urban homogeneous false environment paragraphs|4.3616376|5.2769537|2.3963597
7032|For Spain, Calvo and Sanchez (2010) show that the inclusion of imputed rents in household income does not substantially change the number of people considered poor and non-poor on the basis of where they live. The main changes in the composition of the poor population that result from including imputed rents in income are the type of households, the age of household members, and tenure status. The authors suggest that the inclusion of imputed rents reduces by more than half the poverty rates of the over-65s who live alone.|SDG 1 - No poverty|imputed rents poor inclusion live|6.634762|5.650084|4.9846067
7033|Mosaic Curriculum shaped specifically to each group using “the competencies matrix”, “the skills matrix” and “matrices of content of knowledge” (one for each area of knowledge). In a project/workshop, the tutor and the master choose which competencies, skills and knowledge are being developed and students are assessed on these. Formative evaluation: There are two qualitative evaluations: the student self-evaluation and the “tutor&master” evaluation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|matrix evaluation knowledge master competencies|9.532389|1.6417929|1.5993748
7034|When the recipients spend the cash on goods and services, they generate further income and employment for others. This is true even if die grants go to those who are not economically active, through social pensions or child support grants. But transfers offer even more benefits for food security if they go to poor farmers who spend at least a part of their incremental income on producing more food.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|spend grants food incremental income|7.1749215|5.682232|4.383877
7035|In Morocco spouses may make such an agreement in writing in a document separate from the marriage contract.28 In Algeria, a clause can be included in the marriage contract, or the community of assets can be established later in a separate document.29 In Egypt, Libya and Jordan, spouses may also opt for communal assets in the marriage contract. In Jordan the portion of assets registered in the names of both spouses seems to be increasing somewhat. It allows them access to markets, employment, business activities and services.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|spouses contract marriage assets jordan|9.333582|5.191166|7.038227
7036|For example, aquaculture farming along coasts, lakes or rivers can conflict with urban development or tourism. This can create problems related to water quality and scarcity and push aquaculture expansion into less optimal production locations. Furthermore, the high costs of fishmeal, fish oil and other related feeds will serve as a drag on growth as an essential component of production for many species, in particular carnivorous ones.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture coasts fishmeal feeds production|0.38072968|6.1403284|6.5222774
7037|In a bid to become more self-sufficient, Australia has also made efforts to increase the number of locally-trained doctors and has provided incentives for doctors to relocate to areas of need. Other policy levers Australia has experimented with include task delegation among health professionals, and the use of technology to facilitate access to health services for people in the most remote parts of the country. There are on average three Australians for every square kilometre of land, a density similar to Iceland and Canada (OECD, 2009). As a result, the spatial concentration of population in Australia is the highest in the OECD - almost two-thirds of the population live in 10% of the regions with the largest populations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|australia doctors australians relocate kilometre|9.368914|8.789472|2.246098
7038|Nonetheless, this chapter’s analysis offers new insights into how to provide adequate income support to unemployed persons without hindering their quick reintegration into employment. This was true during the Great Recession despite the considerable responsiveness of first-tier unemployment benefit programmes to rising unemployment and the many crisis-related measures that OECD countries took to reinforce these programmes. This suggests that it would be timely to consider whether asset tests or other eligibility rules for these programmes are too strict for them to function effectively as a backstop to first-tier unemployment benefit programmes during an economic downturn.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|programmes unemployment tier benefit reintegration|7.780938|4.8382936|3.9876943
7039|The countries of the former USSR, Latin America and Western Europe have also closed the gender gap in education over the last 50 years. Moreover, since the 1990s there has been a trend for women’s outcomes in education to surpass those of men, and in some countries women achieve higher levels of education than men. This is the case in parts of Western Europe (e.g. England, Sweden) and its Offshoots (e.g. Australia, United States). Among the developing economies, Kenya and India made substantial progress in catching up with developed countries in terms of gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|western europe education surpass catching|9.466647|4.2254314|5.877746
7040|For instance, aiming at increasing the proportion of one-day surgeries, 126 new surgical procedures have been added to those that may be performed as day surgeries in 2011. The high share of highly paid specialists and low nurse-to-physician ratios create cost pressures, which could be aggravated if substantial increases in the wages of health care workers take place to retain them in the system. Although skill-mix arrangements likely depend on productivity considerations, health worker and patient preferences, and other economic and social factors, there is some evidence suggesting that certain tasks traditionally performed by physicians could be transferred to highly qualified nurses, without undermining the quality of care. Indeed, Hungarian physicians tend to perform medical and administrative tasks that could be carried out by nurses and other support personnel (Gal et al, 2003; Orosz and Hollo, 2001).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|physicians nurses performed tasks day|9.135489|8.881368|1.9362793
7041|"The largest cost components of the bill are the sewage and wastewater levies. This includes a water pollution levy and is the approximate average for the category ""residents” or “households”. The OECD survey referred to above suggests that the Netherlands compares well with countries that recover costs from revenues through w'ater bills (e.g. Belgium-Wallonia and Flanders, England and Wales, France, Sweden, Switzerland). This figure initially increased from 109 litres in 1970 to a peak of 149 litres in 1990, but subsequently declined (CBS, 2013)."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|litres flanders approximate levies levy|1.7156386|7.5934443|2.3192112
7042|The ubiquity of mobile phones and affordable communications contributes to the empowerment of previously marginalized and poor people through an increase in people-to-people connectivity and facilitated exchange of knowledge. However, even though more people around the world are now online thanks to the rapid uptake in mobile-broadband technology, large disparities in terms of ICT access and use continue to exist in the Asia-Pacific region, with least developed countries still lagging far behind their developing neighbours in terms of access and use. This figure is a little below the global average of 95.8 (Fig 6).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|people mobile fig terms phones|4.847718|2.8347921|1.6035606
7043|"Suicide rates in a number of EU countries increased following the 2008 recession and the EU financial crisis of 2009, mainly among men, and were associated in part with rising unemployment levels - but this trend did not persist in most countries (OECD, 2016). Mortality rates at these “midlife” ages have been increasing since the 1990s, a trend attributed primarily to drug overdoses, alcohol related liver disease, and suicides (""deaths of despair""), and to decelerating improvements in mortality from heart disease and cancer (Woolf et al, 2018, Bernstein and Ingraham, 2017). The death rate from drug overdoses more than tripled between 2000 and 2016, with a sharp rise from 2014 (Hedegaard et al.,"|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug disease mortality trend eu|9.641766|8.968918|3.1527069
7044|Sewage and solid waste were disposed to river channels. Rivers have become the “backyards” of most localities, serving as sites for the disposal of sewage and solid waste. But over the past two decades, river rehabilitation and recovery of the river’s environmental and social function have taken an increasingly important place on the public agenda.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river sewage solid waste disposed|0.97354156|6.8731194|2.375377
7045|However, there were some notable exceptions to the linear pattern. In Iceland, child deprivation rose by an amount (7ppt) that was much less than would have been expected given its surge in anchored poverty, while the child deprivation increase in Hungary was much higher (9ppt) than what would have been predicted given its moderate increase in child poverty. This suggests that in Iceland the crisis affected household incomes to a greater degree than material living standards generally.|SDG 1 - No poverty|child iceland deprivation anchored given|7.2770076|6.301301|5.1680417
7046|They said even relatives, and especially in-laws, found it difficult to accept the idea of women going into parliament. They complained that marriages were breaking up, friends and children feeling abandoned. One woman had separated from her husband after he started to abuse her physically, and accuse her of having extra marital relations in Cape Town (Mtintso 1999a). It's just a reality'.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cape feeling breaking physically marriages|10.343988|4.5685987|7.159489
7047|Five main types of aquifer can be found (Box 2.1): sand and gravel, sandstone, karst, volcanic and basement aquifers (Margat and van der Gun, 2013). Each of these types is associated with specific physical properties, such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity and thickness that determine the flow and storage aquifers can allow. The two first types include the most conducive agriculture irrigation systems, and some of the most fertile land.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|types aquifers karst volcanic hydraulic|0.688639|7.4742074|2.9107354
7048|It is organised under the auspices of the EU Water Framework Directive and the French national organisation for the development and management of water resources (the Schema Directeur d’Amenagement et de Gestion des Eaux, or SDAGE) and is mainly funded by the European Regional Development Fund. Achieving a shared diagnosis, on the basis of six workshops held in the region in the fall of 2009 and the first restitution workshop seminar held in December 2009. A forward-looking phase, to define and analyse a combination of plausible scenarios for water policy by 2030.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|held water schema seminar gestion|0.9101827|7.119725|2.0665786
7049|First, fertilisers represent one of the main inputs into crop production. Augmented by higher energy prices in the second half of the past decade, the cost of fertilisers represents a significant share in agricultural production costs around the world. Several emerging economies have identified greater use of commercial fertilisers as an important means to improving their domestic agricultural production base and increasing farmers’ incomes.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fertilisers production augmented agricultural represents|3.5716379|5.149794|3.8495815
7050|This underscores the need for initiatives that focus on agriculture and climate change in combination. Without increasing adaptation and resilience, this is expected to reduce food production and cause losses to economic growth, livelihoods and well-being and make fulfilment of the SDGs especially difficult.|SDG 13 - Climate action|underscores fulfilment livelihoods sdgs cause|1.7412419|4.8490076|2.3406763
7051|The evidence indicates that the rate of innovation has accelerated for many of these technologies, coinciding approximately with the passage of the Kyoto Protocol.3 This is particularly true of those technologies that were closest to being competitive, i.e. wind power, some solar power, biofuels, geothermal and hydro. Patent activity for other technologies, i.e. carbon capture and storage showed declines, even in comparison with the rate of patenting in general and for other energy technologies (Hascic et al., But some indicators emerge as particularly relevant from a policy perspective and one of them is public investment in research.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|technologies patenting power closest passage|2.0329266|2.78218|1.8505946
7052|A climate extreme (i.e., an extreme weather or climate event) occurs when the value of a weather or climate variable is above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) end of the range of observed values of the variable. For simplicity, both extreme weather events and extreme climate events tend to be referred to collectively as “climate extremes” (IPCC, 2014b, annex II). Risk is constructed by summing rankings for vulnerability and exposure to climate change and the number of weather-related events.|SDG 13 - Climate action|weather climate extreme events variable|1.3388677|5.0499487|2.1002064
7053|In contrast, no conceivable future engine technology could achieve the same overall efficiency increase for a single occupancy vehicle. Engine efficiency would need to be 100 per cent, which is a thermodynamic impossibility. It should also be noted that there is only limited potential for efficiency improvements in power supply technologies, some of which, such as gas combined cycle and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, operate not far from their theoretical limits. Similarly, the so-called cumulative degree of perfection is high for diesel oil and natural gas, compared with other materials, implying only modest room for improvements in this area (Szargut, 1988).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|engine efficiency cycle combined gas|1.9023861|2.6934469|2.3962057
7054|All large metropolitan areas in Germany have set up a metropolitan transport authority- called Verkehrsverbund. Such transport authorities usually bring together all local governments located in the metropolitan area as well as the corresponding Land (or Lander if there are several of them, as in the case of Hamburg). The creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated the expansion of the public transport supply, as illustrated in the example of Frankfurt (Box 1.9).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metropolitan transport authorities lander illustrated|3.9831781|5.360688|1.1847451
7055|The national examinations at 6th and 9th grade, which determined whether students could move to the following level, were also discontinued in 2007 to remove obstacles to transition (see Figure 4.4). The assessment has been applied twice in primary education (2007 and 2010) and three times in lower secondary education (2008, 2012, 2014). It tests students' knowledge of the curriculum in core subjects, and also surveys schools' socio-demographic characteristics, resources and climate.|SDG 4 - Quality education|discontinued students examinations remove subjects|9.62429|1.8452907|1.5592438
7056|All key responsibilities for education strategy, policy and delivery are concentrated within the Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research (MNESR). Several specialised bodies provide input to the ministry, but there is no fully independent evaluation body. Locally elected authorities play very little role in the design and delivery of education policies.|SDG 4 - Quality education|delivery education ministry elected specialised|9.469091|2.0302398|1.8828895
7057|For example, farm labour may be easier to motivate and supervise, while smallholders may have important local knowledge and may be more adept at managing some forms of risk. On the other hand, there are important economies of scale beyond the farm in areas such as procuring inputs, obtaining information on markets and technical farming issues, in meeting standards and certifying production, and in transacting with large scale buyers from processors and supermarkets, with their exacting demands (Wiggins, 2009). Small farms may be technically and allocatively efficient, given the existing level of development, but economies of scale beyond the farm gate are likely become more apparent as the economy develops. In much of Africa, only a minority of farms produces a marketed surplus.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farm scale farms economies marketed|4.0069337|5.176113|3.738432
7058|Evidence shows a low public esteem for the teaching profession in Chile. A study from 2010 (Avalos and Sevilla, 2010) found 80% of teachers reporting that social recognition of their profession was medium to low. Just 33.6% of Chilean teachers reported feeling that their profession was valued by society, according to TALIS (MINEDUC, 2017a; OECD, 2014).|SDG 4 - Quality education|profession teachers mineduc feeling esteem|9.814229|1.5778748|2.5203245
7059|The research concluded that: 'The representation of women is not only politically and theoretically justifiable, but the evidence available about the working of parliament after 1994 suggests that a more representative parliament is a more effective institution' (Albertyn et al. If the answer is yes, then there should be women in all spectrums of society'. This framework, which has been elaborated for the purposes of this chapter, is illustrated in Figure 2.2. She argues that once women have entered political decision-making, it is necessary to remove the barriers to their effective participation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parliament women yes theoretically effective|10.459697|4.416434|7.1968718
7060|One important policy measure is the Secretariat of the Interior’s ability to issue “gender alerts”, which oblige authorities to implement measures that protect women’s rights and physical security, conduct more comprehensive investigations into acts of VAW, and increase efforts to address the problem in areas where violence is prevalent. The gender alerts send a strong statement about the severity of the problem. These multi-purpose anti-violence centres are intended to offer psychological, legal and medical care; temporary shelter; and consultation with child development experts. The centres also often offer workshops on social and economic empowerment to help women break the cycle of violence and start a self-sustainable life free from violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence centres offer problem oblige|10.033168|5.1591115|7.5175033
7061|The United States agreed to a global political agreement to reduce GHG emissions that was acknowledged at Copenhagen (COP 15) in December 2009 and negotiations are continuing to work towards binding emissions-reduction commitments by all countries. In view of the scale of emission reductions called for, it is vital that the United States adopt a cost-effective and comprehensive climate change policy. The current Administration is endeavouring to put such a policy package in place.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions united states copenhagen acknowledged|1.2571418|3.538162|1.5871873
7062|On average, a teacher student is expected to graduate with teaching competencies in three main subjects, but it is possible to graduate with just two main subjects. The 2012 reform of initial teacher education also made special needs education and Danish as a second language obligatory for all teacher students. Entry into teacher education used to be strictly based on marks obtained in upper secondary education, but the dropout rates of students entering this programme used to be very high (as much as 41% in 2005 according to data from the Ministry of Higher Education and Science and Statistics Denmark) and needed to be reduced.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher education graduate subjects main|9.514937|1.3059827|2.4672475
7063|Data for water quality statistics are produced primarily by monitoring stations. Monitoring programmes are usually developed when a policy or quality norm is set up for specific locations that show the most problematic signs of pollution. Most monitoring stations and regular monitoring programmes are aimed at measuring specific pollutants. The data from these monitoring stations require further processing to produce environment statistics on the water quality of specific locations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|monitoring stations locations specific quality|0.8021705|6.7930937|2.459039
7064|In practice, the average capacity factor of hydropower in India has often been lower, with an average national load factor of 43% in 2007 because of factors including shortcomings in design of old existing hydropower plants and strong dependence on monsoon rainfalls. Nearly 90% of the total remaining hydro potential of 98 GW is in the Himalaya mountain region (Figure 1.12). The definition of the regions within India corresponds to the one used in the geographical model analysis (see Annex B).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydropower factor india monsoon gw|1.3903588|2.057584|2.4742224
7065|In the 160 countries included in the OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), one in three women agrees that domestic violence is justified (OECD Development Centre, 2014). There are significant economic effects, as well. Women may be unable to work and lose wages, stop participating in activities, and struggle to care for themselves and their children (ibid.).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|justified sigi struggle stop ibid|9.72558|5.0632534|7.162316
7066|In Bolivia, urban income is more than double the level in rural areas; in Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama, urban income exceeds rural income by between 50% and 60%; in Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico, average urban income is between 25% and 40% higher than in rural areas. The largest reduction occurred in Brazil, where the gap narrowed from 2.2 to 1.5 thanks to a much larger increase in rural incomes than urban ones, which also grew substantially. Mexico, Panama and Paraguay also report significant reductions in income disparities between areas, although partly reflecting a deterioration in real incomes in urban areas.|SDG 1 - No poverty|urban income rural panama areas|6.483729|5.6913114|5.2217007
7067|Moreover, a more active approach to protect and realise higher value from natural assets can support wealth creation and wellbeing for Ethiopians for whom natural resources are important assets in delivering key ecosystem services (e.g. food security, clean and secure water supplies, greater resilience to extreme weather events), and to build competitiveness to attract a wider range of investment and partnerships apart from climate financing. Thus equal attention should also be given to other environmental priorities, such as sustainable management of biodiversity and ecosystem services, sustainable land management, and improving provision of water and sanitation, to ensure many more ordinary citizens in the country can benefit. Shifting domestic investments toward “green” activities can be pursued in parallel with the international climate agenda.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ecosystem assets natural sustainable ordinary|1.9343227|4.390359|2.336087
7068|In Chile, the national government would do well to create a definition of natural-hazard zones, and to specify the conditions for development and types of land uses applicable to them. The primary risks in continental France are floods, landslides, avalanches, earthquakes and forest fires. The PPRn indicates at-risk zones, and either prohibits construction or allows it only under certain conditions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|zones conditions prohibits earthquakes landslides|3.6877298|5.536635|1.734026
7069|The water companies were asked to provide information about their current practices to calculate the ELL, which includes external costs and benefits (as shown in Table 4.1). However, it recognises that several approaches exist, and that regional differences should be taken into account (Tripartite Group, 2002). In 2008, Ofwat conducted further work to revise leakage based on a frontier approach to leakage target setting (WRc, 2008).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|leakage ofwat tripartite revise frontier|1.3425536|7.4814405|2.4910803
7070|The Nature of Learning: Using Research to Inspire Practice, OECD Publishing. The concept of “formative assessment” emerged with recognition of the importance offeedback and application of navigational metaphors about staying on course through corrective steering. There is substantial evidence, reviewed here, on how feedback improves learning but most studies suffer from weak conceptualisation and neglect of longer-term impacts.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning corrective staying neglect formative|9.518476|1.6283263|1.3134344
7071|The maximum storage capacity of the major dams and reservoirs (>144 BCM) on the Euphrates exceeds the natural annual flow volume of the river (30 BCM) by four to five times. Its water infrastructure projects and programmes, particularly GAP, have greatly impacted water resources throughout the basin, modifying the natural flow regime of the Euphrates and affecting other riparians' water use patterns. It is the farthest upstream of a series of Turkish dams on the Euphrates, serving the dual purpose of hydropower generation and flow regulation.25 The Karakaya Dam.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|euphrates bcm flow dams water|0.69686234|7.2069964|2.521947
7072|In 2014, a new electoral law even required parties to reach gender parity in candidate lists for federal and state legislative elections and to alternate genders within the lists (OECD, 2017(9]). In the last elections before quotas were introduced in 2007, 18 women were elected to the national parliament; in 2009, the first elections following the introduction of the quota, 52 women were elected (a change of 189%). In Slovenia, only a modest change has been discerned: 11 women were elected in the last elections before the quota was introduced in 2004 and 12 during the first elections after the quota was applied in 2008 (a change of 9%); however, the number of women candidates increased in 2008 even though the number of total candidates decreased (24% of total candidates were women in 2004 compared to 35% in 2008). In Poland, in the last elections before the quota was applied in 2007, 94 women were elected, compared to 110 in 2011 after the quota was introduced (a change of 17%).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|elections quota elected candidates women|10.57576|4.226422|7.013006
7073|Water supply lines were repaired, leaks were found and plugged, the production of polyethylene pipes started - they are widely used nowadays for construction of new pipelines and replacement of old ones. The computer control system for water supply to the city and automatic pressure monitoring were introduced. The water company pays special attention to communication with consumers; meetings with condominiums, motivation of accurately paying consumers, provision of benefits for veterans, sponsor aid, information about the company operations became customary for residents. Water Resources - Marketing, LLP is now evaluating the opportunity of attracting a long-term loan to implement its investment programme.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water company consumers sponsor leaks|1.3114203|7.2863107|2.1520898
7074|Both these options are limited in the short term, and in the longer term depend on investments in the expansion of productive capacities. Wages do not increase much in such economies, so domestic demand does not grow and employment creation is limited. Informal activities may persist and even expand in situations of relatively rapid economic growth. Industrial upgrading is thus crucial for these economies.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|economies limited term persist upgrading|6.1009607|4.637453|4.0591583
7075|"This project supports a participatory approach within the community to reach a common agreement on the selection of sites and their protection from grazing, as well as the planning and implementation of interventions needed to accompany this change. As the source of funds in this case is a World Bank Loan, this example possibly stretches the definition of a PES slightly, but from the point of view of the rural communities it operates in a 'PES-like fashion'and can be used as a model for other, similar projects in future. Currencies"" can be used to determine biodiversity losses (in destroyed areas) and gains (increases in biodiversity value of restored areas)."|SDG 15 - Life on land|pes biodiversity destroyed restored accompany|1.8064562|5.2057505|3.5632696
7076|First, as a global universal comprehensive treaty it eroded the Kyoto Protocol's 'firewall' between developed and developing countries where the latter were exempt from mandatory obligations to reduce emissions. Second, the Paris Agreement has replaced the Kyoto Protocol's top down 'targets and timetables' with a bottom-up 'pledge and review’ process, thereby making domestic climate action central in multilateral climate policy. Third, the Paris Agreement has enacted a new model of 'hybrid multilateralism' whereby the function of a climate agreement is to direct, orchestrate, harness and mobilize climate action by sub-state and non-state actors such as cities, business, investors, regions and civil society (Andonova 2018, Backstrand et al.|SDG 13 - Climate action|agreement climate kyoto protocol paris|1.2022599|3.6427817|1.4366368
7077|Some exceptions to this include the United States, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain, where the employment declines relative to output have been faster than historical norms (see Box 1.1 for a discussion of the US case). In the case of Spain, labour shedding has been so great relative to the fall in output that productivity, which typically falls during a recession, actually rose sharply, while it was essentially constant in the United States. Although the link between a smaller employment response to recessionary shocks and a larger fall in labour productivity is purely algebraic, it does provide a useful reminder that measures to preserve existing jobs in a recession are likely to imply significant costs and need to be subject to careful benefit-cost assessments. Who bears the costs resulting from productivity declines during recessions is also important and depends in large part on how real wages adjust (see discussion below). Why did Okun’s law break down in the United States during the 2008-09 recession?|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|recession productivity declines united states|7.5982842|4.5615144|4.194502
7078|Moreover, despite many initiatives to reduce gender gaps in fields of tertiary study, the situation has changed only slightly in the past decade or so (OECD, 2012b). As a result, dominant gender norms governing what is the ideal type of masculine and feminine identity impact strongly on educational choices (Connell, 2005). Recent studies have also shown that teachers’ and parents’ gender-stereotyped behaviours and expectations can undermine girls’ confidence in their mathematical abilities, discouraging them from choosing mathematics-related courses (TUrner et al.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender masculine feminine mathematical discouraging|9.519967|3.6700811|5.72172
7079|Importantly, policies on regulation and competition need to stimulate integrated care, which requires clarity for all stakeholders about how the rules around competition and integration will be interpreted in practice. The evolution of such models does not need to be standardised, and can be tailored to the specific health needs of local communities. A review of six initiatives1 considered successful in increasing integration found that, although they spanned five countries and differed in their design and payment systems, a common denominator was the high degree of bundling in their payment systems, with a single budget used to pay for multiple components of a person’s health and social care (Hagbjer, 2012). Several initiatives also integrated the delivery of health and social care in one organisation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payment competition care integration health|8.866877|8.907543|1.8020599
7080|The transparency framework could potentially be used to clarify whether financial resources provided are “scaled-up”9, whether these balance mitigation and adaptation, and how provision of these resources accounts for developing country needs, priorities and strategies (Article 9.4). Article 10 specifies that support shall be provided to developing countries for technology development, co-operation and transfer, but doesn’t specify who is to provide it. This information will be subject to an expert review (Article 13.11). Under Article 13.10, developing countries should report on support needed and received under Articles 9, 10 and 11.|SDG 13 - Climate action|article developing doesn provided specifies|1.6015302|3.8394122|0.91423386
7081|For example, the Revised Family Code (2001) of Ethiopia provides for partial community of property, as well as joint administration of marital property. Consent of both spouses is mandatory for the transfer of common property. The law also provides that, in the event of dissolution, common property will be divided equally between the spouses.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|property spouses common provides dissolution|9.283176|5.2147527|7.066952
7082|The report concluded that the industry would benefit through strategies to improve career development, training, the use of under-represented groups in its workforce and targeted regional solutions. The TEPs are the first of their kind in Australia. A TEP is a locally-led plan to respond to a region’s labour and skills issues.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|concluded locally kind represented respond|7.817131|3.7691357|3.4358194
7083|The June 2016 elections saw the share of seats held by women skyrocket from 16% in 2013 to 40% in 2016 - a remarkable increase considering that the Durango Congress brought up the rear of the 32 states for women’s representation, but now ranks 14th. Nevertheless, women’s state-level representation still varies - from 60% in Chiapas to 20% in Morelos. Where does the 30% “critical mass” for women’s political representation come from? Borrowed from nuclear physics where it indicates the quantity of plutonium necessary to produce a nuclear explosion, the concept was first applied to gender in the 1970s by an American scholar, Rosabeth Moss Kanter (Kanter, 1977).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|representation women nuclear physics borrowed|10.494065|4.290592|7.169268
7084|On the one hand, it is encouraging that the changes in income distribution and levels needed to meet poverty reduction targets are consistent with the regional trajectory of the last decade, assuming past performance is an indicator of feasibility. However, it is also a wake-up call to strengthen social protection systems, because some countries of the region will not meet the targets and because several countries have performed better over the last decade than over the last three years. The incidence of poverty is greater among people living in rural areas; children, adolescents and young people; indigenous peoples; working-age women; people with lower levels of educational attainment; and those whose basic needs are not met. While some of these gaps have narrowed since 2012, others have widened.|SDG 1 - No poverty|decade people meet targets wake|6.512075|5.8453107|4.7135277
7085|Expansion in coverage was accompanied by health spending growth well above other OECD countries, averaging 7.7% since 2002. As a share of GDP, health spending in Turkey went from 5.4% in 2002 to 6.1% in 2008. The training of new physicians as family physicians and retraining of existing GPs into the speciality have been national priorities. The introduction of a pay penalty for doctors not delivering a basic set of child and maternal health services led to remarkable improvements in the delivery of these services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|physicians health spending speciality retraining|8.8784275|8.936497|2.3639405
7086|However, they also tend not to spend a lot of money locally, since they are present for only short periods of time. Presently, agricultural land use is relatively undiversified in suburban areas. However, there are two phenomena to note. The first is that urban sprawl is occurring in stages. The first suburban ring is ageing and becoming less attractive, while the second suburban ring (to the East) is growing. The purchasing power gradient is moving further away from the centre.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|suburban ring gradient presently sprawl|4.054519|5.2271895|1.6887397
7087|The aim is for all elements of the fleet, big and small, to be economically viable and operating without long-term subsidy. Through the Act UK Administrations are now in the process of introducing new systems for marine planning and licensing within the policy framework provided by a UK Marine Policy Statement adopted by all UK administrations in March 2011. England's first marine plans (for the East inshore and offshore areas) were adopted in April 2014 and, following consultation in 2013, a National Marine Plan for Scotland is expected to be adopted in early 2015.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine uk adopted administrations scotland|-0.1440834|5.56041|6.5477557
7088|Mental health has been traditionally neglected and underfunded, especially when the significant burden of disease accountable to mental disorders is considered, and there is a need for governments to keep mental health high on the health agenda. A number of key stakeholders are involved, including governments at various administrative levels, user and carers organisations, and professional organisations, and this chapter considers their various roles. Mental health policy makers are using a variety of tools to improve mental health systems and lead system-wide improvements, including legislative frameworks, mental health strategies, and vertical initiatives to deliver mental health services to target population groups.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health organisations various underfunded|10.389131|8.954892|1.7599045
7089|At the beginning of the crisis, households adapt mostly by increasing their labour supply and consuming past savings. Past economic crises have been shown to be detrimental to children in various dimensions of their well-being. As shown by the table below, past (local or regional) economic crises had strong impacts on household welfare. For example, past crises led to an increase in poverty ranging from 1 percentage point in Brazil (1989) to a dramatic 12.2 points in Venezuela (1994) (Lustig 2000).|SDG 1 - No poverty|crises past shown venezuela consuming|7.168417|6.0365195|5.002436
7090|The Singaporean experience can be extended to other contexts for planning retail developments and other public facilities to maximise both user access to and use of the developments (e.g. number of visits to retail centres). The assessment recommended prioritising investment on 17 km of paths within the areas around essential metro stations. The investment proposal took into account improvements that would reduce access barriers for the people who mostly used the amenities, particularly vulnerable groups such as women and children.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|retail developments prioritising investment amenities|4.114397|5.103719|1.2502347
7091|Regardless of the approach taken to increase coverage, renewed ambition and strategic vision on the part of the Peruvian authorities is needed. Achieving UHC ought to become a guiding principle of all health policy in Peru. In the midst of an often fragmented health care landscape, the government should seek to make universal coverage a common goal.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage peruvian ought renewed guiding|8.6233635|8.78721|2.4827585
7092|The size of the functional area of Almaty City is much larger than suggested by its administrative population. Almaty is also the only polycentric functional area, i.e. it consists of the two interrelated city cores of Almaty City and Kaskelen. Almaty City has the largest commuting zone among all Kazakhstan’s FUAs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|almaty city functional polycentric cores|4.4787064|5.4427943|1.8398452
7093|Only then will the promise of a regional market provide a sufficiently realistic incentive for originator companies to agree to make their products available at prices affordable in the region. It will also be important for the countries of the region to agree upon the choice of local producer(s) of any given drug. Depending on its patent status in the exporting country, the foreign generic producer may manufacture the drug under a compulsory license and export it under the draft Article 31 bis, TRIPS Agreement system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|agree producer drug bis originator|8.25334|9.691125|2.6191902
7094|The rise of women’s education raises their minimum standards for acceptable matches, lessens their economic need for marriage and, in theory, increases the chances that they may choose not to many (van Bavel, 2012). Less well-educated men are likely to be the main losers, as they are more likely to remain single than any other group (De Hauw et al., Married couples and civil unions are the most common arrangements, but about 10% of people aged 20 and over OECD-wide - i.e. one in six of all partnered adults - cohabit informally.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|partnered matches informally likely losers|9.255999|4.604422|5.796431
7095|Women may also, in such circumstances, elect to bow out of social reproduction by putting off or avoiding childrearing. Such a result is evidence of the low road case. Looking to the results of Figure 2-1C, however, we see a number of countries in this group (France, Germany, Italy and Spain) characterized as having strong caring spirits.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|spirits putting caring avoiding reproduction|9.022338|5.093798|6.076904
7096|Some hints on how to optimise expenditure are offered in PISA 2009 results. For example, PISA shows that higher teachers’ salaries are more associated with better student performance than smaller class sizes. Teachers’ salaries are related to class size in that if spending levels are similar, school systems often make trade-offs between smaller classes and higher salaries for teachers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|salaries teachers class pisa smaller|9.600381|2.0207593|2.8760815
7097|Gradual withdrawal of external funds in the coming years could lead to a slowdown in economic growth. To enhance economic self-reliance, strengthening of the domestic economy through better economic governance, improving the efficiency of public spending, decreasing capacity constraints and strengthening the overall business environment should be pursued more vigorously. Growth marginally slowed to 6.3% in 2012 from 6.7% in 2011, mainly due to slower growth of the agricultural sector. Growth performance of the services sector was virtually the same over two years.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|growth strengthening economic marginally slowed|5.568448|4.6453867|3.7251444
7098|For nonpartner violence, high-income countries have the highest prevalence rates, at 12.6 per cent, followed by Africa, at 11.9 per cent. Finally, table 3.2 shows that nearly one out of every two African women (45.6 per cent) have experienced some kind of sexual or physical violence during their lifetimes. All regions show shockingly high and totally unacceptable prevalence rates. Figure 3.6 shows the percentage of women and girls affected by FGM in the concerned countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent prevalence violence shows fgm|10.085109|5.5664496|7.4529195
7099|Dr Keevy noted that this was also not perfect and pointed out that increasingly, in both the European and global context, both time-based and outcomes-based approaches are being challenged. He called for a commitment to find the most appropriate methodologies to move forward. He also mentioned that South Africa is probably one of the only countries in the world in which the unions rather than government run the schools. He commended the work of SAQA in comparing qualifications across South Africa, and the core values on which its thinking is based.|SDG 4 - Quality education|based south africa dr challenged|9.036782|2.5158758|2.810682
7100|Self-appraisal and/or the preparation of portfolios may also require considerable time and efforts from school leaders. Bearing in mind the often heavy workload and range of responsibilities of school leaders, this is an important point to consider (Ginsberg and Berry, 1990). Opinions about the effectiveness of portfolios were divided. Different school principals perceived their work on portfolios either as a compliance tool, documenting their past achievements, or as a forward-looking tool for goal-setting and professional development. Johnston and Thomas argued that it was the contextualisation of portfolios in a larger supportive social network of professional practice that enabled portfolios to function as a learning tool. They, ultimately, suggested that, considering the time and efforts involved, portfolios can mainly serve as a tool for formative appraisal.|SDG 4 - Quality education|portfolios tool appraisal school leaders|9.901199|1.1533743|1.5282345
7101|Indeed, this was an important and unrecognized feature of successful Asian industrialization, from Japan and the east Asian NICs to ' (most recently) China. The public provision of affordable and reasonably good-quality housing, transport facilities, basic food, education and basic health care all operated to improve the living conditions of workers. Indirectly, it helped reduce the money wages that individual employers need to pay workers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|asian basic workers reasonably industrialization|6.0174704|4.6990776|4.1098666
7102|In comparison, the land requirements of an actual coal plant are instead rather limited. In addition, there is significant offshore extraction, which has no direct land requirement even though it generates ecological impacts of its own. It should also be noted that oil-fired electricity generation is small and declining. A gas well uses about 5 acres (0.02 km2) of land, while the equivalent surface for oil would be about 50 acres (0.2 km2) per well (NRC, 2010).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|acres land oil fired offshore|1.3362432|2.2427845|2.3516824
7103|In 2008, the PES (OAED) launched a programme providing financial support and counselling for young people who wish to implement innovative business ideas, primarily promoting the use of new technologies. All unemployed 22-32-year-olds, not resident in the Attica or Island regions, are eligible provided they fulfil the following requirements: i) they are registered as unemployed and have drawn up an individual action plan; ii) they have attended a seminar on entrepreneurship; and iii) they are Greek or EU nationals and, if male, they have fulfilled their military obligations. The programme targets doctors, dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, lawyers, engineers and graduates of Polytechnic University Faculties over the first four years after graduation or after completion of a medical specialisation course. Participants must be aged under 34 with the exceptions of medical doctors and mothers of young children for whom the age limit is extended to 40, and of those who have enroled in post-graduate studies before turning 34 for whom the age limit is extended until completion of their post-graduate studies. In addition, youth are required to hold a certificate proving registration with OAED.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|graduate completion doctors extended unemployed|8.318614|3.8885756|3.5581455
7104|Between 2007 and 2013 a 55% tax deduction offered in the Energy Efficiency Tax Rebate Programme scaled-up investment in new appliances and equipment by EUR23Bn in 1.8 million applications. The cost of the scheme was EUR 13 billion. ( Org/W/ bookshop/463-Energy_Efficiency_Market_Report_2014 South Africa. The Income Tax was amended in 2013 to include regulation 12L, which sets out tax incentives for any energy efficiency project that reduces energy use in any way, and is claimable until 2020.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tax energy deduction efficiency appliances|2.0090744|2.6078913|2.2377155
7105|A master planning exercise was undertaken for primary care in the context of a World Bank project with the objective to determine how the network of primary care facilities could be adapted in each region (Sanigest International, 2014). Building on this, local authorities should develop and implement their restructuring plan for the public network, but should also remain open to considering and testing new models of service delivery. The country's geography and low population density pose unique challenges for health service delivery.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|delivery network service primary geography|9.168048|8.867869|1.77153
7106|Provision of affordable private rental housing can be supported through additional instruments such as supply-side grants, rental guarantees, tax relief to tenants for rental costs and tax relief to landlords for rental income. However, little data are available on the design of these instruments and on the level of public support provided. It will be important for governments to understand how access to good-quality affordable housing can be supported through this sector. Data are not yet robust enough to provide a comprehensive cross-country analysis of the distribution of public spending across various housing policy categories.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rental housing relief affordable supported|4.9996076|5.7257733|2.2313008
7107|The limits for extraction of natural resources have largely been reached and climate change is expected to continue lowering natural water endowments markedly in future especially in dry areas of the country. The costs of exploiting alternative supply sources on a large scale, notably desalination and recycling, remain well above water prices paid by consumers at present. The government has recognised that water policies therefore need to switch to demand management, so as to ensure that available resources are put to most efficient and priority use.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water natural exploiting switch endowments|1.1364485|7.5412416|2.6821358
7108|In Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras and Paraguay, the rise in the income of poor households came mainly from the labour market, in particular from a gain in the average income received by workers. In several of these countries, employment rates edged up among poor households, and in Paraguay the number of labour income earners in fact declined. In these three countries, the rise was due more to an increase in the number of recipients than in the average amount received, which actually fell in Peru in the period under review. This was because of the increase in income from imputed rent, a source which does not reflect income actually received, but the in-kind benefit accruing to households which own the dwelling in which they reside.|SDG 1 - No poverty|income received paraguay households actually|6.552574|5.6101203|5.1910334
7109|It was also given monopoly import rights over rice and wheat flour. Through BIMAS, packages of technological change in the form of high-yielding varieties (HYV) of rice, fertiliser and pesticides were developed and disseminated at subsidised prices through kiosks operated by village co-operatives (Koperasi Unit Desa, KUD). Local branches of the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) provided subsidised credit to farmers to purchase these inputs.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|subsidised rice desa flour yielding|3.9073906|4.985104|4.007219
7110|Similar examples can be found in the MENA region where there is a large gap between when the extension of male and female suffrage occurred, as in the case of Saudi Arabia. The variables are discussed in the following order: life expectancy, sex ratios, marriage age ratios, educational attainment and then the composite indicator. This is visible both from the individual country trends and the overall world average.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ratios suffrage arabia saudi composite|9.520553|4.5473175|6.1841254
7111|Support to renewables could encourage innovation and diffusion of emissions-reducing technologies, beyond the incentives provided by the EU ETS. However, OECD analysis shows that when a carbon price exists, applying other policy tools, including renewable or biofuel subsidies and targets, can lead to overlap and undermine cost-effectiveness (OECD, 2009c). Despite simplification of administrative and permitting procedures, these are still seen as the main obstacle to development of the renewable energy sector (IEA, 2009a).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable simplification permitting ets obstacle|1.6044714|2.8516102|2.189175
7112|As developed in Chapter 2, the re-allocation of labour resources towards more productive uses within and outside agriculture is fundamental to agricultural productivity growth in Turkey. This is typically evoked with respect to field-cropping where the size of parcels is believed to constrain the operation at an optimal-scale. Small farms seem to be perceived as less of a problem in horticulture (Akder, 2015). The analysis on relative productivity and efficiency on farms of different sizes is scarce and in general is limited by the availability of up to date farm-level data.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farms productivity parcels horticulture cropping|3.8929498|5.2336326|3.750951
7113|There is also evidence of brain drain, with an estimated 350 000 Malaysians working abroad in 2008, over half of whom had tertiary education. In 2000, only 8.9% of the regional population had achieved tertiary level education. The economy has depended on importing labour from throughout Malaysia as well as from other countries. Within the Northern Corridor Economic Region, the State of Penang has a better educated population than the other three states, but in international comparison Penang is a low-skilled region. While there is a push to move to a high-skill, high-wage economy, Penang remains dependent on low-skill industries and occupations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|penang skill tertiary economy drain|7.1370354|2.573773|2.4889927
7114|Sweden has no formal, national systems of CME and CPD, and consistent with Sweden’s culture of local empowerment, trust and shared values, this agenda is not nationally mandated. The responsibility for CME and CPD for all employed medical staff in Sweden rests with employers (e.g. county councils, municipalities and private providers). In Denmark, professionals engage in regular CPD and learning, but expectations and requirements around this are not formalised in any way.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cpd cme sweden formalised rests|9.437631|9.102057|1.7739543
7115|For example, Shvidenko and Nilsson (2002) reported that Russian forests have been carbon sink for past decades. Likewise, Nordic countries particularly Finland, Norway and Sweden have vast area of forests which store a large stock of carbon. Biomass and carbon stock in forests in all countries of this region have been growing constantly. Disturbance will cause release of this carbon, and thus global attention and policy mechanisms needed to incentivize the carbon sequestration in the Nordic countries.|SDG 15 - Life on land|carbon forests nordic stock disturbance|1.179727|4.478237|3.8865101
7116|Some also target a mix of farms, big villages and small towns all of which call for different technologies. In fact, rural electrification policies are shaped according to the various energy needs, resources and target groups. Electrifying the suburb of a major Indian city obviously poses problems that are different from those of a remote village in China. Remote or rural regions lacking electricity supply are often characterised by well identified challenges. They may lie at a reasonable distance from national or regional electricity grids (remote villages in the Amazon), may be difficult to access (far from urban centres with a difficult terrain such as large rivers or jungles), or may suffer harsh climatic conditions that render electrification through grid extension a perilous task. Rural communities are also often highly dispersed with a low population density and characterised by a low level of education, low load density generally concentrated at evening peak hours, and low revenues.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|remote low electrification villages characterised|2.2744915|1.8495502|2.645537
7117|The extent to which an intervention mobilises external resources could therefore be one upstream measure of effectiveness. Some development partners and institutions utilise results indicators for tracking resource mobilisation as part of larger monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems (e.g. CIF, UK, USAID, and CIF-CTF), as shown below in Table 1. Mobilising external finance can be a particularly important result for climate finance interventions that provide seed capital to private-equity umbrella funds or insurance and guarantee instruments, for example.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cif external finance ctf utilise|1.7943652|4.1651697|1.257148
7118|In PISA 2012, student performance in mathematics showed some variations across provinces. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick show smaller differences between high and low performers compared to the national average, while Alberta and Quebec have the largest differences. The impact of socio-economic status on student mathematics performance in Canada (9.4%) is below the OECD average (14%) (Figure 3). Every province and territory has publicly funded pre-primary education for 5-year-olds, and Ontario has full preprimary education provision for both 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds.|SDG 4 - Quality education|olds mathematics year student differences|9.645997|2.3313956|3.036063
7119|For instance, the quality of general education in Tunisia has been considered as relatively low compared to other middle income countries. This is shown by Tunisia’s PISA scores (Figure 4.3). While setting these objectives is a valuable first step the most demanding challenge will lie in implementation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tunisia demanding lie scores valuable|9.40049|2.2703474|3.034197
7120|More specifically, it combines the information available in the Survey of Adult Skills about the first two languages the person learned as a child and still understands and that spoken at home. Adjusted for host-country language ■ 4. The results in this figure are coefficients obtained from separate regressions with controls for level of education, age, gender and parental background. Parental educational background is defined as the highest educational level between the mother and the father.|SDG 4 - Quality education|parental background educational spoken languages|9.816985|2.7594273|2.8007176
7121|For example, the international price of wheat and maize rose by 25% in June and July 2012 after summer droughts in North America and Eastern Europe, which worried international markets and affected the global outlook for cereals and soya production (World Bank, 2012). On the other hand, gradual shifts in water risks that lead to production changes can result in long term market changes. Liu et al (2014) explored the impacts of irrigation risks on agriculture production and the role of international trade. Their simulations focus on regions that are expected to face irrigation failures, including China, South Asian countries, and the Middle East-North Africa region.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|production international north irrigation risks|1.5633333|6.84884|3.077502
7122|In contexts where accessibility requirements impose that all public transport vehicles are accessible and public transport frequencies are high, a move to longer wait times for accessible ride service vehicles will represent a retrograde step. This would include both disability awareness training and job specific practical training in areas such as guiding a blind person, assisting a wheelchair user, understanding and supporting a person with dementia. These are the principles that guided the development of MBTA's RIDE pilot. Provided that vehicles were suitable and drivers were trained, they would mostly adapt without difficulty.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|vehicles ride accessible person transport|4.2879686|5.171524|0.3318962
7123|If the coefficient on the self-employment dummy increases along the eamings distribution, this solely reflects that the dispersion that is due to the unobserved determinant is higher among self-employed since the impact of education is picked up by the education dummy. In the CQR example, the size of the two sectors was hardly affected as only one person was assumed to change employment status. Similarly, cross-country differences in earnings inequality can be decomposed into: i) differences in the composition of the population (for example, inequality should be higher in countries with a more unequal distribution of education endowment) and ii) differences in rates of return (for example, inequality should be higher in countries with a larger wage gap between highly- and low-educated workers).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|dummy differences inequality higher example|7.1704593|4.756832|4.6231027
7124|Compared to other fossil fuels, releases of carbon dioxide per unit of energy output are reduced. Perhaps more significantly, when used indoors biomass fuels impact indoor air quality, with significant health impacts. The energy efficiency of biomass cookstoves is also very low compared with other fuel options.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|biomass fuels cookstoves compared indoor|1.6886724|2.8407526|2.8903248
7125|Since the Ebola virus disease was discovered in 1976, the 2014 outbreak has proven to be the most serious and complex. However, those warnings failed to cause a stir at the sixty-seventh World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) held that same year, and an international response was not launched immediately. It was only after August that the outbreak was recognized as a “public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)” in accordance with International Health Regulations (IHR).1 However, by the time PHEIC was declared, it was already impossible for WHO alone to coordinate countries’ efforts to contain the epidemic. In September 2014, the United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER) was created with the endorsement of the General Assembly in its resolution 69/1 and the Security Council in its resolution 2177.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ebola outbreak assembly health resolution|8.350554|8.929798|3.124125
7126|"Furthermore, while the paper recognises that domestic finance also has an important role in financing adaptation and mitigation (CPI, 2014), it is beyond the scope of this paper. It explores views on the question ""What are the conditions of effective international public climate finance?” This paper does not seek to draw conclusions."|SDG 13 - Climate action|paper finance cpi recognises conclusions|1.7703396|4.0336537|1.073876
7127|The ongoing work on improving the poverty register in Tunisia is welcome (AfDB, 2012) and closer links should be made between this database and those held by social security so that past (and future) income can be better monitored. Related to this, families’ eligibility should also be reassessed routinely and, in order to promote graduation/exit from the cash transfer, recipients should be connected with income-generation and labour-market participation programmes (so-called “activation” measures). Finally, revising eligibility criteria, but also how the benefit is administered, should be based on a detailed analysis of the poor population that is currently not in receipt of the benefit - little is currently known about this group and the reasons why they are excluded. The evidence, however, suggests that these types of programmes have little adverse impact on employment because: i) they are usually not conditioned on labour force status; ii) the means-tests are frequently only loosely applied; and iii) the level of transfer is usually low relative to household income (OECD, 2011a).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|eligibility usually income transfer little|7.446228|5.92095|4.579238
7128|In countries with occupation-related health insurance, social contributions are proportional to income (sometimes up to an income threshold) and based on earnings, pensions and (often) unemployment benefits. For these countries, additional interventions to ensure universal coverage only concern a small share of the total population. In countries where health insurance premiums are not or are only partially related to income, policies described in Table 3 aim to reduce the burden of contribution for households with lower revenues and ensure some “redistribution” between richer and poorer households.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|income insurance households ensure premiums|8.505982|8.494884|2.3792722
7129|As they steadily cut fares, TNCs are erasing these longstanding financial disincentives for traveling by motor vehicle in Manhattan. The report suggests that if TNC growth continues at the current pace (and it finds there is no sign of it levelling off), the necessity of some type of road pricing will become more and more evident. These function are much like ride-sourcing services except that they match multiple, unrelated individuals or parties to share the same vehicle over the course of the same ride.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ride vehicle longstanding levelling unrelated|4.2931066|4.9646754|0.48538527
7130|First, economic growth is an absolute prerequisite for providing employment opportunities, and only an expanding economy can provide jobs for a growing labour force. However, most Pacific economies are growing very slowly and cannot keep pace with the increasing number of young people entering their labour forces every year. Additionally, young people are also less experienced and thus face structural disadvantages compared with older cohorts in an already squeezed labour market. Second, in most Pacific island developing countries there is a great mismatch between skills gained through the education system and the skills required to be employed given the country’s economic structures (ILO, 2010a; World Bank, 2009). While the curriculum of most educational institutions prepares students for jobs in the formal sector, there are very few jobs in that sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs labour pacific growing young|8.406782|3.088647|3.3048666
7131|Climate-related risks are expected to increase in the next decades. The main reasons for this - the observed trends of warming and rainfall deficit - are expected to persist over the coming decades as well. The indicator-based document assesses the risk of climate-change-related natural disasters for the period until 2035. According to the document, the main dangerous phenomena and processes related to climate change, which can generate different levels of risk for socioeconomic and natural systems, are extremely high temperatures (heat waves), drought, floods, forest fires, rising sea levels, rising temperature of surface waters, invasive species, etc.|SDG 13 - Climate action|document related climate decades rising|1.3387761|5.11748|2.2277007
7132|They bypass some of the major constraints that SMEs face when applying for traditional finance tools and expand SME access to finance in general. This includes access to trade finance through mobile phone-based money (Box 2). It was launched in 2007 by Vodafone for Safaricom and Vodacom, the two largest mobile network operators in Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania, respectively. It has since expanded to Afghanistan, Albania, India, Romania, and South Africa. It is estimated to have contributed to a drop of two percentage points in poverty rates in Kenya, with larger reductions among women-headed households.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|finance kenya mobile albania afghanistan|4.8733325|2.874096|1.4883494
7133|Measures in the health sector included a reduction in health workers' salaries, cuts to public pharmaceutical expenditure and a price review of private providers. Medical practices were also targeted with the introduction of clinical guidelines. Recent efforts have targeted changes to provider payment mechanisms, the development of Health Technology Assessment and defining a national list of pharmaceutical products and prescription guidelines.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pharmaceutical guidelines targeted health prescription|8.586911|9.2614565|2.0904856
7134|Efficient transport and mobility systems are at the core of poverty and exclusion policies. Connectivity is crucial for prosperity and development to occur, and for integrating people to places, opportunities, markets and jobs. Data shows that the world's demand for public transport has increased by nearly one fifth.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport prosperity fifth integrating connectivity|4.255821|4.9712205|0.73080075
7135|While it is possible that private operators have already targeted such areas, it is reasonable to assume that opportunities for regional core development could also be found. The experience of Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands could be very instructive in this regard. Along those lines, policy makers, particularly in emerging countries, facing decisions of where to focus ICT deployment, need to consider important trade-offs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|reasonable offs assume deployment facing|4.957981|3.2375457|1.9409038
7136|"In connection with this process, the curriculum document for Year 0 (the pre-school class) was also changed, setting explicit goals for students. This aims to further strengthen the development of crucial skills in Year 0 and improving their readiness for benefiting from the instruction in subjects from Year 1. To further this intention, concrete guidance for evaluation in relation to all learning goals (including specific examples) were made available to teachers together with the Common Objectives at a web portal (urn; ui.emu.dk), which is to function as a ""knowledge portal”, providing guidance and inspiration for working with the Common Objectives. The portal also offers suggestions for concrete teaching modules and activities. These tools are intended to support a shared understanding of goal-oriented instruction and assessment, thus helping teachers to work with the Common Objectives in a more qualified way."|SDG 4 - Quality education|portal common objectives instruction concrete|9.427601|1.7258666|1.6055486
7137|Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (World Food Summit, 1996). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), this definition covers four dimensions of food security: physical availability of food, economic and physical access to food, meeting nutritional requirements, and stability of these three aspects over time (Stamoulis and Zezza, 2003). These four dimensions are directly or indirectly influenced by the level of agricultural productivity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food physical dimensions security nutritious|4.2589808|5.4605083|4.3920374
7138|In Sweden (one of the most gender-equal countries with a strong family support system) men’s (fathers and non-fathers) paid work hours are about an hour less than in Germany on average and women’s (mothers and non-mothers) paid work hours more than three hours more per week compared to Germany. If, by 2040, German men and women aged 25 to 54 emulated the labour market behaviour of Swedish men and women in the same age bracket, the projected decrease in the German labour force would be slowed and GDP per capita could increase, if it is assumed that changes in labour force participation rates or weekly working hours do not affect the labour demand (see Chapter 2 for a detailed discussion of different scenarios). In countries with limited support for reconciling work and family life, child birth often implies a significant reduction in family income, as at least one partner has to stop (or reduce) their employment participation in order to care for the new child. The number of children in a family has a greater adverse effect on female employment in Germany than in many other OECD countries, and German women are much more likely to remain childless than women elsewhere (Chapter 6).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hours german family women germany|9.192612|5.21156|5.3658195
7139|There has been an historical tendency to assume that labour productivity grows less rapidly in agriculture than in the manufacturing sector, partly because there is less scope for benefiting from the division of labour. Indeed dual models of transition, such as the Lewis Model (Lewis, 1954) typically contrast a stagnant traditional rural sector with a dynamic and modem manufacturing sector. However, this view has been challenged by others, who have observed rapid science-based technical change in agriculture (for example, Hayami and Ruttan, 1985).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|lewis manufacturing sector stagnant agriculture|4.2774305|5.0989175|3.6868744
7140|How these resources are used—and the extent to which they support social objectives, including improvements in gender equality—depends on how the financial sector is organized and regulated.94 Central banks have a key regulatory role, setting out the rules and incentives and determining how the financial sector channels and allocates its resources. By changing these rules, central banks can channel credit to uses that support the realization of rights and promote gender equality. Credit allocation policies extend the toolkit available to pursue a range of objectives and should be considered as part of an alternative approach to macroeconomic management.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|banks rules credit equality objectives|8.9198065|4.046293|6.5779567
7141|Only 10% of travel between Aix and Marseille is with public transport. Private cars account for 90% of trips within the metropolitan area, close to the level observed in large US metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles and Denver. Road traffic increased by 10% between 1997 and 2009 and the roadways leading to the main urban cores of the metropolitan area are increasingly congested.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metropolitan angeles cores congested area|4.361493|4.9372287|0.5749045
7142|In 2012, the share of funding that was spent on initiatives targeting the demand side was relatively low'. While this has been done for some programmes such as Computers for Education, it is lacking for most other initiatives. The risk is not only that public funding may not be spent in the most efficient way and but also in the potential to crowd out private initiatives. Generally, these countries allocate major responsibility' for research in the universities and for basic research to the education ministry' and the task of funding innovation and more obviously industrially relevant research to the industry ministry.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|initiatives funding research spent ministry|5.6294956|3.268042|2.348205
7143|Recently, the reform consolidated the five main social security funds into a unified social security system, the General Health Insurance Scheme (GHIS - Genel Saghk Sigortasi), which now covers the majority of the population for services provided by a mix of public and private sector facilities (Tatar et al., The Social Security Institution (SSI - Sosyal Giivenlik Kurumu) has become the single-purchaser of health care services. It is funded by contributions from employers and employees, and by government contributions, which finance coverage for low-income people (former Green Card holders) and civil servants.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|security contributions social purchaser servants|8.500545|8.634463|2.2834318
7144|Denmark continues to implement a range of tobacco control policies and programmes, including tobacco cessation programmes, health warnings on cigarette packages, public awareness campaigns through mass media and high taxation on tobacco products. The government financially supports two partnerships to help with achieving this target. The 'Partnership for youth and alcohol' involves municipalities and civil society organisations, with the aim to reduce underage drinking by initiating local activities for young people in collaboration with local authorities and civil society (OECD, 2015). A number of measures have been taken in recent years to reduce excessive alcohol consumption (Box 1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tobacco alcohol civil society cessation|9.235588|9.586465|3.3126874
7145|When the utilisation of psychiatric and other medical services is regarded in relation to unemployment, it has been repeatedly found that unemployment, underemployment and disability are strongly connected to service use. An analysis of all psychiatric hospitalisations in Switzerland between 2000 and 2004 showed an up to 17-fold hospitalisation risk for unemployed persons in comparison with full-time employed patients (Kuhl and Herdt, 2007). In this analysis, the work-related difference in hospitalisation days is substantial.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitalisation psychiatric unemployment hospitalisations analysis|10.114117|8.833205|2.1164942
7146|Although climate change is expected to have a negative impact on yields in the majority of cases, in a few cases a boost in yields may be expected, as shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 presents the changes in land allocation relative to the Reference scenario. In irrigated areas, the negative impact of changed precipitation and increased temperatures is reduced by the availability of irrigation water, making yields more resistant to climate variations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|yields negative cases expected resistant|1.556199|5.482286|2.5569615
7147|There is considerable evidence that some beginning teachers, no matter how well prepared and supported, struggle to perform well on the job or find that it does not meet their expectations. A formal probationary process can provide an opportunity for both new teachers and their employers to assess whether teaching is the right career for them. The satisfactory completion of a probationary period of one to two years teaching should be mandatory before moving into the Initial stage of the new career structure.|SDG 4 - Quality education|career teaching teachers satisfactory struggle|9.619728|1.2510507|2.2684085
7148|Assuring interoperability would require the architects and developers of the blockchain layer to be knowledgeable of related database technologies and commonly used data structures. Critical security and privacy requirements of each key stakeholder, e.g. energy and transport regulators, digital infrastructure regulators, financial institutions, would have to be considered in the design as well. It would be very important to maintain the decentralisation when adding external systems, so that all the APIs need to be decentralised as well, creating multiple entry-points to the system and therefore not centralising it by just having one possibility.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|regulators knowledgeable assuring interoperability layer|4.023904|2.554218|2.0582018
7149|In the London area, road safety is directly ensured by TfL if the road in question is part of the TfL road network and by the boroughs and the City of London for roads on their territories. Vision Zero emphasises preventive measures that promote safe speeds, street design, vehicles and behaviours on roads, as well as measures that reduce the severity of injuries post collision. Such interpolations are essential to support the computation of a five year average denominator (e.g. population, traffic, trips), as survey data can be missing between survey years.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tfl road london roads survey|4.2414284|5.2333922|-0.03500187
7150|Even though the support for quota markets and individual quota rights in general is increasing in the sector, there is nothing to suggest this tension will disappear. On the contrary, recent political developments give rise to renewed debates regarding the purpose of fisheries management. However, as in other sectors, there is increasing popular opposition to this model of economic development and balanced alternatives should be better explored.|SDG 14 - Life below water|quota disappear increasing tension opposition|-0.16603997|5.691587|6.9543247
7151|This was the first international instrument to specifically address this issue. It recognizes that violence against women constitutes a violation of the rights and fundamental freedoms of women and a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women. The Declaration calls on States to condemn violence against women and work towards its eradication.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women violence manifestation freedoms violation|9.968337|5.1950326|7.477827
7152|Women are also more likely to enter the labour market through temporary jobs than men. In all OECD countries except Japan, Portugal, the Netherlands and Turkey, women leave school later than men, delaying their entry into the labour market. In continental and southern European countries and in Korea, young adults stay longer in education before entering the labour market.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|labour market delaying men continental|9.1711235|4.284026|5.649951
7153|Educational gaps overlap with the leadership gap in part because the pool of women in science and technical fields is limited and not growing. There can be no doubt that SECURICO has developed into a world-class security services organization recognized for its ISO certifications and industry awards, more than 20 in over a decade. In 2013, Divine was voted African Woman of the Year and also won the 1st Runner-Up UNCTAD Empretec Women in Business Award.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|voted certifications awards won doubt|10.100378|4.007814|6.9556537
7154|First, they act as a disincentive for those out of work to stay on benefits, and “shake out” those who are able to move into paid work. A second intention is that they allow participants to maintain skills and enhance their employability, for example by allowing them to demonstrate that they are reliable and good workers. These schemes are particularly important for those with durations of non-employment of over three months.|SDG 1 - No poverty|disincentive durations intention employability work|7.920245|4.7906823|4.036469
7155|Whaling and sealing, though internationally controversial, form a small part of Norwegian fisheries (Box 6.5). For this reason, it resumed whaling in 1993 after a five-year break following the moratorium set by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). That year Norway became the only state in the world to resume commercial whaling; it had objected to, and thus opted out of, the moratorium. The IUCN Red List categorises the northern minke whale (the subspecies found in Norway) as of “least concern”, though it is listed in CITES Appendix I (threatened). No commercial or scientific whaling of other species takes place, and the whaling industry does not receive direct subsidies.|SDG 14 - Life below water|norway commercial whale resumed resume|0.03005643|5.825862|6.853237
7156|After the relationship is estimated, it is then possible to predict the individual expenditures and the individual poverty status of all individuals in our household survey in order to simulate the actual implementation of the policy. By comparing the predicted and actual (according to the household survey expenditure data) poverty status of the survey households, we are able to evaluate likely targeting errors: namely under-coverage (poor individuals excluded from the social safety programme because predicted as non-poor) and leakage (non-poor individuals benefiting from transfers because erroneously identified as poor). The administrative costs faced by the governments to put in place the policies proposed here are not taken into account and we thus only include the total amount of cash transfers allocated or the cost of the subsidies provided. We made the hypothesis that all the transfers received by children living in the same household are pooled and shared equitably among all the household members. As we cannot know what allocation rule is in force within each household, we adopted a relatively neutral approach. Therefore, the model requires a benchmark data set presented in the form of a SAM.|SDG 1 - No poverty|household poor transfers survey individuals|7.453277|5.9416456|4.653612
7157|The development of water supply and the protection of drinking water would have to be accompanied by the development of the sanitation service and the introduction of mandatory treatment of wastewater. The primary responsibility for ensuring the sustainable water management of water resources rests with the Government. Reforms are a dynamic and iterative process, and not all necessary reforms can be carried out at the same time.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water reforms rests iterative accompanied|1.383048|7.022802|2.2254343
7158|Both enterprises and governments must strive for closer co-operation and a stronger involvement of firms in the education of young people. Cisco set out to provide Internet-based learning and information technology (IT) skills training in half the world’s 50 least developed countries including 11 West African countries (Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Togo). In 2008, over 9 200 students aged between 25 and 34 were enrolled throughout West Africa (YEN-WA, 2008). A survey of the LDC Initiative conducted in six countries showed that two-thirds of respondents found IT jobs after completing the programme and that 10% started their own businesses.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|west bissau gambia togo cote|8.0559435|2.396513|2.3972921
7159|Support should also be provided to the Arab academic colleges for education to help them to diversify their teaching portfolios. Investing in Arab education would improve education attainment levels and generate mid- to long-term benefits for the regional economy including increased tax revenues and job creation. The authorities should support the provision of colleges on the basis of the current and projected demand in order to provide the growth (or reduction) of services in locations where it is required. A region-wide assessment of current and planned capacity should be conducted against anticipated student numbers, identifying needs in terms of staff and infrastructure and taking into account related transport and student housing provision.|SDG 4 - Quality education|colleges arab student education provision|7.828038|2.3820305|2.7283788
7160|There are also elements complementing infrastructure rollout referred to as the hidden mile. These constitute regulatory issues such as infrastructure sharing, frequency management, licensing framework and universal service. It outlines regulatory, policy, institutional and other factors that underlie ICT sector growth in LDCs. It assesses the middle mile covering both national and regional backbone networks.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mile regulatory rollout underlie complementing|4.786196|3.0793178|1.7322098
7161|Within this framework, the Inter-Ministerial Conference for the Environment (CCIM) Steering Group Water (presided over by the Flemish Environment Agency) is the consultative body in charge of the necessary co-ordination of the implementation of international water policy between the different Belgian authorities in charge. It also advises on strategic planning of water policy in the long term, makes proposals for institutional mechanisms, incentives and guarantees towards the implementation of water policies in rural and urban areas, and adopts the necessary agreements for the implementation of the national integrated water strategy. It seeks to co-ordinate the actions of ministries of Environmental Protection, Health, Finance, Foreign Affairs, and Infrastructure, which used to be collectively responsible for the decision-making process over matters concerning water and sewage.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water implementation charge necessary environment|1.0896264|7.108483|1.6280049
7162|Moreover, policy makers and road safety experts have to understand that they have great opportunities to win when they operate together with other important areas such as traffic management and environmental policy. Measuring progress can be done by means of information that is collected every day, every week, every month, every quarter, every year or at a longer interval. Monitoring can establish whether developments are still on track compared to a policy goal, and monitoring can establish whether new and undesirable developments have surfaced. The sooner we axe aware of such developments, the better we can prepare suitable countermeasures.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|developments establish policy monitoring interval|4.232118|5.2456546|-0.026843779
7163|Funding for research and development has also increased since the mid-1990s, in particular as a result of financing directed to KazAgroInnovation since 2008. Compared to research and development, agricultural education continues to receive significantly lesser funds (although these expenditures have been steadily rising). Infrastructure expenditures varied during the analysed period, with the highest spending taking place between 2001 and 2003 when a large project to improve irrigation and drainage systems was implemented. However, towards the end of the 2000s, the funds directed for infrastructure improvement decreased substantially. Figure 2.30 illustrates the importance of each component in the total support to the agricultural sector in Kazakhstan.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|directed expenditures funds agricultural research|3.934688|5.140912|3.672189
7164|For example, for some institutional investors, infrastructure investments are not viable, because, as alluded to in the previous paragraph, maturities make it impossible to comply with the capital and liquidity requirements stemming from existing regulation. If conducted responsibly, securitization would enable private sector investors to more actively take on climate-related projects as part of their portfolios. Report from the Nordic Conference on Green Investments and Nordic Pension Funds.|SDG 13 - Climate action|nordic investors investments responsibly liquidity|2.3682413|3.329098|1.648387
7165|In particular after World War II, the housing associations played a key role in addressing the serious capacity shortages. At its peak in the early 1990s social housing in the Netherlands covered 44% of the Housing stock (Boelhouwer and Priemus, 2013). With time capacity shortages have decreased reducing the need for public sector intervention. In addition, public budget concerns and the belief that market provision could generate efficiency gains started a series of housing- policy reforms during the early 1990s (see Boelhouwers and van der Heyden, 1995). At the same time the housing associations that operate social housing have become independent organisations that - conditional on prior approval by public authorities- can take on commercial private activities so they can raise private capital complementary to public funding. These reforms enhanced the independence of social housing associations in the Netherlands: they no longer have to submit project/investment related to social housing for approval by public authorities in advance (Algemene Rekenkamer, 2014).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing associations public approval shortages|4.888588|5.695869|2.156645
7166|The centrality of gender equality for the achievement of the remaining SDGs does not imply this goal has only instrumental value. Though good for societies as a whole, substantive gender equality is most importantly a goal in its own right. At the centre of the goal of human development is broadly shared well-being, which requires the creation of conditions where all people have the right and ability to realize their full human potential and to benefit from rising living standards. A frequently overlooked attribute of investment in gender equality is that such spending can be self-financing when effects are evaluated over a medium- and long-run time horizon.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|goal equality gender right centrality|9.296353|4.4451656|6.9031663
7167|Avoid” or “reduce” the need to travel and the trip length, by improving the efficiency of the overall transport system through integrated land-use planning and transport demand management, e.g. through compact, mixed-use development planning, traffic restrictions, mobility management and marketing, and national subsidies for low-carbon transport metropolitan design and planning. Shift” or “maintain” tools, to improve trip efficiency by encouraging modal shift to low-carbon transport modes such as public transport, e.g. through parking restrictions, road space allocation, public awareness campaigns on alternatives to private vehicles; procurement of public transport. Improve” fuel and vehicle efficiency and technologies, e.g. through vehicle standards, speed limits, labelling of vehicles’ environmental performance and fiscal incentives for electric or hybrid vehicles.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport vehicles trip efficiency planning|3.9993315|4.7767115|0.6525158
7168|For instance, w'omen in over 100 countries covered by the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) still face legal and other forms of discrimination in their access to land and property, and 77 countries have inadequate legislation addressing domestic violence (OECD Development Centre, 2014). Women’s economic involvement promotes good use of skills and talent and increases social cohesion. The participation of w'omen in the economy is indispensable for promoting global well-being, reducing poverty and combating inequality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|omen indispensable combating talent sigi|9.536149|4.583488|6.915576
7169|This system for permanent consultation of and negotiation with stakeholders is certainly one of the conditions for ensuring that water management measures are socially acceptable. Focus on improved quality of aquatic ecosystems and sustainability. This dual time-frame ensures that management is socially acceptable and fair in the long term, while preserving the rapid response times essential to crisis management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|acceptable socially management preserving frame|1.073597|6.975224|1.7312461
7170|Mind is an independent charity organisation. These groups represent important sources of information and support for service users; many organisations also present their own research, for example surveys of service user needs or access. Some non-governmental organisations also provide mental health services, from support group services to more regular care services for mental ill health sufferers or their carers or families. The Crisis Care Concordat, launched in February 2014, details how the Government plans to improve emergency support for people in mental health crisis across the country.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental organisations services crisis support|10.426566|8.825697|1.7111621
7171|Percentages will add up to 100 unless the categories are not mutually exclusive. In gender statistics, proportions can be calculated as relative measures of (a) distributions of each sex by selected characteristics; and (b) sex distributions within the categories of a characteristic. These two types of proportions are presented in the table IV. In the first case of distribution, the proportions are calculated as relative frequencies of the categories of a characteristic for each sex, with womens and men’s respective totals used as the denominators. For example, in the third column of data in table IV. This is calculated as the number of women employed divided by womens total population in the corresponding age group and multiplied by 100.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|proportions sex calculated categories distributions|9.6746025|4.4152474|7.90179
7172|This problem is exacerbated by the high share of income spent on food in low-income households and the competing needs of buying food and paying for other major household expenses such as rent, health care costs and transport to work. All three can be seen as components of a broader economic development strategy that has an explicit food dimension. Importantly, the basic principles for defining a territorially based food security programme should follow the framework of the OECD New Regional Policy.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food buying exacerbated income rent|4.3722405|5.4407125|4.2920303
7173|Although students acquire curriculum-based content knowledge in mathematics, reading, and science to international levels, their performance on the PISA assessment reveals they are persistently less successful in using and applying knowledge than are students in peer countries, or OECD member countries on average. Although Lithuania has achieved equitable learning outcomes among its language minority populations, others - especially rural students - lag behind. While Lithuania has developed a framework of external assessments with which to monitor student learning across primary and secondary schooling, it could make fuller use of these assessments in assuring the quality of schools and linking them to the management of schools and classroom instructional practices.|SDG 4 - Quality education|lithuania students assessments knowledge learning|9.671606|2.0621731|2.6647694
7174|These surveys generated a new set of evidence on policy and institutional instruments for achieving gender balance in the public sector, integrating gender considerations into the policy and service-delivery processes and implementing a gender equality agenda. Chapter 1 provides the rationale for the study, its objectives and the methodological approach to data collection. Chapter 2 reviews the trends and approaches to enable equal access to decision-making posts in the public domain across OECD countries for both men and women, including parliaments, the political executive, the judiciary and the senior civil service. Chapter 3 accounts for trends in public sector employment of women and highlights policy measures used in OECD countries to enable parity in the public sector.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|chapter public gender enable sector|9.909162|4.2474318|7.1076183
7175|At the same time, there is urgent need to expand access to modern sources of energy to meet the needs of a large proportion of people in some of the poorest countries, who depend on traditional energy sources to the detriment of their health from air pollution. In 2012 fossil fuels accounted for 81.7 percent of the global primary energy mix, while low-carbon nuclear power accounted for 4.8 percent, hydroelectricity for 2.4 percent, and biomass for 10 percent. Modern renewables jointly accounted for only 1.1 percent. ( International Energy Agency, 2014).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|percent accounted energy modern sources|1.5216128|2.4787123|2.615285
7176|"To provide more insights into what motivates a diverse and skilled pool of candidates to enter the teaching profession, this chapter uses data from PISA 2006 and 2015, and analyses cross-country differences and trends over time in the characteristics of 15-year-old students who expect to work as teachers when they are 30 years old. This chapter also identifies factors that are associated with countries' ability to attract individuals with high skills and with an unconventional background (i.e. men and children of non-native parents) to the teaching profession. Factors that shape early career aspirations greatly determine the overall pool of prospective candidates to enter the ""teaching pipeline"", even though alternative pathways that enable adults to enter the profession at any point in their lives can mitigate the influence of these factors. The chapter also attempts to explain these differences between countries by relating them to the working conditions, social status and monetary compensation enjoyed by teachers in different countries. Attracting high-achieving students to the teaching profession might be particularly important in countries that suffer from shortages of teachers, or where perceptions of teacher shortages are worsening over time."|SDG 4 - Quality education|profession teaching enter teachers pool|9.561337|1.3899202|2.6076887
7177|In many OECD countries, three-year degrees are sufficient to equip students with high level of skills and employability results are good. Italy is an important manufacturing country and needs the technical skills that can be acquired through participation in shorter tertiary professional programmes. However, these programmes were introduced only recently and account for a tiny share of overall students. For instance, ITSs (ISCED 5) were created in 2011-12 and, as mentioned above, account for less than 1% of all students enrolled in tertiary education for the first time.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students tertiary account equip skills|8.735461|2.6123664|2.9856708
7178|The creation of more of these positions through rural generalist training pathways could help rural communities become more self-sufficient, potentially lessening the need for outreach and improving continuity of care. Given nurse practitioners in Australia are often specialists, options to create and encourage more generalist rural nurse practitioner roles could also be considered. An important way of providing support is through CPD and engagement with peers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|generalist nurse rural cpd practitioner|9.3288765|8.73357|1.8500144
7179|Large hydropower plants are excluded from this support mechanism. A simplified licensing procedure and favourable tariffs apply to microgeneration capacity from renewables at household level, provided that a solar thermal collector is also installed. The overall support framework provides sufficient stability for investors (EC, 2009b).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|collector simplified thermal ec installed|1.7119792|1.6970322|2.216735
7180|Given that this treaty, which commands almost universal support, lays out only very general climate change mitigation and adaptation duties for states, it was only natural that states negotiated a Protocol (Kyoto Protocol) to lay down binding emission reduction targets for the industrialised states in 1997 (entry into force in 2005). The first commitment period, within which industrialised states were expected to cut their greenhouse gas emissions, ran from 2008 to 2012. The December 2012 climate regime meeting in Doha was able to agree on a second commitment period for some industrialised states, led by the European Union and Australia, but many others dropped out.|SDG 13 - Climate action|industrialised states protocol commitment ran|1.2259161|3.5605557|1.5525773
7181|Quality standards, indicators and monitoring frameworks are much less developed in primary care. This may be because hospital-based care is more procedural, and so is more amenable to standardisation and measurement. The strengths of primary care (comprehensiveness, co-ordination and continuity) are harder to define and measure.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care comprehensiveness standardisation primary amenable|9.249339|9.440472|1.7211167
7182|There would also be academic colleges, two-year community and vocational colleges. The system would facilitate an easy transition for students from one tier to another. This report recommended that the decision-making authority and accountability of existing colleges should be enhanced, mainly in areas pertaining to regional needs. The report also envisioned a new role in life-long learning for higher education institutions. Tertiary education in Israel would encompass post-secondary studies (associate degrees), academic studies (colleges and universities) and life-long learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|colleges academic studies envisioned life|7.8314953|2.4117215|2.714794
7183|A specialised knowledge and counselling organisation (Videns- og Specialradgivningsorganisation, VISO) within this board provides advice to municipalities, institutions and citizens across the country in the area of special needs education and rare special needs free of charge. Examples for the areas of expertise include, autism, cerebral palsy and diffuse brain injuries, hearing loss, and self-harm. Typically, teachers and school leaders should in the first instance discuss their needs with their local educational-psychological advisory service (PPR), which should then decide if VISO should become involved.|SDG 4 - Quality education|needs special og brain hearing|10.227518|2.3711302|1.9856927
7184|Cars engaged in parking can hinder sight distance of other drivers, causing accidents particularly around junctions and crossings in residential areas. However, traffic signal times are not revised properly according to changes in traffic conditions. In general, the initial design of traffic signal timing is not reviewed for long times.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|traffic signal times crossings sight|4.296519|5.1480293|0.03529558
7185|Policy action can play a crucial role by helping women access collateral and build solid credit-records, by closing gender gaps in financial literacy and business skills, and by strengthening anti-discrimination legislation. Moreover, in most countries analysed there exist laws or customary, traditional or religious practices that prevent women from having the same access to land, non-land assets or financial services as men (SIGI Database). This problem is often exacerbated by family codes and social norms granting more control over family assets to men, and inheritance law that favours men over women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men assets women favours family|9.05429|4.3726215|6.890854
7186|Such principles have recently adopted in 2015 by UN-Habitat Governing Council. However, there is not sufficient detail on how these towns will be developed to provide functional complementarity and accessibility to infrastructure, services, jobs and other advantages that can be found in Minsk. Also, the social, economic and environmental sustainability effects of this policy have not been well articulated.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|complementarity articulated governing towns functional|3.802875|4.99201|1.9841223
7187|The post-2015 framework needs to focus on goals and targets that will very directly help to achieve poverty eradication as the overriding goal, rather than struggling to construct a single framework for developmental and environmental issues; in such a monolithic framework, poverty eradication could get lost. On the other hand, a poverty-focused framework can - of course - include global public goods3 where relevant. This would draw attention to the fortunes of the poorest people.|SDG 1 - No poverty|framework eradication poverty struggling construct|6.1773643|6.306076|4.8519597
7188|"Monetary measures may be accurate ""on average"" but not at the household level. Yet the MPI requires each indicator to accurately depict deprivation status at the household level. If a relative poverty line is used for income (as in Alkire and Apablaza 2016), then the poverty focus and deprivation axioms do not hold. Having a mixture of relative and absolute cut-offs also is conceptually challenging. For example, in the case of Mexico, it appears that economic and non-economic aspects of poverty are equally weighted. But in fact, the identification procedure is designed to exclude all persons who are not income poor from having the possibility of being identified as poor."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty deprivation having relative household|6.494892|6.454387|5.054768
7189|Municipalities can choose the level of control among several different methods. They have the authority to either formulate a plan local d'urbanisme (or PLU, a local uiban plan that includes detailed land-use regulations and sets the zones where construction is permitted) or a carte communale (the municipality map demarcating areas where construction is permitted), depending on the context of the municipality. Construction in green fields is only possible when allowed by the PLU or by the carte communale, and municipalities must otherwise comply with the national principle of limiting construction.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|construction plu permitted municipality municipalities|3.862878|5.6039934|1.6538023
7190|The gap between girls and boys has also narrowed considerably in North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia. Overall, 64 per cent of countries in the developing regions reporting data by sex had achieved gender parity in primary education in 2012. More than half of the countries with gender disparity in primary education in 2012 (56 per cent) were in sub-Saharan Africa.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|africa saharan sub primary cent|9.616271|4.2768593|5.854064
7191|While family structure cannot account for rising poverty rates over time or differences across countries, it is clear that in many countries a strong association between family type and poverty exists. The extent to which this relationship is causal is unclear, for two reasons. Firstly, groups such as lone parents or teenage mothers may have a greater risk of being poor not because of their family status per se but because they have other characteristics, such as low educational attainment and low employment rates. Secondly, family structures may also be a consequence of poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|family poverty teenage rates firstly|7.274935|6.01363|5.179518
7192|The rationale for requiring a research-based dissertation is that teachers are expected to be able to have a holistic view of teaching and learning process, and be able to engage in continuous professional development in their career as a teacher. Traditional teacher-preparation programmes too often treat good pedagogy as generic, assuming that good questioning skills, for example, are equally applicable to all subjects. Because teacher education in Finland is a shared responsibility between the teacher education faculty and the academic subject faculty, there is substantial attention to subject-specific pedagogy for prospective primary as well as upper-grade teachers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher faculty pedagogy subject able|9.412943|1.2672278|2.2417362
7193|In the oil-rich countries, higher fuel prices have a positive effect on the living standard as a result of increasing aggregate demand. In the oil-importing countries, a fuel price increase can have a direct poverty effect through the consumption of energy and an indirect effect via higher prices for commodities whose production requires energy. The poverty impact of an energy price increase may vary for different geographical locations and depending whether a household is connected to the utility infrastructure. In urban households, the share of energy consumption is usually higher compared to rural households.9 If the utility infrastructure is insufficient, households may not even be connected to central sources of energy.|SDG 1 - No poverty|energy effect utility households connected|2.1180155|2.1745236|2.5971549
7194|The integration of tourism activities in domestic value chains can foster activity and productivity. Bundling attractions and services together can increase visitors’ spending by providing diverse tourism services and encouraging longer stays and facilitating access to local culture, which is the primary purpose for around 60% of visitors (see above). One way to achieve this is to improve tourist information and service centres, which rank poorly (96,h) in the WEF (2017) tourism competitiveness indicators. Tourist information centres are a hub for reliable information and offer local knowledge to create packages. Financing for information centres could come from local government, visitors and local firms.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|visitors tourism centres tourist local|6.386255|3.842729|2.872677
7195|Nearly all students continue learning in upper secondary education, beyond compulsory education. All of this is accomplished in a schooling system that provides wide autonomy to school leaders and teachers, and it is achieved on comparatively modest levels of spending. Continuing declines in the size of the school-age population challenge authorities to efficiently manage the nation’s school network. The nation’s capacity to replenish its teaching workforce is hampered by unattractive conditions of employment, an unclear vision of what good teaching practices are, and what sort of training can best promote good teaching.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching nation school good accomplished|9.124221|2.121573|2.496234
7196|The traditional avenue for resolving labour disputes and non-compliance with labour legislation is generally considered to be the judicial one, involving specialized labour courts. This is an area in which the necessary information is not always available, except in some countries where labour justice reforms have been implemented, usually based in the ministries of justice or organizations in the sector. Accordingly, the contents and results of the labour justice reforms undertaken in the region should be considered and integrated into the analysis. Nonetheless, the evidence reveals major shortages of inspectors to cover the relevant population.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|justice labour reforms considered avenue|8.086233|4.491714|4.2947035
7197|The Power plant study highlights future changes associated with the actual power plant, such as technique and maintenance. The final element, Distribution, allows the study of aspects and changes in the transmission and distribution network, like future changes in seasonal energy consumption needs. Each part can be affected in a specific way due to the changing climate and it therefore makes sense to examine the parts separately.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|changes plant distribution study future|1.5079372|1.6917473|2.03586
7198|Both qualities -sharing and leading-are moving increasingly centre-stage for regulators worldwide. The essential need to share has driven technological innovation across time and geographies. Until the new millennium and the digital era, the nature of regulation had very much been about command and control. Its nature has seen significant evolution nowadays - and the nature and quality of leadership have become central to regulation. Today's regulation has also become a process, embracing collaboration and shared reflection of the complexities at hand.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|regulation nature embracing complexities nowadays|4.9174914|3.057976|1.8559864
7199|These data can be adapted and applied to each country's economic and social context, informing the development of national approaches to poverty reduction. Such a course would bring the world one step closer to the goal of eradicating extreme poverty in general, and child poverty in particular. Social protection mechanisms such as pensions, fee waivers, child support grants and cash transfers are an effective approach that can reduce vulnerability to poverty and deprivation, strengthen families' capacity to care for their children and overcome barriers to accessing essential services.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty waivers child eradicating informing|7.274052|6.1348104|4.642239
7200|The Department of Employment and the Workplace Gender Equality Agency are held responsible for the implementation of these principles. In Spain, the legislation guiding procurement provides a more flexible language stating that “contracting authorities may establish social considerations such as the elimination of inequalities between men and women’'. These instruments are useful to bring clarity to both government organisations and those seeking contracts on what is expected and how equality is determined. A number of countries such as Canada and Spain also focus efforts to develop gender expertise among procurement officials.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|procurement spain equality stating gender|9.672952|4.0344777|7.154432
7201|Trade regulations themselves aside, this may be attributed in part to the fact that regulatory procedures are not aligned with these new ways of doing business. Enabling trade control agencies to take advantage of the fact that the original data generated and used by private sector stakeholders are now almost always in electronic form would go a long way in facilitating trade - and increasing regulatory compliance. Development of mobile applications for completion of regulatory procedures may also be actively considered as, unlike computers, these devices have become ubiquitous in even the least developed countries of the region. Finally, establishing public-private partnerships between trade control agencies and the e-commerce, e-payment and/or e-logistics platforms may be explored to transfer part of the regulatory control functions to these private service sector providers, taking advantage of their IT capabilities and know-how, as well as their privileged access to data.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|regulatory trade control private advantage|4.638521|3.046324|2.2369514
7202|There has been some discussion about lowering the price for licences and simplifying the procedures for coking coal exploration activities. Due to the political sensitivities, gas tariffs for households have been kept low, corresponding in the first half of 2010 to 20-25% of the gas price as imported from Russia. District heating companies paid less than half of the import price but non-payments by these companies and by individual consumers have nevertheless been widespread.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|price gas half companies simplifying|1.5141376|2.1641123|2.2220285
7203|In the first subperiod, the number of people living in poverty decreased by 2.6% per year, while the number in extreme poverty declined by 2% annually. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of people living in poverty and extreme poverty decreased at annual rates of just 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. Lastly, in 2015 and 2016, the region's per capita GDP contracted by 1.8% each year, while the proportion of people living in poverty and extreme poverty grew by 5% and 12%, respectively (see figure II.2). Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty extreme living decreased people|6.389121|5.7064433|5.2356935
7204|Fiscal policies such as taxes and transfers are essential tools to ensure sustainable funding for social programmes and public investments, and also contribute to reducing income and spatial inequality. However, trust and confidence in fiscal institutions are crucial to ensuring fiscal performance and preserving the social contract. The level of trust in the government's fiscal responsibility is often driven by the extent to which taxes and transfers play a redistributive role.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|fiscal trust taxes transfers preserving|6.9921794|5.613014|4.184177
7205|A more realistic growth projection would be about 4%, slightly lower than that achieved in the previous year. The economy of Afghanistan is projected to grow by 6.5% in 2013, assuming normal weather conditions and agricultural production. Industrial growth may be boosted by improved electricity supplies.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|boosted projection afghanistan realistic growth|1.7734723|2.3844895|2.7189074
7206|However, the proportion of people who are undernourished declined from about 20 per cent in 1990-1992 to 15 per cent in 2008-2010. Progress has been uneven across regions and the 2007-2008 food and financial crisis posed additional challenges. Under current conditions, the target of halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015 will not be met in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Individuals may take in enough calories for daily subsistence, but still suffer from “hidden hunger” with low levels of micronutrients owing to the lack of diversification of diets.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|hunger proportion micronutrients cent calories|4.4195657|5.690872|4.5769286
7207|However, owing to a largely favourable budgetary position and a set of reforms and initiatives, no major financial sustainability risks have been identified for Denmark due principally to a favourable budgetary position (European Commission and Economic Policy Committee, 201S). Denmark’s comparatively low number of hospital beds and average length of stay have not resulted in any discernible reduction in quality, suggesting that overall the hospital system is functioning more efficiently. However, the ongoing sustainability of this annual funding reduction is beginning to be challenged.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|favourable budgetary position hospital denmark|9.01257|9.083532|2.2831624
7208|Instructional leadership itself needs to be more clearly defined in terms of principals’ actions, and it is here that the work of Day et al. ( Distributed leadership focuses on leadership practices, including interactions with other leaders, teachers, staff, parents, and students, rather than on formal leaders’ traits, roles and functions, or on organisational structures (Grubb and Flessa, 2006(57]; Spillane, 2006(58]). Three specific aspects of distributed leadership are: making collaborative decisions; emphasising school governance that empowers staff and students and encourages shared accountability for student learning; and emphasising school-wide participation in efforts to evaluate the school’s academic development (Hallinger and Heck, 2010(4ij).|SDG 4 - Quality education|leadership emphasising distributed school leaders|9.765096|1.3537074|1.7808084
7209|The approach in this framework is that the basis of measurement is each contact with the health system, and not the entire duration of the disease or health condition. A contact is distinct from the complete treatment, which comprises all the contacts to treat a health condition. At this stage, interventions aim to enhance health status and to maintain a condition of low risk of diseases, disorders or injuries - in other words, to prevent their occurrence (HC.6), through vaccinations or an injury prevention programme, for example.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|condition health contact hc contacts|9.349519|9.159838|2.5780954
7210|Based on this analysis, we propose a new paradigm for enhancing agricultural productivity per unit area through the introduction of more adaptable crops with a holistic management approach. We outline an integrated genetic natural resource management (IGNRM) strategy based on hands-on experiences in India for harnessing the untapped potential of rain-fed paddy fallow areas to increase food production, and improve the livelihoods of people with finite and scarce resources by enhancing resource-use efficiency. Approximately 46.9 million ha or 45 percent of Southeast Asia's cropland is planted to paddy in irrigated (18 million ha), rain-fed (18 million ha), and other cropping systems (see Table 4.1). South Asia accounts for 40 percent of the world's harvested paddy area (USDA, 2010), which supplies almost 25 percent of the world's population (FAO, 2015).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|paddy ha percent fed rain|3.5833206|5.3416224|4.135197
7211|Particular attention should be paid to reproductive behaviour leading to early fertility. It has been observed that children are highly likely to repeat the reproductive patterns of their parents, and in the poorest families these patterns involve early fertility and more children than the average for all households. It has been suggested that there is a vicious circle whereby poverty is linked to higher and earlier fertility and a heavy child-rearing burden for households that leads back to greater poverty (Carrasco, Martinez and Vial 1997; Paz and others, 2004; Rodriguez, 2006).|SDG 1 - No poverty|fertility reproductive patterns early martinez|8.277731|5.8652244|5.648452
7212|Graduates of tertiary education who are roundly educated and skills relevant to the job market will boost productivity and economic growth, thereby increasing capacity for greater investment in education and other services. Improvements in teacher education, in part resulting from better-prepared entrants to pre-service training, will promote better teaching and learning at all levels of education. Thus it will be necessary to determine relative priorities among the sectors, find efficiencies in future expansion whilst raising quality, and, where appropriate and possible, shift a proportion of the costs from the public to the private sector.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education better efficiencies entrants whilst|8.998128|2.192177|2.6296365
7213|In June 2015, the United Arab Emirates health authorities recommended the inclusion of three plant materials, namely kava (Piper methysticum), kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) and Salvia divinorum in Table 4 of that country’s Federal Law No. In the United Arab Emirates, efforts are also being made to standardize procedures for prescriptions involving controlled substances, restricted pharmaceuticals and psychoactive drugs, including innovative measures such as the establishment of an electronic system for the issuance of prescriptions and the dispensing of medicines containing controlled narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. In February 2015, Turkmenistan strengthened its main drug control law on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors through an amendment establishing that amnesty may not be granted to individuals who have been convicted of crimes related to trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or precursors.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychotropic substances narcotic drugs precursors|8.357604|10.19271|3.4932065
7214|Using the present values of costs and benefits as a basis for comparison shows a net benefit of the WFD in England and Wales of USD 10 million (GBP 7 million) (Defra/WAG, 2009). In 2006, a strategic cost benefit analysis tried to monetise benefits as far as possible. The assessment indicated that the most important benefits of WFD measures are related to the value attached to living in a beautiful natural environment, which could be revealed in the increased value of houses in the vicinity of water. Other benefit categories identified included recreational benefits and benefits for the production of drinking water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|benefits wfd benefit million defra|1.4031947|7.382794|2.5752358
7215|This could well destroy incentives to work among the poor, and is unlikely to be optimal from the point of view of poverty reduction in the long-run15. Neither, do the different scenarios account for potential interaction between social benefits or change the amount of tax paid following a reallocation of benefits16. Therefore, they should only be seen as the initial effect that would arise from certain redistributions of transfers, with the understanding that in the longer term, other factors may change the overall impact. Table 8 shows the various redistribution scenarios of family17 and housing benefits considered for OECD countries and what the associated child poverty rates would be for these countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|scenarios benefits reallocation poverty change|7.34042|5.584395|4.6431055
7216|Exceptionally buoyant external conditions for LDC exports — in the form of the global commodity boom, strong external demand and ample external financing - did result in higher GDP growth in the 2000s. That, in turn, led to some increased investment, including, and in some cases mainly, by foreign firms. The investment ratio of LDCs (i.e., gross fixed capital formation as a share of GDP) rose from 18.5 per cent to 21.8 per cent between 2000-2001 and 2010-20112 — the highest level in over 40 years. First, the increase in the LDCs’ investment ratio still falls short of the level typically required for developing countries to sustain high growth rates over long periods.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|external investment ldcs ratio gdp|5.2270865|4.5526757|3.6960537
7217|It provides an overview of public satisfaction with the education system and schools, and then assesses the level of private and public expenditure on education and discusses issues around access to upper secondary education and tertiary education. Using the results from the 2012 OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and other data sources, this chapter also presents indicators on the performance of Korean students to international standardised tests on mathematics, science and reading as well as indicators of equity in learning outcomes and on the transition from school to work in Korea. Since the 1950s education and skills development strategies have played a key role in the economic development of the country.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education indicators assesses international korean|9.097858|2.0788867|2.7664561
7218|They can be applied descriptively to identify lack of accessibility to essential services in certain areas (i.e. to take stock of accessibility gaps). They can also be used to assess how various policy or infrastructure alternatives might change accessibility levels across territories and for different users, demonstrating how given options would contribute to or undermine the attainment of wider sustainability goals. Additionally, accessibility indicators can be used in ex post analysis, comparing a previous situation to the current one after implementation of a specific action.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accessibility demonstrating used ex undermine|4.2747593|5.2122755|0.6059538
7219|A gender-responsive team of project staff and technical assistants is needed to coach and mentor managers of BDS to respond to the distinct needs of male and female business owner-managers. A growing body of experience in both the micro and SME sectors shows the critical need for coaching, especially of female SME owner-operators, male and female graduates and start-up entrepreneurs. Awareness, creativity and pro-active outreach can work towards recruiting females and males as BDS specialists, trainers/facilitators and beneficiaries to meet the need for a gender mix in BDS facilitators/providers/trainers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bds facilitators trainers sme female|9.012012|3.3480337|6.607112
7220|It promotes energy awareness in schools using educational programmes in human, social and physical sciences. Municipalities have regulatory and management functions with respect to provision of environmental services (e.g. water supply and sanitation, waste collection and disposal, protection against noise). Municipal communities may also adopt their own environmental protection programmes, while larger urban communities are obliged to do so.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|communities protection environmental noise programmes|2.4424422|3.9714508|2.141704
7221|As a result, the deployment of renewables has increased considerably, particularly of solar PV, which in 2016 outstripped the growth in any other form of new power generation, with renewables reaching nearly a quarter in the world’s electricity generation (IEA, 2017b). Based on estimates, improved energy management through the scaled-up use of renewables can reduce mining companies’ energy costs by 25% for existing operations and up to 50% for new mines (Deloitte, 2017). There is scope for further research to look at issues related to the energy transition of processing facilities (Section 3.2).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewables energy generation deloitte mines|1.5838528|2.1876118|2.054688
7222|A higher number indicates a greater impact. For example, payments based on variable input use have the largest impact on fishing effort and reduce stock size the most. The picture is complex, but the results show a clear separation between policies that are based on what fishers buy (fuel, other inputs) and what fishes own and do (vessels, capital, income). The former tend to pose the greatest risk to overfishing and depletion of fish stocks while the latter provide the greatest benefits to fishers.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishers greatest fishes overfishing impact|-0.23632042|5.7092724|6.805305
7223|In addition, 11 per cent of Kiribati women aged 15-49 reported physical violence by men other than their partners, most commonly by male family members including fathers or stepfathers, and 10 per cent reported having experienced non-partner sexual violence. The detrimental impacts of violence on women's physical, sexual and mental health are well documented, including unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, miscarriages, sexually transmitted diseases, emotional distress and thoughts of suicide. Gender-based violence coordinators have been put in place in the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Women, Youth and Social Affairs to support health promotion to outer islands, capacity building and improved availability of emergency contraceptives.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence sexual physical health women|10.058308|5.4795666|7.3834686
7224|During the last 25 years, approximately 122 species of vertebrates and four species of plants are expected to have lost more than 50 per cent of their population. There are about 32 endemic and approximately 110 subendemic plant species in the country. According to the project on invasive species in Albania, funded by the World Bank in 2007, they are mainly nematodes, molluscs, insects, decapods, fish and mammals.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species approximately insects molluscs mammals|1.4168508|5.338558|4.206414
7225|This failure is not only in contravention of human rights obligations but is also inconsistent with commitments to encourage family cohesion as a way to achieve sustainable development. The achievement of the SDGs requires taking comprehensive measures for protecting and assisting families as well as ensuring substantive equality for all their members. Plan of Action on the Family in Africa.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|family assisting inconsistent substantive cohesion|9.212581|4.8529043|7.1398625
7226|Even though Figures 4.2 and 4.3 take a cross-sectional perspective and consider women of different ages only in a given year, the implication is that once women in Germany work part-time they do not resume full-time employment. Indeed, they appear to be stuck in a “part-time trap”. Inactivity is widespread, particularly among older women, suggesting that once they are out of employment it is difficult to return to work. Figure 4.3 shows a correspondingly wide gender gap in working hours across all ages in the overall working-age population (right-hand panel).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ages time women resume trap|9.16256|4.9597664|5.2567277
7227|As described, the task of compiling systematic overviews of Norwegian and international educational research and make this knowledge available to the authorities and other users could go a long way toward solving this problem. However, higher spending in lower secondary education (beyond a certain basic level) is only tenuously linked to better student learning outcomes (OECD, 2007). According to PISA, the overall lack of a relationship between resources and outcomes does not show that resources are irrelevant, but that their level does not have a systematic impact within the prevailing range and it also depends on that resources are used efficiently.|SDG 4 - Quality education|systematic resources irrelevant outcomes does|9.275954|2.0589824|2.4769828
7228|An overview of financial support provided would deliver information on trends in public climate finance provided by developed and “other” countries, and would also offer a partial picture of developed countries’ progress towards the USD 100 billion climate finance commitment. In order to be able to provide this overview, either information from individual Parties would need to be aggregated, or aggregate information on climate finance would be needed from elsewhere (e.g. organisations, financial institutions, UNFCCC bodies such as the SCF). Aggregating country-specific information would provide clarity if the information being aggregated were monitored and reported on a comparable basis.|SDG 13 - Climate action|information aggregated finance overview climate|1.4435784|3.7655547|0.65178096
7229|Close to 40 countries8* have since submitted national reports, providing information on progress towards Aichi target 20, outlining the flow of resources for biodiversity from developed to developing countries, financial resources available for biodiversity, steps taken to implement the strategy for resource mobilisation and the role of specific initiatives including those relating to technical cooperation, and innovative financial mechanisms. The trends in national and international biodiversity financing and progress in mobilisation of resources during the 2on-2020 strategic programme will be a key indicator to achieving the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, as expressed in decision XI/6, CBD COPu. The programme has strengthened the implementation of the Convention through supporting CMS conservation initiatives for a number of migratory taxa, with a strong focus on implementation in developing countries8*.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity aichi mobilisation resources strategic|1.5964465|5.2966704|3.887937
7230|"A system for calculating the state of condition is integrated into ""Naturtyper i Norge"".9 In this system a number of relevant disturbance factors and appurtenant variables have been defined. All variables have a number of levels defined by a ""state index"" (the description of the system is only available in Norwegian).9 These states indices can most likely also work as threshold values between disturbance levels, but so far this has not been a specified objective for this system and no statistics are available for degraded land in this system. Theoretically such stages/levels can be mapped on any scale and further used to calculate progress of restoration, but this requires large resources and most likely only relevant for specific purposes (like for specific nature types, restricted geographic areas or specific restoration priorities). The ""Nature Index"" (NI) is a different approach to describe levels of disturbance (Nybp etai."|SDG 15 - Life on land|disturbance levels restoration specific variables|1.614437|5.2671933|3.903395
7231|Thus the emphasis for each country depends on its specific challenges and priorities. They do however provide illustrations of the progress that countries in a variety of situations have made towards sustainable development, and the challenges they have faced in practical implementation of their forest and woodland management programmes. The case studies were prepared by national experts and summarized in a common format.|SDG 15 - Life on land|woodland challenges summarized format faced|1.5512283|4.7236977|3.7773294
7232|Thus, technology transfer is essential to the achievement of SDG 7. Around half of LDCs’ imports of power-generating machinery and 70 per cent of electrical end-use machinery and appliances are from ODCs, highlighting the growing importance of South-South trade as a vehicle for energy-related technology transfer. From this perspective, technology-transfer measures in favour of LDCs have a rather inadequate track record, reflecting vague and nonbinding formulation, lack of adequate funding, fragmentation and limited political will (UNCTAD, 2016b).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|transfer machinery technology ldcs south|1.8724767|2.739821|1.8737042
7233|Korpi and Palme, 1998(25]) suggested the existence of a paradox in that benefits targeted at the poor achieve less redistribution than universal benefits, the main reason being that universal benefits receive wider popular support so that their payment rate can be set at a higher level than the targeted ones. Recent evidence suggests, however, that targeting is no longer necessarily associated with lower levels of redistribution (Kenworthy, 2011 [26]), (Marx, Salanauskaite and Verbist, 2013(27]); (Jacques and Noel, 2018(28])). Similarly, with short time series data from 2004 to 2011, (Diris, Vandenbroucke and Verbist, 2017ooj) found that increased pro-poorness leads often to lower poverty rates, but that the effect sizes are quite modest, and strongly dependent on how targeting is defined.|SDG 1 - No poverty|redistribution benefits targeting universal targeted|7.080924|5.400792|4.4059315
7234|However, despite widespread recognition of women’s rights and the benefits that accrue to all of society from equitable treatment and access to resources and opportunities for women and men, inequalities persist. At the regional and national levels, there is growing recognition that as African women attain higher measures of economic and social well-being, benefits accrue to all of society; despite this growing understanding, removing inequalities for women has not kept pace. Significant gaps between men’s and women’s opportunities remain a major challenge and a severe impediment to structural economic and social transformation that is still the goal of all African countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women accrue recognition inequalities african|9.483794|4.510849|6.9926395
7235|In terms of institutional features, climate change will be analysed as a “global public good” (GPG). This is certainly the case with climate change; the “safe” boundaries of this space have been passed (Rockstrom and others, 2009). Similarly, pressures on environmental systems affect livelihoods at the sub-global level (UNEP, 2011a). The resulting unsustainability has distributional aspects, including infragenerational elements: poor groups and countries depend relatively more on the use of natural resources to secure livelihoods and development; moreover, there are gendered asymmetries in environmental burden bearing.|SDG 13 - Climate action|livelihoods rockstrom asymmetries environmental global|1.5157977|4.8539534|1.9645829
7236|Average length of stay (ALOS) in hospital is often used as an indicator of efficiency in delivering hospital services because, all other factors being constant, a shorter stay will reduce the cost per discharge and allow the treatment of a greater number of patients for given inputs. Patients admitted for life-threatening conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), also tend to stay much longer in hospital than in other countries.1 For instance, patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) spend on average 13 days in hospital, which is 6 days more than the G7 and OECD average. The difference is even greater for patients admitted for cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), with these patients in Korea staying on average more than 60 days, while in most other G7 countries, they are hospitalised for about 10-15 days only.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients days admitted hospital stay|9.265171|8.989888|2.088388
7237|In manufacturing, the role of overtime has been even more important accounting for about half of the reduction in working time.2 This reflects both the greater incidence of overtime in manufacturing before the crisis (almost one in ten hours) and the concentration of the decline in output demand in the manufacturing sector. Hours and pay reductions in Japan reflect adjustments along many different margins (cont.) The relative importance of reductions in standard hours reflects the limits of the overtime margin in the context of a severe decline in aggregate demand.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|overtime manufacturing hours reflects reductions|8.200293|4.6804094|4.5552855
7238|A case study in Ethiopia revealed that the entrances to toilets are often too narrow for wheelchairs, forcing individuals to crawl or drag themselves on the floor to reach the toilets (Wilbur, 2010). Accessibility problems also apply to children, (chronically) ill and older people as facilities may not be within easy and safe reach. Some illnesses can generate stigmatization (such as HIV/AIDS) and people affected may suffer from exclusion and be denied access to facilities. In 2015, two out of five people in rural areas had access to piped water supplies (a form of‘improved’ supply, but not necessarily a ‘safely managed’ supply), whereas four out of five people in urban areas had piped supplies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|toilets piped people supplies reach|1.8183885|6.874867|2.595016
7239|The fourth 5-year rolling plan, the Smart Rwanda Masterplan, was adopted in 2015 and includes, among others, a target for gender digital equality by 2020. The Broadband Commission targets and policy analysis were key inputs to the formulation of this and other targets for the Smart Rwanda Masterplan. Steps have been taken to promote innovation and entrepreneurship, reduce the cost of end-user devices, stimulate the development and uptake of relevant content and diffusion of technologies into various sectors of the economy. In October 2013, the first Transform Africa Summit was co-hosted by the GoR and ITU, and culminated in the Smart Africa Manifesto as a continental agenda to leverage ICTs for Africa’s transformation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|smart rwanda africa targets rolling|4.800585|3.0626972|1.7852153
7240|In addition, professional standards are an expression of what a profession stands for - its objectives, its expectations of members in meeting those objectives, the career path and the level of commitment members of the profession make to the community they serve. The Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership’s (AITSL) National Professional Standards for Teachers describe w'hat is expected of teachers across the four career stages: Graduate, Proficient, Highly Accomplished and Lead (AITSL, 2016). The General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTC, 2012) goes further. The GTC has developed an overarching career-long standard or nest of standards which regulate the career path from provisional registration as a teacher to full registration, career-long professional learning, middle leadership and then full school leadership (see Box 3.2).|SDG 4 - Quality education|career leadership professional standards path|9.486997|1.2034156|2.067796
7241|The per-capita expenditure is projected according to specific assumptions, and then multiplied by the group-specific population in the projection year. However, the average cost per individual in older age groups should fall over time for two reasons: longevity gains are assumed to translate into additional years of good health (“healthy ageing”); and major health costs come at the end of life. This is generally due to the effect of technology and relative-price movements in the supply of health services. This effect is mitigated somewhat by declines in the share of dependents per older age group as longevity increases due to “healthy ageing”.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|longevity healthy ageing older health|9.071919|8.697135|2.7887826
7242|The Principles have been applied across different scales, stakeholders and sectors, either as a tool to understand how' water governance systems are performing at local, basin or national level, or as a reading template to guide decisions for w'ater stakeholders and institutions on specific water functions (e.g. service delivery, water resources management, flood risk prevention, etc.). In January 2018, the journal Water International published a peer-reviewed set of articles reflecting such examples in its special issue “The OECD Principles on Water Governance: From Vision to Action”. Some of these applications are summarised hereinafter and should neither be considered as the views of the authors of this report nor of the OECD.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water principles stakeholders governance summarised|1.1306834|6.9838634|1.6201843
7243|In the closer term, the city aims for 80% of trips to be taken by soft modes or public transit by 2041. In designing these demand management measures, it is important for the government to be able to anticipate how people will respond to such regulations. Those who own non-compliant vehicles, for example, may decide to either buy a compliant vehicle, pay the charge, or alter their travel behaviour by diverting their route, changing their travel mode, or forgoing the trip altogether.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|compliant travel diverting anticipate trip|4.1505804|4.8992796|0.54407275
7244|Quantity-based mechanisms are quota obligations (usually by using tradable green certificates) and tendering systems. Priced-based market instruments are feed-in tariffs (FiTs) and feed-in premiums (FIPs), fiscal incentives, such as carbon taxes, or investment grants. Nuclear investors would have to forego the hope of ever recouping their initial outlays on the fixed costs. From an investor point of view, the advent of zero variable cost renewables thus militates against capital-intensive technologies such as nuclear.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|feed nuclear forego advent outlays|1.6803423|1.8579333|1.7628036
7245|The benefit expatriate teachers can bring is not only to teach in the classroom, but also to coach and train local teachers through on-the-job training and organisation of workshops. However, short-term measures raise concerns about their impact on the quality of teaching and learning. Many countries, including Ethiopia, have chosen to recruit large numbers of teachers on a contract basis. The idea is to keep the wage bill down, while increasing access to education. Many of the new recruits, however, are not fully trained, as described above in paragraph 8.3.4. According to the government, compared with ‘regular’ civil service teachers, contract teachers often have: i) relatively lower academic credentials; ii) uncertain or no career prospects; and iii) lower salaries and fewer benefits.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers contract recruits credentials recruit|9.632669|1.6612082|2.6280003
7246|Improvement of content, methods, classifications and measurements from a gender perspective should be made part of the ongoing efforts to improve all statistical sources - censuses, surveys and administrative systems (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996). Mainstreaming a gender perspective in data collection programmes involves review and revision of the conceptual basis of data collection tools, review and revision of coding and classification systems and terminologies, gender training for all personnel involved in data collection, media campaigns that include gender-specific messages, gender-sensitive selection of field interviewers, and review and revision of tabulations and data presentation and dissemination (Corner, 2003). The presentation and dissemination of gender statistics should reach all potential target groups. Most often, existing data are not fully exploited for obtaining gender statistics (United Nations, 2009).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender revision data collection presentation|9.722232|4.3902636|7.9283175
7247|All except South Sudan, who does not have cross-border fiber connectivity to its neighbors, have at least one cross-border route for access to submarine cables. Guinea-Bissau recently signed an agreement with the World Bank to obtain access to the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) cable, a project that should be completed by early 2019.1 Although Eritrea had opportunities to connect to submarine cables on the east coast of Africa, it declined and is the only coastal LDCs without a landing station. In May 2017, a project providing a US$20 million World Bank grant for Kiribati to establish submarine connectivity was approved.2 A project to connect Solomon Islands to submarine cable was approved several years ago, but delayed.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|submarine cables cable connect coast|4.382505|3.4634306|1.7559502
7248|The long lead times for the construction of large-scale infrastructure projects, such as the Meslre Bypass or MOSE, are thus symptoms of a lack of co-ordination, in which issues do not get resolved until they become emergencies. This is the case for water as well as other issues. This occurs despite the large amount of data and scientific research produced within the region.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|issues resolved symptoms large emergencies|1.270038|7.2565684|2.1963637
7249|This has resulted in many isolated initiatives and policies in critical sectors for green growth that have not addressed the metropolitan size of urbanisation and growth in Metro Cebu, and also in incoherence and management failures due to inconsistent policies across jurisdictions. The BRT is only being designed and implemented in Cebu City. Even though Cebu City is the largest LGU of the metropolitan area, Metro Cebu would benefit much more from a bus network that reaches out to adjacent LGUs, as many residents commute from these areas to Cebu City, or vice-versa.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cebu city metro metropolitan lgu|3.7749083|4.965169|1.2471542
7250|As a result, hospitals face a relatively soft budget constraint and hospital costs are squeezing municipal budgets, potentially constraining municipalities to cut on other valuable items, including primary care and social services. Municipal reform, if implemented successfully, should alleviate these problems. Finland needs to increase hospital concentration, and develop special units to take care of remote areas based on a careful evaluation of the trade-off between proximity and appropriate scale to deliver effective treatments. There is increasing international evidence of a link between hospital size and quality of care, indicating the presence of minimum volume thresholds for effectiveness of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital care municipal constraining alleviate|9.068126|8.77416|1.8973793
7251|Special employment support navigators, usually private-sector experts and experienced workers, have been assigned to the PESO to provide individuals with detailed support in their re-employment efforts. Services targeted at this group include enrolment into specialised programmes, help with CV-writing, guidance on career paths and weekly counselling by appointment by the same officer, and job referrals made by officers. Jobseekers can receive this service for only three months.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|officer referrals appointment writing jobseekers|8.108204|4.5615306|3.785333
7252|The chapter reviews existing social policies, and recent attempts to find better ways of allocating public resources for those most in need, in particular families with children. It concludes with a summary of the main challenges and suggests reform avenues to develop a social protection system which would support the working-age population more effectively. The subsequent sharp economic slowdown in 2009 did not generate a significant increase in overall poverty rates as labour market adjustments involved reduced working hours rather than lay-offs (Chapter 1), and because pension payments increased almost by 50% since 2007 (Chapter 4).'|SDG 1 - No poverty|chapter avenues working lay allocating|7.5278764|5.8559017|4.6309986
7253|Poverty and its corollaries - malnutrition, illness and lack of education - limit agricultural productivity. Hence, providing social protection and pursuing agricultural development in an integrated way offers synergies that can increase the effectiveness of both. Extreme poverty has fallen substantially in many regions, especially in East Asia and the Pacific as well as In South Asia. In sub-Saharan Africa, little progress has been made and almost half the population is extremely poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|asia agricultural poverty malnutrition pursuing|6.0849357|5.830244|4.6990595
7254|The Ministry of Health plans additional supplementary incentives to improve healthcare access, limit extra billing, and foster the uptake of IT systems in practices, but P4P schemes could also be expanded further. Bundled payments could also be developed for nurses, midwives and physiotherapists, as outpatient prescriptions and spending for these care activities have increased rapidly, driven largely by hospital prescriptions (Figure 13, Panel A). Indeed, such prescriptions are less restrained than for other medical expenditures.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|prescriptions bundled midwives billing supplementary|8.737259|9.196707|1.820665
7255|Half of the participants, chosen at random, were invited to attend the sessions with a peer of their choice. The brief sessions had positive effects on business behaviours and outcomes, but only among those who were trained alongside a friend. Women invited with a friend were more likely to use loans for business purposes and reported higher volumes of business, while women invited alone almost exclusively used the loans for home repair and did not report a higher volume of business relative to the control group.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|invited friend business sessions loans|8.76479|3.4767342|6.3401403
7256|A related draft Threat Abatement Plan (TAP) has been developed to provide a national framework for the co-ordinated implementation of measures to prevent and mitigate the impacts of marine debris. It will guide Australia’s efforts in international forums to build and strengthen collaboration to identify the origins of, and effective responses to, marine debris on a regional and international level. It should be finalised in early 2009.|SDG 14 - Life below water|debris marine finalised origins tap|0.03360722|5.6490965|5.7574463
7257|Despite rising debt levels and declines in gross domestic product (GDP), the initial policy response to the crisis was stimulus spending. However, by 2010, the combination of financial rescue packages and stimulus spending, along with falling revenues from taxation due to economic slowdown, led to a push for drastic cuts in social transfers, such as benefits for families with children, and social services in many countries. Women are likely to feel the impact of these cuts most acutely because they are over-represented among public sector front-line workers; because they depend more than men on public transfers and services; and because the burden of providing care when public support is reduced falls disproportionately on women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stimulus cuts transfers spending public|8.8407|4.999718|6.0335207
7258|This reorganisation of service delivery must be underpinned by a clearer vision of the future health system architecture and implemented more systematically. Beyond delivering the appropriate volumes of services, attention must be paid to embedding quality improvement initiatives in health professionals practices at all levels of the system. Finally, the availability, relevance, and quality of information and evidence must improve and all health system actors - health professionals, local and national providers, local and national units of authority - need to be held accountable for the outcomes of their actions and results. With a population of only 17.8 million in the 9th largest (and largest landlocked) country, it is one of the least densely populated nations in the world.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health professionals largest reorganisation embedding|8.998704|9.403138|1.8583882
7259|In particular, the move from employment to unemployment has been shown to exert a strong negative effect on people’s subjective well-being. Unemployment is also the variable that has repeatedly been used in the literature on the measurement of living standards and well-being (Fleurbaey and Gaulier, 2009). At the same time, neither unemployment nor employment rates may be particularly meaningful in developing countries and emerging-market economies unless it is possible to capture informal employment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment employment repeatedly exert subjective|7.4084454|5.1858263|4.917919
7260|"They are considered to be universal in that they are necessary conditions for success at each stage of development. The selection of the foundation factors was based on theory and a large body of research that provides evidence of the effects of each factor on student outcomes. A ""potent"" factor is one that has a strong correlation with an outcome or set of outcomes. For example, the quality of classroom instruction is arguably the most important driver of student outcomes during the schooling period (Anderson, 2004; Rosenshine, 2010; Kyriakides, Christoforou and Charalambous, 2013; Creemers and Kyriakides, 2006)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|outcomes factor student anderson arguably|9.262158|2.338881|2.3987558
7261|However, the scope for further productivity gains on this score will diminish over time, as the urbanisation rate approaches that in more advanced economies. Gross enrolment rates at the primary level have long exceeded those in OECD countries, while at the pre-school, upper-secondary and tertiary levels there is still a gap to fill (Figure 1.2.D). Encouragingly, however, enrolment at the preschool level has increased rapidly, to 67.5% by 2013, exceeding the 2015 target of 60% (Table 1.1). In the pre-reform era when the wage structure was administratively determined and the state sector provided most employment, returns to education were low.|SDG 4 - Quality education|enrolment pre administratively diminish exceeding|9.326672|2.6959298|2.7032743
7262|However, the decentralisation experience in the agricultural sector has resulted in gains for water users who now have more local control and authority over how to manage water. Historical over-exploitation of agricultural water has been a factor in uniting water users in irrigating communities to design strategies that allow them to continue production. For example, the strategic goal of the Agenda related to “universal access to water services” makes a distinction between urban and rural regions for what regards wastewater treatment in medium-sized and rural localities, the construction of wells, and rainwater harvesting.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water users rainwater agricultural rural|1.2031671|7.325262|2.15055
7263|In Panama, on the other hand, this is conditional, since a pregnant woman can be dismissed, but only for just cause and with prior judicial authorization. There are also many regulations on the right to pre-natal and post-natal rest, for example, in Chile (six and 12 weeks respectively), the Dominican Republic (six weeks in both cases) and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (six and 20 weeks), among others. This objective is achieved in Brazil through public institutions.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|weeks natal republic authorization dismissed|9.134772|5.242139|5.699054
7264|These reforms are undertaken for a wide variety of economic security and resource management reasons. While not specifically energy efficiency policies, these energy markets effectively motivate a wide range of sustainable energy options including and especially energy efficiency and renewables by ensuring all the players in an energy system receive effective price signals for their decisions. Market operators in each country generally have a significant amount of information about the function and performance of these systems.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy wide efficiency motivate players|1.7576295|2.3503313|2.0810137
7265|Israel transfers an annual 700-900 MCM of water to the Coastal Plain from the Jordan River Basin and the Western Aquifer Basin. Desalination in the Gaza Strip is currently still very limited but is expected to increase significantly in the coming years. In 2011, the European Union announced its support for the construction of a short-term low-volume desalination plant to supply 75,000 people in the Khan Yunis and Rafah Governorates.”|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|desalination basin gaza strip mcm|0.74631083|7.593596|2.791524
7266|The authors would like to thank Jan Corfee-Morlot, Sara Fyson, Raundi Halvorson-Quevedo, Nicolina Lamhauge and Suzanne Steensen from the Development Co-operation Directorate, and Jane Ellis and Randy Caruso from the Environment Directorate of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for their comments on earlier drafts and help in carrying out this work. The authors would also like to thank all interview respondents for their insights and time dedicated to this research, many of whom also provided valuable comments on earlier drafts of the paper. This report explores current understanding of what makes international climate finance effective - focusing on climate-related development finance. Its scope includes, but is not limited to, official development assistance (ODA). The research approach used is qualitative, and is based on a series of in-depth interviews.|SDG 13 - Climate action|drafts thank comments directorate authors|1.8587753|4.1288652|1.1367372
7267|Over the same period, about 4 billion people will be living in water-stressed areas and 20% of the population will be vulnerable to floods, especially in coastal cities (OECD, 2012c). As competition for w'ater among households, farmers, urban dwellers and industry intensifies, non-state actors, directly or indirectly affected by water policy, will play an increasing role in adaptive water governance. These stakeholders may have the ability to influence water policy outcomes positively or negatively (OECD, 2015a).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water stressed dwellers ater adaptive|1.1811397|7.053435|1.8178109
7268|The high suicide rates indicate a crisis in mental health and may be due to underservicing of indigenous communities' mental health systems. Mental health strategies should be a priority in any current mental health initiatives within Canada and the United States. Indigenous peoples' mental health issues are best understood in the context of colonialism. Traditional teachings and knowledge provide a basis for positive self-image and healthy identity.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health indigenous image suicide|9.741465|8.572915|3.1536534
7269|"Since SEA-U is primarily staffed by marine biologists this has proved to be of added-valueto the business model, since marine biological competence is regarded among the public as a sustainability guarantee. The basic idea was to increase local sales of locally caught fish, and to increase the economic value of the catch for coastal fishers. The brand ""Oresundsfisk"" was created and this brand is owned by the economic association ""Oresund fran bat till bord"" (""Oresund from boat to table"") managed by professional fishers. The brand criteria are articulated based on quality, traceability and sustainability."|SDG 14 - Life below water|brand fishers marine sustainability till|0.18750823|5.9150214|6.729241
7270|For 2019 and subsequent taxation years, the government has proposed to introduce the Canada Workers Benefit (CWB), an enhanced version of the Working Income Tax Benefit (WITB). Compared to the WITB, the CWB will increase both the maximum benefits received, as w'ell as the income level at which the benefit is phased out completely. As a result, a low-income worker earning $ 15,000 would receive up to almost $500 more from the CWB in 2019 than in 2018.|SDG 1 - No poverty|benefit income phased ell earning|7.6457043|4.768873|4.1001887
7271|This is why district heating networks have the potential to be very efficient: From a systems perspective, it reduces the demand for primary energy. As an example, today's district steam system on Manhattan in New York was commissioned already in 1882. Today, however, modern district heating systems in the US are found primarily on university campuses.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|district heating today steam systems|1.9850231|2.3717237|2.5537026
7272|Using corn for ethanol increases the price of US beef, chicken, pork, eggs, breads, cereals and milk by more than 10-30 per cent, which exacerbates food and fuel shortages and raises major nutritional and ethical concerns around the world. Much of this effect is the result of deforestation for grazing and the processes that many countries are still using to produce meat, which require the animals to live longer than do other, more economically efficient processes. Nathan Fiala (2008) reported that beef production accounts for the majority of CO2 production and is increasing, though pig products also have a large aggregate impact owing to their high use.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|beef processes pork using corn|1.5653648|3.149564|2.981129
7273|Poverty is now a predominantly rural phenomenon, and indigenous northerners experience particularly severe hardship. As previously mentioned, there has been a sharp drop in the number of rural hospitals since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Both indigenous and non-indigenous rural populations have poorer health and less access to health services than urban residents.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indigenous rural hardship collapse soviet|6.6020055|6.060421|4.9945173
7274|Each year a specific amount from the central-government budget is allocated to taking on board new treatments and pharmaceuticals. This is then allocated according to the recommendations of a committee comprising representatives from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance, the physicians and health funds as well as experts in health policy and public figures from outside the health system. The committee’s recommendations are based on a list of candidates for inclusion in the basket drawn up by the Ministry of Health in consultation with key players (notably the health funds, pharmaceutical companies and the IMA). Changes to the system in recent years include for instance the adoption of a multi-year allocation in 2008 (three years instead of one).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health ministry allocated recommendations committee|8.527037|9.338883|2.1189454
7275|For example, in both temperate and tropical regions, farming system diversification and crop-livestock-tree integration would increase resource-use efficiency and reduce GHG emission intensity (Soussana, Dumont and Lecomte, 2015). A number of technologies can help to raise production efficiency and harness co-benefits, including precision-farming, advanced breeding, judicious use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and better use of legumes, genetic resources and landscape biodiversity. Agroforestry, forest regeneration, plantations, conservation agriculture, organic farming and grazing management can all contribute to those goals, although options will not apply equally across all farming systems and regions. According to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report, deforestation and forest degradation account for nearly 11 percent of all GHG emissions: more than the world's entire transport sector.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farming organic ghg forest use|1.4528209|4.437143|3.6968923
7276|Rent-to-buy schemes tend to be much smaller, at least in countries for which data has been provided. Australia and Chile both spend less than 0.003% of GDP for these programmes (Figure 9). Specifically, the spending data is missing for: Mexico and the Netherlands on financial assistance: Luxembourg and Spain on tax relief; Canada and France on rent-to-buy schemes; New Zealand on construction subsidies. Data for Austria, Denmark, Finland, Korea, Sweden, and Switzerland are not included as information on spending for two or more policy instruments is missing.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rent buy missing schemes data|5.058258|5.7644033|2.2591622
7277|However, the negative effect of direct taxes is estimated to be of a lower magnitude in the case of household incomes compared with GDP per capita. The decomposition of direct taxes between the personal and corporate tax components indicates that their combined negative impact is driven by the personal income tax component. However, no significant effect on average household income is found. The estimated neutral real household income effects from consumption and property taxes holds for median income and income of the lower-middle class, but there is some evidence of positive effects on income of the poor, possibly reflecting lower tax wedges and unemployment.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|income taxes tax household lower|6.7849646|5.0282397|4.4028826
7278|Disadvantaged individuals are less likely to be able to invest in education and skill development than those who are well-off, which limits their access to skilled jobs. This also limits economies' capacity to produce, grow and innovate as they are unable to give education access and opportunities to segments of their population. A person's educational attainment is closely related to their likelihood of being unemployed (OECD, 2014a) and future wages (Barro and Lee, 2013). Increasing the educational performance of everyone, and especially the most disadvantaged, is beneficial to both economy and society.|SDG 4 - Quality education|limits disadvantaged educational barro lee|9.072125|2.6950564|3.0808754
7279|Each of these is considered in turn. In the late twentieth century this type of intervention was frowned on in mainstream policy circles, although industrial policy remained in use in many of the more successful developing countries, such as China. Recently, however, there has been a revival of interest in industrial policies, with more analysts arguing for their usefulness and desirability (e.g. Lin and Monga, 2010; Lin, 2011; OECD, 2013). There is greater recognition that several developing countries have improved their capacity to design and implement industrial policies (te Velde et al.,|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|industrial arguing te usefulness circles|5.0555954|3.6156373|2.6452956
7280|In particular, the obligation to publish by December 2009 River Basin Management Plans has been a strong driver for water management in EU member States. Eastern neighbours are also interested in the application of the provisions of the WFD. Belarus has schemes for the complex use and protection of waters, and is interested in seeing how these compare with EU River Basin Management Plans. Due to lack of resources and capacity in the eastern neighbours, the preparation of River Basin Management Plans has been mostly supported by external donors, but the implementation of the developed plans in some cases advances very slowly.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|plans basin river neighbours management|0.778292|7.092277|1.9867256
7281|In many developed countries, one of the most prominent political priorities in agricultural policy making is support for farm incomes. The traditional response W'as to provide that support through price policy for agricultural commodities or output-based payments, keeping domestic prices above the level prevailing on international markets. As discussed above, the OECD has engaged in all sorts of analysis showing how such policies distort markets, create trade problems, waste resources and reduce economic welfare.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|markets distort sorts agricultural prevailing|3.9569461|5.1689515|3.8715322
7282|"Among other actors, the media in Mexico widely contribute to perpetuating gender stereotypes, inequalities, and the ‘""traditional” role of w'omen (Aguilar, 2012). Young Mexicans are more gender progressive than their older counterparts across many measures, but especially so in acceptance of women’s equal role in the labour market and access to education. When similar survey questions are asked in consecutive waves (e.g., the question on priorities regarding boys' versus girls' higher education, and on child well-being when mothers work), there is also evidence that attitudes are evolving with time across age cohorts."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|perpetuating mexicans consecutive role omen|9.894574|4.199978|5.856947
7283|Central government has direct influence over oblasts and cities of republican significance. They have limited scope to regulate urban issues affecting their jurisdictions. Local administrative decisions on issues such as land use planning and management, environmental protection, local economic development and zoning normally need to be approved by upper levels of government, which are not always fully aware of the needs of the cities, settlements and villages.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities issues republican oblasts local|4.230154|5.451365|1.8091902
7284|As a result, the share of OECD countries in global C02 emissions declined from 55% in 1990 to 43% in 2010 (Figure 4.2). On the other hand, the share of Developing Asia jumped from 17% to 37% during the same period, and China alone more than doubled its share to 25% in 2010. While the respective contribution of India, ASEAN and other Asian countries to the global emission increase remains relatively modest, their collective contribution surpassed that of OECD countries as a whole.|SDG 13 - Climate action|share contribution jumped surpassed global|1.4182643|3.311888|2.223743
7285|Wiley compared OER to a toothbrush, which only provides the potential to improve dental hygiene when it is used (Thomas, 2010; Wiley, 2011). The use of instructional technology is usually classified by its purpose regarding the existing teaching and learning environment in which it is used. The SAMR-model developed by Puentedura (2006) constitutes a framework that can be applied to how OER are being used in teaching and learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|oer used teaching learning thomas|8.791868|1.6173258|1.9676843
7286|For example, in the area of biomass energy there are significant interactions between the energy, agriculture, and forestry sectors: decreased reliance of conventional biomass fuels can reduce pressure on forest resources; increased reliance on liquid biofuels can increase pressure on agricultural resources with implications for agricultural land use, rural livelihoods, and food security. Development efforts in many of the poorest countries will fail, even if they are supported with substantially increased funding, if the development of sustainable capacity is not given greater and more careful attention” (OECD, 2006). Capacity development is the process whereby people, organisations, and society as a whole unleash, strengthen, create, adapt, and maintain capacity over time (OECD, 2006).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|reliance biomass capacity pressure development|1.7577416|3.4835494|2.484603
7287|The project is expected to cost USD 228.5 million (World Bank, 2014). The objective of the BRT project is to improve the performance of the urban transport system in the areas of quality of service, safety and environmental efficiency. The BRT will run between Barangay Talamban in the north and Barangay Bulacao in the south.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|brt project run north objective|3.9854841|4.9365344|0.9642534
7288|At the international level, it can help to build trust that developed countries are delivering on their climate finance commitments and so facilitate more ambitious climate action by developing countries over time. In particular, as outlined in previous CCXG and other analyses, there are significant methodological challenges in estimating mobilised climate finance (Caruso and Ellis, 2013; Jachnik, Caruso and Srivastava, 2015), including assessing causality between a public intervention and mobilised private climate finance. Further, current climate finance reporting requirements under the UNFCCC contain inconsistencies and gaps (Ellis and Moarif, 2015). In addition, there can be significant capacity and institutional challenges relating to collecting and reporting information on climate finance received.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance caruso ellis mobilised|1.4707246|3.7499857|0.66226566
7289|Predictability of support for climate and sustainable development can provide greater clarity and certainty, enabling longer term planning at the national level. Unfortunately public funds for climate and development have been quite unpredictable in recent years due to the global economic downturn. Agreeing credible pathways to deliver on the commitments made by developed countries to provide 0.7% of GDP as development assistance, as reaffirmed in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, and mobilising the USD 100 billion / year by 2020 for climate action in developing countries made under the UNFCCC, will help to improve predictability.|SDG 13 - Climate action|predictability climate action agreeing reaffirmed|1.5125867|4.0934277|1.3676571
7290|The Danish national parents’ organisation supports school boards in these tasks and has received dedicated funding for this type of support with the 2014 Folkeskole reform. However, the degree to which school boards confront school leaders and get involved with monitoring school results varies across schools. Some of the school board representatives interviewed by the OECD review team reported that they had become more involved with monitoring school results since the 2014 Folkeskole reform. In April 2015, the Agency for Education and Quality (Styrelsenfor Undervisning og Kvalitet) was created to replace the former Quality and Supervision Agency (Kualitets- og Tilsynsstyrelsen). The new agency is responsible for the quality supervision for the Folkeskole. This includes supporting quality and capacity development activities in areas such as the new learning consultant corps, including consultants working with inclusion and bilingual children as well as international supervisors, and the development and operation of assessments and examinations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|folkeskole school og agency quality|9.75352|1.8227714|1.631886
7291|Population -10 635 (45 inhabitants/ km'). Recharge area is both in Croatia and Slovenia; the discharge area is in Slovenia. Possible drainage to surface water systems; groundwater covers the total of the water used in the Slovenian part; groundwater flow direction from Croatia to Slovenia. Spring water quantity fluctuates significantly due to the karstic geomorphology; water scarcity in summer; possible problem regarding the surface stream hydrological minimum during drought.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|slovenia croatia water surface groundwater|0.5843188|6.983451|2.868381
7292|In 2015, ODA disbursement on forestry was about USD 800 million, or just under 1 percent of total ODA. While net ODA disbursement on forestry has increased since 2000, there is annual variability and it has decreased as a proportion of total ODA. There is a lack of reliable information from official statistics about the informal forest sector, although it has been estimated to provide between 40 million and 60 million jobs.|SDG 15 - Life on land|oda disbursement million forestry total|1.4997323|4.6087923|3.9602888
7293|Governments increasingly recognise that there is a strong economic case for gender equality' (OECD, 2012a). Much of their equality' action focuses on equality between men and women in employment and paid work, and the gender gaps related to employment and pay (Chapter 2) are among the most widely used indicators of gender equality. Women in all OECD countries devote more time to unpaid child care and housework than their male partners (also see Bittman etal., As a result, they may struggle to enter the labour force and - for those who are employed - to advance professionally.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender professionally devote housework|9.197232|4.4171853|6.093314
7294|This exclusion — which is the result of administrative restrictions — can be easily addressed by a Government that has the political will to undo the restrictive regulations. Together with its smaller numerical size, a minority group is often characterized as such on the basis of distinct ethnic, religious, linguistic or cultural characteristics. The population of many countries is multi-ethnic, multilinguistic and multireligious. Religious minorities have also been subject to discrimination and outright persecution. The right of minority groups to be considered equal is normally guaranteed constitutionally, although their social integration requires strong political will to enforce the relevant laws. In addition, the population at large needs to accept minority groups as equal members of society.|SDG 1 - No poverty|minority religious ethnic equal political|9.600501|4.818751|7.0501432
7295|In Norway, this can be explained by an above OECD average time children spent on intentional pedagogical or educational activities, above-average contact time of teachers with children, average level of teacher salaries, and below-average estimated group size. In the Netherlands, there were above-average teacher salaries, average contact time of teachers with children, and small estimated group size compared to the average, however, these were more than offset by a significant below-average amount of time children spent on intentional pedagogical or educational activities (Figure 3.3). For example, because of Luxembourg’s high USD salaries, it has by far the highest salary cost in pre-primary education: at USD 9 729, it is over triple many countries shown in Figure 3.3.|SDG 4 - Quality education|average salaries intentional children time|9.507875|1.6443522|2.700334
7296|However, the project has not resulted in the establishment of the Emerald Network in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The conversion of habitat (change in purpose) is recognized as one of the major drivers of biological diversity loss. For example, construction of infrastructure, roads, quarries, water reservoirs and irrigation systems affect habitats by their fragmentation, alteration and irreversible loss, which directly affects the populations of certain species.|SDG 15 - Life on land|loss irreversible herzegovina bosnia reservoirs|1.5759574|5.236233|3.902005
7297|This means that they may not always be able to adduce patterns at regional or global levels where, for example, multinational companies are playing a negative role in relation to acquisition of land, harm to the environment or poor employment practices that have particularly harsh impacts on women in the affected countries. The general recommendations/comments are one way in which the committees can addressthis gap and there have been some important statements on States’ international obligations of cooperation and assistance, although these are not specifically ‘gendered’ (for example, CESCR 2007, paras. The special mandate holders tend to be better placed to analyse the systemic impact of macroeconomic policy. As mentioned, the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt has made a number of important statements linking gender inequality to debt and policy conditionality as well as austerity.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|statements debt cescr paras conditionality|9.406919|4.486073|6.9166703
7298|In this paper, Clas Rehnberg and Unto Hakkinen present and discuss the findings from the Nordic collaboration on productivity differences across acute hospitals. As the four countries share many administrative tools and use common standards for data collection, unique cross-country comparisons are possible. The results suggest that there is a markedly higher average hospital productivity in Finland compared with Denmark, Norway and Sweden.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|productivity markedly discuss acute comparisons|9.030328|8.934603|2.1545784
7299|However, not all policy formulation has a primary health purpose, nor does its implementation usually have the immediate purpose of improving health. Excluded are all services whose primary purpose is linked to the collection, treatment and remediation of environmental risks. Included within the health boundary are environmental health components that are part of specific health regulations (under HC.7).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|purpose health hc primary remediation|9.223641|9.147514|2.6453407
7300|Such investment should address public transport and telecommunication, childcare and education as well as social services. In the medium to long term, strengthen the higher education system in the Northern District to build the basis for a university. High birth rates prevail among ultra-Orthodox Jewish and Arab populations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|orthodox ultra prevail jewish telecommunication|7.805158|2.3954008|2.7207525
7301|In most countries, women-owned enterprises are over-represented in the smallest size class. Table IV.A1.1 provides evidence on the magnitude of the performance gaps across the 21 OECD economies with available data. Column 1 presents results from a linear regression of the natural logarithm of value added per employee (a commonly used proxy measure for productivity) on a binary variable indicating female-ownership and country-fixed effects. It shows a productivity shortfall by women-owned enterprises of around 11%.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|owned enterprises productivity binary shortfall|9.075957|3.9193578|6.09169
7302|Indeed, urban populations are expected to soon exceed rural populations (figure 4.1). Ninety per cent of the world's urban expansion is in developing countries. As of 2017,23 of the world's 37 megacities are in Asia, of which eight of the top 10 megacities are in Asia, including the top three. However, nearly half of urban dwellers live in emerging cities with populations of less than half a million.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|populations urban asia half world|4.449949|5.194461|2.1359968
7303|Their respective comparative advantages, skills, experiences and resources can be pooled, and can help connect sectors and overcome institutional silos. In addition to addressing the risks to, and from, the road project in each and every phase of the project management cycle, the contractors received targeted risk management instructions to fully understand the rationale behind risk-informed road construction. The University Centre has started a network of 23 public and private sector institutions at state, federal and international level, called REDESASTRE.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road project instructions silos contractors|1.8129363|5.1579604|1.6758637
7304|"This is done (i) by comparing the differences in the multidimensional estimates of poverty that result from adding a monetary dimension and an index based on traditional UBN indicators; and (ii) through a redundancy analysis of the monetary dimension and the non-monetary dimensions in the different countries. With this threshold, a person living in a household with two or more deprivations will still be identified as poor. In this regard, it should be noted that: (i) the probability of a person having two or more deprivations is higher than in the case of the exercise limited to UBN indicators, owing to the increase in the number of dimensions; and (ii) the intensity of poverty should fall (generally speaking), as a result of the lower weight of dimensions and indicators, which could ""cushion"" the increase in the adjusted headcount ratio (MO) that an additional dimension is expected to bring."|SDG 1 - No poverty|dimension monetary dimensions deprivations indicators|6.6050577|6.388464|5.110154
7305|Members agreed to have a Secretariat in Tokyo. Participants are Canada, China, Japan, Korea, Russian Federation, United States, and Chinese Taipei. Members of the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization (SPRFMO) are Australia, Belize, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Cuba, European Union, Denmark in respect of the Faroe Islands, Korea, New Zealand, Russian Federation, Chinese Taipei and Vanuatu. This organisation is meant to fill the gap that existed in the international conservation and management of non-highly migratory fisheries and protection of biodiversity in the marine environment in high seas areas of the South Pacific Ocean The main species covered by this RFMO are pelagic fisheries for Jack mackerel and bottom fisheries for species like Orange roughy. The first SPRFMO meeting was held from 28 January to 1 February 2013 in Auckland, New Zealand.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries taipei islands chinese federation|-0.23056743|5.5950003|6.632625
7306|Improving the quality and equity of education would help achieve stronger productivity growth and make Chile a more inclusive country. Therefore, Chile should set the goal of attaining universal skills by 2030. Reaching this goal requires investing more in early childhood education, making schools more inclusive and reshaping teacher careers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|inclusive chile goal reshaping attaining|10.130181|1.9632276|2.458295
7307|The Regulating Plans were designed to regulate land use, construction and the physical development of urban areas, and the notion of a planning instrument in Chile revolves mostly around these activities. They were not designed to promote more integrated urban development, programming or service delivery. Thus, a management instrument, one from which the land use plans cascade down, becomes essential for ensuring overall coherence.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|instrument designed plans land urban|3.9976454|5.6768446|1.7506944
7308|The Ministiy of Economy and Finance carried out a feasibility study in 2002, which applied to the 1997/98 budgets and identified key elements for introducing the gender dimension into budgeting. Examples of the inclusion of gender concerns in budgeting procedures (cont.) The government gradually introduced a gender dimension into ministerial department budgets, starting with five pilot departments in 2005 (finance, education, health, agriculture and planning), which was expanded to 21 departments in 2009). Since 2005, the Ministiy of Finance publishes an annual Report on the Gender Budget as part of the report accompanying the finance law.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|finance ministiy gender budgeting departments|9.683655|3.8708522|7.6245165
7309|This has given rise to calls to remove regulatory and tax biases that give incentives to replace workers by machines, or even to tax robots (Box 1.3). In addition to the direct effect on employment, others have worried about the ability of the government to raise revenue and the scope it can give for tax avoidance (Abbott and Bogenschneider, 2018[ 13]). For example, Bill Gates has raised concern about taxation shortfalls when robots replace workers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|robots replace tax abbott gates|4.9833884|3.0541031|2.5899534
7310|A LAG owned project does not demand as much time from the fishers and other external participants. The LAG decided to collect them under an umbrella project run by the person responsible for the ESSF. The general goal of the project was to contribute in practice to the development of a profitable and sustainable coastal fishery that does not threaten the marine environment in Oresund.|SDG 14 - Life below water|lag project does umbrella threaten|-0.22834991|5.7359095|6.569503
7311|The microsimulation model currently projects health status and health status transitions at the individual level, and CBO is developing a methodology to project eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid at the individual level. Health status is linked to mortality, and further development will link health status to work, marital status, fertility, and federal health care expenditures (Topoleski and Manchester, 2009). The population changes through births, deaths and immigration.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|status health medicaid microsimulation individual|9.034482|8.852868|2.668702
7312|These contrasting findings should be viewed carefully in the light of the national context, but they may also be due to some other explanations as suggested below. First of all, it is important to read these findings within the national context, in particular to understand the mechanism in place (either at the workplace or at the national level) to help chronically ill people to cope with diseases once diagnosed, such as the social security system and other policies. For instance, in the United States, health insurance is largely secured through the employment contract, so people with chronic conditions have strong incentives to remain in employment, which may contribute to explain some positive outcomes of chronic diseases on employment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|chronic employment diseases findings national|9.4901705|9.0443|2.6416934
7313|Not all countries can assume that such favourable developments in their export revenues will last much longer. While net food exporting countries are likely to continue to benefit from a favourable external environment, a prolonged global economic slowdown could well have less favourable outcomes for exporters of energy commodities and base metals, many of which are in Africa and Central and West Asia, and where recent distributional changes have already been less favourable than those in many Latin American countries. However, most of their activities have focused on simple labour-intensive activities, and they have been unable to ignite or sustain a dynamic process of industrial deepening.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|favourable deepening prolonged activities countries|4.936487|4.552178|3.8928676
7314|Mild-to-moderate disorders are typically understood not to require highly specialised treatments delivered by psychiatrists or in inpatient settings in the vast majority of cases. Instead, in most OECD countries primary care practitioners take a leading role in treating mild-to-moderate disorders (see Table 4.2). When primary care-level provision for mild-to-moderate disorders is backed up by good training (both during medical training and as part of Continuing Medical Education), by support from specialist mental health care practitioners and support networks, and by good referral options should a patient need to access a more specialised level of care, it can be a highly effective way of delivering care to a large number of patients.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mild disorders moderate care practitioners|10.183475|8.8101635|1.5889612
7315|Such work could develop a more programmatic approach to which combinations and sequences of financial instruments, public/private partnerships, and capacity building provide the best leveraging of private investment in the most cost-effective way. This report seeks to improve the understanding of this gap, and what can be done about it. The many benefits of EE improvements -increased energy security, reduced energy costs, cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits - have been described in detail elsewhere. The WEO 2009 estimates that over 57% of the energy mix to move the world towards a 450 scenario could be reached through the introduction of existing EE technologies. This efficiency potential should be an attractive investment opportunity, as energy efficiency measures in the buildings sector generally have net-negative cost abatement opportunities, albeit with higher upfront costs that require additional financing. The estimated savings from the complete implementation of the IEA building recommendations are an annual 31.28 exajoules (EJ) by 2030 (IEA, 2008a).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy ee iea cost building|2.0991297|2.8436644|2.2214332
7316|"Even the knowledge that information is missing can inform decisionmaking processes. Transboundary water management has many special problems not always found at smaller scales, particularly with the transmission, alignment, resolution and integration of information. For instance, collected data should be stored in a way that will allow easy retrieval, which may entail specific agreements in a transboundary setting. Climate change adaptation also has special concerns, given that clear, tangible, precise and accurate information may be available for the past, while knowledge about the future lacks all of those qualities. All basins, countries and water management decisions have at least some gaps in information, particularly under holistic approaches that include hydrological, environmental and socioeconomic data. Instead of trying to describe perfect data, this chapter will focus on assessing, gathering, compiling and exchanging ""good enough'information to enable effective transboundary climate change adaptation decisions."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|transboundary information special decisions data|1.2760974|5.1927857|1.7361724
7317|Power relations and cultural aspects that are not founded in labour-market dynamics contribute to this exclusion (ECLAC and others, 2013). It is striking that labour-force participation did not see a proportional increase in the group with the least formal education, meaning that the slight increase in the participation rate —in both urban and rural areas— above all reflected rising formal education levels among women, since labour-force participation tends to increase in line with the number of years of schooling. Female labour-force participation increased in all age groups, which the exception of the youngest women, among whom —as with males of the same age— there was little change owing to a longer-term tendency to remain longer in the education system.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|participation labour force increase formal|9.123556|4.3885493|5.782326
7318|We observe a profound gap between the two types of poverty in several regions, notably in the cities of Yaounde and Douala, where the caloric poverty rate among children is respectively 18.86% and 24.57%, while the corresponding levels of monetary poverty are just 5.4% and 6.3%. Cameroon’s two most northerly regions (the North and Far North regions) are far and away the regions which experience the greatest levels of caloric poverty. Nearly 3 in 5 children living in these two regions are in a state of caloric poverty. The total of the first group is equal to 62% of the second.|SDG 1 - No poverty|caloric regions poverty north far|6.753991|6.2051916|5.0357404
7319|This is a fundamental step to then move to more systematic public reporting and to appropriately link payment to outcomes, quality and high-value care. It can consist of various data sources such as mortality statistics, specific clinical registries (such as a cancer or diabetes registry), administrative databases, electronic health records (EHRs) and surveys conducted on specific patient groups or households. Depending on the quality and comprehensiveness of the data infrastructure, such data sources can serve as a tool not only to assess volumes of care and inputs within the health care sector, but also to monitor quality in the provision of care (OECD, 2013a).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care quality data sources comprehensiveness|9.178959|9.500767|1.9255296
7320|Consolidation of some content from the multiple data platforms that currently exist would help in this regard, to facilitate transparency and public understanding of the quality of care. Although there is much to praise in Scotland’s local, or bottom-up, approach to quality monitoring and improvement, these initiatives could at times be supported by stronger national frameworks. Consideration should also be given to the creation of a more independent mechanism for assessing health system performance (separate from the improvement function), and ensuring that primary and community care services are subject to the same level of scrutiny as hospital services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|improvement scrutiny care quality scotland|9.172567|9.498247|1.7037531
7321|Small scale, tow cost projects of the community range from support for the local Saturday markets, to development of small cleaning and composting businesses. It is critical that in addition to the focus on the environmental dimension, consumers (private and organisational) are able to favour the notion of justice and quality of life for all. It is also important to encourage learning about consumption that is not limited to those who can afford it - many educational processes today, especially those unfolding around green technologies or premium green products, might not be accessible for the less economically privileged.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|green composting tow small privileged|2.141978|3.9239154|2.4925869
7322|Poverty is concentrated as Arab and ultra-Orthodox Jews families tend to have large families. Public spending on children in Arab localities is estimated to be at least one-third lower than for children in Jewish municipalities and the average number of years in education is about two years lower for Arabs than for the population as a whole. The percentage of Arab families below the poverty line is 51.4% compared to 15% among the Jewish population. The percentage of children below the poverty line is 62.5% compared to 23.8% among the non-Arab population. The average gross income of Arab households amounted to approximately NIS 7 590 which is only 57% of that in the Jewish households. A high degree of non-employment contributes to low per capita income.|SDG 4 - Quality education|arab jewish families children poverty|7.287968|6.19407|5.1835694
7323|The strategies outlined in the three main planning documents are closely related. It identifies the main objectives for London: a city that meets the challenges of economic and population growth; an internationally competitive and successful city; a city of diverse, strong, secure and accessible neighbourhoods; a city that delights the senses; a city that becomes a world leader in improving the environment; a city where it is easy, safe and convenient for everyone to access jobs, opportunities and facilities. Examples of these policies are: housing densities, which are linked directly to public transport accessibility levels; maximum car parking limits that are also linked to public transport accessibility; minimum cycle parking standards for all different types of land use; requirements for electric charging provision in new developments; construction and servicing management plans.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city parking accessibility linked transport|3.9867663|5.210195|1.3945767
7324|This means that achieving SDG 6 depends on the overall progress of the entire 2030 Agenda. All SDGs are mutually dependent on one another; action therefore needs to be of an integrated nature, ensuring that all SDGs advance together. The global targets for SDG 6 will not be achieved by 2030 at current rates, taking into account the status of SDG 6 global indicators, and considering trends in financing, capacity and political commitment. Achieving sustainable management of water and sanitation for all will require profound evolution of actions among policymakers and decision makers. Actions need to be taken now to move towards a more sustainable and resilient path, leaving no one behind, if the 2030 Agenda targets are to be achieved. Each national government must decide how to incorporate SDG 6 targets into its national planning processes, policies and strategies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sdg targets sdgs achieving achieved|1.6933366|6.5804043|2.0355709
7325|Fish that are dependent on oxygen will grow more slowly, decrease in size and reproduce less. Larger fish such as tuna, swordfish and shark, which are dependent on a large amount of oxygen, will be driven to more oxygen-rich surface waters, as will a large proportion of their prey. This will lead to increased food competition. Creatures living in or on the seabed will also need to seek out shallower waters.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oxygen waters dependent fish prey|-0.07919664|6.138321|6.1982083
7326|Overall, support to the agricultural sector imposes a relatively low burden on the Brazilian economy. In 2012-14 the ratio of the TSE to GDP was 0.4% in Brazil. Altogether, these data suggest that there is a scope for policy to become better targeted to productivity and sustainability outcomes, and for increased spending on the provision of important public goods.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|tse imposes altogether brazilian burden|3.6413631|4.8734875|3.8878975
7327|Education decentralisation reforms are generally in line with the characteristics of local funding. In short, the greater the voice of community participation there is the greater local or school autonomy, and the greater competition among schools. Some of those reforms reflect reallocations of resources and a change in school agents’ behaviour.|SDG 4 - Quality education|greater reforms school local decentralisation|9.465629|2.081008|2.1099932
7328|Photovoltaic systems for direct electricity generation. For example, while photovoltaic is useful if the end-user needs electricity, thermal technologies are appropriate for heating water for residential, domestic and industrial sectors and for steam-based energy uses, such as turbines and power plants. Other considerations when making a selection are presented in a scorecard in the module on increasing knowledge of technological choices. Solar water heating technology for the residential sector is widespread in many Arab countries, with the biggest success stories in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine andTunisia.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|photovoltaic heating residential electricity scorecard|1.681596|2.063242|2.5141904
7329|This stimulated the establishment of new agencies: the National Water Council, the State Committee of Water System, the Public Services Regulatory Commission and the Dispute Resolution Commission. Since then, the Public Services Regulatory Commission implements the tariff policy and balances the interests and relations of the utilities and their customers, and effectively plays the role of an economic regulator. It projects to set up an independent regulatory body for the water supply and sanitation sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|commission regulatory water balances stimulated|1.1772156|7.247981|1.7574476
7330|Such aspects as governance and management structure, amount of autonomy afforded at the school level, accountability prescriptions, school size and complexity, and levels of student performance can shape the kinds and patterns of school leadership. Thus principals must not only be managers but also leaders of the school as a learning organisation. They interact with teachers to create a productive, cohesive learning community. Therefore, for reasons of legitimacy and authority, but also for reasons of efficiency and effectiveness, the training of school leaders should be swiftly prepared.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school leaders reasons afforded learning|9.902305|1.3819611|1.8999565
7331|Yet, for hundreds of millions of young people, these basic building blocks are not in place. Staying in school means both boys and girls are less likely to have sex. The longer a girl stays in school, the greater the chances that she uses modern contraception if she does have sex, and the lower dieir chances of giving birth as an adolescent (Greene et al., Most of these children are never expected to enrol, and in sub-Saharan Africa, most are girls. (|SDG 5 - Gender equality|chances sex girls dieir stays|9.535689|5.24148|6.1770687
7332|"The “success formulae"" for Matsentralen is certainly the involvement of national charity organisations in planning of and establishment of the food bank, which has made it possible to develop collaboration with local organisations quite rapidly. The problem is more to receive fairly stable amounts of food and to have a sufficient variety of food types. The food banks do both have capacity to receive more food and there is a need for more food for redistribution, so there is potential for increase in redistribution in the future."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food redistribution organisations receive formulae|4.3902373|5.3228807|4.5064487
7333|This work builds on the work and expertise of the OECD Public Governance Committee and its policy communities (such as the Public Employment and Management Network and the Working Party of Senior Budget Officials), including the 2014 report Women, Government and Policy-Making in OECD Countries: Fostering Diversity for Inclusive Growth, and the Global OECD Roundtables on Better Governance for Gender Equality. The 2015 Recommendation complements and deepens the relevant provisions of the 2013 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship. Both of these Council Recommendations w'ere developed as critical aspects of the OECD Gender Initiative. In addition, movements around the world such as #metoo, Time’s Up, the Weinstein Effect and #BalanceTonPorc increasingly demand accountability for the persistent gender inequality in public and private spheres.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|oecd gender recommendation governance equality|9.812831|4.0968347|7.1198673
7334|In the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as the liberal AIEs more generally, this defamilialization has been largely market-based. By contrast, Northern Europe has transitioned via an expansion in the public provision of care (see section 3.1.3 on social democratic AIEs). Both regimes are consistent with higher rates of female labour force participation and fertility, though with markedly different results for the distribution of social reproduction. Getting back to the question of social reproduction and growth, higher wages for women are good for growth, but highly familial, privatized structures of care mean that higher wages and market participation among women may pose a threat to human capacities production and ultimately compromise growth. Geographically, these regimes are concentrated among the countries in Northern Europe. Labour market policies promote full employment and wage equality across different groups of workers, ensuring ample tax revenue and lower reliance on the welfare state (Esping-Anderson 1996).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reproduction regimes northern wages market|9.018593|5.1976676|5.7193966
7335|This process of opening up and internationalising is still ongoing as - after markets for goods and services, company ow nership and location - science and business R&D have also become increasingly globalised. The government responded by increasing public investment in education, research and innovation to compensate for reduced business R&D expenditure. In the second half of the 1990s, public and private investment in R&D increased at a fast pace.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|business investment responded compensate opening|5.6135306|3.277207|2.4593441
7336|These are: 1) the senior secondary vocational schools known as sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMKs) and the Islamic vocational senior secondary schools (madrasah aliyah kejuruan, or MAKs); 2) community colleges or akademi komunitas (AKs); 3) polytechnics; 4) universities; and 5) vocational centres known as balai latihan kerja (BLKs). At the time of the OECD review team’s visit, the Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC) was responsible for SMKs, which provide secondary education, and the newly established AKs, polytechnics and research universities, which provide post-secondary education. The latter are now under the purview of the new Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (MORTHE) combining the former Directorate General for Higher Education and the Ministry of Research and Technology. The BLKs, which provide non-formal technical and vocational education and training (TVET), fall under the administration of the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration (MOMT).|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational education ministry secondary polytechnics|8.621049|2.485705|2.6764343
7337|The role of international public finance, as well as other international development co-operation actions, is however significant, and expected to remain so. For 2013 and 2014, the annual average climate finance is estimated to be USD 57 billion, of which over 70% (USD 41 billion) is estimated to be public finance, either bilateral and multilateral (OECD, 2016). Bilateral climate-related ODA commitments, as reported by donors to the OECD DAC, have been on an increasing trend since 2007, and reached USD 25 billion on average per year in 2013-14; multilateral public climate finance reached USD 25 billion on average per year (OECD, 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|usd billion finance multilateral bilateral|1.6501063|3.9445958|0.8544185
7338|By and large, 4G networks are layering in on top of existing 3G connectivity in higher income, urban centres, while universal service in more remote, rural areas remains problematic. This may be problematic for the SDGs, as the highest incidences of poverty, hunger and inadequate health coverage are often found in the more remote and rural areas. Therefore, it is important to encourage demand driven private/public partnerships and economic and marketing strategies targeted at rural consumers in order to mitigate persistent access divides. Fresh investment models are needed to unlock the power of ICT connectivity that fuels growth in today's digital economy.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|problematic connectivity rural remote unlock|4.866368|2.8552523|1.6565633
7339|The new system also provides for the possibility of acquiring new responsibilities within the school such as head of department or subject co-ordinator as a non-monetary benefit resulting from high performance. This examination will focus on the assessment of knowledge and teaching abilities and will be the responsibility of the Ministry of Education. It draws on the experience of the graduation test of the INICIA programme (see below).|SDG 4 - Quality education|ordinator acquiring abilities draws graduation|9.573428|1.8691863|1.630742
7340|Across OECD countries on average, neither the proportion of students scoring below Level 2 nor the proportion of top performers show a statistically significant change between 2006 and 2015 that would suggest progress and an improvement in student outcomes (Figure 1.4). It is mainly through education that individuals acquire the skills to overcome personal circumstances that could hinder their success and face the challenges of our globalised world, in which technology is changing how people work, communicate and socialise. Only education systems capable of adapting to the rapidly changing environment can empower their citizens with the right mix of skills to allow them to lead satisfying professional and personal lives and, at an aggregate level, lead to inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The adaptability of education systems and their ability to evolve ultimately depends on enabling teachers to transform what and how students learn.|SDG 4 - Quality education|personal changing education proportion lead|9.128758|2.2824948|2.6685302
7341|The Law is currently under revision, with proposals to include the different categories of water consumers, water users and water bodies. Many important aspects of state management, use and protection of water resources are regulated by by-laws and Cabinet of Ministers Resolutions, for example the 2002 Law on Granting the Status of Specially Protected Natural Territories of National Value to Formation Zones of Groundwater. They ensure, among others, an improvement in the organization of water resources management and irrigation management, the regulation of all water use, and the preservation of protected natural areas through the withdrawal of facilities that represent a danger to the environmental from the water protection zones of the eight major rivers. So far, 155 such facilities have been withdrawn.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water zones protected management facilities|0.9507146|7.317941|2.040185
7342|This rule defines zones based on wells expected to pump at least 28% of their water from an adjacent stream over a 40-year period (Nebraska DNR, 2004). As stream depletion increases with both time and proximity to a stream, all else being equal, the 10/50 rule is more stringent than the 28/40 rule and will cover a large area adjacent to streams where stream depletion is a concern. In Nebraska, numerical methods have been used in the Republican River Basin and the Big Blue River Basin (MODFLOW-based), and in the Platte River Basin (COHYST-based).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|stream rule nebraska basin river|0.7735119|7.510577|2.6533659
7343|The outcomes of particular interest relate to how' student teachers are trained or given the experience of how to integrate technology in learning environments. References include books, journal articles, policy briefs, government acts, legislation, newspapers and URL links. Contemporary information and communication technology, e.g. computers and different kinds of software, mobile phones, digital cameras, Learning Management Systems, etc.|SDG 4 - Quality education|technology learning cameras books phones|8.812872|1.4595217|2.0419831
7344|It may be seen from table 2 that forestry and hunting contributed TSh 297 billion to the country's GDP in 2001, which translates to TSh 6,168 per hectare per year (2001), equivalent to Tsh 29,234 per hectare per year (2013). To begin with, the cut hectare will not contribute to current GDP, meaning the TSh 6,168 per hectare per year (2001) mentioned in the preceding paragraph will be lost. In addition, forestry adds value in other sectors of the Tanzanian economy, the magnitude of which was estimated in table 11.|SDG 15 - Life on land|tsh hectare forestry year gdp|1.6538503|4.518752|3.9877207
7345|Most significantly, the 2011 Constitution guarantees equality between women and men, prohibits all forms of discrimination against women and requires the State to promote women's rights in their entirety. While these momentous changes have been welcome, considerable work remains to be done in aligning all domestic laws with international human rights treaties to which Morocco is a State party and ensuring that all groups of women benefit from the equal protection of the law (see story: Counting women in). Analysis of data across these 71 countries suggests that women's political agency, especially the influence of autonomous feminist movements, is an important catalyst for family law reform.17 In both authoritarian and democratic settings, women's rights advocates have seized political opportunities for equality-enhancing legal reforms by establishing alliances with other actors, including government officials, lawyers, politicians and development practitioners.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women rights equality political law|9.833402|4.861671|7.2427106
7346|Providing access is often perceived as the core function of water and sanitation services and therefore considered to be the area where most benefits materialise. In addition, access to those services can confer many additional benefits, ranging from the easily identifiable and quantifiable - such as time saved from collecting water closer to home or from defecating in a household latrine rather than in the open- to the intangible and difficult to measure - such as convenience and well-being. The latter are collectively referred to as “non-health” benefits. This is partly due to the fact that measuring the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions on health is difficult and highly location-specific. The World Health Organisation estimates that the total economic benefits stemming from achieving the sanitation MDG for the most off-track countries would amount to USD 35 billion, out of which 90% would be generated from time saved from not having to travel long distances and queue for obtaining water or defecating (Hutton and Haller, 2004).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sanitation benefits saved water health|1.7835436|6.9032087|2.5367491
7347|The only comparable data on a global scale are on the date of suffrage and the percentage of female seats in parliament, which provide a very limited overview of gender disparities in politics. Because data on conventional forms of political participation (such as voting trends) are not available due to secret ballot systems, and as a result of the difficulty of capturing unconventional forms of political participation, such as protesting, with quantitative methods, it is very difficult to measure other forms of women’s political participation. A similar issue arises when using data on education.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|forms political participation data suffrage|10.308537|4.312157|7.036364
7348|Thus, microfinance is having a modernizing impact, even if that impact is inadvertent, unacknowledged and unsung. The borrowers learn some basic principles of business, and with luck—and perhaps some help—may be able to become more viable and even expand. Microfinance also gives the unemployed and people living in poverty some opportunities, hope and self-esteem.|SDG 1 - No poverty|microfinance esteem hope borrowers impact|8.3093195|3.331634|6.2003527
7349|After the peso crisis in 1982, Mexico liberalized its economy, becoming increasingly open, both internally and externally. Along with this process came the gradual realization of the importance of policy intervention in the creation and diffusion of knowledge. The role of CONACyT, as well as that of other government programs aimed at innovation, has expanded accordingly.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|liberalized externally internally realization gradual|9.898375|1.9613299|2.3015778
7350|By drawing on this interrelated set of arguments and evidence, MWA presents a business case for why gender diversity and increasing women’s leadership must be a priority.3 Through this evidence-based and business framework, MWA aims to increase the percentage of women in leadership roles and their representation in management. The ministry also recognises that measuring success in terms of increasing women’s leadership does not just depend on increasing women on boards, but through a variety of decision-making and leadership positions across society. The realisation of these goals is still hindered by social institutions and discriminatory norms, which deter women from reaching their leadership potential. These manifest in demand and supply side constraints, where women are either perceived as unqualified or have faced barriers to enhancing the skills needed for leadership roles.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|leadership women mwa increasing roles|10.174464|4.0836024|6.9119353
7351|The estimates from the 2014 report use the revised GSSE methodology and may contain updated information across all agriculture support categories. The main change is due to the need to allocate programmes under “Marketing and promotion” into two new sub-categories. Most of these programmes have both a collective processing and promotion component. The total expenditure has been provisionally allocated to each sub-category in equal amounts.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|promotion categories sub gsse programmes|3.7773051|5.074349|3.7070136
7352|In this context, the main challenges are to reorganise the system to improve efficiency incentives, to reduce further the dependence on institutional care, and to better target patients as the rapid uptake in the cash benefits system has exposed screening problems. As they face no financial risk on care purchase (Box 4), purchasing agencies are not inclined to bargain with care providers on price and quality. In the home care sector, this has led prices to stay very close to the regulated maximum tariff.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care inclined uptake screening stay|8.562134|8.968889|1.665951
7353|An initiative to improve the quality of the Nature Chronicles consisting of more detailed written guidance and training courses for scientific staff of State reserves was launched by the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna in 2010. A comprehensive State biodiversity monitoring system for the entire country (e.g. following the pressure-state-response (PSR) model) has not been established to date. The exclusive focus on monitoring PAs has been explained by the reported high concentration of Turkmenistan’s biodiversity in its State reserves.|SDG 15 - Life on land|state reserves biodiversity monitoring flora|1.4161774|5.2023377|4.1864367
7354|Source water protection reduces water treatment costs for urban suppliers, contributes to improved access to safe drinking water in rural communities, and can potentially also provide water of adequate quality for other uses such as agricultural irrigation. For example, a recent modelling exercise by Abell et al. ( More than 1.7 billion people (over half of the world’s urban population) living in the 4,000 cities in the area covered by this study could therefore potentially benefit from improved water quality as a result of NBS applied to their source watersheds, including “780 million people who live in watersheds located in countries in the bottom-tenth percentile of the Human Development Index (as of 2014)” (Abell etal., Forested riparian buffers serve to prevent pollution of rivers while providing shade that helps to reduce thermal pollution (Parkyn, 2004).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water watersheds potentially pollution source|0.8863896|6.779124|2.7438252
7355|Governments need to target their scarce resources at mobilising large-scale private sector investment and at activities unlikely to attract sufficient private funding. But banks are not the only source of financing -the low-carbon transition can mobilise new sources of capital and new financial instruments. The total assets held by financial institutions - banks, institutional investors, central banks and public financial institutions -have been steadily increasing over the past ten years, amounting to around USD 305 trillion (FSB, 2013; see Figure 2.2).|SDG 13 - Climate action|banks financial institutions private mobilising|2.4541392|3.5670366|1.7372981
7356|It produces evidence and creates a basis for public engagement. As part of civic engagement and advocacy, cutting-edge policy research should be conducted on a continuous and cumulative basis. Lack of confidence is only a by-product of the social system that diminishes womens ambition for political leadership. Part of the civic mobilisation around this question would be to design support, especially for young women and especially focusing on producing quality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|civic engagement basis diminishes especially|10.16228|4.2253284|7.1323543
7357|Given the extent of the change in teaching practices that the new curriculum requires, Costa Rica might find value in standards that offer more specific guidance to teachers as to what is expected in terms of knowledge and pedagogical practice in different subjects and grades, and stages of a teacher’s career. Teacher performance standards in Chile, for example are widely recognised as having made a major contribution to the professionalisation of teaching in the country. For that to happen, they need to be taken as a central reference point for all related policies (see Figure 3.5).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher teaching standards grades happen|10.143814|1.4577754|2.5708857
7358|The low overlap between low pay and poverty has implications for anti-poverty policies; in particular it suggests that policies which influence wage rates, such as minimum wages, may have only a small impact on poverty. Instead, among the working poor underemployment is a major issue, with most of the working poor employed for too few hours to escape poverty. Lone parents are particularly likely to be among the working poor, with the incidence of in-work poverty twice as high as for single childless adults.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty working poor childless underemployment|7.3722925|5.8319106|4.942741
7359|The economic values of the environmental/societal services of extractive species should be recognized and accounted for in the evaluation of the true value of these IMTA components. This would create economic incentives to encourage aquaculturists to further develop and implement IMTA. Seaweeds and invertebrates produced in IMTA systems should be considered as candidates for nutrient/carbon trading credits within the broader context of ecosystem goods and services. Long-term planning/zoning promoting biomitigative solutions, such as IMTA, should become an integral part of coastal regulatory and management frameworks.|SDG 14 - Life below water|imta invertebrates extractive zoning nutrient|0.32860836|6.142672|6.279346
7360|Overcrowding, poverty and unemployment also have an impact on the above-mentioned rights and directly affect the level of violence and sexual abuse in homes and communities. In addition, insufficient protection for victims of domestic violence, including insufficient shelter homes, legal aid and information to women about their rights, has an impact on the level of domestic violence and women's homelessness. Consequently, States should address all these issues as issues of women's rights to property, land, housing, life, personal security, gender equality and being free from violence and discrimination.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence homes rights insufficient women|9.591878|5.1919436|7.305151
7361|Many people, mainly in the south of the country, gather walnuts as well as the fruits of wild apple, pear, apricot, plum, cherry and other trees. In Kyrgyz territory, about 30 species of birds and up to 20 species of mammals are hunted. Marmots and to a lesser extent gophers, muskrats, foxes, badgers, wolves and squirrels are hunted for their fur.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species fur mammals kyrgyz gather|1.3300227|5.311517|4.1976466
7362|Between 2009 and 2015, the changes are only statistically significant for Costa Rica in science and reading. Additionally , changes were made to the test design, administration, and scaling of PISA 2015. These changes add statistical uncertainty to trend comparisons that should be taken into account when comparing 2015 results to those from prior years.|SDG 4 - Quality education|changes scaling statistically reading comparing|10.041411|1.8488388|2.972221
7363|Actively trying to source attractive investments that promote solutions to sustainability issues, APG invests, for example, in alternative energy, clean technologies and micro-credits. Furthermore, improving energy efficiency in the Real Estate sector is one of APG’s focus areas. At the COP-15 summit in December 2009, ATP pledged €1 billion to a new climate change fund for investing in emerging economies, with an open invitation to other European investors to join it.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|invests pledged trying summit energy|1.8266313|3.7358518|1.4463097
7364|The role of judicial officers to address VAW is not confined to the courtroom. They can take part in creating awareness of the adverse effects of violence and in sensitising women and the community in general, of women’s rights and the consequences of violence on the lives of women and children. They can also create awareness of the existence of laws to address such violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence awareness women address vaw|9.936896|5.290977|7.5415945
7365|Prevention of atrocities should also lessen the likelihood of internal displacement. It is recognized that prevention of violations of international humanitarian law can reduce armed conflict-induced IDPs (Ojeda, 2010: 60). But the protection of IDPs and other civilians incountry should not be at the expense of the right to seek and enjoy asylum (UN Commission on Human Rights, 1998: Principle 2.2).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|idps prevention lessen asylum armed|9.428951|5.053014|7.1907616
7366|It concluded that winter precipitation in Austria and in the Greater Alpine Region is likely to increase by between 8% and 13% by 2050, and that temperatures will increase throughout the year, by 1-2.5 °C in summer and by 1.6-2.2 °C in winter (AIT, 2013). Heat waves are expected to be an increasing problem, especially in urban areas. Climate change is also expected to lead to increases in natural hazards (ClimChAlp, 2008; Korck et al., This can be seen from the EM-DAT disaster database (CRED, 2013), which contains details of major disasters (more than 10 casualties or 100 people affected, or a declaration of a state of emergency).|SDG 13 - Climate action|winter em alpine expected casualties|1.22937|5.19994|2.226941
7367|Norway has pledged several hundred million dollars annually in grants to international REDD efforts. Multilateral channels are considered to be the best and most efficient way of organizing the international efforts to reduce the loss of tropical forests. Therefore, utilizing the competence and capacities possessed by the UN, the World Bank and the regional development banks are core elements of a coordinated international support structure, and essential to succeed in this work.|SDG 15 - Life on land|international efforts utilizing organizing pledged|1.6777309|4.488635|3.3489728
7368|The network is currently working to create partnerships with other universities as well as add more members from diverse subject fields as most of the members are either German or social studies teachers (Universitat Paderborn, 2016[m]). First, new teachers can benefit from support offered by mentorship programmes. Comprehensive mentoring is a proven method to support these teachers; “without effective mentoring support, many beginning teachers struggle and fail to learn the nuances of effective teaching” (Spooner-Lane, 2017[nsj)- Furthermore, mentoring is essential for teachers in disadvantaged schools as it can help them learn the necessary skills more quickly (OECD, 2012, p. 132(69]).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers mentoring learn support members|9.458319|1.4491154|2.2754152
7369|The FAO (2013) emphasises that the combination of growing demand induced by high consumer incomes and of the response of commercial supplier will finally reach a scale that will provoke a transformation in marketing channels, which affects all potential food producers, from large to small scale. Nevertheless, while markets become more formal and demanding in terms of quality control, informal markets will likely remain relevant for some time to come for millions of small farmers in developing countries. As the FAO (2013), pointed out “In the past, much focus on agriculture development has been on supply side issues without sufficient attention paid to how the farmer is going to market the new surplus.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fao scale markets small demanding|4.144407|5.1364155|4.124523
7370|Some maternity benefits are provided by a conditional cash transfer scheme - Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) - for pregnant and lactating women as a pilot in 52 districts since 2010. Cash is conditional on health checks for mothers over 19 years of age and first two births via bank transfers. Any national policy for social security, healthcare, childcare, and housing should be linked to efforts to modernise the stringent labour laws to avoid the duality problem in working conditions.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|conditional cash modernise checks maternity|8.868253|5.191532|5.8378572
7371|The most common referral of children and adolescents into mental health services is, as for adults, through a GP (primary health care), although education services, social services and child health services also play an important role in referral and as care providers for children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) provide mental health care for young people under the age of 18 in England. Since 1 April 2013, NHS funded Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services are mandated to collect and submit the CAMHS Data set, including information on targeted needs, referrals to CAMHS, presenting problems and diagnoses, contacts, care planning, interventions, outcome measures and inpatient stays (The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2014).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health mental services care referral|10.452319|8.785822|1.6543121
7372|Teachers earn very close to the national average salary level, typically equivalent to what mid-career, middle-school teachers earn annually in the nations - about USD 41 000 (Figure 7.3, OECD, 2010b). More important than salaries are such factors as high social prestige, professional autonomy in schools, and the ethos of teaching as a service to society and the public good. Thus, young Finns see teaching as a career on a par with other professions where people work independently and rely on scientific knowledge and skills that they gained through university studies.|SDG 4 - Quality education|earn career teaching teachers prestige|9.527092|1.372228|2.5513382
7373|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in theWest Bank under the terms of international law. Unemployment is high and the school-to-job transition process does not work well. Spending on education and active labour market policies are very low by international standards.|SDG 4 - Quality education|international golan heights jerusalem prejudice|8.278683|2.978909|1.6797
7374|Alternative scenario II uses the minimum threshold growth rate and the decarbonization rate of the economy needed to meet the emissions reduction target Alternative scenario III uses the historical GDP growth rate: and the decarbonization rate is adjusted to achieve the regional mitigation target of 30% with respect to the constant scenario in which everything would remain unchanged. Decarbonizing the economy requires electricity to be produced from renewable sources and a shift towards fossil-fuel-free electric mobility. The challenge is to reconcile economic growth with changes in the pattern of energy production and consumption in order to decouple emissions from GDP growth. This can be achieved by increasing the share of renewable energy sources in areas such as transport, and enhancing efficiency in the production structure and in the functioning of cities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|decarbonization scenario rate growth alternative|1.5029476|2.638501|2.1983018
7375|Doctors can understand the health status of patients better, which enables them to provide consultations based on more accurate information. The application of telemedicine can save on the construction costs of new facilities and the cost of supplying medical personnel in remote areas, which can help to reduce the national medical expenses. The environments in which telemedicine can be particularly effective are rural areas lacking medical resources and nursing homes, where older persons with mobility problems are found.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|telemedicine medical supplying nursing save|9.063006|9.068093|1.7884803
7376|The Inter-Departmental Co-ordination Group assumes responsibility for: promoting co-operation between ministries; adopting a federal plan of action; preparing an intermediary' report and a final report at the end of the term; and exchanging good practices and promoting instruments useful to enforcing the law. The representatives of the ministries participating in the co-ordination group are also appointed as gender focal points in their respective entities. They receive compulsory' training on gender mainstreaming and are tasked with ensuring follow-up on the diverse measures foreseen by the law (e.g, gender statistics, gender-responsive budgeting and the “gender test”).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender ministries ordination promoting law|9.922231|4.0270023|7.3180594
7377|There is a vast amount of literature on Australia in this area that strongly suggests that water trading, especially on short-term markets, not only allows to substantially mitigate the impacts of droughts on agriculture, but is now considered by farmers as a useful and basic instrument in their risk management toolbox. The policy challenges for Australia in the area of water regulation in agriculture is more in the areas of how to fine-tune the existing system and robustness issues related to climate change. While the Australian example illustrates the potential efficiency gains arising from water trading, especially for managing water shortages in drought circumstances, the choice of an instrument must always consider the full range of costs and benefits.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water instrument trading australia toolbox|1.1747903|7.4627795|2.6081405
7378|The other teachers were DTEP year four students who had converged at LCE for December, 2010 examinations. Some questions answered by statistics were repeated in the questionnaire. The responses were written by the respondents themselves. The return rate was 60 per cent. Saturation of similar or related views or points was easily reached.|SDG 4 - Quality education|converged answered repeated examinations written|9.730778|1.8586322|1.482767
7379|In addition, there are notable cross-country differences in the current level of earnings inequality. Since all OECD economies face the same global environment and have essentially benefited from the same technological advances, globalisation and skill-biased technological change should have led to broadly similar shifts in labour demand. Even though countries have differed with respect to supply shifts, a relative supply-demand shift story is unlikely to fully account for the marked crosscountry differences in both the level and the evolution of labour earnings inequality. This hints at a possible role for differences in policy and institutional settings.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|differences shifts earnings technological inequality|7.017889|4.7431574|4.502342
7380|With the goal to become one of the top performing higher education institutions worldwide as an APEX university, USM has set forth an agenda, Transforming Higher Education for a Sustainable Tomorrow in order to “support the drive to improve the wellbeing of humanity, the bottom billion.” The strengthening of the post-graduate programmes, in medical health, life sciences, health sciences, engineering and technology, and information technology is directly in line with regional priorities. Developing the pool of highly-qualified researchers and engineers is critical to the capacity of the region to compete on the basis of design and development and innovation in the electrical and electronics industry and other industries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sciences apex technology tomorrow usm|7.4473104|2.5534582|2.4884086
7381|The graph is divided into four quadrants representing different shares of the recycling market between the informal and formal sector. The analysis suggested that a sustainable recycling system should grow towards the upper right hand corner of the graph, where most of the established recycling schemes in Europe and North America are currently located. E-waste from developed countries finds its way into developing countries in the name of free trade.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|recycling graph finds divided representing|0.5778008|3.8902094|3.0573623
7382|There are strong CSOs founded by women and working towards promoting gender equality. They participate in the mobilisation of communities, especially women, during elections, using methods such as focus groups. For example, Women in Nigeria is a political interest organisation that aims at transforming class and gender relations, while Women in Law and Development (WILDAF) is an African network with a strong presence in Ghana. The Index of Philanthropic Freedom (Hudson Institute 2015) scored Tanzania highest in the East Africa region for affording space to civil society groups (Kwayu and Lipovsek 2010-2015). Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI), a network of East African WROs based in Uganda, led the campaign for an East African Gender Equality Act, and launched the first ‘Gender Barometer’ for the region in 2017. Gender Links, based in Johannesburg, with offices in ten Southern African countries, co-ordinates the Southern African Gender Protocol Alliance, which campaigned for a subregional instrument for promoting gender equality that brings together global and African commitments in one binding instrument.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|african gender women east equality|9.935236|4.5685797|7.1940336
7383|Management of MPAs typically involves zoning different areas with varying types or levels of permitted use, including fishing. In Mauritania, the Banc d’Arguin MPA is partially closed to fishing, allowing only the park residents (the Imraguens) to fish with small sailboats (Guenette et al., Many MPAs in the ecoregion also include areas that are strictly closed to fishing.|SDG 14 - Life below water|mpas fishing closed mpa mauritania|0.12729193|5.51384|6.1251054
7384|Vulnerability was higher among maleheaded households (9.4% in 2008) than in female-headed households (4%). In this case, after a common drop moving from VLSS to VHLSS (between 1998 and 2002), probably due to the substantial difference in the sampling frame between the two surveys, the risk-induced vulnerability never fell below the threshold of 31% of the overall VEP. Moreover, differently than in the overall measure, a higher share of female-headed households than male-headed households are vulnerable by the risk-induced VEP measure, and the former share rises, with more than 50% of vulnerable female-headed households risk-induced in 2008.|SDG 1 - No poverty|headed households induced female risk|7.385215|5.7374215|5.2989426
7385|Schizophrenia costs were approximately GBP 6.7 billion in England in 2004-05. For more details on IAPT, see section 4.1. The vast majority of mental health care and other health services, with the exception of fixed co-payments on prescriptions, is received free at the point of use and paid for by either the NHS or Local Authorities. The independent English health charity The King’s Fund has estimated the direct costs of mental illness across the population in England at GBP 22.5 billion a year (McCrone et al., Evidence shows that approximately 30% of people living with a long-term physical health condition also have co-morbid mental health problems (Cimpean and Drake 2011). International studies suggest that co-morbid mental health problems increase the cost of care for long-term conditions by at least 45% (OECD, 2014) and go uncounted in the estimation of the NHS mental health spending.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health gbp nhs england|10.129961|8.957017|1.8602238
7386|The programmes put an emphasis on the need for improved competitiveness in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors in the country'. The goal is to establish a procedure for regular updating of regulations in order to assure efficient conservation of available resources. A small number of new web-based services are available.|SDG 14 - Life below water|assure available updating web procedure|-0.007279274|5.826294|6.6289306
7387|First, as mentioned in the previous chapter, evidence from the OECD/INFE survey shows that both partners are jointly responsible for day-to-day money management in a majority of households across several countries, weakening the idea of specialisation in financial decision making. Moreover, the evidence regarding a link between gender differences in financial literacy and specialisation within the household is mixed. Hsu (2011) finds that the financial literacy of older married women in the US increases as they approach widowhood, thus supporting the idea of household division of labour. Anticipating possible widowhood, women have incentives to begin learning. However, Fonseca et al. (|SDG 5 - Gender equality|specialisation idea literacy financial day|8.787174|3.7200694|6.147569
7388|Systems like these are in use in some form within most developed nations for daily operations and especially during crisis situations. Besides building sustainable and resilient infrastructure through better planning and design based on the understanding derived from computational and ML models, the implementation of systems like these within developing nations can help prevent natural events from turning into disasters. It is normal for most developed countries to require contractors to provide a complete set of BIM data for any infrastructure built using public funds.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|nations like ml computational contractors|1.7175741|5.1385994|1.6525694
7389|Avoidable hospital admissions are among the best in Europe for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (see Figure 10). Moreover, the 30-day fatality rates for acute myocardial infarction and stroke are among the worst in the EU. There are structures in place to support quality health care but outcomes suggest substantial room to further improve service quality and the coordination between levels of care. In addition, the EHIF has published a selection of service quality indicators for every hospital since 2012 and quality criteria are included in strategic contracts.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|quality hospital obstructive pulmonary myocardial|9.222586|9.304028|2.2393913
7390|Investment incentives are sometimes associated with negative externalities, such as higher costs than benefits accrued, opportunity costs, and adverse selection, therefore making cost-benefit analysis essential (Chapter 3). The Ministry of Environment helps to ensure consistency and coherence of environmental, sectoral, economic and investment policies that affect private green investment across different levels of government and public agencies while the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources contributes to policy implementation. The Jordan Investment Board, which has a policy advocacy department, champions certain sectors, including renewable energy. While these initiatives are encouraging, more needs to be done to ensure that green policies are mainstreamed into regular policy making and implementation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investment green ministry policy making|2.059224|3.1830626|1.8972597
7391|These measures were applied in 2016 and there has been no increase in traffic congestion. The team thus identified the biggest barriers to better mobility in the city: motor vehicles and lack of space for pedestrians (including pavement obstructions in many places). It helps them to diagnose road safety problems, prioritise interventions and evaluate projects.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|diagnose pavement pedestrians motor prioritise|4.266823|5.12841|0.20870191
7392|The Sino-Russian online verification system for custom clearance certificates for aquatic products with legal origins has been implemented, which greatly facilitates the fisheries trade between two countries. Sino-USA fisheries dialogues have led to a mutual understanding of fisheries sustainability, combatting IUU fishing, and protection of aquatic wildlife. Sino-European dialogues in 2015 have resulted in agreement on the establishment of a joint working committee for combating IUU fishing and ensuring the smooth flow of Chinese marine capture products to European markets. Between 2011 and 2015, China ratified the “Convention on Fisheries Resources Conservation and Management in the South Pacific High Seas”, “Convention on Conservation and Management of Inter American Tropical Tunas”, and “Convention on Conservation and Management of Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific”. Capture fisheries production value increased at annual average rate of 7.7 % between 2011 and 2015, but growth has slowed considerably after 2013 (Figure 4.12). The total value of aquaculture output in 2015 was four times that of marine landings, at RMB 827.4 billion (USD 131.7 billion).|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries convention dialogues conservation iuu|0.29670194|5.8341517|6.640564
7393|In general, the adaptation options identified in the NAS are broad in scope, allowing for varying degrees of implementation. Box 5.1 presents examples of adaptation options, highlighting opportunities for mainstreaming activities. The aim of this option is to increase the resilience of forests to pests and to increase stability and forest diversity in terms of species, structure, genetics, diversity of habitats, etc.|SDG 13 - Climate action|diversity options adaptation nas pests|1.4000382|4.950631|3.532395
7394|As will be discussed in more detail later, the direct impact of exports on poverty can be additional to their poverty-reducing effect, depending on the type of exports, via their overall growth-enhancing impact. The evidence at aggregate level lends definite support to the proposition that exports play a special role in poverty reduction (see figure 26). The graph indicates that poverty ratios decline when per capita real exports increase.|SDG 1 - No poverty|exports poverty proposition graph impact|6.0402617|5.0994177|4.5012355
7395|"But while large shares of total tax revenues can be spent on transfers, such a correspondence needs not (and usually does not) hold in every period as taxes finance non-benefit expenditures as well. Likewise, current benefit expenditure can be financed through non-tax sources, notably borrowing. To the extent that the existence of taxes and benefits causes changes in market prices and household behaviour, redistribution policies have an influence on pre-tax benefit market incomes (and economic welfare) which is not captured by looking at the amounts of taxes and benefits alone. There is a voluminous literature on the consequences of tax or benefit reforms that alter incentives to earn and declare taxable income (e.g., Giertz et al., These indirect (or “second-round"") effects of redistribution policies are at the heart of debates concerning their cost-effectiveness."|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tax benefit taxes redistribution taxable|7.0261436|5.170256|4.350109
7396|As a priority, steps should be taken to ensure that ability to pay is not a factor in accessing health care. In particular, reasons underlying low uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening should be investigated. Understanding provider-level variation will be critical to addressing Latvia’s poor survival rates after heart attack or stroke, for example.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cervical attack investigated stroke breast|9.219874|9.553104|2.6373608
7397|The reform focuses on fisheries sustainability, in response to the state of the main national fisheries most of which are overexploited. One of the main elements incorporated in this reform is a changed structure of the decision-making process, which will be firmly based on scientific information, compared to the current system, in which stakeholders are involved, leading to sometimes socioeconomic criteria being prioritised over sustainability. In addition, the reform strengthens fisheries research, introduces new inspection elements for small-scale fisheries (setting VMS and catch certification for large vessels), upgrades the industrial and small-scale fisheries access system, and introduces mechanisms for the establishment of a rebuilding programme in accordance to the OECD guidelines, among other elements. Two other legal initiatives are currently under discussion: the regulation, control and sanction of discards, and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries elements introduces reform sustainability|-0.13449922|5.70503|6.5931926
7398|Germany noted that there is an annual gender equality evaluation among the parliamentary staff to assess the allocation of positions within parliaments to women and men; results indicate that gender-balance targets have been achieved in recent years. Of the 15 respondents, 9 (60%) indicated that provisions regarding maternity leave for members of parliament are the same as those prescribed by national law. Four countries (Canada, Greece, Latvia and New Zealand) noted that the parliament has adopted its own policies; in the case of Latvia, these policies were in accordance with the Rules of Procedure of the Saeima and in the case of Greece, in accordance with Law No.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|accordance latvia greece parliament noted|10.286793|4.2605453|7.0636764
7399|Domestic violence is generally thought to lessen, as women become more educated and empowered, especially as they gain greater rights to land and home ownership. Today, it remains a huge concern for many, many women - half or more of women in some societies. In 25 countries, women became a speaker or presiding officer of parliament for the first time in the last decade.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women speaker lessen officer empowered|10.039014|5.367748|7.3925347
7400|In many-metropolitan areas, smaller municipalities often lack the sheer human and technical capacity to prepare adequate plans or to update them, and require both training and funding from higher levels of government, as shown in the example of Puebla-Tlaxcala (Box 2.7). Municipalities have several planning instruments at their disposal with which to regulate and promote uiban development. However, most existing plans no longer reflect the demographic or spatial realities of municipalities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|municipalities plans puebla sheer uiban|3.9907274|5.586556|1.476142
7401|Finally, Figure 4.14 uses hourly earnings, while Figure 4.13 uses monthly earnings. Since both figures focus on full-time employees, however, this final difference should not lead to major discrepancies. Despite these differences, the two figures deliver consistent results. As it effectively amounts to comparing less educated men with more educated women, on average.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|educated figures earnings uses discrepancies|8.932019|4.424292|5.502645
7402|We also consider how Sweden’s well-developed primary care sector can contribute further to improvements in the quality and co-ordination of care for the Swedish population. The primary care sector sits alongside national public health programmes for health protection, health promotion and prevention, which are not discussed here. Long-term care for older people living at home, in care homes or nursing homes, and for those with disabilities or long-term mental health problems, is the responsibility of the 290 municipalities. Primary health care is generally the route of entry into health care for Swedish patients, and for signposting to services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health homes swedish primary|9.362621|8.965173|1.8469628
7403|This is explained by the fact that design and implementation of regional policies relies heavily on sub-national governments. Obstacles to coherence between water and other policy areas in OECD countries (cont.) Besides, overlapping, unclear and nonexistent allocation of responsibilities is more problematic when it comes to co-ordinating water and regional development policies than for the energy and agricultural sectors, for several reasons. First, OECD countries have generally set up more co-ordination mechanisms between water, energy and agricultural policies than in the areas of regional development and spatial planning. Second, water and energy policies are frequently led within an environment ministry and water resources management are often handled, at least in part, within a ministry of agriculture.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water policies regional energy ministry|1.2711284|7.0541735|1.664253
7404|Other possible impacts of climate change on aquaculture include changes in feed composition and supply as well as changes in the type, scope and extent disease outbreaks in fish farms. For both sectors, relocation of aquaculture production sites, wild harvest landing sites (e.g. ports), and fish processing facilities may be required due to extreme weather events, changing stock distribution and location relative to markets. While there will continue to be a great deal of uncertainty associated with the interactions between climate change and fisheries and aquaculture over the next several years, fisheries policy makers should now turn their attention to the development and implementation of climate change adaptation strategies.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture sites climate change fish|-0.2707587|6.037382|6.2407293
7405|During the same period, self-assessed health has worsened, while it has improved in the OECD as a whole. An increase in reported health by 1 unit (for instance, moving from good health to very good health) would increase overall life satisfaction by roughly 5% on average in Finland. Other important determinants are being employed and having freedom of choice in everyday activities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health good worsened everyday increase|9.232335|9.051809|2.7143202
7406|Change in poverty is measured as the change in the logarithm of the odds ratio of being poor (log(h/(1 -h)), and export growth is the log difference in per capita real exports between 1990 and 2007. The fitted regression line has a highly significant coefficient of -0.48 with an R2 of 0.61 which is double the R2 for the overall sample obtained in the section entitled Exports and poverty. Therefore, it will not be surprising to find that the distinction between the successful countries and those lagging behind made above on the basis of poverty trends is also mirrored in relation to export performance of the two groups. To detect causality one needs to investigate the channels through which export growth is linked to changes in poverty by detailed case studies in each individual country.|SDG 1 - No poverty|log export poverty exports fitted|6.190897|5.3871493|4.777511
7407|This raises efficiency considerations as well as funding inadequacies in many areas. Greece lags behind in the implementation of the EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, which required all municipal wastewaters to be treated by 2005. In 2002 only two of the wastewater treatment plants discharging in sensitive areas achieved the treatment efficiency required by the EU Directive, mainly because of capacity and funding gaps. Municipalities often execute budget only considering their own perspective and plan, and this lack of integrated approach and territorially customised water policy affects the efficiency of budget execution.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|treatment efficiency directive wastewater budget|1.3121576|6.916856|2.3329172
7408|"Their plans seem commercially feasible given the lower cost of satellites and the development of the broadband market. Mobile network operators (MNOs) need scale to compete for 4G licences, invest in mobile network infrastructure and develop services that rival their competitors'. But there may be additional benefits to both BT and EE from synergies in subscriber acquisition costs (SAC) and lower customer churn, as evidence from quadruple play offerings in other European markets shows. On the negative side, however, ""inmarket"" mergers and acquisitions can be expensive and b'me consuming, and success is uncertain. When network coverage becomes less of a competitive differentiator, operators may need to consolidate networks (through network sharing) as a means of moving away from infrastructure investment and toward developing innovative services."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|network operators mobile bt acquisitions|4.880709|2.9005256|1.6476449
7409|The waste management industry depends on the consistent implementation and enforcement of strong public health and environmental legislation to create a level playing field for the ‘waste management market'. This question can be answered at many levels: because it is the ‘right’ thing to do; because it is a legal requirement; or because it makes economic sense, as the costs to society of the indiscriminate accumulation, littering, burning and dumping of waste likely exceed the financial costs of environmentally sound waste management. However, in the absence of waste management, or where waste management services are failing, environmental and social negative impacts of waste are much greater, so the focus here is on attempting to estimate the economic costs of inaction, rather than the somewhat lower remaining externalities (economic costs) of environmentally sound waste management. These benefits include avoiding economic costs, the revenues from the sale of recovered products and energy, and also include the wider economic benefits of resource efficiency and waste prevention such as increasing resource and food security and creating green jobs.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste management costs economic sound|0.6300011|3.9322703|3.0427356
7410|Annual revenues from water right fees increased from EUR 5 million in 2003 to nearly EUR 17 million in 2007, but decreased to about EUR 10 million in 2009 and in 2010 as the number of new users fell. Abstraction for public water supply has required a water right, but not the payment of a water right fee. However, current reform of the system envisages the introduction of a water right fee for public water supply.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water right eur fee million|1.6018822|7.4946394|2.3152592
7411|New laws and policies are currently being developed to increase online security and to strengthen the protection of personal data. National security concerns have also been raised about the misuse of such data and the consequences of the digital transformation on national security. Governments need to apply a whole-of-govemment response to form coherent policies to seize the opportunities and tackle the evolving challenges of the digital transformation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|security digital transformation govemment seize|4.703542|2.983917|1.9128945
7412|But lifelong engagement with science, beyond compulsory schooling, requires more than knowledge and skills; students will make the most of their knowledge, and participate in science-related activities, only if they are also positively disposed towards science. This, of course, is particularly important for students who aspire to become scientists or engineers, or to work in other science-related occupations. Most students expressed a broad interest in science topics and recognised the important role that science plays in their world.|SDG 4 - Quality education|science students knowledge disposed aspire|9.007216|1.1354629|2.3707042
7413|There are also payments related to placement of nursing staff for Overnight Stay-based Training for Independence Support and placement of health care professionals for disability welfare services and they make it possible for individuals to live in the community while receiving health-related support. Nursing outreach visits and community oriented services in private hospitals and clinics have been established in order to support early discharge. The numbers of psychiatric day care centres, private psychiatric outpatients’ clinics and social rehabilitation facilities have also increased. In addition, the MHLW provides subsidies for “Child mental health care network” projects implemented by prefecture. However, there is a shortage of hub hospitals which specialise in care for children’s mental health, with just 21 hospitals with specialised child and adolescent wards across Japan. “ Hikikomori”, a group identified in Japan generally understood to be reclusive adolescents or young adults who withdraw from social life, often seeking extreme degrees of isolation and confinement, are a particular cause for concern.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals placement psychiatric care clinics|10.115216|8.857735|1.7241796
7414|At the same time, wheat producers have received input subsidies, and most recently subsidies to transport exported grain. Part of this support is absorbed by the inefficiencies in the marketing of grain. At present, around 76% of meat and 88% of milk in the country are produced by households, primarily for their own consumption.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|grain subsidies absorbed inefficiencies exported|3.891531|5.0113926|4.2717023
7415|It is therefore crucial that public funds share the cost of paid leave for low-skilled workers. Leave mandates may thus be expected to exert a positive influence on female employment rates and to have a stronger impact on women than on men. Such effects may only emerge over time as access to leave is what first encourages women to take short career breaks - these interruptions of employment not being always reported in employment statistics - see below' section on data issues.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|leave employment exert interruptions breaks|9.031043|4.7514467|5.876403
7416|"On the other hand, resource and waste processing firms do not internalize in their supply plans the consequences of the reflux of material to the waste pile"" (Pittel et al., Each major actor type has its own decision node in the circular economy where his decision can break the circular flow of the recycling process in figure 6. The producers' decision node contains the choice between virgin and recycled plastics as input to production and then to sell goods to consumers (or industry)."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|node circular decision waste virgin|0.6200105|3.8480887|3.042353
7417|Soon after, the then Labour Government commissioned the Stern Review on the economics of climate change, which helped to push climate change to the centre of the policy debate in the United Kingdom and many other OECD countries (Stern, 2007). The United Kingdom offered strong support for a global climate change agreement at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties in Copenhagen in 2009 (COP15) and Cancun in 2010 (COP16). In July 2010, the environment ministers of the United Kingdom, Germany and France published joint articles in three leading newspapers emphasising the economic benefits of unilaterally increasing the EU emission-reduction target for 1990 to 2020 from 20% to 30%, a proposal that is now official UK policy. The EU recently raised its emission-reduction target to 25%, although the legally binding 20% target has not been amended.|SDG 13 - Climate action|stern kingdom target united emission|1.3412834|3.4235797|1.7742505
7418|Achieving effective fisheries management and sustainable fisheries will require making progress in both areas. The management system can address the negative effects of certain subsidies (e.g. setting a total allowable catch and allocating individual transferable quotas limits overfishing and excessive capital investment), but only when it is effective, enforced and provides the right incentive to fishers to operate at an optimal level of capital investment and effort. Subsidies in turn can put pressure on the management system by giving incentives to increase desired effort above allowed levels, encouraging both IUU fishing and lobbying to increase allowed effort.|SDG 14 - Life below water|effort allowed management fisheries subsidies|-0.16721047|5.6032605|6.8666563
7419|Uganda, Malawi and Haiti are good examples. In any case, a ‘successful’ Doha Round will need to factor in additional measures to compensate potential losers so as to ensure that it benefits a wide cross-section of the WTO membership. Perhaps an enhanced special and differential treatment (S&D) chapter could do this. It is important to recall that the decision to provide DFQF market access to LDCs and to cut cotton subsidies had already been made at the Hong Kong ministerial meeting six years earlier; only the implementation modalities needed to be worked out.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|recall doha losers haiti modalities|4.806491|4.570183|3.7709634
7420|The Molson Centre, is a 20,000+seat capacity arena located in Montreal, Canada. In this facility the inactive building can be safely managed and monitored by two individuals. Monitoring the screen with the ability to occasionally dispatch the second individual to validate, verify or to address a situation should it arise. The integration of the systems includes access control, intrusion, surveillance, hold up alarms, elevators, fire alarm system, paging system, television displays throughout the building, emergency evacuation systems/address systems, ice surface management, voice, data and restaurant systems, beer dispensing systems, food storage and kitchen systems, parking systems, water leakage systems, electronic photoflash systems and systems for the hard of hearing or simultaneous translation. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) Building engages a highly efficient exterior building enclosure with exterior sunshades for daylighting, glare management, and to minimize heat gain.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|systems building address montreal kitchen|3.7881348|4.7507243|1.8502465
7421|In this sense, qualifications certify and offer information on the type of knowledge and skills that graduates have acquired in formal education. Highly educated individuals are more socially engaged and have higher employment rates and higher relative earnings. Higher proficiency in literacy and numeracy is also strongly associated with higher levels of formal education (OECD, 2016m).|SDG 4 - Quality education|higher formal numeracy acquired proficiency|8.9560375|2.667684|2.9754465
7422|Many of the region’s motor vehicles are used in cities, with increasing use accompanying urban population growth. Including both two- and four- wheeled motor vehicles, there are 10.7 million registered vehicles in Delhi, 9.7 million registered vehicles in Bangkok and 5.4 million registered vehicles in Chennai. Around the world, rising incomes are associated with increasing ownership of motor vehicles.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|vehicles motor registered million chennai|4.1521583|4.8558717|0.53981704
7423|These standards would need to align with the Good Teaching Framework. The ministry w'ill also have to define what is expected of teachers in their practice in the classroom and in the development of their professional know'ledge. The government needs to ensure that these programmes closely align and are consistent with the Good Teaching Framework and any national professional teaching standards. It also needs to ensure that these programmes deliver a high-quality and well-prepared teacher workforce.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching align professional standards good|9.404764|1.1706314|2.0576174
7424|Typically, these are general initiatives addressing capital needs for a broad range of purposes - including funding of digitalisation and automation projects. Of course, digitalisation and automation are sometimes important issues in projects that are supported under these general schemes. The Approved Technological Service Institutes in Denmark and SINTEF in Norway are examples hereof. These organisations help SMEs with the implementation of a number of technologies, including robots and other ICT-based production systems.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digitalisation automation robots projects general|5.1501813|3.2984722|2.3424637
7425|In the NIDS data, the majority (82%) of the recipients of the Child Support Grant are reported as the child’s parents. Another 12% are reported as the child’s grandparents. Roughly 16% of caregivers receiving social assistance for children are not co-resident with them, which is in contravention of the regulations17.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|child reported grandparents resident caregivers|7.858083|5.801879|4.661789
7426|Investors enjoy an easy regulatory framework. According to the 1997 Law on Electricity and Natural Gas, tariffs for HPPs built after 1 August 2008 and for existing HPPs of less than 13 MW capacity are fully deregulated. Tariffs for HPPs built before 1 August 2008 with more than 13 MW installed capacity are regulated by GNERC.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hpps mw august built tariffs|1.856509|1.8821213|1.8710501
7427|Even though the total quantity and average quality of freshwater resources are high in Iceland and Norway, water supply can be locally critical. Lakes and rivers offer diverse habitats and many aquatic plant and animal species are particularly adapted to live in certain types of rivers or lake beds, at definite depths or in particular light conditions. The cold winters and ice are special features of Nordic lakes and rivers that impinge on aquatic life that may be drastically affected by climate change.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|rivers lakes aquatic drastically cold|0.6892253|6.6677423|2.9937446
7428|This commitment is reflected in Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5), the standalone goal on gender equality, and in the gender-specific targets included across the other SDGs, such as SDG8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth (United Nations, 2015a). Persistent challenges include stagnating female labour force participation, gender wage gaps, entrenched discriminatory social norms and stereotypes, and high rates of violence against women and girls. All have detrimental effects on women’s rights and well-being and on national development outcomes. Ferrant and Kolev (2016) showed that reducing gender-based discrimination in social institutions could - depending on the chosen scenario - lead to an annual increase in the global GDP growth rate of between 0.03 and 0.6 percentage points by 2030.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender goal standalone stagnating entrenched|9.280139|4.491561|7.083954
7429|The way forward is not easy, but this is the time to build on what has been accomplished and systematise these changes to make a significant difference to the life of children in need of special education and their families, both now and in the future. Continue improvements to committees responsible for the diagnosis of CWDs. Make classrooms and education institutions as fully inclusive as possible.|SDG 4 - Quality education|make accomplished diagnosis classrooms easy|10.254532|2.3864157|2.0231273
7430|Tokyo, Japan, has used a model that combines privatisation of transport service and joint development. Brazil and Colombia have had significant successes with the use of betterment levies, or contribucion de valorizacion (Walters, 2012). London has successfully used a package of value capture mechanisms to raise 25% of the necessary funding for the London Crossrail project (Box 2.11).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|london tokyo privatisation levies successes|4.12512|5.005735|0.92766666
7431|Elaborated based on data provided by CONAGUA (Comision Nacional del Agua), in November 2012. Several of the Agenda’s initiatives relate to the reassignment of legal functions, regulation, capacity development, institutional organisation, enforcement, compliance and the adoption of incentives to build a resilient water management system at the national and regional levels. Particular emphasis in the Agenda is put on strengthening the role of river basin organisations and their auxiliary bodies (see Chapter 2 on river basin governance) and involving civil society and water users’ associations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin agenda river auxiliary comision|0.98785466|7.192102|1.7270554
7432|The implication is that the aspiration of VET students to enter tertiary education is quite consistent with the experience of OECD countries. It also implies in Egypt as elsewhere that vocational programmes need to prepare students not only for direct labour market entry, but also for a range of further educational and training programmes including tertiary education. This implies sufficient emphasis on core literacy and numeracy skills to underpin further learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|implies tertiary aspiration students underpin|8.544115|2.769296|2.8823671
7433|Tackling supply deficits within individual catchments will be a high cost approach, increasing the requirement for new infrastructure, and requiring more constraint on water use. However, water is heavy and pumping - and carbon - costs are high, so large scale, long distance transfers are expensive, relative to the water’s value. But there is scope for greater interconnection within and between water companies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water interconnection catchments constraint pumping|1.3157402|7.4505005|2.3935955
7434|Annex Table 1.A2.3 of OECD (2010b) provides comparable estimates for earlier recessions. The jobs gap in 2009 Q4 is somewhat smaller for the OECD area that that at the trough of the 1979-1982 “double-dip” recession, but larger than those for all other recessions since 1970. The working-age population shrank in Austria, Germany and Japan, reducing the jobs gap estimates in these countries relative to that implied by the changes in the unemployment and participation rates. Ireland appears to have experienced a shift from net in-migration to net out-migration with the foreign-bom, working-age population declining between 2008 and 2009 (OECD, 2010d).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|recessions migration net estimates oecd|7.641095|4.488967|4.283814
7435|For Berea district some copies of a questionnaire were distributed by the researcher to few schools while a certain portion of the copies of the questionnaire were completed by Berea primary teachers who converged at LCE in Maseru for contact sessions for part-time B.Ed primary programme. Lastly, it must also be noted that some of Maseru primary teachers who participated in this study were B.ED part-time students who had also converged at LCE for mid-term contact sessions. Biographical information was sought in section I of the questionnaire. These included information on the names of districts, schools, age groups and qualifications. The numbers of male and female teachers as well as the gender of principals and the deputy principals were sought and used for validation of the existing statistical data in respect of feminisation of the teaching profession in Lesotho primary schools. The names of individual schools are not used in analysis of the data for confidentiality.|SDG 4 - Quality education|questionnaire converged copies schools primary|9.6491785|1.4715462|2.4591491
7436|In some instances, the design and/or financing of a project may be explicitly based on the achievement of key results. This is the case for results-based finance (see Box 3), or in the development of investment criteria for funds (for example the Climate Investment Funds Criteria for the Clean Technology Fund). Results-based finance is an umbrella term that includes a number of different financing mechanisms that seek to tie the provision of financial resources to specific and measurable results (Caruso and Ellis, 2013). These range from Advanced Market Commitments and Output Based Aid that focus on “outputs” to Conditional Cash Transfers or Cash on Delivery Aid that can be linked to behavioural triggers more oriented towards “outcomes” (GPOBA, 2012). Depending on project types, the results chosen to trigger payments can vary widely after consultation with donors, implementing entities, and partner countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|results based aid cash criteria|1.7713722|4.23228|1.1987913
7437|The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) manages water resources and provides bulk water in the Jordan Valley in addition to its other non-water responsibilities, such as tourism development in its geographic domain. The Ministry of Planning and International Co-operation (MOPIC) plays a role in facilitating the submission of project proposals to donors and in every aspect of donor funding to the sector. As in many countries, overall investment procurement takes place in co-operation between the Ministry of Planning and the Ministry of Finance under the supervision of the Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|valley ministry jordan water operation|1.1013775|7.3319216|1.8760467
7438|The majority of the poor live in urban areas and spend a significant share of their income on food. Agriculture is also a buyer and supplier for a significant part of the rest of the economy - the agricultural input sectors, agro-processing and retailing altogether contribute an additional 17% to GDP and around 18% to employment (OECD, 2014). A new approach to tackling these problems was implemented in 2003 with the launching of the Zero Hunger Program.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|retailing launching buyer significant altogether|4.3577046|5.554017|4.271958
7439|It also may harm families. This new combination of objectives has complex implications on the financial model that could help Korean cities cope with such evolving demand. Although only 6.8% of the overall transport infrastructure in Korea is more than 30 years old (as of 2014),9 this share will rise to 30% by 2030 and the corresponding maintenance costs are expected to increase by 6.1% per annum by 2030 (Kim, 2016).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|kim annum korean evolving harm|4.0977626|4.8029704|0.87241745
7440|Nationally comparable data on health outcomes and mortality amenable to health care are needed to highlight differences across socio-economic and geographical cross-sections of the Swiss population. Information on the quality of care delivered by health service providers is too often limited to acute care and only available through local or cantonal-level initiatives. Switzerland remains largely dependent on individual clinicians to keep up with best practice themselves, and has only limited capacity to benchmark the quality of health care services across the country. While consumers have significant choice between multiple health care providers, they often have surprisingly little information on quality to inform their choices.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health quality providers limited|9.02008|9.343151|2.110874
7441|This means that during this period, agricultural production growth outstripped population growth at a faster pace than what has occurred over the previous 40 years. Growth rates are compound annual growth rates, that is, the annual rate of growth fr) in prediction (QP) required so that production increases from that observed in period t to that in period t*n: 1+r = exp((ln{QPK,) - ln(QPi))/n). It should be noted that if QP in period t+n is abnormally low, the estimated compound annual growth rate will also be biased downwards.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|growth period compound annual prediction|3.9478061|5.1671863|4.125741
7442|"Creative cities act as loci of experience, exchanging good practices and cooperating on an international level. Aligning with SDG indicator 11.3.2, the ""proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically',' creative cities have successfully utilized local partnerships and fostered civic participation. The cultural and creative industries account for over 30 million jobs worldwide."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|creative cities cooperating participation exchanging|4.057517|4.6917357|1.8147644
7443|Stock enhancement activities are expected to help conserve fisheries resources in the long run. Local governments responded by producing policy documents to support the development of modem marine fisheries and providing financial support to the sector. The new policy gives priority to resources conservation and environment protection and not just to fisheries development.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries conserve responded enhancement modem|-0.1994128|5.696344|6.794027
7444|Interestingly, about the same proportion of tertiary graduates employed in the education sector (70%), both public and private, considered their workplace to be highly innovative for at least one type of innovation. The most common innovation reported in the education sector was in knowledge and methods: 59% of tertiary graduates employed in the education sector considered their workplace to be highly innovative in that respect compared to 49%, on average, across all sectors (Figure 1.2). In contrast, 38% considered their workplace to be highly innovative regarding products or services (compared with 47% on average) and 36% considered their workplace as highly innovative regarding technology, tools or instruments (compared with 41% on average).|SDG 4 - Quality education|workplace innovative highly considered compared|5.7087474|3.3075292|2.555798
7445|Decentralisation needs to be a flexible process, allowing the central/local dynamics to evolve and taking into consideration the potential instability of the political framework (Work, 2002). There should be a clear design for its implementation, with defined roles for the various management levels and linkages between them. A situation where local players do not have the authority to take decisions cannot lead to good governance.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|evolve instability local decentralisation players|3.6877747|5.461521|1.6402178
7446|Waste targets primarily emphasise material reuse and recycling as end objectives. Timelines are set for reaching targets. If the goals and targets are not achieved at the end of the set time period, a recommendation is made, and an analysis has to be produced in order to explain why targets were not met.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|targets end timelines set reuse|0.60018194|3.9851348|3.0081964
7447|Underqualification is more widespread among both South African- and foreign-bom workers. The incidence of underqualification decreased considerably between 2001 and 2011, but it still affects close to 30% of the workers in both groups. The decrease of underqualification was also stronger for foreign-born workers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers foreign bom born incidence|7.325647|3.7287674|4.2363067
7448|A number of studies have provided evidence of the positive role of physical (urban) planning in effectively curbing long-term urban GHG emissions (notably from transport), although this type of instrument has not been shown to be effective in the short term (Greene and Schafer, 2003; Rietveld, 2006). Cities’ reactions to changes in the spatial structure (involving the relocation of activities, new buildings and new infrastructure) occur with a certain time lag. Mismatch between land use and transportation policies has all too often aggravated traffic congestion around metropolitan cities. For instance, the introduction of a beltway around Seoul in 1999 was succeeded by the construction of five new cities (Bundang, Ilsan, Pyeongchon, Sanbon, and Jungdong) around Seoul three years later, leading to considerable traffic congestion. Another case is the development northwest of the Yong-in area.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|seoul cities congestion traffic new|3.9553635|4.844637|0.96960235
7449|In 1966 the concept of an “urban community” w'as created to address co-ordination problems associated with large metropolitan areas. An urban community (communaute urbairi) is a highly integrated form of co-operation for which a dozen different responsibilities are transferred from the individual constituent communes. Four urban communities were created by the national government without consultation for the large metropolitan areas of Bordeaux, Lille, Strasbourg and Marseille. More commonly however, intercommunality in France has been historically characterised by a voluntary linking of communes to accomplish a specific set of mutually agreed functions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|communes urban metropolitan created dozen|3.7994368|5.7660356|1.6762265
7450|For example, women argued for 12 reserved seats in the new Constitution of an Autonomous Bougainville, but achieved only three’ (Saovana-Spriggs 2007: 106). ‘ It is striking that since the 2005 election, there are only three women members of the government, out of a total of 40’ (Charlesworth 2008: 347-361). Voters were provided with three ballots: a general one, a woman ballot and a youth ballot. Throughout all levels of government in Rwanda, positions have been created to address women’s issues and gender concerns. At national level, the Ministry of Gender and Women in Development co-ordinates with the government in gender-mainstreaming policies, creating gender focal points in other key ministries and conducting gender awareness training. At provincial level, there are civil servants with gender and women portfolios.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender women government voters ordinates|10.30986|4.3792715|7.2393456
7451|The disease is still spreading at an alarming rate, killing exponentially and threatening to frustrate the process of economic development in many countries and regions, the Caribbean being no exception. This is despite efforts to contain the spread of the disease through regional and national response programmes. However, today much more is understood about the HIV/AIDS than when it first surfaced and as such there are many lessons to be learnt from various country experiences.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disease killing alarming learnt spreading|8.364736|8.902404|3.3017232
7452|Enhancing the effectiveness of direct forms of higher education teaching is a key challenge for many institutions, especially since problem-based learning is not feasible in all circumstances. A number of teaching attributes such as organisation, expressiveness, enthusiasm and rapport/interaction have been found to have a positive relationship with indicators of student learning and student persistence. In reality there is no dichotomy between problem-based learning and “traditional” teaching and learning approaches -policymakers and practitioners would benefit from a better understanding about which specific practices are effective for fostering different skill sets.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning teaching problem student dichotomy|8.78649|1.5509284|1.8674214
7453|Thus, it is understandable that the dollar-a-day poverty-line approach has become the dominant one. However, it has significant weaknesses and there are several types of problems connected with its use that need to be reviewed. Depending on how the constitution of the basket is determined and what is included, the poverty line can be pushed down to what many might feel is too low a threshold, or raised to what others might question as being an overly generous one.|SDG 1 - No poverty|line understandable overly pushed poverty|6.4098268|6.241064|5.048427
7454|Over time, Chile could increase the voucher for all children, while keeping it progressive, to increase public spending on education. Cross-country empirical evidence suggests that a large share of privately operated schools has a positive impact on PISA results, but only if the share of public financing remains high (WolSmann, 2005). In contrast, school systems with a high share of private financing achieve weaker results than others, presumably because they do not do enough to help children of lower ability catch up. The government oversees only those schools that enter the SEP system and accept the extra subsidy, which has created a disincentive to participate.|SDG 4 - Quality education|share financing schools sep voucher|9.961543|1.9676936|2.4502273
7455|Among children that have been at least four years in kindergarten only 15% scored low, compared to nearly 40% of children with only 0-2 years of experience. The availability of free core time (20 hours per week) increased the participation of minority-language children by 15% and led to better results on mapping tests in the first and second grade compared to areas with no intervention (i.e. free core time). However, private business and non-profit organisations contribute to the cost of pre-primary education in a small number of countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|children core free compared scored|9.411336|2.8003702|2.3631282
7456|To encourage the use of natural gas, its consumption has been exempt from taxation. Partial or total exemptions also apply to other fuels, including those used for electricity generation, for powering boats (including fishing boats), in agriculture, in facilities participating in negotiated energy-saving agreements (Section 4.1) and in the EU ETS, as well as biofuels (Section 5.2). A lower value added tax (VAT) rate applies, among others, to heating oil and household consumption of natural gas and electricity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|boats gas section electricity natural|1.6647997|2.7970088|2.1825182
7457|Meeting this challenge will require harnessing all available energy resources and technologies, according to local circumstances, coupled with energy efficiency measures, especially to upgrade grids and reduce transmission losses. As well as reflecting local endowments and resource potential, the energy mix should evolve in such a way as to kick-start the structural transformation process, while maximizing the development opportunities within the energy value chain. While fossil-fuel-based generation is likely to play a continuing role where substantial sunk costs have already been incurred and in countries with significant reserves, a progressive move towards renewable technologies could offer substantial development opportunities as well as environmental co-benefits.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy substantial technologies sunk kick|1.658954|2.0982914|2.1663067
7458|A poor student in Costa Rica has less than a one in ten chance of making it to university- an opportunity gap far greater than in most OECD countries. But key drivers of improvement in the most rapidly improving education systems - a concerted push to expand early years’ education, high professional expectations for teachers, leadership for improvement by schools, and strong information and evaluation systems that can guide reform - have not yet gained the needed impetus in Costa Rica. Its role in levelling the playing field for children from the most disadvantaged families is particularly critical.|SDG 4 - Quality education|rica costa improvement levelling impetus|10.22835|1.6219244|2.683112
7459|We capture these divisions in the model by positing gender-segregated labour markets and women’s association with paid care work. Both women and men contribute to the financial and time costs of providing care, however, just to varying degrees. In our model, investment is of two types: what we term physical investment undertaken by capitalists and human capacities investment undertaken by individuals and households.3 Funds for both types of investment are drawn from national income, which is split between capitalists (profit share) and workers (wage share). Because industries and occupations tend to be highly segregated by sex, we further disaggregate the wage share into the female and male wage shares.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|segregated investment wage share undertaken|8.988847|4.892742|5.9451575
7460|Understanding, discussing and exemplifyingthe key challenges of M&E for adaptation, UNEP DTU Par tnership Working Papers series, Climate Resilient Development Programme, Working Paper 1: 2016. Vertical Integration in National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Processes: A guidance note for linking national and sub-national adaptation processes. Org/wp-content/uploads/2016/l 1/Vertical-Integration-in-NAP-Processes-Guidance-Note.pdf (accessed 20 February, 2017).|SDG 13 - Climate action|nap adaptation processes vertical note|1.2259637|4.79149|1.5477184
7461|"In Viet Nam, access to maternal health care services ranges from 90 per cent in urban areas to as low as 20 per cent in remote areas of the Central Highland and Northern Uplands regions inhabited by indigenous peoples"".35 Similar trends have been recorded throughout Latin America36 as well as in the richer developed countries. However, between the 1980s and the end of the century, a slowing or stalling of indigenous health improvements measured by life expectancy meant that the gap failed to close significantly (Canada) or even widened (New Zealand and the United States). In fact, because indigenous peoples are essentially invisible in the data collection of many international agencies and in most national censuses, the disparities in their health situation as compared to other groups continue to be obscured. Similarly, even when indigenous peoples appear in health data, they are often conceived of as a percentage of a national population, which UNICEF has noted ""can be misleading in as much as the distribution of certain indigenous peoples does not correspond to national boundaries."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indigenous peoples health national invisible|9.270468|8.398513|3.3369322
7462|Discriminatory social institutions can help to explain why girls leave school prematurely, thereby contributing to persistent gender gaps in both educational and economic participation. The OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) is a composite measure of discriminatory social institutions across non-OECD countries capturing laws, social norms and practices which restrict women’s economic and social role in five areas: 1) discriminatory family codes; 2) restricted physical integrity; 3) son bias; 4) restricted entitlements and resources; 5) restricted civil liberties. This variable often reflects practices such as forcing girls into marriage or their marrying before adulthood due to discriminatory social norms with respect to the status of women in the family and the reproductive role of women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discriminatory restricted social institutions norms|9.426792|4.6864934|6.821228
7463|It is not possible to create an urban agglomeration exclusively at the behest of the national government; city and regional governments should have a role in the planning and management. To create new inter-regional policy space, both city and oblast ctkimats have to control territorial development and share some of the managerial responsibilities. It requires, among other things, holistic and inclusive urban policies that support economic growth.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|create city urban regional oblast|4.164734|5.337738|1.8331928
7464|It is grounded in the government’s Strategy for research co-operation and research in development co-operation 2015-2021. The aim of the strategy is “to contribute to strengthened research of high quality and of relevance to poverty reduction and sustainable development, with a primary focus on low-income countries and regions.” While support to research co-operation has represented a minor share of Sweden ODA (roughly 2 %), the Swedish Development Agency (Sida) is aiming to scale up its research programme following strong country demands.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|research operation strategy sida development|4.84147|3.5201576|2.0415025
7465|While the analysis of interrelations between actors reveals the most frequent interactions, it also sheds light on the limited, or absence of, contact among certain categories of stakeholders. For instance, a very low proportion (16.7%) of regulators surveyed interacts frequently with civil society on water-related issues. Similarly, 20.7% of civil society organisations surveyed are in frequent contact with watershed institutions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|surveyed contact frequent civil society|1.1975677|7.007576|1.4515076
7466|In order to encourage corporatisation, the government agreed to assume part of the debts of those hospitals willing to go through that process until the end of 2013. The Ministry of Health gave hospital authorities an opportunity to transform indebted tertiary-care facilities from publicly owned institutions managed by local governments into companies owned by such governments with the further option to also involve a private investor. In the 2009-11 period, this form of transformation of public health-care units was supported by public resources from the general budget.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|owned debts indebted governments gave|8.882979|8.842726|1.7294507
7467|The high benefits are related to savings throughout all steps in the production, from raising of sheep over spinning and knitting to the final finishing. The data quality for wool production is not optimal [see 5.3.6] - and the variation between different production routes is significant - but high benefits can be achieved for all types of reuse of wool. The benefits from this are most probably lower than those that can be achieved if production of virgin wool can be avoided. This judgment is based on the fact that raising of sheep alone accounts for more than 50% of the climate change impacts in the life cycle of wool and about a third of the energy consumption.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|wool sheep production benefits raising|1.3124183|3.9511673|3.2410748
7468|Notably, to achieve long-term goals for delivering safe and sustainable urban environments, a coherent narrative based on integrated transport and land-use policies needs be developed. The main lessons that can be drawn from the road safety stories of Lisbon and Riga and provides recommendations on advancing good governance for delivering effective road safety policies are mentioned below. Both case studies show the considerable importance of politics and a capacity for successful creation and implementation of road safety policies. Successful implementation requires not just the political momentum to initiate policies to promote road safety, but also the enforcement of legislation in practice.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road safety policies delivering successful|4.217931|5.2494884|0.006925203
7469|The report presents some proposals that would allow CDDCs to contribute to climate change mitigation efforts while minimizing the negative impacts of climate change on their economies. Managing natural resources in this context involves trade-offs in balancing a country’s portfolio of different forms of capital along its development path. For example, a developing country might hold a vast stock of natural capital but a relatively small stock of human and physical capital.|SDG 13 - Climate action|capital stock natural minimizing cddcs|1.1839509|3.4922671|1.262768
7470|They also seek to improve the environmental performance of all operators involved in the life cycle of EEE. Any discharge, dumping, storage, accumulation or injection of this type of waste requires prior authorization. It also introduces the need for programmes for the gradual reduction, and ultimate elimination, of pollution caused by waste from Ti(>2 manufacturing facilities.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste authorization injection dumping introduces|1.620441|3.0505059|2.422711
7471|The country has made progress in learning how to elaborate pluri-annual plans and monitor the implementation of innovation policy. Nevertheless, major challenges remain: especially in guaranteeing pluri-annual budgeting for innovation; in improving the co-ordination of the promotion of science, technology and innovation with the national development strategy; and in scaling up initiatives in key priority areas. This chapter focuses on: i) the institutional setting and governance for innovation policy; ii) the national innovation strategy and policy mix as outlined in Panama's National Strategic Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (PENCYT) 2010-2014; and iii) the main implementation challenges. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation science annual policy national|5.301373|3.6178074|2.573232
7472|The combined role as purchaser and provider at the municipality' level is also proposed as important for the resource allocation within the health sector. The paper argues for a closer analysis of the impact of fund-holding, contractual relations and incentives between levels of governments as well as including qualify' indicators in the efficiency measure. These factors imply that a continued growth in health expenditure may increase social welfare. Some measures can be explored to decrease the burden of financing, and to improve welfare for a given level of expenditure. In the medium run, the demand for health care can be crucially influenced by the encouragement of a healthy life style. As discussed by Bolin and by Asgeirsdottir, it is not clear how effective policies should be designed.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|welfare expenditure health purchaser encouragement|8.663563|8.7258005|2.0360408
7473|One funding criterion for large companies is research co-operation w'ith other innovation actors: SMEs, research organisations and universities. Almost 90% of Tekes funding to large companies is channelled through subcontracting to SMEs or research service purchases to higher education institutions (HEIs) and research organisations.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|research smes organisations companies funding|5.5837555|3.220166|2.4252033
7474|Bolsa Famflia’s conditional cash transfers have proved to be fundamental in achieving the poverty reduction observed over recent years. The paradigm shift it implied required an unusual measure of courage and political will. Although Brazil’s Constitution had already included poverty eradication among its basic fundamentals, the tendency to blame the poor for being poor was still deeply rooted in society, generating strong opposition to the programme in its first few years. To give help where it was needed, the federal government had to improve the structure of its social assistance networks and those of the municipalities.|SDG 1 - No poverty|fundamentals blame unusual poor bolsa|7.2890935|5.955556|4.3716354
7475|Additional joint training throughout their careers would allow better co-ordination among care providers and could help them adapt best practices in terms of care pathways and prescriptions (see below). Together with limited out-of-pocket expenditures and low public trust in some preventive measures, such as vaccines (Larson et al., Moreover, immunisation rates among children against measles are relatively low (Panel C), and immunisation against influenza has declined among older people and remains well below 40% for some risky populations, despite an official target of 75% (Panel D; PLFSS, 2015). The authorities formalised their role as gatekeepers in 2004 by incentivising all patients to register with a treating physician, as recommended by the OECD (OECD, 2000; Imai et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|panel influenza vaccines measles incentivising|8.802617|8.782704|2.0201664
7476|Consequently, the impact ofUI on work incentives per se may be weaker in emerging economies. The welfare implications of UI depend on the extent to which increased duration on unemployment derives from a liquidity (or income) effect, i.e. the reduced need to return to work quickly to limit the impact of job loss on consumption, or a moral-hazard (or substitution) effect, i.e. the reduction in search intensity due to the subsidisation of unproductive leisure. The latter is a socially detrimental response as it fails to take account of the cost of unemployment for society.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|unemployment effect subsidisation derives ui|7.7356005|4.809949|4.1261477
7477|The extremely strong reaction in Spain meant that the climb in its unemployment rate was even larger than that observed in Ireland, which suffered an output shock that was nearly three times larger. Recessions that 01 until 2006 are included. By contrast, the unemployment response in the 2008-09 recession was muted in most European countries (including Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and the Slovak Republic), as well as in Japan and Korea.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment larger reaction recessions shock|7.619923|4.5248556|4.2098527
7478|Water-related hazards accounted for 62 per cent of the deaths and 96 per cent of the people affected and 75 per cent of total damage costs amounting to US$2.5 trillion. They contribute to overall water scarcity, stress water supplies, and affect agriculture and aquatic ecosystems. Proactive drought policies and drought risk management can build greater societal resilience to the effects of drought and reduce the need for an emergency response.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|drought cent water amounting proactive|1.3865726|6.9533763|2.768635
7479|To this end, a number of stakeholders have or are in the process of designing systems and strategies to collect data and synthesise lessons learned. These efforts include multilateral initiatives such as the Adaptation Learning Mechanism16, the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Platform; Busan Partnership’s regional knowledge sharing platforms; work by Civil Society Organisations such as the Climate and Development Knowledge Network; and efforts within developing countries such as Kenya’s planned knowledge exchange platform (GoK, 2012b). The former allows for project designers and evaluators to access baseline or contextual data efficiently while the latter involves making the results of M&E efforts widely available to those contemplating or designing similar interventions. Sharing data is a relatively easy task, provided that such information is readily available or able to be scaled to the required level.|SDG 13 - Climate action|knowledge efforts designing platform sharing|1.4034711|4.634389|1.3474417
7480|In fact, the Millennium Development Goals encompass a considerable number of the dimensions that are often discussed within the context of the definition of poverty. In the end, of course, what matters most for national policymaking is how each society defines the decent level of living that should be achievable by all. For example, the total number of poor (according to the definition above) had been 1.8 billion in 1990 and 1.9 billion in 1981 (compared with 1.4 billion in 2005).|SDG 1 - No poverty|billion definition achievable encompass policymaking|6.2075996|6.484898|4.9082446
7481|While there are, of course, differences of views, there seems to be an underlying consensus on the purposes of evaluation and an expectation among stakeholders to participate in shaping the national agenda. This is evident in the development of the national evaluation and assessment framework. Schools have a high degree of autonomy regarding school policies, curriculum development, and evaluation and assessment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation assessment shaping expectation evident|9.757903|1.7499855|1.4683197
7482|This would enable more targeted policies and agricultural extension activities to the level of education. In regards to agricultural higher education, an assessment of agricultural graduates’ early careers would help understand the factors which cause them to stay in or leave the agriculture sector. The agro-food system regulation sub-dimension uses two qualitative indicators to assess the presence and degree of implementation of: 1) regulation of natural resources, such as land, soil, water, air, climate and biodiversity; and 2) regulation of inputs, such as seed, fertiliser, and agricultural machinery.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agricultural regulation seed machinery careers|4.105989|5.4021006|3.6376486
7483|In least developed countries (LDCs), 85 per cent of households lack Internet access.7 The gender gap in Internet use has not narrowed globally between 2013 and 2017, and has, in fact, widened noticeably in Africa and in LDCs. Broadband connectivity in developing countries, when available, tends to be relatively slow and expensive, limiting the ability of businesses and people to use it productively. For example, research has recently found that machine learning algorithms acquire biases from text data reflected in day-to-day culture.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|internet ldcs day productively algorithms|4.8642445|2.9231126|1.7094389
7484|It is true that macroeconomic instability expressed in high inflation can kill growth. However, macroeconomic stability (when broadly defined so as not to be focused on a narrow target, such as inflation) is only a necessary condition for growth, not a sufficient one. Periods of accelerated growth can be associated with moderate or even intense inflation when supply constraints are encountered.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|inflation macroeconomic growth encountered intense|5.461051|4.957226|3.771071
7485|For example, while the output of a capacity building exercise on the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity can be identified relatively easily (e.g. x number of people trained), identifying the outcome of this activity (e.g. drought-resistant crops planted on y hectares of land) is more difficult to identify. The impacts of such an activity (e.g. improved food security) will be even more difficult to attribute, given time lags, natural variability in weather patterns, “shifting” baselines due to the effects of climate change, and interactions with outcomes/impacts from other related interventions. While assessing the effectiveness of an intervention in producing project-level outputs is relatively straightforward, attributing long-term, global impacts to an intervention is extremely challenging. Lamhauge, 2013, per s. comm.).|SDG 13 - Climate action|impacts intervention activity difficult relatively|1.5464973|4.629813|1.4985907
7486|Both of these rates are relatively low compared to other middle-income economies, which is often attributed to a large informal economy in Thailand as well as considerable underemployment in private and public service sectors (Fry, Nieminen and Smith, 2013). Considering the entire decade (2000 -10), the increase of the foreign-born EPR was more than 20 percentage points. It can be expected that this drastic change is related to other indicators such as the level of education or the nature of jobs taken by immigrants in Thailand, and these indicators will be discussed in the following sections.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|thailand indicators epr drastic underemployment|7.20768|3.6118588|4.2270317
7487|The Student Loans Company is a government-owned agency that was established in 1989 and is responsible for managing all loans and grants to students in universities and colleges in the United Kingdom. In recent years, the United Kingdom has shifted away from grants and towards income-contingent loans for students, primarily due to their lower public cost (Figure 3.1). Relative to grants, loans may also make students more responsive to market signals in their degree selection, as most students must eventually repay the money, unlike with grants. In 2015, the government announced it would end grants for students from low-income households, but would raise total financial support via income-contingent loans.|SDG 4 - Quality education|grants loans students contingent kingdom|8.849825|2.3197632|2.6410053
7488|This combined better inter-sector co-ordination between the SSA and the SS providers and the government’s first attempt to decentralise SSA services by transferring responsibility' for health care to the states, which was to be the first wave of a longer decentralisation process. It was at this time (1983) that a constitutional amendment was passed, giving each individual the right to health protection and from which the General Health Law was derived. As part of these changes, the Ministry of Public Health and Assistance changed its name to the Ministry of Health (Secretaria de Salud).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health ssa ministry ss salud|8.552159|8.715249|2.2531924
7489|The most common are political party quotas, legislative quotas and reserved seats. Political party quotas are usually voluntary, party-specific and put in place to increase the number of women party candidates or elected representatives, through setting a percentage of women. Legislative quotas are binding national policies that are enforced through legislation, requiring all political parties to include a certain number of women in their lists of candidates for elections. Another method is to reserve seats for women in parliament through a national policy, which ensures a certain number of female legislators.28 Since the Beijing World Conference, States have increasingly adopted quotas to boost women's participation, counter discrimination and accelerate the slow pace at which the number of women in politics is rising.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|quotas party women seats number|10.54242|4.225666|6.994758
7490|Comparisons are made between the human capital of native-born and foreign-bom workers, including with regard to skills mismatch. This chapter aims to conduct an empirical investigation of the labour market position of immigrants in Ghana based on a review of labour market indicators regarding migrant workers in comparison with native-bom workers. The review will be complemented in Chapter 4 by a formal econometric examination of the labour market impact of immigration.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom workers native labour market|7.256802|3.7041779|4.23021
7491|"Farmers must balance between profitability and risks. This trade-off between profitability and risks also explains that the necessary investment for producing for the market takes place gradually and on a small-scale trial basis. These are important steps in increasing yields and profits and thus reducing associated risks. The example of cotton production areas, where yields for food staples are generally higher than average, shows that durable support services, combined with a marketing guarantee and stable prices can accelerate the process of agricultural intensification"" (Cour, 1994)."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|risks profitability yields staples intensification|3.5465548|5.4286737|3.892681
7492|The disproportionate impact of climate hazards further aggravates existing socioeconomic inequalities and may actually undermine the capacity of people to cope and adapt. Not only is closing the development gaps that leave people vulnerable to climate hazards a goal of sound development policies, but it is also essential to reducing the risk posed by climate change. Investing, for example, in prevention to halt the spread of malaria and other debilitating diseases to improve the quality of life of the most disadvantaged population groups, is both a sound development policy and part and parcel of a sound adaptation policy: healthier and potentially wealthier people will be more resilient to future climate hazards. Disadvantaged groups typically possess few options for diversifying their incomesources, gaining access to insurance and financial marketsand improving their education and health status.|SDG 13 - Climate action|sound hazards climate disadvantaged people|1.4667541|4.926322|1.9942286
7493|In addition, a special insurance policy costing 365 baht per year (about US$ 12) was also made available for migrant children up to seven years of age. The package is the same as that received by Thai citizens covered by the widely praised Universal Health Coverage Scheme, including access to immunization services and antiretroviral drugs. Migrant parents can buy a policy for their children who are aged over seven at the same rate as adults (2,200 baht or about US$ 70 per year).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|migrant seven costing immunization thai|8.50526|8.694247|2.2842035
7494|Pharek’s (2001) analysis of these claims shows that the vast majority of clashes between different ethnicities rotate around gender issues, i.e. the regulation of women’s clothing, exogamy or endogamy within the group and the rights of women themselves. Demographic policies are integral part of ethno-nationalist struggles; the socialization -coercion of women and compulsory heterosexuality are planned and implemented at a political level to ensure the reproduction of the ethnic group. Demographic policies in Israel have been in place almost since the foundation of the state in 1948.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|demographic women socialization group struggles|9.816267|4.5766253|7.258538
7495|Teaching staff consists of Christian, Jewish and Muslim members. Study programmes integrate practice, education and theory. Tuition fees are high and students are charged USD 2 500. For 2010, the college budget is USD 1.8 million: 50% of the budget is covered by the board of trustees (mainly from the Illinois state and Austria), 25% tuition fees; the rest by the local Arab community.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tuition fees budget usd illinois|9.010184|2.102123|2.6548867
7496|The sample is limited to companies in OECD, Colombia and BRICS countries, founded between 2000 and 2017. Total funding amounts exceeding USD 225 millions (99th percentile) are excluded to ensure that analyses are not driven by few companies receiving large deals. In columns 6 and 8, female start-ups is understood as start-ups with at least one female founder.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ups start female companies brics|8.915003|3.3789387|6.300597
7497|For example, data from the PISA study administered in 2015 reveal that 76% of native-born students of native-born parents in Sweden attained at least proficiency level 2 in the three PISA core domains -mathematics, reading and science. By contrast, only 49% of immigrant students (either first- or second-generation) did so, a statistically significant difference of 27 percentage points. This difference was greater than the OECD average difference of 18 percentage points.|SDG 4 - Quality education|difference born native pisa points|9.760372|2.5071065|3.2072268
7498|Individuals who have left the education system are harder to reach, and adult learning and training is generally much less available and less generously funded than formal education for young children and students. This chapter discusses inequality in outcomes in education, skills and labour market participation during adulthood, as well as the gaps between various groups of the population in participation informal and non-formal adult education and training. It also discusses policy interventions that can mitigate inequality in learning and labour market outcomes between adults from socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds. First of all, learning should be focused on improving the employability of adults, through a combination of education and training and practical job training. Targeted support needs to be provided to adults with a low level of educational attainment and without basic literacy and numeracy skills. Particular attention should be paid to young adults who are not in employment or in education (NEETs), single mothers and women who have had to leave the labour market due to child care responsibilities, as well as the immigrant population.|SDG 4 - Quality education|adults education training learning discusses|8.87709|2.7653832|2.8900132
7499|Target 14.a refers to scientific knowledge and transfer of technology. Lastly, target I4.c refers to the implementation of international law as reflected in UNCLOS. Many of these are adaptations of pre-existing targets that figured in other pieces of international legislation, such as the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (for example, target 14.4 on sustainable fisheries) or the Aichi Targets (for example, target 14.5 on protection of marine and coastal areas).|SDG 14 - Life below water|target refers targets pieces aichi|1.73216|5.6906|2.040975
7500|In the years from 1950 to 1955, only a few countries had a level of life expectancy greater than 70 years, and only 1.0 per cent of the world’s population lived in such countries. At that time, 71.9 per cent of the world’s population lived in countries where the life expectancy at birth was less than 60 years (figure 1). The reductions of mortality since the middle of the twentieth century have been so substantial that the proportion of the population living in countries with a life expectancy below 60 years had decreased to only 8.5 per cent for the period between 2010 and 2015.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy years lived life cent|9.09189|8.639174|3.2915366
7501|The inflows into skilled agriculture (1.5 million) do not offset this outflow, which results in a -1% growth rate. Furthermore, among both elementary occupations and professionals, prime-age workers had a relatively large downward influence on the annual growth rate when compared to other major growing occupations (Figure 3.10, Panel B). Another finding worth noting is that there was a relatively large number of new immigrants entering elementary occupations; the only occupational group in which such a relative impact can be witnessed.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|occupations elementary relatively outflow rate|7.269621|3.7432902|4.267339
7502|Output controls with a total allowable catch and individual transferable quotas and input controls (limited entry, closures) applies. Legislative amendments in progress will introduce a maximum legal size limit for Ptectropomus areolatus, a net size restriction for traditional fishing and remove the limitation on holding live finfish. Longline trial started in the Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery in 2007 for a period of four years.|SDG 14 - Life below water|controls size restriction allowable limitation|-0.008656684|5.6105127|6.6745486
7503|A decreasing block system is used to charge for surface water abstraction, whose charges are lower than for groundwater. Starting in mid-2008, water supply and sanitation service providers are obliged to include abstraction charges in the retail tariffs dependent on the actual use and the type of user. The provincial licence fees for water are related to the cost of administering the licensing programme.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|abstraction charges water administering licence|1.5009956|7.595701|2.3328838
7504|These figures raise important questions about why success has varied so much across countries, and to what extent health care systems and policies help to explain this variation. Numerous studies have shown that rising levels of obesity and diabetes are reducing our ability to make further inroads into reducing the CVD burden. Some studies are showing that the pattern of declining mortality is coming to an end or even reversing amongst some population groups, particularly younger age groups (Wilson and Siskind.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|reducing studies wilson reversing groups|9.134666|9.027626|2.8558517
7505|Thus, we have the propensity score for treated units (vocational school students) PjW*)and the propensity score for controlsPc2000 (students in other tracks), both reflecting the propensity of being sampled in 2000 for students sampled in 2003 or 2006. We first estimate the performance change for students in each type of secondary school in 2000 and their matched counterparts in 2003 or 2006. Then we compare these performance changes among students from different tracks.|SDG 4 - Quality education|propensity students sampled tracks score|9.686885|2.203467|2.8196468
7506|The Human Rights committee further ruled that the Fisheries Management Act should be brought into line with the equality principle. A community quota clause has been established giving the municipality the right to buy vessels that are otherwise being sold to firms outside the community. Accordingly, this community right has seldom been used, because it does not include the vessels' quota.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessels community quota right ruled|-0.23945694|5.694752|7.020579
7507|Certain elements of it might not be feasible in the near term but could be developed with a targeted effort. For example, while not a priority in the near-term it is important to recognise the growing importance of South-South financial flows to support climate action and to anticipate adding reporting on this in future. Of course such a system must also be built up slowly, allowing reporting countries to build capacity to provide higher quality and more complete information over time.|SDG 13 - Climate action|near reporting south term anticipate|1.4178401|3.759901|0.7195931
7508|This suggests that the management practices applied are inconsistent with the purposes for which the community concessions were created. This firm was created in 2003, as a joint venture by several RBM community concessions, with the strategic aim of consolidation through their collaboration (see table VII.10). The fact that it also markets the timber produced by the communities has enabled it to identify new markets, establish connections between communities and buyers, and strengthen those that already existed.|SDG 15 - Life on land|concessions created communities markets community|1.8743675|4.782861|3.6159177
7509|These rents may be shared with consumers through an overextension of credit and underpricing of risk, employees in the form of higher wage-productivity differentials and other stakeholders involved in banks' business (Denk et al., The transmission of some of the financial sector rents to employees requires bargaining power on the part of financial sector workers, since otherwise financial institutions would pay the competitive wage. Rents can be transmitted to financial sector workers in two ways: wage premia and overskilling. Wage premia are analysed in this section, overskilling is the subject of the next section.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|rents wage premia financial employees|7.105103|4.690232|4.477841
7510|Transparency also enables the tracking of progress towards individual and collective climate-related goals. The Paris Agreement contains global long-term goals on mitigation, adaptation and climate finance. At its core are cycles of nationally determined contributions (NDCs)2 and provision of the support (finance, technology, capacity building) needed to implement them from 2020 onwards.|SDG 13 - Climate action|goals finance onwards climate ndcs|1.2105031|3.6420033|1.0230846
7511|Milk capacity is regionally concentrated in Almaty oblast where the five largest enterprises accounted for over a quarter of the country’s capacity, and in the three northern oblasts and the north-eastern oblast of Pavlodar (Table 3.7). Reconstituted drinking milk, a rapidly growing share of the market, sold in 2009 between KZT 48 and KZT 61 per kilogramme. At these prices, processors reported that domestic milk was competitive as long as the price did not exceed KZT 50 per kilogramme (FAO, 2010a).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|kzt milk oblast oblasts capacity|3.7733366|5.0015106|4.3496723
7512|Education was identified as a standalone goal (SDG4). Epistemic communities have documented a number of links between education and other SDG areas, and policy makers have long recognized many of them. Based on an exhaustive content analysis of 40 global reports, this paper examines how well such links are represented in flagship publications of the United Nations system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|links standalone flagship exhaustive documented|8.708076|2.6763|1.9718516
7513|And I mean he literally laughed 'ha ha ha', and I was like you know, I come from a mining background, I know a lot about mining, more than you will ever know.' Research conducted by Gender Links shows that women constituted a mere 24 per cent of news sources in election coverage in 2009; this was up from 10 per cent in 1999, but similar to the 23 per cent achieved in 2004. This shows that women's views and voices are still marginalised in elections (Lowe Morna et al.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ha know mining cent shows|10.195448|4.365897|7.664834
7514|Countries where women’s representation in parliament is greatest - such as China, Bangladesh and Pakistan, for example- generally rely on legal gender quotas. The experience of Timor-Leste, the Asian country with the highest share of women in parliament in 2016, is instructive - following the introduction of a 25% female candidate quota in 2006, and the later extension of the quota to 33% in 2011, the female share of seats in the national parliament jumped from 25% in the 2001 election to 29.2% in 2007 and to 38.5% in the election in 2012 (IPU, 2017). However, some of the countries where women’s political representation is relatively high have not adopted legal gender quotas. Instead, some rely on voluntary gender quotas and/or targets adopted by political parties, as in the Philippines, or on the promotion of women by the state, as in Viet Nam.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parliament quotas election women quota|10.565488|4.21915|6.9835534
7515|One course tackles school success in a multicultural society and tries to answer how we can create a school with equal opportunities in an environment in which students’ identities and sense of belonging are constantly changing. It focuses on success factors in students’ school achievements, as well as how inclusive school cultures that benefit all students can be created (Linneus University, 2017[igoj). Sodertorn University stands out by offering teacher programmes with an intercultural profile.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school students success university multicultural|10.052195|2.6620808|2.5598898
7516|But even after accounting for the socioeconomic status and demographic background of students and schools and various other school characteristics, in the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Switzerland schools whose principals reported that teacher shortages hinder learning tend to show lower average performance (Table IV.1.12c). On average across OECD countries, almost half of the performance differences between schools are accounted for jointly by school resources and students' and schools' socioeconomic status and demographic profile (Table IV.1.8a).16 This suggests that much of the impact of socio-economic status on performance is mediated by the resources invested in schools. As shown in Figure 1V.1.11, even after accounting for per capita GDP, 30% of the variation in mathematics performance across OECD countries can be explained by the level of similarities in principals' report on school s' educational resources between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools performance status principals iv|9.583209|2.1371849|2.8561292
7517|The reduction of infra-marginal rents for utilities resulting from the merit-order effect raises issues relating to future investments in new capacities, as well as research relating to the appropriate calculations of true benefits and costs of renewables in complex electric systems. The true cost of the deployment policy for ratepayers is not the simple sum of the incentives, but rather much less, as renewables progressively reduce the market costs of electricity through the merit-order effect. Finally, how C02 prices and RE deployment interact in wealth transfers between various stakeholders, notably electricity customers and utilities, deserves further scrutiny.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|merit deployment utilities relating renewables|1.8365084|1.7583207|1.956739
7518|The majority of Americans (64.2% in 2012) are privately insured, either through privately purchased insurance or through insurance provided by their employer or an employer of one of their family members. The government provides various public insurance schemes for low-income groups, older citizens and high-risk groups: Medicare (which covers 15.6% of the population) provides health insurance to residents over 65, people with disabilities and people with end-stage renal disease. In addition, Tricare and the Veteran Health Administration provide health coverage for military personnel, veterans and their families (4.5%). States’ Medicaid programmes cover low-income people (17.3% of the population ).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurance privately employer people health|8.6155405|8.600448|2.3508947
7519|Although information about such individuals does not feature directly in absolute poverty statistics, their absence may affect who is identified as being in poverty, depending on the type of threshold used. And it can have a direct impact on measurements of relative poverty (inequality) where the threshold is set with respect to the mean. It is recommended that NSIs explore the feasibility of extending this coverage.|SDG 1 - No poverty|threshold poverty measurements feasibility extending|6.465468|6.2676625|4.992776
7520|Both urban wastewater and solid waste volumes have increased due to population growth. The construction of wastewater treatment plants for municipalities in the basin is expected to improve the situation; these are planned to be completed by 2012. Illegal waste disposal is also a pressure factor; pollution of water from controlled disposal areas was also reported.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|disposal wastewater waste volumes illegal|1.1872691|6.689555|2.7235413
7521|People with the lowest level of education2 were over three times more likely to live with hypertension, diabetes and asthma or other chronic respiratory diseases, and nearly five times more likely to live with depression than those with the highest level of education in 2014.' However, as in other EU countries, there are notable variations according to income group: about 90% of people in the highest-income quintile reported to be in good health in 2015 compared with only about 70% of people in the lowest income group (Figure 4). Nonetheless, based on the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) estimations, nearly one quarter (24%) of the overall burden of disease in Cyprus in 2015 (measured in terms of DALYs) can be attributed to behavioural risk factors, notably smoking, but also risk factors often linked to poor diet and low physical activity (IHME, 2016). Men are considerably more likely to smoke than women (38% for men versus 14% for women; Figure 5).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ihme likely lowest nearly people|9.246574|9.245657|3.0001435
7522|My appreciation to the IEA Implementing Agreements for their contributions on technology-specific data, and specifically Gouri Bhuyan (OES IA), Adam Brown (Bioenergy IA), Ana Estanqueiro (Wind IA), Bernard McNelis (PVPS IA), Niels Nielsen (Hydropower IA) and Mary-Rose Valladeres (Hydrogen IA). Many thanks also to Christophe Dossarps (UNDP Consultant), Martina Otto (UNEP) and Anjali Shanker (IED) for their comments and review of this paper. While many of the challenges faced by these countries are similar, the means of addressing them varied in their application and effectiveness.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydrogen consultant ana bioenergy appreciation|1.8918183|2.826516|2.0615506
7523|During the crisis of 2009, the region's countries built up experience with labour-market policy instruments that limit the impact of labour demand on employment. As stated previously, promoting the labour-market integration of young people is a key challenge. Productive development policies would boost productive job creation, especially through the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises, and would help reduce the wide productivity gaps that prevail in the region. To achieve this, governments would have to promote the development of innovation processes and the take-up of new technologies, especially in relation to information and communication technologies (ICTs).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labour productive technologies especially prevail|5.3585305|3.5888016|2.8655126
7524|The booked capacities were generally not used while not being available to other market entities (in three-quarters of the cases by distributors affiliated with the network operator) thus excluding small market entities from the market and permitting the network affiliates to maintain a dominant position in their traditional supply areas (Bundesnetzagentur, 2010). Now capacities are auctioned, thus removing barriers to grid access and simplifying the booking process. However, as on the electricity market, a majority of consumers are not benefiting from savings they could get from provider switching (Bundesnetzagentur, 2010). In addition, eco-innovation could also generate additional growth, thereby offsetting some of the adverse effects of emission reduction policies (OECD, 201 If).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|market entities capacities network simplifying|1.8401896|1.7758455|1.8487236
7525|The OECD work published in OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Korea - Raising Standards (2012b) recommended that policy makers seek out desirable models of what uniquely Korean approaches to primary health care services should look like and support them. This section builds on the broad approach outlined in the earlier report by providing some potential paths to scale up primary care in Korea. Given Korean interest in the US health system, it is surprising that there has been limited interest in moving towards a model of integrated care, where an organisation receives a capitated payment from the National Health Insurance to manage all of the care of the patients. This type of reform provides incentives for big hospitals to restructure their service delivery model to include stronger primary care. This would require comparatively simple changes to payment methods, or at least experimentation to allow some big hospitals to receive a capitated payment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care payment korean health big|9.257344|8.919293|1.8278062
7526|According to the World Development Indicators, infant mortality rates dropped from 98.7 deaths per 1 000 live births on average1 in 1970 to 17 deaths per 1 000 live births in 2011. Likewise, life expectancy at birth rose from 58.5 years in 1970 to 75.2 years in 2012, with women living on average 2 years longer than men in both 1970 and 2011. In fact, literacy rates in the MENA region for females has jumped a little more than 10 percentage points, from approximately 61% in 2000 to 72% in 20112 (Figure 1.1), with significant improvements in gross tertiary enrolment in Egypt and Lebanon and in literacy rates in Jordan, the Palestinian Authority and Qatar.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|births deaths literacy rates years|8.879564|8.376693|3.6280353
7527|The high performance of Switzerland’s health system is reflected in high levels of patient satisfaction. Switzerland’s population is older than that in most other OECD countries. At the same time, lifestyle changes today presage the rise of health risks within the Swiss population in the future. While still low, the prevalence of obesity is rising, particularly amongst young people. These trends, along with advances in medical technology, should result in Swiss residents being more likely to live with a chronic condition over the next few decades than they are today. Indeed, they may live with more than one chronic condition or morbidity.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|swiss condition chronic switzerland today|9.059526|9.237791|2.4122438
7528|Paraguay and Plurinational State of Bolivia (2011), Honduras (2010), Nicaragua (2009) and Guatemala (2006). Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay stand out with personal income tax, social security contributions and public cash transfers (including pensions) together reducing inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) by around 13% on average. An equalizing effect was also achieved by public pension programmes in Chile, Costa Rica and Panama, and by direct taxation in Mexico.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|panama nicaragua plurinational paraguay honduras|6.807576|5.567423|5.0178843
7529|A brief summary of this report is publicly presented, as well. Schools prepare a plan for improvement based upon this report, and the MoES and NASE are responsible for monitoring the progress in the implementation of the recommendations, the frequency of which depends on the school’s performance in the external evaluation (European Commission/EACEA/Euiydice, 2015). While all schools in Lithuania were to have been subject to external evaluation by 2014, in 2016 55% of schools had not undergone external evaluation (NAO, 2016). In 2013, Lithuania spent 1.9% of its GDP on basic education, below OECD (2.5%) and EU-22 (2.4%) averages, and below its neighbours Latvia (2.2%), Estonia (2.2%) and Poland (2.4%) (OECD, 2016b).|SDG 4 - Quality education|external evaluation lithuania schools moes|9.601323|2.0726595|2.3970387
7530|According to the OECD Demography and Population database, for example, in almost all European OECD countries, most immigrants are from Europe (OECD, 2018m)- Educational attainment of the native-born and foreign-born population should also inform policies related to human capital within these two groups. In some cases, similarities or divergences between the two groups can signal the need for formal and/or non-formal adult education programmes (see Indicator A7). Among 55-64 year-olds, there is a perfect gender balance in the percentage of men and women who are tertiary-educated on average across OECD countries. However, among the younger generation (age 25-34), a larger share of women than men are attaining tertiary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|born oecd tertiary formal demography|9.035984|4.0518255|5.40606
7531|Greater female entrepreneurship would be an incidental benefit arising out of policy interventions which are motivated by broader objectives associated with education policy. Moreover, some existing policies may seek to address this issue directly. Examples include the emphasis placed on encouraging women’s participation in STEM entrepreneurship in the last decade or through various Business Supporting Programs (see Council of Economic Advisers, 2015).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurship incidental advisers motivated arising|9.0366|3.459894|6.178173
7532|In the metropolitan area, networked water supply reached 100%, although the sewage network is not complete (Regione del Veneto, 2008c). Though recent efforts have likely lowered this rate, improvements are still needed. To some extent, this reflects generic problems that affect the water supply sector in general. The water supply sector, insofar as it relies on hydraulic technologies, entails high capital costs relative to operating costs and to the tariffs generally charged for water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water supply networked hydraulic insofar|1.5243379|7.2327332|2.4304283
7533|There are, however, some interventions that would be easier to scale up in some countries and regions than others - for example, kangaroo mother care, which involves the baby being placed in skin contact with the mother’s bare chest and exclusive breastfeeding being supported, is generally seen as more possible in African than in Asian countries. These include addressing health workforce shortages, removing financial barriers, and improving access to care through innovative delivery strategies such as task shifting (delegating tasks to less specialized health workers).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mother breastfeeding baby care specialized|8.613314|8.622158|3.2985787
7534|In addition, reforms seek to attract better prepared individuals to the teaching profession by granting scholarships to top students and giving bonuses to teachers and principals with excellent evaluations (OECD, 2013c). A draft law is in Congress proposing major changes in the organisation of the teaching profession including the introduction of a certification process to access the different levels of the teaching career (Santiago et al., The hiring of principals in public schools has also been professionalised and principals now have more liberty to select their management team and to dismiss teachers with bad evaluations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|principals teaching profession evaluations teachers|9.683997|1.3405117|1.8407097
7535|Northern Ireland has recently introduced a new apprenticeship strategy and strong efforts have been made to increase overall participation in this educational pathway. Employers will be critical partners to boost overall private sector employment and ensure that more apprenticeship programmes can be developed in new and emerging sectors of the economy such as information and communications technology.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|apprenticeship overall pathway new boost|8.401628|2.750173|2.8077395
7536|"The goals also emphasize that no country is immune to the impact of poverty, underscoring the fact that ending child poverty is a universal challenge. Failing to do so in this generation will transmit the human, social and economic costs to future generations. Another time, a child-mother from the streets of Colombia who had been trafficked, raped and enslaved, asked me this: ""I have never had a dream."|SDG 1 - No poverty|child immune trafficked transmit emphasize|6.932232|6.4233494|5.074992
7537|The difference between the peak of the load duration curve and the residual load duration curve represents the generation capacity that, on average, is not required due to the presence of variable wind energy. The difference between the black and the blue curves shows the minimal generation capacity, over all samples, which is not needed. In the last edition of the World Energy Outlook (IEA, 2011c), the IEA assumes that the annual peak demand is normally distributed around the mean. The capacity credit is then calculated based on the difference between the peak demand and the point one standard deviation above the residual peak demand.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|peak difference residual curve demand|1.5590603|1.4087232|1.9003346
7538|There are numerous other examples of increased rice production across Africa. For example in Guinea a new type of rice (known as New Rice for Africa, or Nerica) has quickly superseded other varieties. And since the launch of Uganda's Upland Rice Project in 2004, the National Agricultural Research Organization reports an almost nine-fold increase in the number of rice farmers from 4,000 in 2004 to over 35,000 in 2007.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rice africa upland fold launch|4.030847|5.145454|4.151273
7539|There is an increasing availability of data at the municipal, school and individual student levels to use for different actors when setting goals and monitoring progress toward the achievement of these goals. And in several school and municipality visits, the team heard of trips that principals and municipal leaders had made to various jurisdictions around the world to leam from the experiences of professionals further along with the use of such data to support instruction. Municipal leaders and school leaders also reported that these visits focused on using data to increase the efficient use of resources to support their improvement efforts. This section addresses the challenges and opportunities created by each of these changes in turn. One of the most fundamental changes is the introduction of a set of Common Objectives which focus on student learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|leaders municipal visits school student|9.424403|1.738492|1.7913802
7540|Beyond government ministries and agencies, WFP's partners included international and local NGOs, umbrella producer organizations. United Nations agencies, input suppliers, output aggregators, processors, financial service providers, research institutions, bilateral development partners and regional entities (WFP, 2014). The reformed public procurement law establishes that food procured for school-feeding programmes and other food security initiatives must come from national producers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|wfp partners agencies procured food|4.2812986|5.393103|4.118473
7541|In conjunction with tight fiscal policies, austere monetary policy has reduced demand for productive loans, and consequently, investments and growth, thus adding to global employment problems. At the same time, exchange rates appreciate due to high short-term capital inflows, adversely affecting employment-intensive export-oriented sectors. Governments are compelled to reduce fiscal expenditures to keep down inflation and to retain the confidence of foreign investors, even in the presence of underutilized capacity and large-scale unemployment. Policies tend to be deflationary, prompting reductions in consumption and hindering employment creation.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment fiscal appreciate compelled hindering|5.495231|4.9632597|3.7613397
7542|"See the section on “Data Quality"" in Chapter 1 for a description of the quality criteria. First, however, to give an idea of how the position of both women and men has improved in absolute terms over the past 100 years, statistics on average women and men in the 1900s, 1950s and 2000s are provided in Figure 12.1. These estimates are population-weighted averages covering at least 40% of the world’s population, where missing countries are imputed to alleviate a bias against developing countries for which less statistical material is available. By the 1950s, however, she could expect to live 12 years longer and would marry just before her 20th birthday."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|birthday men imputed alleviate marry|9.479453|4.635733|6.2983723
7543|This means that, when calculating total poverty, different distances must be captured for moderate and severe deprivation. This was done by assigning a score of 1 for severe deprivation, 2 for moderate deprivation and 3 for no deprivation (the value 0 was reserved for the situation of extreme deprivation, which is not amenable to measurement by conventional surveys). Flowever, the distances represented by these scores are metric, whereas the three situations (severe, moderate and no deprivation) relate to an ordinal system (where the actual distances cannot be established). So, even though it is possible to differentiate between groups of poor children using depth and severity indices of total poverty, they should be considered merely illustrative of the severity of poverty in these groups.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation distances moderate severe severity|6.8794756|6.583049|5.187662
7544|Although financial disincentives, care responsibilities and scarce job opportunities were less widespread overall, they represented important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that large shares of those with no or weak labour-market attachment face multiple simultaneous employment barriers: 32% faced three or more significant barriers, highlighting the need for broad and coordinated policy approaches that focus on all relevant barriers in a holistic way. Section 3 provides an overview of Estonia’s policy stance on activation and employment-support policies drawing on a range of available data and policy indicators. Section 4 seeks to illustrate how bottom-up information on patterns of individual employment barriers can inform a discussion of policy priorities, effectiveness and gaps. ( A concluding section summarises key policy implications.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|barriers policy section employment activation|7.9620304|4.5552087|4.2429013
7545|A total of 26 pilot smart cities have been selected from the ten ASEAN Member States (Table 2.1). The positive externalities arising from agglomeration can be offset by negative externalities when a city’s equilibrium size exceeds its socially optimum size (OECD, 2010a; OECD, 2015a). Traffic congestion is one of the key negative externalities of urban agglomeration, particularly in Emerging Asia. Congestion is a considerable challenge in many of the region’s cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|externalities agglomeration congestion size negative|4.126394|4.7651014|0.89569074
7546|Five countries in the MENA region reported the use of either the legislature or a committee in the legislature to perform oversight functions (Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority and Yemen). Bahrain, Egypt, Lebanon and the Palestinian Authority report establishing an ombuds office to address violations of women’s rights. For more information on the Egyptian Ombudsman, see Box 3.5. Similarly, judicial bodies serve as important mechanisms to protect women’s rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|legislature bahrain palestinian lebanon authority|10.007022|4.266171|7.331029
7547|Aguero, Marks and Raykar (2011) document a significant motherhood wage penalty in a large sample of women from 21 developing countries. The gap is widest in Egypt and India, where approximately 60% of working-age women identify housework as their main activity, followed by Hirkey and TUnisia, where the figure is about 50% (the average for European OECD countries and the United States is only 12%).17 These data underline the profound disparities in the division of household responsibilities between men and women throughout the emerging world, but provide little information about the extent to which women’s participation in paid employment is constrained by their family responsibilities. By allowing a detailed breakdown of people’s time, this type of survey provides a more nuanced picture of gender roles.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women responsibilities nuanced widest marks|8.972992|4.768745|5.8293447
7548|After accounting for student and school-level socio-economic status, students who had attended early childhood education for one year or more scored an average of 25 points higher in the PISA science assessment compared to those who had not. However, there are limits to the interpretation of this finding, as the proportion of those who had attended less than one year of early childhood education (ISCED 0) represents on average across OECD countries of only 8% of all 15-year-olds, and is relatively low' in several OECD countries (Tables 5.1 and 5.2 on the web only). For instance, before accounting for student and school-level socio-economic status, students who had attended early childhood education for three years or more scored an average of 40 points higher in the PISA science assessment compared to those who had attended ECEC for less titan one year.|SDG 4 - Quality education|attended childhood scored year early|9.569976|2.2957437|3.0771196
7549|Similarly, gender institutions in some countries in post-Soviet space and some in the Arab region tend to be viewed as top-down bodies with limited connection to grassroots women’s groups and infrequent public consultations. Effective policy-making capacities, capable of taking into account the needs of men and women, are critical across all sectors, from education and employment to entrepreneurship, defence and housing. This calls for sound collection and dissemination of appropriate data and knowledge about gender disparities across the entire spectrum of policy concerns, and providing the necessary evidence for the development of sound policies that can be transformative in the lives of women and men. Those strategies must be supported by appropriate institutional frameworks with clear accountability mechanisms across all government institutions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sound appropriate women grassroots men|9.817556|4.215468|7.325104
7550|This includes interventions that increase a country’s capacity to mitigate or adapt to climate change, or that improve the enabling environment for climate responses within the country. Cost-effectiveness could also disadvantage certain types of interventions (e.g. small-scale energy-efficiency) or countries (e.g. SIDS), where transaction costs would be relatively higher. Using cost-effectiveness to assess the effectiveness of climate finance more broadly could lead to perverse incentives to channel financing to regions with lower transaction costs as opposed to greater need. These concerns underlie calls from developing countries for “needs-based” as opposed to “results-based” financing in the UNFCCC negotiations (e.g. LMDC, 2013 and remarks by the Philippines in USD, 2013).|SDG 13 - Climate action|effectiveness opposed transaction climate interventions|1.796917|4.1065993|1.3555706
7551|Women typically begin using substances later in life than men, but once they have initiated substance use, women tend to increase their rate of consumption of alcohol, cannabis, opioids and cocaine more rapidly than men and may progress more quickly than men to the development of drug use disorders. In South-Eastern Europe, nearly three out of every five people in drug treatment are in treatment for opioid use disorders. Treatment for cocaine use remains prominent in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean and, to a lesser extent, in Western and Central Europe, while amphetamines remain a problem primarily in East and South-East Asia and to some extent in North America. I, Nady El-Guebaly, Giuseppe Carra and Marc Galanter, cds. ( Milan, Springer, 2015). Cannabis is the main drug for which drug use treatment is sought in Africa, but many countries, most notably Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania, have reported an increasing number of people entering treatment for opioid use disorders.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug treatment disorders use opioid|8.346916|10.201789|3.5466223
7552|The objective of this paper is to conduct an overlap analysis of child deprivation in the EU to gain insight into the breadth of child poverty and degree of overlap between measures of monetary and multidimensional poverty. Particular attention will be paid to investigate cross-country and cross-domain differences. Overall, the paper’s findings provide a strong call for the need to take a multidimensional approach towards the measurement of child poverty in the EU context.|SDG 1 - No poverty|overlap child multidimensional poverty cross|7.0347686|6.532814|5.1770015
7553|For indigenous peoples, health is a broad and holistic concept encompassing the spiritual, the intellectual, physical and emotional dimensions. Essential is the coexistence of the past, present and future, ensuring an intergenerational continuum, including both individual and communal perspectives. The right to health in these documents is applied at the level of the individual.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|individual spiritual continuum encompassing intergenerational|9.619027|8.264937|3.3313184
7554|A number of studies have shown that high-speed lines strongly influence the structure and level of accessibility of a country or a region. Where these investments occur, distances seem to shrink, thus even remote places may become attractive as locations for economic activities and facilitating the movement of labour and goods. Figure 2.1 shows the impact of this spatial compression within Western Europe in 1993 and how South-Eastern Europe has not been able to capitalise on this.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|europe capitalise compression distances locations|4.3574076|4.641327|1.3597835
7555|In addition, ethical considerations of increased ICT use in schools have to be considered. The IUFM (Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maitres - Academic Institute for Teacher Training), which provides both initial and continuous training, and the CRDP (Regional Centre for Educational Documentation) are the government-owned corporations in charge of this. ( More precisely, in the field of initial teacher education, it aims to promote an ICT certificate in teacher education institutions: the C2i Level 2.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher ict initial training ethical|8.766933|1.4447345|2.151144
7556|To start off his presentation, he put forth a question regarding what provisions of GATS offer an opportunity to advance the objective in terms of food security. Although it is not immediately obvious, many sectors have an important impact on food security, through finance, distribution, logistics and transportation. Though there are no assessments as to the extent to which regional agreements in SADC have led to distortions in domestic markets, such distortions will have to be managed.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|distortions sadc gats security food|4.374924|5.362127|4.319123
7557|The paper asks if auto-equilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality. It concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth. This, in turn, implies, on the economic side, consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility, and periodic macro-economic crises; and, on the social side, to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence. Greater economic and socio-political instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time. Mais ces comparaisons posent implicitement que les niveaux actuels d’inegalite sont constants. Or, la distribution des revenus ne peut etre constante que si les revenus croissent au meme rythme a tous les centiles de la distribution.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|les revenus que inequality la|6.6388483|5.004129|4.66772
7558|"Community type” where a group of farmer households pool their rights and undertake unified planning, production, operation and management of the land. Collective leasing type"" where farmers entrust the operation rights to a collective cooperative which then may re-organise the land before issuing it for public lease. Joint operating type"" where farmers transfer shares to a rural land joint-stock company, which is often a larger agricultural enterprise with modern technologies and skills. Farmers retain a share of the profits derived from the land. The first such trust was CITIC Trust Co., Ltd which was established in 2013 in Yongqiao district, Suzhou, Anhui province. As part of this arrangement, in return for their operation rights, farmers receive rent and a share of the net profits of the trust (dependent on the area of land they initially contributed)."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|land farmers trust type operation|3.778035|5.2157454|3.6150641
7559|It is also manifested in the difficulty of combining recognition and redistribution policies, the risk being that upholding cultural difference ends up legitimizing social inequality (or, conversely, that upholding equality legitimizes cultural homogenization). All this adds up to a situation of profound inequality for indigenous peoples, since the scale and depth of the divides are compounded by their persistence and reproduction in numerous spheres. Guatemala and the Plurinational State of Bolivia are the countries with the highest proportions of indigenous people in the region, and this is reflected in all quintiles, by comparison with the other countries in the sample.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|indigenous cultural inequality manifested divides|6.7573028|5.4050207|5.090434
7560|A few households earned income from baking or hair dressing, while only 1% of the 10% earned income through woodwork using electricity. The community benefits cited were the ability to start small businesses (65%), improved security (42%) and better use of schools. The ambition is to achieve a national grid-based supply, and the plan is to complete the full-scale national electrification by 2014.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|earned ambition electrification income cited|2.3074255|2.1695144|2.624196
7561|Only vertical transfers are taken into account, i.e. transfers from higher to lower levels of government or vice versa. An exception is made for Germany and Switzerland, where horizontal equalisation systems are in place, which are therefore added. The tax side is captured by general government revenue from personal taxes in per cent of GDP, as well as by an index measuring the progressivity of household taxes, the Kakwani index. It is, for instance, possible that a share of regional transfers received by an SCG is passed on to individuals in the form of cash benefits. In this case, it would count towards both regional redistribution and individual redistribution, making the overall expenditure seem much larger when compared with other countries where the two transfer systems do not overlap. For this reason, a consolidation across systems was carried out.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|transfers redistribution systems index taxes|6.925663|5.165517|4.405507
7562|This has consequences for the validity and limitations of the indicators that need to be gathered. Ideally, innovation indicators in the education sector should be linked to specific social and educational objectives such as learning outcomes, cost efficiency, equity or public satisfaction. Innovation should also be measured at different levels and, where no objective measurement can be made, according to different stakeholders’ perspectives.|SDG 4 - Quality education|innovation indicators validity gathered different|9.0955715|2.0406115|1.9502424
7563|Field measurements in the Sa'dah area showed significant differences in transmissivity (Table 1), which reflect the variations in the hydraulic permeability and thickness.2S Also the wide range of values for storativity reflects the variability of the confining pressure due to differences in lithology and thickness of both the aquifer and the overlying formations, particularly toward the south-eastern edge of the system. However, direct and indirect recharge has been reported in the southern Sa'dah-Najran area where average rainfall is 250-300 mm/yr. In Yemen, it is estimated that a total recharge (natural sources plus irrigation return) of 17.7 MCM/yr30 occurs in this escarpment zone, which is equivalent to 7.9 mm/yr.3' although lower (4.4 mm/yr,32 3.2 mm/yr33) values have been suggested.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|mm yr recharge sa values|0.71996546|7.4065213|2.848105
7564|Figure 5 presents “synthetic” NRR that are calculated as an unweighted average of NRRs in each month of a Tong’ unemployment spell (60 months), at two levels of previous earnings (67% and 100% of average full-time wages; due to benefit ceilings, NRR are lower for individuals with above-average earnings) and for four stylised family types (single persons, lone parents, one-eamer couples with and without children). Calculations consider cash incomes (excluding, for instance, employer contributions to health or pension insurance for workers and in-kind transfers for the unemployed) as well as income taxes and mandatory social security contributions paid by employees. Where benefit eligibility is subject to behavioural requirements (such as active job-search or being available for work), these requirements are assumed to be met.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|average contributions earnings requirements benefit|7.758984|4.881464|4.147788
7565|In spite of these achievements, local authorities acknowledge that additional efforts are needed to reduce the level of pollutants that are still beyond the national standards such as ozone and particulate matter. The measures adopted to improve air quality have been diverse, from closing the most polluting factories to banning cars in the metropolitan area one day per week through the Hoy No Circula programme (“No driving today”). Mexico City’s government has introduced the Atmospheric Monitoring Network (Red de Monitoreo Atmosferico, SIMAT), which provides data for informed policy making and has led to the adoption of the Metropolitan Index of Air Quality, and the establishment of contingency and pre-contingency protocols.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|contingency metropolitan air banning ozone|3.3639374|4.7987514|1.2029461
7566|Indeed, they suffer from the consequences of the economic crisis which has created excess generating capacity and low electricity prices, reducing their EBITDA and constraining their ability to invest. This is particularly a concern when it comes to financing large projects such as nuclear power plants or large off-shore wind farms, owing to the fact that only one of those multibillion investment projects is enough to have an impact on the credit rating of even the largest utilities. These factors tend to increase the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) used by utilities to finance new projects.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|projects utilities shore constraining rating|2.252006|2.4814503|1.7572265
7567|The detailed accounting provided by TUS allows for comprehensive coverage of all activities and enables the documentation of tasks of short duration. Dong and An (2014) examine the gender patterns of time allocation over three activities: paid work, unpaid work and non-work activity (personal care and leisure) and estimates the value of unpaid work. In another study, Qi and Dong (2013) show that working women in China not only spend longer hours on housework than working men, but they are also more likely to have frequent interruptions in their market work, often to perform housework activities, which adversely affect their earnings. It draws from the growing literature on household decisionmaking in developing countries, which recognizes the importance of bargaining in the intra-household allocation of resources, including time.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|work housework activities unpaid allocation|9.063493|4.7795205|5.509694
7568|It then looks in more detail at the performance of the health system as seen from four different vantage points that broadly correspond to the key objectives of health systems. The first objective concerns ensuring that patients can access the care that they need under the Government Guarantee Package on a timely basis. The second concerns the quality of care and whether it is adapted to patient needs. The third key goal concerns the resources allocated to the public health care system and whether this is sustainable over the longer haul.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|concerns care health key correspond|8.906477|9.269342|1.9650273
7569|Being a fund, this programme does not cover the single loan, but rather the full portfolio up to a limit based on the “expected losses” agreed between the bank and the management of the programme. Any additional loss beyond this ceiling is charged on the bank, which is therefore tasked with the appraisal of the loan. The leverage factor, i.e. the multiplier effect of the single peso given as guarantee, has also achieved its peak in 2006, on the one hand because of the downsizing of the NGF and, on the other, due to the buoyant trend of credit before the outbreak of the global economic crisis. The evolution in the last four years is particularly revealing.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|loan single bank downsizing revealing|1.9777944|3.7174299|1.3449596
7570|The limit is generally 10% for each species in each landing. It is important to underline the main rule that all vessels are obliged to have catch quota for their catches in all species, which are subject to the ITQ system. If their individual quota is over-fished they must transfer quota from other vessels, otherwise the fishing permit is suspended.|SDG 14 - Life below water|quota vessels species fished itq|-0.26566598|5.7231855|6.9322295
7571|Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyri^rt Clearance Center (CCC) at mfo@copyright.com or the Centre francais Sexploitation du droit de copie (CFC) contact@cfcopies.com. This study, which examines a selection of OECD member countries, validates the often intuitive assumption that, as a largely domestic source of electricity with stable costs and no greenhouse gas emissions during production, nuclear energy is well-placed to make a significant, positive contribution. With the help of a series of transparent and policy-relevant indicators, the study shows in particular that nuclear energy has indeed contributed to improving energy supply security in OECD countries in a significant manner during the past 40 years.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|com nuclear energy study intuitive|1.0275936|1.7573283|1.8390968
7572|It establishes as norms the ‘strengthening of co-operative action' and ’promoting and enhancing access', and builds on the 'Technology Mechanism' already established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2010. It regrettably, however, provides little detail as to how these norms must, should or will be pursued in practice. These may take many forms - pollution controls that also result in GHG mitigation, land use regulations, clean infrastructure investment targets, or policies aimed at fostering of innovations or new industries. B. (2015). ' State and trends of carbon pricing 2015'Washington. A. (January 21.2016). '|SDG 13 - Climate action|norms operative pursued kyoto establishes|1.6005628|3.4328313|1.885496
7573|The preparatory process for the Second Assessment allowed for a discussion of the existing differences in monitoring and assessment systems, the deriving problems regarding comparability of data and the lessons learned from those riparian countries which have harmonized or made compatible their monitoring and assessment systems. The Convention takes a holistic approach, based on the understanding that water resources play an integral part in ecosystems as well as in human societies and economies. Its commitment to integrated water resources management (1WRM) replaces an earlier focus on localized sources of pollution and management of separate components of the ecosystem.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|assessment monitoring deriving replaces harmonized|0.8875952|6.971465|1.9738201
7574|Biodiversity conservation status varies widely across regions and states, being generally poorer in the South and South-east regions and along the coast, where most of the population lives. In 2014, after peaking in the mid-2000s, the annual deforestation rate in the area known as Amazonia Legal2 was 75% below the average for the previous 10 years (Figure 3). Brazil is, therefore, likely to overshoot its target of reducing deforestation in the region by 80% by 2020.|SDG 15 - Life on land|deforestation south amazonia peaking regions|1.6447475|4.80259|4.0982428
7575|In Latvia, the very large spikes in exits from SA benefits must probably be attributed to data entry errors in the administrative information. Similar as for SA benefits, the time trends in rates of housing benefit receipt appeal- to be driven primarily by changes in exit rates. An exception is again the large change in HB transition rates for Latvia during the recession years.|SDG 1 - No poverty|sa latvia rates hb exits|7.724387|5.1085687|4.2361665
7576|They assume that poor working conditions in source countries may be considered as a determinant of emigration. Therefore, when gender discrimination in the local labour market decreases, women's incentives to migrate decrease as well. They show that higher levels of discrimination in the workplace are correlated with higher levels of female emigration and lower levels of male emigration, suggesting a substitution effect between men and women within a given number of migrants. Gender norms may also affect male migration by defining their role in the public and private spheres.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|emigration levels discrimination male gender|8.727868|5.238028|7.0530605
7577|As a result of fiscal stimulus and currency depreciation, inflation increased to 10% in 2015. Domestic demand would continue to support expansion, as merchandise exports and remittance inflows are likely to be weak amid low global prices for oil, gold and cotton as well as subdued economic activity in other subregional economies. Prudent macroeconomic management in past years, as reflected in favourable fiscal positions and large external buffers, helped to enhance the country’s ability to respond to external shocks. Nonetheless, further efforts are needed to accelerate privatization and promote a more diversified, private sector-led economy that can generate productive jobs and sustain inclusive growth.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|fiscal external amid prudent subregional|5.480794|4.9338856|3.7520282
7578|Good governance enables effective design and implementation of gender equality reforms and the materialisation of gender equality objectives, while the implementation of gender equality is an important aspect of supporting good governance reforms through balanced decision making and resulting better policies and programmes, including in the area of governance. If there are no channels for the government to obtain structured input from civil society organisations and the population at large, it would have a detrimental impact on the ability of women’s organisations to influence public policies. As such, gender equality objectives cannot be attained without the support of good governance policies; and gender equality reforms reinforce good governance within the context of building a strategic state.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|governance equality gender good reforms|9.892553|4.1978083|7.341673
7579|Students typically enter this level between age 14 and age 16, and these programmes usually end 12 or 13 years after the beginning of primary school. Programmes classified at this level may be referred to as secondary school (stage two or upper grades), senior secondary school or (senior) high school. Lower and upper secondary education includes second-chance programmes, literacy programmes, adult education and continuing education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school programmes secondary senior upper|9.19649|2.5276341|2.6852398
7580|Attendance of a special school requires a recommendation from an appropriate authority and parental consent. The 2005 Education Act puts emphasis on increased integration of students with special needs in mainstream schools. Pre-primary and basic schools are administered by municipalities while secondary schools are administered by regions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|administered schools special consent puts|10.205701|2.3746786|2.01445
7581|It can be assumed that electricity consumption in rural areas is considerably lower than in metropolitan areas. This holds particularly for the household sector where poverty levels are higher and overall population is low. Only in the remote areas of the Amazon, which cover about 45% of the Brazilian territory but with only 3% of the national population, grid electrification has been in part replaced by decentralised electricity supply alternatives: mainly small diesel plants supply isolated villages and towns at a total nominal capacity of only about 3 GW (Andrade, 2009a).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|areas electricity supply gw amazon|2.1839275|1.8716716|2.608276
7582|The creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated fare integration and expansion of the public transport supply, as illustrated in the example of Frankfurt (Box 2.3). A few authorities also enjoy competencies in terms of public parking and sometimes urban spatial planning. Spatial planning encompasses a variety of activities across OECD countries.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial authorities transport planning fare|3.9921668|5.3396573|1.1221097
7583|African governments need to address the challenge of mapping, as much as possible, all primary education facilities and identifying all school-aged children, including tracking down out-of-school children. Although improvements in legal and institutional frameworks and higher political priorities can support further achievements, without tackling social norms around girls’ education, success will not be complete. A number of interlocking factors obstruct school retention for girls and can diminish their learning opportunities: hostile learning environments; inadequate female teachers; discriminatory practices; sexual harassment; lack of sanitation facilities for young girls; and early pregnancies. Indeed, a lack of proper sanitation facilities tends to prevent girls from regularly attending school. When girls enter puberty, their absence from school increases if no adequate sanitation facilities are available. Reportedly, between 10-50 per cent of girls miss out on schooling for this reason.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls facilities school sanitation learning|9.694613|4.948276|6.2551775
7584|In Sierra Leone, the level rose from 10 percent in 2012 to 16percent in 2013 (IPU, 2015; UN Women, 2015). More women than men vote in Botswana, Cabo Verde, Lesotho, South Africa and Senegal, although overall rates for men seem to be about 5 per cent higher in all countries surveyed by Afrobarometer (Tripp, 2013). The increased presence of women in politics is contributing towards addressing deeply historical inequalities in the political systems of the Continent. Women's political participation and representation in governance have long been taken as key indicators of the general level of democracy in a country.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women political verde men botswana|10.545314|4.4476423|7.247141
7585|These interventions are suggested to be an integral part of the New Urban Agenda as elaborated in Chapter 10. New urbanism calls for smaller lot sizes, shopping and community facilities within easy walking distance of homes, transit access, and street corridors that facilitate safe and enjoyable walking. Smart growth tools include promotion of higher-density and mixed-use development, transit use, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly design.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|walking transit bicycle shopping elaborated|4.171463|5.143578|1.0586755
7586|Doing so would help to ensure orderly payments of ageing-related expenditures, such as health-care costs. In a recent study, it was found that, given a currently low tax-to-GDP ratio, there is significant room to raise taxes without causing major economic distortions in China, Japan and the Republic of Korea (Poesoro, 2015). Recent efforts to increase tax revenues in the subregion include the sales tax increase in Japan in 2014; the Republic of Korea is considering adding another income tax bracket at the top end of the pay scale.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tax japan korea republic orderly|6.465733|4.867207|4.112865
7587|Specialists are concentrated in large cities and shortages are a particularly pressing issue in rural areas. Shortages in emergency medical specialists, anaesthetists, intensive care specialists and ophthalmologists are reportedly particularly pressing in rural areas. Rural municipalities have tried a number of initiatives to attract specialists, including salary supplements and free accommodation. Shortages persist, however, signaling a complex problem that is likely to need additional initiatives (such as improvements to rural schooling and other services) to attract health professionals and their families. The demand for specialised nurses, such as surgical nurses and intensive care nurses, is particularly high in Europe, leading to a relatively high expatriation rate for nurses at 5.0%, as discussed earlier (OECD, 2015c). Although many returned to work in nursing following the 2008 global financial crisis (as it offered more stable employment compared with other sectors affected by the economic downturn), on average about 150 nurses choose to discontinue to work as nurses while about 200 to 350 nurses are trained every year.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nurses specialists shortages rural pressing|9.309872|8.921948|1.8483318
7588|Apart from state-level variation, schools also adjust overall models to their circumstances. But the principal difference is between segregation or inclusion of newly arrived immigrants in regular classes (Ahrenholz et al., In the case of unaccompanied minors, Saarland has special language classes for unaccompanied minors (Tangermann, 2018).|SDG 4 - Quality education|minors classes arrived apart segregation|10.014042|2.6809719|2.64916
7589|However, thanks to the impressive growth performance of several emerging countries in the region, the incidence of poverty has fallen by more than half, leaving less than 20 per cent of the population in extreme poverty in 2011. The overall global population living in extreme poverty has decreased by approximately 1 billion people between 1990 and 2011. Asia and the Pacific has lead the global success in the reduction of poverty over the last two decades. In other words, the population living in extreme poverty in the region declined from about 1.6 billion in 1990 to 0.7 billion in 2011, despite an overall population growth of approximately 0.9 billion in the same period.|SDG 1 - No poverty|billion poverty extreme population approximately|6.1258554|5.836397|4.8697386
7590|Water abstraction charges were introduced in Mexico in 1982 (OECD, 2003). Their level varies according to the type of user and the geographical location (see Tables 3.2 and 3.3). The main categories of users are general (which in practice corresponds with industry), agriculture, urban, hydropower, aquaculture and recreation (e.g. spas).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|recreation corresponds tables abstraction hydropower|1.6289977|7.567217|2.160261
7591|Social protection systems are essential to attaining inclusive development by providing automatic stabilizers during periods of crisis by providing additional incomes to the poor and enabling them to maintain access to food and basic services. Various types of programmes may be considered for the LDCs, such as employment generation measures, cash transfer programmes, targeted social services, and micro finance programmes. The fragmented social safety nets that exist in these countries lack the framework of institutionalized welfare systems. These social safety nets are not adequately handed, are not coheren and do not provide coverage to protect the majority of the vulnerable populations.|SDG 1 - No poverty|nets social programmes safety providing|7.075337|5.8527274|4.204247
7592|Strategies include the strengthening of primary health care and the inclusion of specific health care services for older persons; specialized assistance for outpatients, hospital patients and within the home; and pharmaceutical services. The basic principles of primary health care are the following: universal access to care and coverage based on needs, health equity, community participation in the formulation and implementation of health agendas and an intersectoral approach to health. Primary health care is usually the first contact older persons have with health services. It is the area in which short-term health problems are resolved and most chronic health problems are managed (PAHO, 2007).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care primary persons older|9.248778|8.953544|1.72491
7593|Since 1980, global disaster related losses account for a total of USD 3.8 trillion, of which 74% can be attributed to weather extremes.7 Adverse impacts are projected to grow - including major shifts in local and regional climate conditions, changes to water availability, sea level rise, heat waves, drought and inundation with severe consequences for human life. Significant investment will be needed to increase the resilience of vulnerable communities, mainly in sectors such as agriculture, water and coastal protection. The Agreement emphasises the need to balance support provision between mitigation and adaptation. It also emphasises that to support adaptation, public and grant based resources are particularly needed.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emphasises adaptation needed extremes waves|1.539819|5.0829487|1.8777274
7594|The ICPD goals, especially those pertaining to reproductive health and reproductive rights, gender equality, women's empowerment and girls' education, are an integral part of efforts to improve quality of life and achieve sustainable social and economic development. Of the total regular resourced expenditures, UNFPA provided $174.1 million in assistance for reproductive health, $76.6 million for population and development, $43.5 million for gender equality and women's empowerment and $72.1 million for programme coordination and assistance.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reproductive million empowerment assistance equality|9.314779|4.653442|7.0633574
7595|However, the share of out-of-pocket payment for pharmaceuticals is high, accounting for 18% of current health expenditure, compared with the OECD average of 7%. This suggests access to pharmaceuticals can be challenging in the country, particularly among low-income groups. Data on pharmaceutical consumption and sales are limited in Latvia but the only available data for international comparisons show that sales of antibacterials for systemic use measured in defined daily dose (DDD) are about 35% lower than the OECD average.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pharmaceuticals sales dose average pocket|8.511656|9.390297|2.2335885
7596|The third principle calls for preventive and supportive measures, including security measures to make schools safer environments, inclusive teaching methods to ensure support for pupils of all abilities, the presence of specialized counsellors among school staff, and the availability of mediators and psychologists for pupils, their parents and teachers. This principle also calls for a specialized team within each school district to provide advice to schools facing particular difficulties. It also underlines the importance of collaborating with NGOs that have specific knowledge and experience in this field.|SDG 4 - Quality education|specialized pupils calls principle schools|9.97328|2.2953458|2.054909
7597|For others, such as the low-skilled, it may become increasingly difficult to escape poverty. Understanding how changes in family structure, particularly among those at risk of low income, might evolve over the next 20 years is therefore of considerable importance for policy makers. It starts by reviewing the current state of low-income families, looking at their evolution over recent decades and at the factors that have driven these changes. The next section then looks at the influence that the policy environment has had on low-income families across countries, examining the role of taxes and transfers, institutions, and policies towards families with children on poverty outcomes. Three specific issues are addressed in the following section: how the persistence of poverty, the experience of young people, and migration influence social cohesion.|SDG 1 - No poverty|families low poverty influence income|7.3312044|6.0827465|4.9972954
7598|The car is becoming more dominant as a transport mode for older people, but there are differences among countries, especially between Europe and the United States. In Europe, walking is still an important transport mode for older people, with 30-50% of older people’s trips made on foot (~80% of trips of persons over 80 in the Austrian study are made on foot, see Bell et al. There are differences even within countries; town planning and access to public transport have the potential to influence mode choice in the direction of less dependence on the car (Mollenkopf et al.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mode foot older trips transport|4.2839885|5.1537094|0.31037474
7599|Additional obstacles may prevent women and girls' participation and their ability or disposition to meet and be interviewed. This may include organizing interviews according to special schedules that facilitate the participation of women and girls, arranging alternative childcare, considering the possibility of conducting interviews remotely through secure communication methods, or receiving written testimonies, when relevant. Outreach initiatives should also be gender sensitive to ensure that women and girls are made aware of them, in a timely manner, and of the possibility of their attending and that facilities will be provided to enable them to give their testimony. As a result, their testimonies often focus primarily on the experience of their male relatives and/ or children.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls interviews possibility women disposition|9.867322|4.852598|7.1297135
7600|Often, the assumption underlying these stratification policies is that students' talents will develop best when students reinforce each other's interest in learning, and create an environment that is more conducive to effective teaching. Vertical stratification refers to the ways in which students progress through school as they become older. Even though the student population is differentiated into grade levels in practically all schools that participate in PISA, in some countries, all 15-year-old students attend the same grade level, while in other systems they are dispersed throughout various grade levels as a result of policies governing Ihe age of entrance into the school system and/or grade repetition.|SDG 4 - Quality education|grade students stratification talents entrance|9.683617|2.0571213|2.769002
7601|During the same period the rate across the OECD fell by 64%.4 The difference between the two fatality rates arises as the number of registered vehicles grew faster than the population in Korea.5 The number of per 10 000 vehicle fatalities has been used as an important traffic safety indicator in Korea. It is part of the regional safety' index, which is provided by the Korea Road Traffic Authority' (KoROAD) and forms the basis for overall regional traffic safety policies. The high density of cars might explain, to a certain degree, why Korea has a high number of traffic fatalities, even though there are relatively fewer cars in the country.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|traffic korea safety fatalities cars|4.1825857|5.1058884|0.14867413
7602|Currently, doctor assistants, who are trained in emergency and outpatient care for diagnosis and prescribing, play a role between doctors and nurses, filling the resource gap particularly in rural areas. Data refer to all nurses who are licensed to practice. Austria reports only nurses employed in hospital. The number of primary care physicians, however, is low at 0.7 per 1 000 population, compared to 1.0 OECD average.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nurses prescribing assistants filling licensed|9.304881|8.847078|1.8339672
7603|The MCDCB has been successful in developing and expressing a strong and coherent regional vision, synthesised in the JICA Mega Cebu Roadmap study, and as such has set the stage as a strong advocate to the national government in terms of capital funding, policy implementation, and LGU capacity building. While it is still ‘early days’ in terms of buy-in and trust, the MCDCB continues to actively demonstrate success in collaborative dialogue and advancing plans and projects in a way that co-ordinates, but does not prejudice the autonomy of affected LGUs. The MCDCB model is also unique in its explicit engagement with, and leadership from, the private sector and civil society.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mcdcb strong expressing lgu mega|3.4185746|4.980072|1.398397
7604|These provisions take basically two forms: special benefits for divorcees or regulations for pension sharing (or ‘pension splitting’) after divorce. On the other hand, some countries that have a pension model based on individual rather than derived pension rights, such as Finland and Sweden, and protect divorcees in a different way by making everyone eligible for a pension benefit independent of past or present family situation (Choi 2006; European Commission 20i3:Tablei4.4). However, they may not be sufficient where there is unequal distribution of unpaid care work between women and men. Foster (2010) points out that in the United Kingdom, for instance, children are on average 4-5 years old at the time of divorce so caring responsibilities are still likely to reduce mothers’earnings for some years afterwards. These gaps in earning history can thus continue to compromise women’s pensions even after sharing the pension rights and contributions accumulated over marriage (see, for example,Ginn 2006: Frericks et al.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pension divorce sharing splitting rights|8.459876|5.4402747|5.3400908
7605|Changes in these strategies are driven mainly by their national development strategies (64%), the implementation of the trade facilitation agreements (39%), efforts to reduce poverty (36%) and efforts to improve international competitiveness (36%), amongst others through regional integration (32%), industrialisation (25%) and the expansion of services (21%). As such, commitments are an expression of the current priorities of the recipient and donor. Commitments are recorded as the full amount of the expected transfer, irrespective of the time required for the completion of disbursements, which in some cases may take many years.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|commitments strategies efforts disbursements expression|1.6457442|3.842715|1.0838542
7606|Belgium implemented comprehensive smoking cessation services, and smoke-free policies were also implemented (WHO, 2015). As in many other countries, mass media campaigns were launched to promote the '5 a day’ target for fruit and vegetable consumption. Belgium imposed a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in 2016, as is the case in France and Finland, but abandoned a sugar tax on food products.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|sugar belgium implemented tax cessation|9.181536|9.5344|3.2284317
7607|It does not calculate cycling access to bus stations, as it is assumed that bus services are accessed by walking only. The main purpose of comparing CYTAL and PTAL is to highlight areas where PTAL is low by itself but can potentially be raised by including cycling as an access mode. This measure, however, does not take into account the availability of cycling infrastructure, such as parking at origin or destination, or the suitability of the cycle network for a given trip. Thus, this indicator serves TfL for strategic cycling analysis and helps identify areas for potential future cycling infrastructure investment in the Greater London Area. Most importantly, such analysis requires additional quality data on availability of cycling infrastructure, including parking and dedicated cycling lanes, and on perceived safety and overall convenience of cycling in various areas across London. However, they do not capture the actual accessibility needs of various groups of people.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cycling parking bus london infrastructure|4.210624|5.066777|0.49985537
7608|In addition to strengthening horizontal co-operation among ministries, vertical co-operation with the Lander and municipalities will be needed for NAS implementation, as the subnational authorities have legislative and administrative powers in many of the key areas for climate change adaptation. The involvement of the private sector, the social partners and NGOs has also to be clarified. The NAS participatory process has in this respect already provided a valuable basis. Government funding has supported this community, focusing on Austrian issues, but has also encouraged international co-operation to leverage greater resources, particularly as part of EU-funded initiatives (Table 5.2).|SDG 13 - Climate action|nas operation clarified lander austrian|1.6336454|4.4417486|1.3668154
7609|The impact of additional instruction time has been identified by researchers who have used quasi-experimental methods to examine the causal relationship between school days and student achievement. Naturally occurring and exogenous variation in amount of instructional time - due, for example, to school cancellations resulting from bad weather, or teacher absenteeism - has been shown to have a substantial impact on student achievement (Hayes and Gershenson, 2015). For example, Fitzpatrick et al.|SDG 4 - Quality education|achievement student absenteeism quasi school|9.478992|1.8376051|2.8083935
7610|Both the forestry market and the industrial market in Guatemala have weak links to domestic and international demand, so the lion's share of exports traditionally consists of low value-added products. It borders to the east with Belize, to the north and west with Mexico and to the south with the departments of Alta Verapaz and Izabal. This invaluable wealth, mainly managed under a community-forest management model aimed at the conservation of natural resources, justifies studying the value chain of wood products obtained from the department's forestry concessions. It also explains why the meta-objectives that have been defined point to increasing job creation in the zone, the strengthening of linkages between all links of the chain and between it and the rest of the country's forestry sector, greater participation by SMEs related to the value chain and, hence, a positive effect on the level of exports from the chain and the country at large. Outside that protected area, and others officially included in the same category, various mainly agriculture- related productive activities are undertaken, such as the production of basic grains (maize and beans) and African palm, along with livestock breeding.|SDG 15 - Life on land|chain forestry value links exports|1.5803301|4.7277455|3.8652577
7611|The country recently finished rehabilitating the Dushanbe-Kyrgyzstan border road, the Dushanbe-Tursunzade-Uzbekistan border road, and the Dushanbe-Kulma-Chinese border road. Numerous other road-rehabilitation projects are ongoing, and others are scheduled for construction by 2020. Most of these roads connect Dushanbe and other cities of Tajikistan with the border crossing points of China, Afghanistan and Central Asian neighbours.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|dushanbe border road rehabilitating crossing|4.2833385|4.6894746|1.0762323
7612|This is typically much more employment-generating than several other economic activities, and also has substantial multiplier effects. Spending on the provision of proper health facilities, for example, or ensuring good-quality and universal education, has great employment-generating potential. There is thus a strong case for pursuing a growth strategy that allows and encourages labour productivity increases overall. Such a strategy should also involve a significant expansion of public expenditure and in turn of income and employment opportunities in social sectors that have a positive impact on the standard of living.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|generating employment strategy multiplier encourages|5.9771385|4.7094574|3.8110497
7613|The Challenge of Hunger: Focus on Financial Crisis and Gender Inequality, International Food Policy Research Institute/Welthungerhilfe/Concem Worldwide, Bonn/Dublin/Washington DC. Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, International Labour Organization, Geneva. Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, The World Bank, Washington DC. Recession, Recovery and Reform in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, The World Bank, Washington DC.|SDG 1 - No poverty|dc washington europe crisis bank|4.550038|5.6009183|4.39601
7614|In Korea, cost-sharing for care including pharmaceuticals is reduced for cancer patients. In Belgium, Finland, Iceland and Norway, payment exemptions are available for certain pharmaceutical goods for patients. The extent of exemption varies across these countries, and includes cancer drugs dispensed in a pharmacy in Belgium, cancer drugs used in hospitals but copayment for pharmacy drugs in Finland, cancer drugs used in hospitals in Iceland, intravenous drugs and several pain-reducing drugs in Norway.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drugs cancer pharmacy belgium iceland|8.4806385|9.378341|2.1930597
7615|Pantanal is well preserved, but it is under pressure from the expansion of unsustainable farming and ranching, erosion and siltation, and pollution of rivers due to pesticides. Urban expansion is another important threat to biodiversity in the Pampa. Illegal logged wood is up to 40% cheaper than legal wood, which makes sustainable forest management uncompetitive (Nogueron and Cheung, 2013).|SDG 15 - Life on land|wood expansion preserved pesticides cheaper|1.5521468|4.801913|4.075918
7616|For most children, transitions are satisfying and fulfilling, but for some children they can be challenging and stressful (Jindal-Snape, 2010). Therefore, the nature and smoothness of these transitions can be strongly influenced by decisions on pedagogical (and programme) aspects during the transition stage (Neuman, 2002; Sink, Edwards and Weir, 2007). In educational literature, pedagogy has been conceptualised as the “scientific base for the art of teaching’’ and defined as the set of instructional techniques and strategies that enable children’s learning to take place in educational settings (OECD, 2012; Siraj-Blatchford, 2010). Pedagogy refers not only to the actual practices and direct actions of a practitioner, but also to the way a practitioner implements the practices; how he or she intervenes or engages in activities and communicates with children; the way groups and practices are organised; and how the daily schedule is planned.|SDG 4 - Quality education|practitioner children pedagogy transitions practices|8.887165|1.6165417|1.8462921
7617|The ultimate goal of the discussion is to provide policymakers in the region with an understanding of the state of climate finance and recommendations on approaches for mobilizing climate finance in the light of global efforts, regional trends and successful initiatives. The author would like to acknowledge the ESCAP Environment and Development Division (Rae Kwon Chung, Aneta Nikolova, Riccardo Mesiano, Hala Razian, and with support from Yohan Hong). A peer review was conducted by the Climate Policy Initiative (Mia Fitri and Leela Raina).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance mobilizing escap author|1.7986574|4.0652995|1.0688039
7618|The charter required Metro to adopt a 50-year Future Vision and a long-range Regional Framework Plan with which city and county comprehensive plans must comply. Metro has authority to levy taxes (it levies property taxes and excise taxes) and to enforce its planning requirements. Like cities and counties, Metro must comply with state land-use regulations. There are no formal, governmental links that span the Columbia River to connect the Oregon and Washington parts of the region.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metro taxes comply oregon columbia|3.8118787|5.402569|1.4808388
7619|"As a result, it is seen by farmers as an attractive, reliable, and easily accessible source of water (Garrido and Iglesias, 2006) and is highly popular for this reason (Garduno and Foster, 2010). While agriculture is a significant contributor to the recharge of shallow aquifers, both via surface and groundwater irrigation (Taylor et al., Non-renewable abstraction reached 234 km3/year or 20% of gross irrigation demand in 2000, and had more than tripled since 1960 (Wada et al., Due in part to increased climate variability, which affects access to surface water, groundwater resources are increasingly used to the point of being exploited beyond recharge in multiple agricultural regions (Taylor et al., This situation has made groundwater use ""one of the most important challenges for agriculture"" (OECD, 1998; 2013e). Continued abstraction results in falling water tables, which in turn increases the cost of pumping and can create a ""race to the bottom"" among producers."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater taylor recharge abstraction al|0.7079301|7.4686003|2.9306874
7620|First, labour market slack is exceptionally large in many countries and thus outside of most recent experience. Another difficulty in applying historical evidence to the current recovery period is the very different composition that it takes in different countries. Whereas massive labour shedding led to large increases of unemployment and inactivity in some countries, an unusually high share of the total decline of labour input has been achieved through hours reductions in a larger number of countries (cf. The need for vigorous employment growth is evident for the former group of countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|countries labour slack shedding unusually|7.7407546|4.5150466|4.186779
7621|All the indicators of variability (coefficients of variation and correlations) in Part I are calculated across time for individual farms; the average across the sample farms is reported in the tables and figures. This analysis of observed variability is subjected to the usual caveat that some farmers’ decisions and strategies are already embedded in the observed values of some variables (such as yield or costs). For many farmers, production (or rather yield since our focus is on crop farms) and price are the two variables that reflect the main sources of risk.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farms variability yield variables observed|3.4666042|5.529794|3.9241924
7622|Interpretation of changes of working hours over time needs to take into account that the total number of working hours in an economy might be sensitive to the business cycle. It is therefore recommended to analyse the indicators of the sub-dimension together with GDP growth, the employment-to-population ratio and the mean actual working hours. Average working time might decrease during recessions, while employment in long working hours might increase (as layoffs increase the workload of the remaining workers).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|working hours layoffs workload recessions|8.354678|4.5659285|4.732204
7623|Multilateral institutions will face the same definitional and methodological issues that the OECD DAC system will need to address, particularly around identifying what is adaptation specific. As previously mentioned, there is currently a process underway within the World Bank Group to identify the percentage share of each project in the Bank’s portfolio which supports climate change related outcomes. The methodology for calculating the percentage of a ‘climate change co-benefit’ could then be applied across all multilateral institutions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|multilateral percentage bank institutions underway|1.5440646|4.1586123|1.0521417
7624|Women's names do not feature in ongoing power struggles for the top leadership of the African National Congress (ANC), although the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) has three women at the helm. In the countdown to 2015 - the deadline for the 28 targets of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Gender and Development and of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3: promoting gender equality and empowering women - South Africa needs to redouble its efforts to ensure the achievement of gender parity in all areas of decision-making. South Africa also needs to ensure that this translates into real changes in the lives of the majority of women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women gender african south sadc|10.026607|4.475554|7.1854997
7625|In Ontario, Canada, for example, school principals and vice-principals can be re-assigned to a different leadership position or dismissed from their responsibilities if appraisal has resulted in a third unsatisfactory rating and after the introduction of improvement plans. In New Zealand, school principals are typically employed on a permanent basis. In case of serious concerns, however, a competency process designed to provide remedial support may be initiated.|SDG 4 - Quality education|principals unsatisfactory dismissed remedial ontario|9.946605|1.1923062|1.6325077
7626|However, ODA for STI capacities directed to the LDCs, land-locked developing countries and small island developing States, as well as for developing countries in Africa, has remained at the about same levels for the past decade. The North-South divide in research and innovation, while still large for many countries, is narrowing overall, as more countries incorporate STI in their national development strategies.®5 Increased R&D spending and institutional strengthening over the past 20 years have encouraged more cross-border collaborations. In 2014, 86 per cent of scientific publication in low-income countries had international co-authors (from 80 per cent in 2008), with 38 per cent in lower-middle income countries (from 29 per cent in 2008).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cent countries sti developing past|5.0274467|3.3994398|2.1459908
7627|For instance, if more open trade raises food availability in importing countries, this may reduce incomes for net food sellers, and specific measures may therefore be required to help negatively-affected households and prevent hardship (Brooks and Matthews, 2015). Within the Individual scenario in particular, which by default is characterised by a lack of international co-operation, little focus on coherent food regulations and hence comparatively high trade costs, a reduction of regulatory heterogeneity could increase average farm incomes in South and Central America by around 9% by 2050. Brazil is found to increase average farm incomes by about 12% in that scenario, demonstrating its prominent role as an agricultural exporter.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|incomes food scenario farm brooks|3.8311465|4.917199|4.0005627
7628|He suggests that the small effect reflects the fact that insurance cannot absorb the non-pecuniary cost of unemployment. However, it may also reflect the possibility that unemployment insurance has a similar impact on the employed and the unemployed as suggested by other studies discussed in the main text. When jobs and workplaces combine these factors, people are more apt to manage work pressure and difficult tasks; they also tend to be healthier, more satisfied with their job and more productive. But working conditions may also impinge negatively upon an individual’s personal life.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|insurance unemployment pecuniary workplaces healthier|7.790907|4.7842627|4.112638
7629|These water challenges contain both environmental (e.g. depletion of local water resources, untreated wastewater) and economic dimensions, (e.g. cost of inaction to catch up with expanding infrastructure needs, water losses, lack of resilience to floods) and in this regard, are critical green growth obstacles. While there is increasing recognition, in particular by the Metro Cebu Development Co-ordinating Board (MCDCB), of the urgent need to tackle these problems in order to ensure the sustainable long-term development of the Province, this section proposes alternative or complementary policy recommendations to the existing WSS strategies, following OECD and non-OECD countries and cities’ experience in this sector. However, MCWD only serves 57% of the population (1.2 million residents) in its franchise area, the remaining population being served by Community Water Associations or private suppliers (JICA and MCDCB, 2015).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|mcdcb water jica inaction untreated|1.4214191|6.9429955|1.8849962
7630|The training of school teachers can be strengthened to help them recognise and eliminate potential bias that they can have with regards to gender groups. Such bias can have an impact on student school-based assessment. Boys can improve their performance in core subjects if schools and parents encourage them to read (Box 3.1) and make homework a priority.|SDG 4 - Quality education|bias homework school read eliminate|9.605544|2.3298876|3.014779
7631|"Individuals need a multiplicity of skills to achieve diverse life goals. These skills are general in nature and relevant for all kinds of occupations, considered necessary to provide a foundation for effective and successful participation in the social and economic life of advanced economies. The OECD has developed two major data instruments to assess these skills: the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) assessing 15-year-olds in literacy, numeracy and science; and the Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) assessing adults aged 16-65 in literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments, also called ""information-processing skills"". They are based on recognised taxonomies in personality psychology, particularly the ""Big Five"" factors (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness). So far, no comprehensive measures exist, but conceptual work is being carried out to evaluate the potential of developing measurement instruments in the future (OECD, 2015c)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills numeracy oecd assessing literacy|8.940878|2.6879733|2.95195
7632|Basin efficiency in the base year (2005) is calculated as the ratio of the net irrigation water demand to the total irrigation water depletion estimated from records (Shiklomanov, 1999). The projection of irrigation water demand depends on the changes in irrigated area and cropping patterns, basin efficiency, and effective rainfall. Global climate change affects future irrigation water demand through changes in precipitation and temperature along w ith other meteorological variables that affect crop evapotranspiration. Irrigation demand in the FPU is calculated for a given cropping pattern after taking into account the basin efficiency of the irrigation system.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation demand basin cropping water|1.0149518|7.4542637|2.924097
7633|Formally, such system effects are externalities, whose textbook definition is “an effect that is not accounted for by the one who causes it”. The essence of an externality is the lack of reciprocity between those who are affected by them to those who cause them. Usually markets establish such feedback mechanisms (“I give to you, you pay me; I receive from you, I pay you.’’), In such cases, the price mechanism is incapable of organising the usual reciprocal exchanges between those who create a good or a bad and those who enjoy it or suffer from it. Consequently, negative externalities are over-produced and positive externalities are under-produced. In the case of system effects in the electricity sector, the relative newness of the issue, the lack of firm information and the lack of an appropriate allocation of responsibilities all have contributed to a situation, in which system effects in the electricity sector are part of a general “entropy of costs”, where costs rise and profits fall without reasons that are clearly identifiable.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|externalities effects lack produced pay|1.7209498|1.9453536|1.8081082
7634|Additionally, it can be difficultto isolate environmental factors from other drivers of migration. In the Middle East and North Africa, for example, it has been predicted that environmental degradation will reduce the amount of fertile arable land and thus compound a shortage of employment for a youthful population expanding quickly as a result of demographic trends, a proportion of whom may thus migrate to look for work.131 In this case, environmental degradation, demographic trends and economic factors (a lack of employment) combine as potential drivers for migration. There is no agreed definition or defined category and no explicit legal or normative framework pertaining to people moving as a result of the effects of environmental change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|environmental degradation drivers demographic migration|4.343823|5.18556|2.612778
7635|In the case where the majority of the basic data are available and reliable, and the adjustments are based on sound judgement, the estimate of the food available for human consumption is likely to be reliable”. Burkina Faso is known to be a major producer of sorghum, millet and maize and a net importer of rice. The differences in maize and sorghum - not consumed according to INSD - amount to 80 000 and 185 000 tonnes, respectively,10 or 12% of total production. These quantities have probably been exported, in which case they should be found entering a neighbouring country. Hence, errors in food energy supply estimates of one country can have repercussions on the estimates of other countries in the region.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|sorghum maize reliable estimates millet|4.2137284|5.0968075|4.228065
7636|The included benefits cover three types of ecosystem services; Changes in flood protection (based on avoided property damages), changes of the biodiversity of the wetlands (based on contingent valuation) and the nutrient retention of the additional wetlands (based on replacement costs). The benefits from these changes of ecosystem services as a result of the program are then compared to the cost of both alternative programs. The comparison shows that the dike relocation program is economically advantageous to the polder program if one includes the two additional ecosystem services.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|program ecosystem wetlands changes services|1.7287105|5.324301|3.5673723
7637|One example of the capability of the system to work on efficiency improvement is the school consolidation process. This process was led in a decentralised fashion by individual municipalities. Municipalities have sought to consolidate their school systems to both increase student achievement by improving the learning environment and to reduce expenditures in the Folkeskole by achieving economies of scale through larger school sizes. The national system reduces financial differences across municipalities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|municipalities school folkeskole process consolidate|9.4979725|2.057969|2.113313
7638|One of the initiatives of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025 is the development of sustainable urbanisation strategies in ASEAN cities. This includes the launching of a smart transportation initiative for public transportation and non-motorised transportation. These include employment creation, social and environmental impacts, and alignment with broader development strategies and resource mobilisation (OECD, 2018a). Public and private funds have roles to play in financing sustainable investments in public transportation. Public financing could benefit from the development of new sources of revenue, including land value capture tools that allow governments to collect revenue generated through the effects of improved infrastructure and services on nearby land values (OECD, 2015a).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transportation asean public revenue financing|4.066239|4.6843443|1.0926934
7639|Esteban and Dinar (2012) analyse agricultural water management options and find that collective responses always lead to higher welfare results for farmers and society. Indeed, self-regulation and management by user groups have been effective ways to conserve groundwater (FAO, 2011; Koundouri, 2004). Stephenson (1996) reported how the Upper Republican Nebraska River District helped control groundwater coming from the High Plains Aquifer.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater nebraska republican plains conserve|0.84382826|7.4842687|2.4711492
7640|The chapter reviews the factors that push migrant women towards entrepreneurship and that determine their different entrepreneurial behaviour compared to migrant men. In order to understand the determining factors behind the motivation towards entrepreneurship as well as gender-based differences, the chapter addresses and evaluates the results of several case studies in selected OECD countries. The chapter also evaluates the transformations in the motivation and driving forces of migrant women towards entrepreneurship over the years.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migrant entrepreneurship evaluates motivation chapter|8.866473|3.6656902|6.2654247
7641|In countries where overweight and obesity have increased, diets have typically shifted towards higher intake of energy-dense foods which are high in fat, salt and sugars but low in vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients. Women with better education are more aware of the importance of adequate diets and can secure access to better-paying jobs. In developed countries, it has been observed that poorly educated women are 2-3 times more likely to be overweight than those with high levels of education (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2012a).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|diets overweight micronutrients fat better|9.387365|4.813856|6.003198
7642|Moreover PARP co-operates with employers and employee organisations, NGOs, business-support organisations, and central and regional administrations on entrepreneurship policy, the implementation of instruments and design of new initiatives. These are either regional development agencies or institutions with adequate experience in supporting SMEs (i.e. chambers, foundations, associations). The areas focused on by the RFIs include: implementing regional enterprise development instruments and administering PARP-specific sectoral SME support instruments in the regions.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|instruments regional organisations administering chambers|5.4635625|3.5270276|2.5487764
7643|The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquacullure were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture production numbers reported value|0.43189865|6.060211|6.6664944
7644|Now they work to change the attitudes of other men in their communities. At these schools, married men get information about women's reproductive health. For example, they learn about the importance of spacing pregnancies, of regular examinations during pregnancy, and of giving birth with the assistance of a qualified midwife.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|spacing men pregnancies examinations pregnancy|9.531043|5.1218543|6.141003
7645|Existing hydropower capacity is concentrated in the north of India in the Himalaya region (Figure 2.5). Only 55% of the planned capacity of 14 GW under the 10th Five-Year Plan was achieved. Most of the factors delaying the development of hydro projects have now been addressed through legislative and policy initiatives (Ramanathan and Abeygunawardena, 2007).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|delaying capacity gw hydro legislative|1.4845225|1.9677821|2.4136417
7646|Land use, land-use change and forestry, as defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), covers emissions and removals of GHGs resulting from direct human-induced LULUCF activities. Emissions to the atmosphere can occur through forest fires, conversion of forest to cropland and decomposition of aboveground biomass that remains after logging and deforestation. Removals from the atmosphere occur, for instance, through the extension of forest cover through afforestation and reforestation.|SDG 15 - Life on land|removals forest atmosphere occur emissions|1.3585922|4.4168386|3.717774
7647|With the number of students significantly increasing, it is necessary to both hire more teachers and retain the current ones; a deficit of 80 000 teachers and pre-school teachers is expected by 2031 (Skolverket (National Agency for Education), 2017[ii7]). Compared to its peer countries, Sweden is placed below Germany (0.41), but above Austria and the Netherlands (0.18 and 0.01 respectively). Considering the division of the index by socio-economic profiles, Swedish principals working in the bottom quarter of schools report that the shortage of teaching staff to a greater extent hinders the schools' instruction capacity than the OECD average (0.76 compared to 0.15).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers schools compared hinders hire|9.592542|1.654745|2.6692128
7648|Mobility of unskilled labour to Australia and New Zealand, through seasonal work schemes for example, could provide some temporary relief to the high youth unemployment situation in the Pacific. Existing schemes, such as the Recognised Seasonal Employer Work Policy in New Zealand and Australia’s Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme (made permanent in July 2012 as the Seasonal Worker Programme), have been hailed as a success. Governments of Pacific island economies have argued that more needs to be done, in terms of numbers and sectoral coverage, and in ensuring greater certainty for such schemes.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|seasonal pacific schemes worker zealand|7.886101|4.5730968|4.0168023
7649|The most important factor of all may be an open, agile mindset and willingness to embrace change in a fast-moving economy - it is this open mindset which has seen a book provider become a major cloud services provider, a social media network become a major news outlet/distributor, and a search engine engage in everything from satellite imagery to translation services to self-driving cars. E-commerce can help economies open up to new markets abroad and the opportunities of the online economy, but some commentators have suggested it may also leave economies with shallow, or incomplete industrialization vulnerable to a flood of imports from abroad. Indeed, the role of consumers in driving the supply chain has also yet to be clearly understood in many countries.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|open abroad provider driving economies|4.7636786|3.1518762|2.3439713
7650|Most countries use a mix of policy instruments, including carbon pricing (carbon taxes, cap-and-trade emissions trading, fossil fuel subsidy reform), other energy efficiency policies, information-based approaches and innovation policies to foster clean technology. The chapter then looks at what further action is needed by comparing different mitigation scenarios against the Baseline. These include various scenarios to stabilise GHG concentrations at 450 ppm and 550 ppm using different technology options, e.g. carbon capture and storage, phasing out nuclear power, and increasing the use of biofuels; linking carbon markets; and various emissions permit allocation rules. The chapter concludes by outlining how limiting global warming will require transformative policies to reconcile short-term action with long-term climate objectives, balancing their costs and benefits. Timely adaptation policies to limit damage by the already changing climate will also be essential.|SDG 13 - Climate action|carbon ppm policies scenarios emissions|1.4930168|3.1722546|2.0296113
7651|Other data in Konandreas (2012) show that self-sufficiency in cereals has remained remarkably stable in both LDCs and NFIDCs over the past thirty years, at 90% and 70% respectively. Nonetheless, constant self-sufficiency ratios are consistent with a growing volume of commercial cereal imports. Paying for food imports can strain the resources of countries where economic growth lags and foreign exchange earnings are limited.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|sufficiency imports self thirty remarkably|4.280552|5.009778|4.2954392
7652|Payments are withheld if a supplier fails to meet the specified conditions. Conditional payments are used in a number of jurisdictions as a compliance mechanism. In the Biobanking scheme in New South Wales, Australia a biobanking agreement is made between a landowner and the New South Wales Minister for the Environment at the establishment of a biobank site which includes the details of the estimated land management costs in perpetuity.|SDG 15 - Life on land|wales payments south landowner fails|1.9998697|5.522201|3.8831317
7653|The availability of such information is particularly crucial for potential investors as this will shed light on resource supply risks, thereby reducing their due diligence costs. To ensure non-discrimination between foreign and national investors, this information should be available in multiple languages, ideally in an electronic format so as to also be easily accessible from outside the country. However, the grid has not always been extended to accommodate clean electricity generation. In fact, renewable energy resources may not necessarily be located close to the existing grid network.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid investors diligence format shed|1.893843|1.7426215|2.0989773
7654|Forty-five observation points on the Aral Sea bed help to assess the impact of the lowering sea level on groundwater in the area. Twelve observation points focus on the assessment of the impact of the Tajik Aluminium Plant. Several observation points near the Mailuu-Suu and Sumsar Rivers assess the pollution of groundwater from tailings located in Kyigyzstan.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|observation points groundwater sea assess|0.5060015|7.1590557|2.7216375
7655|Additionally, owners with TQL allocation are required to pay annually a specific tax calculated according to the amount of quota allocated to the owner. . Satellite Positioning System is required for small-scale vessels (more than 15m length), purse-seine (more than 12m length) and transport vessels. This will help enforce the first mile fishing zone restrictions.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessels length required seine positioning|-0.2443398|5.7346516|6.950716
7656|These women have established families with reduced family responsibilities, wide experience, a loyal constituency and are financially stable. These women can also be mentored by other women in political authority. Appointing women leaders into positions of authority has proved effective in many Commonwealth countries. Redrawing of voting districts - Research has shown women win more open seats (new constituencies) than well-established constituencies. The creation of new districts or local councils can be drawn based on increased population. Involving male champions - Practically, it is important to partner with men who have long-standing control of power, and sensitise them to understand gender equity, equality and mainstreaming.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|constituencies women districts authority established|10.448307|4.3985753|7.166367
7657|In the United States, the Small Business Act calls for the participation of small business to be maximised with a goal of awarding them no less than 23% of federal contracts annually. The act further calls for no less than 5% of these contracts to be given to small businesses that are owned by women. Similarly, in Korea there is a requirement for 5% of public procurement of products and services in the country to be directed to female entrepreneurs. Although it is not directly related to public procurement, to complete these efforts, some countries also focus on the supply side to support women-owned businesses through low-interest loan programmes, technical assistance, coaching and facilitating access to credit.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|procurement small calls owned contracts|8.79632|3.4907708|6.3634734
7658|Promotion of gender equality should be the responsibility of all ministries and agencies across governments, from finance to education. Centrally located gender institutions are often perceived as having more authority and better capacity to steer a government-wide implementation of equality agenda, but this is not a generalised rule, and political w'ill and public service leadership support are essential, no matter the choice of institutional structures. Activating and adequately supporting appropriate mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the impact of initiatives is another key tool for successful policy development. Effective inter-departmental co-ordination is also critical to implementation efforts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality generalised departmental implementation steer|9.936374|4.0971127|7.386906
7659|Spending on pharmaceuticals per capita in Finland was EUR 377 in 2015, a lower level than in most other EU countries. To contain cost, Finland has also used price freezes and cuts. In 2009, reference pricing was introduced and reimbursement since then is based on the reference price, that is, the price of the cheapest substitutable product plus a small premium. Coverage decisions are reviewed based on the reassessment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|price reference finland cheapest reimbursement|8.508796|9.32307|2.115943
7660|In the first phase, organizational and managerial training would be provided to those candidates that complied with certain requirements (such as age and educational background). After finishing the training, candidates would prepare project proposals for enterprise development in the second phase. These proposals would be screened, and the most promising would receive seed capital for concretizing their business proposals.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|proposals candidates phase screened training|7.250076|2.7862206|2.5862613
7661|"In rural China, electricity is supplied through three channels: a county is connected to a national grid, or is supplied through local dispatch, or is self-supplied. Following this pattern, China implemented the ""Brightness Programme"" and the ""County Hydropower Construction of National Rural Electrification"", using small hydropower, wind and solar power generation for the electrification of rural areas. During the first stage (1949-1977), rural communities were the main investors in rural electrification efforts; during the second stage (1978-1997) the central, provincial and local governments all played fundamental roles; and during the third stage (since 1998) the central government is the main investor. In 1997 the government noted that rural electricity supply suffered from a number of problems."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|rural electrification supplied stage county|2.280532|1.8329601|2.604469
7662|As mentioned previously in this chapter, focusing on these raw results is problematic because it ignores the factors affecting student learning that are beyond the teacher’s control and may encourage practices like “teaching to the test” and a narrowing of the curriculum. Appraisal processes that involve classroom observations are associated with better student outcomes, but appraisers need appropriate guidance and instruments in order to conduct them effectively (OECD, 2013b). Since 2013, the Education Council of New Zealand, the professional body for teachers, has delivered a professional learning programme on appraisal practices to appraisers and teachers and has made a range of appraisal resources and guidelines available on its website (Education Council of New Zealand, 2016).|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal zealand council professional student|9.821832|1.2159188|1.5169415
7663|Among the Thai-bom population, an increase of 0.4 percentage points resulted, over the same time period, in a higher level at 12.9%; while the gap between male and female rates forThai-bom workers was much smaller (0.3 percentage points). In contrast to the sharp decline in the employment-to-population ratio of Thai-bom youth from 2000 to 2010, the EPR of foreign-bom youth increased from 78% to 91%. The same conclusion holds for young men and women separately.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom thai youth points percentage|7.2094393|3.6142163|4.2301636
7664|Early marriage can also have negative inter-generational effects as children are less likely to be educated or immunised if their mother has not received an education (World Bank, 2011). Countries with a lower incidence of early marriage are more likely to have a higher gross female secondary school enrolment rate. In South Africa, for example, 3% of women aged 15-19 are married and the country has a gross female secondary school enrolment rate of 96%. By contrast, in Chad, 49% of women aged 15-19 are married and the gross female secondary school enrolment is 15%.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gross enrolment female secondary married|9.509707|5.2824383|6.2666554
7665|The work of minors is subject to special supervision and protection by the labour authorities, at both federal and local level. Children over 14 and under 16 years of age must obtain a medical certificate of their aptitude for work and undergo the health checks periodically ordered by labour authorities, even if they have legal authorization to work. The wage must be remunerative and never lower than the minimum amount set by law.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|work authorities authorization remunerative aptitude|8.448541|4.3761396|4.3855367
7666|They mainly cater to geographical areas with high levels of poverty and deprivation, often rural remote localities. The rational for both programmes is the need to bring in outside inputs to complement scarce local resources and help overcome bottlenecks and constraints to the optimal use of those resources. Ultimately, the yardstick for success is the level of welfare benefits that accrue to poorest populations as well as the potential of the programme to bring about positive transformation of the local economies where those populations live.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bring populations cater rational localities|4.391403|5.4193034|3.5186589
7667|The fact that few outcome indicators have been developed at the national level can be partly explained as in many cases adaptation policies and programmes lack measurable targets or clearly defined expected outcomes necessary to assess their effectiveness using indicators (SBSTA, 2010). Almost half of the (I)NDCs detailing planned adaptation policies and programmes include a mention of the need to monitor and evaluate progress, but where this need is mentioned, the indicators used are mainly qualitative as mentioned in section 3.2 (Kato and Ellis, 2016). Article 7.14 (c) requires the global stocktake to “review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support provided to adaptation”. While national-level evaluation of adaptation is useful to assess adaptation effectiveness (Craft and Fischer, 2015, 2016), such national assessment would not be available for all countries. Furthermore, as these systems would be developed in different ways, they would be difficult to compare and therefore aggregate to inform a global review. Finally, there might be subjective components to “effectiveness”, and the issue of “adequacy” can conflate climate and non-climate factors (Kato and Ellis, 2016).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation effectiveness ellis adequacy indicators|1.1987034|4.7486167|1.4471506
7668|The aggregation of herring in the Sound may have been the main reason and motivation for the first settlements around the Sound, and herring fishery has since become a central part of the cultural heritage of the area. The historian Saxo Grammaticus (1160-1208) already described this fishery back in the early Middle Ages, and the richness of this ecosystem service was emphasised with anecdotal descriptions of how people caught herring with their bare hands. The nutritious herring, preserved by salting, sustained food security both locally and regionally, through export to the Baltic Sea region in all seasons. The Danish kings moved their residence from its old location in Roskilde to the shores of the Sound in Copenhagen in 1443.|SDG 14 - Life below water|herring sound fishery richness preserved|0.22280657|6.056986|6.893509
7669|The National Programme for Suicide Prevention (commissioned by the Swedish government in 2005) was ratified by the Swedish Parliament in 2008 as an initiative that aims to reduce the number of suicides in Sweden. It was produced as a collaborative effort between the Swedish Institute of Public Health (which produced guidelines for the population level) and the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (which produced guidelines for the individual level) with support from NASP. The government provides the funding for the Programme’s ongoing initiatives.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|swedish produced guidelines suicides programme|9.819428|8.815291|2.801886
7670|Policies supporting biofuels, which are mainly used in transportation, were thus blamed for spikes in food prices in 2007 and 2008 (OECD, 2015). Growing food crops for conversion into a biofuel (e.g. ethanol) in a refinery (for subsequent combustion in a power plant) will have different land-use impacts from growing woody crops for direct combustion. In addition, the efficiency of bioelectricity processes vary: while woody crops yield more biomass per unit area than a food crop like corn or soybean, biofuel-related processes like ethanol combustion usually convert a higher percentage of biomass energy content into electricity (Fthenakis and Kim, 2009).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|combustion woody crops ethanol biofuel|1.5751905|3.00837|2.9077084
7671|Effective engagement also implies that the participatory processes themselves must be accessible and gender-sensitive (see also case study 1 on Brazil and case study 6 on Rwanda). Quotas meant to support women’s participation must also be adequately enforced. Afro-Brazilian women represent the poorest and are the majority of those living in poverty. Informal settlements cover vast areas ofthe city.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|afro study case enforced ofthe|10.049361|4.5824437|7.2125864
7672|There was a steady decrease in the percentage of students affirming a high level of life satisfaction, with lower proportions noted for girls compared to boys for each year of the survey administration (with the exception of 2006). A notable trend emerging from the analysis of data was the association between strong social support, particularly family support, and high life satisfaction. This finding underscores the critical role that positive relationships and strong social networks play in contributing to and enhancing students’ psychological well-being. ( Morrison and Peterson, 2016, pp.|SDG 4 - Quality education|satisfaction strong life students underscores|9.205381|4.7592125|6.224103
7673|They point to a direction of change, but stop short of suggesting what needs to be changed, how, or in what time frame. The term can mean many things, but foremost in current global and national policy contexts is the recognition that cities require priority high-level attention in national development strategies, both in macro-economic and social policy terms. National Urban Policies contribute to building linkages between human settlements of various sizes and defining the broad parameters within which the transformative power of urbanization is activated and steered. First, not many national government institutions have the expertise and authority to understand the direct and indirect impacts of public policies on cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|national cities activated foremost frame|3.9658632|5.2407913|1.720145
7674|Models such as this can enable planners, designers, and decision-makers with the information needed to assess vulnerabilities in infrastructure systems and make decisions based on likely scenarios and create high resilience infrastructure as well as plan for swift repair and recovery. In fact, all of our lives have already been touched by machine learning in one way or another and the future will bring many more applications into our daily lives. Recommendations for products from websites like Amazon and Netflix, sentiment analysis of social media embedded into several products, and Google and Tesla's self-driving cars, are just a few examples of machine learning algorithms at play. Using algorithms that iteratively learn from data, machine learning allows computers to find hidden insights without being explicitly programmed where to look71.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|machine algorithms learning lives products|4.574696|3.0855987|2.2377894
7675|A school board is established by the school’s organising body allowing parents, students, educational staff, and the public to participate in the administration of the school. School principals are appointed by the organising body and can only be dismissed on the grounds stipulated by the 2005 Education Act. The groups which are typically involved include the Association of Regions, the Association of Towns and Municipalities, teachers’ professional associations (teacher unions and disciplinary associations), employers’ representatives, associations of school principals, experts in education and the association of non-governmental organisations in education (parents’ organisations are involved only in exceptional cases). The Education Act specifies situations in which the opinion of stakeholder groups is required.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school associations association organising principals|9.851737|1.6776052|1.9588925
7676|With the exception of the last year prior to entering Grade 1, ECEC is mostly private, and access to it varies across jurisdictions. They make most planning, structure and resource decisions, including personnel management. State and territory governments are also responsible for legislation relating to the establishment and accreditation of higher education courses. It is also in charge of developing international partnerships in education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|jurisdictions accreditation personnel entering education|9.30041|2.73846|1.9077743
7677|Central government is therefore the primary actor responsible for the development and implementation of NUPs. Jordan does not have an explicit NUP, but rather addresses urban issues through a range of sectorial policies and strategies, overseen by the relevant ministries. The National Land Use Master Plan of 2006, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, can still be singled out as a particularly relevant governmental policy with regards to managing and balancing urbanisation in the country.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|relevant overseen sectorial nups nup|3.5402951|5.037914|1.689686
7678|The domestic market for processed fruit is relatively small, with domestic consumption being mostly in fresh form. Production of oranges in Brazil has remained stable during the past decade following rapid growth in previous periods. More recently, farmers in some regions have abandoned their orchards due to continuing losses in the fresh fruit market. By 2023/24 total output could reach 17.5 Mt, about 7% above the 2013/14 level.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fruit fresh domestic abandoned mt|3.7233622|4.9171586|4.057774
7679|Meanwhile the Hydrometeorological Service indicates that in Azerbaijan, the trend is for an increase in winter river flows and a decrease in summer flows, combined with a reduction of 15 to 20 per cent of yearly water availability. The much larger precipitation (and snow melting) in the ranges controls the magnitude and seasonal variations of the rivers in the lowlands. The map also depicts that a significant proportion of the surface water in Azerbaijan is locally produced. In fact, some 25 per cent (or 6.5 kmVy) of the discharge of the Kura River into the Caspian Sea comes from Azerbaijani national rivers.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|azerbaijan rivers flows river hydrometeorological|0.606501|7.091905|2.789674
7680|Corruption is considered a major threat to the legitimacy of the Party (NORAD, 2011). According to the Corruption Perception Index (Transparency International, 2013), Viet Nam ranks 116 out of 177 countries, behind Mongolia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia, and scores 31 on a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). The government has been working to improve the country's anti-corruption legal framework since 2005 (Freedom House, 2010) and the PAPI 2013 survey also shows that, compared to 2011, citizens perceive improvements in the fight against in most provinces. Social network support is understood as the capacity of individuals to count on relatives or friends for help when in need. Family ties and traditional authority patterns are strongly embedded in social networks (Dalton et al.,|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|corruption corrupt ties legitimacy count|8.848464|5.019374|6.021794
7681|Embedding appraisal for pedagogical leadership within a comprehensive leadership development framework would ensure school leaders are given the opportunity to develop the relevant knowledge and competencies to exercise pedagogical leadership. Appraisal focussed on pedagogical leadership can itself provide an opportunity for feedback and help identify areas for school leader’s development. A comprehensive model for school leadership development would ensure strong linkages between appraisal and professional development.|SDG 4 - Quality education|leadership appraisal pedagogical school development|9.947185|1.1782737|1.5611237
7682|Nevertheless, all countries with available data were subsequently able to reduce poverty rates; for example, in Azerbaijan, the poverty rate fell from 49.6 per cent in 2001 to 7.6 per cent in 2011, and in Kazakhstan the rate fell from 46.7 per cent in 2001 to 5.3 per cent in 2011. Nevertheless, the highest poverty gap ratios can be observed for least developed countries, indicating pockets of extreme poverty among the poorest and most vulnerable countries in the region. The poverty gap ratios are the highest in Bangladesh at 11.2 per cent in 2010, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic at 9 per cent in 2008 and India at 7.5 per cent in 2010, whereas for countries in North and Central Asia ratios are generally very low (except Georgia). Inequality not only diminishes the poverty-reducing impact of economic growth, but also deprives hundreds of millions of people access to the means to develop their economic potential by denying them adequate health care, education, energy, credit, land and so forth.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent poverty ratios fell countries|6.0739417|5.7780333|4.8420053
7683|In Ecuador, the Demographic and Maternal and Child Health Survey (ENDEMAIN, 2004) found that 68% of those aged 60 to 74 had this type of difficulties, as did 82% of those aged over 75 years. According to data from Latinobarometro (see figure IV.7), problems in accessing health care are more acute for older persons with lower socio-economic status. Those of extremely low socio-economic status have no access to health care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aged socio health status care|9.05272|8.434116|2.6855087
7684|This represents almost half of additional meat produced globally by 2023. A high feed conversion ratio, short production cycle and simple production process has made poultry the low cost alternative which consumers in developing countries demand first as their income level rises. Currently, pork accounts for the greatest share in world total meat production, however, a comparatively slower growth rate through the next decade will result in it being surpassed by poultry by 2020.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|poultry meat production pork surpassed|3.794402|5.2217|4.4755077
7685|Further considerations include the general disease situation in the area and whether there are any risk factors that can compromise the welfare of farmed fish. Within a defined endemic zone for pancreas disease, a prioritisation criterion will apply in addition to other criteria. This entails that new licenses for salmon are allocated in accordance with a regional strategy for mitigating the disease risk. Risk for spread of disease to wild fish stocks is also considered.|SDG 14 - Life below water|disease risk fish farmed endemic|0.22160885|6.059326|6.520639
7686|In Moldova, women report having fewer opportunities to migrate because they have fewer resources available than men (IOM, 2005). It may also be less acceptable for women to move about and travel alone (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). An analysis of the OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) illustrates that discrimination in the country of origin can be an incentive for women to migrate, but only up to a certain threshold, at which point it becomes an obstacle for migration and emigration of women diminishes (Ferrant and Tuccio, 2015). The emigration of highly-educated women affects negatively infant mortality, under-5 mortality and secondary school enrolment rates in countries of origin (Dumont et al., Women’s levels of education are an important factor for growth, as it is correlated with investments in children’s education. Africa’s high female emigration rate may thus have serious implications for its human development and economic growth.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|emigration women migrate origin fewer|8.712704|5.2527566|7.0325246
7687|Recent evidence has found declining returns on investment and increasing unemployment rates among vocational graduates. Transition rates from junior secondary school to vocational secondary school are much lower in eastern Indonesia, particularly in Maluku, West Papua and Papua. The same trend also occurs in the transition rates from senior secondary school to higher education. The highest transition rates from senior secondary to higher education can be seen in Jakarta and Yogyakarta (ACDP, 2013b).|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary transition papua rates senior|8.633509|2.5250595|2.8265934
7688|Even though HIV/AIDS knowledge is good in Swaziland, this does not correlate with use of condoms. More than 50 per cent of adult men and women who reported having more than two sexual partners in the previous year used a condom the last time they had sex (UNAIDS, 2007). One of the major differences identified in the spread in these countries is probably due to different types of HIV.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hiv condom unaids swaziland correlate|8.428952|8.881809|3.3701656
7689|These differences stem not only from employment preferences or cultural considerations of each population group, but also from discrimination against Arabs in the labour market (U.S.-Israel Science and Technology commission and Foundation, 2008). They also stem from the lack of tertiary education opportunities relevant to available employment opportunities. Four key issues contribute to the mismatch between higher education supply and demand. A recent news report indicated that there are 8 000 unemployed Arab teachers in Israel, 60% of whom are in the Galilee (Haaretz, 2009).|SDG 4 - Quality education|stem israel arabs opportunities employment|7.8722754|2.4527147|2.8441699
7690|The total length of the bars indicates the observed variation in the index of familiarity with mathematics. The variation in familiarity with mathematics is more than four times greater in Liechtenstein and Spain than in Indonesia. Across OECD countries, around 86% of the country-level variation in familiarity with mathematics can be traced to differences across students who attend the same school, while around 14% can be ascribed to differences across students who attend different schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|familiarity mathematics variation attend differences|9.749632|2.3398967|3.166875
7691|The few that exist are predominantly based in the public sector and in urban areas. Given the high population growth and low economic growth rates, it is inevitable that young people in the Pacific will end up in the informal sector (ILO, 2010b), and the education system does not increase a young person’s employability in the informal economy. This results in a large number of school leavers — for example, half of school leavers in Fiji in 2005 — not having a job in the formal sector and not having any skills to use in the informal sector (World Bank, 2009).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|leavers informal sector having young|8.1361475|3.9879172|4.25167
7692|In the case of EE financing, contingency financing can be a useful provision for capacity building as well as potential default, risk guarantee provision. Instead of committing to a grant which may subsequently prove to have been unnecessary, contingent financing recognises the potential need for support but draws on public resources only when justified later, on the basis of actual rather than projected costs. Intrinsic risks, such as failure in the systems or technologies, are controlled; external risks, such as volatility of a given resource price, can be hedged with appropriate risk-mitigation instruments. Figure 2 illustrates the differences in risk exposure of EE projects versus wind power projects. Wind is a useful comparison because although it is technology based, it offers tangible assets (e.g. physical structure) as a security guarantee, unlike energy efficiency. In the case of wind technology, such risk is characterised by the variability of storms and wind occurrence, as well as the reduced output that can result from a damaged plant.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind risk financing ee guarantee|2.2500622|2.5310378|1.7445462
7693|A ban can selectively hinder certain choices, with the aim of limiting the overall consumption of a commodity or incidence of a given behaviour. The results of the survey revealed that governments have focused more of their actions on diets rather than on active lifestyles; although action relating to the latter is the responsibility of regional or municipal levels of government in many countries. The survey also revealed that most actions were focused on increasing choice and delivering information and education programmes to influence preference.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|revealed focused actions survey lifestyles|8.971244|9.184714|2.9538906
7694|It has been stated that even if model law is not domesticated it can be used for advocacy purposes and/or enabling civil society to hold government accountable. States to harmonise laws and policies including personal laws and laws on domestic and sexual violence including marital rape, reproductive health, marriage and birth registration, education, property and citizenship, and dowry with human rights standards and constitutional guarantees to ensure a minimum legal age of marriage of 18 years and to address gaps and inconsistencies that leave girls vulnerable to child marriage and limit married girls’ access to legal remedies. Enhance and encourage judicial officers to take leadership roles outside the courts of law through: advocacy; mentorship; participation as good citizens by becoming role models in communities and making an impact in their own community’s social organisations/associations, among others. Ensure the enforcement and implementation of judicial decisions and remedies obtained by girls harmed by child marriage to enforce their legal rights and due protection.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage remedies laws girls legal|9.890362|5.2296886|7.405848
7695|Total water consumption from industry dropped from 2004 to 2008. The major ground water users are water supply (21 per cent), industry (14 per cent), observation (14 per cent), agriculture (6 per cent), thermomineral (3 per cent), and 42 per cent not classified. Access to regular clean and safe drinking water is an essential part of public health (see Chapter 10). The percentage of connections to public water supply systems in the municipalities-urban areas is much higher than the average and higher compared to rural areas.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cent water industry supply higher|1.38788|7.1921916|2.7258666
7696|The WHO also established in 2000 the Global Outbreak and Alert Response Network (GOARN) with the aim of managing disease outbreak and alerts at the international level. However, some have questioned whether current GOARN places too much emphasis on avoiding epidemic outbreaks spreading to developed countries rather than preventing such outbreaks in developing countries in the first place (Davies, 2008; Elbe, 2010). Increasing life expectancy explains little of the rising health care costs experienced in previous decades.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|outbreak outbreaks alert epidemic questioned|8.410776|9.001544|3.042503
7697|Findings suggest that this factor plays a significant and considerable role in terms of income poverty and, especially, financial strain. In Germany, France and the UK, a child’s probability of being financially strained is respectively 32 to 37 percentage points higher than for a child living with both parents (the reference category is a two-parent / one-child family). The work intensity category between zero and 0.5 is also rather small, but we include this category in our analysis as the parameter estimates are consistent with the other lower work intensity categories.|SDG 1 - No poverty|category child intensity strained parameter|7.4056644|6.218991|5.188603
7698|As expected, up-skilling is found to boost long-term levels of GDP per capita and average household income. Total household incomes effects are also positive across the distribution, and with the same order of estimated magnitude - which suggests the absence of distributional implications. The decomposition of total household income effects indicates that beyond positive effects channelled via GDP, there are no additional benefits from education at the household level.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|household effects positive gdp skilling|6.7410216|4.94921|4.541411
7699|Some Japanese medical schools already provide courses of social medicine or public health and the development of a department of specialist primary care would complement these. These new departments could undertake research in primary care, support development of clinical guidelines specific to primary care, as well as teach the speciality at both under-graduate and post-graduate level. In relation to other OECD primary care systems, Japan is starting from an unusually strong position in one respect, in that the fee schedule already directs additional resources for treatment of patients with multiple chronic conditions, continuity of prescribed drugs and management plans and establishment of continuous care which offers on-call services with medical advice.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary graduate medical unusually|9.4631|8.91829|1.746734
7700|The weak capacity to evaluate the school system constrains the development of national policies that could raise education outcomes at the national level by, for example, targeting resources where they are most needed or reconfiguring the school network. This results in profound inequities across the school system, and limits the chances of the most disadvantaged students to achieve their potential. Costa Rica has taken promising steps to raise the quality of the school system, but a deeper transformation is needed to improve student learning and school completion.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school raise needed constrains inequities|10.1687975|1.6623213|2.6410856
7701|There are also funds that operate outside the Convention like the Climate Investment Funds or national funds like the UK’s International Climate Fund8. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is the only stand-alone multilateral financing entity whose sole mandate is to serve the Convention and which aims to deliver equal amounts of funding to adaptation and mitigation (GCF, 2015). It is envisaged the GCF will play a key role in channelling new, additional, adequate and predictable financial resources to developing countries and will catalyse climate finance, both public and private, and at the international and national levels (Decision 3/CP.17).|SDG 13 - Climate action|gcf climate funds convention like|1.8328211|3.8188517|1.2142044
7702|Since 2005, the Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development have been the OECD’s tool to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. The reviews have analysed how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and helped improve this impact in more than 30 cities and regions in over 20 countries. They examine higher education institution’s contribution to human capital and skills development; technology transfer and business innovation; social, cultural and environmental development; and regional capacity building.|SDG 4 - Quality education|development higher education regional reviews|7.619501|2.5104308|2.461217
7703|More recently, the twelfth Five-Year Plan of China (2011-2015) and the China National Programme for Women's Development Plan (2011-2020) reaffirm the Government's commitment to gender equality by stipulating the strengthening of labour protection, social welfare, health care, poverty relief and legal assistance for women. Women have increased their educational attainment from an average of 5.5 years in 1990 to 8.4 years in 2010, and the gross enrollment ratio for tertiary education has increased from 12.5 per cent in 2000 to 34.5 per cent in 2013 (Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 2013). According to the World Development Indicators, female labour force participation has declined from a high of 79.1 per cent in 1990 to 70.4 per cent in 2014, reaching a low of 69.4 per cent in 2010 (Figure 1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent china women plan increased|9.190586|4.343784|5.9496226
7704|This meant that LDCs were subsidizing users abroad to surf to content in their own nation. Though not many, it still included sizeable Diasporas, researchers, tourists and others. Another factor that has held back core Internet infrastructure in LDCs has been the phenomenal spread of mobile communications. The rapid take-up of wireless technologies initially diverted attention from the Internet because most cellphone use was voice calls, text messaging or mobile money.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|internet mobile ldcs diverted messaging|4.8451266|2.889613|1.5803919
7705|Standard commission and processing fees are in the range of 1.5-2% of the loan guarantee amount (European Commission, 2006). National Loan Guarantee Funds report, www.ksfp.org.pl/upload/KSFP/RapoTt%20KSFP.pdf (in Polish). As a point of comparison, in 2007-08 the average number of jobs created per guaranteed SME loan in Canada was 2.3 (Industry Canada, 2008). Polish banks are insisting that guarantees be provided for 75% of the loan instead of the assumed 50% (Rzeczpospolita, 2009).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|loan polish guarantee canada commission|2.3422062|3.406808|1.6263483
7706|In Australia, Craig (2005) estimated this loss to be about 40% of the total storage volume. This evaporative loss could increase by about 15% by 2080, due to the effect of higher surface temperatures in the face of climate change (Heifer, Lemckert and Zhang, 2012). Increasing total usable water storage by reducing this type of loss depends on the adoption of evaporation suppression technology, which is driven by the marginal value product of the water to be saved. This can be further split into recoverable seepage that infiltrates freshwater aquifers as “return flows”, as well as the non-recoverable seepage infiltrating a saline aquifer.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|loss storage usable saline evaporation|0.7887762|7.4942703|2.8960643
7707|It is the shape of this new sector, not continued programmatic initiatives from a central government, which accounts for Finland's success. Closer analysis of Finnish education policies and reforms since the 1970s reveals that Finland has employed different solutions to transforming its education system compared with many other OECD countries (Darling-Hammond, 2010; Hargreaves and Shirley, 2009; Sahlberg, 2011). This is sometimes called the Finnish Way of educational reform.|SDG 4 - Quality education|finnish finland programmatic darling transforming|9.343544|2.344023|2.3447437
7708|The volume of fertiliser is in turn determined through a bottom-up process. In each village a definitive plan needs group (Rencana Definitif Kebutuhan Kelompok, RDKK) of farmers establishes their fertiliser requirements. This is aggregated up at the district and provincial levels to obtain a national volume of fertiliser demand. For non-urea fertilisers, the subsidy is presented to offset the fertiliser selling price.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fertiliser volume urea definitive fertilisers|3.5720108|5.1960626|3.904083
7709|People aged 65 and over are expected to make up about 30.1% of the population in metropolitan areas, 30.2% of the population in inland areas, and 26.8% of the population in coastal areas, in 2045 (Productivity Commission, 2005). With older people often experiencing multiple chronic conditions, this suggests the need for health care will grow. Some of this need will be in areas with insufficient services to meet the demand for health care associated with ageing. This is compounded by a maldistribution in the health workforce. The country has dealt with this situation with a heavy reliance on overseas-trained doctors, and government policy has directed them to areas of need.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|areas population need health dealt|9.137476|8.62745|2.5818515
7710|On the other hand, when the labour market is booming, wage growth in the informal sector could lag behind growth in the formal sector. In that case, informality might increase the gap between the formal and informal sectors, and hence overall inequality. Due to these two opposite trends, the contribution of informality to overall inequality is relatively small.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|informality informal formal inequality overall|8.025474|4.2511697|4.7639174
7711|Waste management and recycling policies are still relatively new. It is estimated that the valorisation rate of waste in Chile was approximately 10% in 2009 (CONAMA, 2010). The main objective of the policy is to manage solid waste in an integrated manner so as to minimise health and environmental risks while ensuring a sustainable and efficient development of the waste sector (MMA, 2011). On a national and regional level, executive secretaries (Secretarfas Ejecutiuas) were created to oversee waste management throughout the life cycle of products (creation/use/disposal).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste secretaries mma oversee management|0.52049345|3.9866014|3.0705297
7712|Land rights are therefore an important issue in Viet Nam. From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s farming was collectivised to prevent the reappearance of rural inequalities and class division, which had plagued Viet Nam since colonisation. Efforts were made to redistribute land from large land-owners and colonials to tenants.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|land viet nam mid plagued|4.1825075|5.0186887|3.4080515
7713|Such impunity ends up normalizing this type of violence and undermining the rule of law. All sectors of society need to play a role in changing the cultural and social acceptance or discounting of this violence. The criminal justice system has a leading role in efforts to prevent and respond to violence against women. Criminal legislation sets the standards for what society deems unacceptable conduct, and provides criminal justice officials with the authority to investigate, prosecute and punish gender-based crimes. The objectives of any criminal justice system in cases involving violence against women and girls should be to ensure the victim’s safety while holding the perpetrator accountable for his actions, and to send a clear message to society that violence against women will not be tolerated. Prosecutors have a crucial part to play in ending impunity for violence against women and girls.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence criminal justice society women|9.92357|5.3146214|7.5221114
7714|A land-use dialogue (LUD) accompanies the operationalization of SAGCOT. The LUD recognizes that PFM is necessary but not sufficient in an area which also has a history of small- and larger-scale commercial forest management; a broader landscape approach is needed, as village land-use plans are quite limited geographically and often lack technical and financial support. The capacities of government officials and relevant agencies need to be strengthened and communication is key, as is taking account of long-term effects on land tenure security. Hybrid approaches involving state and non-state actors can work, and participatory land-use planning approaches need to recognize competing interests.|SDG 15 - Life on land|land approaches use state geographically|3.685884|5.6181836|1.8896546
7715|"Nor has it been accompanied by appropriate strategies to improve pedagogy and teaching practices, the professional development of teachers, and the provision of excellent software and courseware. Therefore, systems should be lead by the ""right” drivers, i.e. a deliberate policy force that ends up achieving better measurable results for students. These include the focus on the learning-teaching-assessment nexus, social capital to build the profession, pedagogy matching technology and developing systemic synergies (OECD, 2013)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogy teaching deliberate measurable ends|9.003902|1.4116092|1.821908
7716|So, the Internet cafe is no longer necessary and has closed. However, it did provide an important service for several years. This illustrates that a social enterprise must have various income streams to be successful; if one activity is less profitable or has outlived its usefulness, then the business can be maintained by other activities. In addition to marketing tais cloth for clothing, the model may be used to produce a range of new products, including bags, purses, decorated boxes and accessories.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bags boxes usefulness clothing streams|4.6862855|3.228623|2.335947
7717|It has outreach programmes and projects that highlight the importance of effective skills training to parents, teachers and employers. Skills competitions demonstrate the highest standards in skills among youth and help persuade organizations to invest more in skills development. As a member-led global hub, WorldSkills helps countries or regions to improve their TVET systems and raise their benchmarks for skills excellence.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|skills tvet benchmarks hub outreach|8.617848|2.6307013|2.4792442
7718|They also have much less work experience, given their overall low level of labour force participation, affording them fewer opportunities to acquire skills, identify potential business opportunities and set aside savings. Women’s limited work experience before starting a business is likely to drive a higher attrition rate, since business experience is critical for success (OECD/IDRC, 2013). Across countries with available data (Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia), women have a higher fear of failure, believe less in their own capabilities, are less connected to other entrepreneurs and are less optimistic about potential business opportunities (Figure 1.9). In the MENA region, the share of entrepreneurial activity resulting from “necessity” rather than “opportunity” tends to be high and has been increasing over the past years (GEM, 2013).9 In Egypt, for instance, the share of men and women entrepreneurs driven by necessity rose from 20% in 2008 to 75% in 2010.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business necessity experience egypt opportunities|8.945546|3.7466023|6.176119
7719|They were more keen to work with parents, partly to show them the results of their children's progress and achievements, and partly to persuade other parents to bring their disabled children to school. There was an increase in the number of disabled children enrolling in pre-school and primary school - from 22 to 44 per cent in aimags where the approach was used. These were based on an inclusive education resource centre established by Save the Children at the Institute of Education, the main pre-service teacher training institution.|SDG 4 - Quality education|children disabled school partly pre|10.244595|2.456383|1.9725038
7720|Other sources of finance include environmental compensation, international development co-operation, private donations and revenue from tourism and sustainable forestry, although the latter are still limited. About half the states redistribute a share of the revenue from the state-level value added tax (ICMS) on the basis of environmental criteria under a mechanism called Ecological ICMS. The main parameter is the extension and type of protected areas and indigenous lands.|SDG 15 - Life on land|revenue donations redistribute parameter environmental|1.790595|5.075255|3.431477
7721|Nevertheless, when comparing two households with otherwise identical in terms of composition and income, except that one of them includes a disabled member, the latter is expected to have a lower standard of living. The additional costs faced by that household may be in terms of treatment costs, higher costs due to specialized transportation, diet or equipment required. Hence, non-poor households having members suffering from disabilities may actually be poor in terms of resources left to spend on basic needs, after deducting medical expenditures.|SDG 1 - No poverty|terms costs households identical poor|7.018785|6.1107926|4.9941483
7722|In the two most mountainous countries, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, living in a high altitude area is also correlated with a significantly higher risk of poverty (World Bank 2009a; World Bank 2009b). Higher food prices may actually have benefited rural households that derive their income from agriculture, i.e. for those who are net producers of food. However, recent data on Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan show that between 2007 and 2009 poverty reduced to a lesser extent in rural areas compared to urban areas (Slay 2011).|SDG 1 - No poverty|kyrgyzstan tajikistan bank rural mountainous|5.5617437|5.7653394|4.76105
7723|As a proxy for long-run socio-economic status, such an index has in fact been shown to outperform more traditional income and expenditure measures in terms of explaining differences in health outcomes (Rutstein and Johnson, 2004). However, while it is a valid concern in high mortality contexts, this effect should not be overemphasized for a middle-income country like Jordan that has already made great progress in reducing child mortality. While this does not tell us anything about causalities or the exact magnitude of a correlation and its statistical significance, it provides a first overview of the incidence of early childhood mortality in different contexts.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality contexts outperform johnson tell|8.82197|8.443871|3.572436
7724|Typically, a GP will refer a patient to a secondary mental health service if they consider the patient’s problems to be too complex, or too serious, to be handled by themselves and counselling services alone. The QOF for GPs is being used by NICE and the NHS to define other primary care objectives for mental health and to try to influence and shape the outcomes and quality of care through this pay for performance scheme. Of the QOF indicators used by GPs in 2013/14, 10 were in the mental health domain.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|qof mental gps patient health|10.16444|9.247179|1.8294665
7725|One influential model of disease management is the Chronic Care Model (CCM) developed in the US by Wagner, Austin et al. ( A systematic review evaluated the impact of disease management programmes that contained two or more of those CCM components for diabetes, depression, heart failure and COPD (de Bruin et al., It found that, of the studies that reported changes in healthcare costs, 13 out of 21 showed a decrease in overall costs. The overall costs varied between -USD 16 996 (a system cost saving) and USD 3 305 (an increase in the system cost) per patient per year (in 2007 prices).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|costs disease usd model copd|9.038293|8.872697|2.4691336
7726|In contrast, the gender gap in Central and Southern Asia as well as in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia is much smaller, owing to the significantly higher suicide rates among women in those two regions. Worldwide, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for both men and women between the ages of 15 and 29.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|suicide eastern asia women ages|9.752116|8.845344|3.1844616
7727|Wartime demographic policies and the use of rape as a tool of ethnic cleansing are two glaring examples of the use of women’s bodies in ethnic/nationalist struggles.2 As markers between self and other, women and non-hegemonic genders are highly exposed to human rights violations within conflict. To provide insight into this complex relationship we analyse feminist critiques of the human rights framework, and the impact of specific human rights claims - individual/collective and inclusive/exclusive - on securitization. Moreover, activists from the South have also criticized the human rights discourse for its racial and class bias and its irrelevance to the struggles of women in marginalized communities, ethnic minorities and developing countries, who are subordinate in national as well as international power relations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ethnic rights struggles human women|10.017585|4.8967633|7.478356
7728|The data presented demonstrated that pesticides are one of the most important production input costs for a series of crops. The panellist illustrated the fact that prices for the same pesticide product can vary greatly between different countries, and that the critical factor in determining pesticide prices is the level of competition in the market. Therefore, any barrier to competition in the pesticide market can keep pesticides at monopoly prices and increase food production costs. The standard setting process has changed to such an extent that today standards contain confidential information that is claimed as intellectual property by individual companies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|pesticide pesticides prices competition confidential|1.2553753|6.95371|3.117678
7729|Elderly households, those headed by young people, lone-parent families, fragmented families and large families are particularly at risk of being poor in many OECD member countries. Predicted trends in family structure suggest that the future will see further growth in these types of families: projected trends suggest that declining marriage rates, rising divorce rates and increased cohabitation are likely to continue while the number of births outside marriage and the preponderance of children living in step- or single-parent households appear likely to rise. Longevity will also continue to increase.|SDG 1 - No poverty|families parent marriage suggest trends|7.3638334|5.867167|4.99915
7730|Take the United Nations Millennium Development Goals as an example: of the 8 goals, 6 can be linked more or less directly to female empowerment, with the last two also having elements that can be achieved only through tackling female empowerment. See United Nations (2013) for an overview of how the UN perceives the gender dimension of the MDGs. For the World Bank’s take on the matter, see the Gender Equality as Smart Economics Project, World Bank.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|empowerment nations goals female bank|9.3556|4.4791436|7.1691804
7731|The Internet speed required for a satisfactory quality of experience depends on the activities performed on the Internet, with data-hungry applications such as video and online gaming the most demanding in terms of speed. Beyond Internet speed, other technical factors such as latency might be important for users of time-sensitive applications, such as over-the-top voice applications like Skype or Viber. Quality of service parameters, such as broadband speed and latency, may depend both on the ability of the Internet service provider to deliver on the advertised conditions and on the economic capacity of customers to pay for the plan that better meets their requirements.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|speed internet applications service hungry|4.845451|2.8812046|1.6339695
7732|"The option of having similar offers like ""buy one now get one later"" (like Tesco in UK) is more accepted - but on the other hand this might make it harder for the shops themselves to order the right amounts. One example for households is the possibility to buy smaller packaging and the possibilities to buy fresh fruits and vegetables cut in halves (on the contrary today often the packaging size is getting larger and larger making it impossible for a single household to finish the food before it goes bad). Smaller packaging are often today significantly more expensive (cost/ kg) than larger packaging and since the cost/kg always is displayed many people choose the larger packaging just to get cheaper food."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|packaging buy larger kg today|4.3590894|5.088638|4.2235055
7733|Central to them is the well-being of care receivers. Yet in their design and implementation, care policies can contribute to gender equality, or be detrimental to it. Recognition of women’s unpaid care and domestic work can act as an entry point to bring a gender perspective into care policies, and help reduce and redistribute care as a result.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|care redistribute gender detrimental policies|9.012789|5.1540523|5.9339633
7734|These charges can be modified by the parliament (Acteon, 2010). However, the availability of good, accessible data and information on water varies across Brazilian states, preventing effective decision making in terms of who gets water, where and when and who pays for what (OECD, 2015b). This causes some issues with the enforcement of different water quality regulations and abstraction rules within the same interstate basin where two or more water management bodies are in charge of different sections of a river; the difference in terms of rates across federal and state domains and the consequences on water quantity and quality management where charges are not applied, even within the same state; the difference in the levels of expertise, capacity, and knowledge across agencies, with consequences on the ability to set and effectively implement charges. At the moment, plans do not set clear priorities or criteria that define available water resources and drive allocation decisions for hydropower development, irrigation extension and domestic and industrial use, amongst others.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water charges consequences difference interstate|1.1792145|7.351495|1.9542165
7735|The fact that revenues from water tariffs are not allocated straight to the IWA raises efficiency considerations as well as inadequacies in funding in many areas. Readjustment of intergovernmental responsibilities for strategic water financial planning is therefore a national goal for the coming few years. This refers not only to the technical knowledge and expertise, but also to the lack of staff and time as well as obsolete infrastructure. This is an interesting result, since governments often tend to consider capacity issues in the water sector a major concern for developing countries rather than for developed ones.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water straight obsolete intergovernmental interesting|1.224999|7.230859|1.9764961
7736|Fathers, particularly at the higher end of the income distribution, are viewed as more stable and reliable workers, whereas mothers (particularly those earning low wages) are viewed as unreliable in the face of family care commitments (Budig, 2014). Descriptive evidence from Mexico reveals that fathers have higher rates of employment or education enrolment than men who are not fathers (Figure 3.6), while mothers have lower rates relative to women who are not mothers of dependent children. Fathers are defined as having dependent children aged 14 or younger.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fathers mothers viewed dependent unreliable|9.64393|4.479826|5.703376
7737|Programme participants (manufacturers, vendors or resale agents) that sell designated energy-efficient products that meet the specifications of the programme can register to use the ENERGY STAR. The right to use the logo is based on self-declaration (products can be tested in participants' own facilities or by an independent testing laboratory). The standard will provide organizations and companies in various sectors (including utility, manufacturing, commercial building, commerce and transport) with a framework for integrating EE into their management practices.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|participants products star vendors programme|1.8960168|2.89829|2.204675
7738|In the Netherlands PHI also covers physiotherapists, contact lenses, and alternative care, as well as cost-sharing by basic health insurance on dental care. In Switzerland supplementary PHI covers dental care and alternative medicine, as well as additional costs in hospitals related to private or semiprivate accommodation or choice of doctor. In Canada, PHI provides coverage for pharmaceuticals for two-thirds of the population. In Israel, PHI covers 80.3% of the populationfor services that are not included in the basic benefit package; the most significant medical service covered by this private insurance (complementary and duplicate) is the choice of physician for surgical procedures.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|phi covers dental care choice|8.530865|8.763523|2.161805
7739|Diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria alone continue to account for about one third of deaths among children under five; many under-five deaths still occur in children already weakened by undernutrition; and many pregnant women continue to face serious constraints to improve their nutrient intake, especially in low-income countries (United Nations, 2015a; United Nations Childrens Fund, 2013b). These challenges are compounded by the urgency of tackling the problem of neonatal deaths. Likewise, it is important to scrutinize the limitations of the health system that have held back the effectiveness of health policy interventions in helping achieve progress towards achieving the health-related MDGs. Policies to expand access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (MDG 7, target C) have also been critical for achieving health-related goals and are under review in chapter V. The review of health policy interventions is followed by a discussion focused on the constraints of health systems and examples of measures that have enabled Governments to overcome them. Broader issues of governance and institutions that also affect health policies—and development policies in general—are discussed in chapter VI.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health deaths constraints achieving policies|8.672866|8.580944|3.4882386
7740|In this case, however, the premium corresponds to the price of traded green certificates. This premium is more volatile than regulated feed-in premiums and thus creates additional uncertainties for renewable investors. Specific balancing rules can also be applied with respect to wider tolerance values for renewable energy generators. The interaction of TGC and locational signals depends largely on national regulations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|premium renewable tolerance premiums generators|1.7959002|1.6836597|1.8896495
7741|See Acemoglu and Robinson (2002) for a discussion on the dynamics between political institution and inequality. See Tsounta and Qsueke (2014) on how proactive policies can lead to a reduction in inequality in Latin America. At the same time, taxes, transfers and welfare systems provided a basic safety net for poor people and redistributed income for greater economic and social equity. If it were not for these profound reforms and prudent public policies, inequality could have remained persistently high in the now developed world, leading to social unrest, aggressive populist reforms, and economic stagnation as widely observed in developing countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality reforms robinson redistributed aggressive|6.610611|5.1711664|4.7279787
7742|Poverty reduction was featured as the first and pre-eminent goal. At the end of the 1990s, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund had incorporated a linkage between market-oriented structural adjustment policies and the poverty agenda within the revised framework for the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs), making the formulation of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) a precondition for the receipt of debt relief under the heavily indebted poor countries Initiative. However, the Goals, per se, do not encompass any particular strategy for achieving those objectives.|SDG 1 - No poverty|indebted heavily poverty strategy reduction|6.3746295|6.1724973|4.805269
7743|In the large funds, vertical integration has helped promote the use of primary and preventive care. Also, the funding mechanisms encourage all the funds to look for more cost-effective approaches. Israel’s relatively rapid population growth is likely to have helped the political economy of adjustment by reducing the need for hospital downsizing and closure.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|helped funds downsizing closure vertical|8.714128|9.089838|2.3175263
7744|An amendment to the School Education Act (2011) made attendance in pre-primary education compulsory for 5-year-olds in 2011, and granted all 4-year-olds and 3-year-olds a right to participate from 2015 and 2017 respectively. Amendments to the School Education Act (2013) also introduced a limit to the fees paid by parents, with earmarked grants from the state to local governments compensating the difference in cost. The legislation aims to fulfil the needs of preschool students by: establishing clubs to support children's social and personal development, if requested by parents and where conditions permit; enabling access to preschool institutions during the summer, especially for those who cannot attend during the regular educational term; and opening free mobile classes, particularly for disadvantaged students in rural areas.|SDG 4 - Quality education|olds preschool year act parents|9.40107|2.5928655|2.3044283
7745|Guatemala's forestry policy explicitly requires the government to promote certification as a mechanism to help the country's forestry products penetrate the international market. In 1989, it launched SmartWood, the first global programme of forestry certification and the first to harness market forces for forestry conservation. There are three types of certification: natural forest management, stewardship chain, and guidelines applied in the plantations.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forestry certification penetrate stewardship plantations|1.510382|4.6560946|3.858221
7746|Future upper secondary teachers receive an academic year of professional coursework, similar to many other European countries, but still only have a limited amount of teaching practice: 120 hours compared with up to 1 065 hours in other European countries as indicated above (European Commission, 2013). Evidence suggests that the modules are theory-focused, offer limited preparation in modem teaching and assessment techniques, and do not adequately cover important topics like teaching at-risk students and integrating Roma children and students with special education needs (Stark and Zoller, 2014; European Commission, 2015a). The Teaching Staff Statute that formed part of the 2011 Education Law upgraded the qualifications required to become a teacher to a new two-year Master of Arts programme in teaching.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching european commission hours roma|9.463265|1.2881465|2.4665215
7747|China and India cover so many production environments that each can, to some extent, smooth out internal regional supply and demand variations via internal trade. Yet even these countries can benefit from this stabilising role of international trade. Wright (2012) shows that pooling the entire world’s output variation in rice production and sharing it proportionately across countries would reduce the variation of China’s and India’s shares by about 40% and 60%, respectively. For many smaller countries the effects would be far greater.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|internal variation india china wright|4.380094|4.722371|4.040846
7748|Expansion of the SGBP may also be needed to improve coverage of products and services for the treatment of priority health conditions, and remove financial barriers to seeking necessary care. However, any SGBP revision should only provide coverage of interventions shown to be cost-effective. Many OECD countries use Health Technology Assessment (HTA) to inform priority-setting decisions for their benefit packages - for the selection and coverage of medicines and development of standard treatment guidelines most commonly, and increasingly, for non-drug technologies, programmes and services as well.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage priority treatment hta remove|8.82887|9.46283|2.0794303
7749|The chapter also describes four broad principles used to justify the use of economic instruments for water management. At present, the country applies four categories of economic instruments for managing its water resources: fees for water abstraction, user charges for water supply and sanitation, irrigation water supply tariffs and fines for non-compliance with regulations concerning water resources. The chapter also discusses water pollution charges which were introduced in 1993 and then abolished in 2005. This is particularly important in present circumstances, where water infrastructure and services are chronically short of money for their operation, maintenance and new investment (Pegram and Schreiner, 2009). User charges, set at proper levels, are a reminder to water user sectors of the cost of the resource being consumed. Water prices are also useful to public decision makers (Ministers, regulators) in deciding the allocation of water when it is scarce and on the allocation of public budgets and investment programmes to water, rather than other types of public infrastructure and services.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water charges user allocation present|1.4277979|7.46825|2.2907782
7750|The country’s largest mining companies, including state-owned CODELCO (the world’s largest single producer of copper), apply internationally certified systems or their own systems of corporate environmental management. Large mining companies have engaged in voluntary Clean Production Agreements (Acuerdos de Produccion Limpia, APLs), which cover mine closure, efficient use of energy and water, sewage and waste management, and acid water drainage. Particulate emissions need to be further reduced and water use efficiency increased in the sector. Mining competes with agriculture and human consumption for increasingly scarce water resources. Many abandoned tailing dams in Chile are in deficient/unsatisfactory condition, and much mining wastewater from large companies remains untreated.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|mining companies water largest deficient|0.94412476|6.873062|2.5714989
7751|A similar picture emerges for fatalities among the elderly - people who are 65 years or older as passengers, drivers or pedestrians. The number of the per 100 000 inhabitant elderly fatalities in road accidents was 3.7 in 2013 in Korea, compared to an OECD average of 1.2. The speed limits in resident areas are often too high to protect pedestrians.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|pedestrians fatalities elderly resident passengers|4.2444983|5.2034936|-0.007879135
7752|They are supporting capacities in the technical, managerial and administrative fields required to make CRGE implementable. And they are providing incremental capital to put in place climate-resilient low carbon infrastructure, boost agricultural productivity and deploy policy incentives and mechanisms. However, donors’ convening power could be further employed in bringing on board multiple stakeholders, in particular civil society groups, into the green growth debate - in this way opening up more ambitious opportunities in governance and mobilising the public.|SDG 13 - Climate action|deploy crge mobilising managerial incremental|2.0761714|4.266169|2.2165046
7753|A similar result holds for groundwater. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported in its 2014 assessment that it is virtually certain that climate change will reduce renewable water resources substantially in most dry, subtropical regions, resulting in scarcity of drinking water and biomass-based fuels.63 Many of these regions lie in Sub-Saharan Africa and other less developed parts of the world, where women and girls already spend considerable time each day in meeting these requirements for their homes. Should there continue to be a lack of relevant infrastructure or more equitable sharing between men and women, climate change will further reduce choices for women. Paid work provides economic autonomy along with opportunities for participation and social interaction, as well as for enhancing skills and capabilities, helping boost self-esteem and confidence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|climate change women subtropical regions|9.037459|4.411381|6.7698884
7754|Some lower-secondary and upper- secondary schools are combined. An increase from 10 to 12 years of compulsory education is being phased in. There are relatively few private schools in the supervised sector. Vocational training schools (administered by the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor) provide an alternative track to mainstream upper-secondary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary schools upper supervised phased|8.661381|2.5862482|2.7116358
7755|They concluded that neither the existing UNFCCC reporting and review framework nor the transparency framework currently under development on adaptation require reporting of all of the information needed to fulfil the purposes of the global stocktake. Nevertheless, the country-specific approaches to adaptation monitoring and evaluation can potentially provide information to track progress towards national adaptation goals. By extension, national monitoring and evaluation approaches could serve as a potential information source for the global stocktake, in particular the following two objectives: “Recognize adaptation efforts of developing country Parties” (Article 7, paragraph 14 (a)) and Enhance the implementation of adaptation action taking into account the adaptation communication referred to in paragraph 10 of this Article” (Article 7, paragraph 14 (b)). The extent to which this information could be used is explained and caveated below.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation paragraph article stocktake information|1.0427362|4.6995797|1.293091
7756|Although public and private dialogue has increased, it needs to be further expanded and systematised to establish a new market. Rather than being seen as an obstacle, the current financial crisis should be seen as an opportunity for a paradigm shift: moving away from considering energy efficiency as a liability, and instead starting to view it as a hedging insurance tool that could be used against price volatility of petrol, for instance. Such a paradigm shift could lead to the emergence of an unprecedented reassurance market. As such the study makes four key conclusions, discussed below.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|paradigm shift seen hedging petrol|2.1606243|2.8664534|1.7238846
7757|A sample of random gender marker audits will be undertaken each year to improve accuracy (ensuring regional balance). Guidelines for integrat-ing gender in reviews, assessments, evaluations and audits (drawing on existing tools including IRRF, gender marker, etc.) Accountability tools such as the gender marker, ROAR data and gender parity data will inform its meetings.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marker gender audits tools ing|9.81653|4.267843|7.8130937
7758|Increasing international mobility of health workers has made the task even more challenging, compared to the case where the government was able to determine both the supply of and demand for health workers. There are additional challenges, such as addressing disparities in physician densities across regions and specialties. Financial incentives alone are not likely to improve concerns in these areas.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|specialties workers densities physician health|8.99655|8.844431|2.17087
7759|For example, women’s very existence may be threatened by sex-selective abortions and neglect in medical care. More generally, whether women have the same opportunities as men to live a long and healthy life is of fundamental importance to equality and well-being. Second, the chapter looks at socio-economic standing.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|abortions neglect selective threatened standing|9.159435|5.0407424|6.1832414
7760|Overgrazing and agriculture are additional pressure factors. Up until recently, neither a management plan, nor any transboundary cooperation on the wetland existed. However, there has been some bilateral cooperation for determination of the border along the lagoon between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Soviet Union, as well as between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan. A number of reservoirs and dams on the Kura also help with flood regulation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|iran islamic cooperation republic overgrazing|0.5321988|7.181014|2.4817843
7761|These are steps in the right direction, but do not per se imply that older workers are more readily hired, and the offices of Hello Work and JEED (see below) should strengthen their special programmes targeting older jobseekers, such as training offers, second-career counselling and training seminars for firms in age management. Hello Work offices administer recruitment incentives (“job development” grants and other incentives for employers hiring hard-to-place jobseekers; trial jobs for youth and other target groups) and start-up incentives. By contrast, vocational training for the unemployed, rehabilitation and employment programmes for people with disabilities and child-care programmes are administered primarily through grants to other public organisations, particularly the Employment and Human Resources Development Organization of Japan (EHDO), and the Japan Organization for the Employment of the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities (JEED).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|hello jobseekers incentives disabilities offices|8.202024|4.9263835|4.033619
7762|As a result, average changes over wide areas can be relatively well understood, while there is greater uncertainty about the specific impacts at the local level, particularly in countries with diverse ecosystems or topography (e.g. Nepal and Mozambique). Regional climate models and statistical techniques have been developed that can downscale climate projections to provide a higher resolution (Ranger, Muir-Wood and Priya, 2009). However, applying such techniques requires technical capacity not available in all developing countries. Given the uncertainties inherent in climate projection, national adaptation policies and planning processes can benefit from periodic reviews and assessments.|SDG 13 - Climate action|techniques climate topography projection inherent|1.2925351|4.839076|1.682362
7763|Its mission is to create the conditions for successful partnership between government and the private sector, and develop and consolidate their capacity to implement PPP projects and increasing private investment in the national economy. It supports PPP projects by developing documentation (the concession proposal, tender documentation, the draft concession agreement), negotiating with potential investors and concessionaries. These recommendations are based on the experience of the oblast and city of Pavlodar, but they may be equally valuable for other cities, as they present similar problems in the public utilities sector.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|concession documentation ppp tender projects|3.1606154|4.6292005|1.8070878
7764|As shown, the Icelandic population has experienced dramatic improvement in several key health indicators, such as the IMR and life-expectancy. Governmental polices shape and determine the context in which we are born, live and die. During the life-course, people are constantly exposed to both positive and negative factors that influence their life.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|life polices icelandic constantly dramatic|9.288048|8.965532|2.9807246
7765|Similarly, unexpected events and various types of uncertainties, family members’ health shocks, a lack of education, and little or no ownership of productive assets, especially land, are important in the intergenerational transmission of poverty. In addition, inadequate asset endowments, both physical and human, limit households’ access to opportunities, financial markets and credit, basic services, and social networks that create persistent effects on poverty and hunger. Social and other forms of exclusion also make it extremely difficult for the poorest and the hungriest to escape deprivations. The focus has been on the poorest and the hungriest.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poorest unexpected escape poverty endowments|6.8893743|6.0631294|4.8954477
7766|It elaborated four governing principles: citizenship, empowerment, gender mainstreaming and innovation. These principles informed the plan’s 12 key lines of action: 1) political and social participation; 2) economic participation; 3) coresponsibility; 4) education; 5) innovation; 6) science; 7) health; 8) communication and media; 9) diversity and social inclusion; 10) violence; 11) foreign and development co-operation policy; and 12) guarantee of the right to equality. The previous Ministry for Equality (2008-10) and the Women’s Institute monitored the development of the measures and actions included in the plan. For example, the Palestinian Authority adopted the Cross-Sectoral National Gender Strategy 2011-2013, which serves as a cornerstone for the elaboration of the Palestinian Development Plan for the next three years. Study participants emphasised the critical importance of these strategies as a means to uphold and safeguard women’s rights in the aftermath of the Arab Spring and fast-track women into politics and public service.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|palestinian plan principles women equality|9.86247|4.4484625|7.3195553
7767|There are some advantages to including modules or questions on time use in household surveys, such as lower implementation costs, as the methodology and sample design are part of a regular survey, which also ensures periodicity and comparability with other indicators in the national statistical system (Milosavljevic and Tacla, 2007). This methodology also allows cross-referencing with other survey modules. The Regional Gender Agenda has driven the gradual development of time-use measurement since the 1980s. In addition to the consensus reached by governments at the Regional Conferences for Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Working Group on Gender Statistics of the Statistical Conference of the Americas (SCA)8 has played a notable role in conceptual and methodological development, and in the production and dissemination of analytical documents relating to time use. Cuba pioneered the field with its national time-use surveys in 1985 and 1988 (Aguirre and Ferrari, 2014). The methodologies used were heterogeneous in terms of the objectives, legal fundamentals, collection process, classification of activities, geographic scope and calculated and disseminated indicators.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|modules time use methodology statistical|8.995736|4.848402|5.5383177
7768|Brazil is also home to several World Heritage natural sites and 12 internationally recognised wetlands under the Ramsar Convention that are designated protected areas and cover over 65 000 km2. The government aspires to obtain the designation of additional 10 Ramsar sites by 2017 (MMA, 2015a). Sustainable use areas dominate in all biomes except the Pantanal (Figure 5.3).|SDG 15 - Life on land|ramsar sites biomes mma designation|1.604731|4.981664|4.1389008
7769|Those found to be HIV-positive are not allowed on peacekeeping missions or other local deployments, but are allowed to remain within the Ghana Armed Forces and to continue to work for as long as they are able to.71 The soldiers and their families are guaranteed access to full medical facilities and treatment for opportunistic infections, as well as to ARV drugs. The policy also stipulates that all Ghanaian troops going on overseas courses must be HIV-negative.72 However, this policy negates the VCT principle advanced by the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. It is also a breach of the principles of human rights provisions that no one shall be subjected to medical test without her/his consent. This is a contentious issue because physical fitness is an essential feature of military service and HIV/AIDS without treatment erodes the physical fitness that military personnel are expected to possess.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hiv military allowed medical physical|8.40598|8.931759|3.2368443
7770|The system includes a mobile health library consisting of locally relevant clinical and public health information with easy-to-use navigation tools for mobile devices, and a mobile health library portal that enables users to download new clinical and public health content using mobile devices through an Internet connection. Embedding the MHIS within the ECDOH and transferring the technology and content were key goals for FHI 360 from the outset. The project started in 2008 and will continue through 2016.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mobile library devices health clinical|8.887203|9.67316|1.7585827
7771|These companies have built up considerable technological and engineering capabilities, which they could apply, at least in part, to the wind energy sector. Particularly for these companies, engaging the services of established design firms has been a logical step in their corporate strategy. At the same time, however, they have started embracing a new strategy, in line with a new trend in thee global wind industry.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind companies strategy embracing logical|2.248258|1.9506297|1.9315599
7772|We then come to how high levels of education have affected growth in Kerala, before concluding with some concerns about the quality of education in the state. Schooling in Rajasthan is a relatively recent phenomenon. There are enormous challenges concerning both access and quality of schooling. Rajasthan is still in a situation where it is necessary to recruit female teachers to contribute to greater gender parity and social equity in school enrolment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schooling recruit enormous concluding quality|9.430674|4.2073145|5.924582
7773|Significant research has been pursued in the academia and the public and private sectors on these issues. A further goal has been more effective land policy implementation. The role of these land policies, when coordinated with planning and zoning tools, may be very important for eliminating informality, since the authorities can monitor ownership rights and land use, plan more effectively and eliminate illegal occupation of public land. While these measures have not explicitly targeted the informal settlement problem, in general terms they have provided better spatial data infrastructure for urban planning and management with respect to general compliance with the existing planning and building regulations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land planning general academia eliminating|3.8869448|5.4203296|1.6677375
7774|While this is true of public employment in general, the problem is likely to be more severe for older workers, as the underlying demand for their skill-set is generally weaker. It is crucial, therefore, to provide older jobseekers with more opportunities for regular employment. Facilitating access to part-time jobs and flexible work arrangements may be an effective way to enhance older workers’ employment and smooth their transition to retirement.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|older employment workers jobseekers smooth|8.042762|5.217406|4.362901
7775|Any declining trends in these statistics regarding gas and coal may well improve the prospects for nuclear. Notable oil price volatility tends to be negatively correlated with macroeconomic growth. In a carbon-constrained world, the price of carbon is increasingly important for participants in energy markets and society at large.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon price notable correlated negatively|1.2466366|2.0339248|1.8632097
7776|By contrast, electrical and HVAC workers will likely need to attend accredited training programmes at community colleges or through their local trade union. For example, to support the transition to green jobs, in 2008 the Mechanical Contractors Association of Chicago established a green construction institute, to providing training to local building contractors, apprentices and journeyman of United Association of Pipe Fitters Local 597 (MCA Chicago, 2011). According to one analysis, 2 200 jobs will be created by full implementation of the retrofit programme called for by the Chicago Climate Action Plan (Schrock, 2009), but given that this is a small fraction of total construction employment in the region, and because there is currently a large volume of skilled trades people currently unemployed (CWIC-CJC, 2010), it is likely that current training programme will suffice.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|chicago contractors training association local|7.9366493|3.0733244|3.0130205
7777|Although the level of women's political activism has peaked and ebbed since 1893, women have continued in a variety of ways to work within their communities and politically for recognition of the equality of women and their right to fully contribute to all aspects of the society in which they live. The key factors that provide women with agency to advance their interests in modern day New Zealand are: (1) the high level of education for women, (2) changes in the electoral laws, and (3) the political activism of women through community organisations and political parties. The main barriers to women's political leadership have been comparatively a lack of access to political institutions (the political parties and the parliament); limited legal rights; and economic dependence. The underlying commitment to the values of enlightenment brought to New Zealand by many colonists in the nineteenth century included a commitment to equality, the rule of law and democratic decision-making through an electoral process.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|political women activism electoral commitment|10.431035|4.495762|7.2545342
7778|It has broad appeal to female audiences and is suitable for adaptation for countries facing similar trends. Associated with SDG 16, governance systems for sport also need to be fully accountable in addressing issues of gender-based violence and harmful practices, in order to command the confidence of all girls and women involved in sport. The scale of the gender equity issues associated with sport calls for strong enactment of a range of policy options. These options include recourse to wider systems of regulation and involve gender-sensitive systems of funding distribution and re-distribution, and various approaches to data and information gathering and dissemination that build awareness and ensure accountability.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sport gender systems options distribution|10.024513|5.013631|6.8089395
7779|Factors that concern the economic contribution include, for example, the motives which encourage immigrants to work in these sectors; the knowledge and skills they bring; the innovation generated directly or indirectly by them; and possible negative economic or related effects (e.g. pressure on native-bom employment, infrastructure, price levels or the environment). However, these national results do not necessarily hold for each economic sector, since even within the same sector employment creation and displacement effects may occur simultaneously. The study discussed in this chapter illustrates such effects, and in this way complements the analysis in other chapters. Wholesale and retail trade is a very important sector in terms of employment, and almost one in five workers are employed in this sector. The share of employment in mining is far lower (just above 1%), but at the same time this sector accounts for almost 9% of GDP (compared with 7% for trade, Ghana Statistical Service, 2015).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sector employment effects economic trade|7.0516806|3.8103602|4.2013655
7780|For instance, estimates for Thailand suggest that only half of the renewable energy capacity is connected to the grid (DLA Piper, 2014). Grid issues are also prevailing in China, where government estimates showed that 15% of the total wind power generation was curtailed in 2015, according to Liu (2016). Despite having the best wind conditions, the curtailment rates have surpassed 30% in some of the northern regions, where the grid issues are considered larger than in other regions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid wind estimates curtailment regions|1.7257091|1.8049036|2.3335054
7781|It is not the intention here to provide a comprehensive review of the principle but just to highlight the most critical areas. A distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference is compatible with the principle of equality when (a) it has objective and reasonable justification; (b) it pursues a legitimate aim under human rights law;and (c) there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be realized.48 Differences in treatment that comply with the criteria mentioned above are not discriminatory and do not infringe the principle of equality and non-discrimination. Thus, discrimination may arise not only from an explicit unequal treatment in the law but also from laws that at face value are neutral but in practice have a disproportionate impact on the enjoyment or exercise of rights on an equal footing.49 For example, a law stating that the surviving partner of a heterosexual relationship is entitled to a pension would indirectly discriminate against same-sex couples.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|principle reasonable law relationship discrimination|9.625791|4.756129|6.9223022
7782|As part of modernization, the process had the effect of making people more dependent on a system that could be adjusted in response to market or bureaucratic failures (Kohli, Moon and Sorensen, 2003). Greece is a recent example of where the governance of the system has failed to the point where the poor have taken to the streets to protest. A similar process of economic alienation has been intensified in many parts of the world since the introduction of neo-liberal economic policies.|SDG 1 - No poverty|protest moon modernization process bureaucratic|6.659834|5.3756323|4.412743
7783|In 2009 85% of general high school graduates and 74% of vocational high school graduates enrolled in a postsecondary programme (MEST, 2010). Access to postsecondary education is selective and students are admitted to an institution and programme based on their performance on the Korean Scholastic Aptitude Test (KSAT). It is provided by two types of institution: junior colleges and polytechnics.|SDG 4 - Quality education|postsecondary graduates institution aptitude polytechnics|8.603143|2.451089|2.7574825
7784|Making-work-pay policies have two main goals: raising employment and limiting in-work poverty. Empirical evidence tends to show that the positive effects on headcount employment outweigh the costs associated with reduced incentives to work more hours (Immervoll and Pearson, 2009). Evaluations have mainly concerned periods of buoyant labour demand, which raises the question of how effective these policies are in an economic downturn, when wages need to adjust downwards if additional jobs are to be forthcoming. Even so, an EITC can still be effective as a tool to reduce in-work poverty in times of crisis.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|work buoyant effective outweigh employment|7.778688|4.605617|4.1978097
7785|The need to find alternatives to the present aquatic feed resources is urgent While aquaculture production shows steady and rapid growth, global fish catches are stagnating or even slightly decreasing. The world production of both fish meal and fish oil have, according to The International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation IFFO statistics, slipped remarkably from the record levels 20 years ago. Increasing demand of fish meal and particularly fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids for human use, has led to increasing prices and a reduced availability for the aquaculture sector.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish oil meal aquaculture stagnating|0.4578602|6.104726|6.5805163
7786|Similarly, Turkey has achieved the highest average reduction of 6.9% per year in infant mortality between 1970 and 2011, followed in the OECD by Korea (6.4% per year) and Portugal (6.8% per year). Financial protection has also greatly improved. Public health spending now accounts for 73% of total health expenditure, slightly above the OECD average of 72%.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|year average infant health oecd|8.717833|8.87756|2.7015407
7787|This may also indicate that a gain in productivity (or a greater amount of effort devoted to work, in line with our earlier discussion of the lack of a counterbalance for the labour-income elasticity of supply) may correlate with a reduction in the number of hours of labour supply but may boost production and growth. This may mean that the gender bias in the labour market is greater than the male/female wage gap that is based on observable characteristic (education or experience, for example) and that the wages of women entering the workforce, on average, should be higher than the wage that the market is currently paying. Among factors relating to worker skill levels, the mean level of educational attainment of the EAP correlates positively, although fairly weakly (about 1 %), with the growth rate for all the specifications.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mean labour wage correlate correlates|8.825195|4.4735727|5.5592732
7788|With particular respect to settlements and agricultural land in the country’s northern lowlands, floods occurred more often in recent years (almost annually) and caused serious damage. However, the majority of these dams were badly designed and are now, for safety reasons, operating at half capacity, limiting their usefulness in flood prevention. Despite the fact that illegal gravel abstraction decreased from 20 per cent in 2000 to less than 5 per cent in 2011, its impact still affect river beds and infrastructure today.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lowlands badly cent usefulness beds|1.0712649|6.753907|2.4083252
7789|Without the controller, fluctuations in wind power outputs caused stability issues, resulting in the occasional need for turning off the wind turbines, thereby increasing fuel consumption. In combination with PowerStore grid stabilisation system, the MGC600 was able to manage the hybrid energy system, delivering a 29% increase in energy yield, by maximising renewable energy penetration (ABB, 2018). The 7 MW project has an estimated payback period of 4.3 years. Similarly, the success of the solar PV plant at Cronimet’s Thabazimbi mine in South Africa, with its payback period of less than four years, is attributed, aside from financial factors, to the use of a programmable logic control (PLC) system that helps achieve the solar penetration ratio of 60% (Boyse et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|payback penetration solar wind energy|1.7072486|1.881609|2.463416
7790|Higher than average shares of endangered species are recorded for amphibians and mammals (Table 5.1 and Figure 5.3). More than half of the 34 vertebrates listed as extinct are wetland dependent species. This is directly related to the use of all the country’s water sources (springs, streams and swamps) since the beginning of the 20th century to provide drinking and irrigation water. Furthermore, Israel is located on two major migratory routes, avian and marine (Box 5.2).|SDG 15 - Life on land|species springs mammals wetland endangered|1.5328121|5.3680477|4.0728903
7791|Section 1.1 presents global, regional and subregional figures of hunger and introduces a new indicator of food insecurity that goes beyond hunger to include moderate levels of food insecurity. Section 1.2 presents the latest figures for seven nutrition indicators, including three SDG 2 indicators of child malnutrition (stunting, wasting and overweight), with a spotlight on the rapid rise in overweight and obesity. The links between food insecurity and nutritional outcomes - particularly overweight and obesity - are explored in Section 1.3. Rising mol body-mass index is ihe mein driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|overweight obesity insecurity section hunger|4.4710584|5.756832|4.654854
7792|Experiences of international and national tests in Norway and Sweden], Chapter 6, in T.N. Hopfenbeck, M. Kjtemsli and R.V. Olsen (eds.) “ Intemasjonale og nasjonale undersokelser av lasringsutbytte og undervisning ” [Quality in the Norwegian School. International and National Tests of Learning Outcomes and Teaching], Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. Evaluating Educational Reforms Scandinavian Perspectives, Information Age Publishing, Connecticut.|SDG 4 - Quality education|og tests av connecticut scandinavian|9.665056|1.7656981|1.4866252
7793|In technical education at least four weeks of practical training (praxis) should include practical ‘hands-on’ experience (on the example of the educational framework for Mechanical Engineering 26-41-M/01), but again schools can provide it either in companies or run it in school workshops (NUOV, 2008c). Therefore provision of workplace training in apprenticeship and technical VET depends very much on individual schools. The authors estimate that only 35% of students in apprenticeship programmes receive any practical training in a company (Czesand et al. In four year technical programmes around 90% of students do receive training in companies but the majority of work placements last no more than three weeks (Czesana et al.|SDG 4 - Quality education|practical training apprenticeship weeks technical|8.448084|2.70759|2.8344223
7794|From 1990 to 2000, global CO2 emissions increased by an average of 1.1% per year. It jumped to a 3% annual growth rate over the next 7 years. Two main factors contributed: rising energy demand in coal-based economies; and an increase in coal-fired power generation in response to higher oil and natural gas prices.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|coal jumped fired contributed rising|1.3126986|3.0564914|2.3104093
7795|Citizen science should be promoted and used to raise awareness. It is important to stress though that the quality of the data from those low cost sensors is in general far from sufficient to be used for drawing conclusion on the actual air quality situation and form basis for control measures. This links to the need for harmonization of practices for local measures, such as retrofit approaches and low emission zones. It is recommended to the parties to review and share their success story in the cities. It is not only a problem of scale but also of balance between sectors and other policies. Therefore local actions need to be city specific.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|retrofit sensors harmonization measures story|3.4427621|4.753616|1.1867828
7796|In Brazil, for example, contracts are signed between the National Water Agency (ANA), states and river basin committees (water pacts) to enable the joint implementation of water resource management instruments through the establishment of goals, activities and deadlines for each party. There are no exchanges of financial resources among the parties, each one being responsible for supporting the implementation of its activities in the pact. The results achieved are related to the reduction of compliance costs and the adoption of an integrated approach for the implementation of water resource management instruments in those river basins.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water implementation river instruments resource|0.8448372|7.239227|1.6755958
7797|Vanuatu has integrated wind and coconut oil into the fuel mix of its electricity generation, but other countries have not had similar success with integration of these particular types of renewable energy sources. In addition, electricity grids can be developed in such a way that allows for the adoption of emerging technologies (marine energy, electric vehicles) in the future. The current and future use of smart grids and electric vehicles in developed countries and other island regions should be closely monitored for potential replication in the Pacific at the appropriate time. As the diffusion of grid-connected solar PV technology and wind turbines, for example, has largely trailed the adoption and dissemination of those technologies in developed countries, Commonwealth Pacific small states should not expect the latest sustainable energy technologies to be implemented before, or at a quicker rate than, these technologies have been adopted in more developed countries.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|technologies developed grids electric vehicles|1.8098153|2.174938|2.545148
7798|Some localised efforts to improve collection of indicators of mental health care quality have been started, but are not rolled out nationally. Japan should look to establishing national collection of some key indicators that are still presently lacking. A better information infrastructure is essentia] for building stronger mental health care systems.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental collection indicators localised presently|10.339927|8.971668|1.7730103
7799|Human rights principles also underline the duty of governments to raise sufficient resources, allocate them in ways that meet the obligations of non-discrimination and equality, and ensure transparency and democratic participation in the deliberation of budget processes. Action is required along three dimensions: redressing women's socioeconomic disadvantage; addressing stereotyping, stigma and violence; and strengthening women's agency, voice and participation. Together, progress on these three dimensions can transform existing structures and institutions and, in turn, the lives of women and girls around the world.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|dimensions women stereotyping participation underline|9.774832|4.6610446|7.3254385
7800|Progress in raising learning achievement, in particular in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects that are associated with higher wages, combined w ith policies to address the distinct barriers women face to employment, including affordable childcare, will be important to provide more equal opportunities for women and girls in Costa Rica. Similarly, there have been major efforts to cater to students with special needs in mainstream schools, including the development of an adapted vocational programme to facilitate transition into the labour market. Less policy attention has been given to improving the opportunities of children and young people from migrant communities, many of whom face significant barriers to accessing education and other public services.|SDG 4 - Quality education|barriers face opportunities cater accessing|10.22737|1.6411022|2.6999497
7801|Education and training policies should be pursued to improve social cohesion and productivity in the state. They should seek to attain inclusive growth by increasing student education performances and improving the alignment of skills supply with skills demand. Investing in innovation is also critical to regional competitiveness. Morelos should better mobilise its innovation infrastructure for knowledge diffusion and exploitation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|innovation performances skills morelos attain|7.8752556|2.4098241|2.3890052
7802|Performing a retrospective data analysis using medical claims, for example, can produce information reflective of specific populations (for example, a particular combination of chronic conditions of interest) that RCTs cannot easily replicate. Each of these options needs to be reviewed to assess how well they can provide evidence to treat people with multiple chronic conditions. In these countries, chronic disease is already responsible for over half of the burden of disease.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|chronic disease retrospective replicate reflective|9.408569|9.230014|2.1797044
7803|The OECD’s Private Sector Participation in Water Infrastructure: Checklist for Public Action could be useful in this regard. Tvo administrative river basin management units were designated in 2003: the Danube River Basin District, which included sub-basins of the Mura, Drava and Sava Rivers; and the Adriatic River Basin District, which included the basins of the Soca River and all rivers along the Adriatic coast. To facilitate management, every sub-basin is divided into smaller units called “water bodies” (155 surface water and 21 groundwater bodies).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin river adriatic basins rivers|0.8950752|7.150886|1.7640936
7804|But it is also important to consider what other benefits may have resulted from the measure. It may be that additional energy consumption can be explained as a consequence of achieving those other benefits. While some multiple benefits can be seen as a result of energy savings and should be counted in addition to energy savings achieved, others can occur independently of energy savings and could provide a different measure of success of energy efficiency programmes, to be considered where energy savings are low. Policy-makers should consider any such trade-off between reduced energy savings and socioeconomic welfare gains arising from particular energy efficiency measure and how the balance should be struck between energy savings and other benefits in designing energy efficiency policy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy savings benefits measure efficiency|2.0649202|2.7593973|2.5516458
7805|The next decade, therefore, will be one largely of growth in senior secondary provision and participation. This will require greater efficiency in the deployment of teachers and a better alignment of programme offerings with school size. Enlarged participation in senior secondary school will also require greater attention to the relevance of education to the life, work and further learning prospects of students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|senior require secondary enlarged participation|8.843145|2.4058979|2.6290176
7806|The bulk of aquaculture production will continue to originate from Asian countries, which account for about 88% of world production. China will remain the main producer with a share of 62% of total production. China, India and Indonesia are expected to represent the majority of growth in quantity terms.|SDG 14 - Life below water|production china originate bulk producer|0.5274618|6.1205463|6.663014
7807|Elsewhere in the region, these rates are 30 per cent for Kazakhstan and the Republic of Moldova and 19 per cent in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (UN-HABITAT 2005a). Although urban areas reportedly have higher levels of service, close to 3 million people in European cities lack access to piped water and 8 million to sewerage (UN-HABITAT 2005a). Data indicate that the situation regarding piped water supply in the housing stock in the EECCA4 countries is particularly problematic in Republic of Moldova and Uzbekistan, with services available in one third of the stock.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|piped moldova republic habitat stock|1.515153|7.0159426|2.525024
7808|Five countries reported that national record linkage projects were used for regular mental health care quality monitoring. These results illustrate that considerable progress is needed in terms of having a comprehensive and well-designed infrastructure in place to measure the quality of mental health care across OECD countries. It is also worth emphasizing that inpatient data is generally better developed than data for community and other mental health care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental care health emphasizing linkage|10.362749|8.997837|1.8152275
7809|They do not capture how change processes were initiated and if they were on track to achieve intended objectives. Backlash raises the issue of sustainability of results. Gender analysis and monitoring and evaluation of gender results have been inconsistent in tracking gender reversals. This effect, sometimes described as ‘one step forward, two steps back’, was mentioned most often in democratic governance results, followed by institutional gender mainstreaming and then the poverty and MDG area.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender results inconsistent mdg initiated|9.857707|4.203272|7.405549
7810|These considerations apply to our gender analysis as well. International support is fundamental to gender-progressive change in conflict and post-conflict, but gender agendas are not necessarily shaped bearing in mind the conflict context and the needs of women and LGBTs on the ground. The Bosnia case proves that the most effective organizations in bringing about progressive gender change are those that are deeply rooted in local communities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|conflict gender progressive proves rooted|10.174582|4.8790603|7.566422
7811|They are the primary regulator of the global climate, function as an important sink for greenhouse gases, serve as the host for huge reservoirs of biodiversity and play a major role in producing the oxygen we breathe. The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment, completed in 2015 under the United Nations Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-Economic Aspects, provides a stark picture of the state of our oceans. Anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems, including ocean acidification and climate change, are challenging the resilience of the oceans and their resources, as well as their continued ability to provide important ecosystems goods and services.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine oceans global ecosystems assessment|0.061980482|5.7626486|5.9789977
7812|"The coordination of social care, social needs, social policy and health care needs and policy is central to the current health and mental health strategies in England. Health, wellness and mental health are seen as cross-sector problems, and the integration of mental health care services with social care and support is prioritised. “ No Health Without Mental Health"" (HM Government, 2011) further confirms and consolidates this approach."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health mental care social confirms|10.269783|8.890899|1.6574863
7813|Any proposals for legislative amendment would likely be encompassed within broader reforms to the resource management system in 2013. Under the Local Government Act 2002, local governments are responsible for a range of functions that may be affected by climate change. Regional Coundls are at various Regional policy statements, water plans, water consents.|SDG 13 - Climate action|encompassed regional statements amendment local|1.5432881|4.840367|1.7214327
7814|"Fishing is frequently portrayed as a male domain, but when the whole fishing cycle is taken into account, actually some 47% of the workforce is female. Climate change is especially threatening to coastal communities and fishing livelihoods. "" Downstream"" effects on fishing sector activities such as post-harvest work are often not taken into account."|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing taken account threatening harvest|-0.1284405|5.922288|6.299183
7815|These linkages have multifaceted positive impacts on individuals, families and communities. The potential for the co-development of urban and rural communities exists but requires partnerships between the migrants and the local authorities of both communities as well as support from national governments. It assists to shift the focus away from why people move to how they work, live and shape their habitats. Cities across the development spectrum have growing mobile and diverse populations to manage. In developed countries, one of the main sources of population diversity is international migration while, in less-developed countries, it is most likely internal migration1 and, to a lesser extent, growing international South-South migration.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|communities migration growing south assists|4.4519215|5.1956615|2.2695582
7816|Past unemployment provides a cheap signal to employers regarding low labour productivity, with adverse consequences for the individuals concerned. ( The estimate of X may therefore partially reflect duration dependence in non-receipt, i.e. the fact that non-receipt probabilities maybe tend to be greater, the longer the spell of non-receipt. The factors influencing duration dependence in nonreceipt however need not be the same as the factors influencing duration dependence in receipt. Because unemployment leads to a substantial running down of financial assets and savings, past unemployment may affect the chances of finding re-employment possibilities.|SDG 1 - No poverty|receipt dependence duration unemployment influencing|7.7151456|4.8361998|4.143413
7817|However, the relative risk of poverty for this group has also been declining over time. For young people, on the other hand, the risk of poverty has increased, as it has too, albeit to a lesser extent, for children. These changes, alongside changes in population shares, have led to a decline in the proportion of the elderly among the poor and a rise in the share of children and young people.|SDG 1 - No poverty|young changes risk children poverty|7.33798|5.9482946|5.020355
7818|Finally, the extent to which Turkey’s agricultural policy is oriented to the support of long-term agricultural productivity is evaluated based on OECD support indicators. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Agricultural Reform Implementation Project (ARIP) was developed and supported by the World Bank as a pre-condition for the macro-economic stabilisation assistance given to Turkey from the IMF.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agricultural turkey bank stabilisation imf|3.902665|5.2197437|3.786778
7819|It does not provide consistent tax and benefit breakdowns for as many OECD countries as the OECD database used for the results in Figure 4. But unlike in the OECD database, which largely records tabulations of grouped data, the micro-data are available directly. Table 1 uses these microdata to calculate inequality and redistribution measures that capture income differences across the entire distribution. Broadly consistent with the widening gaps between specific points in the income spectrum shown earlier in Figure 1, the results in Table 1 show a trend towards greater market-income inequality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|database consistent income oecd inequality|6.897781|5.1081963|4.5468354
7820|In the late 1990s, Ontario inaugurated “Primary Care Reform” characterised by the sequential introduction of a “menu” of payment models replacing traditional FFS payment for family physicians. This reform was brought about by, in part, concerns regarding a shortage of family physicians and about access to physicians during evenings and weekends. Improving health care quality, for example increasing the payment system’s support for preventative health care and chronic disease management, was also an important goal. The FFS payment system was seen as contributing towards an excessive focus on volume-based acute care, and to lack incentives encouraging both physician and inter-professional teams (Kantarevic and Kralj, 2015). Physicians were given a choice of payment model. These newly introduced models required or encouraged patient enrollment (sometimes called rostering) with GPs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payment physicians care models reform|8.750857|8.9923525|1.6380141
7821|A meta-analysis of effects on soil carbon stocks after harvesting in temperate forests showed that harvesting resulted in decreased carbon stocks of the soil 0 horizon but found no effect for the mineral soil (Nave et al. Similar reductions in soil carbon stocks have also been found by studies from boreal forests (Kola-ri et al. The finding by De Wit & Kvindesland (1999] that soil carbon stocks increase with the stand development class (related to stand age] indicate that soil carbon stocks are not back to their former size within a few decades after harvesting but continue to increase (cf also Figure 5.3]. Studies looking at the effect of changing harvesting rotation length, also (mostly] support the hypothesis that soil carbon is depressed after harvesting for a long time. However, modelling studies (Liski et al. Overall, effects of harvesting regime on the input of litter and coarse woody debris will be more important for soil carbon stocks than changes in decomposition rates.|SDG 15 - Life on land|soil harvesting stocks carbon studies|1.1505948|4.409506|3.8431797
7822|In contrast, poverty among older persons has fallen (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2008a; European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, 2008). The recent report Growing Unequal Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2008a) points to growing inequality and poverty in two thirds of OECD countries and finds that the economic growth of recent decades has largely benefited the rich more than the poor. Across OECD countries, the income of the richest 10 per cent of people is nearly nine times that of the poorest 10 per cent.|SDG 1 - No poverty|organization poverty cooperation growing oecd|7.4624352|5.53688|4.7384152
7823|As noted, MDBs also have the option to report on climate finance through the OECD DAC system. While most of them report activity-level data to the CRS, only the World Bank applies the Rio markers to provide details on the climate change focus of its operations As noted above, the World Bank is also expecting to report to DAC once they have implemented their new methodology to assign a specific share of each project or programme supported to climate change. This would allow for all public climate finance flows, bilateral and multilateral, to be stored in one database, would allow for mainstreaming of definitions and classifications, and would avoid double counting between bilateral and multilateral flows.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate dac report multilateral bilateral|1.5594715|4.030738|0.7810465
7824|Similarly, improvement in the business environment is necessary to optimize returns from planned infrastructure investment, including a proposed submarine cable to provide high-speed Internet access. Cyclone Pam devastated parts of the country in March 2015, severely damaging housing, infrastructure, agriculture and tourism facilities. Overall, the damage and losses to the economy are estimated to have exceeded 60% of GDP.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|submarine optimize cable cyclone infrastructure|1.7812239|6.1400533|2.4439132
7825|This re-orientation of policy appears to have had an impact since the number of freeters had by 2008 declined more than 20% from the 2003 peak. The Japanese government should continue its policy aiming to reduce the precariousness of youth employment, and in this respect the principal recommendations contained in the OECD’s Jobs for Youth: Japan report remain valid. Policies in the 2000s included the further expansion of participation in Silver Human Resource Centres, which now have almost 1 million members (about 5% of the total population aged above 70); and the introduction of an option for firms of implementing a system for continued employment after their mandatory retirement age, rather than increasing the mandatory retirement age itself.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|retirement mandatory youth silver freeters|8.158032|4.920337|4.1214643
7826|More than 2,000 patients are registered for the online service for video consultations and prescriptions. Doctors can access medical records as well as heart rate, blood pressure and other biosignal data, which are uploaded to the system by various devices. Patients access the Ningbo Cloud Hospital website to make appointments, and the system refers them to hospitals that provide optimal medical services digitally (see figure 14).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients medical video appointments prescriptions|9.048761|9.57632|1.7238808
7827|Our analysis shows that the structure and the average level of electricity prices is identical in the scenario without renewables and in the two scenarios at 10% penetration level. On the contrary, at 30% penetration level there are limited periods in which renewables can meet all of demand and thus become the marginal generating technology, which in a competitive market means zero prices. The price duration curve in the renewable scenario is thus strictly the same as in the reference case, with the exception of those periods in which renewables become the marginal technology.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewables penetration marginal scenario periods|1.6195474|1.6904491|1.8556461
7828|Participation in the labour market by persons in the age brackets in which such participation is compatible with the overall course of human development is a decisive factor in averting deprivation and having the ability to engage in many important functionings. Each focuses on a specific facet of what will, taken together, provide a fuller, multidimensional picture of the situation of deprivation in urban areas of Brazil. The following section will provide an overview of the index.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation functionings participation fuller brackets|6.7485256|6.096818|5.0562367
7829|In its second part, the project anticipates and prevents the creation of new slums by making new land viable and constnictible. Some of the lots are then reserved for modest families, to offer them an affordable alternative to unsafe housing. Finally, the project aims at financial equilibrium in order to be reproducible and to have as great an impact as possible on the lives of the populations concerned.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|project lots unsafe reserved slums|4.335937|5.0956454|2.2135727
7830|One option, following the OECD study on regional development policy would be to start with a modest set of indicators and gradually adjust or expand them if necessary (OECD, 2009). For example, citizens that can at present consult regional documents on the web site might be given the opportunity to comment on educational plans before they are approved by the regional authorities. Schools decide whether training is provided in school workshops or in a company and some students receive all their practical training in the school (Education Act No 561, section 65/2).|SDG 4 - Quality education|regional training consult school comment|8.973247|2.2977812|2.2130806
7831|The limitations highlighted by this paper call for a reinvigorated dialogue of the two communities, in the UN Forum on STI and beyond. The OECD DAC and STI committees could play a key role towards that end. Considering that the available information on development activities does not follow standard STI definitions and classifications, several assumptions had to be made as to the assessment of which activities to consider as support to STI. For example, activities for developmental purposes conducted by universities often include both research activities and trainings or other capacity building exercises.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|sti activities trainings classifications exercises|4.9942703|3.4299176|2.1175163
7832|There has also been some work on specific plans for distinct diseases or services although these are not yet complete. In addition, new policies aim at attracting physicians to mral areas and halt migration of health care workers (see above) but there is no overarching policy for planning human resources in the health care sector or for addressing skill mix Further, there are no systems in place aimed at ensuring an equitable distribution of capital across the country and across various levels of care. The National Health Strategy 2014-2020 recognises the need to address this but also to improve transparency in decision-making and to boost citizens’ involvement Patients' associations are increasingly part of the policy-making process. For example, over a quarter of Romanian respondents (28%) reported that they had to give an additional payment, valuable gift or make a hospital donation as part of their use of public health care services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health romanian making mral|8.835087|8.9011345|2.0226464
7833|This was highlighted in the first case study, in which the well-established institutional framework for water management in the Netherlands was highly conducive to the successful introduction of effluent charges. In contrast, the different management traditions in Denmark, France and Germany complicated the use of similar economic instruments in those countries (Andersen, 2001). Experience with water-trading initiatives suggests that successful trading regimes tend to be built on preexisting institutions and are integrated into traditional regulatory regimes. This may entail tradable permits being combined with other policy instruments (taxes, charges, environmental quality objectives, etc.)|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|regimes charges trading successful instruments|1.2711202|7.429781|2.0634456
7834|The congruence of change in the severity of depression and the level of functional disability has also been found by others (e.g. Judd etal., The good news of this research is that disability diminishes when depressive symptoms decrease. On the other hand, disability seems pervasive when depressive symptoms persist. Moreover, the longer the duration of depression, the worse are the functional outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disability depressive symptoms depression functional|10.148307|8.809445|2.1680915
7835|Between 1996 and 2013, the percentage of Governments with policies to raise fertility has also increased in developing regions, from 8 per cent in 1996 to 14 per cent in 2013), while the percentage with policies to lower fertility has remained mostly unchanged (56 per cent in 1996 and 57 per cent 2013). In 2013, the percentage of Governments with policies to lower fertility was highest in Africa (83 per cent), whereas the percentage of Governments with policies to raise fertility was highest in Europe (73 percent). Early childbearing also increases the risk of maternal death or physical impairment, and children born to young mothers tend to have higher levels of morbidity and mortality.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|fertility cent percentage policies governments|9.07366|5.7996774|5.9636135
7836|The tasks of peacebuilding are simply too great and too complex to leave decision-making solely to a few select male leaders. Peacebuilding requires the participation of the whole of society. Women represent half or more of every community and should have a voice and active role to play in peacebuilding. Peacebuilding is by definition an inclusive process that seeks to empower people to take personal responsibility for fostering peace.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peacebuilding empower select solely voice|10.342808|4.920749|7.6483736
7837|This work accounts for about one fifth of HIS’ budget. As part of Scotland’s transition towards integration of health and social care, HIS is already working more closely with the Care Inspectorate, the Scottish social care regulator. As of January 2016, seven joint reports have been published in relation to the care of older adults. In addition, distinctive characteristics of Scotland’s locally-rooted approach to service assessments will be strengthened.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care scotland scottish distinctive rooted|9.12643|9.299987|1.8225306
7838|Education and urbanisation influence both population and income levels (and are affected by them), but also the composition of sectoral demand. Climate change affects all aspects of the nexus directly and indirectly. Not least, climate lchange influences the hydrological cycle, resulting in shifts in annual water availability in many regions, and also in more erratic precipitation patterns including extreme events such as droughts and excess rainfall. Reduced water availability can increase competition for water between sectors, as described above.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water availability erratic hydrological climate|1.2764419|5.604815|2.4105535
7839|They see Ghana as a place within the West African region that is relatively stable and peaceful. Though, when you compare the economic conditions, other places are relatively better, but of course, an investor is looking at the future. So he is looking at the environment which is uery stable. So the environment is one factor considered before coming to invest in Ghana.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ghana looking stable relatively environment|4.618147|4.7762055|2.3940296
7840|By contrast, the interaction term with middle-income countries is not significant, meaning that for this income group, the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income is not statistically different than the average impact. However, the size of the coefficients indicates that the negative effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions is more detrimental for low-income countries than for high-income countries. Similarly, in the quintile regressions, irrespective of the set of controls included, the SIGI coefficients are significant in all specifications and decreases with income: the richer the country, the lower the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|income negative coefficients discriminatory institutions|9.171437|4.592262|6.7424026
7841|Table 2 clusters these application cases into five types of cooperation, describes them and provides insights into the main findings of ENERGISE as regards the relevance of this type of cooperation from the perspectives of industry actors and competent authorities. This is not surprising as ICT today are an essential part of operating and maintaining a modern power grid system. More and more decentralized power generators further increase the need to employ modern ICT in network operation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|modern ict cooperation power decentralized|1.887122|2.2078445|2.2500904
7842|This should be eased with the completion of the fourth bridge over the Yenisei, which is now under construction. Transport policies designed at different levels of government and implemented at different territorial scales cannot be considered in isolation. Regulatory, financial and administrative powers are clearly attributed to the different levels of government (Table 3.3), but policies are not always well co-ordinated and integrated.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|different eased levels bridge powers|4.0837216|4.9785047|0.7900031
7843|Smoking rates have also started to decline, most strikingly among the young, but initiatives fail to reach the least advantaged (see Section 3). In 2014 the 'sober and healthier' programme started its activities to raise awareness about alcohol-related harm. Currently, Parliament is discussing limiting alcohol advertising and having sales restrictions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol started healthier advertising discussing|9.247534|9.644713|3.4078243
7844|Overall, more than 80% of Cameroon’s export receipts come from five of 42 products in the country’s Supply and Use Table (SUT). As shown in figure 3 and in table 1, these exports are mostly dominated by crude oil (which represented 41.74% of exports receipts alone in 2007), sawn wood (15.81%), refined oil (12.29%), base metals (5.39%) and transport, storage and communication services (5.20%). Most of the remaining exports include industrial agriculture export products (cocoa, coffee, cotton and bananas) which represented 4.81% of the total in 2007, business services (3.47%), rubber (2.21%), raw wood (2.18%) and agricultural food products (1.37%).|SDG 1 - No poverty|exports receipts products wood represented|4.2095985|4.6831346|4.0360255
7845|Changing dietary patterns may also mean that consumers will reduce their intake of traditional staples, such as rice, and spend more on other cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables; and they will likely eat more meat and dairy products. Globally, wheat and rice annual yield increases (as a percent of current yield) have been falling and are now just below 1 percent. For rice and wheat, yield growth in absolute terms (kg/ha per year) is falling in developing countries.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|yield rice wheat falling percent|3.8527195|5.23617|4.3143497
7846|The early years of Taiwan’s export-led boom were fuelled by the entry of these women into export factories. In the 1970s, when Taiwan faced labour shortages, a state-sponsored satellite factory system made industrial work more consistent with traditional female roles, enabling increases in the labour supply of wives and mothers {Hsiung 1996). This sort of structural flexibility relative to women’s work and family roles is a feature that persists in Taiwanese labour markets today, and dovetails with expectations that women contribute financially to their families (Yu 2009). As a consequence, increases in female labour force participation have been large and sustained, going from 35.5 per cent in 1970 to 44.5 per cent in 1990 and 50.2 per cent in 2012.'7 Compared to other East Asian economies, which typically have some of the largest gender wage gaps in the world, women in Taiwan experience a gender wage gap closer to the norm for liberal advanced industrialized countries: the gender wage ratiofor average monthly earnings in industry and services was 81.2 in 2012. Let us consider whether these dynamics have drawn Taiwan closer to the low road/feminization of responsibility or high road/ gender egalitarian case.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|taiwan gender wage labour closer|9.041304|4.384278|5.663263
7847|Gender statistics provide researchers and analysts with the quantitative evidence necessary to assess gender gaps in all areas of life, to understand the interlinkages between cultural, social and economic factors that are at the basis of gender inequality and their dynamic over time and to evaluate the implications of unequal access of women and men to social and economic opportunities. Gender statistics are used in monitoring progress towards gender equality and the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental rights by women and girls. Gender equality means equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for women and men, girls and boys (United Nations, 2002).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender rights statistics equal girls|9.483699|4.559192|7.059182
7848|At present, these usually reward discrete episodes of care. In the future, payment mechanisms are increasingly likely to reward ‘bundles’ of care, or indeed a whole year of care, for people with complex needs. It will be interesting to see whether health systems can respond to these new pressures, and whether appropriate organizations will arise to manage the challenges of integrating care for such patients. Experience in the US with the new ‘Accountable Care Organizations’, responsible for the costs and quality of health care for a defined population (with a minimum size of 5 000 people), will be of great interest in this respect (Shortell et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care reward organizations episodes discrete|8.843943|8.987579|1.6714739
7849|For example, an evaluation of the Canadian Work Sharing Programme shows that about half of the jobs that were initially maintained by the programme were lost soon after its termination (HRDC, 2004). The next sub-section attempts to do so for the operation of STW schemes during the 2008-09 recession. The analysis makes use of quarterly data for the period 2003 Q1 to 2009 Q3 for 19 countries and four industries (manufacturing, construction, distribution and business services). The agricultural and non-market sectors are excluded from the analysis.56 Of the 19 countries included in the analysis, 11 countries operated a short-time work scheme during the entire period, five countries introduced a new scheme during the crisis period and three countries never had a short-time work scheme.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|scheme period analysis countries work|7.803917|4.5126686|3.9714932
7850|The goal of the project is to group 38 small and often inefficient WOCs into larger WOCs with greater responsibilities in order to ensure provision of an adequate supply of drinking water and improve wastewater treatment systems. The grouping would increase efficiency and lower costs. Under this project, municipalities are committed to adjusting tariffs and introducing cost recovery by their respective water companies to ensure financial viability.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|project ensure grouping adjusting viability|1.5014902|7.2294197|2.2781878
7851|The rate of femicides in domestic spaces remains unchanged, revealing the strong persistence of intimate partner violence (UN Women, 2016). Political violence against women can take many forms, including assaults and threats during campaigning and while in office, the destruction of personal or family property, intimidation, pressure to resign in favour of male substitutes, and being prevented from voting. This can stymie women’s political participation and has led some to abandon their political careers after election, at high personal, professional, and emotional costs.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|political personal violence women revealing|10.078739|5.338474|7.4054575
7852|In Korea for example, becoming a school leader in a low performing disadvantaged school is well regarded by the profession, and well rewarded financially. Often, leaders for these schools are recognised as among the best performers. This restructuring can sometimes require extra support and external intervention and/or additional resources (Black, 2007). Evidence shows that successful strategies should take into account the following key elements (also see Box 3.4).|SDG 4 - Quality education|rewarded school performers regarded restructuring|9.743157|1.5100855|1.9010918
7853|Professional development provides opportunities for staff who are already working in the sector to update or enhance their practices; it is often referred to as “in-service training”, “continuous education” or “professional training”. The last two changes have important consequences for what is expected of those who work with young children. This also refers to the ECEC sector (OECD, 2006).|SDG 4 - Quality education|professional training update sector ecec|9.141184|2.425379|1.9185694
7854|"The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Since the 2008 global financial crisis spurred the development of a generalised smart city concept (UNDP, 2017), a wealth of definitions of - and approaches to - smart cities has been developed and used. This chapter defines smart cities as “initiatives or approaches that effectively leverage digitalisation to boost citizen well-being and deliver more efficient, sustainable and inclusive urban services and environments as part of a collaborative, multi-stakeholder process"" (OECD, 2019a). Indeed, as digitalisation evolves, smart cities are increasingly viewed as unprecedented opportunities to drive economic growth and enhance citizen well-being in cities."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|smart cities digitalisation citizen approaches|4.084515|4.1383743|1.5039587
7855|While coverage rates are low for both sexes in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, women still face significant disadvantages vis-a-vis men. In France, for example, the gender gap in pensions (relative to average pensions for all men) is 19 per cent for women who have no children, 31 per cent for women who have one or two children and 50 per cent for women who have three or more children.104 These gaps not only undermine gender equality in old age but also women's right to an adequate standard of living. In Chile, for example, the combination of these factors creates a gender gap of 66 per cent in pensions derived from the individual capital account system (see Figure 3.6).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pensions cent women vis gender|8.475386|5.3284035|5.3303905
7856|Thus, the work presented here shows that through appropriate policies and international co-operation, climate change can be tackled in a way that will not cap countries’ aspirations for growth and prosperity. The Kyoto Protocol4 intends to limit emissions of the six gases which are responsible for the bulk of global warming. Of these, the three most potent are carbon dioxide (C02), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20), currently accounting for 98% of the GHG emissions covered by the Kyoto Protocol (Figure 3.1).|SDG 13 - Climate action|kyoto emissions nitrous oxide intends|1.3111063|3.413843|1.7874612
7857|However, a major attendant risk needs to be managed - of selling off all the cheapest CERs so that Ethiopia has fewer affordable options left, if the country ultimately needs to meet its own mitigation target under a future global climate regime from 2020. The second component of the CRGE therefore constitutes the Climate Resilient Strategy, to be completed in 2013. Ethiopia submitted its first National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2007.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ethiopia cheapest attendant needs crge|1.7448274|4.5308886|2.14619
7858|The study demonstrated why focusing exclusively on the cross-sectional picture of child poverty incidence may paint a misleading picture of economic disadvantage among children. However, Bradbury et al did not analyse predictors of child poverty transitions except for recording lower poverty exit rates and higher entry rates for children in lone parent families. Yet identifying the key determinants of poverty transitions helps target policies more effectively.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty transitions picture child predictors|7.2387457|6.3511624|5.141985
7859|It also means being willing and able to change our mind when a convincing argument is presented. A variety of resources such as movies, plays, talks, forums and even community activities are used in a process where the teacher assumes the position of facilitator and guide, rather than sticking to the traditional lecture style. Of course, this also transforms the evaluation processes, with conventional tests being complemented with self-evaluation and co-evaluation by students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation convincing style forums argument|9.377382|1.5658779|1.3125403
7860|Shifts in organisational culture can be seen in the key decision-makers that have been engaged with and partnerships established. By highlighting the importance of gender diversity in boardrooms and company settings - either through evidence-based research or wider leadership initiatives - MWA continues to make these issues visible and to promote gender-friendly shifts in organisational cultures. Through its multipronged approach to address ‘pipeline’ challenges to womens advancement, the women in leadership programme offers some lessons for other countries on effective strategies for tackling social norms and other barriers to women’s career progression.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|organisational shifts leadership mwa womens|10.050848|4.0942855|6.9165616
7861|Nevertheless, Costa Rica presents one of the best life expectancy [second highest life expectancy in the Western Hemisphere, after Canada (Knaul et al., Nonnalised indicators are averaged with equal weights. Indicators are nonnalised to range between 10 (best) and 0 (worst) according to the following formula: (indicator value - minimum value) / (maximum value - minimum value) x 10.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|value expectancy minimum best life|9.037181|8.679018|3.0467992
7862|When the policy environment is conducive. In particular, this is the case in regions with a favourable investment climate, limited regulations on direct transactions between companies and farms, well defined grades and standards and the presence of farmer organisations that link farmers and firms. The participating firms are selected on the basis of criteria including capacity to provide technology and training, and receive preferential treatment such as government loans and access to land (Lohmar et al., Nevertheless, by examining farmer surveys from villages mostly in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Shandong provinces, Guo and Jolly (2009) conclude that the proportion of households engaged in contract farming is relatively low and well below the proportion willing to produce under contract, owing to an absence of opportunities.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farmer contract firms proportion preferential|3.766312|5.2499113|3.591948
7863|This can ease communication across levels and facilitate common accessibility-oriented policy frameworks. To this end, it recognises the need to considerably decrease anthropogenic GHG emissions in a way that is complementary with the social sustainability goal, such as reduction of poverty. However, without ensuring access via alternative modes, these policies can generate negative social externalities, imposing burdens on vulnerable users while not significantly delivering greenhouse gas reductions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|imposing anthropogenic burdens recognises ease|1.5813001|4.507794|2.0127752
7864|Data points outside the average circle indicate that the group or the country under scrutiny performs better than the OECD average. The data shown are simple deviations from the OECD average. Legislation (Primary Health Care Act) requires municipalities to have a health centre providing primary health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|average health primary deviations scrutiny|9.27761|9.40753|2.0843897
7865|However, some inconsistencies remain in information communicated by Parties via the CTF, particularly for climate finance provided to multilateral organisations. For example, some countries report their entire contribution to multilateral organisations, whereas others impute the climate-specific portion of their total contribution to multilateral organisations. If being “consistent” includes consistency across different countries (as well as being internally consistent),12 then significant changes in monitoring and reporting will be needed. The UNFCCC’s most recent compilation and synthesis of Annex I Parties’ national communications indicated that “there was no common approach in terms of the methodologies used by Annex II Parties in defining and tracking climate finance from both a qualitative and a quantitative perspective” (UNFCCC, 2014).|SDG 13 - Climate action|multilateral parties organisations unfccc annex|1.3978088|3.7609215|0.7089553
7866|Diseases of the respiratory' system was the leading cause of morbidity, increasing from 829 cases per 10,000 population in 2005 to 1,647.4 cases per 10,000 population in 2016. Detailed data are not available on the characterization of diseases, such as asthma, allergy and asbestosis, with respiratory disease origin. The leading five causes of cancer in males were cancers of the liver (42.2 per cent), stomach (20.9 per cent), lung (11.9 per cent), oesophagus (5.7 per cent) and pancreas (3.7 per cent), whereas cancers of the liver (36.9 per cent), cervix (13.9 per cent), stomach (10.5 percent), breast (7.1 per cent), oesophagus (5.6 per cent) and ovary (3.8 per cent) were the main causes for women. For example, air pollution from indoor burning of coal or biomass w as associated w ith substantial increase of lung cancer risk.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent lung respiratory cancers cancer|9.26604|9.214696|3.119874
7867|For Saint-Nazaire, one can expect slight changes in this respect, given the new contracts signed by the shipyard for the construction of several big cruise ships, but these largely protect current jobs and do not offer large net increases in direct employment. Further, it is important to consider that the 2008 economic crisis would have negatively impacted economic development in the intervening years. There is now a strong focus on improving interaction and dialogue both between the two urban areas in the estuary, and also among the two urban areas and the more rural communes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nazaire cruise intervening ships urban|0.25785875|5.758923|5.938685
7868|"Since 2001, there has been a period with a positive anomaly; this is a consequence of an increase in both maximum and minimum daily temperatures, especially in summer time. Several summers after 1990 are characterized by an increasing rate of minimum temperature higher than that of maximum temperature. The northern part of the coastal zone does have lower temperatures in the winter season compared with the middle and southern zones, but summer temperatures are similar across all coastal regions. There were two cases of ""heat-wave days"" (when, over six consecutive days, the air temperature is at least 5°C more than the long-term average temperature for the corresponding days) recorded prior to 2001."|SDG 13 - Climate action|temperature temperatures days summer maximum|1.2006767|5.230088|2.2737799
7869|Greater sensitivity to capital-to-labor ratios and other sector-specific factors material to the development of successful firms will ensure that successful firms are recognized as such, and that prospective participants are not discouraged from entering SME Fund accelerator programs. Generate policy guidelines regarding repeated participants in SME Fund and other innovation-and learning-focused programs to ensure that firms can achieve self-sufficiency as quickly as possible, while making programs available to the widest array of potentially suitable participants. Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|programs participants firms sme successful|5.7180877|3.3107314|2.575794
7870|As has been mentioned already, the small scale fishers were exempt from the ITQ system when it was first implemented, mostly due to fears that they would be bought out of the industry. Various measures were taken to safeguard their livelihoods while at the same time there was an increased pressure on this fleet to adopt some form of quotas to limit their catches. To increase employment in coastal communities, fishers using a long-line that is baited onshore have been allowed to double their catches in demersal (living near the bottom) species.|SDG 14 - Life below water|catches fishers demersal itq fears|-0.30943418|5.697479|6.820428
7871|The Secretary-General took the podium to express regret at the lack of progress and urge agreement. Direct, leader-level engagement was to remain a hallmark of the Secretary-General's approach to climate change. The Bali Conference launched a round of negotiations guided by the Bali Action Plan, but Parties could not agree what form the final result expected in 2009 would take.|SDG 13 - Climate action|bali secretary general express guided|1.1952856|3.8956199|1.4316996
7872|This firm was purchased for over USS 2 billion in 2006 by a consortium of Canadian investment funds led by Brookfield Asset Management (BAM). In addition, 20% of its capital is applied in more cyclical activities, such as residential real estate or privately owned firms. Actis is a private capital enterprise that invests in emerging- market infrastructure projects or in those that capture the growing purchasing power of the new middle classes. It has US$ 4.6 billion in its portfolio, invested in 65 firms. Only 9% of its assets are in energy, and 5% in Latin America. The monies it manages mainly come from pension funds, investment funds, and sovereign wealth funds.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|funds firms billion invests capital|2.5019975|3.188781|1.7360289
7873|On the Russian side, insufficiently treated wastewaters discharged from settlements, mainly the village of Wtirtsila (Sortavala municipal district, Karelia) and from the Vartsila metallurgical plant, exert pressure (local, moderate), but the plants use mechanical and biological treatment. The biggest nutrient load originates from agriculture (5.8 tons/year of phosphorus and 98 tons/year of nitrogen), and forestry and peat production combined are almost in the same order (5.0 tons/year of phosphorus and 76.3 tons/year of nitrogen). Low water periods pose problems to fisheries (Janisjarvi Reservoir).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tons phosphorus year nitrogen wastewaters|0.6516998|6.8432994|2.9706378
7874|The Caucasus Ecoregional Conservation Plan was adopted at the 11th Caucasus Biodiversity Council Meeting in March 2011. It provides for Georgia, as well as Armenia and Azerbaijan, a comprehensive ecological network map with corridor planning both within the country and with neighbouring countries. However, of these 20 sites, the eight conservation areas so far identified and nominated are located within the borders of existing protected areas.|SDG 15 - Life on land|caucasus conservation corridor azerbaijan armenia|1.4326828|5.177308|4.104732
7875|The last review in March 2009 concluded that Romanian authorities still had to close 65 dumpsites. The EU extended the deadline for closure of these sites to July 2017. In all, 27 new landfills compliant with EU standards have replaced closed dumps and 56 sorting plants with an installed capacity of 700,000 tons/year were put into operation.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|eu dumpsites romanian deadline compliant|0.4339636|4.1031404|3.119543
7876|Yet when women want to be involved in peacebuilding, they often meet resistance from men and other women who believe women’s gender roles should not include public leadership. Men currently hold the seats in most peace talks due to their dominance in government and economic spheres.30 Women, on the other hand, are now making the case why it is important for them to be involved during all stages and activities of peacebuilding. The discussion of including and encouraging women as peacebuilders often faces the challenge of needing to “prove” that women make a difference when they are involved in peace processes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women peacebuilding involved peace men|10.359206|4.9167747|7.6859665
7877|Diseases or conditions are defined by a range of pathological characteristics that themselves relate to biological structure and function. These physiological characteristics can be complex and measured at the level of the organ (or multiorgans) or they can be more targeted, such as genetic abnormalities or predispositions. Measures of disease states are common, and there are many examples of disease-specific measures available. Cause-of-death measures would be included here.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|measures disease characteristics genetic relate|9.249867|9.145509|2.8057926
7878|"This was in line with the Government's policy to foster innovation-led growth and support higher value-added sectors. Countries such as the Republic of Korea, which have sustained high economic growth for an extended period, managed to also sustain high investment growth for an extended period. Aside from increasing investment, enhancing the quality of growth and allocating resources to productive sectors will be important to enhance the return on investment and avoid ""boom-bust"" cycles."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|growth investment extended sectors period|5.4726977|4.660435|3.5750704
7879|Renewable energy sources such as wind or PV are directly sensitive to climate variables in obvious ways. In the case of wind energy, changes in seasonal wind patterns or strength would likely have significant positive or negative impacts because wind energy generation is a function of the cube of the wind speed. For PV systems, potential impacts require further research; however some experts anticipate that climate change could cause a decrease in global solar radiation which would lead to a corresponding decrease in solar cell output (US DOE, 2007).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind pv solar decrease energy|1.3874665|1.7688801|2.0043106
7880|The way guidelines are funded and developed is problematic in Australia. Another problem relate to the confusion caused by the existence of hundreds of clinical guidelines produced by numerous organisations. It is unknown the extent to which clinical guidelines are contributing to quality improvements in the health system, or better population health outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|guidelines clinical confusion unknown hundreds|9.258738|9.492128|1.654739
7881|At the same time, there is a slightly larger share of Lithuanian students as compared to the OECD average among low performers who score below Level 2 in mathematics, reading and science. The largest gap is observed in reading. Only 4.4% of Lithuanian students were able to perform the most challenging reading tasks as compared to the OECD average of 8.3%.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reading lithuanian compared students performers|9.641886|2.167306|3.193037
7882|This is especially important for the poor, who rely on good health and nutrition for productive work. If they are to improve their incomes and their quality of life they must be able to resist and recover from diseases, and women should be able to count on safe pregnancies. Yet, as outlined in die previous chapter, it has seen health disparities widen — notably for infant and child mortality, maternal mortality and the proportion of underweight children. This echoes the concerns raised by the MDG Summit in September 2010 which drew attention to the persistent imbalances in the current workings of the global economy, which are socially, economically and environmentally unsustainable.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality able resist drew underweight|8.733868|8.4165945|3.6379309
7883|The findings suggest that child characteristics are important in explaining inputs and nutritional outcomes, and that maternal agency and health contribute to improved health status. Household resources in the form of consumption are positively associated with food intake and nutritional outcomes. Simulations show that income growth, improving maternal care and avoiding sudden price shocks have a positive but rather limited effect on the reduction of malnutrition.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|nutritional maternal outcomes sudden simulations|4.6455746|5.8122945|4.65226
7884|Both aspects can be observed in Figure 4.16, which compares the residual load covered by nuclear after the introduction of wind energy (the dark blue area) with the original load without renewables (areas in light and dark blue). The figure also shows that the average load factor for nuclear decreases from 98% in the reference scenario to about 92%, after the integration of wind energy. This means that nuclear plants tend to be operated more frequently at a partial load and are required to cycle more often. The decrease on average electricity prices is expected to be more significant at higher penetration level of renewables, as shown in the quantitative study presented in Chapter 7.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load nuclear dark blue renewables|1.4178044|1.452424|1.8457098
7885|Fishery management systems that have already implemented most if not all of the best practices are the most capable to produce positive results from climate adaptation measures. Fishery management systems that lack some elements can still benefit from management actions although the options are more limited and the condition of the ecosystem may limit responses.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery management systems capable condition|-0.33986413|5.9048467|6.5042696
7886|To enable pregnant adolescents or new mothers to stay in or return to school, they need supportive national and local school policies. But even with supportive policies, many may not resume their education. For example, despite progressive legislation in South Africa allowing young women to return to school post pregnancy, only around a third actually reenter the schooling system (Grant and Hallman, 2006). To improve this picture, some girls will need child care, financial support and individualized, one-on-one support and counselling to help them deal with their new responsibilities and feeling different from their peers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|supportive school return resume feeling|9.540002|5.2863846|6.250076
7887|This should also make more explicit the roles and responsibilities of different levels of government and strengthen platforms for data sharing, providing evidence and analysis to support policy development and disseminate best practice. Databases and regular surveys should cover: health risks; primary care, health personnel (including nursing and other allied health professions) and outpatient activity; the quality of ambulatory, hospital and long-term care services; morbidity and mortality amenable to health care; and health inequalities (e.g. by income, education and other social characteristics). Cost-sharing arrangements should be designed to encourage the use of cost-effective medical goods and services and prevention. Integrated and managed care models should be promoted by monitoring and reporting on quality outcomes and their success at disease management.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care sharing allied amenable|8.996989|9.409874|1.8320377
7888|Even though protected areas might exist, a lack of enforcement, control, or even simply information can easily lead to the deterioration of the quality of these areas. ( Examples of instruments that allow for international financial transfers are Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) (Chapter 4), Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) (Chapter 5), and Official Development Assistance (ODA) (Chapter 8). These allow consumers to make better-informed decisions about the goods and service they purchase. Markets for green products can raise revenue indirectly via premiums for biodiversity-friendly attributes and investment in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use measures by producers.|SDG 15 - Life on land|chapter biodiversity allow premiums redd|1.8070022|5.172737|3.5138566
7889|Options include full-time courses and e-leaming tailored to interested utilities or institutions. Three of the 2030 Water Agenda initiatives seek to develop regional information systems to reinforce water management by catchment, and aquifer harmonised with national databases and systems (Initiative 35); create an information system on investment in the water sector made by the three levels of government and users (Initiative 36); and consolidate regional and national hydrological services to better measure and respond to meteorological phenomena. However, these initiatives do not address the need to improve the availability and use of economic information, which means strengthening the design of water programmes and projects through the use of cost-benefit analyses and value-for-money evaluations, and/or the creation of a programme of economic information and analysis (possibly within IMTA) to collect, analyse and publish information on the geographical and sectoral distribution and efficiency of public investments.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|information water initiative initiatives imta|0.94809306|7.0131774|1.7663379
7890|Three years learning with a high-performing teacher rather than a low-performing teacher, can make a 53-percentile difference between two students who started at the same achievement level. The negative impact of low-performing teachers is severe, particularly during the earlier years of schooling (Sanders and Rivers, 1996; Barber and Mourshed, 2009).|SDG 4 - Quality education|performing teacher percentile years low|9.429454|1.5990648|2.576106
7891|However, the efforts of regional authorities to make their case at the national level also seem to play a role in funds allocation, which may lead to suboptimal outcomes. The result is that utility network companies do not have a long-term planning horizon, which leads to underinvestment in municipal utility networks. The national government and local akimats are promoting the installation of meters. For instance, the installation of heating meters for housing buildings can be financed at subsidised, low interest rates through a government financial vehicle, the Public Utilities Development Fund (Fund razvitie JKKh). Differentiated tariffs charging higher fees to consumers without meters are also increasingly common. They provide incentives for homeowners to install meters, but their actual impact on metering coverage varies across regions and subsectors (e.g. district heating, sew'age or water supply).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|meters installation heating utility fund|2.1727805|1.987147|2.3053472
7892|The tariff rates of the state-owned electric company STELCO are set at Rf 1.5 (USD 0.10) per kWh for 0-100 kWh per month for the lowest rate, and peak at Rf 4.25 (USD 0.27) per KWh if the monthly consumption exceeds 600 kWh (STELCO, 2016). The reform set specific (and increasing) prices per each block (quantity) of consumed electricity per household and meter. Under this new system, tier one keeps the old quota price (applicable to 89 per cent of households), tier two electricity prices are slightly higher and charged for kWhs exceeding the amount of basic use, which is differentiated across regions, and tier three sets a much higher tariff for the amount of electricity referred to as luxury use (Zhang, 2014). The new pricing system was implemented in response to growing energy security and environmental concerns, to improve efficiency and lower pollution while maintaining affordable consumer prices.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|kwh tier electricity prices tariff|1.8448657|1.8220755|2.0497458
7893|Petroleum accounts for 100 per cent of Tuvalu’s energy supply (Figure 9.1) and 10 per cent of GDP (SPC 2016). Petroleum replaced biomass as its major energy source in the 1990s. Fuel is imported into Tuvalu via Fiji by Pacific Energy, which owns all storage and distribution facilities. This fuel is mainly used for electricity generation (41%) and transport (40%) (Figure 9.3).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tuvalu petroleum energy fuel spc|1.7877985|2.2218316|2.642087
7894|Similarly, for solar projects this risk is mitigated by data from existing installations, and, where there is little data, occasionally by insurance. Currently this performance data is closely held by project developers as a barrier to competition, increasing returns to incumbents but slowing adoption by other market participants. Deployment of low-carbon infrastructure would be greatly accelerated if there were standard methods to measure and report the characteristics of systems and their components. They are looking for investments which provide steady, low correlation, long-term, and preferably inflation adjusted income streams. They are therefore likely to invest in established and mature technologies. However, much clean energy technology remains at the pre-commercial stage.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|data preferably mitigated occasionally mature|1.6630906|2.418544|1.9240313
7895|If waste is perceived by the generator as having little or no value, it will tend to be managed either at the lowest possible cost to themselves, or at minimum cost in compliance with legal requirements. The costs normally considered are the financial costs of waste management that occurred for the collection, treatment and disposal of waste. These costs may be offset in part by direct revenues from selling recovered materials or energy or the benefits of action to the society as a whole, such as resource efficiency, green job creation and a healthy and clean living environment.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste costs generator cost recovered|0.5219212|3.963231|3.0746536
7896|When it was still possible to assume that what we learn in school would last for a lifetime, teaching content knowledge and routine cognitive skills were rightly at the centre of education. Today, when we can access content on line and routine cognitive skills are being digitised and outsourced, the focus must shift to enabling people to become lifelong and lifewide learners. Schools now need to prepare students for more rapid change than ever before, to learn for jobs that have not yet been created, to tackle societal challenges that we cannot yet imagine and to use technologies that have not yet been invented.|SDG 4 - Quality education|routine cognitive learn content invented|8.652996|1.6649684|1.9962835
7897|Attention to students' emotional and motivational state and development therefore becomes part of any pedagogical design. One conclusion sometimes drawn from technological change is that new technologies lower the requirement to master knowledge and skills, as holding information and many basic tasks may be ‘outsourced’ to devices. This position goes too far in neglecting the importance of learned knowledge and skills as foundations for more complex abilities, but it must be acknowledged that the ready availability of information changes our learning needs. Without wishing to over-simplify the past, up until the mid-point of the previously century most people in industrial societies faced a relatively limited array of options when it came to where they would live, what job they would do, whether they would marry, and whom.|SDG 4 - Quality education|knowledge outsourced simplify skills wishing|8.666464|1.6533238|1.9532897
7898|Similar earlier analysis have for instance been presented for New Zealand by the New Zealand Ministry of Employment (MBIE, 2013) and for the United Kingdom by Dorsett and Lucchino (2013). Data requirements for an analysis of school-to-labour-market trajectories are substantial. The identification of individual’s transitions from school into the labour market requires individual-level panel data with frequent observations that permit tracking young people’s educational status and labour market participation over a longer time horizon.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|zealand labour market individual analysis|8.281848|4.0907345|4.0220246
7899|Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, COPD and asthma. While the elderly population currently represents around 10% of the total number of National Health Insurance beneficiaries, they are responsible for around 32% of the total health insurance expenditure (HERA, 2010a). In 2010 these expenditures represented between 11% and 14% of the entire Korean health budget. The IDF also estimates that expenditure on diabetes will increase from between 7.3 billion in 2010 to 10.3 billion dollars by the year 2030 (Zhang, 2010). Furthermore, while Korea spends a large slice of its health budget looking after people with diabetes, Korean mean expenditure per person with diabetes is relatively low (Figure 3.4).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diabetes expenditure korean health insurance|9.307914|9.022514|2.2049663
7900|In addition, the annual growth rates of GDP (2002-09) of the three metropolitan cities of Busan (6.9%), Incheon (7.1%) and Ulsan (7.0%) are higher than the national average (6.5%). A similar growth pattern among local cities can also be observed. Interestingly, energy consumption on transport increased by 10.10% between 1980 and 2009, whereas building energy consumption decreased by about 20% over the same period (Figure 1.16). Moreover, the share of energy consumption by the road sector is the highest among transport modes and rose steadily from 1990 to 2009 (Figure 1.17).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|consumption energy cities transport busan|3.8980415|4.7378426|0.87118185
7901|The Finnish health care system offers good quality health care at a moderate cost, provides universal coverage, and enjoys high public satisfaction. It has contributed to improvements in the health of the Finnish population over the past decades, as evidenced by spectacular increases in survival rates following heart attack, stroke and cancer. Nevertheless, on a number of health outcome and efficiency indicators, Finland is lagging the best OECD performers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|finnish health enjoys attack evidenced|9.117817|9.14202|2.2812119
7902|Similarly, the aggregates for natural resource extractions and foreign trade of products sum up the weight of different resources and types of products with no regard for environmental pressures. As with the example of the material consumption, a measure that contains fossil fuels as well as sand and gravel, the environmental pressures need to be assessed separately. As such the indicators should be interpreted with care and always be put into a specific context.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|pressures products aggregates sand environmental|1.5839685|3.461314|2.9530697
7903|Target 6d recommends recycling or treating all municipal and industrial wastewater prior to discharge. While this target aims primarily to reduce the detrimental impacts not only on human health, but also on the ecosystem, it seems that it leaves some loose ends given that it does not define a minimum treatment level nor does it reference the huge financial burden associated with the treatment of all domestic wastewater at the global scale. Several refinements of the targets and indicators initially proposed by the working groups will lead to a final list of targets supported by WHO and UNICEF. As of June 2013, the proposed list of targets is not in its final form, but has gone through several rounds of revisions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|targets list wastewater final proposed|1.5461264|6.3659987|2.1084375
7904|The estimates of per capita consumption provided by FAO using commodity balance sheets data indicate 158kg/person. Household consumer expenditure data for 2011 indicate 144 kg/person (NSSO, 2013). This analysis abstracts from important issues of waste or programme inefficiencies which may mean that people do not receive the full benefits of the programme.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|person indicate nsso sheets programme|4.0712485|5.28267|4.5950713
7905|Often, climate policy is led by environment ministries, energy planning is led by energy ministries, national planning is led by planning ministries, and country finances are managed by finance ministries. However, it is important that these various agencies work together to address the multi-faceted and economy-wide nature of energy and environment issues. Collaboration will allow finance and planning personnel to better understand how energy, environment, and climate change can be addressed in national and sub-national planning processes and through fiscal (i.e. budgetary) and investment decision-making (UNEP, 2008). In Nepal, for example, decentralizing the delivery of energy services in rural areas dramatically increased efficiency and created local empowerment to plan, implement and monitor local energy programmes. This required dedicated support to build capacity of local organisations involved in the supply chain of energy service delivery (United Nations, 2007).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy ministries planning led environment|1.8274643|3.172517|2.0303562
7906|To minimize opposition when the EPT was first implemented, the gasoline surcharge regulation was abolished at the same time. This prevented an overall increase in transport fuel prices and protected vulnerable households (and businesses) from the impact of energy price increases. However, while such measures facilitated the initial implementation of EPT, trade-offs are certainly evident between environmental effectiveness and revenue-raising potential on the one hand and political feasibility on the other. Further increases in the tax rate will be necessary to ensure that EPT is environmentally effective.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|increases surcharge minimize gasoline abolished|1.5876833|2.9075677|2.1155365
7907|Data are also available disaggregated by sex of the head of household and type of household in Latin America and the Caribbean, and by type of household in Europe. In contrast, poverty data compiled for this report cover only a small number of countries in Africa and Asia and none of the countries in Oceania. The revision of the international poverty line and corresponding estimated poverty data reflects new data on PPPs compiled in the 2005 round of the International Comparison Program.|SDG 1 - No poverty|compiled data household poverty type|6.9653063|6.0294604|5.297364
7908|Equity funds formed as partnerships of public and private institutions could become important sources of finance and providers of organisational capacity and expertise in support of the financing of infrastructure projects including sustainable energy infrastructure projects. Green investment banks may also seek to create investment funds. Australia’s national green investment bank, Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC), is developing an unlisted sustainable energy fund in partnership with Colonial First State Global Asset Management that would attract institutional investors.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investment energy funds green finance|2.3085816|3.22521|1.6399063
7909|Consequently, women's experiences were until relatively recently not adequately addressed by the human rights framework. The work of activists, human rights mechanisms and States has been critical in ensuring that the human rights framework has grown and adjusted to encapsulate the gender-specific dimensions of human rights violations in order to better protect women. Effectively ensuring women's human rights requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying societal structures and power relations that define and influence women's ability to enjoy their human rights. These power structures have an impact on all aspects of life, from law and politics, to economic and social policy, family and community life.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights human women structures ensuring|9.772427|4.9069066|7.314665
7910|If the effect turns out to be insufficient, treatment is stepped up to a more complex, costly or taxing level. The aim is to ensure that all eligible patients have access to appropriate care, while reserving the most intensive treatments for those that have not to benefitted from lower intensity treatments. There is evidence to suggest that psychological treatments, especially cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), are effective treatments for mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety (Otte, 2011; Driessen and Hollon, 2010; NICE, 2009).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|treatments cbt taxing stepped nice|10.323267|8.845555|1.7345445
7911|They can also play a crucial role in reviewing the existing production of gender statistics and in developing a gender statistics programme. Gender statisticians, meanwhile, can be more involved in the planning of data collection, including the coverage of gender issues and the use of gender-sensitive concepts and methods. They can also help to review data collection instruments and regular publications in order to ensure that a gender perspective is integrated in all statistical fields and programmes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender collection statistics statisticians reviewing|9.690131|4.401368|7.930516
7912|They include peace and political stability, sound macroeconomic management, strong institutions, well defined property rights and good governance. The food and agriculture sector has a key role to play in reducing global poverty. More than half of the world’s poor depends, either directly or indirectly, on agriculture for their livelihoods.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agriculture peace indirectly sound macroeconomic|4.876105|5.5385857|4.3241224
7913|The rate of loan recovery is very high, making the fund self-sustaining. All skills training programmes offered under this project are NTA accredited. The objective was to offer women and young people the opportunity to increase their skills, giving them the tools to seek employment or become self-employed at the end of their training.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|self skills training accredited sustaining|8.2012415|3.039544|2.9404671
7914|A cross-sectional analysis reveals that mortality is 20% lower where density doubles. This is likely due to lower vehicle speed and greater use of public transport, but further investigation is needed. The Safer City Streets database and network could support such research. Answering this question requires looking beyond strict numbers of casualties and crashes to consider wider economic, health and well-being issues.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|safer casualties sectional lower crashes|4.25266|5.1399508|0.08949456
7915|As suggested by Figure 2.10, labour force participation is higher in states where the educational attainment of the labour force is higher. As a response, more and more initiatives focus on workforce development, starting with the 2014 Workforce innovation and opportunity Act. Some may affect both the relative cost of working and the ability to work (e.g. limited supply of child care).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workforce force labour higher suggested|7.8722835|4.14616|4.0397863
7916|As a long-term strategy, national legislatures should aim at reforming the electoral laws towards PR systems. Swaziland, for instance, is noted as one case of limited compliance with the constitution, the SADC protocol of gender and development and the AU protocol of womens rights, as well as the Commonwealth Charter. In countries outside of the SADC region where gender parity (50:50) has not been articulated as a principle, this should be given priority.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sadc protocol pr swaziland legislatures|9.8972225|4.654416|7.269379
7917|These roles may be unified within one level of government or agency but in many instances it may be spread across several levels (national, regional or local). Even at any given level, responsibility may be spread across several departments or services with little top-level co-ordination. This complicates the task of aligning outcomes in, say, the regulation of ride services that may fall under those in charge of taxi or for-hire regulations and public transport regulation which may fall under a completely different authority. If transport governance structures contribute to this friction, it may be very difficult to even broach the subject of synergies between ride services and public transport, let alone experiment with them. This is certainly the case where, for any number of reasons, new ride services are prevented from operating or face constraining conditions. At a very basic level, split responsibility and split levels of decision-making may hamper the trialling of innovative new arrangements.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ride split transport services level|4.24409|4.9139647|0.4659243
7918|While family policy can be used as a tool to enhance gender equality objectives, gender equality policy must be seen as an encompassing and multi-dimensional strategy that goes far beyond family issues and touches upon eveiy aspect of public life. As such, although some goals are fully pertinent for both women and men, such as equal share of unpaid work and family-friendly work policies, it would be important to ensure that the adopted policy maintains clearly defined goals related to women’s political and economic empowerment. Consider including gender-sensitive target indicators more widely across state and sectorial programs and strategic plans to facilitate the promotion of gender equality in all areas of life. Over time, consider developing an annual “whole-of-government” report on the implementation of the gender equality strategy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender family consider goals|9.8394165|4.2510033|7.2721105
7919|Transport of radioactive pollution occurs both in dissolved form and with sediments. While in normal operation, thermal pollution from nuclear power station at Rivne (of the same type as Chernobyl), Ukraine on the Styr River is reported to be negligible. Concentration of 137Cs and 90Sr radionu-clids in the surface waters at monitoring stations near the Roven-skaya nuclear power plant, as well as in industrial wastewaters and storm waters, is insignificant and does not exceed permissible limits (12-15 times lower).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|waters nuclear pollution radioactive wastewaters|0.47173414|6.8328986|2.7830694
7920|This is because as part of the case-mix scheme, a conversion factor is applied to reflect hospital historical charge, an important number of acts and services are paid outside of the DPC and hospitals can further charge by a traditional fee-for-service scheme if the hospitalisation is prolonged beyond a specified period. Taken together, these arrangements might undermine hospital efforts to improve performance, and provide incentives to shift costs to services paid outside of the DPC component. Evidence demonstrates that outpatient expenditures increased by 4.1% between 2002 and 2003 in hospitals participating to the DPC payment scheme, and readmission rates have also increased from 4.7% to 9.7% between 2002 and 2004. These figures might reflect inappropriate incentives associated with the hospital payment structure. Although Japan compares well to other OECD countries in terms of the evenness of doctors’ geographical distribution, available evidence suggests persisting problems of workforce supply in hospitals. In 2010 for example, the MHLW estimated that 725 emergency care physicians were lacking across the health system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals hospital scheme charge payment|9.150105|8.971933|1.9723243
7921|It will also help to improve understanding about collective progress on making finance flows consistent with a low-carbon pathway, and thus with meeting Article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement, given this information is not systematically reported elsewhere. Reporting on climate finance received is not currently mandatory, nor will it become so under the Paris Agreement. However, more countries are establishing or improving systems to better track inflows of climate finance for their own domestic purposes.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance paris agreement climate inflows|1.4078506|3.7428288|0.6149882
7922|Forests and trees can strengthen resilience and adaptive capacities to climate-related hazards and natural disasters. Such adaptive measures must be context-specific and there is a need for better understanding of the relationships between climate change and detrimental factors such as storms, fires, and pests and diseases. Tackling forest degradation can be important for addressing problems of land degradation, but it is difficult to measure forest degradation or detect it in a consistent manner through remote sensing.|SDG 15 - Life on land|degradation adaptive forest detect sensing|1.2805763|4.92867|3.637493
7923|The analysis uses published data and literature reviews on energy trade, including recent projections. It then analyses the structure and evolution of trade in primary energy commodities, cross-border electricity as well as climate-smart goods and technologies within and from the ESCAP subregions. The focus is on flows of oil, natural gas (through pipelines and LNG), coal, electricity, and climate-smart goods and technologies from, to and within the ESCAP region.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|escap smart goods electricity technologies|1.5655955|2.291786|2.1647844
7924|In other words, a 10% decrease in income inequality translates into a 20.56% reduction in the poverty headcount index and a drop of 22.50% in the extreme poverty headcount index for Brazil. In short, all the results for both subperiods (the years leading up to the Real Plan, which were marked by spiraling inflation, and the years that followed it, when inflation rates were low and stable) are similar and fit in with the results obtained for the study period as a whole. Nonetheless, the income and inequality elasticities of poverty, both for the poverty and extreme poverty headcount indices, are lower (in absolute values) for the pre-Real Plan period that for the other two periods that have been analysed.|SDG 1 - No poverty|headcount poverty inflation extreme index|6.382286|5.6040373|5.1384325
7925|The volume of fisheries production in the Pacific region7 is around 1.7 million tonnes, with an estimated value of US$3.6 billion dollars, 75 per cent of which is accounted for by Commonwealth Pacific small states (Table 5.1). The larger proportion is accounted for by offshore tuna fisheries, mainly by foreign-based vessels,8 particularly in Kiribati and PNG. However, the importance of coastal fisheries should not be underestimated.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries accounted pacific png tuna|0.36164528|5.8989687|6.627565
7926|"However, the CAP 2014-20 offers more flexibility to member states to re-introduce commodity-specific and output-linked measures. A better alternative would be for member states to focus support on measures to improve the long-term productivity, profitability, sustainability and competitiveness of the sector. The ""Plan to Create Vitality for Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Industries and Local Communities” aims at revitalising the agricultural sector in view of significant drops in output and farming incomes over the past two decades."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|output member agricultural states measures|3.9730546|5.1294417|3.8381317
7927|In September 2012, the share of women that were in cabinet across the MENA region averaged 8%. This ranges from 0% in Lebanon to 23% in the Palestinian Authority. In addition, when women do serve as ministers, they are often responsible for “soft” portfolios focusing on social policy issues and sectors associated with the “traditional female role”, with limited access to key economic positions. Equal access to public office also remains a challenge.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|palestinian averaged cabinet portfolios soft|10.389966|4.233904|7.0772047
7928|While there have been many achievements since then, several pledges remain unfulfilled, Africa Renewal's Zipporah Musau spoke to the Executive Director of UN Women, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, on Africa's accomplishments and remaining challenges. Again, we have only two female presidents in Africa’s 54 countries. But there is still room to do more.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|africa presidents pledges director renewal|10.404932|4.3387394|7.144298
7929|For example, China and India both have a high reliance on coal power: 80% of China's and 70% of India’s electricity comes from coal (IISD, 2008). Nonetheless, in India there are no current regulations on NOx or SO2 emissions from power plants, and in China many of the coal power plants are outside the jurisdiction of the central government and are seldom required to conform to strong environmental standards (Watson et al, 2007). In these and other countries, a strengthened environmental regulatory framework would yield significant air and water quality benefits.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|coal india china power plants|1.3915312|2.6482537|2.2615254
7930|The project involved 15 primary clinics and 239 patients. After patients transmitted self-measured biometric information to the monitoring system through the gateway in a smartphone application, tlie doctors reviewed die data and gave feedback directly to each person. Between the beginning of the project and diree months subsequently, for the test group, HbAlc levels decreased by 0.64 percentage point on average, from 7.98 to 7.35 percentage points, while for die control group die fall was 0.36 percentage points.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|die percentage patients points group|9.255801|9.502736|2.1404672
7931|However, the law did not alter the wind concession system for large-scale wind farms and replace it with a feed-in tariff. Under the concession system, wind project developers engaged in competitive bidding; the winner received guaranteed long-term power purchase agreements from the grid operator. The model tended to award those developers, which offered the lowest feed-in prices.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind concession developers feed bidding|1.880133|1.7251819|1.9424845
7932|While this is significant, further reductions from industrialised countries and the more advanced developing countries would be required to achieve the reductions judged by the IPCC to be necessary by 2050 to have a 50% probability of limiting warming to 2°C (this scenario entails stabilising the atmospheric concentration of long-lived GHG at 450 ppm CCb-equivalent). To reach a final agreement, it will be necessary to agree a fair distribution of abatement burdens. In the context of the above noted commitment of developed countries to provide financial assistance to developing countries to help them with abatement and adaptation measures, the US government announced that it would contribute its share to developed country financing of almost USD 30 billion over 2010-12 (US Department of State, 2010 for this sentence and the rest of the paragraph), which would entail a substantial increase in US climate assistance. In keeping with this commitment, the FY 2010 budget provides for more than a three-fold increase in bilateral and multilateral funding for climate-related activities from the enacted funding in the previous year.|SDG 13 - Climate action|abatement commitment reductions assistance countries|1.6486261|3.8432865|1.133061
7933|Waiting times for a first face-to-face contact with an ambulatory mental health centre can also be fairly long. In 2013,37% of patients had to wait one month or more for a first contact with such centres (Vrijens et al., As noted in Section 4, the legislated ceiling on public expenditure on health was reduced from a 4.5% growth rate per year from 2004-12, to 3% in 2013 and 2014, and down to 1.5% since 2015.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|contact face legislated wait ceiling|10.288785|8.895787|1.7392591
7934|In the past, NUS have been ignored by agricultural research, not included in agricultural extension curricula, and did not benefit from organized value chains. Flowever, due to their adaptability and nutritional qualities, many NUS could make a major contribution to increased food availability, affordability and nutrition security.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|nus adaptability agricultural qualities ignored|3.46975|5.423185|4.032925
7935|The increase of women’s representation in middle management is an important factor in closing the gender gap for the top leadership positions, as middle managers constitute the natural pool for senior management candidates in most countries, particularly in view of the ageing trends in the civil service. Similarly, the growing number of women in the professional category - with more than half (54.1%) of professionals being women - is consistent with higher educational attainment and also increases the talent supply for both management categories. Some countries, such as Ireland, create specific initiatives to support talented women in middle management in their progress into senior management positions within the public sector (European Commission, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|management middle women senior positions|10.233208|4.1079445|6.9049435
7936|Inequalities that result from disparities in education, exclusion of poor groups due to ethnicity or similar grounds, or limited access to credit and services are hard for the poorest to overcome. On the other hand, removing market restrictions may compress labour returns to schooling that ultimately would help reduce inequality. Most LDCs experienced positive growth in per capita GDP. The rate of reduction of poverty and hunger, however, has not been commensurate widi economic growth. One reason for this is the rising inequality in income that most of these countries have experienced over the years (Table 3.6). There are various types of shocks, both idiosyncratic and covariate, that affect the lives of the poorest.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poorest experienced inequality commensurate ethnicity|6.744253|5.4647784|4.7262487
7937|Policy action by the Jamaican government on many environmental policies and on sustainable development as a whole has been stimulated by international agreements to which Jamaica acceded. The culture of Rastafari11 has had a profound influence on dietary preferences for organically grown fresh foods in both rural and urban Jamaica since the 1970s. Some of these preferences coincide with the practices of the Seventh Day Adventists, which is one of Jamaica’s fastest growing Christian denominations.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|jamaica preferences christian seventh coincide|3.904249|5.385378|4.262438
7938|Before data collection and analysis can start, it is necessary to consider the question of which road safety indicators are considered relevant. Indicators can be used in policy making, for progress monitoring and for explaining developments, particularly in relation to the policy conducted. Good data are indispensable for this. When data are not good, erroneous decisions are possible. Improving road safety is a social issue, and society cannot afford to let dilettantes take erroneous decisions based on false data leading to unnecessary road casualties. In addition to their use in road safety policies, good data axe of extreme importance for research.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road data safety good decisions|4.239164|5.23773|-0.0481934
7939|The Master Plan for Water Development and Management of the Senegal River was drafted in a participatory manner, through know ledge sharing and meetings with key stakeholders, including illiterate people using illustrated informative guides. It led to the adoption of a Water Charter. Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|congo republic gabon illiterate informative|0.9815144|7.110083|1.7047348
7940|Students are fully engaged with their learning and contribute to the planning and evaluation of lessons. Teachers provide differentiated learning experiences and high-quality feedback. Over time, students learn to assess their own progress and take greater control of their own learning, establishing strong foundations for lifelong learning (OECD, 2013d).|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning students lifelong foundations differentiated|8.935947|1.6037678|1.8884019
7941|Some countries may choose to put forward packages of commitments including both mitigation and finance objectives. For many developing countries, financial, technical and capacity building support may be needed in order to implement their mitigation actions. For example, many developing countries explicitly stated that the extent to which their mitigation pledges for 2020 can be implemented depends on the provision of finance and other support (e.g. South Africa, Bhutan, Central African Republic, Colombia) (UNFCCC, 2013b).|SDG 13 - Climate action|mitigation finance pledges bhutan developing|1.6182996|3.8246257|1.1663157
7942|However, Daze et al. ( Germany has for instance developed 102 indicators to monitor adaptation action and climate impacts, many of which are based on information that is similarly reported by all federal states. South Africa is following this path through a set of Desired Adaptation Outcomes, allowing information on progress towards each outcome to be gathered in different ways by various stakeholders (DEA, 2016). Currendy, adaptation policy implementation, monitoring and evaluation is only led at the sectoral level and is not aggregated nationally.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation dea gathered aggregated information|1.1913477|4.7540927|1.4387879
7943|The pro-poor growth among children was not enough to successfully lower income inequality among children due to re-ranking. The decile boundaries have been based upon cross sectional EU-SILC datasets. It plots the probability of moving into poverty for children under 18 who started out as non-poor as well as the probability of remaining in poverty for those who started out as poor. The poverty entry probability ranges from under 2 per cent in Denmark and Norway to just over 10 per cent in Estonia, Iceland, Italy and the UK.Thus, one in 10 children fell into poverty in these countries each year between 2010 and 2013.The probability of remaining in poverty ranges from 31 per cent in Norway to 83 per cent in Portugal.|SDG 1 - No poverty|probability poverty cent children ranges|7.212769|6.2416825|5.188353
7944|Seeking support from the broad community, including churches, employers, sports clubs and social service groups. Working with other government agencies, including the Ministries of Social Development, Health, Pacific Island Affairs and Te Puni Kokiri (Maori Development). Working with schools in low socio-economic areas to identify and reach children who are not participating in ECEC.|SDG 4 - Quality education|churches clubs te working maori|9.827474|2.5543568|2.230134
7945|If individual ministries or public agencies operate independently, rather than undertaking cross-sectoral initiatives, the opportunity for “whole government” approaches is minimised. At the same time, possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in cross-sectoral public services may be lost, adversely affecting sub-national development. In the past few decades, this trend has been exacerbated by the increasing involvement of local and supranational actors whose concerns for water differ. This can be at the origin of resource and supply gaps.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sectoral cross minimised maximising adversely|1.4257911|7.178616|1.4966277
7946|Further studies are underway in Africa and Latin America. These help meet aid effectiveness principles. One of the specific aims of this partnership is to increase donor harmonisation (JICA, 2011); The Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund was established so that development partners could support Bangladesh in implementing its Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCRF, 2013).|SDG 13 - Climate action|bangladesh jica harmonisation underway climate|1.7291417|4.3013463|1.4524423
7947|The main parameters are here the magnitude of investments (size of schemes, etc.) Conversely, Norway and Iceland are the countries least committed to the agenda. It appears that the countries have different focus. Includes cooperation that has longterm perspectives focusing on developing new technologies or applying new research or technology in concrete areas. “|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|longterm conversely parameters new concrete|5.0869737|3.5305185|2.3425112
7948|If a head of household dies without a will, the law requires an equal distribution of property among the next of kin. In practice, the general custom is for the eldest son to inherit the parental home and the largest portion of the family property, particularly land. Younger sons will often inherit some land or other assets of value, while daughters receive only small symbolic items (CEDAW, 2005).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inherit property dies kin custom|9.195957|5.1899495|7.072068
7949|Women in Business: Policies to Support Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa (OECD, 2012b) highlights existing efforts by governments and other stakeholders to improve support for women entrepreneurs and identifies avenues for future action to accelerate the development of women’s entrepreneurship. Better quality data - about informal enterprises too - would support the development of more effective policies for promoting entrepreneurship in the MENA region. And better entrepreneurship policies would have long-term positive effects on employment opportunities for the entire population, so helping to offer a response to citizens’ calls for greater prosperity which have been at the core of the recent political and social movements taking place across the MENA region.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurship mena women policies support|9.057437|3.601575|6.500757
7950|The winning projects received funding and expert support. Not long after, buildings with extremely high energy and environmental performance started appearing across the region. Six Exemplary Buildings calls have resulted in more than 350 000 m2 of new passive buildings, and 621 000 m2 of newly constructed and renovated surfaces.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|buildings winning surfaces passive constructed|2.2350605|3.0648842|2.349702
7951|However, for transboundary river basins, activities in the different riparian countries need to be further coordinated and harmonized in River Basin Management Plan(s), in particular for basins shared by EU and non-EU countries. The Programme is based on the national programmes of measures, which arc to be made operational by December 2012. In the EU, the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (Council Directive 91/271/EEC) requires collection and treatment (basically biological) of wastewater from agglomerations and sets the time frame for compliance. Many countries that acceded to the EU in 2004 and 2007 enlargements — in this subregion, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Romania — were granted transitional periods to comply with the Directive’s requirements.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|directive eu basins wastewater river|0.8648295|6.81611|2.2848837
7952|The concept of a “social protection floor” has been in use in recent years to mean a set of basic social rights, services and facilities that global citizens should enjoy. The report of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization states: “a minimum level of social protection for individuals and families needs to be accepted and undisputed as part of the socio-economic floor of the global economy”. A “social protection floor” could consist of two main elements - services (access to water and sanitation, health and education) and social transfers, in cash or in kind that help to realize respective human rights (ILO, 2010/11: 17).|SDG 1 - No poverty|floor social protection rights global|7.105096|5.860743|4.2624497
7953|Its main recommendations included: universal pre-school education from age three and organisation of pre-schools into clusters with links to primary schools; lengthening of the school day for all students; and increased responsibilities combined with increased pay and qualification requirements for school principals.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school pre schools increased clusters|9.437768|2.614006|2.3297567
7954|The work also investigates alternative implementation strategies, namely replacing vs. preserving existing bus rapid transit (BRT) networks. In Auckland, simulations indicate that preserving BRT corridors is always more advantageous than replacing them. In areas characterised by low frequency bus services, however, existing performance appears to be worse than that which could be achieved by shared mobility services.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|brt preserving replacing bus existing|4.1620674|4.9585285|0.5313176
7955|The ecological land management programme (POEREM) although mainly focused on land use it introduces environmental criteria that should be taken into account by the state and local administration when they decide the different uses of land. The state administration is also promoting a programme for climate action in municipalities (Programas de Accion Climatica Municipal, PACMUNE), with the aim of improving the knowledge of local actors about the environmental issues in their territory. There is however a lack of an overarching strategy for environmental conservation in Morelos. For instance, issues related to w'aste management, GHG emissions, and land use are addressed in different programmes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land environmental administration aste issues|1.425592|4.9292617|1.7532126
7956|The results show that the main issue for emerging economies is not the lack of jobs as such, but the shortage of quality jobs. This is partly the reflection of inadequate social security, which pushes workers into subsistence-level occupations. Earnings quality is generally much lower in emerging economies than in more developed OECD countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|emerging jobs economies pushes quality|7.3915234|4.771657|4.59659
7957|However, introducing an aggregator adds significant cost that is reflected in lower prices to the farmers. The aggregator has costs associated w ith identifying farmers, assembling products from diverse sources and verifying quality that can be significant. Further, unless there is a large enough quantity of output that is produced over multiple months, the marketing interval may not be long enough to justify setting up as an aggregator.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|farmers interval significant adds justify|3.8303926|5.117061|3.9877188
7958|However, a considerable proportion of wastewater is not treated before being discharged or reused. Japan is the second largest producer of wastewater with 16.9 billion m3 generated in 2011, and 11.6 billion m3, or 69 per cent of the total treated. Singapore is the only country in Asia and the Pacific where all wastewater is treated, or 0.5 billion m3 in 2013. (|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|treated wastewater billion reused discharged|1.1302435|6.9053698|2.8297496
7959|"For example, the government of Canada recently embarked on a policy of “Fisheries Renewal” with renewed objectives for the fisheries management system. In the European Union, the objective of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is “to provide for sustainable exploitation of living aquatic resources and of aquaculture in the context of sustainable development, taking account of the environmental, economic and social aspects in a balanced manner"" (Holden, 1994). As in Canada, recent reform of the CFP also seeks to improve fisheries governance - a common lament given unrealised objectives - through enhanced stakeholder engagement."|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries cfp canada common objectives|-0.17016841|5.6738977|6.5411687
7960|All Finnish children start their formal schooling in August of the year they turn seven. Normally, primary school lasts six years followed by a three-year lower secondary school, although the new law allows some variation. Today it is widely recognised that the six-year primary school provides a solid basis for high educational performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school year lasts primary finnish|9.361516|2.4439585|2.6689239
7961|Professional school leadership standards or frameworks also need to clarify and highlight the importance of school leadership for evaluation and assessment, in general, and for teacher appraisal and school evaluation, in particular. To give an example, distributed leadership in secondary schools can help provide regular informal feedback to teachers in their subject areas, something an individual school leader might not necessarily be equipped for considering the lack of expertise in different subjects (OECD, 2009). At the same time, distributing leadership in schools does not necessarily decrease a school leader’s workload and may create new challenges for school leaders, who, in turn, require ongoing support.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school leadership leader necessarily evaluation|9.8105345|1.3711518|1.7743016
7962|This flat-topped seamount measures approximately 120 km in diameter at the base and rises 1500 m above the adjacent bathyal plain, with a summit 756 m below sea level. The high faunal diversity and density indicate a uniquely rich environment in the Levant basin, possibly an isolated refuge for relict populations of species that have disappeared from the adjacent continental slope. This area likely represents one the most pristine environments found in the Mediterranean Sea, and therefore its protection fromfishingactivitiesisconsideredapriority (GFCM, 2005). The coral colonies consist of bioconstructed buildups mostly located on muddy mounds widespread in the study area. Other important taxa (Foraminifera, Porifera, Brachiopoda, Anellida, etc.) These species also contribute to the complexity of the Lophelia reef community, with the presence of many suspension feeders and a complex trophic system.|SDG 14 - Life below water|adjacent sea species reef diameter|0.05082451|5.9627295|5.8834944
7963|A recent nationwide survey of physicians conducted in the United States showed that almost half of them receive requests from patients for an unnecessary test or procedure at least once a w'eek. Three in ten said this happens at least several times a week {Choosing Wisely®, 2014). Patients might need tools that help them better understand evidence-based recommendations and that support them in demanding high-quality and good-value care. Yet presently too few' decision aids are available for patients. The campaign was launched in the United States, but has since expanded to more than ten countries. It is hoped to be effective by educating both patients and their doctors, and by facilitating a discussion between them that assists in decision making.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients decision hoped assists presently|9.115254|9.521296|1.7935393
7964|Evaluation instruments such as student ratings are very reliable outcome measures capturing the data they are set out to capture. Students’ ratings capture perceived instructor effectiveness - they are primarily a function of the instructor who teaches the course and not of the course that is taught (Marsh, 2007). Global student ratings - such as overall instructor rating, overall course rating, course materials - are especially suitable for summative evaluation purposes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ratings course rating capture student|9.551359|1.6851451|1.46066
7965|This task is particularly urgent as the greatest population growth will be in cities in developing countries where significant urban transport challenges already exist (see section 3.3.1 below). Such challenges are particularly pronounced in developing countries where strong migration to urban areas and increased private motorization fuelled by strong economic growth, are outpacing infrastructure development and the expansion and modernization of public transport systems. The process of achieving more sustainable urban transportation systems, designed with the principle of accessibility at their core, depends on the participation of all stakeholders in cities: the authorities, the private sector and the citizens, within the principles of democracy. A successful process will depend on effective governance of land use and transportation, where new housing and commercial planning will entail simultaneous transportation systems design, careful neighbourhood design, strategic infrastructure investments, and fair, efficient and stable funding (Kennedy et al.,|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transportation urban systems design cities|4.13821|5.0789757|0.96007305
7966|This is mainly due to the exhaustion of temporary UB and the assumed ineligibility for social assistance and housing benefits, which will be analysed separately below. Similar drops can be observed in other countries when unemployment enters a third (e.g. Netherlands, Switzerland) or fourth year (e.g. Sweden, Iceland). The average net replacement rate averaged over the first two years of an unemployment spell is displayed for 2007 and 2009. While the generosity of UB remained fairly steady between 2007 and 2009 in most countries, it increased significantly in some of them, especially in the United States.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|ub unemployment enters displayed generosity|7.6971903|4.718143|4.1768956
7967|Moreover, the notion that gender is binary—man and woman—restricts every person’s freedom, regardless of their gender identity, to enjoy fully and equally the privileges guaranteed by international human rights norms. Cutting off the development of an individual’s full potential as a human being, whether man, woman or transgender, is also a rights violation. Men, Gender and Development, Zedbooks, 2002.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|man woman gender transgender privileges|9.765978|4.771819|7.334911
7968|We therefore believe that desegregating special education is the first step in tackling prejudice against people with disabilities and other difficulties. They have been omitted from previous equal opportunities initiatives, and it is now obvious that our aim of achieving comprehensive education in Newham will remain hindered while we continue to select approximately 2 per cent of school pupils for separate education. Parents became increasingly confident that their neighbourhood schools could meet diverse needs. Newham has 17 resourced mainstream schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education schools omitted confident resourced|10.279191|2.3666947|2.0600376
7969|He has also linked principles of equality, non-discrimination and participation as an approach to commenting on ‘the impact of foreign debt and related policy conditionalities on the realization of women's rights, in particular their economic, social and cultural rights’ (ibid., International financial institutions in relation to loans and conditionalities often fail to consider and address the needs of women (ibid., Without this perspective, policies contribute to the ‘feminization of poverty and deepening gender inequality’ (ibid., States should promote women’s involvement in development planning and decision-making related to debt management (ibid.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ibid conditionalities debt women rights|9.447338|4.5768323|7.0146766
7970|The main - and most contentious - item related to the redefinition of the respective roles of trade unions and work councils in companies. In the previous labour code, work councils could be established but only in companies where no trade union was present, and they had collective bargaining rights.19 The new Labour Code establishes a division of competences between trade union and work councils, with trade unions being in charge of collective bargaining matters and w'ork councils responsible for all employees’ information and consultation activities. In addition, work councils can be created in companies where trade unions are active, unless more than one third of the employees belong to the trade union (against 50% before the March 2017 negotiations at the Tripartite Council). After the March 2017 negotiations, trade unions are automatically allocated one seat in the work council, which should avoid complete side-lining of trade unions from information of and consultation with employees.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unions trade councils work employees|8.250618|4.6049075|4.5666256
7971|As GCI Frontrunners reach the limits of growth from current ICT investments, AI and Intelligent Connectivity are opening up a new economic growth cycle. Point Topic reports that fixed wireless technologies are increasingly giving way to 4G LTE-based mobile broadband access, with 4G L.TE now a major means of getting broadband at home in several regions - for example, Scandinavia and Eastern Europe14. The Inclusive Internet Index (3i)15, commissioned by Facebook and the Economist Intelligence Unit, shows that access to 4G networking services improved over the last year, particularly in low-income countries where coverage almost doubled, from 9.1% to 17.3%.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband ai facebook wireless te|4.8560457|2.8572943|1.5200988
7972|Thus article 11(1) of CEDAW requires States only to ensure the ‘same’ rights for women and men in relation to the rights to work, to employment opportunities, to free choice of profession, promotion, job security and training, to equal remuneration, to social security and to protection of health and safety at work, including safeguarding reproduction. Article 3 ofthe ICCPR simply requires State parties to‘ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights set forth in the present Covenant’. However, it is now well established that the same treatment for men and women is unlikely to bring about change. Thus in order to address women's inequality, it is necessary to focus on the specificity of women’s disadvantage, particularly by recognizing the link between discrimination in the home and discrimination at work and the extent to which women’s primary responsibilityfor childcare and unpaid work in the home impacts on theirabilityto access good quality paid work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women work rights men article|9.5999975|4.732785|6.8928766
7973|This in turn seems to have contributed to greater overall support for nuclear power generation. Figure 4.13 illustrates the shares of positive and negative responses to the proposition “the use of nuclear energy enables European countries to diversify their energy sources” (on the vertical axis), and the share of support for nuclear energy (on the horizontal axis); the correlation is examined for nuclear and non-nuclear countries. The correlation coefficients are 0.87 for 2005 and of 0.78 for 2008. Relatively high correlation coefficients suggest that the role of nuclear power in the diversification of energy sources is one of the key drivers behind increasing public support for nuclear generation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear correlation axis energy coefficients|1.060419|1.728513|1.8720256
7974|Examples include research grant schemes, innovation vouchers and entrepreneurship education schemes, among others. Policy instruments that address social inclusiveness include, for example, the provision of giants to researchers from disadvantaged groups, the use of role models and mentoring programmes to tackle stereotypes, and the deployment of programmes to popularise science and technology. To address industrial inclusiveness challenges, innovation policies may focus on addressing the main barriers to entrepreneurship encountered by disadvantaged groups, such as obstacles to access finance (e.g. through the provision of micro-credit and equity financing), talent (e.g. through grants to SMEs to recruit researchers or experts to implement innovation projects) or other support services (e.g. through the provision of business counselling, assistance to access new markets, etc.).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|inclusiveness provision innovation researchers entrepreneurship|5.663952|3.5265427|2.6660995
7975|At the same time the European Union has been adamant to make sure that vessels flying the flags of its Member States comply with management and conservation rules of RFMOs. The Conference on Regional Fisheries Management Organisations RFMOs “Fit for the future,” (Brussels, 1 June 2012) was the opportunity to enhance dialogue between RFMOs and to identify key areas that determine the performance of RFMO. Political will and commitment by the parties, co-operation across RFMOs, compliance, robustness of data and science, capacity-building, the fight against IUU fishing, the need for transparency and better communication were recurrent themes during the day.|SDG 14 - Life below water|rfmos flying brussels robustness recurrent|-0.15530795|5.4887223|6.6883445
7976|Assolombarda is the largest industry association with 6 100 member firms in the region. It promotes quality of education, training and university/industry partnerships. It influences the design of and updating of academic programmes through contact teams, develop experimentation (contract of high-skilled apprenticeship for MA and PhD students), collaborates with university placement offices and is involved in boosting the appeal of hard sciences through the “Scientific Degrees” project.|SDG 4 - Quality education|university industry phd ma experimentation|7.373293|2.6713476|2.6291316
7977|Early general equilibrium models tend to show by contrast that environmental taxes interact with existing taxes to exacerbate rather than improve tax inefficiencies, implying that environmental regulation would lead to an overall increase in business costs, discouraging employment and investment (Bovenberg and de Mooij, 1994, Parry, 1995). However, extensions of these earlier models show that recycling environmental taxes can in fact have a beneficial effect on employment, but that this depends on the characteristics of the pre-existing tax regime (Bento, 2007). Applications of such models on a regional basis have indicated for example: that using carbon taxes to finance reductions in distortionary capital tax can lead to an overall growth effect (Takeda, 2007); that the recycling of energy taxes in Taiwan to offset income taxes would stimulate domestic consumption and investment (Bor and Huang, 2010); that that environmental taxation can bring economic benefits in Turkey when fuels are the primary source of pollutant emissions (Kumbaroglu, 2003).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|taxes environmental models tax recycling|1.6171786|2.937984|2.2061827
7978|This includes only expenditures on inspection of domestically produced commodities at first level of processing and border inspection for exported commodities. Import control activities are not included. Production and trade data may be used to make an approximate estimation of a differentiation between export and import inspections. In case that such a separation is not possible, the entire expenditure on food safety and inspection should be included and mention should be made in the documentation. Water subsidies granted to individual farmers and investment subsidies to on-farm irrigation infrastructure are included in the PSE. In the case of large investments, such as dams, with multiple outputs (irrigation, water retention, flood prevention, hydro-energy), the GSSE accounts only for the share of the outputs used by primary agriculture.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|inspection included outputs commodities import|3.7513316|5.2007923|3.6771607
7979|The high value of the D (MANU) coefficient in the equation for female self-employment is in line with other types of evidence that indicate that women are more likely than men to be employed in low-quality jobs (Lichter and Landry, 1991). A number of studies have provided evidence on the steep increases in self-employment and underemployment seen in the United States as industrial enterprises have closed their doors (Belcher and DiBlasio, 1993), while, using a sample composed of both developed and developing countries, Pietrobelli, Rabellotti and Aquilina (2004) have found that the rate of self-employment tends to decline as the degree of industrialization rises. This agrees with the evidence presented by Caceres and Caceres (2017a), who found that economic growth drove down the self-employment rate in a sample of panel data for 1993-2012 from six countries in the region.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|self employment evidence sample doors|8.780349|4.0140276|5.8353596
7980|With improved farm and crop management, most of these emissions could be reduced or compensated by sequestration. A conversion to organic agriculture would reduce industrial nitrogen-fertilizer use that emits 6.7 kg of C02-eq per kg of nitrogen on manufacture and another 1.6 per cent of the applied nitrogen as soil-based N20 emissions. It could also considerably enhance the soil sequestration of C02.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nitrogen sequestration kg soil emissions|1.4985017|4.098835|3.089344
7981|We find that these factors combined have increased disposable income inequality in all the Nordic countries, but to a different extent and through different mechanisms. The strength and direction of demographic change, within- and between-group inequality and the responsiveness of redistribution all play a role. This article builds on previous OECD work by Robling and Pareliussen (2017).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality responsiveness different builds strength|6.958517|5.08326|4.5750303
7982|These results are accomplished by teachers and school leaders who are accorded wide autonomy, and on the basis of comparatively modest levels of spending. However, there are important challenges facing primary and lower secondary schooling in Lithuania. A declining school-age population makes it difficult for authorities to efficiently manage the nation's school network.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school accorded accomplished comparatively lithuania|9.5518465|2.0484293|2.376473
7983|In larger employment offices, there are separate counters by type of work, i.e. for those seeking technical work or white-collar jobs. In cases where the skills of the jobseeker do not match with the skills required by the employer, the PES officer makes an attempt to negotiate the desired skills and inform employers of other jobseeker attributes, e.g. their eagerness and motivation to work. At times, when no suitable match can be made, the officer will refer the jobseeker to alternative jobs and/or make direct contact with the employer to develop a new job offer that is closer to the skill profile of an applicant.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|officer match skills employer work|8.028723|4.3963537|3.6741664
7984|In some countries, Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standards require energy suppliers to meet a specific proportion of their energy demand through EE (DEFRA, 2007). Energy suppliers may also help reduce energy demand (and electricity bills) by encouraging households to generate their own electricity. Eventually, it may give customers the opportunity to sell power produced in the home back to the grid. In Mauritius, for example, the Government encourages innovation to enable households to produce electricity based on emerging technologies for renewable energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy electricity suppliers defra households|2.089582|2.2970743|2.4035654
7985|Since then, road deaths have steadily decreased (with some fluctuations) and were halved by 2004. In 2013, Korea counted 5 092 road deaths, a 62% decrease when compared to the level of 1991. With a population of 50.2 million, there are 19.4 million registered vehicles (i.e. around 400 vehicles per 1 000 inhabitants). Korea’s road network totals 106 414 km, which includes 4 111 km of motorway.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road km deaths vehicles korea|4.20897|5.0877285|0.2128123
7986|These agreements only focus on the benefits of energy resources exchange and do not look at the long-term balanced use of water. This can cause early drawdown of the Toktogul Reservoir and huge losses in both the pow'er and water sectors of the republics. Further, 3 767 houses with yards have been moved from the area of flooding.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pow er reservoir moved houses|0.74830556|7.0747633|2.4203937
7987|This includes cooling tanks for farms with small numbers of cows, improved milk collection and transportation in chilling tankers, and quality and safety controls. The latter requires the establishment of rules and protocols, training and laboratory equipment, and specialised training and assistance to farmers so that they can upgrade from local supply to cold chain supply. Payment for milk differentiated by quality would provide milk producers an incentive to improve hygiene and technology. The policy issue here is to encourage processors to establish farm-to-dairy cold supply channels.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|milk cold supply cows training|3.7492263|5.037061|4.2316356
7988|The development of “managerial and entrepreneurship skills” are also required for higher education programme accreditation. Despite the progress made, the results are still at a low level. In 2004, only 30 out of 2 275 graduate respondents chose to get involved in entrepreneurship either by running a business on their own or by being part of a team. Several universities participate in the government’s incubator programme MTDC, the National Unipreneur Development Programme (NUDP) that stimulates technology-related start-ups and university-industry relationships, and the annual business plan competition (MIBPC).|SDG 4 - Quality education|programme entrepreneurship business stimulates chose|6.9036093|2.8824189|2.629692
7989|The Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty puts it even more strongly:'Entrenched gender stereotypes about the place of women in the home and the family, and the unpaid care work girls and women are expected to perform throughout their lives, often deprive women and girls of time.au-tonomy and choice to exercise this right’ (UN General Assembly 2013, para. Legislation criminalizing assault, murder and other forms of violence against the person is standard across States. But its pervasive lack of application to gender-based violence reflects a deep-seated negation of women as persons, the antithesis of recognition. This in turn both stemsfrom and reinforces gendered power relations in society.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women violence girls murder assault|9.932053|5.3449483|7.2968926
7990|Combining working life and family life needs to be further developed and companies need to rethink their employment and career models, as well as working hours. Active labour market programmes tend to focus on lone mothers, who get stronger support to (re)-enter the labour market than married women. Only if Japan makes big efforts in the above-mentioned areas will it be possible to significantly increase the utilisation of the female labour force in more productive workplaces. New policy orientations tackle the problem of non-regular workers. Freeters are one target group and the government is promoting the conversion of temporary and other types of precarious jobs into more stable employment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labour freeters life orientations working|8.244529|4.9468436|4.1586533
7991|Cooperation agreements for the Lake Skadar/Shkodcr, Prespa Lakes and Sava River Basin have been established, with the Sava cooperation proving the most advanced so far, covering most aspects of water management as well as navigation. Another promising example is the initiation of a multi-stakeholder dialogue process between countries in the “extended” Drin River Basin aiming to create a sound framework for cooperation in the whole basin. Also, cooperation in the Danube River Basin is an example to follow: more than half of the countries in South-Eastern Europe participate in this effort and can use the experience gained in this framework for cooperation in other river basins.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cooperation basin river sava framework|0.691581|7.08562|1.8852704
7992|This does not only concern the absolute level of information but also the bias of information. Figure 4.8 shows that less than one in ten respondents believe that nuclear risks are perceived correctly. While the percentage of those who think that they are underestimated is slightly larger than the percentage of those who think that they are overestimated, the overall picture is one of fluidity and uncertainty.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|think percentage overestimated correctly underestimated|1.0027585|1.794311|1.8257623
7993|This is turn allows us to probe deeper into questions of why there are differences and if design can support or hinder gender equity. Although there is a dearth of literature and research in this area, studies do indicate that gender structures are embedded in the built environment. Quantitative and qualitative research methods should be used to collect data on how and why men and women use space differently, and to further explore how gender relates to issues of sustainable development, health, safety and access. To successfully mainstream gender issues in any public policy area requires long-term policy planning, commitment, time and resources. This is no less important in the context of educational facilities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender area issues research deeper|9.769627|4.352052|7.054752
7994|Data on GDP, working age population, and gross fixed capital formation are from the OECD Annual National Accounts. Average years of schooling of the working age population are from the recently updated version of the Barro and Lee (2013) dataset. The inequality indicators are sourced from the OECD Income Distribution Dataset (IDD).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|dataset barro age working lee|7.0024924|4.878083|4.616773
7995|Nevertheless, it has been increasing (from 22.5% in 2000 to 32.8% in 2010), while the share of heads of household employed in other sectors has even fallen slightly (from 49.3% in 2000 to 47.6% in 2010). The percentage of heads of household was similar among domestic workers and other care woikers (33.4% and 30.6%, respectively, in 2010). Although the percentage of heads of household has risen for both groups, the increase has been more marked among domestic workers (see figure HI. Data for Ecuador and Uruguay corresp ond to urban areas. For example, the share of female care sector workers w ho are heads of household is higher than among other female workers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|heads workers household percentage female|8.780896|4.5961742|5.597174
7996|Overall, while these aggregate statistics suggest that access is generally adequate, large variations in the number of contacts with the health system in different regions suggest that in some of them at least, access may be significantly constrained. Shortages of medical personnel in rural areas, poor transportation services, and lengthy travel times to health care facilities are also likely to undermine access to services in remote areas across the country (WHO, 2011). Across regions, greater use of outpatient care and relatively less of inpatient care are strongly correlated with per capita bed numbers, suggesting that structures (e.g. the existing hospital infrastructure) shape service delivery in different ways across regions. Indeed, looking beyond the frequency of contacts with providers, the fundamental question is whether services provided “mirror in attention” (frequency, priority, resources, etc.) Data systems in Kazakhstan provide limited information on the nature of services delivered, and in particular on the coverage of interventions related to the management of the chronic diseases that increasingly affect the population.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|contacts services regions frequency care|9.018991|8.851523|2.0414948
7997|Longitudinal cohort analyses based on the INDEPTH network of demographic and health surveillance sites (www.indepth-network.org) show an association between socio-economic status and under-five mortality (Mwageni and others, 2011), but this association does not hold when other factors are taken into consideration (Debpuur and others, 2011). The country data are from the most recent DHS surveys conducted in 2005-2013 and are weighted by the 2005 population size of each ofthe 50 countries in a multivariate regression. Figure 9 presents the measured effect of household wealth on child mortality (ages 0-4 years or 0-59 months) for the three regions included in the analysis. The net relative risk of dying before reaching the fifth birthday for a child born in Africa from the richest household is 89 per cent that for a child from the poorest household in the region. In contrast, the net relative risk of dying of a child born in Asia from the richest household is only 52 per cent that for a child from the poorest household.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|child household dying richest born|8.798406|8.4241905|3.6212275
7998|"The other option is to earn a degree through one of several affiliated foreign universities most of which are British (e.g. the University of Hull, University of Kent). Students completing a degree programme are then given intensive skills enhancement training (""FasTrack"") to prepare them for employment. The “FasTrack” programme is a government-funded initiative designed in collaboration with multinational corporations to accelerate learning and hands-on experience of new and existing engineers to support industry’s competitiveness in design and development. ("|SDG 4 - Quality education|university degree affiliated programme multinational|8.12749|2.8472435|2.7643557
7999|Most countries are relying at least partially on the international trade of energy and will continue to do so. However, the issue of self-sufficiency does assume a particular significance in electricity markets, where a certain amount of domestic generation is required by the fact that electricity can neither be stored nor transported over long distances at reasonable costs. In island countries such as Australia and Japan or de facto geographically isolated countries such as Korea, domestic power generation must be able to cover demand on its own. This is not the case for storable resources such as coal or oil, where countries can enjoy high levels of security of supply even if they have no domestic production.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|domestic countries generation electricity transported|1.7959476|1.9707075|2.1891785
8000|The Ministry grants licences for schools to operate, develops policies to guarantee the right to education and freedom of education, proposes changes to the legal framework governing education, develops compulsory components of the curriculum, monitors school and student performance, and assigns and distributes school subsidies. There is a difference in the degree of autonomy between municipal and privately managed subsidised schools (in which more than 50% of students are enrolled), including administrative, financial and work restrictions. Privately managed schools have full autonomy. Municipal schools also have high levels of autonomy: about half of the decisions that affect educational practice take place at the school level with the remaining half at the municipal level.|SDG 4 - Quality education|autonomy schools municipal privately develops|9.636606|2.0765908|2.0616717
8001|In Germany, about 84% of young teachers had chosen their career by the end of secondary school, while in the United States, only about 42% of these teachers of 15-year-old students had chosen to become teachers by the end of secondary school. The remaining countries fall between these two extremes. By contrast, in Australia, Chinese Taipei and the United States, around half of today's young teachers had decided to work as teachers only after they had left high school, possibly because tertiary studies and education systems offer multiple, and relatively flexible, pathways into the teaching profession.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers chosen school secondary end|9.5535345|1.3558432|2.5729375
8002|As the report was being written, the crude oil price per barrel had just hit a new record which was almost four times higher than the price at the beginning of 2000. Energy price increases and thus volatility are the first thing to come to mind for one-third of Europeans (33%). An overview of the price data over the last few years corroborates public concerns about energy price volatility, as a multitude of factors do indeed affect energy markets on a continual basis (Figures 4.7-4.10). Almost every source of energy has become a traded commodity, with for some fuels an historical world wholesale market (oil for example), and for others, intervention of the energy market liberalisation process that changed for example gas or electricity industry from a government controlled monopoly to a competitive market, meaning that customers have the freedom to choose their energy supplier.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|price energy volatility market oil|1.4109643|2.2280512|2.1930707
8003|Y. Zhou and R. Tol, “Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport”. Water Resources Research, vol. The transport costs are broken into capital costs ($0.13/m3), energy costs for pumping ($0.10/m3), operation and maintenance ($0.06/m3), and the cost of water at the source ($0.07/m3).47 Excluding the cost of water at the source, the total cost for capital, pumping, and operation and maintenance is $0.29/m for a Suez-Negev transfer.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|costs pumping water cost maintenance|0.940088|7.751864|2.7437646
8004|"According to a study published in 2012 there were eight districts in the Slovak Republic where the proportion of the Roma minority was close to or higher than 20% (Matlovifiova et al., In such districts the proportion of Roma children can be very high. Both the definition of “special educational needs"" and the age range for compulsory education differ across countries. See the source of the data for further details."|SDG 4 - Quality education|roma districts proportion minority slovak|9.4666395|2.4526877|2.717403
8005|The OECD’s Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels released in 2015 found that governments in the OECD and the emerging BRIICS countries (Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, Indonesia, the People’s Republic of China and South Africa) collectively support the production and consumption of fossil fuels to the tune of USD 160-200 bln a year. With most of that support coming in the form of budgetary transfers and tax breaks - the OECD inventory identifies about 800 such measures - this effectively means that governments today still spend billions to encourage the extraction and burning of fossil fuels at taxpayers’ expense. Adding in the consumer price subsidies measured by the International Energy Agency (IEA), this makes total subsidies and other forms of support for fossil fuels in the vicinity of USD 500-600 bln a year (OECD, 2015a).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fuels fossil bln inventory support|1.6043651|2.8517907|2.2777724
8006|Chile, Iceland and Slovenia continue to employ the largest percentage of women in central government, at more than 60%, while Japan employs the smallest share (16%). Data for the Netherlands is in full-time equivalent. Japan and Spain are for full-time employees only. Even among the best achievers in terms of gender equality progress, strong segmentation in educational and occupational choices remains: for example, in Norway in 2009, half of working women were employed in seven occupations, while men were employed in 14 occupations (OECD, 2012a).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|occupations japan employed segmentation employs|9.133083|4.1595674|5.7854056
8007|One contributory factor is entrenched stereotypes about which careers are suitable for men and which ones for women. They are passed on to children by their families, teachers and society at large. Indeed, PISA reveals, that parents are more likely to expect their teenage sons than their daughters to work in STEM occupations - even when they perform just as well as their male classmates in mathematics, science and reading (OECD, 2015). Students could enter any job title or description.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sons teenage entrenched title daughters|9.475347|3.6189191|5.7358794
8008|This is owing to the fact that information on breastfeeding is available only for children who are born within the five-year interval before the survey, and the logit model forces us to drop all observations that are not fully at risk—in this case, all children less than five years of age and alive at the time of the survey. For control purposes, we also run a separate estimation for under-five mortality (excluding breastfeeding as a determinant). The results broadly confirm this view and are reported in the annex.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|breastfeeding survey interval children confirm|8.7961035|8.374931|3.6700454
8009|With regard to this, a framework may be strengthened to check the appropriateness of measures under IHR, and coordination may be pursued with actors in other sectors, such as WTO.10 The Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement of WTO states that when national standards that are stricter than international standards are adopted, the national standards must be scientifically justified. For example, in the case in which Europe instituted trade restrictions during a cholera outbreak in Africa, the SPS Committee of WTO deliberated on the restrictions, including a scientific debate on the risk these measures pose to public health, which resulted in the trade restrictions being lifted (WHO and WTO, 2002). Collaboration with initiatives, such as the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), is already under way, including the joint external evaluation tool for IHR formulated by WHO with GHSA, a multilateral framework led by the United States, which has stated that it will achieve its goals in at least 30 countries over the next five years, and has declared that it will invest US$1 billion in 17 countries towards this effort.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|wto restrictions sps standards cholera|8.292413|8.873073|3.0524955
8010|The budget balance is estimated to have fallen into deficit in 2012, although the target of having the budget deficit not exceed 1% of GDP was met. The fiscal surplus of Azerbaijan increased from 0.6% of GDP in 2011 to 1.3% of GDP in 2012 thanks to rapid revenue growth from the low base of 2011. The revenues continued to be heavily reliant on transfers from the oil fund; more than half of such transfers were directed towards social and infrastructure projects, such as the reconstruction of infrastructure damaged by the earthquake in early 2012.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|gdp deficit budget transfers reliant|5.648164|4.873781|3.7071433
8011|In a quarter of LDCs, traditional biomass accounts for more than 80 per cent of total primary energy use; in half it is between 50 per cent and 80 per cent. This leaves only a quarter of LDCs in which it does not represent the majority of primary energy used. In most cases, the remainder is made up mainly of oil products, though with significant contributions in a few cases from natural gas (particularly in Bangladesh and to a lesser extent Myanmar and Yemen), coal (most notably in Lesotho and Afghanistan) and renewable energy (mainly hydroelectricity, particularly in Bhutan and Lao People’s Democratic Republic, with smaller contributions in Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|quarter cent ldcs contributions energy|1.512039|2.4682589|2.7113004
8012|The higher the value the more disparities between females and males (2010). Three-years average (2009-11). Three-years average (2009-11). The level of income per capita is a good proxy for long-term growth because until the 18th century there were only minor differences in income per capita across countries (Acemoglu, Robinson and Johnson, 2002).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|capita robinson johnson average years|9.411062|4.5157943|6.2135487
8013|Created in 1941, the mission of the CCSS is to provide health care services in an integral form to the individual, the family and the community and to provide economic, social and retirement protection to the Costa Rican population in accordance to the current legislation (CCSS, 2014). Directed by health boards, the CCSS is made up of health establishments organised functionally by three levels of care (primary, secondary and tertiary') and geographically by seven regions within the three service networks in the country (the southern network, the western network and the northeastern network). Interrelated, they are intended to form networks that are articulated both vertically and horizontally and satisfy the health care needs and demands of the Costa Rican population.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ccss rican network health costa|9.215448|9.090471|1.9354131
8014|The majority of health and medical services fall under the responsibility of county councils, whose representatives are elected by the residents every four years. County councils are obliged to provide health and medical services of good quality as well as to promote good health in the population. Primary care is delivered through 1 100 (public or private) primary care units in the country. In most of the counties, it is possible to bypass primary care and access specialist services directly (there is no gate-keeping).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|county councils primary care medical|9.220115|8.825129|1.6753565
8015|The clusters can be organised and combined in different ways to enhance their effectiveness and to create unique approaches to teaching and learning. Combining the approaches means moving beyond the fragmented focus on specific pedagogical innovations to highlight the importance of the creative work of teachers and schools w'hen adjusting, adapting, mixing and updating the clusters of innovative pedagogies. This pedagogical approach blends student work and teaching for understanding, adapts their sequencing and draws heavily on digital learning resources.|SDG 4 - Quality education|clusters pedagogical teaching approaches learning|8.777158|1.5302212|1.8519856
8016|These numbers are based on a standard relative poverty measure, defined as those below 50% of the median disposable income. Relative poverty rate is defined as the share of people living in households with less than 50% of the median disposable income (adjusted for family size and after taxes and transfers) of the entire population. The Gini, probably the most widely used measure of income inequality, is particularly sensitive to changes in the middle of the income distribution, while the other measures focus more on the tails of the distribution.|SDG 1 - No poverty|income disposable median measure defined|6.7646203|5.5860815|5.0158296
8017|The hospital sector appears less effective, with the death rate within 30 days of hospital admission for an acute condition (heart attack, brain haemorrhage, stroke) being about twice as high as the lowest rates in Europe (Westert et al., Access to care is facilitated by the comprehensiveness of the basic mandatory health insurance scheme and by the lowest copayments in Europe (Table 2), securing that only few people forgo medical visits for financial reasons (Westert et al., In addition, essential care services are available at short distance to almost the entire population, while waiting times for almost all treatments are below the agreed acceptable standard (known as ‘Treek norms’) (NZa, 2012).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital lowest europe copayments comprehensiveness|9.041777|9.059991|2.1201165
8018|For the other 10 houses, it is economically beneficial to have individual treatment plants, as their connection to group treatment plants will be quite expensive due to their location. This approach is efficient from the environmental point of view, since the treated wastewater from each rest house will be used to preserve the surrounding natural landscape. It is also planned to construct a WWTP on the bank of the Dalarik River.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|plants treatment construct preserve houses|1.216803|6.8947496|2.5971546
8019|The ruling outlined the ‘horrific consequences’ of child marriage and said there had long been a 'lack of common social consciousness’ on the problems faced by girls who marry early. The case defines ‘child’ pursuant to Article 81 of the Constitution to mean a girl or a boy under the age of eighteen years. Therefore, no child i.e. a boy or a girl under the age of eighteen years, has the capacity to enter into a valid marriage in Zimbabwe.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|boy eighteen girl child marriage|9.547707|5.462517|6.6642737
8020|Malawi and Mozambique both adopted land redistribution policies favouring the landless and de facto occupants, while Niger’s 1986 rural code provides for mechanisms to resolve land tenure conflicts. Decentralization was achieved through land boards in Uganda, rural councils in Senegal, land commissions in Niger and land committees in Lesotho (UNECA, 2005: 129-166). Wider access to land through land reform and/or more secure rights (whether individual or collective, proprietary or not) creates better incentives for agricultural investment and is therefore likely to result in increased employment in agriculture. The mix of measures to be enacted naturally needs to be adapted to local conditions, the local institutional setting and local traditions. Nevertheless, since the mid-2000s several LDCs have been entering into lease or sale agreements involving large patches of land for commercial agriculture development by foreign investors (so-called “land grab” operations), without fully privatizing land markets.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|land niger local decentralization uneca|3.8389795|5.088272|3.5647109
8021|Since the enlargement of the European Union to 25 countries in 2004 and then to 27 countries in 2007, this problem of ‘the meaning of the median’ has become more pressing. A relative income poverty line based on 50% of median incomes will inevitably struggle to reflect this new diversity. Figure 3 illustrates the problem. This shows, for example, that the 10 richest countries have poverty lines that are higher than the median incomes of the 10 poorest countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|median incomes problem countries inevitably|6.603368|5.8933277|5.0651817
8022|The electricity price is key. All things equal, the higher the electricity price, the lower the relative contribution of carbon finance. Therefore, whatever the targets agreed upon will be, the role of implementation mechanisms is fundamental. Several proposals have already been put forward and they are being discussed by the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity price kyoto hoc ad|1.5318694|3.1045067|1.8087308
8023|Young people are now virtually excluded from state support as benefits for those under 25 have been removed. Pensioners and the ill or disabled are still supported by pensions and welfare payments but the low levels of these benefits means that they increasingly rely on private insurance or pension payments. Among the working age, in-work poverty is a substantial issue and income is increasingly unstable.|SDG 1 - No poverty|payments increasingly benefits pensioners unstable|7.724781|5.3716626|4.3566055
8024|Simultaneous development of diverse skills and extensive retraining will be necessary. Skill creation and re-skilling activities in green growth are delivered by Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Penang Skills Development Centre. Skill creation could be more efficiently organised by pooling learning resources of educational institutions and industries at the regional level.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skill creation skilling skills retraining|7.17142|2.6113966|2.4996097
8025|There are local branches of the EBWC active in Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah (Sharjah Business Women Council, 2002). The main objectives of EBWC are to: lobby on behalf of UAE women entrepreneurs; facilitate research into the problems of women entrepreneurs; and function as a platform with national and international organisations interested in supporting UAE women entrepreneurs.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurs uae women dhabi dubai|9.011766|3.334094|6.6178355
8026|Since low-skill offshoring is more prominent than high-skill offshoring, on aggregate, engaging in a wider backward participation is associated with lower wage inequality. When it is a low-skill (high-skill) task that is received, then the labour-augmenting productivity effect pushes the wages of low-skilled (high-skilled) workers up thereby reducing (increasing) wage inequality. However, in this instance it is the high-skill effect which dominates and therefore being the recipient of an offshored task tends to increase wage inequality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|skill wage inequality high task|6.8634043|4.6915703|4.442615
8027|The Strandveidar is an open-access system running from May to August. The system is effort and output regulated and allows operatorsto catch 650 kg demersal fish pr. When the monthly catch limit is reached in one of the four areas the fishery will close down until next month. The participating fishers are either without ITQ or must have finished their ITQ allocations before entering the Strandveidar.|SDG 14 - Life below water|itq catch pr demersal finished|-0.21089397|5.8411627|6.8572593
8028|In the medium term, technological changes play a more important role in explaining growth. In the long run, risk factors, such as obesity, and changes in the prevalence of chronic diseases also enter the picture (Thorpe et al., Factors influencing the future trajectory of health spending include demand-side factors, such as ageing and the health status of a population, income growth, and consumers' behaviour; supply-side drivers, such as technological progress and changes in treatment practices, productivity, and health prices2; and regulatory factors, such as institutional characteristics of health systems and their financing'.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|factors health changes technological trajectory|9.007201|8.809198|2.744745
8029|Clotfelte, Ladd, & Vigdor (2008) arrived to this conclusion through the estimation of a model with student fixed effects, that minimizes possible bias, using data from North Virgina at the high school level. After ruling out alternative explanations (like prior achievements, or socio-cultural environment), they find a positive relationship between teachers’ college ratings and test scores, as well as a positive relationship between teachers’ degrees, coursework and certification and student outcomes in mathematics. Good, Grouws, & Ebmeier (1983) were among the first analytical study of the links between teachers’ education - and in particular in-service education - and student performance. This study wanted to put into evidence the impact on students of their mathematics teachers’ continuing training. To do so, teachers were assigned randomly to either a control or a treatment group.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers student mathematics relationship positive|9.580467|1.5722357|2.2025387
8030|And commercial development in suburban locations can often impact on the economic strategies of the city. The city hinterland also supplies essential services, such as the supply of food and drinking water, flood management, and waste disposal. So, city governments need to take an interest in land outside the city boundary' - if possible to deter urban sprawl, development that may increase flood risk and the need for transport infrastructure. Equally, local governments outside the city need to reflect how the development of the urban area will place demands on their plans and land use. David Audretsch’s book, Everything in its Place, sets out a framework for strategic management of growth in a place-based approach; but across multiple places, big and small, how' can development planning help to avoid unwarranted externalities and thus achieve the best overall outcome in use of land? How could the national need for sufficient new homes be reflected in the totality of local plans, while (reflecting the views of those who elected them) local planning authorities were reluctant to designate sufficient land to deliver a “fair share”?|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city land need place flood|3.9824314|5.4108624|1.6130865
8031|This chain of co-ordination and co-operation between agents can, if measures are taken, minimise risks (and associated costs) and maximise the value, reliability and speed of the supply. This restricts opportunities to harvest the abundance of tropical fruit in Seychelles and reduces farmers’ ability to sell surplus fruit to hotels and restaurants. To buy locally would be a dream’ — unequivocal support and preference for local produce over imported goods was clearly expressed by the hoteliers interviewed, so long as the supply was consistent.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|fruit seychelles restricts supply restaurants|4.325252|4.968273|4.2003665
8032|Alcohol consumption and smoking rates have not declined and are among the highest across the EU. Obesity rates, although still lower than in many other EU countries, are on the rise for both adults and adolescents. Encouragingly, smoking rates among adolescents declined in recent years and Austria is finally catching up with other EU countries in terms of policies for the protection of nonsmokers, for example by introducing a comprehensive smoking ban in restaurants and bars. National Action Plans on Nutrition and Physical Activity were put in place to counter the rise in obesity.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|smoking eu obesity adolescents rates|9.215941|9.468072|3.204648
8033|While participation rates for men (81%) are close to those observed in peer countries, female participation (71%) still lags behind rates observed in the selected countries (75%). Each component is projected out to 2060 according to long-term dynamics and convergence patterns between the countries. Speed of convergence depends on the initial position and structural factors such as product market regulation. The baseline specification assumes that these returns to education are the same for all countries and that educational attainment (measured by average years of schooling) of the 25-29 age cohorts improves by 1% per year over the projection horizon.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|convergence observed countries participation rates|9.184805|4.2184744|5.5162983
8034|This general behavioural pattern limits the employment of women, whose professional occupation may be viewed as “optional” vis-a-vis men’s duty to be the breadwinner. This factor, in turn, may contribute to an increase in women’s unemployment relative to men’s. Each spouse retains individual ownership of assets brought into the marriage, and assets obtained during the marriage are registered in their individual names.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|vis marriage assets breadwinner individual|9.141691|4.9295063|6.2740664
8035|The earlier the privation and the longer its duration, the greater the potential impact on the child. The difference between the two is illustrated in the diagram below. The household with the lowest income in the street lives at number 1, the second poorest household lives at number 2, and so on up to the richest household in number 15. In the example given here, this comes to $60,000. In this example, the median income is $40,000 (the income of house No. Imagine, for example, that the two richest people in the street, living in houses Nos.|SDG 1 - No poverty|street richest household lives number|7.343821|6.223764|5.137749
8036|The respondent countries identified both (a) priority areas for action on gender equality, and (b) requirements for accelerating implementation of the Platform for Action. Achieving gender parity across leadership and decision-making positions is seen, by the respondent countries, as requiring identifying women with the potential to lead; investing in building the capacities of women to occupy leadership positions; engaging “male champions”, and employing special temporary measures, such as quotas, affirmative action and targeted funding. Other identified areas for attention include reducing the gender pay gap, accounting for women’s unpaid care work, advancing the rights of women engaged in the informal sector, fostering entrepreneurship and making decent work a reality for more women workers. Action on violence against women is seen as requiring the existence and implementation of normative frameworks comprised of policies, legislation and strategies, along with a position of “zero tolerance”.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women action respondent requiring positions|9.97405|4.619959|7.3650603
8037|Only through gradual public education can the perception issues surrounding this potential use be addressed. Stakeholder engagement can also exert a strong push towards increasing the accountability of private actors and public authorities. A menu of options should be considered to strengthen existing mechanisms when they have proven effective, and develop a larger consultation base that can support inclusive water policy, with a positive impact on the willingness to pay and financial sustainability of the sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|exert gradual willingness proven perception|1.1321177|6.9077644|1.5299196
8038|They serve as refuges and produce seeds and seedlings for specific reintroductions or reinforcements, as well as for storage in the IGB. The purpose of the 2006 botanic gardens law is to support and strengthen these gardens, and to allocate financial resources for their activities. About 15 botanic gardens currently qualify for this support. In 2007, the Center treated 1169 injured terrestrial vertebrates, mainly birds (88%) (MoEP, 2008, 2010a).|SDG 15 - Life on land|gardens injured qualify birds terrestrial|1.5690246|5.1166472|4.0305333
8039|Similarly, the seller can rate us as trustworthy buyers. Teachers there are judicious and selective in using technology in their classrooms, but they embrace technology when it comes to enhancing and sharing professional practice. When I visited Shanghai in 2013,1 saw teachers using a digital platform to share lesson plans. That in itself is not unusual; what made it different from other places was that the platform was combined with reputational metrics. The more other teachers downloaded, or critiqued or improved lessons, the greater the reputation of the teacher who had shared them.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers platform seller technology using|9.111776|1.4429929|2.073896
8040|"How can policies, laws and regulations contribute to the elimination of existing inequalities and promote equality between women and men in participation rates, the distribution of resources, benefits, tasks and responsibilities in private and public life, and in the value and attention accorded to masculine and feminine characteristics, behaviour and priorities? Are there barriers to women’s access to training, advisory services or other activities that would strengthen their economic participation as employers and employees? A Guide to Gender Impact Assessment”, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, European Commission, Brussels, http://ec.euroDa.cu/soc ial/BlobServlcl?docId=4376 &langld=en: Bremer, J. (2009), ""Introducing Gender Analysis into Regulatoiy Frameworks”, position paper prepared for the first meeting of the Gender Focus Group of the MENA-OECD Governance Programme on “Addressing Gender in Public Management”, American University in Cairo, www.occd.org/dataoccd/54/50/43088074.pdf."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender cu masculine feminine accorded|9.798567|4.261164|7.084149
8041|The main contributing gas is CO2, followed by CH4 and N2O. The CO2 emission trend reflects fuel consumption and therefore show's a decrease in the period 1990-2000. However, with the reviving economy, CO2 emissions grew constantly until 2006. From that point, there was a period of stabilization until 2009 when there w'as a slight drop in emissions, mainly related to the economic crisis and the consequent decline in transportation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions period stabilization consequent constantly|1.3760358|3.1064227|2.3170245
8042|This shows the scale of the potential impact of the ICT sector on economic and societal development over the coming years, if policy-makers foster market and investment sustainability. This transformation is fuelled by emerging solutions — enabling the Internet of Things -such as AI, big data analytics and Blockchain, which all present important policy questions and challenges, including policy and ethical questions linked to safety and security, data privacy, legal accountability and liability, as well as their potential impact on employment and skills. Data on revenue is expected to change as technologies converge towards the delivery of multi-play services, blurring the line between revenue streams generated by fixed and mobile business segments.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|questions revenue data policy ai|4.641202|2.9769373|2.015234
8043|It is critical to reducing the national import bill and enhancing the international competitiveness of the economy’s export industries. This is probably a common problem shared by small developing countries that are dependent on imported petroleum. Indeed, it is arguable that even those that are endowed with petroleum would be wise to diversify their sources of energy, because their endowments of this non-renewable resource are limited and they have to share the responsibility of reducing the discharge of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Supplying organically grown food to the tourist industry will be yet another way of greening that industry.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|petroleum reducing industry endowed wise|1.628805|2.8096788|2.4176574
8044|From the 1990s onwards, population issues also started to play an increasing role in the country’s development plans and projects (Al-Qutob, 1994). In 1993, Jordan’s cabinet approved the National Birth Spacing Program and in 1996, government agencies were requested to implement the National Population Strategy, which included, among other areas, maternal and child health, family planning and birth spacing (National Population Commission, 2000). In the five-year development plan for 1993—1997, the staffing of primary health-care centres with nurses and midwives was one of the key strategies for raising the quality of health care, directly benefiting maternal as well as child health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|spacing health maternal birth population|8.857967|8.134051|3.8697317
8045|If investments in provision for mild-to-moderate disorders will reduce sickness absence and presenteeism (see subsections above) it makes good economic sense. Some large Japanese firms are already getting involved in promoting wellbeing and preventing ill-health. The National Federation of Health Insurance Societies also carries out activities such as information sharing and awareness raising making efforts to help identify mental distress amongst their employees, and advice around encouraging employees to seek help for mental distress.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|distress employees mental help sickness|10.2175255|8.855327|1.8591079
8046|Thus, multilateral and bilateral providers of support will continue to play an important role in implementing climate-related projects. To enhance such policy coherence, the EECCA countries first need to take stock of existing and planned policies in the country, and identify any misalignment. The countries then explore potential areas to improve coherence across such policies. Policy frameworks and measures to be examined could be broad and markedly different between countries, ranging from adaptation and mitigation, finance and investment promotion to competition, and other environmental and development issues.|SDG 13 - Climate action|coherence eecca countries markedly policies|1.8246884|4.038416|1.2901481
8047|Achieving cost recovery targets, developing water pricing and trading mechanisms, clarifying water entitlements and changing institutional arrangements, need to be underpinned by more and reliable information. Encouraging examples are the monitoring of minimum water flow rates in rivers as part of environmental planning, and comprehensive river basin assessments being undertaken in a number of countries. However, considerable information and knowledge gaps still remain. This encompasses data on the sources of water used; improved calculations of the physical and economic efficiency of water use in agriculture; and a better understanding of the links between on-farm water use and off-farm environmental impacts.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water farm clarifying underpinned environmental|1.1729196|7.4124584|2.6717303
8048|The General Assembly in its resolution 70/1 called for increased support for strengthening data collection and capacity-building and committed to addressing the gap in data collection. Given this substantial gap, strong focus should be placed on efforts to generate and collect reliable country data and information to monitor progress towards achieving SDG 7, especially for countries with special needs including small island developing States. Enhanced regional collaboration on capacity-building to implement SDG 7 should also be prioritized.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sdg collection data gap building|3.5592844|4.6736116|1.7076757
8049|It appears that unemployed women are also better educated than unemployed men. In Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco, women with a tertiary education are more likely to be unemployed than those with lower levels of education.7 In Algeria and Jordan, 52% and 65% of unemployed women respectively are university graduates, compared with only 11% and 21% among men (ILO, 2016). Vulnerable employment, defined as the share of unpaid family workers and own-account workers (ILO), is higher among women than men in Egypt and Morocco (Figure 1.7).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unemployed morocco women egypt ilo|8.773589|4.125643|5.3024163
8050|"The unintended consequences of long working hours (cont.) The years in which employees are expected to climb the corporate ladder coincide with parenting years, especially among women, as their fertility window is more restricted. Workers are often forced to choose between bringing up young children or putting in ""face time"" at the office."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ladder window coincide parenting years|9.160256|4.914448|5.429125
8051|The growing importance of ecosystem services in global policy development can be seen in the Paris Agreement on climate change, emerging REDD+ activities,1 and a range of global and regional initiatives, commitments and programmes. These include the Global Goals of the United Nations Forum on Forests; the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Biodiversity Targets; the Bonn Challenge; the New York Declaration on Forests; and the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 15, which refers to sustainable land and forest management. The need to ensure the sustainability and enhance the supply of goods and services from forests and other tree-based ecosystems is gaining increasing policy attention and work on the ground.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests global goals aichi sustainable|1.5679187|4.7913747|3.7710512
8052|Even though these hold schools and school leaders accountable for performance. There is no comprehensive overview of the i various self-evaluation activities, which may involve a wide range of different methods of data collection, 'olves an external review by the municipal district council. The appraisal of school principals can take place at the local level, but is not mandatory.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school accountable appraisal principals mandatory|9.848809|1.6070324|1.474964
8053|"Among several adverse implications, they can lead to a deceleration of economic growth, hamper efforts aimed at eliminating extreme poverty and hunger, and weaken bonds of solidarity at the community level. Inequalities of outcome also correlate with political capture, especially by vested interest groups. A disproportionate political influence of the rich over policymaking increases rent-seeking activities at the expense of the broader society, hence undermining the global aspiration of ""leaving no one behind"". The chapter presents new research on the drivers and costs of income inequality in the region.3 Owing to data constraints, the chapter primarily focuses on income inequality at the regional and country levels."|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality political correlate chapter aspiration|6.588399|5.285205|4.772118
8054|Other important issues relate to, inter alia: whether or not the planning is done in a co-ordinated manner with incoming flow of projects on electricity generation from renewable resources and whether the planning is done in a way that reflects natural resource endowments. These are treated in the public governance section of this report. In Tanzania, the state-owned utility company TANESCO has passed through an excessive fraction of purchase costs to consumers, causing electricity tariffs to rise by 70% between 2008 and 2012.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity planning incoming alia endowments|1.9112597|1.9271331|2.1043026
8055|"If they are thrown back into the sea (“discarded"") they do not survive (with rare exceptions) so although they may conceivably provide food for some other species they do not help the conservation of their own species; nor do they contribute to satisfying market demand for fish, so more fish than are needed for this are caught. Rather than throw them into the sea a vessel may hope to land them illegally or transfer them to an intermediary who will land them in a port outside the national or EU jurisdiction. One is that they are not wasted and the other is that they are recorded. The disadvantage is that there is some economic incentive to over-fish, which seems counter-productive. The Norwegian view is that allowing discards while penalising landings provides an economic incentive to systematically fish for large and higher priced fish and systematically discard “unwanted"" fish - so-called ""high grading"". However, the EU did introduce a ban on high grading in the North Sea in 2009, Furthermore, a vessel’s record of overfishing can be monitored and the economic incentive removed in the case of persistent offenders."|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish incentive grading sea vessel|-0.0017203796|5.853214|6.806901
8056|Gender Evaluation Methodology for Internet and ICTs. Giving everyone a voice and a say in the formulation, implementation and evaluation is the first step towards an inclusive development initiative. It is important to plan activities taking into account the daily timetables of both men and women, and not to overburden them with extra activities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|evaluation activities voice formulation icts|9.587155|4.20238|7.2423415
8057|Creating the incentives needed to expand access to credit and insurance markets is an example of government activity that would contribute to reducing the structural inequalities constraining the capacity of people to diversify their livelihoods and adapt to climate change. Climate change resilience will demand that social, economic and ecological systems become capable of reorganizing so as to maintain their essential functions, identity and structure, while also maintaining their capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation.19 This will pave the way towards sustainable development—as long as the structural inequalities that drive poverty, social exclusion and vulnerability are addressed. At the same time, it identifies concrete areas where national efforts will need to be supplemented through enhanced international cooperation. The chapter builds upon the idea that climate hazards and inequalities are locked in a vicious cycle, whereby those hazards affect people experiencing socioeconomic vulnerability disproportionately.|SDG 13 - Climate action|inequalities hazards climate vulnerability structural|1.4875114|4.8912315|1.934843
8058|Between 2015 and 2017, six countries show an annual reduction of 3% or more in poverty rates. In Chile, El Salvador, Panama and Paraguay, over half of the rise in poor households' income came from labour income, while in Costa Rica and Uruguay increases in contributory and non-contributory transfers predominated. In some countries, especially Chile.|SDG 1 - No poverty|contributory chile panama salvador paraguay|6.4992905|5.646159|5.12943
8059|These include, among others, the co-ordination of policies on food security and sustainability, regulation and economic tools to correct market failures such as the lack of integration of costs related to environmental externalities, the funding and orientation of research, technological transfer and adoption, and the participation in international science and research co-operation. Governments also need to provide support to innovative experiments and outreach. There is a need for strengthened links between policy and research, where policy needs drive research activities in order to be properly informed by the research outcomes. Governments are actively involved in international standard-setting where improved cooperation is required.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|research governments experiments international need|3.459004|4.2267714|2.7722828
8060|For instance, it costs 2.5 times more for an economy of South-East Asia to trade with Africa than with North America. It is also comprehensive, covering 178 countries, including a wide range of developing countries, over the period 1995-2010. A clear policy implication is that South-South cooperation could be improved to lower trade costs.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|south trade costs implication covering|4.692161|4.4178753|3.277374
8061|They should also establish the research capacity necessary to assess the effects of climate or environment change on fish stocks and aquatic ecosystems. ( Some countries consider that fisheries management can be improved, under the responsibility of the administration, by the active participation of management bodies and by the use of management instruments that enhance fisher’s sense of shared involvement in solutions. For some other countries, co-management frameworks that provide for input from fishers are considered to be valuable by providing improved user right and stewardship over the resource, in addition to being a valuable source of information.|SDG 14 - Life below water|management valuable improved fisher stewardship|-0.28613362|5.7761765|6.551613
8062|Electricity production in 2015 generally declined compared to the early 2000s (by about 25%), particularly in Chisinau. This is closely related to the increase in gas prices. Energocom is a state-owned company and acts as a single buyer at nonregulated prices for imported electricity from Ukraine as well as from Transnistria. Energocom sells to RED Nord and RED Nord-Vest, or directly to eligible customers (Ener2i, 2014).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|red electricity prices sells buyer|1.8490021|2.121705|2.1620212
8063|For example, several countries have adopted legislation that takes into account changes in family structure, recognizing same-sex marriages (e.g., the Netherlands,’36 Spain’37 and Uruguay’3*)’39 and civic unions between same-sex partners (e.g., Argentina,140 Chile’4’ and Sweden142). Thanks to women’s movements,143 many countries have also adopted or improved legislation to prevent and respond to violence against women. Civil Code, article 30, Book I, reform of 2001.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sex adopted legislation marriages recognizing|9.713219|5.001115|7.172598
8064|The Operational Programme (OP) for allocating this funding is targeted towards achieving both key national development priorities and the EU’s Europe 2020 objectives. It will support the reform of the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and implementation of the EU's Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) in Germany. A comprehensive range of outcomes are being pursued within these objectives and include greater technological development, competitiveness, efficiency, safety, and environmental performance.|SDG 14 - Life below water|eu objectives op cfp maritime|-0.15790677|5.6887474|6.6278358
8065|On the other hand, the self-reported data from the Municipal National Information System (SINIM) administered by the government agency in charge of regional development (SUBDERE) indicates a total debt of CLP 79 570 million. School Choice International - Exploring Public-Private Partnerships, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. La Agenda Pendiente en Educacion [The Pending Agenda in Education], Universidad de Chile and UNICEF, Santiago, w w w. uchile.cl/documentos/ elaqua_75179_1 .pdf.|SDG 4 - Quality education|agenda educacion clp cl massachusetts|9.423052|2.019516|2.517949
8066|Green urban infrastructure planning also may be integrated in territorial development planning to prevent risks related to heat and floods. In reconstructed urban areas, the focus should be on sustainable land management through denser development and modernization of buildings. This can be extended to improvement of water supply, sewerage and heating systems, to save resources.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|planning modernization urban sewerage save|3.5442145|4.8164363|1.8759892
8067|As such, countries are especially interested in learning more about their own teaching and ECEC workforce, and making comparisons with other countries to develop more effective policies to improve teaching and learning (OECD, 2014b). They may also be called pedagogue, educator, childcare practitioner or pedagogical staff in pre-primary education, while the term teacher is almost universally used at the primary' level. Data sourced from the OECD’s Education at a Glance Indicators exclusively covers this category. Assistants are more common in pre-primary education than in primary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|primary education pre teaching learning|9.295877|2.4730039|1.9284701
8068|While 96.8 per cent of men were full-time workers in 2011-2012, only 82.7 per cent of women were in that category (Figure 11-2). The improvement has to be seen, however, in the context of the overall decline in the work participation rate (WPR) of women in 2011-2012. The shares of such workers during 2004-2005 were 26.9 per cent and 33.6 per cent, respectively, for men and women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent women workers men shares|8.963324|4.3772435|5.622501
8069|The views expressed are those of the authors and/or editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights. Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. Identifying, locating and profiling the poor and deprived individuals in a society are the most basic imperatives for good social policy design. Understanding why people are - and remain - poor is the next analytical step.|SDG 1 - No poverty|locating provided poor analytical unicef|7.172822|6.556556|5.1695147
8070|It calls upon States parties to take all necessary action, including legislation, to specify a minimum age of marriage (article 16(2)). The Committee recommends that States parties take effective legal measures, including penal sanctions, civil remedies and compensatory provisions, to protect women against all kinds of violence. It specifically recommends that legislation remove the defence of honour in regard to the assault or murder of a female family member.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|recommends parties legislation murder honour|9.812504|5.366512|7.2899723
8071|On the contrary, while electricity consumption has been slowing down, governments have accelerated renewable investments since 2008. The implication for Europe is that the residual demand to conventional generators in 2011 was equal to the level of 2002. In addition, the average price levels decrease, negative or zero prices can happen, and peaking units are running fewer hours.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|peaking slowing implication generators residual|1.5851674|1.7040132|1.9406501
8072|In most cases, these are embraced in reports or programmes that identify priority themes which are then translated into action. The Outlook identified a number of strategic goals aimed to achieve the objectives stated above. Most of the goals can be further refined for the global coastal and marine environment.|SDG 14 - Life below water|goals embraced refined translated themes|0.035912637|5.5900764|5.9973297
8073|However, as Wilson et a I. (2011) point out this would not be the case if storage operators are able to exploit price differential through inter-temporal trading. With “locality” restricted to the basket of intermittent renewable energies. Such a strategy would favour intermittent over dispatchable renewable (e.g. hydro, geothermal) energy. Moreover, it would favour renewable energy in the electricity supply industry over other means of carbon abatement.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|intermittent renewable favour wilson temporal|1.6992587|1.6092196|1.9378122
8074|This approach mainly focuses on ensuring gender equality in the workplace of suppliers. In Switzerland, this requirement relates to ensuring wage equality: the Federal Act on Public Procurement requires equality in the pay of men and women in all companies as a requirement for awarding government contracts. Companies of 50 or more employees are obliged to verify their compliance with this princinple.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality requirement ensuring companies awarding|9.68389|4.068242|7.111323
8075|Wastewater treatment plants are required, by regulation, to discharge 0 kg of phosphorus (P) for new or expanded wastewater treatment plants. The amount of phosphorus removed is calculated using mathematical formulae, and dischargers must remove 4 kg of phosphorus for every 1 kg discharged into watercourses. The use of a trading programme improves water quality compared with traditional wastewater treatment since other pollutants are removed by the nonpoint pollution control methods, and not just phosphorus.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|phosphorus kg wastewater treatment removed|0.96875244|6.8191047|2.8682861
8076|The Solar Electric Light Fund has successfully deployed water irrigation pumps powered by PV panels in Benin. The sustainable systems are expected to be cost-advantageous after 2.3 years compared to gasoline or diesel engines (SELF, 2011). Four main segments of the private sector that can play a leading role in improving access to electricity have been identified: large multinational manufacturers (vendors), utilities/ESCOs, local private companies (community-based), and NGOs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|escos powered vendors engines advantageous|2.0442154|1.979858|2.4762537
8077|Following a territorial approach is complex but crucial for policy making that connects the objectives of equity, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability - each indispensable in the fight against food insecurity and malnutrition. A striking feature of contemporary' economic development is unprecedented regional disparities, not only across but even more within countries. Within OECD countries, inequities between regions within countries are larger than inequalities between countries (OECD, 2016).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|countries connects indispensable striking contemporary|4.380359|5.4121094|4.002233
8078|Growth in social benefits reduces the overall child poverty rate, however it appears to have had no significant effect on the poverty risk of families with incomes far below the poverty line, such as in particularly single-parent jobless families. The main reason is that the income of these families is often far below the poverty line and that the cash transfers they receive are not high enough to lift them out of poverty. In addition, benefits seem to have played a rather limited role in mitigating the effects of the crisis in countries where the family disposable income has declined between 2007 and 2014.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty families far line lift|7.450153|5.952064|4.76627
8079|These banks could be allowed to set their interest rates freely and fund input traders, crop buyers and processors. They include fertiliser dealers often lending at 4-6% a month and wealthier villagers or townspeople lending at about 10% a month. Pawnshops lend at about 5% a month with collateral (HKS, 2010).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|month lending lend wealthier processors|8.513316|3.3884017|6.3123984
8080|The government identified the expansion and improvement of the networks as a key priority, by developing a strategic plan for grid extension and - in line with the recent revision of the Energy Act - is establishing ten-year-plans for grid extension which are coordinated amongst operators on a national basis. This initiative is welcome as it ensures the coordination of the projects and may create synergies, increases transparency and enhances participation of all relevant stakeholders. Also while it will not reduce the need for grid expansion, smartening the grid could help managing unpredictable energy sources and generating efficiency gains as it improves demand side management.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid extension expansion unpredictable enhances|1.9098245|1.7059468|2.109263
8081|Adding income from production to property income (section 2) gives primary income. Total income is the sum of primary income and current transfers received (section 4); from this measure it is possible to obtain disposable income, which is total income less current transfers paid (section 8). Total and disposable incomes are the most commonly used income aggregates. However, to provide additional insights into the nature of poverty in a country or area, compilers of poverty statistics may also wish to make use of supplementary income measures, such as income before social transfers.|SDG 1 - No poverty|income transfers section disposable total|6.833182|5.5496597|4.7059627
8082|Using the data reported in Table 5 (column 2), averaging across years, and extrapolating trends for countries where available data cover only a short period, it can be shown that the Gini coefficient for market income has, on average, increased by 16% over a ten-year period across the countries shown. This is a very substantial increase over a relatively short period of time. For instance, and as discussed below, 16% is the same order of magnitude as the reduction in inequality among the non-elderly population that is achieved by the entire tax-benefit system in some countries (e.g., Switzerland or the United States).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|period shown short averaging countries|6.6931195|5.1206446|4.8645854
8083|Policy attention has focused on women’s own behaviour and choices, but women have been investing more in their education and participating more continuously in employment without reaping the expected benefits. It is time to focus instead on changing the environment in which women are making choices. This brief focuses on policies needed to change employment arrangements. This would involve: raising and extending minimum wage floors to reduce the penalties that come from being at the bottom of the wage hierarchy; improving the valuation of women’s work through strengthening legal and collective regulation; extending gender pay audits and action plans; and improving women's employment opportunities by developing progression opportunities in female-dominated jobs and sectors, and enabling mothers to remain in, or return to, employment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women employment extending choices wage|9.372848|4.6864057|6.18713
8084|This has been achieved through liberal air transport policy as a catalyst for aviation growth coupled with extensive development of hotels, resorts, retail precincts and attractions driven by the Singapore Tourism Board (STB). The STB manages the Tourism Development Fund, a S$2 billion fund set up to support infrastructure development, capability development, anchoring iconic and major events and product development (Singapore Tourism Board, 2012). Taking advantage of global growth in cruise tourism, Singapore has completed an upgrade of its existing terminal facilities and the development of new facilities.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism singapore development board fund|6.258238|3.8827631|2.8340473
8085|When considering a water quality risk they may resort to change in practices, including, drainage, dilution or treatment. In particular, changing practices will only occur if the costs of doing so are inferior to the risk avoidance benefits, and changing agriculture activity will only be profitable if the alternative provides more resilient and still viable revenue. This simplified illustration assumes a perfectly elastic demand and water risks are interpreted as a vertical shift in supply.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|changing inferior practices perfectly elastic|1.3023889|6.9801707|2.6447544
8086|The national policy and the research universities emphasise academic excellence and global impact rather than regional needs. The lack of a recognised regional mission for higher education institutions which would include clear goals and a significant role for academic researchers and the college faculty is a weakness in the present higher education and innovation system. Furthermore, there is a lack of information and data on innovation performance within the private sector and also within higher education institutions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|academic higher education innovation lack|7.500965|2.5470405|2.490032
8087|They suggest a unified framework approach to forecasting the implications of climate changes for marine fish production which involves: (i) identifying relevant mechanisms; (ii) conducting a feasibility assessment of the implications of downscaling climate scenarios; (iii) evaluating climate model scenarios and selecting Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models; (iv) extracting environmental variables from climate scenarios and incorporating them into projection models; and (v) evaluating fish and shellfish production under a changing ecosystem. Recently, Zhang et al. ( According to the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) exploitation state summary of 441 assessed stocks, 77% were fully exploited or overfished, depleted or recovering (Kelleher, 2005).|SDG 14 - Life below water|climate scenarios evaluating implications fish|-0.26027846|6.007568|6.2128015
8088|Even though such estimates need to be taken with caution given difficulties in estimating the income equivalent of in-kind benefits, it is clear that public services benefit poorer households the most. However, efficiency gains could compensate for lower spending. Better management and greater regional flexibility in public sector wages could contribute significantly. Reaping potential efficiency gains will be essential to preserve at the same time the quality of public services and fiscal sustainability. The income-increasing effect for reduced rent tenants is 41% in the bottom quintile and 7% in the top quintile.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|quintile gains public efficiency tenants|5.0413465|5.701178|2.2980883
8089|The findings of this research reveal that online public service for women should go beyond merely providing an access to the existing national e-Government services, and design and implement targeted online services for women based on adequate assessment of needs. Findings of this research confirm that the gender objectives should include gender mainstreaming within the national e-Government framework, with an aim to bring about a more gender-friendly public administration approach. In addition, it is important to consider the potential of women’s online participation to transform the offline reality, using the e-Govemment as an important vehicle. The crucial elements of the application of ICT for gender equality in governance in this regard is to reinvent the public sector by transforming its internal and external way of handling activities, as well as its interrelationships with women and other actors in the society.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|online gender women findings public|9.712675|4.175687|7.233673
8090|"The Marine and Coastal Protected Areas project, supported by the Global Environment Facility, will contribute to this goal. Federal protected areas cover nearly 60% of threatened flora and fauna species (Chapter 4). While Brazil needs to keep a tight focus on the Amazon biome, future efforts will need to concentrate on marine areas and the other terrestrial biomes, notably Cerrado and Caatinga, where protection through land-use zoning is low and the most future deforestation is expected (Soares-Filho et al., The ecosystem representation of conservation may appear more balanced once the set-aside areas, as required under the Forest Code, are implemented and monitored. It has also been driven by a desire to recognise traditional and local community rights. Since the mid-2000s, more than 500 000 km2 of federal and state-level protected areas have been created in the Amazon, including along the so-called ""deforestation arc” (comprising the eastern and southern edges of the forests in the states of Rondonia, Mato Grosso and Para) and in areas expecting road infrastructure development."|SDG 15 - Life on land|areas protected amazon deforestation marine|1.6030158|4.938511|4.1255703
8091|Policy makers continue to deploy targeted approaches such as subsidies and favourable tax treatments of specific technologies. Existing technology will progress, albeit at a slower rate, as the most cost-effective applications, with a reduced vision of large-scale deployment of variable renewables and supporting technologies. Progress on electric vehicle development as well as storage technology development and supporting business models is also slow.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|supporting technologies progress technology deploy|2.0001602|2.718867|1.9895895
8092|In addition, large-scale solar power arrays are limited to certain high-insolation regions, like the American Southwest and Spain. Frequently, land-use values are low in regions witnessing the highest solar power development, i.e. arid regions with comparatively little agriculture and vegetation. The development of rooftop solar PV panels is also growing fast.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|solar regions witnessing power southwest|1.6240467|1.8563756|2.3218312
8093|Different disorders show different degrees of recurrence or persistence. On the other hand, inpatient data show only part of the whole picture. Patients in inpatient psychiatric care are a selected group. Inpatient data from Switzerland show that clinicians tend to overestimate the chronicity of their patients’ illness because of a relatively small group of patients who are readmitted very often (Frick and Frick, 2010).10 Diagnosis was strongly related to the risk of rehospitalisation and the duration between two consecutive inpatient stays, with a higher rehospitalisation risk as well as a shorter time until readmission for schizophrenia and personality disorders.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|inpatient patients disorders overestimate group|10.211096|8.873855|1.9430423
8094|Equal contribution of men and women from the planning to the implementation of peacebuilding programmes is a precondition for enhancing the impact of local and international interventions and making the consolidation of peace increasingly just and sustainable (Chapters 2,10 and 11). Commitments to gender equality are thus an essential requirement for peacebuilding activities. However, while one or two programmes dedicated to the inclusion of women or women’s organizations may show symbolic goodwill, they do not substitute for a truly participatory process that capitalizes on the contributions of women peacemakers and responds to and advances women’s specific needs and experiences (Chapters 2 and 11). Individual requirements of specific groups must be analysed, understood and considered, particularly of those groups which are marginalized in peacebuilding processes and thus prevented from fully determining their own fate and making positive contributions to their society’s future. Being one of these groups, women have been marginalized and are now in need of proactive inclusion.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peacebuilding women marginalized chapters groups|10.29379|4.8910055|7.630606
8095|The 2013 OECD Reform of Social Welfare Programmes highlights the need for a more effective system of governance of such programmes. The acceleration of the rationalisation of social security funds, and further consolidation of the remaining ones, is a critical priority in this regard as, despite steps towards consolidation, merged funds have generally retained their own structures. The recent transfer of the overall responsibility of social welfare programmes to one ministry (the Ministry of Labour) is welcome (OECD, 2013b). The recent creation of a National Register of Beneficiaries of social and welfare benefits is a positive step towards data exchange, but it needs to be accompanied by an upgrading of the ICT competencies of funds’ employees.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|welfare funds consolidation social programmes|7.425292|5.795882|4.265526
8096|Grassroots innovators often operate as informal businesses. Given their importance within national economies, however, policy makers would do well to foster innovation in their local context: in 2007, the informal economy amounted to 14.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in China, 45.1% of GDP in Colombia, 25.6% in India, 20.9% in Indonesia and 31.7% in South Africa (Schneider et al., The informal sector employs 84% of the non-agricultural workforce in India, 60% in Colombia, 33% in South Africa (International Labour Organization [ILO], 2011) and 68% in Indonesia (OECD, 2015a).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|informal colombia indonesia india gdp|8.008484|4.2247415|4.7368274
8097|This will help shed light on the contributions low income areas make to the city’s entrepreneurship. This paper also makes an attempt to understand the demographic and income earning characteristics of the urban poor. It examines if the sociodemographic and other characteristics of the urban poor determine their contribution to the city’s economy, society and governance. First, a literature review to document that this is really unchartered territory is presented.|SDG 1 - No poverty|characteristics city poor urban really|6.4031515|5.755394|4.731095
8098|Part of the GBP 400 million pledged to improve access to psychological therapies will specifically help people from communities that find it difficult to access these services. In 2012/13 Time to Change, the Department of Health funded mental health anti-stigma and discrimination programme focused on working with African and Caribbean communities, ring-fencing 25% of the grants fund for work with BME communities, and build partnerships with BME organisations. It is part of a far-reaching new agreement between police, mental health trusts and paramedics. The Concordat acknowledges that there are particular difficulties to achieving better mental health outcomes for people in black and minority ethnic (BME) communities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|communities mental health acknowledges ring|10.388667|8.865977|1.7086241
8099|In the absence of continuation with national funding, which very rarely occurs, this also tends to reduce appropriation of the projects by national officers who tend to see them as pilots unlikely to be pursued. Evaluations from the Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education about the involvement of employers in the provision of study programmes, including through student internships and company-based practices, also show' that appropriate forms of involvement remain to be found, that could better take into account mutual interest and availability for commitment. The tools put in place to assess the labour market situation of Lithuanian employees have started to provide information that could be used and widely diffused to provide evidence of VET benefits in terms of eamings and employment success to prospective students (OECD, 2017(47j).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|involvement appropriation pilots lithuanian internships|8.56318|2.7698102|2.8610811
8100|How these pathways play out depends on intra-household gender dynamics, which are in turn are affected by local gender regimes and socio-economic inequalities within a setting or beneficiary population. Likewise, programs that generate smaller shifts in relationship power appear more easily accepted by men than those catalysing larger disruptions (Wasilkowska 2011, Slate and Mphale 2008, Maldonado 2005). For example, Buller and colleagues (2016) note that increased cash and in-kind transfers to women was accepted by Colombian and Ecuadorian men in part because it was intended for children’s nutrition, a domain already within the domestic r esponsibilities of women. Indeed, how' a program is ‘‘framed” and the meaning imbued to cash by a program’s stated intent (e.g. for women’s entrepreneurship versus child health) may influence the transfer’s impact on gender dynamics and IPV as much as any other program feature.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|program accepted dynamics gender cash|8.882667|5.1306376|6.0297847
8101|Producer organisations exist for sugar, cocoa, coconut, palm oil, rice, sugar, tobacco and coffee. In more recent years it has moved on to campaign on issues such as food sovereignty, sustainable agriculture and anti-neoliberalism, protesting strongly against rice imports and “unfair” trade practices such as subsidised commodity imports. Other national farmer organisations include the National Peasant Union (Serikat Tani National, STN), the Alliance of Agrarian Reform Movements (Aliansi Gerakan Refarma, AGRA), and the Indonesian Peasant’s Alliance (Aliansi Petani Indonesia, API). A farmer’s interest in joining an organisation or group tends to be based on the assistance to be provided to the group. Consequently, farmer organisations are generally dependent on facilities from other institutions and their activities will likely cease without help.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farmer organisations alliance sugar rice|3.8442945|5.129879|3.789947
8102|Indeed, the 30-day mortality from AMI recorded one of the steepest decreases in the EU and stood at the very low level of 6.9 per 100 patients in 2015. This is lower than Germany (7.7), Austria (7.4) and the United Kingdom (7.2) (Figure 10). However, 30-day mortality from stroke is average compared to other countries, and could be improved further, particularly given that neighbouring countries Germany and Austria achieve markedly lower rates.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|austria mortality germany day ami|9.243494|9.33837|2.550374
8103|These countries include Ecuador, Eritrea, Ghana, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mozambique, South Africa, and Thailand.418 The Government of Thailand has moved with particular zeal in this direction by issuing a government use compulsory license on a remedy for heart disease in addition to HIV/AIDS drugs (see box 5). See A. Ahuja (Associated Press), “Thai Health Groups Urge Abbott Boycott”, IP health newsletter of 21 March 2007. For a critical assessment of such actions from a competition law standpoint, see S. Flynn, “Considering Competition Complaints Against Abbott in Thailand - A Brief Explanation of Potential Legal Arguments”, 23 March 2007 (available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/faculty/flynn/); and “Thailand’s Lawful Compulsory Licensing and Abbott’s Anticompetitive Response”, 26 April 2007 [hereinafter Flynn, Thailand’s Lawful Compulsory Licensing] (available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/faculty/flynn/).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|thailand abbott compulsory edu faculty|8.372935|9.435778|2.6527307
8104|The increase in inequality driven by higher skill levels was more pronounced for men (Annex 5.A3, Figure 5.A3.1), particularly in Belgium, Finland and Spain, where the increased share of households with a male member employed in a managerial, professional or technical job contributed 1.5 point to the increase in inequality over the period. One possible explanation for why more households with high-skilled workers drives inequality higher is the growing tendency of people with similar education/earnings levels to live together (“assortative mating”), as described in Section 5.2. In part, this may reflect a narrowing in the gender wage gap as a result of increased women’s educational attainment. Female workers today are more likely to have more labour market experience (and thus higher earnings) than 20 years ago. Moreover, changes in policy parameters such as legislation mandating equal pay may also contribute to reducing the gender gap.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|inequality earnings higher gap mandating|9.062888|4.406143|5.7644587
8105|While technologies linked to smart grids are efficiency-enhancing and could in principle improve the economic viability of existing centralized systems, smart grids are not simply plug-in additions to existing networks, but require new approaches to electricity network design and operation. A significant number also have legal frameworks for mini-grids, although these are often inadequate or incomplete. In some cases, the private sector is permitted to own and operate minigrids and receive some type of public support in the absence of a legal framework, and only a minority of LDCs specify technical standards for mini-grids.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grids mini smart legal existing|1.997468|1.7007978|2.122774
8106|For school-aged immigrants, this active role can begin in the classroom through the language learning process. However, a number of challenges exist that hinder language learning of immigrant and refugee students. Within two months of starting school, all new arrivals are assessed on their academic knowledge and language skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language learning arrivals school refugee|10.024478|2.6687348|2.6287882
8107|Second, if the intercultural component of the Bilingual Intercultural Education Programme (PEIB) is to be implemented successfully, all teachers need further tools and competencies to develop the intercultural competencies of their students. It would be important to develop a larger strategy and to incorporate and strengthen the intercultural component in both initial teacher education and professional development for in-service teachers. Third, Chile should consider giving Indigenous communities more autonomy to develop and implement their own pedagogical projects.|SDG 4 - Quality education|intercultural develop competencies component teachers|10.205693|2.4065864|2.4538887
8108|However, total expenditure per capita for specific objectives is often low'er in Austria than for the EU, with the exceptions of earth sciences (including climate change), energy, education, and - above all - industrial production and technology. In contrast, the shares of R&D dedicated to health and the environment are comparatively low in Austria. A systematic identification of key challenges for Austrian R&D has gained momentum recently, inspired by the European Commission’s proposal for Horizon Europe, w'here a mission-oriented policy approach to R&D funding plays an important role.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|austria inspired er earth austrian|5.5089755|3.2912586|2.4127653
8109|Move from unified and technocratic policies, standards and norms of urban design to more flexible and locally based practices. Urban policies are designed with a top-down approach that is not appropriate for balancing public and private development interests in the economic realities of the market. There is a disjuncture between urban planning and development, because citizens and main local market players are excluded from formulating policy.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban formulating realities unified market|3.985208|5.2829895|1.6663324
8110|Finally, although one of the former President of the organisation had to step down due to corruption allegations in 2001, the organisation has received the all-clear from the National Audit Office (Contraloria General) in recent years. At the national level, a number of institutions have been set up which have successfully blended concessionary and commercial financing in the water sector. For example, FINDETER was set up in Colombia to attract commercial bank financing into local infrastructure by lowering the cost of these loans to municipal borrowers.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|organisation commercial financing blended set|1.0003572|7.230415|1.6995958
8111|This demonstrates that innovation is the main driver of growth in advanced economies. Firms constantly change products and processes, collect new knowledge, and develop new ways of working. Basic aggregate indicators from innovation surveys show that the share of firms developing a product or process innovation ranges from over half of all firms in Austria, Germany, Luxembourg and Switzerland to less than a third in France, Japan and Norway.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|firms innovation constantly demonstrates ranges|5.4671307|3.3650935|2.516874
8112|"Stereotyping attributes are also common, for example reports should avoid portraying only men as leaders and women as followers, or men as active and women as passive and ""vulnerable"". Women and girls are not intrinsically vulnerable or victims by nature. This stereotypical language denies women and girls' agency, depicting them as weak and passive bystanders of conflict and agentless victims, and builds a distorted, male-dominated narrative that contributes to women and girls' exclusion from decision-making, transitional justice, peace-building and reconciliation efforts. Avoid using gendered nouns, such as ""mankind"", replacing them for example, with ""people"" or ""men and women""."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women passive girls victims men|9.948163|4.923285|7.416996
8113|Includes social, political and economic violence. Violence against women encompasses: Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, violence perpetrated by family members other than the spouse and violence related to exploitation. Studies reveal gender, age and ethnic biases in youth violence. However, there are major impediments that hinder comparative analysis of rates of violence among youth, including lack of information, insufficient disaggregation of the information that does exist and the fact that the available data cover different periods and have been collected from numerous sources. Most countries in the world lack adequate information on the number of deaths caused by violence, and in any case deaths account for only a small proportion of the problem.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence deaths sexual youth information|10.035683|5.4628973|7.4337983
8114|In Hai Phong, for example, annual waste generated in 2025 is expected to be quadruple the levels produced by the city in 2015 (OECD, 2016b). It includes specific targets for the collection and treatment of solid waste in urban and rural areas for industrial, hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, tow'ards 2015, 2020, and 2025. For example, by 2020, 90% of municipal solid waste is to be collected and treated in all cities and 85% of the collected waste is to be recycled, reused or used for energy recovery and organic fertiliser production.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste hazardous solid collected ards|0.58548915|4.0512176|3.0313013
8115|However, much research is needed to better understand the driving forces, motivations and success conditions or performance of migrant women entrepreneurs. Sometimes ethnic characteristics are prominent in their behaviour, at other times gender-related characteristics determine their attitudes. Here, the critical question is: Does this dual effect bring about double barriers or more opportunities?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|characteristics motivations dual prominent forces|8.841674|3.7174807|6.276755
8116|Successful industrialisation of the country has allowed direct and indirect net taxation of farming to be virtually eliminated. By the early 2000s that had been cut to only a little more than 10%. From 1988 to 2007, the number of households affected by food poverty declined from 2.55 million to 418 000.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|industrialisation eliminated virtually taxation cut|4.3073816|5.4359126|4.140299
8117|The Population Division systematically monitoring population policies, including those related to reproductive health, since 1974. Reproductive Health Policies 2017: Data Booklet (ST/ESA/ SER.A/396). Specifically, target 3.7 calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes by 2030. Likewise, target 5.6 calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|reproductive health calls sexual universal|9.43509|5.7388244|6.312671
8118|A basic descriptive analysis of data involves the calculation of simple measures of composition and the distribution of variables by sex, and for each sex, that facilitate straightforward gender-focused comparisons between different groups of population. Depending upon the type of data, these measures may be proportions, rates, ratios or averages, for example. Furthermore, when necessary, such as in the case of sample surveys, measures of association between variables can be used to decide whether the differences observed for women and men are statistically significant or not. Percentages, ratios, rates or averages are the basis for the calculation of gender indicators.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|calculation averages ratios sex measures|9.669918|4.423571|7.9217005
8119|The prevalence of stunted children was higher in the poorest groups in almost all countries in which recent nutrition survey data was available.5 In some countries, the prevalence among the poorest group was nearly twice the national average (Figure 9). While the prevalence of overweight children is greater in higher-income groups in most countries, the poorer groups had higher prevalence in Armenia and Serbia. Malnutrition - both undernutrition and overweight - are multicausal problems.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|prevalence overweight groups poorest higher|4.5834975|5.817126|4.643543
8120|"Under the Australian Better Access initiative, following the preparation of a Mental Health Treatment Plan, GPs are able to refer patients to clinical psychologists, allied mental health professionals, or appropriately trained GPs providing focused psychological strategy (FPS) services. Whilst the ""Better Access” initiative has met some challenges this is a good example of building greater capacity for effective treatment from a primary care level, promoting co-ordination between primary carers and specialists to provide good treatment, and promoting psychological therapies as an appropriate treatment for primary care practitioners to refer to. In many cases, services at different intensities are likely provided slightly outside of primary care settings, with or without co-ordination or management by a primary care practitioner, and require some investments in new interventions, especially at the lower intensity end."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|primary treatment care gps psychological|10.280276|8.871275|1.6735784
8121|Instead, a much more radical, systemic, and integrated policy approach is needed to promote sustainable food production at both national and international levels. The policy challenge is how to move beyond the recognition of a multiplicity of innovative experiences, toward the design of policies to expand, transfer, adapt and/or disseminate the plethora of existing technological approaches so as to reduce poverty, hunger, and environmental destruction. Moreover, active participation by various actors including governments, nongovernmental organizations, and multilateral organizations can be critical not only to scaling up innovations but also to disseminating knowledge, building capacity among farmers, fostering trust, and reducing the risks associated with new technology and agricultural practices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|organizations multiplicity disseminating radical destruction|3.931342|5.2729673|3.841379
8122|This could help to answer the vexed question of the potential for competition between climate and development finance, which continues to cause a political divide between developed and developing countries. The development co-operation community could also consider further research in a number of areas including country level studies of financial flows to identify ways of maximising the effectiveness of finance for climate, development and disaster risk reduction. In addition, country level studies of the measures being taken to roll out the 2015 agendas in a coherent way at the national level would provide valuable insights and learning to share with development co-operation providers and partner governments.|SDG 13 - Climate action|development operation level studies finance|1.8587215|4.200961|1.0971717
8123|From 2004, this scheme provides a per-hectare grazing payment, taking into account livestock density relative to land vegetation cover, with the regions of Israel divided into four categories according to pasture richness. Herd owners must follow appropriate production practices and environmental criteria. The area covered by this scheme amounted to about 60% of total agricultural land area in 2008. Preliminary research suggests that such managed grazing regimes have helped support floral diversity (OECD, 2010).|SDG 15 - Life on land|grazing scheme richness herd area|2.0876431|5.297552|3.9745073
8124|The next section assesses progress made on each of the targets with sufficient data. North Africa has made the most progress in reducing poverty globally: between 1990 and 2012, poverty rates declined by some 70 per cent. Africa (excluding North Africa), on the other hand, continues to face significant challenges in this regard and has the highest poverty rates in the world, with rates of more than 40 per cent in 2012 and 2013,' second only to Oceania (see FIGURE 2.3).|SDG 1 - No poverty|africa rates poverty north progress|6.079505|5.8535104|4.833303
8125|Unemployment among workers aged 55 to 64 is 9.9%, nearly twice the OECD average. Unlike in most OECD countries, labour market inactivity among older working age individuals has also increased strongly relative to the pre-crisis period and now stands at 37.4%. The significant share of young people not in employment, education or training (15.2%) is a major concern, as being excluded from the labour market at a young age can be extremely detrimental for workers' skills and future career prospects.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|young workers age inactivity labour|7.887653|4.359763|4.2328014
8126|In two countries, the ratio widened; three countries experienced improvement, and one country presented no clear trend. Disparity between the two groups has been more persistent in the case of stunting. Malnutrition, one factor in stunting, reflects chronic problems and hence the deficiency of ongoing efforts related to health systems.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|stunting deficiency widened disparity malnutrition|4.546715|5.8225756|4.630757
8127|Some of these adults have a lower secondary degree at most; others have no formal education degree or even a primary education. On average across the OECD, adults with poorly educated parents have a 15% chance of attaining tertiary education, according to calculations based on the Survey of Adult Skills (OECD, 2016b). By contrast, adults with highly educated parents are four times more likely (63%) to obtain a tertiary degree.|SDG 4 - Quality education|adults degree educated tertiary parents|9.074905|2.6889803|3.1490512
8128|Dans les economies bienveillantes, les salaires eleves se traduisent par de plus gros investissements dans les capacites humaines, ce qui accroTt les possibilites de croissance a long terme. Dans les economies moins bienveillantes, I’impact des salaires plus eleves sur les investissements n’est pas assez important pour contrer leur effet negatif sur les profits, ce qui nuit a la croissance. La reproduction sociale comprend egalement deux cas schematises: La mauvaise voie correspond a une feminisation des responsabilites et des obligations, tandis que la bonne voie se caracterise par une repartition egale, plus d'egalite entre les sexes des couts de la reproduction sociale en termes de temps et d’argent. Dans le cas de la distribution mutuelle, des revenus eleves pour les femmes sont favorables a la croissance, une plus grande participation surle marcheaccroTt la production des capacites humaines.et la croissance et la reproduction sociale se renforcent done mutuellement.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|les la des croissance dans|8.979377|5.6537437|5.1301556
8129|There is a need to incentivize those private sector actors who invest in endeavours that represent positive contributions to the country’s future. Private sector development is also an important vehicle to upskill the workforce with much-needed business skills and exposure to innovation and technology. The economic zone was given special status in July 2014 when the presidency of the Oecussi-Ambeno Special Administrative Region was assigned to Dr Mari Alkatiri, the first Prime Minister of independent Timor-Leste and the current Prime Minister of the Seventh Constitutional Government.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|prime minister special endeavours presidency|5.0847144|4.5690618|2.843346
8130|Firstly, warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cold water, so as the oceans warm up, oxygen levels drop. Secondly, warmer water has lower density, making it more difficult for the oxygen-rich water near the surface to sink and circulate. Consequently, deep oceans face a particularly great risk of oxygen depletion.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oxygen warm oceans water warmer|0.088847205|6.0379744|6.065286
8131|In the last decade, gender wage gaps have been narrowing in almost all OECD countries for which data are available, with the exception of Italy and France where the gender pay gap has increased. Women often work part-time in order to reconcile work and family life. When part-time workers are also included, the gender gap in take-home pay doubles in many European countries for which data are available, and triples in Ireland and the Netherlands.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender pay gap reconcile available|9.073039|4.3818855|5.693518
8132|Similarly, there is also a need to ensure that adequate data exist across both health and social sectors not just at a national level, but at a local level. This will use individuals’ Community Health Index (CHI) number as the basis for linking health and social care data at an individual level, with derived activity and costs, to build an understanding of how people use services and underpin local strategic commissioning plans. The Project also aims to develop a nationally agreed core dataset and definitions; IT solutions to allow access to these data with appropriate infonnation governance safeguards; a reporting tool that will allow easy analysis and presentation of the data; and, bespoke analytical support and assistance with data interpretation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|data allow health level chi|9.117441|9.455458|1.8959594
8133|However, it is possible that within a family categorized as experiencing deprivation, children w'ill not be victims if, for example, parents have their children's needs met as a priority. Unlike European surveys, the Canadian survey also does not provide information on the availability of resources to meet children's specific educational, recreational or sport-related needs. Table 2 shows the share of children under 17 in Canada deprived of a range of material goods, resources and opportunities grouped according to their income poverty status. Non-income-poor children are less likely than income-poor children to be deprived on all of the measures in Table 2.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children deprived income table poor|7.173095|6.41098|5.141839
8134|Similar initiatives to revive these ancient land management practices and the traditional/cultural knowledge that comes with them are also underway in other countries of the Arab region, including Jordan (Box 5.1). Many watersheds are increasingly affected by deforestation, land use change, intensive agriculture, mining, population growth and climate change. Watershed degradation negatively impacts water supply, particularly for the urban population, reducing water availability at least in certain seasons, aggravating urban flooding in others, impairing water quality, and hence increasing the costs of urban water supply and treatment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water urban land watersheds supply|0.87127507|7.267404|2.7437677
8135|In order to answer this question, a methodology developed at (OECD, 2010a) was applied to New Zealand micro-data. In fact, approximately 83% of farms in the sample received off-farm income. Other principal sources of income risk that are not explicitly analysed here are variations in output and output-price co-variations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|variations output answer income explicitly|3.5207071|5.4713583|3.9644055
8136|In addition, the Icelandic company Samherji HF owns harvesting interests in the UK, Germany and Poland and Aker Seafoods of Norway has interests in a Spanish harvesting company. Most OECD and non-OECD countries have various regulations in place that try to reserve domestic resources for domestic fishers. To overcome these restrictions, harvesting companies often use local companies, joint operations, service arrangements, and vessel operating agreements, etc. However, two factors are very important before foreign investments can take place in the harvesting sector.|SDG 14 - Life below water|harvesting interests company companies place|0.08930863|5.6692743|6.792911
8137|Legal aspects are then analysed by the Board of Legal Affairs (Camara Tecnica de Assuntos Legais e Institucionais, CTIL). Approval is given following a plenary discussion in the CNRH. Historically, most proposals made by the interstate river basin Committees have been backed up by the technical notes provided by ANA. At state level charges are proposed by state river basin committees and approved by state water resources councils.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|committees state basin river legal|0.9024347|7.2165937|1.6923283
8138|Primary care nurse practitioners are prepared in providing care at first contact for a number of conditions, ongoing management of acute and chronic conditions, health promotion and care coordination. Nurse practitioners are also actively working in US rural areas, with 18% practising in communities of fewer than 25 000 residents (American Association of Nurse Practitioners). With serious workforce gaps in remote Australia, nurse practitioners could play a bigger role, particularly given the higher rates of chronic disease in these areas. They could play a critical role in primary care and prevention.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nurse practitioners care chronic play|9.318798|8.8016205|1.820597
8139|Based on app-ordered minibus services that optimised routes in real-time, the service promised flexible, on-demand microtransit in central Helsinki at an attractive price for riders. Trips cost a base fee of EUR 1.50 plus an additional EUR 0.15 per direct-route kilometre (due to the nature of the service, actual service deviated from the direct route due to additional pick-ups and drop-offs). The project was the first of its kind bringing together microtransit and an app-enabled on-demand booking/payment environment but ultimately was not renewed in 2016 due to uneconomic performance linked to two design flaws.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|app route service eur direct|4.2741303|4.7654424|0.45954326
8140|This section documents if and how water entitlements are defined and administered. It covers the main types of arrangements: informal, administered regimes (priority ranking), based on economic instruments (prices, markets). Building on the previous section, this includes more detailed information on the characteristics of entitlements (e.g. possibility to trade, lease or transfer) and the possibility to restrict new entrants. This concerns unplanned events or “shocks” that negatively impact on the water resource.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|administered entitlements possibility section unplanned|1.1839185|7.6274514|2.252777
8141|Over the long run, the differences in hunger reduction across regions and countries are attributable to several factors. Inclusive economic growth, generating demand for the assets controlled by the extreme poor, has a much higher impact on hunger reduction. In addition, when poor households invest part of their increased income in health, sanitation and education, the impact of economic growth on hunger reduction is also stronger. In parallel, as seen in the case of Bangladesh, which is on track to reach the hunger target of Millennium Development Goal 1, higher public spending on health and education with targeted interventions increases nutritional success (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012b). Micronutrient deficiencies are also a result of under-nutrition, but in this case they are related to insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals.5 An individual may take in enough or even too many calories for daily subsistence; however, if his or her diet is not diversified enough, the result may be low levels of micronutrients, a condition referred to as “hidden hunger”.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|hunger reduction micronutrient micronutrients result|4.514555|5.694082|4.5633006
8142|Students studying in public centres in “priority” fields receive a monthly allowance of TND 60. This is an innovative way to provide delivery, while at the same time allowing to better matching labour market needs. Veiy often, private providers (both for- and not-for-profit) occupy a particular niche in provision. Sometimes they fill a gap in public provision - for example, in the Netherlands, the public sector faces barriers in delivering part-time programmes to adults, and as a result these are mostly offered through private providers. In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, private providers offer many preparatory courses leading to professional examinations, although evaluation of outcomes is critical in order to ensure the effectiveness of programmes (OECD, 2014a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|providers private public provision tnd|8.540609|3.2685764|3.0989146
8143|We also consider how Sweden’s skilled primary care sector can be further developed to improve the quality and co-ordination of care for the Swedish population. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. These pressures on the demand side, compounded by the unprecedented linancial constraints facing most countries, are major challenges for the Swedish health care system in delivering high quality care and meeting rising patient expectations. The concomitant need for services that are well-co-ordinated, both within and across health and social care, and covering the full spectrum of services from prevention and early diagnosis to treatment of established disease, provision of long-term health and social care, and services for palliative care, is an additional challenge for the Swedish primary care sector.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care swedish services health palliative|9.311751|8.981038|1.9632329
8144|Evidence shows that within cities, socio-economically vulnerable groups often suffer the most from poor environmental conditions. Such poor environmental conditions in cities are often associated with other forms of socio-economic exclusion. The epidemiological literature on pollution levels also shows that intra-urban variations are even larger than variations between cities. For example, in the case of Malmo, Sweden, geo-mapping analysis outlines that the socio-economic status of the neighbourhood of residence seemed to be a strong predictor of children’s level of exposure to pollution (Chaix et al., In the United States, a University of Minnesota survey based on 2000 US census data found that minorities were, on average, exposed to 38% more nitrogen pollution than Caucasians, with a significant gap when accounting for race and/or income (Clark, Millet and Marshall, 2014).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|socio pollution cities variations shows|4.3415413|5.271622|2.1414611
8145|Evidence shows that earnings gaps between permanent and temporary workers are significantly larger at the bottom of the wage distribution (the so-called sticky-floor effect) (Bosio, 2014; Santangelo, 2011). As a result, a high share of temporary workers contributes to the wide overall wage inequality, since it increases inequality at the bottom end of the distribution and has a neutral effect on wage inequality at the top end. Temporary contracts provide employers with a mechanism to test workers before making a stronger commitment and adjust to business cycles by not renewing temporary contracts when business is slow.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|temporary wage inequality workers contracts|7.8329606|4.381896|4.23746
8146|This raises the cost of imports including inputs used for agriculture. As a result, Brazil has a low participation in global value chains, while the import content for all Brazilian exports is estimated to reach only 10%, and 7% for exports of primary agricultural commodities and food products. In addition to protection at the border, Brazil uses local content provisions in publicly-financed projects; this condition is also imposed by the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) on loans for capital goods, including by the agro-food and agro-processing sectors. Imported capital goods are not financed under the National Rural Credit System, except if there is no similar product made domestically, while those products are subject to a minimum of 60% local content provision.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|content agro financed exports brazil|3.8568397|4.848586|3.9187024
8147|Despite their relatively low levels of fish consumption, people in developing countries have a higher share of fish protein in their diets than those in developed countries. The highest per capita fish consumption, over 50 kg, is found in several small island developing States (SIDS), particularly in Oceania, while the lowest levels, just above 2 kg, are in Central Asia and some landlocked countries. Catches in area 31, the Western Central Atlantic, exceeded 1.5 million tonnes in 2016, a level that had not been reached since 2004. However, over one-third of total capture production in area 31 consists of catches by the United States of America of Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), a clupeoid species that is processed into fishmeal and fish oil.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish catches kg central consumption|0.122546814|5.925413|6.6196523
8148|The long traditions of pedagogical theory provide a basis for defining certain approaches and their contribution to outcomes. The ability to describe teaching and its impacts accurately has advanced through large-scale studies of teaching, including video studies and international surveys (e.g. Vieluf et al., This is supported by a rich variety of other research which highlights the importance of both the social and emotional conditions created by interaction with teachers and peers, and the cognitive demand of tasks (National Research Council, 2003).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching studies video research traditions|8.784785|1.517051|1.7823935
8149|Urban development and management are no exception, and the need for well-integrated approaches to managing urbanism has become ever more apparent. Chile’s practices in this area have been governed by a series of discrete instruments and mechanisms that, while appropriate when they were first introduced, may be ill-adapted today to meet the demands of the country’s dynamic urban reality. Greater flexibility and a unified approach to urban issues could help improve urban outcomes for residents.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban discrete unified governed apparent|4.073506|5.681739|1.8290733
8150|Furthermore, Finnish adults participate in adult learning courses and programmes more than most of their peers in other countries. Strong educational performance, as it is understood in Finland, also includes the level of participation in and access to education, even distribution of learning outcomes throughout different schools and learners, and affordability and overall cost of education. Equal educational opportunity has been the leading value and the guiding principle of Finnish education policies since the 1960s. The virtue of Finnish education is that everyone has easy access to high-quality and publicly funded educational opportunities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|finnish educational education learning virtue|9.568048|2.4147491|2.5926993
8151|Under this initiative, between 2014 and 2018, the government launched the construction of five large dams, which will allow irrigation of around 8 000 farms covering 40 000 ha in the central and northern regions, for a total investment of USD 1.3 billion. The Public Works Concessions mechanism is used to support construction. Under this plan, the state finances a part of the total cost, private investors build, exploit and maintain the dam, and the end users pay the license holder for water stored. There, future beneficiaries criticized the programme because they considered that the water would have a “high cost”, and “it was not fair” compared to other areas where the state was building directly.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|construction criticized holder state cost|1.0296125|7.477044|2.4494386
8152|Some countries experienced a rise in segregation between public and private schools in the 1990s, followed by a decline. This group includes Chile, the Dominican Republic and El Salvador.22 The comparison between maximum and minimum values for these countries is ambiguous and depends on what index is used. In all the other countries in the sample, changes were small (Brazil, Costa Rica and Honduras) or the indices give contradictory results (Mexico and Paraguay).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|ambiguous contradictory countries dominican salvador|6.6632423|5.522312|4.98909
8153|Together, these regions accounts for about half of total groundwater depletion in the United States since 1900 (Scanlon et al., As shown in Figure 1.10, both systems have been subject to serious groundwater overdraft, with water tables lowered by up to fifty meters or more for some portions of the aquifer during the studied period. However, Figure 1.10 shows that the reduction in water levels depends on the location within the affected areas. Similarly in California, the southern San Joaquin (SJ) and Tulare (T) counties are the main hotspots for groundwater level reduction, while the northern part of the valley, with better water endowment and surface water, is not really subject to groundwater depletion.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater depletion water subject reduction|0.7412181|7.42168|2.8138635
8154|The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Actions serve as an important action plan for women’s right, gender equality and female empowerment all over the globe. We must always say it loud and clear that human rights are universal and gender equality as an expression of those rights is universal as well so women’s rights are human rights. No philosophical, political, religious or other reasons can justify the violation of these fundamental ideals and this is the type of globalization that we have to value to the utmost. Much progress has been made since the Bejing conference and it is important to mention it because it serves as the foundation for the next steps we have to take. We know that the progress that we have made is far from uniform. In some countries, women have reached very high-level positions while, in others, there are few spaces for them to work or to participate in civic affairs and they do suffer a lot of discrimination.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights universal women equality progress|9.719014|4.596588|7.4564676
8155|Finally, in all scenarios with an 80% share of renewables, open cycle gas turbines are no longer part of the optimal portfolios as the large pump storage capacity can supply all the fast flexibility needed by the system. However, with increasing penetration of wind and solar plants, the curtailment of variable power plants becomes significant. For instance, with a 35% and 50% share of renewables, the curtailment of electricity generation from wind and PV power plants is negligible and amounts to maximal 0.4% of the possible annual electricity generation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|curtailment plants renewables wind generation|1.6015223|1.656907|1.9529018
8156|Working Paper No.9, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Country Support Team for the Arab States. A surveillance summary of smoking and review of tobacco control in Jordan. Prenatal care in developing countries: the World Health Organization technical working group on antenatal axe. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, vol.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|working prenatal unfpa surveillance tobacco|8.789068|8.3387375|3.7040179
8157|Few countries have already succeeded in building EPRs. The United Kingdom project (Connecting for Health) has been delayed several times. One of the few successes has been achieved by the Canadian province of Alberta, which has an only slightly smaller population than Finland. Information could also be used to promote evidence-based medicine further and benchmark providers, as in the Hospital Benchmarking Project developed since 1996 (Hakkinen, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|project alberta successes succeeded delayed|9.0577345|9.546288|1.8625169
8158|Based on a survey of business leaders, the World Economic Forum in 2016 predicted that by 2020, over a third of the core skill sets in most occupations will involve skills that were not considered crucial at the time of the survey. Demand will grow more for social skills, such as persuasion, emotional intelligence and teaching, than for narrow technical skills, such as programming or operating and controlling equipment. This does not mean that technical skills will not be needed, but that they will have to be complemented by social and collaboration skills. On the one hand, automation is likely to make complex problem-solving less necessary in industries that are heavily technical today. On the other hand, problem-solving will gain importance in industries that are expected to become more complex and analytical. The World Economic Forum survey highlights a number of underused but promising approaches to handling the impact on jobs of technological developments, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, nanotechnology and 3D printing.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|skills intelligence survey technical solving|4.965995|3.0978768|2.5558333
8159|The proposed set of indicators does not intend to be exhaustive nor complete or applicable to all circumstances. The purpose of this framework is to propose a first step in creating a list of indicators at the individual country level to monitor and evaluate adaptation actions in agriculture. To reduce risks associated with climate change and maintain profitability, farmers will need to adapt to changing socio-economic and climatic conditions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|intend indicators exhaustive propose profitability|1.5105423|4.899298|1.9751995
8160|"As part of the 2015 Traffic Safety Master Plan established and implemented by the National Police Agency, a system has been developed to allow' for an automatic search of keywords related with road safety (such as ‘""traffic accidents” and “traffic jams”) on social media (such as Twitter and Facebook) and disseminate the information through the urban transport information system (UTIS). In case of necessity, a police motorbike patrol will be dispatched to address the situation rapidly. The police also designated every Monday and Friday as the “day of traffic discipline” and will use cameras to monitor traffic rule violations at main crossroads. This was already the case in large urban areas, but the initiative has now been expanded to the entire country to be conducted on a regular basis. A smart phone application has also been developed in order to allow citizens to record and report situations of traffic law' violations and award prizes to the best reporters."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|traffic police violations allow safety|4.231928|5.234018|0.002026787
8161|Chapter 6 discusses the capacity for implementation of NUPs at all levels of government, by focusing on the resources committed and the policy instruments employed in the NUP processes. Based on these findings, Chapter 7 presents the next steps, with a focus on the National Urban Policy Programme (NUPP), a global initiative jointly coordinated by UN-Habitat, the OECD and Cities Alliance to promote and support the development and implementation of NUPs around the world. Chapter 8 presents conclusions and key recommendations for a successful and complete implementation of NUPs. No sufficient information was available to this study to make an assessment for 39 countries.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nups chapter implementation presents nup|3.6081572|5.017315|1.690646
8162|However, this condition might not be sufficient to change the irrigation practice of fanners, especially for rice and wheat, for which drip-irrigation systems are not yet used (Singh, 2015). Since then, only 2 000 solar pumps were installed by farmers in the State, since subsidies were often not substantive enough to motivate the investment (Roy, 2015). Nevertheless, the State and Central Governments are pursuing their support programmes, and the cost of solar panels is falling, which suggests further development of solar pumps, threatening to increase the depletion of critical aquifers.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|solar pumps irrigation singh drip|1.125438|7.498508|2.8091133
8163|They may be attracted to self-employment for the greater flexibility it can offer in managing the work-life balance and family care responsibilities - one of the reasons women entrepreneurs are less likely to seek to grow their businesses than men entrepreneurs. Policy instruments for addressing these challenges, such as training and grants for female entrepreneurs, need to be expanded because they have not fully reached the potential target population. They include dedicated business incubator and accelerator programmes for women entrepreneurs and building dedicated risk capital infrastructure.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurs dedicated incubator attracted women|8.893423|3.5052555|6.3383512
8164|This actually implies that high stand density enhances forests growth and carbon sequestration. Natural regeneration in addition to planting and delaying or not doing tendering makes the stand density high and thus indirectly help in enhancing carbon stock in forests. Silvicultural practices such as clearing make more space and nutrients available for the remaining saplings or trees in young stands, and thus enhance timber production in the long run. The drainage of peatland, on the one hand, enhances the forest growth and thus carbon sequestration in forest biomass, releases carbon from peatland itself on the other hand.|SDG 15 - Life on land|carbon sequestration enhances stand density|1.1833463|4.4620295|3.8606775
8165|There has also been a move towards increasingly integrated natural hazard management, which focuses on factors that may affect vulnerability, such as land-use planning, in addition to traditional flood defences. While all this provides a good basis for responding to some of the effects of climate change, enhanced co-ordination of government action is necessary to meet the challenge. It provides information on likely climate changes and sectoral impacts, an overview of ongoing adaptation initiatives, a portfolio of adaptation recommendations and guiding principles for prioritising actions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation defences provides prioritising climate|1.414573|5.008276|1.8057561
8166|Despite the slight recovery of biomass due to good recruitment in recent years, stocks were still below the limit laid down in the recovery plan. Over the previous few years fishing mortality levels among the main langoustine stocks (functional units 28 and 29, South and South-West of Portugal) had declined as a result of reduced fishing. Recruitment and reproductive biomass had been restored to the levels recorded in the eighties.|SDG 14 - Life below water|recruitment biomass stocks recovery fishing|-0.050875884|5.985431|6.555627
8167|It is still too early to tell whether these policies are working to boost basic skills among this age group, but relative to 2014, there were over 4 000 more passes in English and over 7 500 more passes in maths than in 2015 (BIS, 2016). For adults with low basic skills, free further education in maths and English continues to be available to anyone who has not achieved Level 2 in these subjects. In 2015/16, the government funded 803 800 adult learners to participate in English, maths or English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) course. An evaluation of this policy finds that learners who achieve Level 2 in English and/or maths will earn 11% more than someone who did not succeed in passing the same course (BIS, 2016b).|SDG 4 - Quality education|maths english bis passes learners|9.676697|2.2402534|3.2175536
8168|In 2015, all regions had an MMR of less than 50 deaths per 100,000 live births, with a maximum of 28.7 in the central region. This decrease is associated with the implementation of medical treatment for pregnant women with pregnancy-related complications, as well as the provision of medical treatment to women from remote regions. However, in 2015, the MMR varied among aimags from 0 to 78.5 (Tuv Aimag) deaths per 100,000 live births.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|births deaths live medical treatment|8.7856045|8.463469|3.6288507
8169|Over one third of children (37%) still do not benefit from two years of preschool, though this has been compulsory since 1997, and very few children under the age of 4 have access to care centres or other forms of public assistance. Those services that are available focus primarily on health and nutrition, and give inadequate attention to fostering the essential cognitive, language, emotional and social skills that children need to develop in the early years. Children from poor families, who are most likely to face a weak home learning environment, are the least likely to access public services.|SDG 4 - Quality education|children likely preschool years access|9.446463|2.7923982|2.3367038
8170|This may be specified as the number of hours teachers must be available at the setting for teaching and non-teaching activities. This number varies widely across all countries with available data. These affect job satisfaction and staff retention, and through this, contribute to the quality of ECEC services (Clarke-Stewart et al., Smaller ratios are often seen as beneficial because they allow staff to focus more on the needs of individual students, and reduce the amount of class time needed to deal with disruptions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|staff teaching stewart disruptions available|9.301999|2.7418785|1.9112352
8171|Secondly, professional development is key to ensure that all staff and teachers know which are the best practices for successful transitions and that they have a good understanding of the practices and beliefs in both ECEC and primary. Professional development is vital to inform practitioners of the latest findings on effective practices and curriculum content (Litjens and Taguma, 2010; Sheridan, 2009).|SDG 4 - Quality education|practices professional beliefs secondly transitions|9.319|1.6857952|1.8349015
8172|As a result, there is a risk that the two processes and the criteria they use are not well aligned and do not mutually reinforce each other (Chapter 5). As there is currently no national system for teacher appraisal, monitoring the quality of school-based human resource management could be a key task of the Inspectorate, but it is not yet fully reflected in the Inspectorate’s evaluation criteria (Chapter 5). In the Netherlands, difficulties typically arise when the central authorities’ plans confront the longstanding tradition of “freedom of education” (Chapter 1), which is strongly defended by schools and school boards.|SDG 4 - Quality education|inspectorate chapter criteria longstanding confront|9.766422|1.6438031|1.5887523
8173|The Ministry of Education and Sport is responsible for developing and implementing education policies, inspection procedures, and the allocation of funds related to pre-primary, basic compulsory and upper secondary institutions. The Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, on the other hand, performs similar tasks for higher education and research. Post-secondary vocational education falls within the competence of the Ministry of Education and Sport.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education sport ministry secondary performs|9.225365|2.0730379|2.0564976
8174|What have been the contributions of afforestation and reforestation? The net increase between 2000 and 2015 was 28.1 million ha, or 1.5% of the total area of forest and other wooded land in 2000. Natural expansion onto former agricultural land accounts for most of the increase, but afforestation in the context of public programmes has played a significant role in some countries.|SDG 15 - Life on land|afforestation land reforestation increase played|1.4117981|4.621832|3.9193566
8175|These changes in the distribution of public expenditure are closely linked to the increase in demand for tertiary education and to the decrease in pre-tertiary education enrolment, due to demographic factors (see Chapter 1). In the last decade, enrolment in tertiary education rose from 584 000 students in 2004, to 1.1 million in 2013, i.e. it doubled. There was also some increase in the share of public expenditure going to pre-primary education, from 8% in 2004 to 11% in 2013 (see Figure 2.6). For Chile and Colombia, year of reference is 2013 instead of 2012.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary education enrolment pre expenditure|9.135425|2.1966567|2.8218505
8176|This represents a significant increase from estimates a decade earlier. Overweight and obesity problems among children and adolescents greatly increase the risk of being overweight and obese in adulthood. Nearly all aspects of the public system - planning, organisation, administration and regulation - are highly centralised whereas the private sector is fragmented. Under the proposed new national health system (Box 1), there will be one purchaser (the Health Insurance Organisation), an autonomous public provider and several private providers who will have the option to contract with the Health Insurance Organisation. Purchaser-provider relations between the public and private sectors already exist in the current system on a limited basis when the public sector purchases services, mainly on a fee-for-service basis, from private providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|purchaser organisation private overweight public|8.792385|9.05373|2.3270288
8177|Recent increases have put teacher salaries in Costa Rica roughly on a par with those of comparable Costa Rican professionals (Mizala and Nopo, 2012). The vast majority of decisions concerning education policy are taken at the national level, with the 27 regional offices of the MEP responsible for ensuring these are translated into practice. School principals reported in PISA 2015 one of the lowest levels of school autonomy among participating countries in student assessment, curriculum, staff and financial matters (see Figure 3 .1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|costa rican mep school translated|10.182303|1.613524|2.662554
8178|The observation that the second most valuable intervention had been technical assistance to exporting companies, such as help in designing marketing brochures, upgrading labelling and packaging to meet international expectations, and developing new and better products has led the assessment team to conclude that financial support and technical assistance are more powerful in combination, with finance providing incentives and technical assistance helping ensure efficient use of the funds. Some loans from MIF seem to have had a very substantial positive impact on the firms that received them. For example Freshpikt, a canned fruit and vegetables manufacturer, reported that it would not have survived without the USD 150 000 initial loan it received from MATEP, which in turn positioned the company to receive a much larger loan from the Zambia State Insurance Corporation (ZSIC).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|assistance technical loan received canned|3.6560931|4.7158327|3.2888505
8179|With a view to deciding on the general design and subject curricula, the framework assembled personnel from the Ministry, KEDI researchers, a basic research team leader, other curriculum experts, school teachers, and subject specialists. Public conferences, seminars, and hearings to formulate and review the overall design were held during the process. The Seventh Elementary and Secondary School Curricula were announced in December 1997 following several series of reviews and corrections. Basically, the NCC acts as a national framework for compulsory content for the first ten years of education, while the school level curriculum - created or adapted -regulates classroom processes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curricula curriculum school subject design|9.430807|1.7844813|1.8133982
8180|Publicity, advocacy, education and even legislation can also be used to bring about ideological, cultural and behavioural changes so as to reduce high levels of retail and domestic food waste in the developed world. Available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/oct/26/palm-oil-initiative-carbon-emissions (accessed 14 March 2011). The dairy and beef sector of the United Kingdom accounted for over 24 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtC0;e) of CH4 and N;0 emissions in 2005, compared with 2 MtCO;e from the poultry sector (Radov and others, 2007).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|carbon emissions ideological guardian palm|1.4235424|3.382637|2.729716
8181|Lifestyles help explain variations in CVD and diabetes across OECD countries. Chapter 2 looks at the health promotion and public health contribution to maintaining healthy lifestyles in OECD countries. It examines recent trends in obesity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and physical exercise. This chapter outlines policies that health systems have introduced recently to combat unhealthy lifestyles such as tobacco consumption and high salt intake and to promote physical activities in adults and children in order to reduce overweight and obesity.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|lifestyles tobacco obesity physical health|9.108948|9.23208|2.8845022
8182|"Furthermore, there is a lack of streamlined regulatory and governance frameworks between tertiary education institutions (including both VET and higher education), which also creates duplication and inconsistency. Currently, 27% of upper-secondary students enrol in a vocational college, where after five years they can acquire both a vocational diploma and the upper secondary school leaving certificate giving access to university. After several years of professional experience, graduates from technical and agricultural vocational colleges can be granted the title ""engineer"". The vocational colleges are also accessible for graduates from other upper secondary programmes."|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational upper secondary colleges graduates|8.499507|2.5780673|2.7620113
8183|Source: OECD (2012), Sick on the Job? Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264124S23-en. For example health services working with other sectors such as social welfare services, employment, education and housing. Developing and measuring relevant quality outcomes for specific mental health care services within this complexity is difficult. There are interdependencies between these different sectors in terms of their impact on mental health outcomes and quality of care which can make it more difficult to establish accountability when shortcomings arise.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health services difficult outcomes|10.386548|8.897739|1.8180519
8184|The German survey’s corresponding figures are, respectively, 22% and 34%. External equity capital (Box 28.1) can be instrumental in financing certain types of innovation, but women entrepreneurs’ lower access to these sources can affect their innovation capacity. A growing body of research demonstrates the critical role that social networks play in the funding and success of high-growth ventures (Stuart and Sorenson, 2010). Accordingly, when female entrepreneurs seek capital from other women they are more likely to be successful (Becker-Blease and Sohl, 2007), while the venture and angel capital industries are still male-dominated (Box 28.1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|capital entrepreneurs box innovation angel|8.872318|3.3993797|6.276615
8185|It already has more than ten years of utility-scale wind power experience thanks to the 20MW capacity Wigton Wind Farm (Wigton Wind Farm Ltd 2011). This wind farm was expanded to 38MW in 2010, with another 24MW of capacity due to be installed in the near future. The Wigton Wind Farm project is the only large-scale wind farm in the CARICOM region and provides valuable experience of wind farm development and operation. St. Lucia Electricity Services Limited (LUCELEC) is the sole utility company generating, transmitting and distributing electricity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind farm utility experience electricity|1.7707238|1.6705878|2.1374042
8186|Most of the public provision of adult education is focused on upgrading lower skills (basic courses) and allowing the completion of upper secondary education (Box 2). For 25-30% of the adults without upper secondary education, second chance education plays an important role. Adult education is not only a way of upgrading basic skills in the short run, but also a long-term investment, particularly for young dropouts aged between 18 and 24, among whom almost half went back to higher education after participating in municipal education (Nordlund et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|education upgrading adult upper secondary|8.791941|2.70907|2.9094856
8187|This is certainly the first and most important strength of the Chilean context, as broad attention ensures that education remains a priority in the government’s programme. At the moment of the drafting of this report, the Chilean government’s endeavours in education have consisted of broad education reforms covering early childhood education and care (ECEC) through higher education. The scale and pace of Chile’s education reforms to date have required action on a variety of fronts by actors and institutions with differing levels of responsibilities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education chilean broad reforms endeavours|10.144805|1.9687576|2.4347694
8188|In 2014 manufactured goods accounted for 41.9 per cent of intra-African exports, compared with only 14.8 per cent of Africa’s exports outside the continent (UNECA and ODI, forthcoming)1. Regional economic communities are one forum where regionally significant policies and infrastructure can be planned, in line with national systems. Countries scoring high on the African Regional Integration Index in the category of infrastructure are listed in figure 4.9.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|exports african uneca odi cent|4.7921405|4.5109143|3.2870882
8189|Population growth rates are stabilizing or declining in all except Burkina Faso, Guatemala and the United Republic of Tanzania, where growth rates are still high. Its population growth is 1.5 percent per year. Forests cover 50.6 percent of the land area and largely comprise equatorial rainforest, concentrated in the Amazon basin.|SDG 15 - Life on land|percent growth stabilizing equatorial rates|1.588671|4.597126|4.025507
8190|Section 1 describes recent trends in the OECD fisheries and aquaculture sector. Section 2 introduces four policy issues that are relevant for fisheries governance in member countries while Section 3 provides an outlook and future policy challenges in the fisheries sector. Compared to most meat products, fish and fish products have higher income elasticity in most OECD countries. It is therefore expected that demand for fish and fish products might fall or be re-directed towards low priced species. For example, Danish fish exporters claim that the rather expensive cod products are gradually being replaced by lower priced substitutes like pangasius.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish products priced fisheries section|0.1908079|5.820272|6.809569
8191|For low wind penetration, the capacity credit can be approximated by the capacity factor; for larger wind injections, the capacity credit decreases with increasing wind power capacity, and this decrease goes faster for small regions. The consequent variations and disturbances on the grid voltage and frequency are experienced daily by power generators and electricity end users. Each TSO publishes, in a document called “Grid Code”, the performances that each generating unit must meet to be connected to the system. Also, generating plants should be able to ride through certain transient events in the transmission system without tripping, such as a sudden step change in the voltage; a typical requirement is a voltage step of ±6%.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|voltage wind capacity generating grid|1.5697116|1.4732579|1.9401222
8192|However, it is possible that although coded as the underlying cause, some of these deaths were precipitated by another condition such as influenza or CVD (Ho and Hendi, 2018). For example, in England and Wales, over a third of all deaths with an underlying cause of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease are reported to also have a respiratory disease mentioned on the death certificate (ONS, 2016a). Although the reasons for the seasonal pattern in deaths from dementia and Alzheimer's disease are not clear, it may be related to the greater vulnerability of people with these conditions to respiratory diseases.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deaths alzheimer dementia disease respiratory|9.284666|9.06166|3.0971222
8193|This collaborative mechanism is designed to provide incentives for developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their forest and peatland sectors. A broad range of stakeholders - governments, multilateral organisations, civil society, indigenous groups and other forest-dependent communities, academia and the private sector - are included in all REDD+ planning and implementation processes. This chapter describes how REDD+ works and draws out some common denominators among the partnerships it promotes. With only a few exceptions - most notably, Brazil, which has slashed its deforestation rates over the past decade - the clear tendency in many countries is towards a continued and drastic decline in forest cover. While it is not known precisely how fast or how much forest is being lost, some estimates hold that 130 000 km2 disappear every year (FAO, 2010) - an area the size of Nicaragua or England. Most of this loss occurs in tropical areas, such as the great rainforests of the Amazon, the Congo basin, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest redd disappear drastic academia|1.5737238|4.5685697|3.6521876
8194|Urban Toronto in Canada, the University of Chicago Urban Network in the United States, and the Viet Nam Urban Forum (VUF) are examples of platforms for networking and discussion on key urban issues among agents from different backgrounds. The membership of the VUF, for instance, chaired by the Ministry' of Construction, includes public, private and nonprofit organisations (universities, think tanks and so on) and even international organisations. The VUF, a platform for discussion on urban issues, regularly review's and reports to stakeholders on the state of ongoing urban development programmes. It also contributes to a deeper understanding of urban upgrading projects.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban discussion organisations toronto issues|3.7526314|4.9760156|1.699618
8195|Health insurers had insufficient incentives because of the still prevailing substantial ex post compensations and a lack of adequate instruments because of remaining government regulation of prices, supply and entry in various sectors. These problems were further compounded by a lack of an adequate system of product classification (DBCs) and a lack of reliable and publicly available quality information (performance indicators) due to insufficient patient level data and an inadequate information infrastructure (OECD 2010b, Klazinga etal., The latter is explicitly formulated as keeping public health care expenditure within an annual growth rate of 3 lA per cent.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|lack insufficient adequate formulated insurers|8.687916|8.953399|1.8928549
8196|The fact that female labour force participation rose substantially in the rural employment (NREGA) programme (see below), that provides equal pay with men, suggests that this can be the case. However, “own-wage” information is not available for the self-employed, which constitute about half of the female labour force, which makes testing this hypothesis more difficult. It was enacted in 2005 and guarantees 100 days of work per year, for a minimum salary fixed by the state (same for men and women), for all members of rural households willing to do unskilled manual labour with quotas for women. According to existing literature, this programme has had a significant impact on rural employment, increasing both public and private employment and casual wages (Imbert and Papp, 2013).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rural employment labour force female|8.649894|4.4533496|5.878658
8197|This type of trial measures a treatment’s effect by randomly assigning participants to an intervention or control group. Randomisation allows researchers to identify causal relationships between a medical intervention and an outcome because it eliminates the potential bias that could taint the study findings. The design of the RCT aims to measure efficacy and not effectiveness.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|intervention eliminates assigning efficacy trial|9.459073|9.2569|2.1642683
8198|Avoid unnecessary complexity The more complex the measure of child poverty, the less useful it is likely to be. Measure well-being broadly Child poverty is about more than income or the lack of items on a given list. Children can be poor in love and attention, in parental time and skills, in relationships and community, in public services and environmental quality.|SDG 1 - No poverty|measure child love poverty unnecessary|7.001693|6.5300846|5.1232185
8199|Furthermore while higher education institutions expressed concern about the lack of employment opportunities for graduates within the region, many did not have robust institution-wide systems in place to monitor the labour market outcomes of their graduates or did not know where they had found employment. Considerable number of students engages in voluntary work. With the exception of the Tel Hai College, this is noncredit bearing and considered outside of the curricula. However, from the student perspective there are competing demands of community service obligations, jobs to pay for college and time needed for academic study.|SDG 4 - Quality education|college graduates did tel engages|8.021095|2.523178|2.7320375
8200|Several programmes try to provide innovative access to finance tor women, such as cash tlow-based loans with flexible collateral, direct credit from exporters to producers, or providing financial services though mobile phones. The women’s economic contributions were perceived as unimportant compared to the main cash crop contributions (usually the husband's view). Yet the woman’s income was otten significant in absolute terms and was critical in facilitating cash flow and maintaining family wellbeing during the off-seasons.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cash contributions seasons phones collateral|8.970243|4.734282|6.3244977
8201|Also, the age group of 80+ is the fastest growing population group and at the same time has the highest KSI (killed and seriously injured) rate leading to a strong need to focus on improving safety measures especially for this group. In each of them over 40% of casualties aged 65-69 were car drivers or passengers, but the proportion of car users decreases as age increases (Figure7.2). Thus, a much larger proportion of casualties in the 80+ age group were pedestrians.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|group casualties car age proportion|4.286286|5.1634884|0.048487715
8202|The provision of a performance guarantee can be also be insured by a commercial reinsurance company to provide solar plant operators and investors with greater planning security, which will give investors, including institutional investors, more confidence about revenue derived from projects (Munich RE, 2010). In the case of sustainable energy projects, surety bonds are useful to ensure project completion if a contractor defaults. Project contractors purchase these surety bonds from surety companies which assume liability for nonperformance.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investors bonds project projects contractors|2.2688868|3.0205681|1.7037129
8203|It requires strengthening education, labour market, tax and social institutions with a greater emphasis on the implications of such reforms on youth skills and employability. A broad range of skills matters for employability and, more generally, success in society (Box 1.2). Education attainment but also socio-economic background and the use of skills at work influence young people's skills (Box 1.3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills employability box education matters|8.609743|2.9605684|2.882766
8204|The 2015 Recommendation promotes a government-wide strategy for gender equality reform, sound mechanisms to ensure accountability and sustainability of gender initiatives, and tools and evidence to inform inclusive policy decisions. It also promotes a “whole-of-society” approach to reducing gender stereotypes, encouraging women to participate in politics, and removing implicit and explicit barriers to gender equality. This work builds on the work and expertise of the OECD Public Governance Committee and its policy communities (such as the Public Employment and Management Network and the Working Party of Senior Budget Officials), including the 2014 report Women, Government and Policy-Making in OECD Countries: Fostering Diversity for Inclusive Growth, and the Global OECD Roundtables on Better Governance for Gender Equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality promotes inclusive governance|9.875283|4.1496515|7.207355
8205|Another lasting impact of this resolution is the explicit criteria that it declares for accessibility to drinking water and sanitation, noting that it needs to be “safe, clean, accessible and affordable”. It thus can be argued that this resolution introduced criteria that will need to be considered in shaping access to water and sanitation beyond 2015, including universal coverage, water quality and affordability. Additionally, wastewater treatment is highlighted within the scope of water quality protection and the reuse of treated wastewater is referenced within the scope of rural development and agricultural production.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water resolution wastewater sanitation criteria|1.4591208|6.8561893|2.5145888
8206|At the macro level, enrollment correlates with the Gross National Product; at the micro level, poor children, particularly girls, are traditionally less likely to enroll. Poverty is both a barrier to education and an outcome of the lack of education. Further, poverty alleviation and gender equality strategies focusing on investment in education greatly depend on government action, first and foremost in relation to financing (Checchi, 2003).|SDG 4 - Quality education|education correlates foremost poverty alleviation|8.97901|4.3832603|5.0533385
8207|Support should be provided for extension learning centres that draw on a range of providers, including several colleges, possibly Open University and other universities, in villages with low tertiary education participation rates. When developing the network of education providers, care should be taken to ensure that the population continues to have access to adequate lifelong learning services. Adequate IT infrastructure should be put in place to ensure high speed, low cost connectivity.|SDG 4 - Quality education|adequate providers learning ensure lifelong|8.224079|2.3441734|2.4521132
8208|Still others join caravans to engage in trade activities. The largest Saharan caravanners, the Touareg Kel Ewey (and the Kel Gres) of Niger, are farmer-pastoralists with concessions and gardens in Air or millet fields in Ader. Some cross the Tenere desert to trade their farm products for salt and dates (e.g., Fachi, Bilma and Djado).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|pastoralists millet trade gardens desert|4.297159|4.8892674|3.946663
8209|Spain has also developed transparent and accessible meteorological forecasts with CECRE and its advanced forecast model SIPREOLICO (de la Fuente, 2010). A system that shares balancing responsibilities with producers will induce as well variable renewable producers to develop their own forecasting resources in order to minimise their deviations from the day-ahead forecast, i.e. internalisation of system integration costs due to unpredictability. All parties have to share benefits and responsibilities from system balancing and there exist nowadays a variety of power market designs allowing increased internalisation of system costs. Several key features of such improved designs are presented in the following. Thus, energy provision and balancing services can be planned in advance by power utilities. The challenge appears within power systems with large amounts of variable renewables, especially wind.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|balancing internalisation designs forecast power|1.6068809|1.4711171|1.891123
8210|Good co-ordination between services and sensitivity to the need for different intensities of treatment are very important. In addition, it is increasingly recognised that sub-threshold mental disorders (where the symptoms fall below the diagnostic criteria for the disorder) can be distressing and disabling, particularly if persistent, and low-intensity treatment for such cases is often appropriate. Those mental disorders with the most severe symptoms are relatively rare, affecting only small proportions of the population (see Chapter 3).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|symptoms disorders mental treatment intensities|10.327847|8.879963|1.7481551
8211|A 2012 law stipulates that the ratio of disadvantaged students in each school shall not exceed the average ratio of disadvantaged people in the settlement by more than 15 percentage points. However, the effect is likely to be limited because of the existing geographic segregation. The 2013 recentralisation of responsibilities may help in this respect as poorer municipalities often lacked resources to finance school infrastructures, while the central government may provide more funds (Box 2). The general increase in teachers’ wages may also help in recruiting and retaining more highly qualified teachers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ratio disadvantaged teachers help recruiting|9.574447|2.092737|2.536892
8212|Overweight and obesity are defined as excessive weight presenting health risks because of the high proportion of body fat. The most frequently used measure is based on the body mass index (BMI), which is a single number that evaluates an individual's weight in relation to height (weight/height2, with weight in kilograms and height in metres). Based on the WHO classification (WHO, 2000), adults with a BMI from 25 to 30 are defined as overweight, and those with a BMI of 30 or over as obese.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|bmi weight height overweight body|9.140148|9.20158|2.915289
8213|Consequently, three of the five targeted regions for fertiliser and seed inputs have been reporting huge surpluses (e.g. Mbeya region alone had an officially recorded 2,000 tons surplus of rice6), such that at any one time government godowns (with a carrying capacity of about 250,000 tons) are always full, compelling the government to lift food export bans, which have prevailed since independence. The government announced in Parliament that it intends to promote cereals as a tradable good without export restrictions. In paddy, individual farmers have achieved yields up to 8 tons per hectare, compared with the commercial farm’s yield of between 4 and 5 tons per hectare.7 This indicates that, given the right package of support, smallholder farmers can achieve the desired results. Japan, China and Korea investments in irrigated agriculture in East Africa (Dakawa, Tanzania), Uganda (north of Lake Kioga) and Kenya (Mwea irrigation schemes) Private-public partnership (PPP) approach to uplift technology uptake through contract farming with smallholder farmers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|tons smallholder hectare farmers export|3.9024208|5.081273|4.0108323
8214|This could happen if restricting eligibility increases the effective cost of recruiting workers under the scheme by reducing the pool of potential candidates. Nonetheless, the Canadian experience with the Employment Tax Credit Program suggests that restricting eligibility to unemployed workers is compatible with achieving a significant scale when subsidies are sufficiently generous. For example, small firms may not be able to hire as many workers as they would like early in the recovery because they are more likely to face tight credit constraints.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|restricting eligibility workers credit recruiting|7.801237|4.6975555|3.9959908
8215|One of the better-known examples is the interannual variation in egg mortality and fisheries landings of Baltic cod in the Baltic. Spawning success of cod in the central Baltic is hindered by hypoxic and anoxic water below the halocline (70-80 m) where salinity is high enough to provide buoyancy for cod eggs (Nissling and Vallin, 1996; Cardinale and Modin, 1999; Koster et al., In the Western Atlantic, hypoxia appears to contribute to low per capita productivity and slow recovery of cod stocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dutil etal.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|cod baltic hypoxic hypoxia eggs|0.08244197|6.0117903|6.2938843
8216|Such benefits may be gained through countries’ national adaptation planning processes as well as processes of preparing national communications. Collecting information for adaptation communications may also help policy makers identify progress towards their national goals or adaptation targets expressed e.g. in nationally determined contributions (NDCs), national adaptation plans or national communications. For instance, information on climate change risk and vulnerability assessments helps a country identify and prioritise its adaptation needs and actions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation communications national identify processes|1.08615|4.774628|1.3656831
8217|This has been envisaged in the draft Law of Georgia on Water Resources Management (2014). This would entail revision of the Law on Licence and Permits of 2005. Creating the necessary licensing regime would have implications for staffing and funding of the relevant section of the Ministry of Environment. It is clear that Georgia’s river and lake basins differ in their water problems and priorities, and the abstraction licences and charges would need to reflect these local factors. In this context, it is relevant to note that the 2014 draft Law on Water Resources Management now being considered by the Georgian Government includes a provision (Article 26) on assessment of the status of the different river basins and the development of river basin management plans. This will directly support the development of capacity for administering a licensing and charging regime.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river georgia law draft licensing|0.86125886|7.100511|2.2831945
8218|Restricted mobility also constitutes a key barrier. Needing permission from husbands or guardians to travel may limit women's ability to develop a customer base beyond their local community. There is a need to conduct further country-level research on restrictions to mobility, and on the impact of personal status laws on women’s ability to engage in business and trade activity. In a few cases, businesswomen’s associations have created online stores where women entrepreneurs can showcase their products and reach out to regional, national and international markets.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mobility ability women guardians businesswomen|8.899079|3.770547|6.4453616
8219|In doing so, it also helps schools to retain effective teachers and makes leaching an attractive career choice. While research has produced mixed results, there seems to be agreement tbat the design and implementation of performance-based rewards are crucial to their success. Challenges include developing fair and reliable indicators of performance, training evaluators to fairly apply these indicators, and articulating how, and against what criteria, teachers are assessed. The Creek authorities should pursue their initiative for school evaluation, and all school units should lake part in this process.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers performance indicators leaching evaluators|9.741356|1.3784188|1.6387283
8220|Also data on technical-professional programmes include teachers in programmes at the tertiary level (a minor proportion of programmes supervised by CETP). “ Incomplete” means that the teachers attended, or were attending at the time the Census took place, a tertiary programme but had not completed it. As shown in Figure 5.2, in Uruguay, the percentage of certified teachers according to reports from principals of schools attended by 15-year-olds is 57% against an OECD average of 87%. As shown in Table 5.5, analysis of PISA data reveals that the lack of teacher qualifications is more serious in public schools, technical-professional programmes, outside Montevideo and in very unfavourable to medium schools (compared to favourable and very favourable schools).|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools programmes attended teachers favourable|9.610212|1.7654183|2.6093879
8221|It represents not only a cost-efficient way to make digital learning materials available across the country, but also a new way to improve the digital skills of teachers. The country’s One Tablet Per Child project involved the production of e-books, learning objects, multimedia and songs to be installed on tablets distributed to students. For this project, OBEC produced 336 learning objects in 5 clusters - Thai language, English language, mathematics, science and social studies - which paralleled the textbook content. It is unclear w'hether these materials were also made available to students who lacked a tablet but had access to a computer.|SDG 4 - Quality education|objects learning digital language materials|8.794097|1.596208|2.2064145
8222|In every country considered, at least 1 in 5 children in the poorest decile lives in a deprived household. The share is lowest in Switzerland, where it reaches 21% - nonetheless, this is still considerably higher than for the total child population (4.9%). It is substantially high in countries such as Greece, Portugal and Slovakia where the rates are respectively 88%, 73.6% and 76.5% for children in the poorest decile and 39.9%, 29.2% and 25.8% for the total child population. In these countries, the gap reaches 48.2, 44.4 percentage points (ppt) and is as high as 50.9 ppt in Slovakia.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ppt slovakia decile reaches poorest|7.2586117|6.216798|5.169597
8223|The Global Environment Facility is tasked with supporting adaptation under the UNFCCC through the Least Developed Countries Fund and Special Climate Change Fund. More recently, the establishment of the Green Climate Fund offers the potential to scale-up finance for adaptation activities. Seven of the largest MDBs reported providing a total of USD 21 billion to support action on climate change in 2012, of which USD 6 billion was identified by them as supporting adaptation (AfDB et al.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|fund adaptation climate supporting usd|1.7832395|3.8738081|1.280662
8224|Further opportunities for market-based approaches exist in air, biodiversity and waste management. More could be done to promote environmental management in enterprises, especially small and medium-sized companies. Public expenditure for environmental protection has increased significantly, but still represents a relatively small share of GDP. The economic crisis and large budget deficit impose serious constraints on government action and put at risk Ireland’s ability to meet its environmental commitments.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|environmental small management impose sized|1.9264717|4.0582824|2.2304475
8225|However, focusing exclusively on how many jobs an economy generates provides only a partial perspective on the challenge confronting policy makers, since people’s well-being depends crucially on how good their jobs are. Job quality is not only a key determinant of the well-being of individuals and of the households in which they live (an end in its own right), but can also be an important driver of increased labour force participation, productivity and aggregate economic performance (a means towards better economic performance). Hence, when assessing how policy and institutions can promote job-rich economic growth, it is important to look at both the quantity and quality of the jobs created.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs job economic performance confronting|7.2246566|4.470359|4.004586
8226|Nevertheless, the country would greatly benefit from having a more flexible set-up to translate these initiatives in the budget document. In principle, the HIV/AIDS conditional grant, which is based primarily on the disease burden, should help ensure an equitable distribution of government funds. For example, although Mpumalanga province has the second highest HIV prevalence, its provincial government is ranked 7 out of 9 for per capita spending on HIV/AIDS.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hiv aids ranked translate government|8.3294|8.840733|3.1412666
8227|Israel could establish a special regional investment fund (funded from public and private resources) to provide funding for building HEI capacity for regional engagement and provide incentive funds to institutions and individual faculty members for regional initiatives. These could emphasise increasing tertiary education access and opportunity for the region's population (especially target populations), engaging faculty members and students in teacher/learning and applied research projects related to regional priorities. Kentucky Regional Stewardship and various programmes provided by the Higher Education Funding Council in England (HEFCE) provide examples. Its focus should be on community-based medical education and new forms of health care delivery as well as generating of innovations that link Israel’s IT leadership with effective health care delivery (telemedicine and individualised computer-based medical records systems).|SDG 4 - Quality education|regional faculty israel provide delivery|7.583272|2.561174|2.523997
8228|However, it is important to emphasise again that only women in formal employment - and those in formal jobs who have contributed to social security for a mandated period of time - have the legal right to paid leave. These criteria exclude many working mothers. Chile’s policy is arguably the most generous: although the compulsory paternity leave is only five days long, Chile offers parents the possibility to share 12 weeks of parental leave.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|leave chile formal paternity arguably|9.154364|5.135064|5.50357
8229|If general taxation does not play a more important role, social insurance contributions will have to be increased, with the attendant large distortionary effects and lower “official” employment rates. The Indonesian health care system is still underdeveloped. As a per cent of GDP public health spending, at 1%, is among the lowest in the world.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|distortionary attendant underdeveloped indonesian health|8.532964|8.48375|2.3339305
8230|Further, current reporting on climate finance is only mandatory for a subset of developed countries (Annex II) and a subset of climate finance (provided, but not mobilised). For example, the Common Tabular Format (CTF) reporting tables, agreed at COP 18 in 2012 and updated at COP 21 in 2015 (decision 9/CP.21), clarify the temporal scope of information to be provided in developed countries’ biennial reports, include specific line items on individual climate funds such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and acknowledge that some climate finance contributions can respond to both mitigation and adaptation. The UNFCCC’s Standing Committee on Finance also produces a biennial assessment of climate finance flows.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance subset biennial cop|1.4520816|3.7895863|0.6609907
8231|Studies of 15 countries by three research groups found the price elasticity for industrial energy demand to be between -0.77 and -0.88. Industrial energy use, in other words, provides fertile ground for the application of price incentives for emission reductions. Indeed, industry lowered its energy use much farther and faster than any other sector in response to the oil price shocks of the 1970s.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|price energy industrial fertile lowered|1.7662553|2.4911604|2.4967103
8232|The main rationale for this type of policy is to offer some labour market experience to the most disadvantaged who have a low probability of finding a job in the regular labour market. Hence, like temporary hiring subsidies, temporary public jobs could ‘re-shuffle the queue’ of the unemployed. This policy is sometimes used at a larger scale to lower the number of the registered unemployed during slumps.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|temporary unemployed labour market rationale|7.794882|4.629477|4.071128
8233|In January of that year, Kazakhstan banned imports of meat from Russia and set a prohibitive customs duty (200%) for six months on meat imported from Uzbekistan and the Kyrgyz Republic because the devaluation of those countries’ currencies sharply reduced the cost of their meat. On 25 June 1999, after devaluing its own currency, Kazakhstan withdrew these restrictions. A six-month ban on food and grain imports from Russia was also in pace in 1999 to protect domestic market from low-cost Russian exports. The countries may unilaterally impose a temporary non-tariff measure if it, among other specified cases, is aimed at the “protection of life and health of citizens, environment, life and health of animals and plants”.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|meat russia imports kazakhstan life|3.8955936|4.83008|4.2604833
8234|About 25 per cent of the annual budget is raised from sale of publications and about 33 per cent is through voluntary contributions from countries and energy stakeholders. Duplication of all activities would be ill-advised. It is envisaged that the Asia-Pacific Energy Centre will eventually have about a third as many staff members as the IEA and so the annual budget will also be proportionately lower, or about $10 million.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|budget annual proportionately cent advised|2.0409472|3.2990012|1.6359137
8235|Buildings themselves can be made significantly more efficient through proper insulation, white roofing and smart architecture/ landscaping. In-home products such as household appliances continue to consume comparatively large volumes of electricity. Their inefficiency is exacerbated in the Caribbean by the prevalence of outdated equipment and a lack of strong efficiency standards for new appliances, although progress is being made across the Caribbean thanks to work by the CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality (CROSQ 2015) and the OAS (2015) and, for example, with the formation of the Barbados Energy Performance Label by the Barbados National Standards Institute (BNSI2015).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|barbados appliances standards caribbean caricom|1.8912976|2.2965531|2.536557
8236|In other OECD countries, private health insurers supply different types of “secondary coverage” for health spending (see Box 4 for definitions). Depending on the country, it may include services that are uncovered by the public system such as luxury care, elective care, long-term care, dental care, pharmaceuticals, rehabilitation, alternative or complementary medicine, etc., Typically, duplicate cover does not exempt individuals from contributing to public health insurance. In the HSC Survey, only five countries - the Czech Republic, Estonia, Iceland, Norway and Turkey - reported that private health insurance does not provide a secondary source of coverage for health and the share of private health insurance in total health spending is null or almost null.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health null insurance care private|8.488427|8.752372|2.2264225
8237|As such they can provide overarching guidance on government priorities in the short and long term. Despite many NDCs being rather vague about the required climate compatible investments, existing NAMAs and/or NAPAs and NAPs in many cases provide important elements of the missing information. Through targeted efforts they could help outline and identify the required investment programmes and enabling environment reforms.|SDG 13 - Climate action|required namas napas naps vague|1.4694374|3.8449085|1.340121
8238|Several of the skippers commented that this information alone would result in the meter paying for itself in less than six months. The UK’s Seafish is an example of how the public and private sectors can work together to promote innovation. Seafish is funded by a levy on the first sale of seafood landed and imported in the United Kingdom. It aims to support and improve the environmental sustainability, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the industry, as well as promoting sustainably-sourced seafood. Seafish has worked on the installation of fuel meters on fishing vessels as well as other energy saving devices notably gear and vessel design.|SDG 14 - Life below water|seafood landed gear vessel levy|-0.049938373|5.7909603|6.5611563
8239|These committees play decision or advisory roles, depending on the management category. They are composed of government officials and representatives of civil society and the private sector. As of 2013, out of the 320 federal protected areas (excluding private reserves), 253 had committees established and 25 were in the process of establishing them (ICMBio, 2014). In addition, most management committees have not yet defined their operating rules, so there is still a risk of exacerbating conflicts among committee members (Verissimo et al.,|SDG 15 - Life on land|committees exacerbating private management composed|0.8912684|7.151547|1.7145352
8240|Similarly, Brazil through its Luz para Todos programme has ensured the involvement of rural communities in Management Committees which work to prioritise activities within the electrification process. No single technology is to be recommended. Aspects such as the geographical dispersion of the local population, the community's estimated electricity needs and ability to pay, availability of local resources, all factor into the decision-making process.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|process ensured prioritise dispersion local|2.3216145|1.8047045|2.6667023
8241|A World Bank-funded youth employment program in Liberia that included vocational and life skills training, along with job placement help, increased young women’s employment by 50% and weekly earnings by 115%. In India these types of policies could help find jobs for the often highly skilled unemployed women in urban areas, along w ith other enabling policies discussed above. The training programme (STEP) initiated by Ministry of Women and Child Development for marginalised and asset -less rural and urban women across the country is w'elcome.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|women training help urban marginalised|8.098111|4.1463284|3.8722365
8242|In 2011, the average number of ESRF patients across countries was 101 per 100 000 population, with widespread variation between countries. Countries such as Singapore and Iceland reported fewer than 70 ESRF patients per 100 000 population, whereas Portugal and the United States reported more than 150. The number of ESRF patients has increased in every country over the 2000 to 2011 period. On average, the number of patients increased by 36% over the 11-year period, but in countries such as Korea the rate nearly doubled over this timeframe.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients number countries reported period|9.204877|9.122712|2.4816403
8243|In addition, research is increasingly concerned with analysing the work-life balance, barriers to improving this balance and the characteristics of companies implementing measures to balance work and family life, and with demonstrating the benefits of family-friendly policies at company level (Wakisaka, 2007; Atsumi, 2007; and Kodama etal., In 2005, a law was passed obliging companies with more than 300 workers to set up action plans to promote their work-life balance and an accreditation system was introduced to encourage companies to implement childcare-leave schemes (OECD, 2008a; and Takeishi, 2007). Other measures concern reducing working hours for parents with young children.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|balance companies life work family|9.150844|5.0977516|5.376306
8244|In a number of areas of critical interest for policy makers, gender data and indicators are still insufficient or lack comparability across countries. Further effort should be promoted to develop sound gender-based measures in the fields of labour statistics, entrepreneurship and unpaid work, intra-household allocation of resources and gender-based violence. The terms sex and gender are often used synonymously, although in gender research the two concepts have different meanings. Sex refers to the biologically recognised differences between men and women (e.g. chromosomes, internal and external sex organs, hormonal makeup and other secondary sex characteristics). In contrast, the term gender refers to “to the economic, social and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female” (UNFPA, 2009). Gender is “constantly created and re-created out of human interaction, out of social life, and is the texture and order of that social life” (Lorber, 2001:83).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender sex refers created social|9.586955|4.492638|7.577422
8245|The government views womens workforce participation as an important pillar of economic growth and sustainability and is therefore creating an environment to increase it. The initiative seeks to challenge discriminatory attitudes and practices that are barriers to gender equality in the workplace and to promote a more gender-balanced workforce. Employers also have the potential to increase profitability by ensuring that the different skills and experiences of a diverse workforce are translated into enhanced products and services, and attract investors and business opportunities that increasingly take gender diversity into consideration.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|workforce gender pillar womens translated|9.789185|4.2625294|6.828467
8246|But research is needed to evaluate the extent to which LDCs are affected and are vulnerable to climate change since the impacts of climate change widely vary across geographical regions (IPCC 2007). As the characteristics of each country are heterogeneous, the vulnerability to climate change in each country is also variable. To monitor how IPoA is addressing the issue, we propose to first identify, through an indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change, the level and type of vulnerability to climate change of the LDCs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change vulnerability ldcs ipoa|1.2799752|4.805521|1.666239
8247|Finally, child marriage violates the right of girls to express their views regarding decisions that will shape the entire course of their lives. Many of these studies address the problem of child marriage in an international human rights framework, highlighting the grave economic, health, social, and psychological consequences that result when girls are forced to marry too young. The majority of this literature, however, is based on country-level research, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where rates of child marriage are the highest. Syria: A Regional Crisis.”|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage child girls syria express|9.571772|5.4362335|6.6492996
8248|Similar results were found by Lerner et a 1. ( The authors indicate that antidepressants might not be required for all employees with milder depression, but when prescribed, medication should start as soon as possible. However, it remains a fact that the positive employment effects are lower than the clinical effects (Frank and Koss, 2005), i.e. clinical improvement does not automatically nor fully translate into better work functioning (measured with functioning scales) and increased paid employment with substantial earnings, or in getting off disability benefit rolls. First, symptom improvements do not always go hand-in-hand with productivity improvement.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|clinical functioning hand improvement milder|10.215772|8.808282|2.094593
8249|Given its importance and in order to adequately reflect the specific conditions as well as its complex hydrology, the Inventory dedicates five chapters to this river system. The shared tributaries of the Euphrates River (Chap.2l and the major shared tributaries of the Tigris River (Chap. 4J are covered in more detail in two separate chapters in order to highlight the role of these rivers and draw attention to local water issues and transboundary impacts.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tributaries chap river chapters shared|0.6263299|7.2312646|2.286135
8250|Iagluja site remediation was complicated by a landslide and difficult terrain, and so only partial remediation was done. A new municipal waste landfill was also developed in Borjomi by the end of 2014, and the existing disposal site was rehabilitated. The expected lifetime of the landfill is 12-15 years.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|remediation landfill site rehabilitated terrain|0.36667228|4.115399|3.1872957
8251|As in other parts of the United Kingdom, participation by Scottish primary care physicians is voluntary. For those who choose to participate, the QOF measures achievement against a range of evidence-based quality indicators, with points and payments awarded according to the level of achievement. Public scrutiny provides an additional incentive, with the performance of individual practices published on a website.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|achievement qof scottish scrutiny awarded|9.92942|9.260478|1.8388349
8252|The collaborative care models that use stepped care are even more cost-effective. This is when the intensity is stepped up only when proven necessary. Patients are first offered an intervention that while likely to be effective is relatively easy to implement and carries relatively low cost or side effects.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|stepped relatively effective cost carries|9.096181|8.99517|1.6020055
8253|Targeted measures to address the needs of poor and vulnerable groups in commercialized health systems—such as fee waivers or subsidies—have been put in place but have often proven ineffective in reducing out-of-pocket expenditures.152 Current cutbacks in public health expenditure threaten to increase the financial burden on households. Women's OPPs have been found to be systematically higher than men's in a number of countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru, not only because of gender-specific health needs but also due to the greater prevalence of chronic illness and some mental health conditions among women. Decisions on what health conditions are included can be heavily gender-biased.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|health waivers conditions needs gender|9.122656|8.569864|2.772624
8254|Sufficiently outfitted, the teams have proven that they can provide direct health services and raise awareness about prevention. When planning the allocation of resources, the social justice goals of preserving unique ethnic groups collective identities and ancient ways of knowing—rather than purely economic considerations—should be taken into account. Described below are some of the most successful models of health service provision to northern indigenous communities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|knowing identities preserving purely proven|9.63142|8.24026|3.3419826
8255|Similarly, only a small proportion of ODA specifically addresses women’s needs and interests. Yet considerable data gaps persist. Of Agenda 2030’s 53 gender-related SDG indicators, only 32 can draw on available data, which limits understanding of key areas such as unpaid care work or women’s access to productive resources.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|persist data addresses oda women|9.442471|4.3816376|7.355646
8256|These policies are embedded within the larger school policies and societal contexts. This framework views education policy as embedded in a particular society and constrained by the wider institutional and cultural environment of a particular place and time. By setting rules for the school system and guiding the actions of local decision-makers, education policy makers aim to promote excellent, equitable and inclusive learning. Their success in achieving this ultimate goal depends on the policies they choose, and also on how particular policies interact with each other and with the wider environment in which they are applied.|SDG 4 - Quality education|policies embedded particular wider makers|9.536795|2.233667|2.120475
8257|Additional resources for specific activities under the work-programme have been raised by the ISRBC Secretariat from the European Commission and the international donor community. In this regard, a set of activities for the rehabilitation of the Sava River waterway and the development of navigation, a priority issue, have been implemented, and relevant work is on-going. While navigation is important for the economic development in the basin, the interventions in the watercourse for rehabilitation of navigation and the construction of related hydro-engineering structures may become additional pressure factors. The Sava River Basin Analysis Report was developed as a first step towards this direction.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|navigation sava rehabilitation basin river|0.7877967|7.166804|1.8762615
8258|This trend has implications for declining costs in education but also lower higher education participation, a factor which may limit future economic growth. The number of female workers is higher than male workers, reflecting the opportunities for women workers in the assembly operations in the manufacturing sector. The overall working age group (15-64) increased from 55.40% in 1970 to 61.70% in 2000. It is estimated to stabilise at 68.40% in 2010, dipping to 67.00% in 2020.|SDG 4 - Quality education|workers stabilise higher assembly education|8.994232|4.340926|5.606457
8259|The model aims at long-term minimisation of total energy system costs from today to the year 2100 subject to a CO2 constraint. Total energy system costs vary by region and year and are then optimised in order to attain global and long-term energy costs minimisation. Region and year-specific costs are summed up, accounting for the time-value of money by discounting future energy system costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|costs energy year term region|1.2998744|2.5970557|1.930373
8260|An Empirical Analysis of Extreme Events in Germany”, Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne, March 2010, EWI Working Paper, No. Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., United States. January 2012, report commissioned to Parsons Brinckerhoff by the Department of Energy and Climate Change, January 2012.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|january laboratory commissioned energy washington|1.3647577|3.1125724|2.0387132
8261|For reference, the issue has been a central part of the discussion on heat pumps in Denmark, where electricity use for heat pumps has not only been subject to payments for distribution and transmission tariffs (around 25 EUR/MWh), but also electricity taxes and PSO. There are plans to significantly reduce the latter two requirements toward 2022, when PSO (approximately 23 EUR/MWh Q4 2017) will be completely phased out and electricity taxes will be reduced to 20 EUR/MWh from the current level of around 54 EUR/MWh. It appears that heat pumps are competitive with new biomass and gas-based generation, even with the low COP used as a standard assumption. All technologies are assumed to produce 5000 full load hours per annum.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mwh pumps eur heat electricity|1.738535|2.2631786|2.4575105
8262|The organisation acquires land or property on behalf of its members (or other public bodies) in order to support local housing policy, economic development, leisure and tourism, establish utilities, reduce/eliminate health hazards, enable urban renewal, and save or enhance heritage site and natural areas. Apart from this long list of actors involved in spatial policy and land use governance there are also commissions to regulate commercial development projects and agricultural land use change, a regional public finance agency to collect taxes, the areas under industrial (SEVESO EU directive) or environmental risks (flooding) are managed by the State and the airport is managed an independent authority. Formal rules require consultation with “associated persons”—this is a list established by law which includes other local authorities, and various Consular Chambers that represent specific groups (e.g. agriculture, commerce and industry, trade).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land list managed chambers airport|1.4661435|6.585111|1.6257747
8263|While the SCoT was initially conceived as a tool to help larger communes manage land that was outside their direct control, this was too narrow a perspective. Because a SCoT requires agreement among the members, it must consider a broader set of interests, including those of the smaller communes that also play a key role in the organisation because of the increasing expansion of the whole urban and peri-urban area. Questions about: local economic development, mobility, and the role of local food and farmland preservation, need to be approached at a larger scale.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|scot communes larger peri approached|3.8028643|5.8020234|1.7261916
8264|Box 3.5 describes the principal models used by Transport for London to carry out such simulations. A major role of the COMETRAVI and the COMETAH will be to co-ordinate metropolitan-wide data collection and modelling. This will allow the COMETRAVI to build on the CAMe’s actions on the standardisation and improvement of mobility policies linked to air quality and the environment.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|standardisation simulations ordinate london modelling|3.9603994|5.082753|0.8290488
8265|Moreover, the university’s transformation plan as the first APEX university is entitled “Transforming Higher Education for a Sustainable Tomorrow” reflecting the leadership commitment to sustainability. One of the key targets has been to establish a strong functional and institutional link between universities and communities locally, regionally and internationally. The university has also engaged in disseminating knowledge to the local community via training seminars and conferences. For instance, River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC) and the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia jointly organised trainings in compliance with national guidelines.|SDG 4 - Quality education|university drainage apex trainings tomorrow|7.3998003|2.5484273|2.4858468
8266|The authors do find, though, that introduction of P4P programmes has brought some other important system benefits, amongst them clarification of the goals of providers, improved purchasing processes, better measurement of provider activity and performance, and more informed dialogue between purchasers and providers. In the English QOF, one of the most established P4P programmes which is voluntarily applied to GPs working for the NHS, a number of studies show high initial improvements in process indicators after introduction with little change since. Furthermore, little impact on health system performance beyond the immediate GP-provided care was seen, for instance lower hospital admission rates - which might be anticipated with improved primary care management - or an impact on mortality, could not be observed (Eijkenaar et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|introduction little providers improved clarification|8.924751|9.235932|1.803839
8267|But meeting the goals of eradicating hunger and poverty by 2030, while addressing the threat of climate change, will require a profound transformation of food and agriculture systems worldwide. Changes will need to be made in a way that does not jeopardize the capacity of the agriculture sectors - crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry - to meet the world's food needs. Global food demand in 2050 is projected to increase by at least 60 percent above 2006 levels, driven by population and income growth, as well as rapid urbanization.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food eradicating agriculture profound urbanization|3.8936584|5.3876786|4.3326
8268|Countries have already done a lot to raise youth skills and employability. This chapter offers an overview of the whole report, and discusses how countries can continue with reforms by adopting a consistent and comprehensive strategy and engaging all stakeholders. Youth unemployment rates reached high levels at the height of the crisis and since then, have barely changed (Figure 1.1, Ranel A).|SDG 4 - Quality education|youth barely height employability adopting|8.092157|3.948525|3.967353
8269|With enabling legislation, these innovations may prove to be a leapfrog technology in regions without reliable road networks, such as Africa, in the same way that mobile telecommunications have permitted many Africans to leapfrog fixed-line networks and move directly into wireless technology. This delivery system is currently incapable of handling heavyweight items and long distances, however, and it will take a few years before SMEs can adopt it in a cost-effective way. Transporting high-priority consignments and delivering to people who live in isolated areas is another way to use drones.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|leapfrog way networks technology wireless|4.3039026|4.4095893|1.4271705
8270|It also analyses the factors responsible for the widespread rise in inequality during the neo-liberal reforms of 1980-2000 in the fields of trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and capital flows, and the rise in migration. Finally, it compares the decline in inequality observed in most of Latin America over 2000-2008 with the steady increase of inequality in many European transition economies during this period despite their return to robust growth. The paper argues that such divergence is explained by differences in policies. Prior to that he was the Director of UNU-WIDER. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Secretariat. The designations and terminology employed may not conform to United Nations practice and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Organization.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality rise nations terminology divergence|6.6470375|5.1013646|4.711013
8271|Attainment of sustainable cities in many ways relate to effective planning, development and enforcement of inclusive policies, strong economic actions and strategies, environmental protection plans, sustainable investments which accommodate the needs of all people regardless of their age, gender, social or economic status. Data, information and knowledge are essential in responding to fundamental questions. Some of these are: Which are the drivers and actors of city growth?|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sustainable accommodate responding relate regardless|3.8338742|4.941696|1.8181945
8272|However, its system will come under pressure as population ageing is set to accelerate after the mid-2020s, with a strong increase in the share of people over 80 - the biggest recipients of health and long-term care per capita (Panels C and D; Albouy et al., Price developments and technical progress could also lead to increasing upward pressure on health spending (Fall et al., Macro- and micro-simulations show significant increases in public health expenditures until 2060, though the scale of the extra spending varies widely (Box 1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pressure health spending al et|8.986383|8.743673|2.6488602
8273|It helps to reduce the direct and opportunity costs of formal learning; by making acquired skills transparent, it improves the efficiency of the labour market; it helps adults with limited formal education to re-enter education and advance their careers; also, it might reward and therefore encourage learning in informal settings (Field et al., The centre has, through pilot projects, developed a recognition of prior learning methodology with the main target group being people with poor formal education. The 12 lifelong learning centres around the country and the two centres for certified trades co-operate in carrying out recognition of prior learning projects.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning formal prior helps recognition|8.353731|2.508764|2.4794881
8274|Ninety-eight per cent of the area occupied by Pacific Island countries and territories is ocean. We sometimes refer to ourselves as Big Ocean Stewardship States in recognition of this geography. The Pacific Ocean is at the heart of our cultures and we depend on it for food, income, employment, transport and economic development.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean pacific stewardship geography occupied|0.1905648|5.7411313|6.1306844
8275|In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national, regional and local governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions. As a result, 14 regions in 11 countries have undergone the OECD review process in 2008-10. The reviews have been carried out by the OECD/IMHE in collaboration with international organisations and associations and other OECD programmes and directorates.|SDG 4 - Quality education|oecd reviews directorates undergone regional|7.924097|2.472023|2.4546397
8276|There are also concerns about the treatment of interconnections and the lack of regional coordination regarding supply adequacy. For regions well interconnected and with coupled electricity prices, the target model should include a common definition of capacity credits and the possibility to exchange these credits with a proper treatment of network constraints. This may reduce incentives to save energy or engage demand response actions during these hours, unless they can participate in the capacity market, which might not be possible for small players because of transaction costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|credits treatment interconnections capacity interconnected|1.7989112|1.6862335|1.8407501
8277|None of these laws were drafted with integrated water management in mind. Hence, the case remains for consolidating the regulations into a coherent framework. This would provide greater clarity both for water managers and for various stakeholder groups (e.g. users, recreational interests, environmental associations). Unsurprisingly, water is of higher biological quality in the less developed Western and South Western river basins (Table 3.4).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|western water unsurprisingly consolidating drafted|0.9792322|7.063818|2.1026127
8278|Whatever the impacts on water systems, the task of achieving water quality objectives in agriculture will become more difficult in the coming years as a result of climate change (OECD, 2012b). These people will have very little room of manoeuvre to adjust to uncertain water availability. The country groupings BRIICS and RoW are explained in OECD (2012a), Table 1.3. The increase in demand will come mainly from manufacturing, electricity and domestic, leaving little scope for increasing water for irrigation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water little row groupings briics|1.2306905|7.2069554|2.8156168
8279|In parallel their average level of education has increased significantly to a point where more women than men are now attending universities in many OECD countries. In spite of such progress, there are still areas where women are missing out on opportunities to do as well as men, especially in the labour market. Regarding the former, the principle of gender equality has been part of the Federal Constitution since 1981, and in 1988 the Federal Office for Gender Equality was established.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|federal equality men gender spite|9.664257|4.2291865|6.854766
8280|The earlier mentioned study from the University Aarhus estimates the amount of avoidable food waste to be in the range of 40-75% of the total. Combining these data with the key figure 125 g food wastes per meal we find a total of approx. This includes both private and public service industry and retail sale. The service sector exclusive retail sale will include both horeca - industry, canteens and catering and therefore more or less corresponds to hospitality sector.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|sale retail industry catering service|4.105009|5.2810783|4.5802116
8281|These stocks require international cooperation to manage them due to their cross-boundary nature. Effective implementation of applicable international law is critical to ensuring the long-term sustainability of such stocks and, consequently, the continuation of benefits accrued through international trade in such stocks. The Agreement sets out a comprehensive legal framework for the implementation of those provisions of the Convention that relate to the long-term conservation and sustainable use of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks. In particular, it gives effect to, and elaborates on, the duty to cooperate set out in the Convention, as enshrined in articles 63(2), 64 and 116 to 119.|SDG 14 - Life below water|stocks convention international straddling enshrined|0.07626087|5.582198|6.378392
8282|Successful completion of upper secondary programmes is vital to address equity issues (see Indicator A9 in Education at a Glance 2017 [OECD, 2017(1]]), but graduation rates still vary widely among OECD countries (see Indicator B3). Developing and strengthening both general and vocational education (see Definitions section at the end of this indicator) at upper secondary level can make education more inclusive and appealing to individuals with different preferences and inclinations. In addition, VET programmes are often chosen by students who found it difficult to progress through earlier levels of education and are thus more at risk of not completing upper secondary education (OECD, 2017(h).|SDG 4 - Quality education|upper education indicator secondary oecd|8.646345|2.680891|2.7465777
8283|Note: In 2014, new TB cases and relapses = 74.8 per 100,000 population. Since 2009, the incidence of tuberculosis has decreased, from 101.4 per 100,000 population in 2009 to 84.1 per 100,000 population in 2012. The 2013 peak was linked to the failure of a mass immunization campaign in 2008, which provided a basis for a measles epidemic. Some cases of poisoning with mushrooms are reported each year. Regarding waterborne diseases, in the period 2001-2006, 25 group cases were reported, concerning 3,194 persons, mainly in cities. This strong decrease is related to the improvement in the distribution of quality drinking water, especially in the cities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cases population reported cities tb|8.466307|9.2093935|3.3837361
8284|Such a plan would allow prioritization and proper costing of water and sanitation needs as well as elaboration of technical designs for all new projects. The Water Strategy appeared to be not realistic financially. The revised Strategy is based on key strategic documents adopted by the country, such as the 2005 Millennium Development Goals, revised in 2007, the NDS for the period 2008-2011, the National Regional Development Strategy for the period 2010-2012, and the targets and target dates under the Protocol on Water and Health approved by the 2010 Joint Order of the Minister of Health and the Minister of Environment. The revised Strategy includes an action plan for implementation within the first three years (2012-2014), which describes targets and capacity that will be necessary for the management and monitoring of those actions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|revised strategy minister water targets|1.3118806|6.8403716|1.8572994
8285|It also encompasses the technical review of climate finance provided. This is an enhancement of the current framework, by requiring all developed countries (not just Annex II countries1) to report on climate finance provided and mobilised, extending the technical review of information on climate finance provided to all countries that include this in their national reports to the UNFCCC, and including the provision of finance within the “multilateral consideration of progress” for all Parties. The Paris Agreement also encourages all “other” countries that provide climate finance to report this information, and also encourages reporting of information on climate finance received. This paper explores how to improve the transparency of information reported to the UNFCCC on climate finance provided, mobilised and received. Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America. Improving the transparency of domestic climate finance, methods for estimating climate finance, and establishing quantified estimates of climate finance flows2 are outside the scope of this paper.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate provided information encourages|1.411864|3.7333643|0.6567589
8286|The final section takes account of the staying power of Africa’s rural economy. The share of urban residents has increased from 14% in 1950 to 40% today. By the mid-2030s, 50% of Africans are expected to become urban dwellers (Figure 6.1).' Urbanisation is likely to continue and level off at about 56% around 2050.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|africans urban staying dwellers urbanisation|4.5259213|4.975894|2.2101119
8287|In line with their obligations under Article 18 of CEDAW, Cambodia, India, Pakistan and Thailand have submitted reports to the committee. Concluding observations of the committee on these countries provides a very helpful overview of the current state of play in respect of violence against women and women’s human rights in general. These observations are reproduced in section 3.2.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|observations committee reproduced concluding cedaw|9.998032|5.2248116|7.4592924
8288|In accordance with international standards, the reference population for indicators on child labour and forced labour should go beyond the group of persons engaged in employment work, covering either forms of work within the SNA production boundary or forms of work within the general production boundary, as defined in the 19th ICLS resolution on work statistics. Relevant context information for the interpretation of the indicators on child labour and forced labour includes the respective national legal provisions. In the case of child labour, important aspects may be the minimum age set by national law for employment, hazardous work and permissible light work, the coverage of this legislation and the prohibition of certain types of child labour, such as the worst forms of child labour.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labour child work forms boundary|8.377382|4.487654|4.504108
8289|Responsibilities for addressing climate change are spread across various ministries, but in 2009 the Government Office of Climate Change was set up as a new central state administrative body directly responsible for climate change and for interdepartmental co-ordination of measures and policies. It is currently preparing a Climate Change Act, for adoption by the national assembly in 2011, which will provide for the inclusion of climate change mitigation and adaptation in national and sectoral policies on the basis of vulnerability studies. There is a range of water-related issues connected with tourist activities. These include heat and pollution discharged from swimming pools, the use of water areas for swimming pool facilities, morphological modifications of the coastline, the abstraction of water, drilling for underground water or abstraction of thermal hot water for swimming pools and natural resorts, the release of waste water from tourist facilities and restaurants (exceeding legally defined pollutant limits at releases from industrial facilities), and the abstraction of water for irrigation of non-agricultural land (e.g. for golf courses or artificial snow). The policy also supports the use of public transport.|SDG 13 - Climate action|swimming water abstraction climate change|1.407929|4.8534703|1.7306368
8290|"Land for special needs encompasses multiple subcategories, including land of protected areas (chapter 11), land allocated for the purpose of ensuring national defence and land for scientific and technological tests and sites for regular environmental and climate monitoring. The categoiy ""Land with forest resources"" is broader than the area actually covered by forests, which was 7.85 per cent of the countiy’s territoiy in 2016. The annual growth rate of the urban population was 2.40 per cent between 1987 and 2015, 10 times of that of the rural population (0.24 per cent)."|SDG 15 - Life on land|land cent countiy defence population|1.5314146|4.929739|4.1513705
8291|Gender analysis is a requirement of the mandatory project quality assurance process. Quality assurance guidelines for all country programmes and global/regionalprogrammes will address GEWE. The gender marker rating will be included in the cover note for project documents and integrated in the quality assurance guidelines.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|assurance guidelines quality project gewe|9.940115|4.0364223|7.8270288
8292|It presents the motivation, rationale and scope of demand-side policies and provides examples of different national strategies and approaches. The policy instruments reviewed include innovation-based public procurement, technology-oriented regulations, product standards and the European Union's Lead Market Initiative. While there is no single definition of demand-oriented innovation policy, it can be understood as a set of public measures to increase the demand for innovations, to improve the conditions for the uptake of innovations or to improve the articulation of demand in order to spur innovations and facilitate their diffusion (Edler, 2007).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovations demand oriented innovation improve|5.3377767|3.4923959|2.5050578
8293|In addition, the 2016 self-regulation (code de deontologie) has further constrained competition and the size of medical practices (Autorite de la concurrence, 2016a). Though the 2016 Health Law expanded midwives’ roles somewhat, a more general definition of the scope of activities of different professions, for instance in terms of general “missions” rather than specific tasks/acts, would provide greater flexibility. For example, private-hire vehicles could be allowed to transport autonomous patients and complement the services of taxi drivers, and optometrists could be authorised to prescribe some medical goods, such as glasses (IGF, 2013). Coverage of telemedicine by the statutory health insurance will be implemented in 2018.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medical prescribe midwives general telemedicine|8.801789|8.989206|1.8434354
8294|Shifts in investment patterns will gather pace, Governments will implement their national climate plans as contributions to the objective of the Paris Agreement, and non-State actors will continue to drive tangible change across all sectors of society. The Paris Agreement is also the first climate treaty to include gender-specific references. Global emissions need to peak as soon as possible, followed by rapid reductions thereafter, if we are to have a decent chance at staying below the 2 degrees Celsius temperature rise threshold of the Paris Agreement.|SDG 13 - Climate action|paris agreement celsius gather staying|1.1367713|3.682493|1.3879504
8295|The best they can do is to approximate these costs by relying on impact studies and by partially accounting for the difference in costs depending on the uses, the location, and the time of the year. First, part of the water abstracted is returned to the environment. If the water that is returned is of the same quality, and if it is returned where it was pumped, then it is not abstracted water that should be charged but rather water that has been used (and not returned to the environment in the catchment).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|returned abstracted water environment approximate|1.399309|7.5439167|2.441947
8296|These efforts should of course be consistent with any strategies to eradicate poverty and national development plan(s) or planning. Planning, monitoring and reporting at scale will also be required at the national level demanding new data collection analysis and additional resources for this including relevant expertise in government. Maximising the effectiveness of sustainable development finance, including climate finance, will be critical to meeting the targets set out under the SDGs. Environment and climate change mainstreaming has been a practice of OECD DAC members for over a decade (see for example ENVIRONET publications on mainstreaming adaptation into development cooperation, OECD 2009) and the UNFCCC stresses the importance of integrating climate change adaptation into mainstream decision making (see for example LDC Expert Group, 2012).|SDG 13 - Climate action|mainstreaming climate adaptation finance planning|1.5037636|4.2137127|1.2335547
8297|For instance, both the PNAEE and the PPEC include initiatives for energy-efficient lighting in the residential sector, so that there is potential duplication of efforts and costs. Portugal will be on track to meet its objectives if implementation continues at this rate. However, the highest savings were obtained in the industrial sector and might well be due to the economic crisis, as shown by the sector’s increased energy intensity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sector lighting duplication energy residential|2.070605|2.524252|2.4531302
8298|These traits will be able to be commercially grown in Vietnam following variety registration that will take one season to complete. All four genetically modified maize traits went through confined and multi-location field trials conducted by MARD during 2010-12. According to FAO, the irrigation potential in Viet Nam is 9.4 million ha, of which close to 50% (4.6 million ha) has been developed. Investment in irrigation and flood protection has been a major focus of the government since the 1970s, with some 80% of the capital investment funds available to the agriculture sector allocated to improving and expanding irrigation, and protecting flood prone areas from damage.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|traits irrigation ha flood genetically|1.2802598|7.1332664|3.2104623
8299|Such preferential treatment of men and maleness finds its expression in “sexist” behaviour and patriarchal systems and structures of power. Sexism can be seen in the exclusion of women from leadership roles in business, governmental, cultural and religious institutions. It is also the attitude that allows women’s bodies to be physically abused, raped or used as tools of advertisement. Women in every culture experience sexism, although in vastly different ways and to different degrees.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women vastly abused patriarchal attitude|9.980265|5.029252|7.373775
8300|Indicators 4.a.l (previously multi-tier I/ll) and 4.C.1 are now tier II, reflecting limited data availability. The TCG consists of representatives from the lAEG-SDGs member states and selected international agencies and institutions. Work continues or is about to begin on other thematic indicators, including language of instruction, distribution of resources and teacher professional development.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tier ll indicators thematic begin|8.691161|2.6800985|1.9992104
8301|But as the types of deprivations captured in the HDI and MPI are reduced for individuals and societies, other deprivations become more prominent. People have more choices and freedoms, but there are still constraints that limit life potential. For example, the My World global survey being conducted by the United Nations in support of the 2030 Agenda assessed development issues that matter most to people.108 More than 9 million responses have prioritized action issues from 16 options, ranging from securing a good education and ensuring political freedom to tackling climate change.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivations issues prioritized hdi freedoms|6.298888|6.632631|5.023906
8302|A large number of developing countries with relatively neutral pricing policies are at a critical juncture in terms of agricultural policy development. Do they spend scarce resources on supporting farmers directly, or do they invest in the broader underpinnings of agricultural development and economic development more generally? Smallholders in developing countries often underpin the rural economy, yet they face systematic adjustment pressures as a necessary corollary of the development process.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|development agricultural underpin developing smallholders|3.91979|5.247989|3.7175164
8303|Working-age households can no longer afford to have no one in work and the numbers that are workless have fallen, but for the smaller number of jobless families poverty is much deeper than previously as the value of out-of-work benefits has fallen. An increasing share of the poor in 2030 are “working poor”, with low pay, short working hours or having just one earner in the family. Education has improved, raising earnings for the majority.|SDG 1 - No poverty|fallen working poor jobless earner|7.291973|5.759738|4.9884586
8304|With the demise of President Mutharika, she became her country’s first female president. Mr Magufuli was elected as CCM’s standard-bearer and he chose Sarnia Hassan as his vice-presidential running mate. She is currently serving as the first female vice-president of Tanzania. Globally, 20 out 193 Heads of State were women; seven of these were from Commonwealth member countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|president vice female mr chose|10.551606|4.2849836|7.1225996
8305|As a result, in 2016, 23% of girls have been married before their 18th birthday, the eight highest number of child brides in the world (UNICEF, 2016). The participation of women in the labour force is crucial for promoting and sustaining economic growth, and the gains are largest in countries where large gender gaps persist, like Mexico. In Mexico, halving the current gender gap in labour force participation among 15- to 74-year-olds by 2040 could potentially add 0.16 percentage points to the projected average annual rate of growth in per capita gross domestic product (GDP) for the period 2013-40, boosting the projected average growth rate to 2.46% per year. By 2040, this extra growth would translate into an increase of around USD 1100 in GDP per capita, relative to the baseline scenario.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|growth projected capita mexico force|9.643704|4.3056827|5.7401648
8306|Practices illustrate how OECD countries and non-OECD economies have designed and implemented effective, efficient and inclusive water governance systems. They are meant to be replicable and support bench learning across different stakeholders within cities, regions, basins and countries. Learning from evolving water governance practices is about gaining insights from real examples, looking at what works (or has worked) and seeing how' others have dealt w'ith challenges.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance practices learning dealt seeing|1.0635662|7.002206|1.5184711
8307|In 2010, one in every eight workers in manufacturing was an immigrant, and immigrant workers were also overrepresented in construction as well as in some service sectors such as private household services. In view of the relatively high employment rates of foreign-born workers, and their positive impact on native-born paid employment, it also seems likely that foreign-bom workers have a positive effect on income per capita. Thai authorities could reinforce the economic contribution of immigrants to the country by offering more accessible channels for regular immigration and developing integration mechanisms.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers born immigrant foreign positive|7.1998625|3.6183069|4.230824
8308|In general, as economic development levels increase and/or the domestic financial systems mature, finance tends to be delivered through multilateral channels. However, a range of other factors also affect delivery of climate finance, such as geopolitical interests and historical relationship with finance providers. Given the data present a snapshot of 2013 and 2014, a few large-scale projects committed during the period could distort the overall picture. For instance, Armenia (e.g. infrastructure in energy, water and agriculture sectors supported by Germany) and Uzbekistan (e.g. large-scale power plants supported by Japan) receive a large portion of finance through bilateral channels.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance channels large supported scale|1.8490165|3.9526951|1.1178057
8309|They describe practices, personal resources, competencies and knowledge that form the basis of successful school leadership. Practices entail five dimensions: i) constructing and implementing a shared strategic vision; ii) developing professional competencies; iii) leading processes of teaching and learning; iv) managing the school climate and the participation of the school community; and v) developing and managing the school. Personal resources comprise three areas: i) ethical values; ii) behavioural and technical competencies; and iii) professional knowledge (Ministry of Education, 2015a). In 2006, the Ministry of Education developed an evaluation framework for a system of self-improvement in schools that has now been discontinued (Sistema de Aseguramiento de Calidad de la Gestion Escolar, SACGE) (Santiago et al., In 2014, the Ministry of Education published newly developed Indicative Performance Standards for Schools and School Providers (Estandares Indicativos de Desempeno para Establecimientos Educacionales y sus Sostenedores).|SDG 4 - Quality education|competencies school ministry iii managing|9.827806|1.5111984|1.7042316
8310|A multilateral multi-year Protocol for Agreements for Minority Language and Second-Language Education with the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (1983, re-structured in 2013) sets the parameters for this intergovernmental collaboration. Students and their caregivers get help more quickly, through referral to a wide range of specialist and community services, including crisis intervention, youth mental health, after-school programming, parent and family supports, sexual health, and child care. The strategy aims to support students who may be at risk of not succeeding and not reaching their full potential.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language students referral caregivers intergovernmental|10.061587|2.5659826|2.4057477
8311|Children's experiences of food insecurity also include cognitive awareness of household food hardships, and psychological strain related not only to running out of food, but to awareness of parents' difficulties meeting household food needs [48]. Another difference is that adult experiences of food insecurity are conditioned on inadequate resources for food, but child experiences are not, and are instead grounded in the household social and food environment (e.g., quality of interactions, parental affect and behaviour, and foods available for children) [48]. Adult/child differences are also possible in the ordering of experiences. Adults in the United States (but not in all countries) generally report that worry about running out of food is the least severe experience of food insecurity, followed by compromises in quality and quantity and with hunger being the most severe level of food insecurity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food insecurity experiences running household|4.496829|5.7596273|4.7947025
8312|Based on these approaches, practical applications for the multidimensional measurement of poverty have been developed at both regional and international level. Some recent official applications are described below: The multidimensional poverty index (MPI) used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) was prepared by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) in collaboration with UNDP This index, which applies the methodology devised by Alkire and Foster (2008), is a measure of acute poverty that reflects deprivations in access to basic services and in key functionings of education, health and living standards among the populations of 104 countries, including some in Latin America. The unit of analysis is the household, with individuals identified as poor when they reside in households subject to three or more deprivations.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty deprivations undp multidimensional applications|6.541459|6.434377|5.076039
8313|As a main rule ordinary food businesses may not supply food to food businesses in the group retail with wholesale or to wholesale food businesses. However, it has been accepted that retail food business operators may supply to a food bank. The Danish food bank collects and redistributes food from both wholesale and retail and delivers to charity organizations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food wholesale retail businesses bank|4.3320436|5.2879496|4.5803747
8314|Israeli wells further inland are less prone to seawater intrusion, with a net outflow of 20-23 MCM/yr45 of groundwater from the Coastal Aquifer Basin to the sea occurring in the Israeli part of the basin. In the Sinai Peninsula, groundwater levels have also dropped below sea level in the vicinity of major population centres like Arish and Rafah. In Israel, lateral hydraulic connections to older saline groundwater exist in the hinterland. As the salt front has moved from inland areas towards the coast, salinity has increased considerably over the past 70 years (Figure 6).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater inland israeli sea basin|0.6789241|7.5289755|2.8549914
8315|Increasing wealth also means that governments can increasingly afford to address the social needs of their citizens directly. Where this is the case social objectives and policies should evolve accordingly and reflect the new-found capacity of the economy to secure greater social cohesion. Growth can be seen as a rising tide, but though it has lifted many boats, not all have risen by the same amount. Strong growth is necessary to reduce poverty and deprivation sustainably in poor countries and can substantially contribute to reducing poverty in middle-income ones.|SDG 1 - No poverty|social tide boats lifted poverty|6.42655|5.187741|4.3786454
8316|Similarly, in New-Zealand, the New Zealand Teaching Council (NZTC), the professional body of teachers, played a leading role in defining teaching standards, with the extensive involvement of the profession, employers and teacher unions (OECD, 2013(2]). The bases for the standards in these cases are national education laws, codes of professional practices, and experts’ advice (ibid.). This involvement establishes an inherent link between teacher education and standards, as these stakeholders transmit their values, experience and knowledge in formulating the standards.|SDG 4 - Quality education|standards involvement zealand professional teacher|9.497224|1.187529|2.1095154
8317|Programmes for facing the development challenges of the poorest and the hungriest have also been expanded. This includes the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC Initiatives, Education for All Fast Track Initiative (EFA-FTI), and other similar measures. The international assistance programmes have begun to focus on the poorest countries and peoples to complement the BPoA. The World Summit (September 2005) reiterated the commitments of the donors to fulfil the BPoA target of providing 0.15-0.20 per cent of GNI as ODA to the LDCs.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poorest indebted gni programmes summit|6.4001865|6.0864873|4.5200315
8318|A dense (and growing) population, the effects of climate change, an existing arid climate in much of the basin, and growing demand among competing users - coupled with the need to ensure sufficient water to protect aquatic and ecosystem health - all place significant pressure on the basin. Further compounding the challenge is the requirement that 50% of the annual natural flow must pass to Saskatchewan, a neighbouring province. In addition, the province evolved its water allocation policies and the associated legislation, culminating in the proclamation of a new Water Act in 1999. Pursuant to the Water Act, the right to divert and use water is granted by a licence or registration under the Water Act.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water act province basin growing|0.92420065|7.3976097|2.1645715
8319|Constraints to an individual’s ability to access food can include economic growth that is inadequate or insufficiently broad-based (leading to a lack of job opportunities or lack of incentives to become a productive participant in the economy), negative impacts of national economic policies, inadequate training and/or job skills, lack of credit or other means to exchange assets or income streams, food losses associated with ineffective and inefficient harvesting, storage, processing and handling, and political decisions favouring one group over another. This new concept includes securing access by vulnerable people to available supplies, calling attention to the balance between the demand and supply sides of the food security equation. Cassava, potato, yam and sweet potato, as well as starchy fruit (plantain) are among the major food crops in Africa.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food lack inadequate job favouring|4.2993364|5.274202|4.2818193
8320|New technologies are the result of a complex process of scientific advances, learning by doing, and directed and spillover efforts in the private and the public sectors (IPIECA 2006). Dominant energy users and equipment suppliers jointly determine the development of new technology. And transitions in major energy technologies often take decades, requiring massive infrastructure investments, even for superior technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|technologies superior spillover massive energy|2.0400615|2.7402115|1.9818898
8321|Thus, three of these new proposed institutions include knowledge-sharing components. The importance of knowledge-sharing to address information gaps is widely acknowledged, including in the UNFCCC context (UNFCCC, 2014c). By highlighting potential climate impacts on individuals and communities, increased information awareness can be an important driver for change (e.g. USAID, 2014; CIF, 2014).|SDG 13 - Climate action|unfccc sharing knowledge cif usaid|1.2546735|3.708271|0.815597
8322|Another factor contributing to a low rate of job creation is the considerable scope that exists for raising output without increasing employment in many countries (i.e. through increases in labour productivity and working time). While increased layoff rates played an important role in raising unemployment during the initial phase of the recession, their importance gradually diminished as the downturn bottomed out and recovery began. This suggests that policy makers concerned with reducing unemployment or limiting its rise should shift their efforts from protecting viable jobs at risk of being terminated towards re-integrating the unemployed into the workforce and encouraging hiring by firms.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|raising unemployment terminated diminished downturn|7.706563|4.5693436|4.2043824
8323|Budget allocations for salaries of teachers, school support and administrative staff cover all the full year, including the months of school breaks, and teachers and school support and administrative staff are contracted to perform their instructional responsibilities for more days than the current instructional year. Thus, an extended school year may not generate additional direct instructional costs. There would be additional public expenditure needed to support a lengthened instructional year, including maintenance, transportation, and other non-instmctional costs, and these would be borne principally by municipalities. Since 96% of six-year-olds are already in state-provided early childhood education and care (Figure 2.8), this option would not adversely affect family life.|SDG 4 - Quality education|instructional year school administrative staff|9.357633|2.4343622|2.324576
8324|In response to concerns that participation in professional development may be decreasing, the government is planning substantial increases in professional development budgets and considering ways to require that all teachers have access to adequate professional training financed by municipalities. The slate budget annually allocates some USD 30 million to professional development of teachers and school principals through various forms of pre-tertiary and continuing education. The government determines the focus of the training, based on current national educational development needs, and the training is contracted out to service providers on a competitive basis.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professional training development teachers allocates|9.429821|1.430535|2.1069453
8325|The sole purpose of this action was to prevent the sale of generic versions and of parallel imports of the capsule formulation 499 The EGC upheld an earlier decision by the EU Commission, considering that the withdrawal of regulatory approval for the capsule version of the drug constituted an abuse of the company’s dominant position in the market for anti-ulcer treatments. The EGC stressed that, while a dominant undertaking is under no obligation to protect the interests of competitors, this cannot “justify recourse to practices falling outside the scope of competition on the merits. The withdrawal would not have been abusive if there had been some objective reason why such a withdrawal was necessary to improve the competitiveness of the company’s own products.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|withdrawal dominant company abusive upheld|8.292448|9.638849|2.4706779
8326|Moreover, the programme design is based on the hukou system, so migrants living in cities and counted in the urban population but having a rural hukou are not covered by the programme. Therefore, as presented in Table 3.6, there is a discrepancy in poverty incidence between the hukou population base and the residence base. To look more closely at the impacts of labour market changes on inequality, inequality is decomposed based on a regression on per-capita income of urban households.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|base inequality decomposed discrepancy urban|6.5851803|5.5647535|4.8277617
8327|The Bureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole has considered an advance, unedited version of the technical abstract for presentation to delegates attending the third session of the Preparatory Committee on an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The full text of the first World Ocean Assessment, including the summary, is available from www.un.org/depts/los/rp. The patterns of marine biodiversity are shaped by variations in the depth and nature of the seabed, by variations in temperature, salinity, nutrients and currents of the water column, and by the latitudinal and seasonal variations in sunlight. The size and complexity of the ocean means that patterns in global biodiversity are largely unquantified and their natural drivers not fully understood. It also reveals likely future trends and indicates management options likely to be more sustainable. Uncertainties, however, remain and surprises will be encountered (chap.|SDG 14 - Life below water|variations ocean marine patterns biodiversity|0.032066662|5.6589766|5.9760365
8328|Some studies have shed light on the extent to which various social groups have access to well-specified facilities, or what facilities certain segments of the population need and want in close proximity. According to the exhaustive overview of Lee and Moudon (2008) grocery stores stand out as the most visited neighbourhood destination. Likewise, Paez, Scott and Morency (2012) found that shopping and health facilities were the most important destinations to have within short distances.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|facilities scott shopping lee exhaustive|4.3265505|5.306376|0.7819466
8329|Metro Cebu facilitating dialogue and collaboration among industries could serve as an opportunity for business leaders to discover synergistic possibilities and potential exchanges that could fuel the symbiotic networks. It is therefore important that Metro Cebu continues the support to industries through policies aimed at skill development, green procurements, environmental technology diffusion, innovation hubs, and economic incentives. Rather than being the result of a carefully planned process, the eco-park developed gradually through co-operation by a number of neighbouring industrial companies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cebu metro industries discover hubs|3.5917504|4.9330134|1.3324375
8330|While the science around climate change is relatively advanced in a number of areas, there are significant gaps in knowledge and particularly a need for informed policymaking, strengthened governance structures, and international cooperation based on sound economic analysis. The OECD Workshop was designed to fill that gap. Figure 1 illustrates the how this Workshop complements and contributes to other international fisheries and climate change conferences. The fisheries management toolbox was also examined, from the perspective of whether or not existing tools are available to develop effective climate change adaptation strategies for the fisheries and aquaculture sectors.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries workshop climate change toolbox|-0.30691785|5.912874|6.429235
8331|"Dependency on external funding is a major weakness in many community-based and bilingual education programmes. However, there is no comprehensive strategy that ensures that the curriculum and the education system are relevant to the livelihood situation of pastoralists and hunter-gatherers. One of the issues of concern is therefore how the education system can benefit the pastoral community—or as one of the parents put it: ""If I put my child in school, what and when will I reap""? Another comment was that school-educated children often detach themselves from their traditional lifestyle: ""If, after finishing school, they remain unemployed, they end up belonging to nowhere""."|SDG 4 - Quality education|school education pastoralists bilingual pastoral|10.060683|2.5945408|2.574366
8332|This is the case in Poland, where sanitary thinning has included both damaged trees and deadwood. Nevertheless, except in 2007,13 deadwood removal from sanitary thinning as a share of merchantable timber has been halved since 2000 and was down to 15% in 2012. Selection-cutting (as opposed to clear-cutting) is often thought to be more beneficial for biodiversity, though there is still a lack of knowledge about how forestry without clear-cuts affects biodiversity.|SDG 15 - Life on land|sanitary cutting biodiversity clear halved|1.3452029|4.7001224|4.0200515
8333|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. There is strong evidence that favourable circumstances very early on in childhood support the development of the critical cognitive, emotional and social skills that provide the foundations for success in school and life. Disadvantaged children, who are more likely to face poor learning environments at home, therefore stand to gain the most from access to quality ECEC services, enabling them to start school on an equal footing to their wealthier peers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|footing school wealthier foundations stand|9.257043|2.734929|1.9969884
8334|According to Rocha (2006), although poverty in Brazil has persisted for decades, it was only after the inflation problem was solved that social problems started to be treated as a priority, the reduction of inequality being an example. This may account for the small output of articles studying the poverty-growth-inequality triangle in Brazil. Therefore, the implementation of public policies aimed at the reduction of inequality, besides solving this problem, may also indirectly help towards other economic policy goals such as increased growth rates and poverty reduction.|SDG 1 - No poverty|inequality reduction poverty problem brazil|6.324877|5.5402613|5.016986
8335|This holds for arrangements to protect industries and regulation of processes and products, as well as for arrangements regarding intellectual property in relation to environmental goods and services and technology development (see also Vos, this volume). As we saw, land policies and large-scale commercial land deals relate to climate change; internationally, new codes must be developed and applied (such as the 2009 Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa as endorsed by the African Union). Setting quantitative limits on emissions is a potentially effective way of keeping economic growth within safe environmental boundaries— more so than open ended and voluntary agreements.|SDG 13 - Climate action|land arrangements environmental deals endorsed|1.7001258|3.7608569|2.3309968
8336|This hypothesis was formalized in the context of a Solow model by Bourguignon (1981) who showed that when savings are a convex function of income, there may exist multiple steady states characterized by different degrees of inequality. Another possibility, however, is that they end up eliminating most of the variation in the data, exacerbating measurement error biases and reflecting in practice only the short-run effects of inequality. But many of the theoretical effects of inequality on growth may take a significant amount of time to materialise (changes in education, or in political stability, for example).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality effects bourguignon materialise exacerbating|6.528915|5.11874|4.736193
8337|There are few activities in the public health arena, though standard deployment in public health ushers in widespread acceptance. We introduce an ecosystem targeting public health, expecting sustainable operations. We then discuss a portable health clinic with body area network technologies (BAN-PHC) for affordable healthcare and telemedicine. A BAN-PHC targets mass medical examinations and treatments because of its easy-to-use and mistake-free features.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|phc ban health public expecting|9.002625|9.26311|1.7465893
8338|Girls in households that use solid fuels for cooking spend 18 hours a week on average gathering fuel, compared to 5 hours a week in households using clean fuels. Data on the type of device or technology used in the home for the purpose of cooking, heating and lighting is also needed. At present, most of the data collected through household surveys focus on identifying the primary type of fuel or technology used for cooking and disregard information in cases where various types of fuels might be used for different purposes within the household, such as heating and lighting. Expanding the detail of related information that is collected through surveys can provide more accurate estimates of the health and environmental impacts of this practice.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cooking fuels lighting heating week|1.777188|2.7177205|2.9393353
8339|The results also confirm that the greatest inequality is within the African population and lowest within the White population. The table holds a useful caution. The actual magnitudes of the inequality measures that come from household sample surveys are much low'erthan the census estimates presented in the previous section of this paper and it is inequality measures such as these expenditure based estimates that are used in order to compare South African inequality in the post 2000 period to other countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality african estimates measures population|6.5004325|5.3717747|4.82777
8340|According to Conagua (2010), almost two-thirds of the annual 459 mms rainfall occurs between July and September, but leaves Chihuahua as the fifth driest state in Mexico. By 2030, almost 4 billion people (almost half of the world’s population) are projected to live in areas with severe levels of water scarcity (OECD, 2008b). Although OECD countries are for the most part, not as severely affected as the rest of the world, Mexico is among the OECD countries that will be the most affected. Mexico is already one of the OECD countries with the largest per capita water consumption.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|mexico oecd affected chihuahua world|1.8660709|7.0356193|2.089613
8341|Effect of climatic variability on childhood diorrheo and ils high risk periods in northwestern ports of Ethiopio. Global Nutrition Report 2017: Nourishing ihe SDGs. According to this report, in Cambodia: one in four children under five is underweight, one in ten suffers from wasting, ond one in three is stunted.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|stunted wasting ond report underweight|4.5738096|5.7672005|4.5817614
8342|Otherwise, it must be justified on the basis of objective, reasonable and proportional criteria (see section 3). Lack of equality in the enjoyment of family-related rights means that some members do not equally enjoy their family’s economic wealth, gains and social benefits. The negative impact on women is well established.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|family enjoyment justified proportional enjoy|9.544923|5.055915|6.6491337
8343|The official name of the programme (as introduced by the Decree) is the Programme de Recherche Active d’Emploi. According to Angel-Urdinola and Leon-Solano (2011), many youth quit the SIVP programme in order to benefit from Amal, which offered a more generous stipend. These are reduced to TND 150 and TND 100, respectively, for individuals who have previously benefited from the SIVP. Individuals wishing to set up their own business receive help with the identification and development of tire project. In addition, and conditional on obtaining a financing agreement, they can receive a sum of up to 10% of the cost of the project (and not exceeding TND 5 000) as start-up finance.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tnd programme receive individuals stipend|5.883804|3.276603|2.8887243
8344|"The international standards, mainly IEC standards, are adopted by the Solar Energy Plants Grid Connection Code and the Egyptian Transmission Grid Code. This directly contributes to the achievement of SDG 7.2: ""By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix."" After starting its full operation, the four substations may be disconnected separately or together. This will cause a big problem for the grid operator (Dispatch centre), as there will be a need for standby generation from conventional power plants or from hydro power plants from Aswan High Dam."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid plants code energy standards|1.7222577|1.8680693|2.0498605
8345|The basin committees are deliberative bodies in charge of the administrative management where negotiations and participatory decision making take place to debate on water issues, arbitrate use conflicts and design basin management plans. The basin agencies are the “executive arms” of the committees, providing technical support and implementing their decisions. The latter are financed through the collection of bulk water fees with the objectives to i) better balance water demand and supply; and ii) provide the necessary funds for the adequate operation and maintenance of existing systems and new projects at the basin scale.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin committees water arms management|0.87239236|7.173386|1.7307768
8346|Moreover, it required the regions to develop monitoring programmes for surface and groundwater in order to establish a coherent and comprehensive view of the physical, chemical, biological and hydrogeological status within each river basin. This legal text reclassified the entire national environmental legislation for pollution control, environmental impact assessment, and environmental decision making (Chapter 2). Part III defined water environmental standards and conditions for water resources management. In transposing the WFD, the Environmental Code divided the Italian territory into eight river basin districts (Serchio, Padano, Eastern Alps, Northern Apennines, Central Apennines, Southern Apennines, Sardinia and Sicily) and defined environmental and public health standards for water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|environmental basin river water defined|0.8320823|7.016068|1.8255686
8347|While monetary poverty gives a good picture of 'the financial resources needed to support household members at a subsistence level ofit is incomplete when measuring whether all household members have access to the necessary goods and services. As argued above, having enough financial resources does not always mean that this access is guaranteed. This can be due to lack of services or infrastructure, lack of information, administrative restrictions, discrimination and other reasons. At the same time, it may well be that the access to certain goods and services is guaranteed without the need of the financial resources at the household level because, for instance, the goods or services are available for free or almost free (e.g., partially subsidised).|SDG 1 - No poverty|goods guaranteed services household financial|6.8143196|6.2821465|5.0191503
8348|If land use-related emissions are included, however, the picture changes dramatically, giving it 5% of global emissions and making Brazil the fourth-largest emitter after China, the United States and the EU. The per capita figure increases to 12 tonnes per year.44 This reflects the fact that agriculture and forestry play a major role in the Brazilian economy, with deforestation responsible for over half the country's current greenhouse gas emissions, and the fact that biofuels constitute a substantial part of its energy mix. According to McKinsey45 the opportunities from land use put Brazil among the five countries with the greatest potential to reduce emissions by 2030 - and at a comparatively low cost. Nonetheless, the Brazilian economy is projected to grow considerably, and the possibility of increased emission intensities raises questions about the future trajectory of Brazilian emissions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions brazilian brazil fact economy|1.7477013|4.459023|3.8284562
8349|Moreover, there is a need to more carefully distinguish between interventions designed to, on the one hand, assist small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in entering into GVCs and new relationships with lead firms and, on the other, assist countries in beginning GVC participation through inviting FDI and the relocation of production units from abroad. Even when countries are integrated with GVCs, they might not be participating in a gainful way, in part because of a failure to align value-chain governance with developmental objectives, nationally as well as globally. Much of the current GVC literature, and its resultant policy implications, is reminiscent of the 1990s liberalisation agenda. Although understanding of the complex relationship between trade, growth and the achievement of economic structural transformation has improved in recent years, these lessons do not seem to have been heeded.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|gvc gvcs assist resultant relocation|5.267341|3.8652174|2.9122982
8350|Thirty-nine regional report and co-ordination centres (RMCs) have been established to support youth in continuing their education and guiding their school-to-work transition. In addition, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science allocated funding for better guidance for students in their study and career choice; intensified collaboration between secondary, vocational and adult education schools; and stronger co-operation between a wide range of stakeholders, including local authorities, schools, trade unions and industry, social services and justice departments. The implementation of these policies has coincided with a decline in dropout rales from 5.5% in 2002 to 2.1% in 2013 (although sc issues may have contributed, as well).|SDG 4 - Quality education|education schools coincided intensified thirty|9.270614|2.5000193|2.6089861
8351|Moreover, because of widespread occupational segregation in the labour market, described in detail in Chapter 2, economic policies that have distinct effects on particular sectors, such as the service sector, will affect women and men’s employment differently. Demands on unpaid work may intensify during times of economic stress, increasing the burden on women. Volatility at the macroeconomic level produces outcomes that both reflect and reinforce existing gender dynamics, although the outcomes will differ depending on the context. When a crisis triggers women's withdrawal from paid employment, they return to dependent positions within the household with less autonomy and less access to incomes of their own.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women outcomes triggers intensify employment|9.0051565|4.6931114|5.9682302
8352|There is more public support for care than in the low road regime, but that support tends to preserve women’s responsibility for social reproduction and is associated with the growth of low-paying, low-skill care services (Razavi and Staab 2010). In a number of countries in this group, particularly in Southern Europe, not much is spent on family policy overall, though others in Western Europe are more generous (Daly 2001; UNRISD 2010). For instance, in 2009 France spent about 4 per cent of GDP on family benefits, Austria and Germany about 3 per cent and Italy, Japan, Portugal and Spain less than 2 percent. One of the resulting contradictions is that even if higher wages and market participation for women are associated with more human capacities production, increasingfemale labourforce participation may also induce fewer contributions to social reproduction from men as the familial model breaks down.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reproduction spent europe low labourforce|8.958332|5.170271|5.833394
8353|The main artery road in the north-south direction (a #1 national road) and the circular roads in the administrative city are picked out at the global level (Figure 3.17). The new administrative city is particularly poorly serviced by public transport - this may be problematic given the weak local integration already present in the area. The new administrative centre is also weakly integrated locally, meaning that moving around this centre may be challenging - a situation that is not helped by the relatively poor access to bus stops in this area.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|administrative road centre city serviced|4.095425|4.9174366|1.0256839
8354|According to Hungary, the aquifer is possibly at risk in terms of both quality and quantity. Hungary considers as needed evaluation of the quality status and the utilizablc resources, joint monitoring (mainly quantitative) and joint modelling, including the estimation of the amount of transboundary groundwater flow. According to Romania, there is no transboundary impact, because of the high level of dilution due to the flow of the Murcs/Maros River, and due to the large distance between the mines and the border.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|transboundary hungary flow joint according|0.5166862|7.0127716|2.7053125
8355|Thus, urban-rural differences in the case of hunger are different from those relating to poverty. Among the Asia Pacific LDCs, Lao PDR has an incidence of 60.8 per cent, while similar incidences are 3.0 per cent in Bangjadesh and 33.0 per cent in Timor-Leste (see, Ahmed et. The results for Bangladesh show that, while food energy deficiency is a major problem for the country, low quality diet affects much fewer people. When it comes to diet quality, rural households are at a clear disadvantage.|SDG 1 - No poverty|diet cent deficiency rural leste|4.587601|5.620778|4.51707
8356|They show that beneficiaries of Chile Solidario have performed better compared to the control group in terms of employment of additional persons within the households (+2 per cent) and especially in terms of improvements in their housing conditions (+22 per cent). Similarly, de la Guardia et al. ( Data report information on the socio-economic conditions of Chilean households for the years 2001 and 2006, and include four regions representing about 60 per cent of the country’s population: Atacama, Maule, Bio Bio and Metropolitan Regions.|SDG 1 - No poverty|bio cent solidario regions conditions|7.002971|5.8600655|4.699726
8357|The vertical nature of their approach creates a new type of front-line healthcare worker with very specific skills, which may not correspond to the overall needs of the country. In general, people living in remote areas, urban slums or particular geographical areas with high concentrations of ethnic minorities depend heavily on such basic primary care services. As observed elsewhere, “there is a serious risk that weak human resource and systems capacity at central and local levels can be overwhelmed by the growing proliferation of GHP—and other HIV/AIDS initiatives—with separate demands”.42 Even if vertical funds invest resources in strengthening national capacities or improving their harmonization and alignment, difficulties will persist because each initiative has its own governance structures and decision-making process. The United States President s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), for instance, has indicated that it targets children and orphans particularly. The share of children receiving PEPFAR-supported treatment grew from 3 per cent of total beneficiaries in fiscal year (FY) 2004 to 8 per cent in FY2008.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|vertical aids orphans fy cent|8.414509|8.894037|3.1161182
8358|The dumping of waste at sea is controlled under the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972 and its 1996 Protocol. If these are effectively and consistently implemented, that particular source of inputs of harmful substances will be satisfactorily controlled. However, there are serious gaps in knowledge about their implementation: over 50 per cent of the contracting parties to those instruments are not reporting, and it is consequently not known how effective the instruments are (chap.|SDG 14 - Life below water|dumping controlled instruments wastes chap|0.050742563|5.679176|5.6065993
8359|Equitable education systems are those that are both fair and inclusive, and support students to reach their learning potential (Schleicher, 2014). On this indicator of system performance, Canada performs better than either Australia or New Zealand in mitigating the socio-economic circumstances of disadvantaged students (Figure 7.1). Thus, the Canadian education system as a whole has strengths that should be able to deliver sound education experiences and outcomes to Canadian Indigenous students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|canadian students education performs mitigating|9.927381|2.6236885|2.7111826
8360|Use a differentiated approach to reach out to students at different stages of their study process. Use performance assessment exercises, including regular feedback sessions with people from the business community, alumni entrepreneurs and students and to track and survey alumni with entrepreneurial careers. Build and expand linkages between research and teaching, for example by getting doctoral students to work on research topics related to entrepreneurship education. Recognise that compulsory courses may reduce genuine interest in entrepreneurship.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students entrepreneurship doctoral research genuine|6.931778|2.8772743|2.6602852
8361|The PAA is a programme through which the Brazilian government buy the product of smallholders and uses those products to serve free or low cost meals in public institutions like schools. The PAA also supports the formation of stocks, with products from small farmers, for food security purposes. The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE), created in 2009, stipulates that at least 30% of the food served in public schools must be bought from small producers (based on the MDA definition).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|paa products schools small bought|4.5915985|5.45812|4.349941
8362|Thus, despite the emergence of a new paradigm, the role of the industrial sector is still important. A strong focus on human capital development and scaling up of technology adoption can transform uncertainty into opportunities. Additional skills are necessary to exploit the advantages of new technologies. Not only well-trained workers, but the country's general infrastructure play a crucial role in the optimal adoption of such technologies.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|adoption technologies role paradigm scaling|5.1726866|3.374718|2.7493389
8363|A single factor is defined for all genders and age groups since aggregate APC data are not available by gender and age. Weighted percentile rank is calculated for each individual in the original distribution. If two or more individuals have the same amount of alcohol, they are attributed the same percentile rank. Once the correction is applied, individuals are assigned a new corrected status of hazardous drinking, and new CIs are computed.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|percentile rank individuals correction cis|9.3182125|9.674945|3.6268032
8364|Ensure that governance arrangements help mobilise water finance and allocate financial resources in an efficient, transparent and timely manner. Ensure that sound water management regulatory frameworks are effectively implemented and enforced in pursuit of the public interest. Promote the adoption and implementation of innovative water governance practices across responsible authorities, levels of government and relevant stakeholders.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water governance ensure pursuit enforced|1.1182647|7.107418|1.5699879
8365|This immense decline and the regions lead on the global level have been mainly due to the poverty reduction in China and India, as these two countries alone have lifted 650 million people out of extreme poverty. The highest incidence of extreme poverty is recorded in South and South-West Asia (28.7 per cent in 2010), whereas the lowest is in North and Central Asia (1.0 per cent in 2011). It is noteworthy that, since 1990, East and North-East Asia and South-East Asia have recorded the fastest absolute reductions in poverty rates compared with those in other subregions.|SDG 1 - No poverty|asia east poverty south recorded|6.055747|5.820614|4.820656
8366|If, for example, a government has established a green growth inter-ministerial committee, which adequately reflects biodiversity, then there is no need to convene a separate one. Embedding permanent environment or natural resource management units in various ministries, as is the case in Ethiopia and Madagascar,24 could also contribute towards mainstreaming. Vertical institutional co-operation remains a challenge in a number of countries, including Madagascar, Peru, South Africa and Viet Nam.|SDG 15 - Life on land|madagascar embedding vertical ministerial adequately|1.7735225|5.2625914|3.6507144
8367|This chapter reviews such barriers in areas including: regulations related to long-term investment: corporate disclosures on climate risks; public procurement; and the allocation and delivery of development finance. It then provides some guidance for governments on how to align principles governing financial regulations, corporate governance and public spending with the low carbon transition. Investing in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure could put the world on a 2°C trajectoiy and deliver significant co-benefits, including improvements in air quality, health, energy savings and better mobility.|SDG 13 - Climate action|corporate regulations carbon disclosures climate|1.9033453|3.6868653|1.4312004
8368|Mismatches have above all a skills dimension, with an excess of low-skilled workers and a possible lack of skilled workers in certain domains. Reducing the high tax wedge on low salaries and avoiding excessive minimum wage increases would support demand for low-skilled labour. In the longer term, upgrading the labour supply requires improving educational outcomes, especially of disadvantaged students, and making the school-to-work transition less abrupt.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skilled low wedge workers mismatches|8.491782|3.101265|3.247047
8369|Over the past decade, the percentage of women regularly screened for cervical cancer remained flat, at around only 40%, among the lowest rates in the EU. Overall, Hungary has the second highest hospitalisation rates for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions in the EU, largely due to frequent hospitalisations of patients with congestive heart failure, COPD and asthma. Hungary fares comparatively better countries when it comes to managing patients with diabetes outside of hospitals, with hospitalisation rates about half the EU average (Figure 8). Since 2000, Hungary has had by far the highest mortality from lung cancer for both men and women compared to the rest of the EU, reflecting high smoking rates. Twice as many men as women died from lung cancer in 2014. Alcohol-related deaths in Hungary are the third highest in the EU, and death rates from road traffic accidents are well above the EU average.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu hungary cancer rates hospitalisation|9.159625|9.399011|2.844177
8370|A major gender-responsive budgeting program was undertaken by the Asia Foundation 2004-2008 in partnership with several NGOs, involving six provinces and 15 districts. As a result of 2008 budgetary analysis by Mexico’s Budgeting for Gender Equity initiative, the Secretariat of National Defense built nearly 900 childcare facilities and accommodation for women in the Army and Air Force Centre for Studies (Fernos, 2010b, p. 20). In 2012, gender budgeting was piloted with regional governments (see Box 4.19) (Indraswari, 2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|budgeting gender piloted accommodation responsive|9.726249|3.9413826|7.51122
8371|At the national level, advisory basin councils have been set up already in Kazakhstan and 011 the Talas in 2009 in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan is expecting to complete the establishment of river basin management authorities and basin councils required by the Water Code in 2011. Establishment of an Inter-State Chu Talas Basin Council has been proposed and a concept for it developed.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin kyrgyzstan councils establishment expecting|0.68274534|7.185799|2.0628076
8372|Lake Lammijarv between Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe and Lake Pihkva is, according to Estonian classification, partly moderate (Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe side), and partly bad (Lake Pihkva side). At the time of the first Assessment (2007), the ecological status of the Narva River was reported as good, and the transboundary impact was assessed to be insignificant. The Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe retains some of the pollution load, which improves water quality in the Narva.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lake partly estonian retains insignificant|0.6662867|6.854368|2.8396735
8373|On the other hand, low-income workers appear to suffer more frequent job losses, greater subsequent earning losses, and more cycling between precarious manufacturing employment and spells out of unemployment. On the other hand, technological change is likely to continue impacting labour markets. While technological change is difficult to predict, possible shocks on the horizon are related to automation.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|losses technological hand impacting automation|5.0197625|3.0968568|2.5881073
8374|In real terms, public spending on education grew at an average annual rate of 10% between 2004 and 2013. This reflects the growing importance of education as an area of public investment and a clear commitment of national authorities to improve resourcing in education. Indeed, the government which took office in 2015 set the ambitious target of converging to a public spending on education of 6% of GDP by the end of its term (INEEd, 2015).|SDG 4 - Quality education|education spending public resourcing converging|9.082877|2.1095207|2.7523391
8375|The data are collected at the OECD TL2 territorial level, corresponding to NUTS2 regions in Europe and to large administrative subdivisions (e.g. Mexican States) for non-European countries1. First, they complement international assessments of differences across regions in living conditions (OECD, 2013), by providing comparable measures of differences in household incomes and poverty levels between regions. Second, they can support the analysis of the levels and implications of income inequality in each region, by documenting how household income is distributed within regions and how many people are poor relatively to the typical citizen of their region.|SDG 1 - No poverty|regions differences household documenting region|6.649204|5.8647137|4.912968
8376|Country invariance of compensating differentials as a share of income is also supported by research showing that elasticities are relatively similar across countries with a similar level of economic development (Helliwell et al., A fixed-effects framework also reduces the risk of biased estimates dueunobserved heterogeneity (i.e. omitted time-invariant effects that are correlated to the regressors). Introducing fixed-effects is indeed equivalent to regressing the change in life satisfaction on the change in explanatory variables. In the sample of countries under study, there appears to be very low correlation (i.e. below 0.25) between changes in log income, longevity and unemployment, and hence no risk of encountering multicollinearity problems.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|effects fixed similar omitted compensating|7.1453958|5.076196|4.8302956
8377|However, at the system level, across all OECD countries and all countries and economies that participated in PISA 2012 there is no clear pattern between a system's overall mathematics performance and whether students in that system spend more time in regular mathematics classes or not (Table IV.1.2).17 Since learning outcomes are the product of both the quantity and the quality of instruction time, this suggests that cross-system differences in the quality of instruction time blur the relationship between the quantity of instruction time and student performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|instruction time mathematics quantity performance|9.570142|1.9680638|2.9624572
8378|Some countries further differentiate the minimum wage by sector/occupation (e.g. Japan and Mexico) and lower rates are sometimes set for workers on training/apprenticeships, and for disabled workers. By contrast, in a small countiy like Latvia, there are considerable practical difficulties of introducing geographic differentiation of minimum wages. These difficulties, combined with the large regional wage disparities in Latvia, underline the need to exercise great caution when deciding on across-the-board minimum-wage adjustments, in order to avoid negative employment effects especially in lagging regions. More widespread collective bargaining would ensure better representation of worker interests in the wage setting process and remuneration in line with productivity for a larger number of workers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|wage minimum latvia workers difficulties|7.9071016|4.4968667|4.4531384
8379|World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture production value yearbook seaweed|0.5137574|6.1170535|6.643487
8380|However, social norms and barriers may keep women from joining business networks. Balancing home and work responsibilities was seen as a major or signiticant barrier by 44% of women business owners in Nigeria and 37% in Argentina. This challenge was more difficult for women managers, executives and professionals. Fewer women reported difficulty in Argentina - perhaps because 51% reported no children at home, while only 28% of Nigerians reported no children at home.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|home reported women argentina business|8.856576|4.0587397|6.104706
8381|In 2005, the prevalence of schizophrenia in the province of Stockholm was approximately 0.35% of the population (Svenska Psykiatriska Foreningen, 2009). The corresponding percentage for non-affective psychoses is 0.65% in the same area. These results indicated that the prevalence is higher in metropolitan regions compared to the whole country in 2005.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|prevalence schizophrenia stockholm province corresponding|10.207372|8.844642|1.8975266
8382|It is also important for the EMB to undertake an assessment of staff performance and identify needs for professional training and capacity-building, including in relation to gender sensitisation. As part of this process, the performance of such agencies during the election, and their capacity-building needs, should be carefully reviewed. Several COG reports note that women have been discouraged from participating in the electoral process because of the levels of violence perpetuated against them. Research undertaken by the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) indicates that political violence against women affects their effective and sustained participation in the electoral process as voters, candidates and party supporters, and as electoral officials (Bardall 2015).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|electoral process violence building performance|10.402078|4.35601|7.2797303
8383|Accordingly, the city has looked to value capture strategies to render these measures cost-effective. One advantage has been the continuing rise in commercial property values, which has greatly enhanced the value of TfL’s own real estate holdings. In addition, the rising trend has enabled the city to use a supplement to an existing property tax on commercial buildings as a powerful value capture mechanism.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|value capture property commercial city|4.0764976|5.504156|1.9280164
8384|Political concern about mergers has led the Parliament to propose a moratorium on mergers, although associated legal instruments are not in place (Ministry of Health, 201 Id). Instead, the Minister of Health wants the Healthcare Authority (NZa) to carry out additional merger assessments in terms of quality and access (Ministry of Health, 2011c, d). However, having several institutions involved in merger assessments would increase unnecessarily regulatory uncertainty without improving the prevention of anticompetitive mergers. To ensure an effective hospital merger assessment, the Competition Authority should develop a clear methodology taking into account all relevant aspects of the problem (including consumer welfare concerns such as accessibility of care).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|merger mergers assessments authority health|8.675778|8.998688|1.6328726
8385|"The different changes it has engendered are transforming our understanding of higher education today. This chapter analyses these issues in two parts. The first section delimits and reviews the concept and evolution of ""e-learning"" from the more traditional forms of ""distance education"" to the current modalities of virtual education. It also examines the global expansion of e-learning in higher education and some of its most recent developments."|SDG 4 - Quality education|education learning virtual transforming modalities|8.809588|1.7890245|2.1579833
8386|The process of open recruitment also offers advantages to applicants since they can more directly choose the school and identify with the school’s educational project. As a result, the process is more likely to build a sense of commitment of teachers to the schools where they are recruited. It should be noted, however, that the teacher labour market features a number of rigidities and imperfections.|SDG 4 - Quality education|recruited process school applicants recruitment|9.783692|1.4328305|2.2345564
8387|Cross-referencing the two sets of dimensions allows population groups to be defined according to their degree of vulnerability: the income-vulnerable group, which is subdivided into the moderately poor and extremely poor; and the socially vulnerable group. These dimensions are applied to different population groups (according to ethnicity, age and area of residence), which are used to draw up multidimensional poverty maps. Despite the usefulness of panel surveys, most Latin American countries are not yet using them. It was found that around half of those living in poverty in 1996 had exited by 2001.|SDG 1 - No poverty|dimensions vulnerable according group groups|6.541573|6.3583274|5.1259947
8388|Available from httpV/data.worldbank-oig/data-catalog/world-development-indicators. Social insurance is often financed through a contributory mechanism16 that involves beneficiaries, employers and the State, and covers such areas as health insurance, old-age pensions and unemployment, maternity, sickness and disability benefits. Social assistance is a non-contributory scheme, which takes the form of cash transfers (often conditional) to poor households, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups. It can be either universal or targeted.17 Active labour market programmes consist of skill development and training initiatives, special work schemes and wage and employment subsidies.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|contributory insurance worldbank sickness consist|7.5710826|5.7553024|4.223355
8389|Access to adequate and affordable ICT infrastructure (notably national and international broadband connectivity) is essential for the development of the software industry. This involves consideration of the role of network operators, Internet exchange points, data centres and related regulation. While it is beyond the scope of this report to discuss related policies for broadband development in detail, several publications from international organizations address this topic in detail.2 Technology parks, innovation hubs and incubators are sometimes set up with the aim of making it easier for software enterprises to get started, innovate and expand (see also chapter III). Such facilities are of particular value when weak basic infrastructure (electricity, broadband connectivity) represents an obstacle to business development.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband software connectivity development infrastructure|4.8324537|3.0424087|1.9041008
8390|The environment axis consists of 14 objectives and associated strategies, including slowing deterioration of forests and jungles, conserving ecosystems and biodiversity, and integrating conservation of natural capital with economic and social development. This section looks at key sectors for mainstreaming. Policies addressing agri-environmental concerns are nascent. This is especially concerning as Mexico is projected to continue with strong growth in agricultural production in the coming decade, with the risk of further expansion of production onto environmentally fragile land (OECD, 2010b).|SDG 15 - Life on land|nascent conserving axis agri production|1.7925936|5.385676|3.3389828
8391|These trends have been taken into account when estimating the cost of renewable energy (Annex II). As a result, renewable energy is the cheapest option when evaluating the socioeconomic cost for new generation capacity, as shown by the Level ized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for different technologies in Figure 44. Value of heat set to 12 EUR/MWh.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cost energy renewable cheapest lcoe|1.4081532|1.9144756|1.9405462
8392|Parenthood is a crucial time for couples to set patterns in paid and unpaid work, and the adequate and affordable provision of early childhood education and care (ECEC) is key to enabling both parents to w'ork while having a family. Germany has improved public investment in ECEC over the past 15 years. Yet more investment is needed to ensure that supply meets demand, especially in regions where ECEC is underprovided, and to meet parents’ needs more flexibly.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ecec parents parenthood investment ork|9.233656|5.202641|5.3154807
8393|The need for innovation and new green and inclusive business models also provides an opportunity for companies to contribute to green growth and climate action on a profitable basis, by developing new products and services, diversifying their business streams, as well as reaching new targets. A survey of the heads of ‘Caring for Climate’ members, a coalition of businesses under the UN Global Compact, found that over half viewed climate change as a driver of growth and innovation in their companies over the next five years (UN Global Compact/Accenture, 2015). Furthermore, green sectors have experienced higher-than-average growth rates over the last few years; for example, the ‘green and renewable energy’ sector ranks first globally in compounded annual growth rates (CAGR) in revenues by sectors over 2012-2017, as shown by NYU Stern which tracks historical CAGR in revenues and net income by sectors. In the same time span, the total global market CAGR in revenues was 6.45% for comparison (NYU Stern, 2017).|SDG 13 - Climate action|green stern revenues compact growth|2.1620796|3.9083765|1.9185909
8394|These include the belief that women are much better placed than men to take care of children, or that the family might be harmed if mothers work outside the home. Economic and sociological insights on the persistence of gender differences in well-being outcomes are also discussed where relevant. The analysis presented in this section covers gender issues across the life cycle - from school to the start of a new family and the entry into the labour market to later life - and considers both economic (income, wages, occupation) and social (health, education, social relations) outcomes. There are significant differences amongst women and men that may be greater than differences between the two sexes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|differences sociological life outcomes family|9.174304|4.9507947|6.0736246
8395|A particular focus is accorded to: production of renewable energy (i.e. solar, biogas, etc.); The stated purpose of the Strategy is to bring about a modem and competitive agrofood sector that is compatible with a high level of environmental, nature and climate protection. Its central aspect is that it promotes coherence between the environment and production methods through technological innovation and revision of agricultural legislation. A total of DKK 13.5 billion (EUR 1.8 billion), to be financed in part by the EU Rural Development Programme 2007-14, is to be invested in green growth activities until 2015, which is an increase of around 50% compared to previous initiatives.|SDG 13 - Climate action|billion dkk accorded biogas production|2.2847962|3.9151597|2.1647382
8396|On average, the social tariff is some 25 per cent below the wholesale price (table 4.2). But the “social tariff’ is not targeted at the low-income households; rather, it benefits all private households as well as the public administration. The large majority of poor households, moreover, have a monthly water consumption that is higher than the maximum allowed in the first consumption block. V/client_Lydec_ma/site.fr/tranches-de-facturation_et-tarifs).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|households tariff consumption wholesale block|1.6358052|7.576872|2.3241398
8397|Two reasons could be considered. The first is related to project management. Bureaucratic red-tapes, poor co-ordination across relevant authorities, and financial conditions may lead to project delays and thus keep reclaimed land vacant. Such issues have in the past created problems for LGUs, investors and designated government agencies that had financed the reclamation project through loans and were liable for repayment (Dacayo, 2005).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|project vacant reclamation liable bureaucratic|1.7242235|6.969295|2.0558133
8398|Spatial planning decisions also affect citizens’ quality of life directly, including ease of access to jobs, services and amenities. National and sub-national governments across the OECD are involved to varying degrees in policies pertaining to “place” (e.g. land-use policies and planning, property rights, land development and redevelopment, land registries, urban transport and environmental performance in urban areas). They have at their disposal a range of policy instruments (e.g. regulation, standard-setting, technical assistance).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land planning registries redevelopment urban|3.923439|5.3914495|1.5911816
8399|Importantly, countries that have had a historically low burden of CVD disease, such as Switzerland and Japan, have still managed to make substantial gains. This suggests not only that other countries can also make further gains, but also raises important questions about why success has varied so much across countries. All countries have been successful in improving life expectancy at birth and at age 65. In percentage terms, life expectancy has improved even more once a person reaches 65 years of age.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy gains countries life make|9.207389|8.884717|3.0686073
8400|Section II reviews poverty in Asia Pacific LDCs in terms of both aggregate and disaggregate indicators. This covers subjacent, medial, and ultra poverty and the relationships between poverty and hunger. Section III utilizes some of the indicators established for identifying the poor, especially in terms of the characteristics of the poorest and the hungriest.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty section disaggregate indicators ultra|6.251352|6.054854|4.8859425
8401|The regulatory aspect includes smooth and transparent licensing procedures, in particular for technologically complex installations such as nuclear reactors. At least as important are, however, the regulations that organise the working of electricity and carbon markets. Long-term contracts on the one hand provide certainty and visibility (and are thus often crucial for accompanying capital-intensive long-term investments), on the other, however, they can act as a barrier to entry for new, potentially more efficient, competitors.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|reactors technologically term long competitors|1.9297495|2.8572073|1.7133348
8402|Moreover, the plan does not only cover the Canadian military; it also targets Canadian NGOs and recommends they adopt codes of conduct in their work to address issues of sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian crises. One of the central tenets of 1325 is the inclusion of women at all decision-making levels including parliament and the judiciary. In many post-conflict countries, high numbers of women are reported in political positions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|canadian judiciary military recommends codes|10.127931|4.796006|7.524491
8403|This criterion for identifying the poor was compared with the indirect method (more traditional in the region), which defines poverty on the basis of per capita household income. The basis for this was an analysis of available surveys of living conditions in households in the region, providing data for implementing both methodologies. To enhance the diagnostic study, the assessment of Latin America and the Caribbean also used thresholds of moderate deprivation, which reflect unmet needs that undermine children's well-being and development.|SDG 1 - No poverty|basis region criterion unmet thresholds|6.890288|6.4252143|5.1956553
8404|Of the countries where more than 40 percent of the population are living in extreme poverty, all but two are in Africa (Bangladesh and Haiti). Strong global growth in developing countries in particular created the conditions for the reduction by half of the proportion of extreme poor between 1990 and 2010, In a recent study of long-run growth in 118 countries, the strongest driver of poverty reduction among lowest-income earners was found to be increases in average GDP per capita, reinforcing the existing consensus on this relationship. However, both scenarios assume that the same relationship between per capita GDP growth and the decline in poverty is sustained — and there is evidence that this is unlikely. After poverty reduction reaches the majority of poor people close to the middle of national income distributions, poverty will fall more slowly for the remaining poor at the bottom of the income distribution.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty reduction poor extreme relationship|6.2262063|5.6989126|4.8833375
8405|About USD 17 bln was provided in 2014 though the amount was significantly reduced in 2015 as part of the subsidy reform. Fossil-fuel subsidies in Belarus steadily increased since 2010, reaching USD 1.6 bln and were approaching the level of subsidies in Azerbaijan in 2014 (USD 1.7 bln). Energy subsidies in Georgia and Moldova were much smaller but increased over the review' period to the levels of USD 228 and 182 mln, respectively.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|bln usd subsidies mln approaching|1.5799186|2.679591|2.318258
8406|Nonetheless, the relevant coordination mechanisms are only explicitly provided for in Honduras, through the executing agency of the Presidential Commissioner for Financial Inclusion, and in Mexico, through the National Council for Financial Inclusion, which is the only such mechanism actually operating. In this respect, the clear definition responsibilities and goals of the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion in Honduras is noteworthy. In Mexico, a second round of the National Survey of Financial Inclusion has already been implemented, which reports on the progress achieved between 2011 and 2015 and, in principle, should represent a key input for the adjustments needed to implement the National Financial Inclusion Policy. This is complicated by the risks and opportunities arising from the use of technological platforms to offer innovative financial services through new distribution channels.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|inclusion financial honduras national mexico|1.8561285|3.9592364|1.065745
8407|Although very subtle, there are gender differences in the use of the media, which from the perspective of skill requirements in the information and knowledge society, are crucial to academic success and labour market integration for these generations. Time-use indicators can provide timely information to follow up on policies for expanding access to the Internet and other appropriate platforms during this stage of the life cycle. Nonetheless, as discussed in chapter III of this edition of Social Panorama of Latin America, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean have not yet succeeded in ensuring that young women and men have the same rights and opportunities in training and labour market integration.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|latin america integration panorama succeeded|8.992932|4.757043|5.692268
8408|A report on energy efficiency courses suggests that there is a wide range of courses nationally relating specifically to energy efficiency and others that include some components of energy efficiency35. The report estimated there are 22 national training package qualifications, which included some components of energy efficiency, as well as 30 state accredited VET courses and 62 courses run by industries. In NSW, more than 7% of all students enrolled in TAFE NSW were participating in green skills training, well above the 5% target for 201336. The system needs to be flexible to respond to the rapidly changing regulatory and market environment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|courses nsw energy efficiency components|2.1950336|2.8378305|2.3272135
8409|These results have some critical policy implications. Indeed, reducing gender inequality in social institutions increases the probability to have female migrant and then to benefit from its positive effect on gender equality promotion. This paper assesses the two-way linkages between gendered migration and discriminatory social norms, leading to relevant findings on the interaction between social institutions, gender and South-South migration. While gender inequality in social norms constrains female emigration, it has no effect on male emigration, suggesting that men and women's incentives to migrate differ.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender emigration social norms migration|8.728587|5.258986|7.069425
8410|The TALIS average, however, masks significant differences between countries. Also includes hours worked during weekends, evenings or other off-classroom hours. The sum of hours spent on different tasks may not be equal to the number of total working hours because teachers were asked about these elements separately.|SDG 4 - Quality education|hours masks talis sum separately|9.474007|1.6241354|2.8523076
8411|Women from diverse backgrounds continue to face higher barriers during recruitment and promotion processes. In 2016 (for the 31 OECD countries for which data are available), women occupied on average 56% of offices in first instance courts and 47% in appeal courts, but held only 33% of judgeships in the supreme courts. These studies can trigger policy actions by providing information that directly responds to identified gaps.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|courts responds supreme trigger occupied|10.285041|4.221515|6.882091
8412|In addition, volatile world market prices for oil pose risks for economic and political stability, with sometimes critical effects on energy-importing developing countries (OECD, 2008). There are opportunities for co-operation with developed nations in the area of carbon financing and investment in low-emission energy technologies, to break the cycle of poverty and other risks associated with fossil fuel dependence. Renewable energy can play an important role in providing a more sustainable and secure energy supply for developing nations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy nations risks developing importing|1.4986113|2.6110713|2.2639
8413|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. In particular, pupils with an immigrant background, who constitute around 10% of the pupils at the relevant age cohort, perform significantly worse than native students, even after accounting for the socio-economic status of the parents (OECD, 2007). While the difference between the average PISA scores of pupils with and without an immigrant background does not differ significantly from the OECD average (57 points in Slovenia versus the OECD average of 55 on the 2006 PISA science scale), the gap in the share of top performers3 between the two groups is large in Slovenia, being second only to Germany across the OECD (Figure 2). A similar picture emerges when the share of top and strong4 (and not only the top) performers is considered (OECD, 2009a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|pupils oecd slovenia immigrant background|9.432391|2.4281178|3.136619
8414|There is scope to expand the use of PES programmes and economic instruments, such as the proposed trading scheme for discharges of nitrogen and phosphorous to combat eutrophication. This would be more effective if it were implemented with partners around the Baltic Sea. Marine issues were included in the 2012 innovation strategy. The focus on the conservation and sustainable use of marine ecosystems could be further strengthened in the context of innovation policy, and in discussions about a European blue economy strategy.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine innovation strategy eutrophication baltic|0.088052124|5.6361585|6.1187162
8415|The focus is on this age category rather than later stages of life for two reasons. The first is that three-fifths of missing women go missing during birth and infancy/childhood. Missing girls/women at later stages of the life cycle reflect not only discriminatory practices against women, but also poor institutions, such as lack of healthcare or water and sanitation infrastructure (World Bank, 2011).Thus, the measure used here specifically focuses on a sex-selection bias in the period of early infancy, where the bias is caused by abortion, infanticide, and the possibility that young girls are systematically less cared for in early childhood (Anderson and Ray, 2010). The data comes from Mitchell (2007) and the UN (2013).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|missing infancy bias childhood stages|9.345631|4.741394|6.3409805
8416|The state policy on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources is under implementation. As stated in the Energy Sector Development Programme until 2030, the development of centralized heating systems on the basis of cogeneration plants where it is economically feasible is one of the main directions of heating systems development. According to the Energy Sector Development Programme until 2030 it is envisaged to reduce the electricity production from coal to 60 per cent, compared to 70 per cent in 2006.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy heating development cogeneration cent|1.7807909|2.501801|2.390223
8417|In China alone, the number of the poor decreased from 835 million in 1981 to 173 million in 2008, which meant a sharp decrease of China’s poverty rate from 84 to 13 per cent. Progress in several other countries of the region has also been impressive. For the East Asia and Pacific region as a whole, the incidence of poverty declined from 77 to 14 per cent during the period 1981-2008.|SDG 1 - No poverty|china million cent region impressive|6.0042915|5.7330785|4.7757974
8418|However, Klasen (2004) argues that, “[a]s no society, past or present, treated the two sexes equally and the two sexes did not differ in survival-related behaviours, it is hard to separate biology from behaviour. Thus it is hard to say whether females ‘should’ enjoy a longevity advantage of 3,4, or five years”. Views vary on whether income and labour force participation are relevant indicators related to women’s well-being. Klasen (2004) argues that it is not immediately clear that gender inequalities in labour force participation should necessarily be seen as relevant for a well-being assessment, as it might be the result of a consensual division of labour within the household.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|klasen sexes argues hard labour|9.200552|4.7576723|6.2420073
8419|Many scientists are in agreement that 350 ppm is the maximum acceptable limit for atmospheric C02. The difference in C02 concentration between pre-industrial times and the present day is 120 ppm. Thus, the most pessimistic scenario from the latest IPCC report is for a C02 concentration in the order of 900 ppm by 2100.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ppm concentration atmospheric scientists ipcc|1.1806151|2.9242885|1.9813329
8420|This Decision was based on the petition from the Association of Municipalities and Cities in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to request the Constitutional Court to decide whether the Law on Forests is harmonized with the European Charter of Local Self-Governance to protect the right of local self-governance. According to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Federation is responsible for land use policy on the level of the Federation, while the cantons are responsible for policy on the protection of the environment and use of natural resources. Since such alignments were not realized within the set time limit, the Law on Forests was proclaimed invalid.|SDG 15 - Life on land|federation herzegovina bosnia forests responsible|1.5353034|4.878806|4.01497
8421|They can also guide teachers in preparing learning programmes and lessons that might be needed in order for students to be able to reach the prescribed standards. For example, it provides content standards describing what all students should learn at each grade level and places a significant amount of responsibility on educators to determine how the content should be implemented.|SDG 4 - Quality education|content standards students educators describing|9.334823|1.3909498|1.8574152
8422|Table 5.2 presents 2007 data in selected countries, showing the percentage of women in senior positons in political parties. The data reveal that while political parties are no longer a male-exclusive institution, there is still considerable room for more female participation. Women make up almost 60 per cent of local government positions in Lesotho and Seychelles, 43 per cent of the members of local councils or municipal assemblies in Namibia, and over one-third of local government seats in Mauritania, Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|local parties political assemblies seychelles|10.547049|4.3429265|7.1714396
8423|Since these cannot meet the cooking/thermal needs of households, one of the requirements of the DoE is that the suppliers of non-grid technologies augment their services by selling thermal fuels such as paraffin and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The installation of SHS must be such that the maximum densification of the installed base is achieved in a specific area. The service provider, who holds a monopoly for servicing an area, must make sure that universal access is achieved in a village identified as a non-grid area. In early 1999, the DoE issued a call for proposals for non-grid rural electrification.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid doe thermal area non|2.1699934|1.8599957|2.47882
8424|The IMF also suggested that simultaneous budget deficit cuts in many countries were likely to have a cumulatively adverse effect. In the World Economic Outlook 2012, the IMF acknowledged serious underestimation of the values of multipliers at the time; hence, the actual adverse output and employment impacts are likely to have been much larger—as is clear from more recent evidence cited earlier. Hence the potential longer-mn benefits of fiscal consolidation must be balanced against the short- and medium-run adverse impacts on growth and jobs.”|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|adverse imf impacts underestimation multipliers|5.748181|4.921071|3.719722
8425|In particular small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which lag in productivity relative to larger firms and governments, lag in their adoption and use. For example, while almost 95% of enterprises in the OECD had a broadband connection in 2014, 40% of enterprises with 250 or more employees used cloud computing, compared to less than a quarter of SMEs. This is a concern because evidence suggests that a slowdown in the diffusion of technologies and knowledge from frontier to lagging firms may be an important source of the current aggregate productivity slowdown.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|enterprises lag slowdown smes firms|4.840122|2.935631|1.9021889
8426|Ofsted is the Office for Standards in Education Children’s Services and Skills in England. Ofsted inspect and regulate services which care for children and young people, and those providing education and skills for learners of all ages. Ofsted regularly publish reports on schools in England(see http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/about-us).|SDG 4 - Quality education|england skills publish gov children|9.553394|2.1528037|1.6857513
8427|School access has been expanded by investment in school infrastructure and recruitment of teachers. In higher education too, the number of providers continues to rise rapidly. A new law enshrining the rights of all children to free and compulsory education will further lift enrolment, bringing closer the government’s goal of universal elementary education, which comprises eight years of schooling.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education elementary lift school comprises|9.303719|2.4019482|2.3660874
8428|Also “[b]y law, workers have the right to request their employers to insure them” (NIC, 2009). Although firms must insure workers when their contracts specify 20 or more basic working hours per week, workers with lower basic working hours may have higher actual working hours. Higuchi (2001) reported that the “percentage of workers contributing to employment insurance” was 62.6% (67.4% for men, 55.3% for women), which suggests low coverage of non-regular employment. If the numbers enrolled in the El system (40.4 million in 1995 and 38.7 million in 2005) are compared with total number of employees aged 15-64, the implied El coverage was 80% in 1995 and fell to 75% in 2005 (Japan Statistical Yearbook, Tables 16-3, and 20-8).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|insure workers hours working el|7.9123845|4.8604774|4.156571
8429|Regulatory changes requiring buildings within a designated zone to connect to the system allow district heating and cooling projects to realise widespread energy efficiency gains. Cities can also improve the conditions for distributed clean energy investments by providing low-interest loan programmes which enable property owners to install renewable energy technologies (in some cases repayable through property taxes, as in several United States cities), or through ordinances requiring installation of renewable energies in new buildings (such as Barcelona’s “Solar Thermal Ordinance”) (OECD, 2010). Access to the longterm finance required for regional clean energy investments can for instance be considerably facilitated by tapping regional financial markets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy requiring buildings clean property|2.1948318|2.5963774|1.9883913
8430|Disasters caused by vulnerability to natural hazards have a strong negative impact on the development process in both industrialized and developing countries. The indicator may be expressed as percentage of total population (for human loss) and of GDP (for economic loss). Disasters involving natural hazards can have devastating short and long-term impacts on the society and the economy of any country, adversely affecting progress towards sustainable development. In addition to total emissions, sectoral C02 emissions can be considered.|SDG 15 - Life on land|hazards disasters loss emissions natural|1.4481579|5.1985517|2.0235322
8431|Governance actions to promote resilience are further hampered by fragmented decision jurisdictions (Hanna, 2008). It includes guidance and directives on economic, social, biological, ecological and governmental matters. Who is a policy maker varies according to the particular political and legal context of a fishery. Over a variety of different political and legal contexts the implicit goal of fishery policy is to increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the fishery, fishing industry, fishing communities and fishery governance.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery resilience fishing governance legal|-0.22219813|5.787157|6.542309
8432|This practice is usually perceived as an extra opportunity to fully acquire the required knowledge in order to move forward. However, research has consistently shown that grade repetition does not provide greater benefits than promotion to the next grade (Brophy, 2006). In Japan, Malaysia and Norway, no 15-year-old student had repeated a grade, while in Colombia and Macao-China over 40% of students had repeated a grade at least once.|SDG 4 - Quality education|grade repeated macao repetition acquire|9.420521|1.9084042|3.2039392
8433|To amplify this message of solidarity and strength, Hollywood stars with many millions of social media followers around the world are partnering in their #TimesUp movement with women and girls from rural areas, students, civil society activists and others whose voices have been long ignored. In Africa, activists and survivors are speaking out against female genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage. They are led by such women as Jaha Dukureh, the UN-Women Regional Goodwill Ambassador for Africa on FGM and Ending Child Marriage. In Latin America, women have taken to the streets to protest the murder of human rights activist Marielle Franco and to stand up against femicide through the “Ni una menos”, “not one less”, campaign. In Sweden, an open letter from hundreds of actors sharing their testimonies and demanding zero tolerance of harassment led to thousands of women across all industries' echoing those appeals. First and foremost, it has shown the strength of solidarity and sisterhood.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fgm women activists solidarity strength|10.000426|4.8715844|7.362046
8434|It is likely, then, that a University or private contractor will be needed to carry out such an evaluation. Nevertheless, the lack of a national HTA institute stands in marked contrast to most other OECD countries and renewed effort is needed to consider how one could be established, especially given current fiscal constraints. New initiatives focussing on reducing the prevalence of smoking, excess weight and harmful alcohol consumption, and initiatives focussed early in the life course on children, adolescents and families are especially important in the Czech context.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|initiatives hta needed focussing especially|9.062164|9.5144825|2.4235268
8435|But regions remain restricted by the loss of the “general competence clause” and the principle that no government can exert oversight over other governments where it lacks clear jurisdiction. Both France and Austria have established regular conferences that provide such structure, but at different scales and for different topics. France’s Territorial Conferences for Public Action focus on dialogue between regions and local authorities and are open to a range of thematic areas whereas the Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning assembles representatives from all levels of government and is specifically targeted to address spatial planning issues. They were established (mandated) as part of the MAPTAM law (2014) and are intended to strengthen dialogue between local authorities (including EPCI) and the region and to co-ordinate responsibilities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|conferences dialogue spatial france authorities|3.8837738|5.5983024|1.6802493
8436|These calls have been motivated by concerns that some forms of support may complicate sustainable fisheries resources management by promoting overcapacity and overfishing. This was motived by the view that often commercial fisheries are exploited, potentially exploited by more than one nation, either because fishermen from more than one country operate in the same area or because the fish migrate from one jurisdiction to another. As a result, fisheries subsidies may not have just an impact on trade, but an additional effect of hindering a trading partner’s ability to produce fish products if one country subsidises its fisheries to the extent that the resource is diminished.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries exploited fish complicate overcapacity|0.055166516|5.5398073|6.812258
8437|Raised income levels subsequent to welfare reform, both for those in and out of work, may therefore be expected to have a positive effect on children. A review of the evidence on welfare reform and child outcomes in the United States (Waldfogel, 2007) concludes that those most vulnerable to doing poorly as a result of policy changes are the very young (under age two) and adolescents. Detrimental effects are most likely to occur where there are no gains in income, when mothers are working in low-wage or long-hour jobs, or jobs which reduce the amount of parents’ time with children (such as jobs with non-standard work hours or long commutes). The evidence has largely supported investment in early years’ services with Cunha and Heckman (2005) arguing that early intervention to break the link between poverty in childhood and outcomes in later life is crucial because of the way skills are developed: “skill begets skill, and learning begets more learning. Early advantages accumulate, just as early disadvantages do”. While later interventions may still be worthwhile, it is much more costly to intervene to affect outcomes for teenagers.|SDG 1 - No poverty|early jobs outcomes skill later|7.496985|5.9663315|4.884085
8438|Men in the Kitchen” is an opportunity for them to develop their own skills and assume household responsibilities. Women and girls may be reluctant to have men and boys engage in housework, for fear or losing the limited responsibility they have in the home. Women and girls can also internalise gender stereotypes on which tasks are socially acceptable for women or men, making them resistant to change. Thus, as Hopem’s experience shows, real redistribution of domestic responsibilities requires rethinking restrictive gender roles by and for both women and men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men women responsibilities girls kitchen|9.020419|4.845865|6.181441
8439|The first aspect concerns the adaptation of the demand curve. As discussed earlier, smart grids have the capabilities to provide flexible load curves, through demand response, demand shifting and integration of storage. The key question here also relates to the potential, and to which extent this potential might be used in a geographic wide setting. At this moment, smart grids projects are in a piloting phase, so the full potential of demand response and demand shifting is not yet clear.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|demand grids shifting smart potential|1.7416893|1.3564261|1.9372911
8440|The only ridership growth has taken place in Chicago’s central neighbourhoods (Metropolitan Planning Council, 2013). Although the regional comprehensive plan “GO TO 2040” adopted the goal of doubling public transport ridership by 2040 as a means of increasing mobility and creating more liveable communities, some parallel policies at various government levels are stimulating car use. Such policies include generous parking policies, a gas tax that is relatively low' from an international perspective, and the lack of congestion charges or parking fees in most areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ridership parking policies doubling neighbourhoods|4.1229634|4.8722463|0.5766836
8441|They have also conducted a variety of research projects pertaining to the status of women and girls. For instance, the National Commission for Lebanese Women initiated a campaign to lobby for legal reform in the field of economic rights and published a study on women’s rights in Lebanese law. Morocco is often cited for its commitment to gender-responsive budgeting. It releases an annual budgetary report that provides all details about its spending disaggregated by sex, and recently went a step further with an Organic Law of Finance (2014) that enshrines gender equality as a key principle in the objectives and performance indicators of the Moroccan national budget.51 Moreover, Egypt has created an Equal Opportunities Unit within its Ministry of Finance, and Palestine has formed a National Committee to oversee the development of more gender-responsive budgets in the future.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lebanese responsive gender women national|9.833102|4.239894|7.356213
8442|However, adults seen at primary practices with the attributes of a PCMH - where clinicians are accessible, know patients’ medical history, and help co-ordinate care - rated their care higher and were less likely to experience co-ordination gaps or report medical errors. The conclusion supports the need for redesigning primary care, developing care teams accountable across sites of care, and managing transitions well. Primary care is at the centre of the care system in Sweden, and well positioned and qualified to take on such a role.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary medical redesigning clinicians|9.384372|8.999104|1.7359028
8443|Plastic litter in the ocean can be considered a ‘common concern of humankind'. The Background section describes the rationale for the report, noting that marine plastic litter is a global concern, and summarises the UNEA process. This is placed within the context of existing governance frameworks, at international and regional scales, and linked to the UN Sustainable Development Goals under Agenda 2030.|SDG 14 - Life below water|litter plastic concern summarises noting|0.038265783|5.6933455|5.761271
8444|Previous research shows that when schools utilise a dynamic priority structure (“soft bounds”), it allows them to admit fewer or more students than their ceiling. As long as students with the highest priority are given their optimal choice, this is more beneficial for the overall welfare for all types of students than hard bounds, which strictly limit the number of accepted students for each type. As opposed to hard bounds, soft bounds do no commit schools to achieve a balance among the different types of students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students soft hard priority types|9.667977|2.0987065|2.5387073
8445|Crop losses are also higher for female-headed households in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, amounting to 10 per cent of total rice production, compared with 4 per cent for male-headed households (FAO/SIDA, 2010b). Globally, FAO (2011) estimates suggest that providing women with the same access to productive resources as men could increase yields on their farms by 20-30 per cent, raising total agricultural output by 2.5-4 per cent. This suggests an important distinction between gender inequalities that arise directly from gender norms and what might be called contingent inequalities — those which arise indirectly from the interaction between the resulting disadvantages and those due to poverty. They may, on average, have more limited educational opportunities because of gender biases in household decision-making and/or differential provision.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent headed arise fao gender|8.927076|4.429595|6.279198
8446|The project continued in 2009, when containers were placed in an additional 28 locations. Currently, in Podgorica and the urban municipalities of Tuzi and Golubovci, 262 containers for separate waste collection are spread over 104 locations. Collected waste is transported to the regional recycling centre at landfill Livade, where it is treated.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|containers locations waste transported landfill|0.41833714|4.0534635|3.1418524
8447|"He visited Patagonia, Chile, and Antarctica where he stressed, in the backdrop of fast-melting ice, that ""all this may be gone, and not in the distant future, unless we act, together now"".75 In Antarctica, he launched the ""Caring for Climate"" initiative, convened by the UN Global Compact, the UNFCCC Secretariat and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), meant to galvanize also business leaders to generate solutions. In 2008, he formed his Climate Change Support Team (CCST), a small unit located inside the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, to provide political, analytical, strategic communication and outreach support on climate change. This team reported directly to the Secretary-General and, beginning in 2008, provided him with neutral, unbranded advice on engaging with Heads of State and Government, leaders from the corporate, finance and investor communities, religious faiths, the global scientific community and civil society. Both Summits attracted more than 100 Heads of State and Government and raised climate change to the top rungs of the global agenda. You need to set an agenda—a road map to a more secure climate future, coupled with a tight timeline that produces a deal by 2009""."|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate heads secretary team global|1.2435774|3.9859767|1.4173715
8448|It then examines women's gains in control over resources across diverse regional settings, focusing in particular on labour market earnings and productive assets. This shows that progress has been uneven across countries, as well as within them, and identifies some of the constraints that stand in women's way. The chapter then looks at marital property and inheritance regimes and the gap between women and men in terms of asset ownership.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women marital inheritance uneven regimes|9.014867|4.8143134|6.4403253
8449|For example, several tariffs in the EU are indexed to inflation and adjusted on an annual basis. In the UK retail price index (which includes the price of electricity in its basket) indexation exists on the renewable obligation certificate (ROC) system (onshore wind farms receive 1 certificate, offshore 2) - though this is likely to be grandfathered into a new structure (feed-in tariff with a contract for difference FiT CfD). In projects where specific inflation protection is not provided, high current cash flows provide a certain level of inflation protection. Finally, the assets provide a hedge to energy inflation as they have long useful lives and potentially benefit from scarcity value in the future (i.e. fewer desirable wind/solar sites).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|inflation certificate wind price indexation|1.6579134|2.0152483|2.0615816
8450|Within that context, the GCC countries produce approximately half the world’s desalinated water; and Jordan, Palestine and Yemen are incorporating the desalination of seawater and brackish in their water strategies in order to augment their water supplies. Large-scale investments are already under way in Jordan and Yemen, and small household desalination units can be found in the Gaza Strip. However, some adverse environmental impacts are associated with desalination, including the discharge of hot and concentrated brine into coastal marine environments, the entrapment of aquatic creatures in plants intakes, and the production of carbon dioxide (CO2).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|desalination yemen jordan water gaza|0.7720965|7.7041616|2.7966068
8451|World Employment and Social Outlook 2016: Trends for Youth. Available from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/ documents/publication/wcms_513739.pdf. Note 1: Diagnosing, Planning and Designing Youth Employment Interventions. Available from https://www.ilo.org/employment/areas/ youth-employment/WCMS_627307/lang—en/index.htm.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth employment ilo www org|8.088471|3.9799144|4.029865
8452|There are also policies targeting land degradation and reclamation, the promotion of the protection of native birch woods and restoration of marshlands. A number of strategies have been adopted for various issues and sectors. Planning and taking into use national level biodiversity accounting could be set as a target in the next version of the NBSAP in accordance with the Aichi targets.|SDG 15 - Life on land|nbsap aichi reclamation restoration version|1.5849528|5.2754626|3.817446
8453|In Chile, Mexico, Turkey and the United States (until 2014), health insurance coverage is voluntary at least for a part of the population. In Chile, employees in the formal sector must enrol in a health insurance plan and pay 7% of their monthly income or pension for coverage. They can choose to enrol with the public insurance fund, called Fonasa, which covers around 76% of the population or with one of the thirteen private health insurance funds (Isapres). Seven private funds are competing in an open market, while others are associated with public enterprises and their employees.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurance enrol employees chile coverage|8.583202|8.6724205|2.3917782
8454|As with international funding mechanisms, capacity - both technical and operational - remains an overarching challenge in many contexts (UNDP, 2015). A number of countries have started making headway in strengthening their investment appraisal mechanisms to integrate climate change (Box 27). Dedicated climate finance should support the strengthening of national systems and capacity for mainstreaming. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for a given policy is recalculated capturing the impact and associated costs of climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate strengthening mechanisms capacity capturing|1.7736496|4.036688|1.3783207
8455|In fact, these references reinforce the idea of work as being paid work outside of the home. As discussed above, the CEDAW Committee has tried to address this gap in the Convention in two general recommendations. The second focuses on measuring and valuing women’s unremunerated domestic activities in national accounts (CEDAW Committee 1991b), but it fails to consider mechanisms to address the imbalance between women and men in the household or to remunerate women for such work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cedaw committee work women address|8.979726|4.816988|5.9267845
8456|For example, some women’s activities and contribution to the economy and society are not adequately captured in statistics if old concepts of work and labour force, which do not take into account all forms of work, are used (see, for example, the section entitled “Work” in chapter II). For example, gender statistics in agriculture should be based on an adequate coverage of all agricultural holdings, including smallholdings, where women are predominant; should include information on farm labour disaggregated by sex, age and other social and economic characteristics; and should cover aspects of management and ownership of agricultural resources at the most disaggregated level possible, such as the subholding and individual levels. Furthermore, new concepts and new methods of data collection should be used for the production of gender statistics. For example, recent methodological developments in time-use surveys and violence against women surveys and changes towards more comprehensive statistics in national accounts so that unpaid work is covered should be integrated in the production of national statistics.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|statistics work example disaggregated concepts|9.62694|4.397654|7.8824143
8457|Informal jobs display lower earnings quality, higher insecurity and lower quality of the working environment (as captured by a higher incidence of long hours). Accordingly, the chapter examines workers’ transitions into and out of informality. This analysis, which helps to clarify the role of informal jobs in social mobility and potential persistent effects on workers’ careers, is limited to four countries for which the necessary data are available (urban China, urban Colombia, South Africa and Hirkey). This finding casts doubt on the hypothesis that informality constitutes a reliable stepping stone towards better jobs. This suggests some workers may become trapped in a vicious circle, cycling between informal jobs and non-standard (lower-quality) formal jobs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs informal informality workers lower|7.9910674|4.202097|4.5937233
8458|However, these potential economic gains must be balanced against the possible environmental costs. Road and rail development can lead to deforestation and biodiversity loss. Increased traffic on new roads increases air pollution, which can affect health negatively. Even when the infrastructure is in place, operation also requires funding.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|rail negatively deforestation balanced roads|4.056656|4.9016705|0.9861911
8459|In Ethiopia, for example, 22.2 per cent of rural women are engaged in non-farm activities, compared with 16.4 per cent of men (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia and World Bank, 2013). In Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 48 per cent of the household members involved in non-farm activities are women, the great majority (77 per cent) of them working in wholesale and retail trade (FAO/SIDA, 2010b). Artisanal agroprocessing is a traditionally female occupation in many countries; and agro-industrial processing of high-value products such as fish, flowers and livestock products exhibits a marked occupational pattern by gender, characterized by predominantly female employment (table 4,4) and significant occupational segregation by sex.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent occupational ethiopia farm female|8.836715|4.420235|6.275961
8460|Other environmentally important polluting substances are emitted to air beyond GHGs and ODSs. The most important are the different fractions of PM, which is an air pollutant consisting of mixed solid (i.e., dust) and liquid particles suspended in the air. Furthermore, the particulate material contains different chemical elements and compounds that can be harmful beyond the potential impact of dust. For example, PM can contain chemical constituents such as sulphates, nitrates and ammonium.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|dust air pm chemical fractions|3.412001|4.7929044|1.1757427
8461|They find that over the short-run, higher unemployment is associated with lower overall mortality, but high unemployment over longer periods of time is associated with higher mortality. Data from the state of Pennsylvania reveals that the impact of a job loss on mortality rates persist for 20 years after the event with an estimated loss in life expectancy of 1.0—1.5 years for a worker displaced at age forty (Sullivan and Von Wachter. On the one hand, economic recessions can lead to higher health care needs, particularly in areas such as mental health which may, in turn, lead to higher health care utilisation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality higher loss unemployment health|9.452498|8.778228|2.790939
8462|Accordingly, there is a need for meaningful curricula, intercultural and bilingual education and initiatives for involving the families of excluded children and young people (UNESCO, 2000) in view of the enormous weight of the family environment in determining the relationship between family members and education. The social and economic returns from investing in early childhood education are vital (UNESCO, 2010a). The focus on early childhood education in recent years led to the World Conference on Early Childhood Care and Education held in Moscow in 2010, providing a comprehensive approach to the developmental needs of children in this stage of life.|SDG 4 - Quality education|childhood education unesco early bilingual|9.409793|2.805324|2.3073852
8463|While these programmes were not intended to directly target agricultural pollution of the Bay, indirectly they have had a number of beneficial impacts on water quality in the Bay. Most significantly has been the decline in soil erosion on cropland and pasture attributed to conservation compliance under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) (OECD, 2011b). Also expenditure on the Environmental Quality and Incentive Program (EQIP) has been increased rapidly over recent years (Figure 1.4), with more than half the programme’s funding directed at water quality conservation and managing livestock manure (Shortle et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|conservation bay program quality pasture|1.1885176|7.331216|2.549826
8464|Cross-subsidies for both energy producers and consumers are another widespread mechanism. In Georgia, for instance, electricity producers sell electricity to the grid at differentiated tariffs that ensure lower costs to end consumers, but in practice provide cross-subsidies from cheap hydropower generation to higher-cost natural gas generation. Another example is Belarus, where commercial consumers of natural gas, electricity and heat pay a premium in the tariff put in place to cross-subsidise the tariff for households. Furthermore, heat tariff for households is cross-subsidised not just through the higher heat tariffs for commercial users, but also through tariff for electricity, since Belarus co-generates a lot of its heat and electricity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|heat tariff electricity cross consumers|1.6353803|1.82301|1.9948124
8465|Important considerations when developing a questionnaire on violence against women include the length of the completed interview, the mode of interviewing, the need for skip and filter questions, the importance of establishing a rapport with respondents, the wording and order of questions, including multiple opportunities to disclose, the need to ensure respondent safety and the importance of minimizing emotional trauma. This questionnaire can be expanded and/or adapted for individual country contexts and used as a dedicated survey. Questionnaire development begins with qualitative research, in which survey managers review the relevant studies on violence against women in order to assess the primary policy and research issues that a survey on violence against women could help to address.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|questionnaire violence survey questions women|10.112218|5.5645933|7.4831643
8466|Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation” (Department of Health, 1999) reconfirmed mental health as a key priority for the NHS, and set a target to reduce suicide and death from undetermined injuries associated with mental ill health by a fifth. The National Service Framework for Mental health in adults of working age published in 1999 was a 10-year strategy, resulting in a significant growth in community mental health provision with the development of early intervention, assertive outreach, crisis intervention and home treatment approaches and community “teams”. The first mental health act in England, the County Asylum Act, was passed in 1808, and was followed by the Lunacy Acts of 1845, 1890 and 1891.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health intervention act community|10.308172|8.929022|1.6665862
8467|This has been especially effective in creating jobs and contributing to poverty reduction in some LDCs (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Haiti and Lesotho) and several ODCs (including Viet Nam). Typically, these activities have the additional benefits of raising female participation in the labour force. By providing women with better-paid jobs, these new activities free them from subsistence activities, informal low-productivity activities or inactivity.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|activities jobs odcs lesotho haiti|8.99564|4.7856164|6.0429993
8468|However, there is a motherhood wage penalty in the case of informal workers; the predicted natural log of the hourly wage is 1.15 pesos for non-mothers and 0.98 pesos for mothers. The positive wage gap of 0.16 in favour of nonmothers is significant, and almost the entire difference (75%) is significantly unexplained or associated with possible discrimination. Thus, these findings bear out the original hypothesis of a motherhood wage penalty in the informal sector, and most of this penalty is attributable to discrimination or unobserved factors.17 It is also worth noting that this 0.16 differential in the informal sector is at the upper end of the distribution of the motherhood wage penalty estimates reported above.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|penalty wage motherhood pesos informal|8.806517|4.9133706|5.6185994
8469|The first category consists of 13 developed countries with old-age poverty rates lower than the OECD overall average (below 10 per cent) among older persons. These countries include The Netherlands (1.7 per cent). The Czech Republic (3.6 per cent), Canada (4.9 per cent), France (5.3 per cent), Poland (7.7 per cent), Norway (8.0 per cent) and Italy (8.9 per cent). In the majority of these countries, the poverty rate for older people is lower than or the same as the poverty rate for the whole population (figure 5.7).|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent poverty older rate lower|7.62324|5.597026|4.7282014
8470|"They are unable to determine, however, whether the effect of equity on the distribution of growth stems from the boost given to earnings by the relatively low wages paid to women (whose entry into the workforce may lower average wages and, hence, reduce what is known as the “efficiency wage""). Whether or not increases in women workers' productivity will actually translate into unbiased wage increases will depend on structural aspects of the economy and its institutions which may reduce or heighten women's wage bargaining power. Employment gaps, in the presence of lower wages for women, can reduce growth because the opportunity for using cheaper labour as a competitive advantage is lost (Seguino, 2000)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wages wage women reduce increases|8.914736|4.40604|5.8099923
8471|The expenditure per student is relatively high compared to other countries, both at the primary and lower secondary level (see Figure 2.1). In 2012, the most recent comparison available, the expenditure per student was 32.8% and 30.8% above the OECD and EU21 averages for primary education, and 19% and 14.1% above the averages of the OECD and EU21 areas for lower secondary education. Although primary and lower secondary education are typically provided under the same roof in the Folkeskole, expenditures are slightly higher at the lower secondary level than at the primary level, presumably because of longer school days for students at the lower secondary level.|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary lower primary averages level|9.176044|2.0932844|2.759654
8472|It is essential for lighting, heating and cooking, as well as for education, modern health treatment and productive activities. Yet 1.6 billion people lack such access, and more than half of all people living in developing countries rely on the combustion of traditional biomass (e.g. wood) to meet their basic energy needs for cooking and heating. Lack of access to modern energy sources is both the result and the cause of poverty, as it exacerbates and perpetuates poverty.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cooking heating modern lack exacerbates|1.8193369|2.6808584|2.9137638
8473|Educational lag is costly for the education systems of the region. Even bearing in mind that several countries have automatic promotion systems for the first few grades, by 9-11 years of age there is already a significant percentage of children who are two or more years behind the grade they should be in (see figure II.3. According to UNESCO, in the period 2007-2008 the overall percentage of repeaters for all primary education grades was 3.8% and the drop-out rates for grades one through six were 3.7%, 1.7%, 2.0%, 1.5% and 2.8% respectively (UNESCO, 2010b). In 2006-2007, nearly 3 million children were not in school. Primary education completion rates are 96% in urban areas but only 85% in rural areas.|SDG 4 - Quality education|grades unesco education percentage primary|9.513044|2.2271113|2.9153595
8474|Prima facie, the fact that the average number of acute-care beds per capita is relatively low while the average occupancy rate in Israeli hospitals (98% in 2008) is among the highest in the OECD area suggests that the hospital sector is efficient in this dimension (Figure 2.11). However, the fact that the Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom consider an occupancy rate of 85% as an appropriate limit is perhaps a sign that bed occupancy in Israel may have been pushed too far. In addition, press reports citing instances of overcrowding, such as patient beds being located in corridors, are fairly frequent.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|occupancy beds fact citing overcrowding|9.235974|8.931804|2.0737433
8475|Providing information on impacts and vulnerability in national communications is mandatory for Annex I Parties, and is also requested for non-Annex I Parties (UNFCCC, 2002), and an assessment of main vulnerabilities is included in NAPAs. Identifying and assessing information on climate vulnerabilities are also two suggested steps described in the technical guidelines of the NAP process (LEG, 2012). Nevertheless, country reporting on how they have gone about conducting assessments of impacts and vulnerability could help other countries learn lessons as to how to improve such assessments.|SDG 13 - Climate action|vulnerabilities assessments annex vulnerability parties|1.2813443|4.8380733|1.6103603
8476|Underpinning both approaches is the view that Government inefficiency has contributed to a wide range of macroeconomic dislocations in ESCWA member countries. One view maintains that this has happened because of excessive protectionism, misallocation of resources and the introduction of restrictions to the workings of the market, as if markets alone could be relied upon to resolve spontaneously the large disequilibria in the ESCWA labour markets. However, when compared to other developing regions, labour markets in the ESCWA region are not as rigid as they may appear.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|escwa markets view inefficiency underpinning|6.2200265|5.0770917|4.3220963
8477|These funds were used mainly to collaboratively disseminate technology-supported education to more (diverse) student populations. The Catalyst Initiative also provided non-financial support for collaboration including opportunities for face-to-face meetings, online communication infrastructure, training and coaching, regular monitoring, feedback and communication. Design of the HP Catalyst Initiative (cont.) The structure of the Catalyst Initiative was designed to promote collaboration for innovation in STEM+ education at three different levels. First, at the project level, the 50 Catalyst members carried out core research and development work on technology and STEM+-education. Second, at the consortium level, full and associate members were grouped together to enhance collaboration and innovation around specific themes such as informal learning, assessment or teacher professional development (Box 4.3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|catalyst collaboration initiative stem communication|8.2650175|2.0820599|2.1854908
8478|This collaboration started years before Chile became a member of the OECD in 2010. As a part of this work, in 2004, the OECD performed a review of national policies for education and an analysis of the Chilean education system. The reviews deliver policy recommendations, which can be complemented with OECD advice on implementation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|oecd chilean complemented performed education|10.074781|1.9945326|2.3794832
8479|At the same time, a part of expenditures shown in the categories “incapacity related”, “housing” or “other social policy areas” (which includes social assistance) may provide income support to the elderly. Total social expenditure levels increased, but cash transfers for the non-elderly often did not. Hungary, Israel, Slovak Republic and Slovenia are not included in the graphs as mid-1980s data are not available for these countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|elderly social incapacity slovak slovenia|7.6089807|5.6808877|4.3920383
8480|The first of these disaggregates any variation in poverty and indigence rates into two components, growth in average income (“growth effect”) and changes in the way this income is distributed (“distribution effect”). The latter involves assessing the role played by the different sources contributing to household income and paying special attention to the labour market factors accounting for changes in earnings. The growth effect was particularly important in Argentina, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador and Honduras, where it accounted for 80% or more of the decline in poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|effect growth income changes indigence|6.484338|5.3826137|5.120496
8481|Early warning systems and mechanisms for sharing information along the food value chain will be critical to the success of climate-smart agricultural development. The broad coalition of nongovernmental organizations and private corporations which signed the New York Declaration on Forests, in 2014, is one example of the catalytic role public finance can play. The coalition seeks to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases by between 4.5 and 8.8 Gt annually (Conway et al, 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|coalition catalytic gt gases corporations|1.5881121|4.5701313|3.5154755
8482|Standards related to the quality of water supply services and non-revenue water can stimulate more systematic roll out of SWM and related technologies to detect leakage and respond to consumers ’ demand. Guidelines are supported by websites, green products databases, and pro forma requests for tenders. The Green Purchasing Network arguably is the most active international network in this area. Initiatives in this area could enhance K-SMW’s competitiveness vis-a-vis standard water supply services for Korean cities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|vis water network green area|1.5147439|7.3117867|2.1284447
8483|From the impact evaluations conducted in Nepal, the strategy was recognised as being one of a very limited set of opportunities young people have had to participate in urban planning and engage with experts and officials. This work focused on a location called Kiberia, the largest informal settlement in Kenya’s capital, Nairobi. It houses around 200,000 to 300,000 people, who live in congested conditions and with few public spaces, a critical requirement for young people’s leisure, recreation and sense of freedom. It was used as a tool for dialogue in working with young people to ensure that their play space was not compromised in the new design for the community. This was particularly in relation to ensuring that a new access road that cut across the market did not result in a major loss of play space.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|people young space play congested|4.4113717|5.093787|2.170947
8484|Between 1985 and 2014, those living in urban areas increased by nearly 13%, to reach 76.3% of the Colombian population, while 23.7% of the population lived in rural areas. It is projected that 85% of the Colombian population will live be urbanised by 2050. Infant mortality rates have decreased from 40 deaths per 1 000 live births in 1970 to 12.8 in 2013 (OECD average, 3.8 deaths per 1 000 live births).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|colombian live births deaths population|8.749109|8.4230385|3.4665449
8485|Fishing right allocation depends on the type of fishing gear and size of fishing boat. The overall goal is to achieve long-term economic, social and environmental sustainability and ecosystem balance, whilst also ensuring adequate quality and hygienic standards for consumption. This disease affecting both Penaeus monodon and P. vannamei occurs in shrimps of 7-35 days after stocking in grow-out ponds and leads to mortality rates of 50 to 100 %. Its results show that after three years of high prevalence (especially in 2014), the disease occurrence?|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing disease ponds boat gear|0.04330646|5.9643674|6.5921645
8486|Responsibilities for providing health care services differ across municipalities, depending on their level of development and administrative capacity. This arrangement has resulted in greatly heterogeneous levels and quality of services; for instance, around 30% of the municipalities, mostly in the poorest regions, do not provide urgent medical care and 8% of them do not have a resident public-sector doctor (ISSA, 2013). This is an especially important issue in Brazil given its continental size and the shortcomings of its transportation network. There is evidence that more sophisticated procedures are largely unavailable to more than half of the population without private insurance plans as they mainly are supplied by the private sector only (ISSA, 2013).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|issa municipalities unavailable resident doctor|8.928473|8.681216|1.9330204
8487|Countries with low tertiary enrolment levels (Azerbaijan, Georgia and Republic of Moldova) should establish more places and ensure equitable access to tertiary institutions. The VET system requires detailed delivery plans with greater involvement of national and local employers. In addition to budget allocation, it is important to consider whether spending on education is efficient and well targeted.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary moldova azerbaijan georgia vet|8.708124|2.6163685|2.675342
8488|Arguably, to date, the fisheries management toolbox has experimented with the full spectrum of management controls. It is noted that the modern toolbox represents a diversity of management approaches that are most effective when operated jointly and designed specifically and uniquely for the context and fishery in question. The fisheries management toolbox exhibits strengths and weaknesses with regard to dynamic changes in the complex environments in which it operates.|SDG 14 - Life below water|toolbox management fisheries exhibits arguably|-0.30907682|5.8134727|6.6774673
8489|"The main difficulty with this criticism lies in how to operationalize the multidimensional notion of poverty. Responding to this issue, some offer to reduce multidimensionality to a few ""basic"" dimensions. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) human poverty index is an attempt to go beyond income in constructing a composite poverty index. The Millennium Development Goals also recognize the multidimensional nature of human well-being through the deployment of a broad range of objectives and targets. The contention here is that the nature of poverty is country-specific. Along these lines, it has been argued that by using a common international poverty threshold that would be applicable to the poorest countries, one would necessarily underestimate global poverty."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty multidimensional index nature human|6.3660083|6.4812193|4.9910793
8490|The second is the spending on social assistance benefits, which is also a benefit for a disadvantaged population with no labour market income. The allowance received by families living in this situation appeals to reduce the exposure of children living in these families to poverty. Finally, spending per person receiving pension benefits shares a strong and negative association with within-country changes in the relatively child poverty rates. Table D 2 reports the results of the estimation obtained with data on social cash transfer payment rates, measured as the average payment rate for a two-parent family.|SDG 1 - No poverty|payment spending families living appeals|7.5002627|5.843337|4.4857864
8491|The gender gap in entrepreneurial activities has changed very little in most countries since 2012. They also tend to earn less. Evidence suggests a slight narrowing in the gap between the proportion of self-employed men and women with employees. The evidence on self-employment earnings is too sparse to draw conclusions about whether the gap is closing.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gap self evidence sparse narrowing|8.955494|3.8635592|6.0356994
8492|The total certified area grew by 3.8% (16 million ha) between May 2013 and May 2014, which is half the growth that occurred in the previous 12 months. To enable the possible inclusion of certification schemes in REDD+9 (e.g. to ensure sustainable forest management and monitor illegal logging), certification frameworks and incentives that are more effective in other regions may be needed. Graph 2.4.3 shows how the certified forest area of the two major certification schemes is divided among the CIS, Europe and North America.|SDG 15 - Life on land|certification certified forest schemes area|1.457664|4.538584|3.8388333
8493|This will both increase the demand for food and create shifts in relative food demands with a likely greater demand for proteins and more processed products. Trade openness provides a number of advantages in helping countries better adjust to these developments. It provides for a greater diversity of products to be available and accessible for consumers - helping consumers meet their full range of nutritional needs. It also allow's for the benefits from changing patterns of specialisation to be realised and provides access to global and regional agro-food value chains. With income growth, there has been increased demand for more processed products, which means for many commodities, the value chain involved in getting the product from the farm gate to the final consumer is being extended. Participation in value chains is facilitated by low barriers to trade and improved regulatory coherence that allow products at various states of transformation to flow across borders: in other words, imports play an important role in creating a competitive export sector.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|products processed provides chains value|4.334198|5.0630884|4.292337
8494|The most recent evaluation recorded a 94% satisfaction rate among participants: 41% continued their education, 15% found part-time, and 9% full-time employment (Dobrovoljc et al., Funded by one of 36 national Office of Disability Employment Policy at the Department of Labour (DOL) “Youth Opportunity” (YO) grants, public health researchers worked with Baltimore's Eastside YO Center to add a mental health intervention to the YO Center’s employment training programme. The mental health intervention included three main components: an on-site mental health clinician, a peer depression prevention curriculum, and mental health training sessions for employment centre staff (who had no formal education in mental health). The pre-test/post-test evaluation found no significant differences in depressive symptoms or coping strategies after jobseekers completed the programme (Tandon et al .,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health employment center test|10.335547|8.790902|1.9482267
8495|Scotland’s desire to strengthen the patient voice is grounded in a recently developed framework that empowers patients as equal partners in their care. Patient and public involvement is promoted through a commitment to transparency about the direction and performance of the NHS, and through a commitment to using feedback as a tool for improvement. For example, the results of a national survey on maternity care were used to identify areas where there was a need for improvement, and to inform future maternity policy. The Patients’ Rights (Scotland) Act 2011 sets out patient rights and principles for the delivery of health care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient scotland maternity commitment care|9.1256695|9.433807|1.6960684
8496|Industry can contribute with solutions such as, for example, simplified medication regimens or packaging. There is also a scope for multi-partner initiatives to improve patients’ health literacy. Les personnes atteintes par l’une des principales maladies chroniques, en particulier, courent de serieux risques a ne pas prendre correctement leurs medicaments.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|risques particulier leurs ne packaging|8.901731|9.483892|1.7300732
8497|The implications also need to be treated with caution as, in some instances, further research is needed for specific contexts as well as across a sufficient number of countries to be confident about the consequences of specific approaches. Further potential areas of research on school leader appraisal include, among others, school leaders’ perceptions of using separate appraisal processes for developmental and accountability purposes; the effects of using professional school leadership standards as a reference standard for appraisal; the effects of involving peer evaluators in the appraisal process; the effects of using teacher, parent and student surveys and questionnaires as a source of information; ways to strengthen links between appraisal and professional development; and the effects of using appraisal results to reward successful school leaders with a financial reward. These need to reflect country-specific governance frameworks, the allocation of responsibilities in the education system and the extent of decentralisation. The existence of national curricula and standards and the overall culture of evaluation all need to be taken into account in approaches to the appraisal of school leaders (also see Chapter 3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal school effects using leaders|9.959354|1.1523514|1.5313023
8498|The figure for young people in vulnerable employment in LICs who are food insecure is 50%: 15% are even severely food insecure, meaning that they have gone without food many times during the past year. High job quality is associated with fulltime wage employment, low job quality with vulnerable employment and underemployment. In terms of material well-being, working conditions and security, the best employment status to have is full-time wage employment for an employer. These young people have the lowest food insecurity rates and the highest rates of life satisfaction.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment food insecure wage vulnerable|4.694066|5.6670504|4.850659
8499|Overall, the health system in Latvia is performing well. Despite challenging economic circumstances, in the past five years Latvia has delivered significant reforms to the hospital sector, closing a number of hospitals and 18 emergency departments in a drive to improve efficiency. Accessibility, both economic and geographical, is a major concern, with out-of-pocket payments remain high. Poor performance on some indicators of health care quality are also worrying. The chapter makes recommendations for improvement, drawing on best-practice examples from OECD countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|latvia worrying closing pocket drawing|9.063867|9.052113|2.0813177
8500|For our study, we need to find counterparts for the treatment and control groups in 2000 among students in lower secondary schools in 2003 or 2006. This can be achieved with matching methods where counterfactual 1= 1 scores are constructed using scores of students with similar characteristics to those observed in t=0. Usually, matching methods are used to make control and treatment groups more comparable, assuming that we have the same observations in each group in 1=0 and t=\ In our case, we do not want to adjust for dissimilarities among treatment and control groups. We know that students who were in vocational schools differed from those in general schools, but we are interested in whether moving students from different tracks, who differ by assumption, into the one-type comprehensive lower secondary schools, affected them similarly.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools students treatment control matching|9.677259|2.233078|2.8379886
8501|Natural or agricultural areas are easily reachable for urban dwellers and the reverse can be said for mral inhabitants willing to spend some time in the central agglomeration. It is also offers a chance to strengthen local agricultural connections in the form of higher value local foods and additional value-added processing. Taking advantage of these opportunities requires increased collaboration between different types of economic and institutional structures under the umbrella of the Grand Clermont, as well as the setting of co-ordinated land use planning policies (see Box 2.9 for a discussion of common governance frameworks for rural-urban partnerships). Absent an articulation of how this creates better opportunities for surrounding communes, it is difficult to see how they can justify ongoing participation in the arrangement.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mral value opportunities clermont agricultural|3.9049392|5.8518877|1.7932956
8502|"Several other countries (South Africa, Zambia, Cameroon, and Nigeria) are still working to achieve this in parliament. E-waste imports are prohibited by this regulation, and its enforcement has resulted in the repatriation of several illegal e-waste shipments that arrived in Nigeria stuffed in second-hand vehicles or other containers; for more information, see the chapter on transboundary movement in this report"". The Kenya E-waste Act, which still awaits official approval before public dissemination, has as one of its highlights that no company will manufacture or import any EEE without indicating where its e-waste will be treated at end-of-life."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste nigeria containers shipments manufacture|0.49137673|3.9457166|3.0565593
8503|Ultimately, higher levels of inequality could end up undermining continued growth and thereby the sustainability of the shift.23 Policy makers should pay attention to the evolution of income inequality, both for its own sake and because it influences the poverty dividend of growth. Social policy can limit inequality in outcomes today. But macroeconomic stabilisation and education can level the playing field over the longer term and offer possibilities for the poor to take advantage of future opportunities.|SDG 1 - No poverty|inequality sake stabilisation dividend undermining|6.6576138|5.1097803|4.587673
8504|The average age is 54 years. Over the last 20 years, the area of maturing, mature and older forest stands has been steadily expanding, which is mainly due to a change in the regulation of allowable annual volumes of timber harvesting. However, this area is still small and forests composition in terms of age structure needs to be evened by at least 10 years.|SDG 15 - Life on land|years area age allowable mature|1.2161416|4.6713166|3.9196336
8505|The combined talents and perspectives of both men and women yield a better, more comprehensive understanding of society' at large, which in turn improves the quality of policies and delivery of public services. Accordingly, there is mounting awareness in Mexico of the benefits that accrue from the equal participation of women and men in public decision making - in Congress, the political executive, the judiciary and across federal and state public administration. They have introduced almost 85% of all the proposals that have come before the Gender Equality' Committee in the Chamber of Deputies1 since the LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress opened in September 2016.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|congress public mounting talents legislature|10.215632|4.153162|6.4247155
8506|Further details on the linkages between remittances and food security in the ECA region are examined in Section 3. The prevalence of severe food insecurity refers to a person's capacity to access food (Bo* 2). It is based on eight simple questions about the occurrence of behaviors and experiences typical of situations in which the ability to obtain food is constrained. The combined set of answers to the eight FIES items, analysed through the lenses of rigorous methods based on item response theory, gives an opportunity for assigning each respondent a probability of belonging to any possible class of food insecurity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food insecurity eca assigning rigorous|4.397907|5.6420903|4.6209917
8507|There are two issues for university management to follow up: i) teaching methods and teachers and ii) interests and needs of students. Although “externals” with business experience are generally involved in teaching by providing personal testimonials, giving guest lectures and acting as member of competition committees, there are relatively few examples of entrepreneurial practitioners engaged in the full curricula experience. Linkages between research and teaching should be strengthened, for example by involving doctoral students in research topics that a linked entrepreneurship education. Inviting international visiting entrepreneurship professors on a regular basis could also strengthen the research base, the students’ learning experience and the efforts to “train the trainers”.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching experience students research entrepreneurship|6.9231935|2.867366|2.6400268
8508|The Pan American Health Organization and its Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) have provided technical assistance to help implement the Strategic Plan, and donors have included UNAIDS and the World Bank and bilateral donors such as the United States. This is due to a combination of efforts by the respective governments, by key regional agencies and by the international community. However, given the apparent levelling off in incidence, there is much room for future research, especially pertaining to the microeconomic impact of the disease. Much work also needs to be done at the national and regional levels on tracking the sources and uses of funds available in the fight against HIV/AIDS.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|donors unaids microeconomic levelling pan|8.350142|8.920971|3.2354627
8509|If each country matched its top regional performer's trend, an additional 7 million lives could be saved. If each country matched or fell below the current average rate of under-five mortality in high-income countries, an additional 21 million lives could be saved.85 The latter scenario - again, compared to staying at the 2015 rate - would save 59 million children's lives between now and 2030. If each country scaled up intervention coverage as fast as the best performer in each area of intervention (e.g., skilled birth attendance, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, etc.), Closing the gap between the current trajectory and the rate of progress needed to achieve the 2030 child survival goal would save the lives of 13 million children under age 5, almost half of them newborn.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|lives million saved matched save|8.812609|8.452531|3.599048
8510|Pressure from NGOs has already forced a change of vocabulary with at least lip service being paid to sustainability. It should be possible to build on this to promote real change by convincing fishers that ultimately, subsidies are often part of the problem, not the solution. Not all of this subsidy benefits the fishers, since buyers may benefit too. Price subsidies may make it profitable to keep on fishing even when market prices are low.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishers subsidies convincing change profitable|-0.22399138|5.6192822|6.8655233
8511|On the basis of information from 11 countries showing the contraction of regional output and the concomitant weakness of employers' demand for labour, it has been estimated that the number of wage workers fell slightly (-0.2%). In contrast, own-account work continued to follow a markedly countercyclical trend, rising by 2.7%. The processes driving up unemployment rates were different for men and women. In the case of men.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|men countercyclical contraction weakness markedly|7.7320333|4.4895473|4.2729893
8512|This could be done either by switching from stable feed-in tariffs to feed-in premiums that provide a fixed mark-up over market prices or from subsidies for deployment rather than for production. Both would provide renewable producers with an incentive at least not to produce at maximum capacity in times of negative prices and thus provide better remuneration also for dispatchable capacity. The very question, however, shows how scenarios with very large shares of intermittent renewables, say above 30% of electricity production, begin to require adjustments that create intrinsic ceilings to the original objective.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|feed provide prices ceilings intrinsic|1.688988|1.6699284|1.835418
8513|As climate change can have impacts at local, national and global scales, it is useful to have indicators in place to monitor the results of actions across all of these different scales. For instance, indicators such as the number of climate vulnerability assessments conducted may be important for monitoring the efficiency of delivering project-level outputs. However, it may be difficult to interpret in the absence of indicators at greater scale, such as the overall number of people vulnerable in a country.|SDG 13 - Climate action|scales indicators interpret climate number|1.310405|4.814719|1.6679202
8514|Restraining patients physically (usually with straps on a bed can occur when hospital staff feel that a patient is out of control, presenting a danger to themselves or others, or is causing disruption. While staff working in hospitals, including nurses and psychiatrists, may feel that such action is necessary or justified, restraint can be very stressful and traumatic for the patient, and can result in injury or even death. A report on the use of restraint in England found that in 2011 alone there were eight deaths linked to the use of restraint, and in 2012 there were 1 000 injuries resulting from the use of restraint (MIND, 2013). Seclusion of patients, where patients are kept in a confined space, is often used for similar reasons to restraint, but again can be highly distressing to patients and can have a lasting impact on their mental wellbeing, and their confidence in hospital staff (National Mental Health Consumer & Carer Forum, 2009).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|restraint patients staff feel patient|9.270574|9.539591|1.394736
8515|At the current rate, the world will miss the MDG sanitation target by over 700 million people. Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are especially off track in terms of sanitation coverage. Various estimates of investment needs to meet the MDGs in developing countries were produced since the Millennium Declaration. The most recent estimates of financial needs for the sector by World Health Organization (see Hutton and Bartram, 2008; Pruss-Ustiin et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sanitation estimates miss needs world|1.9155891|6.905223|2.601799
8516|This is because only the ensuing changes in market production are taken into account with no allowance for the resulting decline in unpaid household service work. Further, Walker and Gauger (1973) argued that conventional statistics grossly understate the economic contribution of women to production because women perform about two thirds of all housework. In the 1980s, feminist economists criticised the shortcomings of traditional labour and production statistics.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|production statistics walker ensuing criticised|8.984477|4.806758|5.97352
8517|In addition, National Quality Goals initiated in 2016 set a framework to improve quality and efficiency of care across settings. The Danish health care system is effective in preventing mortality from amenable causes such as ischaemic heart disease and stroke. The case-fatality rate for heart attack patients is among the lowest in the EU.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|heart ischaemic amenable fatality attack|9.1655035|9.357406|2.2552872
8518|They facilitate student learning of the content through presentation of the content in clear and meaningful w'ays and through the integration of technology. Candidates in advanced programmes for teachers demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the content of their field and of the theories related to pedagogy and learning. In Australia, the national ICT Competency Framework has been proposed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|content learning theories competency pedagogy|8.844171|1.4384423|2.0795743
8519|This includes, for instance, introduction of improved woodstoves; development of managed woodlots and forests for fuelwood and other community needs; promotion of biogas, solar, wind and other renewable technologies; off-grid rural electrification based on renewable electricity; introduction of efficient technologies such as compact fluorescents; and development of low carbon Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in many sectors. Nonetheless, a number of general observations may have broad applicability. In the case of individuals, the difficult economic situation in many countries, limited access to information, limited access to resources, and low awareness of environmental issues related to the energy sector all serve to disempower and limit capacity - and the most vulnerable members of the community will typically be the most disempowered. In some countries with a strong tradition of participation and involvement, NGOs are key contributors to policy and program development in the country. In other countries the role of civil society organisations is severely constrained.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|development introduction renewable technologies community|1.7996528|3.4013946|2.5921953
8520|More recently, two types of social assistance schemes have been introduced. One, applied in some countries of Southern Africa, aims at old-age protection; the othertargets extreme poverty, and is applied mostly in low-income countries in Central, East and West Africa (Nino-Zarazua et al., In many Southern African countries, the provision of non-contributory social pension schemes that targeted the elderly poor of certain ethnic groups have been extended as domestic initiatives no longer based on racial discrimination.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|southern schemes applied africa nino|7.7322335|5.6555395|4.4339676
8521|The patterns detected were different for each country, as were those for domestic tasks and caring for others. A higher education level meant less time on domestic tasks in Uruguay and Peru; but in Mexico and Colombia, those with an intermediate education level spent more time on such tasks than those in the low education group, while those with the highest level spent the least time on such tasks. The time devoted to caring for others increased in line with education level in Mexico and Colombia.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|tasks caring time education level|9.139933|2.6812952|3.190719
8522|Species groups including birds, plants and butterflies are relatively easy to sample and should be included in indicators or indices for farmland structure parameters, but it may be questioned how indicators based on these species groups track structural changes in the landscape. Effects of decreasing area with suitable habitat may be tracked easily as species disappear and population levels decrease, but because of highly varying dispersal rates, the actual recovery of biodiversity following e.g. a re-establishment of suitable habitat positive structural changes may not be tracked as straightforward and may show significant delay. Dispersal in a fragmented landscape may hold a significant degree of inertia that effectively postpone the recovery of a habitat-specific biodiversity at newly created or restored sites.|SDG 15 - Life on land|habitat species tracked landscape suitable|1.6689098|5.3037443|4.007697
8523|The key strategy at this time was to foster the “growth pole”, which geographically corresponded to the so-called Gyungbu corridor linking Seoul to Busan and Ulsan. The government used public resources and external borrowing to finance the work, focusing first on manufacturing and services in Seoul. It then went on to create the heavy industry base along the southeast coast by building such industrial cities as Ulsan, the construction of which began in 1969, and a number of other industrial estates in that region. During the 1960s and 1970s, to improve efficiency, the government’s investment was concentrated on the high priority areas of Seoul, Incheon and Ulsan, so as to facilitate accessibility to human resources, subsidiary material, product sales and infrastructure. (|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|seoul industrial estates pole corresponded|3.971568|4.859774|0.95030946
8524|Regional and departmental councils contribute respectively with 8% and 4% (Figure 5.3). When looking at individual entities, seven actors capitalised more than EUR 1 million in 2014. Moreover, PS-Eau claims that DDC in the water sector has a strong leveraging effect: EUR 1 of DDC funds is able to mobilise up to EUR 5-EUR 10.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|eur ps eau departmental leveraging|1.5930995|7.284891|1.9923342
8525|However, the accreditation standards are broad and do not specify what is needed for a high-quality teacher preparation programme (MNESR, 2006). The admission criteria for bachelor’s education programmes for future primary teachers are the same as those for other bachelor’s degree programmes and there are no minimum admission requirements for the initial teacher education modules for future secondary teachers. Candidates are interviewed for entry, but all those who apply tend to be admitted (Velea and Istrate, 2011).|SDG 4 - Quality education|bachelor admission teacher teachers future|9.5343075|1.1842811|2.3032734
8526|The abuse of methamphetamine is also increasing in Kenya. West Africa did not play a key role in the synthetic drug market until recent years. The reasons behind the change, part of an overall increase in global illicit demand for amphetamine-type stimulants, may be explained by weak controls on legal imports of their precursors and the socioeconomic situation in the subregion.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|stimulants precursors methamphetamine amphetamine synthetic|8.317127|10.243727|3.56582
8527|This fell to about one in five workers in 2012, according to The Employment Bureau of Africa (TEBA), an employment agency. With the adoption of the Refugee Act of 1998, which entered into force in 2000, asylum in South Africa was formalised, and throughout the 2000s applications have increased rapidly. Part of this increase is due to the fact that asylum seekers had full access to education and employment, and asylum procedures risked serving as a back door into the labour market.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|asylum employment africa formalised door|8.064876|4.1500587|4.2040253
8528|Nonetheless, certain regularities can be identified. Based on the most recently available figures, the least unequal countries in the region are the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Costa Rica and Uruguay. It is also possible to identify Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala and Honduras as those with the highest levels of income concentration in the region.|SDG 1 - No poverty|region venezuela bolivarian honduras guatemala|6.49756|5.6877494|5.182189
8529|In its decision of 26 June 2009, the latter confirmed the patent office’s rejection of a patent for Glivec, denying “significantly enhanced efficacy” of Glivec under Article 3(d) over a previously known molecule (see the IPAB decision in Novartis AG v Union of India et al. Business Standard of 5 July 2009). In addition, the IPAB ruled that because of the price charged for Glivec, poor cancer patients in India would not be able to afford the drug, which in turn would threaten many people’s lives and thus create public disorder in the country (p. 191 of the decision).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|decision patent india ag ruled|8.364074|9.573974|2.4160972
8530|The extension of income data at sub-national level is part of the OECD work on advancing the measurement agenda of wellbeing to regions and cities (see http://www.oecd.org/regional/how-is-life-in-your-region.htm). Income-based measures of poverty at regional level are a first step towards more encompassing metrics of deprivation that include non-monetary measures. High disparities between regions can undermine national economic grow'th, leading to inequality of opportunities and creating social tensions that in turn may sustain regional imbalances over time (OECD, 2011b).|SDG 1 - No poverty|regional oecd regions encompassing measures|6.619912|5.862767|4.846835
8531|Domestic violence is a major contributor to women’s mental health problems including depression. Marital rape may lead to unwanted pregnancy and abortion. Others have a provision in the law that spouses should not cause physical or mental harm to each other, but evidence of injury is usually required to prove assault, which can be very difficult for wives to demonstrate.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mental assault contributor wives unwanted|10.055271|5.4881034|7.4435434
8532|In principle, nuclear energy is also well-positioned to contribute to adequate capacity margins and stable loads. By providing stable baseload electricity it reduces the complications of integrating intermittent or distributed generation, since as a reliable baseload source of power it helps maintain frequency and voltage. Expressed differently, the massive use of intermittent sources will require a significant fraction of continuously operating and robust baseload electric power generation fuelled by more steady sources. While the technical parameters of nuclear energy set limits to the extent it can make up for sudden load changes itself, the development of smart grids and demand response should smooth load variations (and thus increase the share of baseload demand). This would considerably strengthen the case for nuclear energy in co-operation with both other supply-side and demand-side technologies. Price volatility in liberalised electricity markets (and reinforced by intermittent renewables) does remain a challenge and needs to be addressed by appropriate means such as long-term contracts.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|baseload intermittent nuclear demand load|1.5282239|1.4678248|1.7990285
8533|For this reasons, nuclear power plants pose more stringent requirements in term of the stability (voltage and frequency permissible variations) and availability of external power supply. For instance, nuclear power plants require redundant electrical connections with the existing grid, which makes for higher connection costs compared with a thermal plant of equivalent size. Attempting to work in “island mode”, i.e. a reactor producing its own electricity for cooling, is a difficult challenge in normal times and would be inappropriate and potentially dangerous in an emergency situation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power nuclear plants redundant attempting|1.1608346|1.4233369|1.8852447
8534|Those with the least education have higher mortality rates and a greater incidence of avoidable hospitalisation. For example, survival rates for breast cancer are lower in women with low education, and rates of potentially avoidable hospital admission and amenable mortality are about double among people with lower educational status compared to those with higher education. This is illustrative of other differences in health status and outcomes between socio-economic groups.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|avoidable rates mortality education status|9.266642|9.170837|2.948666
8535|This can be paid by the year, by month, by week, or by day. A modelling study now underway should determine the natural rate of recharge of the deep aquifer in the south of Luxembourg, which contains waters fit for human consumption. The Water Law requires housing developments to have a separate system. With the exception of artificial water bodies (those created by human activities) or those that have been highly modified (through physical alterations due to human activity). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can cause cancers and endocrine disruption.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|human alterations cancers disruption underway|0.7129349|7.334198|2.9385502
8536|Recharging also requires a non-contact recharging facility to be installed at the station (such a recharging system is running in other Korean cities such as Jeju, Suwon and Pohang). The introduction of compressed natural gas buses is another example of low-pollution transport policy in Sejong. The central government provided a subsidy to Sejong to help the city adopt CNG buses. Sejong’s bus network includes 72 routes, served by 130 buses, among which 24 are BRT types.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|buses compressed brt station korean|4.0611796|4.8667088|0.74607867
8537|Benefit levels are often too low to provide women with financial independence or a greater say in household decision-making. Evaluations of Ghana's Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme, for example, found that, in spite of transfers being directed to women, decisionmaking remained with husbands, brothers and sons.50 In this case, the low level of benefits was compounded by irregular and inconsistent payments. The risk of stigmatization is greatest where gender inequalities intersect with other axes of disadvantage such as class, ethnicity, disability, location or race.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stigmatization axes sons leap irregular|9.0475|4.7071877|6.4539065
8538|The use of bioeconomic models as a descriptive device allows for the examination of economic tradeoffs, including the estimation of potential profits. The fact that bioeconomic models entail the specification of an objective function (which can be a multi-objective function) can force diverse stakeholder groups to be transparent in their objectives and performance indicators. The identification of performance indicators is critical because it can provide additional metrics to be tracked during the ongoing collection of data on the fishery for monitoring and evaluation.|SDG 14 - Life below water|function objective models performance indicators|-0.17415711|5.908736|6.6722083
8539|At present, access to health care services appears to be broadly equitable across regions, although limited reporting by regions and municipalities on inequalities inhibits deeper understanding and analysis. The increasing centralisation of specialist hospital services could exacerbate small inequalities in the current geographical distribution of physicians across Denmark. Municipalities will need to ensure that elderly patients are not disadvantaged potential problems in access caused by the closure of smaller local hospitals. Incentives to recruit health professionals from local communities where needs are the highest might have better payoffs on retention in underserved areas in the longer term.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|inequalities municipalities inhibits regions centralisation|9.108799|8.750753|2.0250633
8540|Job creation should be seen as the focus of innovation activities in the Galilee. Technology Transfer Offices should be strengthened and organised at an arms length from the university in order to be managed as a quasi market service reporting to the university but independent from it. Incentives for higher education institutions should be strengthened to increase their capacity to act as technology transfer “agents” to bring non-local knowledge to the region and to create community partnerships. Incentives for higher education institutions and their staff to engage in local and regional development should be developed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|strengthened university transfer incentives technology|7.563985|2.5463843|2.5485241
8541|For each target area, one or more municipalities have the political responsibility to establish an action plan. In 2013, a Structural Plan for Northwest Skane was adopted. The purpose was to strengthen the regional aspects of spatial planning. The plan is used among member municipalities as a strategic document in their work on long-term planning, such as the revision of municipal master plans.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|plan municipalities skane planning northwest|3.9642785|5.4049597|1.6198514
8542|If it does not effectively address that challenge, India will continue to face weak private investment and modest economic growth. The Government's policy initiatives have centred around the so-called 4Rs - recognition, resolution, recapitalization and reforms (India, Ministry of Finance, 2018). The central bank strengthened its asset quality review in 2015, which found significant quantities of non-performing assets.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|india centred quantities modest resolution|5.185837|4.517944|3.471675
8543|The idea here is not to encourage public ownership, which would amount to returning to failed policies of the past. Rather, the idea is to ensure that the capital-mobilizing power of the State is used to provide the initial investment impulses needed to generate growth with employment. At UNCTAD, the development of the concept in the LDC context was linked to earlier efforts to understand how structurally weak and underdeveloped economies like LDCs should promote economic growth and how they should initiate and then accelerate the growth process. Such efforts also sought to understand what are the key factors or capabilities that enable such economies to produce goods they can consume or sell, and what kinds of productive activities create quality jobs that contribute to poverty reduction.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|idea understand growth economies structurally|5.098528|4.346789|3.29316
8544|Tax and benefit payments are said to “redistribute” if they lower inequality, regardless of the extent to which this is achieved through actual or implicit transfers from higher to lower-income groups.1 As in other parts of this report, changes in the income distribution are analysed here using “snapshots” for individual years. The reference period is the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s. International comparisons tend to focus on specific parts of the tax-benefit system (Heady et al.,|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|mid parts tax benefit redistribute|7.0121136|5.1324816|4.423406
8545|In addition, the higher up the pay scale, the greater the differences in career opportunities and compensation. While on average the gross wage gap in OECD countries stands at 15.7% (18.4% in Switzerland as noted), for top earners it rises to 20.9% in OECD countries and 25.4% in Switzerland (OECD, 2012a). Women also make up a small percentage of company board members, 11.6% in Switzerland for the largest firms versus a European average of 15.6% (Egon Zehnder 2012) and entrepreneurs, defined as persons taking on the risk of setting up a business. The gender wage gap is calculated as the difference between median earnings of m median eamings of men; 2010 for the Netherlands.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|switzerland median wage oecd gap|9.098664|4.195393|5.7796674
8546|The independent variables are: a dummy variable for sex (1 for male, 0 for female), a dummy variable for race/colour (1 for white, 0 for black), dummy variables for cohorts (the youngest cohort was used as a point of reference), five dummy variables for levels of schooling (the least-educated group was used as a point of reference) and a dummy variable for the year (1 for 2008, 0 for 2003). The first corresponded to the data for 2003 and the second to data for 2008. The third referred to aggregate data (an analysis similar to an analysis of panel data with random effects) and the fourth to the variations between the values for 2003 and 2008. Monetary poverty and deprivation as measured by the other indicators are more prevalent in households headed by persons of African descent and by women, even when other variables are controlled for.|SDG 1 - No poverty|dummy variables variable data reference|7.0627384|6.0199866|5.283474
8547|"Secondly, reforms have been decidedly ""pro-poor"" in that the most regressive subsidies -those that benefit the poor the least - have been eliminated. Despite the increase in electricity generation, coal generation has remained constant at around 12 TWh since 2000 with much of the increase coming from gas, oil and an interconnector to Spain which has been in place since 2005 [IEA, 2014c) [IEA, 2014a). Building the four power plants of the Ouarzazate complex in particular will lower the cost of concentrated solar power worldwide."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|iea generation power twh poor|1.560227|1.9514186|1.9829187
8548|School leaders and teachers should develop strategies together to support promoted students who are struggling with certain subjects and give teachers access to staff with expertise to help those students. The greater the variety of opportunities to learn, the higher the probability that all students will benefit. Under certain circumstances, the school year can be reorganised to extend learning time by introducing remedial classes before or after school, at Saturday school or at summer school.5 Spending more time at school is positive for students with unfavourable after-school learning environments (OECD, 2010c).|SDG 4 - Quality education|school students certain teachers learning|9.435254|1.9441966|2.7112355
8549|Alternative results are presented for a more ambitious scenario in which the proportion of renewable sources increases from 20 percent in 2010 to 50 per cent in 2025. The REN 21 study examines the potential for renewable energy sources for electricity generation, heat and cooling, and transport fuels. The corresponding figures, at the regional level, are given below in Figure 6/ In the basic version of the model, each country within a region is assumed to adopt the same mix, as determined by the regional potential.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable sources potential regional cooling|1.5594386|1.981722|2.2469828
8550|Some of these issues reflect weak decision-making mechanisms within RFMOs, which leaves the potential of such issues undermining the effectiveness of collective management. As a result, overfishing continues to be a problem in some areas of the high seas including in RFMO-managed areas. At the outset it is worth highlighting that many fisheries are already fully subscribed and some are overfished. Hence an important policy objective is to ensure that international and national fisheries are managed in a sustainable way and that fishing capacity is brought into line with available fishing opportunities.|SDG 14 - Life below water|managed fishing fisheries rfmos overfished|-0.1547572|5.5805297|6.703988
8551|The two main actors responsible for the development of clinical guidelines are the government and academics (i.e. the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences). Since 2004, clinical research centres in Korea have specialised in specific Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) is responsible for quality assurance and auditing of claims for publicly reimbursed medical services. Both HIRA and KOIHA undertake public reporting on health care providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|clinical medical responsible auditing reimbursed|9.145218|9.451567|1.6690001
8552|The perception of higher risk in investing in women’s entrepreneurialism and cultural bias among loan officers are two reasons cited by local banks as they attempt to target lending programmes for these businesses. Women business owners also tend to make more conservative investments to minimise risk (IFC 201 la). Furthermore, broader consumer research shows that women value personal relationships with individual service providers; women want to be treated as individuals while men want to feel like they are part of an important group (Melnyk et al. Rather, seamless adaptation of product and service enhancements to benefit women will also benefit men and result in an improved customer experience across all segments.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women want benefit service men|8.799323|3.4574103|6.3609395
8553|Due to the fact, however, that urban population, and especially that in capital cities, is expected to grow, a public transport network losing demand might be an issue of concern, in particular, if the demand is at relatively low level compared to private motorized transport. While this is a too short period for drawing meaningful conclusions, the demand levels should be carefully watched, and the causes for declines identified. Actions should then follow to reverse the negative trends.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|demand transport motorized losing reverse|4.2773366|4.930042|0.6603104
8554|Where the groundwater table is high and there are problems with drainage, irrigation contributes to soil salinization. Waterwithdrawal from the Kura for irrigation occurs mainly downstream from Mingcchcvir. There is some limited manufacturing activity in Turkey based on agriculture and animal husbandry'.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation husbandry kura drainage downstream|0.5831199|7.1196723|2.754028
8555|It also provides an overview of student performance in reading and science, and describes the evolution of performance in these subjects over previous PISA assessments. The volume also reveals differences in how equitably countries allocate resources and opportunities to learn to schools with different socio-economic profiles. Case studies, examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA, are highlighted throughout the volume.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa volume performance equitably examining|9.71992|2.043166|3.001652
8556|Furthermore, procedures that might be expected to be covered, such as thoracic surgery and some neurological procedures are not included A failure to make such services systematically available limits access to good quality care. Public funding only accounted for 57% of health spending in 2015, the second lowest share in the EU after Bulgaria (Figure 12). Nearly all of the rest (42%) is paid out of pocket by patients themselves This is the third highest share in the EU after Cyprus and Bulgaria, and nearly three times the EU average of 15% These large out-of-pocket payments constitute a substantial barrier to accessing medical care for many Latvians, as reflected in the high levels of unmet medical and dental care needs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|bulgaria eu pocket procedures care|8.735805|8.88244|2.2551584
8557|This effect is likely to be small considering the low share of the overall number of students being moved. In fact, increased inclusion in regular schools has occurred in a period of a general decline in expenditure per student. The overall cost saving is a result of fewer students in the costly special schools. Thus, when analysing the resource situation in schools, teacher resources are of particular importance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools overall students moved analysing|9.570936|1.9902309|2.5353925
8558|Network members share best practices and provide financial services to women entrepreneurs. For this type of saving, a formula with regular deposits is preferable because it makes it easier to forecast expenses by spreading them out over time. According to available cash levels and planned expenditures, the entrepreneur may prefer to seek a more flexible savings solution that makes funds easily available.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|makes deposits preferable spreading available|8.76399|3.4453378|6.3629355
8559|As a large, frequently centralised activity producing an output that is fundamentally important to human well-being, industrial development and economic growth, electricity production is also the most broadly studied sector in this respect. The risks stemming from nuclear accidents and the disposal of spent nuclear fuel have also always loomed large in public perception. Traditionally, concerns about social costs have focused on electricity production at the plant level. In recent years, however, the advent of significant amounts of wind and solar PV capacity has required, for the reasons explained above, a shift from a plant-level perspective to a systems perspective. Consistent with a general shift of focus in the energy sector, this is also why the present effort aims at providing a policyrelevant synthesis of the full costs of electricity provision at the level of the consumer rather than just at the level of the costs of electricity generation at the individual plant. Its input (coal) and its marketed output (electricity) are paid for in monetary units.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity plant level nuclear costs|1.5186659|2.0680277|1.8941616
8560|For example, although South Asia has seen a significant decrease in the poverty rate (from 61 per cent in 1981 to 36 per cent in 2008), given the increase in population size this means that the absolute number of the poor increased from 568 million to 571 million over that period (figure II. In sub-Saharan Africa, the absolute number of the poor increased from 205 million to 386 million in the same period, while the poverty rate fell from 52 per cent in 1981to48 per cent in 1981. Whereas in 1981, poverty had been concentrated in East Asia and the Pacific, with 57 per cent of the worlds poor living in that region, by 2008 the concentration of poverty had shifted to South Asia and subSaharan Africa, which now account for 44 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively, of the world’s poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent million poor poverty asia|6.06413|5.7861743|4.7800226
8561|Households with valid information in all four waves can be at risk of moving into or out of poverty for one, two or three waves in the UK and for one or two waves in the rest of the countries. Table A1 in the Annex shows the same estimates in non-graphical format). Mean relative income growth rates have been calculated for each base-year decile group. In each period, income growth among children is clearly pro-poor: relative (per cent) income growth is highest in the poorest decile, although the pattern is slightly different for each of the four periods considered. Mean income growth in the poorest decile slowed down over time: it went from 212% between 2008 and 2011 to 122% between 2009 and 2012 and 146% between 2010 and 2013.|SDG 1 - No poverty|decile waves growth income poorest|7.1544137|5.951956|5.108033
8562|This represents a serious obstacle to grid extension in rural areas, especially at a scale and pace consistent with the attainment of SDG 7 and the needs of structural transformation. However, technological advances in renewable-energy and storage technologies have stimulated renewed interest in off-grid systems, bolstered by their potential contribution to decarbonization of the power sector, including through the hybridization of diesel-based generators and the islanding of local grids (Kempener etai., Beyond a certain break-even distance from the existing grid, capital costs may be lower for off-grid solutions than grid extension and conventional generators, as may operating costs, due to reduced transmission losses and potential fuel savings (Murray et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid generators extension decarbonization murray|1.8465825|1.7143506|2.2178185
8563|The programme has also been supported by several grants from the Directorate General for Health and Consumers of the European Commission. The contents of this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission, the OECD, or their Member Countries. This paper illustrates trends and social dispar ities in alcohol consumption and harmful drinking in 20 OECD countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|commission paper european contents directorate|9.274417|9.645403|3.4893353
8564|These are based on cultural, historical and religious contexts. Gender norms can shape incentive systems and support current institutions that restrict women’s rights, freedoms and protection. In most cases, although largely unfavourable for women, traditional gender norms are upheld by both men and women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|norms women upheld freedoms unfavourable|9.626137|4.7037625|6.98726
8565|"Each spouse is allowed to use the joint property in accordance to need and joint property may be sold or donated only with the consent of both spouses. The law also provides that a woman has equal rights with her husband in divorce and that wives and husbands have equal rights to common property after marriage (see also case study 5 on South Africa and chap. Under a community of property regime, all of a couple’s assets and liabilities are pooled and shared equally by the spouses, irrespective of whether they were acquired before or during the marriage, unless expressly excluded by a donor or testator. All profits and losses are borne equally by the spouses and each spouse assumes joint control with his or her partner over the estate. While a spouse in a marriage subject to a community of property regime may perform ""any juristic act with regard to the joint estate without the consent of the other spouse"", a number of restrictions apply, and a spouse shall not perform certain acts, such as the sale of immovable property (including the matrimonial home) forming part of the joint estate, without the consent of the other spouse. Upon divorce or death, each spouse or the surviving spouse of a marriage subject to a commu nity of property regime is entitled to half the joint estate."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|spouse property joint estate marriage|9.269853|5.187184|7.0771084
8566|This affects the ability of these habitats to mitigate natural disasters, primarily volcanic tephra fall and sand encroachment. The ability to store and mitigate water is also largely lost, which increases the likelihood of floods in lowland areas. Denmark has considerable forest coverage, whereas Iceland and the Faroe Islands have very little forest coverage. Nearly all the Finnish forests are classified as semi-natural forests showing characteristics of human impact.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mitigate forests forest coverage ability|1.203578|4.887625|3.762812
8567|The ongoing peri-urbanisation processes of the Clermont metropolis is partly constrained by the lack of space, due to the presence of the Chaine des Puys Mountains and the subsequent hillsides, near the city. This peculiar geographical situation has two main consequences. First, it involves a restriction of the possible land uses and occupation and it gives birth to a relative scarcity of available land.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|clermont land peri restriction mountains|3.9410307|5.803008|1.7824814
8568|A review of experience in financing ESD may be helpful to those countries continuing to struggle with securing, sustaining or increasing public funds for advancing ESD. Active participation in the 2002 Agenda 21 for Education in the Baltic Sea Region has included an ESD action programme that led to the nomination of national ESD coordinators for formal, higher and non-formal education. These early initiatives have created a positive climate for full engagement in the Strategy for ESD.|SDG 4 - Quality education|esd formal baltic sustaining struggle|9.023276|2.3381677|1.9360211
8569|Overall, students with lower performance in compulsory education go into vocational programmes, but based on performance in compulsory education non-Western immigrant students are more likely to choose to follow a general programme. This suggests a comparatively weaker intake among immigrant students to vocational programmes and after five years of study dropout rates are very high: 43% for female immigrant students and 56% for male immigrant students. The strongest predictor of these dropout rates is previous performance in compulsory education (L0dding, 2009). Recent research has shown that employers screen potential apprentices according to grades and absenteeism in school; students without significant behaviour and learning problems at school can find apprenticeship without difficulties in most sectors (H0st, 2008).|SDG 4 - Quality education|immigrant students compulsory dropout performance|8.691216|2.6807778|2.9241126
8570|Joint collaboration on exchange of knowledge on methodologies, status for monitoring and assessment strategies as well as available data in the Nordic countries is a necessary element in this process. Monitoring studies of marine litter and the beach surveys demonstrate that it comprises of various constituents such as plastics, metals, glass, ceramics, rubber, processed wood, clothing, paper etc. ( The review of literature and studies on marine litter, also called marine debris, demonstrates that plastic debris comprise most of the marine litter worldwide (Aniansson etal.|SDG 14 - Life below water|litter marine debris studies monitoring|0.028104408|5.69115|5.7275157
8571|Damaged infrastructure contributes to the spread of communicable diseases, including those previously eradicated, such as poliomyelitis in Syria recently, and prevents people from receiving curative or preventive health care, which then leads to spikes in NCDs. Access to food and safe drinking water may also be reduced. Internally displaced persons and refugees are particularly vulnerable to ill health because they generally live in poor conditions in which diseases spread easily, and access to health services is minimal.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|spread diseases health ncds curative|8.667388|8.847741|3.0352595
8572|Consolidated 2017 figures in Bogota suggest that that while 19 private car occupants were killed in traffic crashes, 133 (seven times more) VRUs were killed in crashes involving a private car. On the other hand, in a year when 59 cyclists were killed, only three pedestrians were killed in collisions with pedal cycles. This illustrates the significant impact of one road user group on others, relatively modest in the case of pedal cycles, yet overwhelming in the case of private cars. Taxis are clearly separated in the collision statistics, which is something other governments could learn from.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|killed crashes cycles car private|4.2047224|5.206133|-0.0023959873
8573|The adjustment equals unity - and hence disappears - when individual / experiences the benchmark outcomes Xk*. The aggregation problem has been at the core of social choice theory. Average income is often used as a welfare measure, but does not give priority to the worst-off. A broader class of aggregate social welfare functions has been proposed to reflect distributional concerns.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|welfare unity equals aggregation benchmark|6.983106|5.4532228|4.526959
8574|Co-operation w ith border countries has generally been limited as they are not in the EU. Until recently, the Russian Federation formed an important export market for many of the voivodeship's products; however, the Russian embargo has limited this trade for particular commodities (e.g. apples) and new markets have been sought in response. Notwithstanding some of the barriers, the eastern market on Podlaskie’s doorstep has been an underutilised asset in some respects. Since 2007, regions have been fully responsible for a large share of European funds under Cohesion Policy.23 Under Cohesion Policy, all regions in Poland are defined as “less developed” - meaning that their GDP per capita is less than 75% of the average GDP of the EU-27 - with the exception of Mazowieckie voivodeship, which recently transitioned to being a “more developed” region and includes Warsaw.24 Less-developed regions are allocated a larger funding envelope.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cohesion regions developed russian recently|4.2536054|4.682494|2.8234484
8575|To establish whether large-scale investment in energy efficiency in order to reduce energy demand is cheaper than new energy supply, it is important to have reliable information on the net benefits of saving energy. This includes the cost of programmes, the value of the energy saved and any co-benefits. Until recently, energy efficiency has been accorded low priority by producers and consumers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency accorded benefits saved|2.0232863|2.6071904|2.4027016
8576|The small sample size also exacerbates the estimation concerns arising because, in GMM, the number of instruments can easily become “too large” relative to the number of observations (Roodman, 2009). Among other things, this required focusing on a parsimonious set of control variables. Indeed, extending the baseline specification (for example, to look for non-linearity or heterogeneity of the effects) provided inconclusive results (see below). All these caveats suggest that quantifying the inequality-growth nexus remains a daunting task and that the coefficients estimated and discussed below are to be taken as indicative.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|gmm daunting caveats exacerbates quantifying|6.550032|5.1780677|4.9054356
8577|The presence of strong women’s movements and civil society groups that advocated on behalf of gender issues was also key to gains in terms of development results that promoted GEWE. The lack of gender analysis explains to some extent why so many UNDP gender results are gender targeted, gender negative or gender blind. The tools and processes to make GEWE relevant to the work of staff members in programme design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation have also not been sufficiently developed and applied. The gender marker and the results-oriented annual report, as well as monitoring and evaluation, require further refinements and a more consistent application if UNDP is to increase the quality of its gender interventions and reporting and the assessment of its contributions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender gewe undp results evaluation|9.97368|3.9609613|7.865558
8578|The local community needs to truly understand the harmful consequences and see the value of giving girls and women other opportunities in life - on equal footing with boys and men. This means, for example; allowing them to continue their education, inherit, own their own land, and have their own bank account. Gender based violence is an extreme expression of inequality, which affects one in three women in the world. In South Africa and Burkina Faso, I have met men who play a key role in improving the lives of women and girls.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls women inherit footing men|9.912505|5.330965|7.230935
8579|This has in turn shaped policy, and the province is partnering with organisations and providing resources to intervene with these trends. In Alberta, well-being surveys are done at the school level, and many schools use these to inform their approaches to Indigenous issues and students. Each year, Alberta Education produces report cards with 16 selected indicators for schools to use as a basis for an evaluative discussion. It co-constructs the process for understanding classroom practice across a school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|alberta evaluative schools constructs partnering|10.154825|2.7815392|2.6110687
8580|Considering the steep fall in unemployment in the recent period, the imbalance between labour supply and demand seems to account for an ever-increasing proportion of persistent unemployment (Bassi and others, 2012; Cazes andVerick, 2013). To achieve this, it is important to create national vocational education and training systems that recognize the triple relevance of knowledge-building and skills development; meaning that training and educational content accords with employers' requirements, the aspirations of individuals —especially young people— and sustainable development needs (Biavaschi and others, 2012). In this context, and in view of the identified weaknesses, special emphasis must be laid on non-university technical training (lacinto, 2013).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training unemployment triple imbalance steep|8.314375|2.80665|2.838984
8581|The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) established in 2008, was one of the first schemes to include the forestry sector. The Australian Carbon Farming Initiative has been designed to cover all land-based sector emissions and sinks, the Republic of Korea passed the Carbon Sink Act in 2012, which integrates the forestry sector into its scheme. Forest sector offsets are also under consideration in the Japanese Bilateral Crediting Offset Mechanism (BCOM), and emissions trading schemes in Chile and China.|SDG 15 - Life on land|emissions sector forestry trading scheme|1.4955889|3.5131361|1.9388275
8582|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Washington, DC : PAHO, 2015. I. Legetic, Branka (ed.), Cecchini, Michele (ed.). Publication is available on the OECD web site (www.oecd-ilibraiy.org) and PAHO web site (www.paho.org). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate this publication should be addressed to the Communication Department (CMU), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.(www.paho.org/publications/copyright-forms).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|paho www org ed web|5.84155|3.8479671|2.509985
8583|While less common, independent permanent gender commissions and independent permanent Human Rights commissions were used as oversight institutions in 20-30% of countries. In Canada, the House of Commons Standing Committee on the Status of Women, created in 2004, is mandated to oversee the status of Women Canada - the lead national mechanism at the federal level (see Box 3.7). This all-party Committee comprised of male and female members of Parliament and chaired by a member of the Official Opposition, focuses on analysing a range of issues of importance to women, scrutinising government decisions and policy advocacy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|commissions permanent independent committee canada|10.247849|4.293969|7.3463616
8584|The prize has connected peace and child rights at the highest levels of morality, peace and society. I have been meeting a number of prime ministers and presidents and have had very good meeting with the UN Secretary-General and also with other UN agencies. It is at a stage where the government and intergovernmental agencies have to prioritize children because every single minute matters, every single child matters, every single childhood matters. To pay for travel and secure work abroad, aspirant migrants may have to borrow large amounts from agents. The agents and employers can then manipulate this credit to entrap workers. Other people may be forced to work as a result of incarceration or physical or sexual violence.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|matters single peace agents meeting|7.4140244|6.3352323|5.059865
8585|In some jurisdictions, regulators impose price caps to mitigate market power during peak hours. In markets which are not sufficiently competitive, it is argued that binding price caps are the cause - not the consequence - of under-investments (L6autier, 2012). In that case, removing price restrictions would not necessarily yield adequate generation capacity but would only increase monopoly profits.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|caps price monopoly regulators removing|1.7368573|1.7296362|1.8333516
8586|The project was first implemented in academic year 2010-11 on a pilot basis, and the Ministry has announced intentions to extend self-evaluation to all schools. The Ministry had made clear that the self-evaluation project is an effort to develop a culture of evaluation in a country where teachers have strongly opposed evaluation initiatives in the past. But this is only a first step toward a more comprehensive evaluation policy framework. As illustrated in Figure 1.17, a comprehensive system involves multiple components.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation comprehensive self ministry project|9.794412|1.7335275|1.4721651
8587|Access to finance for small- and medium-sized enterprises is a widespread problem, especially in developing countries, but care must also be taken to minimise risks that external funding can contribute to pressure for unsustainable expansion (UNESCO 2013). More generally, broader progress towards good governance and reducing bureaucracy is important for removing potential barriers to entrepreneurship and enterprise (Ratten 2014). However, ongoing and multiple concerns have been raised about employment practices, pay and conditions for local and migrant workers in different countries in both of these sectors (Cottle and Rombaldi 2014). Further intervention may be required in cases where selfregulation enacted through private sector manufacturing supply chains proves ineffective (Thibault 2009).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bureaucracy proves ineffective enacted minimise|5.2984247|3.9879963|3.0760741
8588|A classical system for expressing pollution with mainly organic matter from point sources is the saprobiological index. This system is also used in the country. Irregular sampling and determination is done by the University of Skopje, Faculty of Biology. Even if it is an older presentation, Map 7.6 shows clearly the high sewage pollution with dominant water quality classes III (alpha-mesosaprob) and IV (polysaprob), especially below bigger cities such as Skopje, Veles, Bitola and Stip, as well as the Vardar River, the Cma River, and the Bregalnica River.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river pollution expressing biology faculty|0.82189065|6.7313633|2.7559102
8589|For that, these tools need to be considered as part of a risk-reduction management system, because they make complementary contributions to the prevention, mitigation and recovery systems that exist in the region's countries. Kuriakose and others (2012) have argued that the design and implementation of the system should take account of a number of distinctive elements: (i) flexibility and the possibility of expanding the coverage and geographic zones of implementation; (ii) climatically-smart targeting;3 (iii) investments that promote and strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity; and (iv) the promotion of institutional capacity and resources for climate risk management. Vakis (2006) also argues that social programmes to cope with disasters need different operating criteria, including those that highlight the flexibility of adjustment and the extension of coverage to provide an effective response in the shortest possible time, and coordination between government efforts and those made by different non-governmental and private organizations.|SDG 13 - Climate action|flexibility coverage shortest implementation distinctive|1.5648226|5.1184072|1.7262602
8590|This prompted new legislation in 2016 that now makes access to health care a right for all Greek citizens and provides comprehensive coverage not only to them but also to irregular migrants and refugees (see also Box 3). Previously, the different occupation-based SHI funds had their own contribution rates and benefits packages, resulting in fragmented and unequal access to services. Today, the public benefits package is relatively broad and dental services have been added under the legislation establishing the new primary care system. In 2015 alone, the state and non-governmental organisations dealt with approximately 870 000 new arrivals, providing shelter, food and required medical assistance.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|legislation new prompted greek arrivals|8.681797|8.684493|2.149718
8591|Depending especially on the catchment characteristics and intensity of rainfall, relatively stable flow or short-duration flooding may result in rain-fed rivers. The beds of rivers flowing into desert sinks may be dry for a significant part of the year. The seasonal water availability situation is further influenced by climate variability and change. Consequently, the water management challenges vary in time and space.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|rivers desert sinks flowing fed|0.7890971|7.105144|2.921613
8592|Document management systems (DMS) are also sometimes used in order to draft, review and accept contracts. Often, if there are larger project consortia, one independent and assumed neutral company or the biggest stakeholder is responsible for contract management. The responsible party for contract management sets up the technology and acts as the administrator with access to all data and the possibility to change the status of documents.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|contract management responsible administrator consortia|1.2035406|6.618788|1.5494741
8593|Large farmers also enjoy the benefit of the programmes and sometimes are main beneficiaries. For instance, fertiliser subsidies dominate budgetary support. These payments are channelled through fertiliser companies and have been found to be costly and the extent to which benefits accrue to farmers has been questioned.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fertiliser farmers questioned accrue channelled|3.6561244|5.1789727|3.7848215
8594|At the sectoral level, greater consideration is being given to tax and regulatory policies that encourage producers to reduce their energy consumption and adopt more sustainable production technologies. The recent financial crisis in 2008 shifted attention to getting economies back on track and has diffused the focus on green growth. However, as economies gradually recover, attention on green growth has revived. In the case of Thailand, continuing political uncertainties mean that a green growth strategy may have to wait until after the long awaited elections in 2011 are held and a new government is formed.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|green growth attention economies wait|1.9119316|3.5772133|2.2251067
8595|While health care spending has declined in real terms in Italy during these different periods, significant growth rates have been reported in other OECD countries. Differences in health care spending are also found between Italy and European countries. In 2011, public health spending (after control for price levels) was 36% higher in European countries than in Italy.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|italy spending health european care|8.963705|9.00061|2.3826246
8596|Optimum use of land resources and more opportunity for urban-rural linkage - Conservation of farmlands - Higher quality of life due to and natural biodiversity more recreational activities - Fewer CO2 emissions due to shorter food travel mileage  - Rural economic development (urban agriculture, renewable energy, etc.) Better access to a diversity of local services and jobs - - Higher quality of life due to access to local services (shops, hospitals, etc.) They also can reduce automobile dependency through more economically viable public transport systems and by encouraging the use of walking, cycling and public transport.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport life optimum rural automobile|4.097592|4.860979|1.057466
8597|The PRODEEM programme provided mainly non-grid solar PV electrification to community installations, health facilities and schools. Top-down management with little local stakeholder involvement, lack of cost-recovery schemes, and lack of co-ordination with grid electrification plans severely affected the results of PRODEEM (Goldemberg eta!., The target groups for rural electrification thus live mainly in the northern and north-eastern states of the country where electricity access at the beginning of LpT was lowest in both nominal and relative numbers: in the north-east 1.1 million rural households (34.4% of all rural households in the region), and in the north 447 thousand rural households (59.7% of all rural households in that region) lacked access to electric energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification rural households north grid|2.249386|1.8094935|2.6031802
8598|The latter are particularly important. While nuclear power has some system costs of its own, it remains the only major dispatchable low-carbon source of electricity other than hydropower which is in limited supply. Carbon prices will thus be an increasingly important tool to differentiate between low-carbon and high-carbon dispatchable technologies. The present study provides a contribution to the debate, which is still ongoing. Further research is necessary and will undoubtedly refine both methodologies and empirical results.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon dispatchable refine undoubtedly differentiate|1.3881273|1.906843|1.7373964
8599|Most 25-64 year-olds in Germany (55%) have attained a vocational qualification at either upper secondary or post-secondary level, the fourth largest proportion among countries with available data (the OECD average is 33%). Due to the high incidence of vocational qualifications, and the fact that a general degree (mostly Abitur) is dedicated to further education and not to direct entry in the labour market, only 3% of adults attain a general upper secondary or post-secondary qualification as highest degree, one of the smallest proportions among OECD countries (the OECD average is 12%) (Table Al. Between 2005 and 2012, unemployment rates decreased by 7 percentage points among adults without upper secondary education (from 20.1% to 12.8%), by 6 percentage points among those with an upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (from 11.0% to 5.3%); and by 3 percentage points among those with a tertiary qualification (from 5.6% to 2.4%).|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary upper qualification post points|8.842787|2.9572787|3.3223505
8600|In the Brussels Capital Region, where the Flemish Community government is responsible for the 250 schools providing education with Dutch as the language of instruction, additional support is provided by the Flemish Community Commission in Brussels. The school board can finance the part which is not subsidised by means of a loan guaranteed by the Flemish government. As reported by the representative groups and stakeholders interviewed by the OECD review team, it is common for private and municipal schools to use a portion of their operating grants to pay off the loan that covers the portion not funded by public sources.|SDG 4 - Quality education|flemish brussels portion loan schools|9.432758|2.2934823|2.276162
8601|Energy suppliers will not want to see their revenues from government subsidies drop, nor will consumers want to pay full price for a resource they are used to obtaining at a lower cost. In many situations, weak knowledge or fear of the unknown related to renewable and low carbon energy technologies is an issue to be overcome. The structure of the energy supply sector may also be challenging, with strong interests resisting change. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|want energy agroforestry nairobi unknown|1.793254|2.2627254|2.297771
8602|This is an important aspect of it, necessary for advocating for better rights and working conditions. On the other hand, scholarly research on migration and development has also focused on the agency of migrants, mostly through the glorification of the role of remittances for development. The policy field is populated by simplistic storylines (e.g., 'women remit more’, ‘women are agents of development’) that have very little to do with women's realities, aspirations and struggles in the Global South. While de-contextualizing and de-personalizing their experi-ences,such headlines also silence the global structural inequalities that are foregrounded by human rights-focused literature in the name of‘development’.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|development focused women rights struggles|9.161636|4.948419|7.102583
8603|In the Netherlands, the national associations of mental health care professionals have developed national (multidisciplinary) guidelines for the treatment of several mental illnesses. Evaluation is carried out according to positive or negative performance rating according to aspects of services. While mental disorders comprise a large burden of disease they are generally undertreated, partly because people with mental disorders are not adequately identified resulting in a large treatment gap.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental disorders treatment according multidisciplinary|10.374327|8.94355|1.8264146
8604|Output volume of the food processing industry fell in every year from 1990 until 1999, except 1997. From 2000 to 2008, the annual average growth in processing of food products, including beverages and tobacco products, was 9.5%, and the value of production in 2008 was KZT 734 billion (USD 6 billion). The share of food processing, including beverages and tobacco products, in industrial output in 2008 was 7.2%.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|processing beverages tobacco products food|3.9934068|5.1656547|4.526786
8605|If a home visit is deemed necessary, the GP decides if the patient's condition is suitable for an ECP, or whether a GP is required (Halter et al., Variations on this model enable the patient to be transferred to another health service, such as a primary care centre, instead of an emergency department. These initiatives should be considered particularly in the rural context, and scaled up where appropriate.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gp patient decides visit deemed|9.242443|8.838403|1.6201628
8606|Developments in agricultural productivity growth and resource use are first presented to outline the issue. The different ways innovation systems, agricultural policy, farm structure and other factors affect agricultural productivity and sustainability are then discussed. Suggestions are made to strengthen innovation systems, and to improve agricultural policies, in order to foster agricultural productivity growth efficiently and sustainably.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agricultural productivity innovation outline suggestions|3.9469216|5.200668|3.7795756
8607|For example by washing atlowertemperatures, avoiding tumble-drying, avoiding fabric conditioners, avoiding certain care products, technical (and aesthetic) lifetimes can be extended. Environmental impacts of laundering are simultaneously reduced. Information on howto carry out simple repairs can also extend lifetimes.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|avoiding lifetimes repairs drying fabric|0.72286856|3.8129852|3.0649219
8608|Review, in this context, other countries’ experience with establishing universities of applied sciences or polytechnics and the role of local industry in developing specific curricula and assessing future demand for graduates. This is a major task (see also the recommendations regarding internationalisation). Overall, the result can be described as a modem, middle-of-the-road governance structure with performance-based budgeting processes, long-term planning, a science and innovation advisory council with two main ministries in charge, a number of agencies with differing degrees of independence, a funding system with more than 20 individual programmes and a variety of feedback and communication loops. Performance-based budgeting needs fine tuning and long-term planning should encourage continuity of action.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|budgeting internationalisation loops performance planning|7.4427485|2.5846229|2.4928489
8609|"According to Aure and Grimsrud, the latter might be instrumental in maintaining or even recreating traditional gender roles since some newcomers (most often the women of the family) might need to work less in order for the families to have more time together. "" Such messages may be disagreeable to women and men who want a more equal everyday life"" (Aure and Grimsrud 2013:191, own translation). At the same time, globalisation and the internationalised market have created an increased competition from abroad which have put pressure on a number of the traditional industries of the peripheral areas. Furthermore, Danish jobs are increasingly centralised, and with this the demand for mobility among the residents of the peripheral areas have increased."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peripheral traditional everyday increased globalisation|9.014618|4.8179245|6.7479615
8610|Le gouvernement doit assurer la transparence de ses intentions et les communiquer aux acteurs concernes en temps utile. Productivity Growth in Agriculture: An International Perspective, CAB International, Oxfordshire, Royaume-Uni. The geographic, demographic, political and economic characteristics of the country are presented, as are the key trends in agriculture since 1990.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agriculture intentions ses aux international|3.8908758|5.2399664|3.7432954
8611|Changing the area would require the model to be able to allocate water demand for irrigation according to different crops and actual locations; this facility is currently not available. Even if the Enuironmental Outlook Baseline projection were to consider a modest expansion of irrigation,1 the associated growth in irrigation water demands would not alter the total demands decisively. These are increasingly determined by much faster growing demands for domestic and industrial use and electricity production. Other projections of total water demands show a comparable picture (Shen, 2008). However, despite being equipped, the area is often not irrigated for various reasons such as lack of water, absence of farmers, land degradation, damage and organisational problems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|demands irrigation water area total|1.0713289|7.4005013|2.8892832
8612|"Pregnant women are exempt from copayment for normal delivery services. Pregnant women are also exempted from co-payments in outpatient care. The average co-payment for primary care provided in ""ordinary practices"" is NZD 28.20 (USD 19.06)_for children aged six to seventeen years old and NZD 2.60 for children aged less than six. For primary care provided in VLCA practices, these copayments are respectively of NZD 7.65 (USD 5.17) and NZD 0."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nzd pregnant care aged usd|8.447068|9.082479|2.1154816
8613|This led to a demand for licensed electricians to gain the additional Grid Connected Photo Voltaic Installation qualification in order for home owners to access the rebate. The success of this approach resulted in over 200 licensed electricians completing the training within the timeframe of the policy driven demand. These panels form part of the EcoSkills Training Structure, a living Laboratory Learning facility, designed and built to sustainability principles by NSI carpentry, electrical and plumbing students and staff.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|licensed training timeframe demand completing|2.1945462|2.349579|2.2600043
8614|Even though women are in the labour market in ever greater numbers, marriage and childbearing often dampen their access to paid work. However, in many contexts, a single (often low) income is insufficient to pull the entire household out of poverty. Moreover, in a world that is increasingly monetized and marked by changing social risks and family forms, strengthening women's command of economic resources is hugely important. To answer this question, this chapter begins by explaining why it is important for a woman to have resources of her own—be it from labour market earnings, assets or entitlements to social protection—regardless of the family structure in which she lives (see Figure 4.2).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|family pull childbearing command labour|9.0502205|4.975287|6.2693176
8615|It is a useful tool for policymakers seeking to promote gender equality and improve women's well-being. Using a sample of 13,505 couples from the 2008 China National Time Use Survey (CTUS), this study examines the relationship between bargaining power and the amount of time allocated to household and care work and market work. It is found that wives spend a longer time working in a day (556 minutes) than husbands (520 minutes). The findings also show that the impact of bargaining power on women's time in unpaid work is complicated.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|minutes bargaining time work power|9.009191|4.78162|5.5784197
8616|Products with MFN rates higher than 15% were subject to a 5% rate in 2005, and entered China/ASEAN-6 duty free starting in 2006. The Agreement on TVade in Goods between ASEAN and China was signed in November 2004 and set out the modalities for tariff reductions and elimination for tariff lines categorised in either the Normal Track or the Sensitive Track commencing on 1 July 2005. Tariff lines on the “Normal track”, covering 40% of tariff lines, were gradually reduced and traded duty free from 1 January 2010 (for ASEAN-6 and China) or 2015 (for ASEAN-4). Products on the “Sensitive” track were further categorised into Sensitive and Highly Sensitive Lists.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|asean track tariff sensitive lines|4.022848|4.740202|4.174777
8617|Women currently aged over 50 who have had full careers (less than ten years outside work and full-time education) are no less likely to provide daily informal care than women who have had interrupted careers. As a result, while female labour force participation rates are expected to increase in the future, this may not be enough to reduce gender inequalities in the provision of informal care — unless they are accompanied by broader shifts in perceptions of gender roles (Chapter 14). Effective social protection and infrastructure for LTC and better support for caregivers are therefore likely to remain important parts of policies against gender inequality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|careers gender informal ltc likely|8.921347|4.99166|5.8535657
8618|Moreover, about a fifth of the software associations surveyed for this report stressed that the general business environment in their countries constituted a barrier to growth. Given the variety of issues that can be considered under such a broad area, a discussion of relevant policy options needs to remain fairly general. The status of the ICT infrastructure was noted in chapter II to be of high relevance.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|general constituted stressed surveyed software|4.8327184|3.0776968|1.9822152
8619|Whereas for per capita GDP. Accordingly, if the poverty line is held constant in real terms, any change in the poverty indicator can be analysed in terms of changes in average income and the income distribution. The difference between this indicator and the poverty rate observed in the initial period can be interpreted as a “growth effect”.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty indicator terms interpreted income|6.331638|5.5806975|4.997598
8620|If countries overlook the soft components of the ICT roll-out such as skills, education, local content, inclusive policies, participation and institutional accountability, the impacts of the digital revolution will fall short. In the spirit of inclusive knowledge cities, broadband infrastructure and soft-components need to be conceived and rolled out jointly, to ensure a future human-centred, sustainable city development. Although automation may lead to loss of jobs, smart and knowledge cities will lead to the creation of jobs in IT, data analysis, research and in the socio-cultural and environmental sectors.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|soft components inclusive jobs lead|4.7020135|3.2765164|1.9793894
8621|Strengthening national and local capacities is therefore paramount to enable and build systems that support collection, analysis and dissemination of SDGs data and information, including supporting different forms of disaggregation, accompanied by spatial analysis, and the necessary mechanisms to aggregate urban data at country level. An effective implementation structure for SDG 11 at the national and sub-national levels requires reliable and effective governance structures and supportive frameworks for financing, innovations and institutional capacity-building, with a well-connected network of stakeholders at global, regional and national levels. In addition, most of the 234 SDG indicators have a direct connection to urban policies and a clear impact on cities and human settlements, since nearly one third of indicators are being measured at the local level.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sdg national indicators analysis effective|3.7128882|4.8808103|1.688379
8622|Around 10.5 per cent of them are living with HIV. Data at the national level, however. As evidence regarding the effectiveness of different services and treatment programmes (needle and syringe programmes, opioid substitution therapy, antiretroviral therapy and the provision of naloxone) becomes more accepted in the countries, it is expected that more targeted service programmes will be implemented in the region. The provision of psychological treatment services has been expanded in some countries in the region to respond to the demand for treatment for amphetamine-type stimulant use.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|therapy treatment programmes provision amphetamine|8.358176|10.176765|3.532962
8623|With regard to capabilities, SDG 4 advocates for the elimination of gender disparities in education and training and SDG 5 targets an end to violence, discrimination, and harmful practices, such as early and forced marriage as well as reproductive health and rights. Finally, women’s agency is linked to the target of effective participation in decision-making in the economic and political realm in SDG 5. Macrolevel policies coupled with gender job segregation have made it difficult for women in many countries to convert their greater productivity (related to higher educational attainment) into improved livelihoods, absolute and relative to men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sdg realm convert gender advocates|9.273876|4.4065447|7.1083307
8624|This chapter assesses the contribution of immigrant workers to GDP in Thailand, based on labour market and other information. Assuming that the economic contribution of immigrant workers is broadly related to the number of workers, it is possible to make a quantitative assessment of the direct output generated by immigrants in Thailand. As the sectoral distribution of workers is a major determinant of the contribution to GDP, this chapter starts with a brief review of sectoral development of the Thai economy and the position of foreign-bom workers in this regard.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers contribution immigrant thailand sectoral|7.1759477|3.5915315|4.2274804
8625|Regular reporting of adverse events was institutionalised in 2010, and a Safe Surgery checklist was introduced in the same year. The programme, run by the Ministry of Health and applying to CCSS as well as private facilities, focuses on accrediting health care providers. Accreditation is at a basic level, however, and essentially comprises verification that the facility complies with minimum requirements around staffing levels, equipment and documentation. More ambitious quality monitoring and improvement programmes have been abandoned.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|checklist institutionalised ccss staffing surgery|9.256259|9.455105|1.6394362
8626|The impact on people and ecosystems will depend on how the world adapts to those changes. Adaptation policies will need to be implemented to safeguard the well-being of current and future generations worldwide. The management of climate change risks is closely intertwined with economic development - impacts will be felt more by the poorest and most vulnerable populations. National governments and donor agencies have a key role to play and integrating climate change adaptation strategies into all development planning is now critical.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation intertwined safeguard climate change|1.4116762|4.921097|1.9498438
8627|Instead, it fosters the establishment and implementation of such agreements, as well as their further development. The Convention establishes principles and rules that form the basis for countries working together to protect and sustainably use their shared freshwater resources. Such measures include undertaking environmental impact assessments and other means of assessment, preventing and reducing pollution at its source, licensing and monitoring wastewater discharges and developing and applying best environmental practices to reduce inputs of nutrients and hazardous substances from agriculture and other diffuse sources. Parties are obligated to use water resources sustainably, taking into account the ecosystem approach.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sustainably fosters environmental diffuse undertaking|0.92833716|6.982215|1.8475764
8628|It sets out a vision, plan and timetable for achieving the United Kingdom's 2020 emission reduction targets, department by department. Updates on progress will be released quarterly and a final plan will be released following the confirmation of the fourth carbon budget in June 2011. A GIB to unlock finance for the transition to low-carbon growth will commence operations during the latter half of 2012.|SDG 13 - Climate action|released department carbon plan unlock|1.3376555|3.5132246|1.5091668
8629|Iftotal inputs exceed total outputs, the aquifer will recharge. Reductions in streamflow may lead to impacts on both instream habitat and to downstream or transboundary conflict over shared surface water allocations. If agricultural producers increase the efficiency of their irrigation systems while keeping pumping the same, recharge I3 will decrease, and once again there will be a reduction in outputs, storage, or a combination of the two.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|recharge outputs streamflow pumping allocations|0.7628713|7.422739|2.8833454
8630|It also details a comprehensive set of education policies and practices. Some of these policies and practices are designed to address the specific challenges immigrants face upon arriving in a new country; others are designed to foster the long-term integration of immigrants and their children. Students with an immigrant background in many education systems are at an increased risk of academic underperformance, of reporting feelings of alienation, high anxiety related to schoolwork and low satisfaction with life.|SDG 4 - Quality education|immigrants designed practices underperformance arriving|9.997961|2.6121767|2.7553136
8631|Results from PISA suggest that, across OECD countries, schools and countries where students work in a climate characterised by expectations of high performance and the readiness to invest effort, good teacher-student relations and high teacher morale tend to achieve better results, on average across countries and particularly in some countries. Even after accounting for socio-economic background and other aspects of the learning environment measured by PISA, the results show that reading performance is positively related to higher values on the PISA index of teacher-student relationship in 10 OECD countries, including the United States; on the index of disciplinary climate in 16 OECD countries, including the United States; and on the index of teacher-related factors affecting school climate in 14 OECD countries, including the United Stales (Table IV.2.13c in PISA 2009 Results Volume IV). It is noteworthy that in no country is there a negative relationship between any of these factors and learning outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa teacher countries results index|9.637577|1.8482727|2.7283459
8632|These arguments are not valid for normal frequent variations in yields or production, but for catastrophic risks that have low probability of occurrence and generate high and systemic damages (OECD, 2011a). Covering normal risks with government support programmes crowds out farmers’ proactive management of risks and creates moral hazard. The most appropriate policy response to market failure is the investment in information and databases.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|risks normal damages catastrophic moral|3.4637637|5.540919|3.8928285
8633|The following chapter examines policy coherence and the importance of local strategies to job creation. This does not necessarily correspond to the municipal level, where the public employment service has its antennas. Such municipal offices are often merely delivery agencies with low critical mass and strategic capacity, except in urban centres.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|municipal merely correspond mass coherence|3.9664276|5.3800783|1.7998282
8634|This has partly been due to insufficient application of the “normalised method” (MTN) and long transition periods in water sector reform when the Inter-Ministerial Committee for Economic Planning (CIPE) functioned as the regulator in areas where no management concession had been awarded. Despite increases, rate levels have remained low. While the average water supply rate in Italy is around EUR 0.90-0.95/m3 (with wide variations across the country), in many other OECD countries they are already between EUR 2 and 3/m3.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|eur normalised functioned rate concession|1.2990239|7.200094|1.8348663
8635|Many households with one worker will be poor and, in this scenario, the working poor will account for the largest proportion of those in poverty. While promoting the employment of second earners may help to alleviate poverty among couples, policies which increase hours worked and promote earnings progression will also be crucial for poverty reduction, particularly among single-adult households. At present, low-skilled groups have little chance of labour market progression. Meanwhile, interventions to help those in low-paid, dead-end jobs find better jobs, in particular through the promotion of education and training, could have a substantial influence on increasing wages and reducing poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty progression jobs households help|7.368375|5.7535243|4.914373
8636|This new law disqualified 95 per cent of the 630 women trained by ZNWL for the local government leadership for the previous three years. They could not qualify to contest elections, because they did not have the Grade 12 certificate. The ZNWL managed to lobby political parties to adopt other women to replace those that were disqualified and dropped out of the election race. However, there was no time to train the new women candidates in leadership skills.’|SDG 5 - Gender equality|leadership women contest lobby qualify|10.560855|4.332623|7.1527023
8637|In Viet Nam, a diversified farming system at the household level integrating vegetation, aquaculture and use of cages in animal husbandry has contributed to improvements in both income and nutritional outcomes (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013). For instance, improving fuel and combustion efficiency for the purpose of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions requires actions which may generate co-benefits in the health sector if they succeed in curbing air pollution and thereby ameliorate its health-related consequences and reduce the demand for health services. Air pollution is a classic example where public policy is required to enable environmental and health risks to be reduced at the same time.5 In a significant number of countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, more than 95 per cent of the population uses solid fuels for cooking (Forouzanfar and others, 2015). Poor households, women and children in particular are exposed to indoor air pollution (Smith and others, 2014; World Health Organization, 2014).|SDG 13 - Climate action|air health pollution organization husbandry|1.6488942|3.072012|2.8769357
8638|Finally, the Loughs Agency is an agency of the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission established under the British-Irish Agreement Act 1999 to provide the effective conservation, management, promotion and development of the fisheries and marine resources of the Foyle and Carlingford areas. These are the recommendations of the International Council for the Exploitation of the Sea and the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO). In 2006 the government reaffirmed its commitment to manage the wild salmon fishery in line with the scientific advice from 2007 onwards in the interests of conservation of wild stocks and the following year essentially closed the Irish mixed stock salmon fishery (principally drift nets and some coastal draft nets).|SDG 14 - Life below water|irish salmon conservation nets wild|-0.20659631|5.6948385|6.6154947
8639|Whilst most people with common mental disorders are in employment, the rate of employment for those with a common mental disorder (CMD) is 10 to 15 percentage points lower than the population without a CMD (OECD, 2012). Depression has been found to be highly correlated with poverty (Brown, 2012) (Figure 2.1). A wide number of publications underline the financial losses as a result of reduced output related to mental disorders, including Chapter 1 in this publication (Centre for Mental Health, 2010; OECD, 2012).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental disorders common underline disorder|10.266978|8.842417|1.9818292
8640|The challenge is not only to encourage innovation in general, but to steer the efforts and investments of innovators into fields of endeavor that are particularly critical for sustainable development. The above market and coordination failures are typically exacerbated in these fields because many of the goods and benefits to be generated by innovation have public good properties and generate positive externalities themselves. This means that the private incentives for engaging in innovation in these fields are attenuated even more than when innovation is applied to goods and services without sustainability attributes94. Moreover, because some of the benefits of innovations in fields critical for sustainable development will accrue to society at large rather than to the buyers of the respective products and services, innovations in these fields are also likely to be taken up more slowly by customers.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|fields innovation innovations goods critical|4.9715295|3.5185757|2.4135942
8641|Furthermore, for some types of adaptation actions, such as the provision of information on changing regional climatic conditions, the government may need to play a more central role. Unless these policies are “climate-proofed”, they may inadvertently hamper adaptation and prevent farmers from taking decisions that improve their resilience to future climatic circumstances. For example, agricultural policies that directly intervene in management practices and lock farmers into current practices that may have historically been best practice but are not well adapted to changing climate, require careful re-evaluation. Governments may assist farmers and other private agents in providing public risk management tools, such as early warning systems.|SDG 13 - Climate action|farmers climatic changing adaptation inadvertently|1.5087866|4.897642|1.90744
8642|This fiscal risk is further enhanced for clean electricity generation as the latter is likely to be subsidised at the beginning of the transition from conventional energy to clean energy (see investment promotion and facilitation section). Governments should therefore undertake careful benefit-cost analysis to justify the subsidy levels and financial analysis to ensure that the liberalisation process is fiscally sustainable, and provides sufficient - yet affordable - stimulus for the participation of clean energy investors. The design of clear procurement rules or of standard power purchasing agreements (which can be adapted to better accommodate clean energy IPPs) is also necessary to protect consumer interests.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|clean energy fiscally analysis justify|2.0065794|2.4132233|1.9557861
8643|The pathways between and among institutions in Penang are limited. According to Penang’s Self-evaluation report, “There are no multiple pathways with well co-ordinated transfer routes and accreditation, including transfer systems, to ensure flexible student transfer between different educational institutions or between higher education institutions.”, ( While Universiti Sains Malaysia has an agreement to allow the transfer of credit for students from public higher education institutions to continue their studies at university, this applies only for students transferring from public higher education institutions such as a polytechnic and UiTM. The OECD received no information on the number of students who take advantage of this credit transfer agreement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|transfer institutions penang pathways students|7.227137|2.5546832|2.4879076
8644|The breadth of policy reforms has varied dramatically across countries. In a few, there has been rapid structural change, whereas in a greater number of countries, changes have been limited to parametric change (reductions in salaries, pharmaceutical prices, increases in co-payments). The most common changes have been to reform pharmaceuticals both to pay less at a national level and to encourage more use of generics; increase co-payments; and to centralise purchasing or provision of health goods and services. That said, a number of reforms have attracted considerable critique and political unrest among workers, industry and the general population.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payments reforms critique generics changes|8.503826|9.127769|2.1008327
8645|In particular, municipalities have been found to show a high degree of flexibility in granting land use authorisations. The decisions of municipal authorities that are incompatible with state planning may find several roots. The economic returns for municipalities and their mayors of delivering land use authorisations may also be identified as a reason for municipalities to grant permits that are undesirable from a state territorial planning perspective. A final political aspect may also be envisaged; that of the mayor who, after three non-renewable years in office, would take advantage of his authority to facilitate projects that may put him in a better position in a political party or group. Ejidos make up 75% of the urban territory of the state of Morelos (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). Three types of property exist in Mexico: private property, which accounts for around one-third of the country’s land area; social property, which makes up more than half of the country’s territory; and public/federal property, approximately 10% of the total, which includes national parks and waterways.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|property municipalities morelos territory land|4.148738|5.599501|1.473653
8646|The monitoring system covers 99 national groundwater deposits, reservoirs and tail systems, 1,671 w'ells and 43 springs and includes 1,074 observation stations with automatic devices. Also, groundwater extraction is monitored for 7,000 major water users for different purposes (drinking water, industry and irrigation), with the supply network comprising 45,000 wells, 28,800 of which are functioning and pumping 17.7 million m3/ year. Since 2001, the investments in groundw'ater monitoring and exploration have increased by 15-20 per cent per year, all covered by a long-term programme folly funded by the State (chapter 3).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater monitoring springs deposits year|0.8960933|7.3569884|2.6325681
8647|Those who used to say there was no discrimination in their organizations were now keen to change the value system, re-evaluate jobs and work to create more mixed groups in the workplace. The chosen symbol shows a compass, a stamp, a runic representation and the smiling faces of two different individuals. The law therefore reflects compromises, such as the considerable flexibility allowed for the design of job classifications and other requirements among companies, although the standard must apply equally to all within the same company.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|keen compromises classifications faces chosen|9.660557|4.6366334|6.856413
8648|Of the seven countries for which child poverty can be estimated, the World Bank classes Guyana as lower-middle income, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Lucia and Suriname as upper-middle income, and Antigua and Barbuda and Trinidad and Tobago as high income. However, neither national income nor monetary poverty fully explains the variability in child poverty levels. For example, although Trinidad and Tobago has the highest per capita gross domestic product in the Caribbean, it does not have the lowest level of child poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|trinidad tobago poverty income child|6.910917|6.26419|5.29453
8649|This time trend is not as apparent among secondary and higher educated workers, though among these workers in all years the share of paid employment falls considerably with increasing experience. Figure 4.4 seems to suggest that many, particularly tertiary educated, workers do not stay in paid employment until retirement, and paid employment is not the same as a stable job. Figure 4.5 shows monthly income (in real 2005 ZAR) of South African-bom workers by levels of education and experience for each of the two census waves.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers paid educated employment experience|7.770284|4.0622096|4.343951
8650|This co-ordination ensures that economic growth is promoted through the region’s municipal development agendas and with respect to environmental preservation and social cohesion across the territory. This requires that certain federal criteria be met, which do not often coincide with local government criteria. Moreover, federal government support is conditioned on the availability of public resources.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|criteria federal conditioned coincide preservation|3.8495476|5.3404083|1.8247594
8651|"The capacity of a society to develop young peoples' literacy skills and well-being depends on its ability to provide the right kinds of human and material resources to support healthy development from conception to childhood and beyond. Educational Prosperity refers to the success of the education system in developing children's cognitive skills and their social, emotional, physical and spiritual well-being. The term ""prosperity"" simply refers to the condition of experiencing success or thriving (Willms, 2015)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|prosperity refers success thriving conception|9.023899|2.6300454|2.675676
8652|Robustness tests should be reported, to see whether policy relevant comparisons are robust to a range of plausible weights. Other inputs into the final weighting structure include national policies - often as presented in development plans - as well as participatory exercises with poor communities. The issue of weighting is no more challenging for the MPI than for other poverty indicators, such as imputing prices for non-market goods or adjusting rural and urban poverty lines for monetary poverty measures.|SDG 1 - No poverty|weighting poverty plausible robustness weights|6.4524236|6.552195|5.130222
8653|Strengthening public primary and community care would also result in fewer self-referrals to hospital emergency departments for minor ailments and conditions where treatment costs are much higher. Finally, managing chronic conditions better within primary care settings would contribute towards preventing deterioration and the need for hospital care. For example, GPs and private family doctors linked in to the myHealth system are now able to make referrals for services that could previously only be requested by hospital specialists. Additionally, the range of services provided in primary care has been expanded to include, for example, chronic disease management clinics and healthy lifestyle clinics.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital referrals care clinics primary|9.257731|8.897287|1.6686734
8654|By 2014, gender parity in access to primary, lower secondary and upper-secondary school had been achieved, on average, across the globe (UNESCO, 2016). In North Africa, for example, just 95 girls are enrolled in primary school for every 100 boys and, in sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio is 93/100. As for secondary schools, gender disparities are more widespread.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|secondary africa primary globe school|9.651432|4.271602|5.841486
8655|Hence, total system costs are higher and alternative arrangements induced by public intervention - which may just be confined to discontinuing subsidy payments - would increase total welfare. In several European OECD countries, but particularly in Germany, the advent of large amounts of intermittent electricity generated by solar power and wind power has been leading to large technical externalities with network operators and other producers, including nuclear energy, being forced to accommodate large swings in the production of renewable energy. It has also lead to important financial externalities with average prices tending to be lower and price volatility higher than they would have been otherwise.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|externalities large tending power advent|1.657198|1.9287671|1.9069725
8656|Typically, teacher assessment is presented in the literature as having higher validity than external assessment. Test items and grading standards may vary widely between teachers and schools, so that the results of internal assessments will lack external confidence and cannot be compared across schools. There might also be a high risk of bias, i.e. the assessment is unfair to particular groups of students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment external schools grading validity|9.642281|1.6860821|1.3756366
8657|It may be worth considering the creation of larger management units that could use economies of scale to put more rigorous quality assurance procedures in place. An assessment of whether economies of scale could be achieved if municipal water systems were grouped together might be made a condition for subsidies, as is the case in Austria. For example, while Dublin reduced the level of unaccounted-for water from 42.5% in 2003, it was still 37% in 2008.22 However, unaccounted-for water outside the Greater Dublin Area remains high, with levels in some localities exceeding 50% in 2008.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water economies scale localities rigorous|1.5451069|7.407833|2.2823288
8658|There is also an effort to shift from charging for irrigation water hased on the area covered to the volume of water used in many countries, especially where water stress is a serious issue. Policies regarding on-farm water resources, mainly groundwater, usually involve licenses and other regulatory instruments, but because of high transaction costs to enforce compliance, the degradation and illegal pumping of groundwater remains a challenge. To achieve sustainable groundwater use more effort will be required to enforce regulatory measures and develop mechanisms for volumetric management and charging, which is also essential for the management of surface water, especially where water stress is a serious issue. But achieving marginal cost recovery for groundwater supplies is complex, as is the development of groundwater markets.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater water charging enforce stress|1.0914376|7.5904603|2.5455005
8659|This leaves Indonesian policy-makers and consumers uneasy about the countiy’s vulnerability to international markets for these commodities and also uneasy about unforeseen events that may impact negatively on the countiy’s domestic food production capability. Transitory food insecurity is a concern for Indonesia not just because it is a net food importer, but also because possible international fuel price increases, macroeconomic shocks, plant and animal disease outbreaks and natural disasters all threaten the reliability of its food supplies. Over the three-year period 1990-1992, the average prevalence of undernourishment in Indonesia was 22.2% of the population, but by the 2011-13 period this measure had declined to 9.1% (FAO, 2013).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|countiy food indonesia unforeseen period|4.1435294|5.3756404|4.427414
8660|Figure 2 shows the trends in health care expenditure growth during three different recessionary phases. In each of the phases, the health expenditure was set equal to one at the point in time just prior to the start of the recession (peak year). Expenditure growth during the recession of mid-70s showed little sign of abating after the start of the recession.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|recession expenditure phases start growth|8.799577|8.758399|2.5827374
8661|In some countries, the implementation of a mixed model curriculum has been found to be less effective than pure “academic” or “comprehensive” approaches. Nevertheless, a clear dichotomy between the “academic” and “comprehensive” approaches is not necessarily warranted. For “Ever been expelled from High School”, this is the percentage of sample group members that had been expelled from High School.|SDG 4 - Quality education|academic comprehensive approaches dichotomy warranted|9.562831|2.40931|2.4518597
8662|To improve the health situation of indigenous peoples, there must thus be a fundamental shift in the concept of health so that it incorporates the cultures and world views of indigenous peoples as central to the design and management of state health systems. It is shaped by indigenous peoples' historical experiences and worldviews, and is expressed in the rules and norms that are applied in the community and practised by its members. To promote health and prevent illness, an indigenous community seeks to recuperate and maintain its interior and exterior equilibrium, including the harmony between community members who are sick and the world around them.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indigenous peoples health community members|9.623679|8.255194|3.3285773
8663|Improving policy coherence in managing fisheries can improve efficiency without compromising other objectives for the sector. Waste is both a national and global issue. Information on this subject is scarce, but what evidence there is suggests that the amount of waste, its value and environmental impact are significant.|SDG 14 - Life below water|waste compromising coherence scarce managing|-0.13305734|5.749413|6.5019603
8664|The INDCs of several countries indicate that they are in the process of developing a NAP, and imply that this may take several years (e.g. Uruguay and South Africa’s INDC indicate that the NAP will be developed by 2020). There can also be a significant delay between developing an overarching adaptation strategy, and a plan to implement that strategy. For example, France established a National Adaptation Strategy in 2006, and it took until 2011 for a National Adaptation Plan to be developed (Climate-ADAPT, 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|nap adaptation strategy indicate plan|1.1713008|4.720548|1.3982822
8665|However, further progress is needed to improve the comparability of gender-disaggregated data across countries. However, credit providers might also discriminate against women entrepreneurs. The banks and public support policies should ensure tight supervision to prevent any discrimination. In this regard, the Consumer Financial Protection Agency (CFPA) in the United States collects data on small business credit availability by gender, race, and ethnicity and enforces lending laws to ensure that loans are granted fairly to small business owners.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|credit business ensure small collects|8.767031|3.547189|6.4192815
8666|According to this definition, the proportion of rural-urban inequality is slightly lower than the case in the first grouping and explains 13.3% of overall inequality. China has made great progress in poverty reduction during the reform period. But the poverty reduction strategy has been implemented in rural and urban areas separately. Prior to the 1990s, when rural-urban segmentation was substantial, most poverty was concentrated in rural China, because urban residents were well protected by the welfare system.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|rural urban poverty china inequality|6.0647326|5.720849|4.697334
8667|In Germany, the tariffs and the degression rates are usually revised every four years but some additional adjustments are possible and have been recently used for photovoltaics. In response to the increasingly rapid deployment of solar power, the government introduced a volume responsive degression system in 2009 for photovoltaics.8 The system was revised in 2010 and in 2011 as solar generation capacities continue to expand at a high pace. These adjustments have been insufficient to control the development of photovoltaics and the government is revising again the support measures. Feed-in tariffs should be cut further and the degression system could be made more efficient by basing it on an analysis of price elasticities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|adjustments revised tariffs solar revising|1.6679451|2.0986779|2.1155126
8668|"Total funds are released according to the timeline presented in Table 3. These so-called ""social tariffs"" are not linked to LpT, but available also to urban consumers. Those who use up to 30 kWh per month pay only 35% of the regular residential tariff, while those consuming between 31 kWh and 80 kWh per month pay the reduced tariff of 60% of the regular residential tariff."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|kwh tariff residential month regular|1.9158436|1.9104271|2.0871463
8669|In common with the way clinical audits have traditionally developed in many countries, quality registers in Sweden focus predominantly on hospital and specialist care. Eight of the 73 quality registers also cover services provided in primary care: dementia, diabetes, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), palliative care, slow-healing wounds, asthma and Senior Alert (for reducing falls, malnutrition, pressure ulcers). However, in general, coverage of providers and data completeness in quality registers is considerably poorer in primary care than for the hospital sector. In part this is reportedly because staff find the add-on task of data collection and reporting for several quality registers burdensome, resulting in weak engagement by GPs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|registers care quality hospital palliative|9.221645|9.479333|1.9368919
8670|It is estimated that this reform helped to reduce the Gini coefficient, and thus inequality in personal income distribution, by 2 percentage points, without having any discernible disincentive effect (Martorano, 2012). A progressive tax system affects all income groups and their relative incomes, including the income gap between the middle-class and top income earners. On the expenditure side, social transfers and the free or subsidized provision of public services are often directed at specific groups, such as the poorest, families with many children, the elderly and the unemployed. From this perspective, social expenditure is better suited to preventing or reducing poverty and to protecting social groups that are particularly disadvantaged or vulnerable. However, to what extent public expenditure aimed at reducing inequality should be targeted to specific social groups, and how, has been subject to debate (UN/DESA, 2008). It has also been argued that targeting requires administrative capacities and involves transaction costs, and that the selection of the groups to be targeted may often be influenced by political interests (Mkandawire, 2007).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|groups expenditure income social targeted|7.1197824|5.451821|4.3867307
8671|In addition, both male and female victims often do not want to relive the traumatic experience and/or feel fear, shame, embarrassment and an unwillingness to become involved in the police and judicial systems. These stations/units are staffed primarily by female officers in order to provide an environment where women may feel more comfortable in reporting crimes. They often combine a number of specialised police officers with health and social workers, along with legal specialists, to form a team that can comprehensively respond to cases of gender-based violence, including domestic violence and sexual assault.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|officers feel police violence female|10.096476|4.96087|7.623087
8672|In short, it is an adaptive management cycle with planning, implementation, evaluation and adjusting activities. Within this general framework which is inherently sequential and not simultaneous it is relatively straightforward to calculate changes in landings, revenues, and costs. This information could be useful to commercial sector stakeholders and managers but does little to capture the role of economic information in affecting catch and processing strategies. Then the fishery is monitored to obtain estimates of the management control variables and stock indicators that can be used to refine the biological model and or to solicit stakeholder input that is used to re-estimate the assessment models, to determine new estimates of stock status, and then new management plans if necessary.|SDG 14 - Life below water|stock management estimates refine sequential|-0.24984092|5.7660036|6.774549
8673|Social insurance funds collectively negotiate with regional Medical Chambers and other health professions regarding health care provision in the areas of ambulatory (or outpatient) and rehabilitative care and pharmaceuticals. Efforts were made over a number of years to achieve more joint planning, governance and financing by bringing together the federal and regional levels and coordinating these with social insurance funds. The 2013 health reform was an important step in this direction, introducing a federal and nine regional commissions on health system governance involving all relevant actors (see Section S.3).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health regional federal insurance funds|8.741072|8.818013|1.9750692
8674|The ten selected projects will benefit from streamlined issuing of permits and the possibility of regulatory incentives, cross-border cost allocation, and funding under the European Union’s (EU) Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance and the Neighbourhood Investment Facility. In addition, two electricity and eight gas projects have been approved as Projects of Mutual Interest with the EU. It will require sustained political and institutional will if the economies are to achieve both national and regionally shared objectives by implementing the adopted legislative and regulatory' frameworks. At present compliance with the EU Third Energy Package is patchy at best, but is an essential prerequisite for the interoperability of the SEE and EU energy systems, as well as for improving the productivity and competitiveness of the sector at regional and national levels.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|eu projects regulatory patchy interoperability|1.838144|2.5065863|2.19372
8675|Instead, the cost of gasoline subsidies was transferred to PT Pertamina, which had to account for $1 billion in costs in 2015 alone to cover the difference between market prices and subsidized prices. This financial burden threatened the liquidity of the state-owned company. To counteract this, an Energy Security Fund was set up in 2016 to stabilise fuel prices, subsidising them when global fuel prices are higher than domestic prices and using additional revenue to fill the fund while global prices are low.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|prices fund fuel pt subsidising|1.5664817|2.7769296|2.20659
8676|All tobacco products must cam' health warnings and messages covering at least 50 per cent of the packaging. Smoking in public places and public transport facilities, including outdoor areas, parks and playgrounds, is forbidden. According to the Law, the instruments or equipment used for diagnosis or radiotherapy shall be calibrated and under regular quality control and quality assurance.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|warnings packaging outdoor tobacco messages|9.148212|9.437744|3.0564218
8677|The key elements are economic stability and growth, supportive trade regulations and a sufficient domestic capacity of the manufacturing sector. Restricted access to global markets through trade barriers limits the opportunity for productivity increases and expansion of the manufacturing sector. While limited access to global markets prevents the implementation of new technologies due to lack of access to innovations, trade barriers hamper the creation of demand for new products.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|trade manufacturing access barriers markets|4.918534|3.7165859|2.9682271
8678|State subsidies for education could be utilised to reduce the gap between private and social returns, internalising some of the externalities. The first one is a macro approach, drawing on the empirical growth literature. The role of human capital accumulation in explaining income differences across countries and over time is explored extensively (Mankiw etal.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|extensively utilised explaining explored accumulation|9.045507|2.160508|2.909019
8679|Some countries have reached the economic limit in terms of sewerage connection and must find other ways of serving small, isolated settlements. In the BRIICS countries significant improvements have been made over the past two decades with an average of 89% of the population of the BRIICS having access improved drinking water sources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|briics sewerage serving isolated connection|1.6279325|6.954082|2.576048
8680|This model can help guide pedagogical and assessment design, feedback and evaluation of MLMS learning for scalable technology-enhanced innovative pedagogies (TEPI) and serve as a framework to guide policy-makers, practitioners and researchers towards implementing TEPIs at scale. The rationale is often based on the expectation that learning through ICT will transform the learning process (Pelgrum and Law, 2003) to achieve 21st century outcomes such as collaboration, communication, creativity and critical thinking (Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2009). However, principals indicating that ICT is very important for achieving pedagogical goals remain few in number, particularly so in economically developed countries with high computer/student ratios and levels of Internet access. E-Learning needs to be an integral part of a deep pedagogical transformation in order to bring about the 21st century outcomes often mentioned in policy documents (Law, 2008a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogical century learning guide ict|8.821721|1.5168904|2.0603187
8681|The Institute for Apprenticeships w'ill also be responsible for working with employers to articulate a common set of transferable workplace skills to be required by each technical pathway. The government also proposes to create colleges for high-level technical skills training (mostly Levels 4 and 5), called National Colleges, for the development of skills known to be in high-demand, including high-speed rail, digital skills, nuclear, onshore oil and gas, and the creative and cultural industries. Furthermore, to meet recognised demand for higher-level STEM skills, Institutes of Technology will be introduced to co-ordinate technical education in STEM subjects at higher levels (Levels 3, 4 and 5) across higher education, further education and private providers and industry. Students studying in National Colleges and Institutes of Technology at Levels 4 to 6 will be eligible for income-contingent Advanced Learning Loans, similar to those offered to university students. But in addition to more skills, investing in the right skills is equally important. Targeted financial incentives can promote access to higher education for individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds, or encourage the development of specific high-demand skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills colleges levels higher technical|8.172587|2.6246533|2.7493386
8682|If they decide to cash out their social package entitlement (which covers health services and transportation to the place of medical treatment), then they receive an additional RUB 450 (USD 40). Payment rates vary per beneficiary category (see below): disabled WWII veterans can receive up to RUB 2 000 per month (USD 80) if they cashed out their social package, while survivors of disabled WWII veterans would get far less (Table 3.4). In nominal terms, payments more than doubled, and together with the substantial increase in pension payments (Chapter 4), this contributed to the eradication of poverty among pensioners, at least when the latter is measured in absolute terms against the prevailing minimum subsistence level.|SDG 1 - No poverty|disabled package payments receive usd|7.4950843|5.7558374|4.378365
8683|The estimated health impact of air pollution in Kazakhstan is sizeable: premature mortality attributed to air pollution was estimated at 16 117 deaths for the 2008-2010 period, with the highest mortality estimate due to air pollution in Almaty City (Kenessariyev et al., This last study also concludes that the impact of air pollution on premature mortality in Kazakhstan is notably higher than in Russia and Ukraine. However, environmental monitoring systems are not sufficiently funded, and environmental statistics do not always reflect the current pollution load on the environment (World Bank, 2016a).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|pollution air mortality premature kazakhstan|3.5002837|4.810049|1.1599995
8684|There is a training centre for PES staff at the Japanese Institute for Labour Policy and Training; employees will be asked to attend a certain number of training sessions during their career. Although many job vacancies are accessible on the PES website (www.hellowork.go.jp), jobseekers are still often advised to visit Hello Work offices in person (this is discussed further in Chapter 3). Compared with the current 550 principal and branch offices, the PES had about 700 thirty years ago, since many offices in remote areas have been closed since.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|pes offices training hello advised|8.245049|4.8988457|3.9942312
8685|It covers 27 EU member states as well as Norway and Iceland. Most of the 14 child-specific items available in the EU-SILC 2009 refer to children5 aged 1-15, apart from the two items related to school education that apply to school-age children only. The EU-SILC 2009 methodology specifies that if one child in the relevant age category lacks an item, all children in the household are flagged as lacking this item.|SDG 1 - No poverty|item silc eu items child|7.20948|6.4691796|5.2218494
8686|While not taking into consideration the newly arrived students from 2015 onwards, PISA findings further indicate that, similar to most OECD countries, first-generation immigrant students in Sweden were the most academically disadvantaged among students with an immigrant background. Second-generation immigrant students are students who were bom in the country in which they sat the PISA test but who have two foreign-born parents. Returning foreign-born students are students who were not born in the country in which they sat the PISA test but who have at least one parent who was bom in such country.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students born immigrant pisa bom|9.824504|2.4903333|3.1419678
8687|The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. The effectiveness of climate finance can be defined as the extent to which an activity attains its stated aims.|SDG 13 - Climate action|group ccxg delegates industrialised climate|1.2084705|4.1035557|1.1973054
8688|"These approaches have been fully assumed by ECLAC, which has declared that ""living in poverty does not involve just not having the income necessary to cover basic needs; being poor also means suffering social exclusion"", which prevents one from participating fully in society. "" Ultimately, poverty is not being entitled to rights, the negation of citizenship."" ( Barcena (2010, p.2)."|SDG 1 - No poverty|fully poverty prevents declared citizenship|6.630681|6.189784|4.7599993
8689|The difficulty of corrupting information in the block chain strengthens the traceability of fish products along the value chain, which will enable more fisheries, aquaculture farms and fish processing facilities to meet import requirements such as the country of origin and phytosanitary standards of many countries. Improved traceability will also make it possible to fulfil growing buyer demand for legally and responsibly sourced fish. In some fisheries and aquaculture farms, it will assist in meeting certification requirements.|SDG 14 - Life below water|traceability fish farms aquaculture chain|0.2613042|5.79855|6.7253656
8690|Families can enable women and girls to flourish and realize their potential, as well as being the building blocks for thriving communities, societies and economies. But families can have a darker side: they can be places of violence and discrimination, spaces where women and girls are often denied the resources they need, where they sometimes eat least and last and where their voices are stifled and their autonomy is denied. As such, the recognition of families as an ambivalent space for women and girls has been at the heart of this Report.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|denied girls families women thriving|9.60993|5.0947375|6.9093976
8691|Training in water use management can be invaluable for water demand management. Green economy implementation provides an opportunity to refocus development priorities on water. During the interview process, a water expert remarked, ‘in future we cannot live without the green economy, hence we must think green in everything we do -starting from water management’. It is recognised that the national water infrastructure is archaic and needs upgrading. The infusion of appropriate technologies including information and communications technologies into the water sector is highly recommended.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water green management technologies invaluable|1.188725|7.128827|2.0131123
8692|Public hospital-based physicians are salaried employees. Despite the commitment to the Health System being legally enforced, policy concerns have been raised over regional differences in population health status, and access and quality of health services (OASI, 2016). This calls for an effective performance management of hospitals, clinics and professionals at regional level (OECD 2014).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health salaried regional clinics enforced|9.102802|9.045263|1.9320003
8693|The former captures more precise information about particular conditions, while the latter enables patients' outcomes to be compared across a range of conditions. Patients complete surveys before and 3-6 months after a surgical procedure to assess whether the intervention improved their health. Hospital-level data are publicly reported, with applied case-mix adjustment to ensure meaningful comparisons can be made between hospitals. Among the clinical areas using PROMs are cardiac, breast cancer and rheumatism care, as well as care for hip fracture and spinal surgery. The purpose is to assess whether patients need check-ups, tests and other treatment to promote high-value care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients care assess conditions surgical|9.156426|9.543635|1.780352
8694|Policies targeting spatial investments should on this basis consider not just national but regional economic geography. Good urban-rural linkages, in the form of infrastructure and institutional support, can therefore help input-intensive sectors to flourish. Consequently, providing serviced and viable secondary-city alternatives may give mature firms better locational options.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|serviced mature geography alternatives viable|4.104756|5.2266765|1.7366688
8695|At the time, the World Health Report 2002 estimated that achieving the millennium goal of “halving by the year 2015 the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water” would yield a gain of approximately 30 million DALYs worldwide. Achieving universal access (evaluated at 98% coverage) of improved water supply and basic sanitation plus disinfection at point of use would result in an additional 553 million DALYs. A catastrophic drought in 1834 meant that water availability dropped from 75 litres per capita per day to 1 litre per capita per day and triggered a cholera epidemic. This in turn led to the construction of a canal to bring water, which allowed augmenting water supply to 370 litres a day after its completion in 1848.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|dalys water day litres achieving|1.6945353|7.003494|2.5625398
8696|Some 64% is cropland, 15% forest, 14% grassland and ~5% urban/industrial area. Nevertheless, as reported, this range of measures needs to be improved and other measures also need to be introduced. In Hungary, groundwater abstraction regulation is used and effective; water use efficiency measures, monitoring, public awareness, protection zones and wastewater treatment and data exchange need to be improved; and vulnerability mapping, regional flow modeling, good agricultural practices, integration with river basin management, and arsenic treatment or import of arsenic free water are needed.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|arsenic measures treatment improved modeling|0.6385562|7.0286937|2.67347
8697|Such protection is for the benefit of both the man and the woman. Reforms have also been conducted regarding the age of marriage. For instance in Djibouti, Egypt and Morocco, the age of marriage for both men and women is now 18. Polygamy is still allowed but is more restricted than before and is put under judicial review.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage polygamy age djibouti judicial|9.606473|5.2356353|6.962849
8698|There has also been a growing number of people dying from diabetes, linked to the growing prevalence of Type II diabetes, with mortality being one of the highest in the EU. The number of people dying from Alzheimer's and other dementias has more than tripled since 2000, also reflecting population ageing, better diagnosis and lack of effective treatments, as well as more precise coding. These are leading health problems that, even if not fatal, have serious life-limiting consequences.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|dying diabetes growing alzheimer coding|9.336|9.102726|3.0541306
8699|Countries who are most successful in activating their skills potential share a number of features. They provide high-quality lifelong learning opportunities, both in and outside school and die workplace. They develop education and training programmes that are relevant to students and flexible, both in content and in how they are delivered.|SDG 4 - Quality education|lifelong die delivered workplace features|8.593626|2.5187674|2.483139
8700|What is the picture in key emerging economies? Has the growth of income inequality been mirrored by rising inequalities of wealth, well-being and opportunity? This chapter charts the drastic rise of income inequality in OECD countries since the 1980s, examining the key drivers over the short and longer term with a focus on the role of technological change, reforms to labour market institutions and the advance of globalisation.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality mirrored charts drastic key|6.7302976|4.8677416|4.530823
8701|Such a vision should be constructed with the knowledge that considerable work remains to be done to attain excellence and equity throughout Chile’s education system. The Chilean government should continue to challenge outdated practices and structures that circumscribe the potential of its people, and should continue its endeavour to foster life-changing learning opportunities for all.|SDG 4 - Quality education|continue endeavour outdated chilean attain|10.211323|1.9768807|2.4401143
8702|"In most OECD countries, hospital performance is measured either as absolute targets or observed changes overtime. Estonia and the Netherlands also use P4P in primary care but did not provide additional information. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom also use P4P for outpatient specialist cate but did not provide additional information. The categoiy ""other"" refers to hospital management in Luxembourg and the efficient use of medication in France."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital netherlands did use additional|8.999134|9.257537|1.7932522
8703|Consider, for example, maternity, paternity and parental leave policies. These policies may encourage equal enjoyment of rights by partners by enabling both parents (often mothers and fathers, but also same-sex parents) to take paid or unpaid time off to care for a newborn/adopted child. When this happens, they foster a more equitable division of childrearing responsibilities in the family and give women (or the primary caregiver in a same-sex family) greater opportunities for career advancement.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sex parents newborn family caregiver|9.34049|5.1635017|5.956454
8704|Utilities are obliged to purchase renewable energy electricity from different sources according to pre-defined ratios in order to foster more cost-efficient renewable energy technologies. Experience in Poland and Sweden shows that the legislator needs to set a sufficiently high penalty payment to enforce compliance with the quota obligation. The penalty should exceed the marginal generation costs for renewable electricity. Quota-based mechanisms sometimes operate without certificate trading and can also be combined with tender mechanisms or feed-in tariffs (FiT).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable penalty quota mechanisms electricity|1.7820395|1.8209765|1.9235138
8705|Put more simply, this implies that the largest city is twice as large as the second-largest city, three times as large as the third and so on along the uiban hierarchy. While the relationship tends to break down at small scales, it holds remarkably well for many countries across a very wide range of city sizes (Gabaix and Ioannides, 2004). There is also the question of whether Zipfs Law implies some constraints in the pattern of uiban growth, i.e. that the growth trajectories of individual cities could not change the overall city-size distribution (Duranton, 2007).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city uiban implies largest trajectories|4.052407|5.166895|1.4917173
8706|Sluggish productivity growth over the past two decades raises the question of how to develop better skills and use them more efficiently to achieve stronger and more inclusive groivth. Improving the performance of compulsory and tertiary education would help all students acquire the right skills. Ensuring adults upgrade their skills is another key challenge, which involves strengthening the adult learning system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills sluggish upgrade acquire efficiently|8.830416|2.6764224|2.831757
8707|The answer to that question is “no”. The definition of “access to improved water” is quite minimalist - i.e. water that is not shared with animals! A more stringent definition reveals that 2 billion human beings continue to have access only to unhealthy water, and between 3 and 4 billion - roughly half the human race - continue to drink water of dubious quality. In addition, as urban environments expand, the supply of water and sanitation infrastructure will not be able to keep up with population growth.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water definition continue billion unhealthy|1.6601679|6.9779124|2.5589821
8708|The DNI combines vacant lots acquired via eminent domain with city-owned parcels and leases these to private and non-profit developers for the purpose of building affordable housing consistent with the community’s master plan. According to the initiative’s 2014-15 annual report, the group had an annual budget of around USD 3.7 million, which was allocated to programme costs, administrative costs, community capacity building and special events. It has historically relied on loans from organisations, including a USD 2 million loan from the Ford Foundation and USD 1.4 million from the Riley Foundation to acquire vacant lots and reconvert them.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|lots vacant usd million foundation|4.7119102|5.8089705|2.1964455
8709|In publicly funded colleges, government involvement can extend to admissions policies, programme approval, curricula, institutional planning and working conditions. Vocational education straddles both secondary and tertiary sectors; training may be offered during the last two years of secondary school or in separate specialised schools, or in public and private colleges. Admission requirements for universities and colleges are based largely on secondary school academic performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|colleges secondary school admission admissions|8.565709|2.6250355|2.7341177
8710|In Nepal, over the last decade, the share of women migrant workers has significantly increased. The National Population Census 2011 shows that about 13 per cent ofthe absentee population is composed of women. Due to prevailing patriarchal norms and values and skewed policy, female labour migration is traditionally stigmatized and associated with sex work or equated to trafficking.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|skewed patriarchal population ofthe composed|8.836525|5.288139|7.0429916
8711|Such cognitive engagement by students depends on the quality of interactions between teachers and students around meaningful content and the quality of teacher explanations (e.g. Clarke, Resnick and Rose, 2015; Patrick, Mantzicopoulos and Sears, 2012). However, guided discovery’ learning, in which teachers provide feedback, assist learners and elicit explanations, is effective for larger numbers of students (Alfieri et al., Therefore, teachers always need to guide students, even throughout instructional phases when students have more freedom and responsibility for their own learning activities. Unfortunately, there is even less empirical evidence about the relationship between adaptive and equality of opportunity than on the effectiveness of adaptive teaching. They have showrn that high quality instruction can reduce inequalities (Borman et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|students explanations teachers adaptive quality|8.864319|1.4134164|1.8500386
8712|Spending on Active Labour Market Programmes (ALMPs) cannot be disaggregated in financial transfers and services; they are, however, included in the total public spending (shown in brackets); 2005 data for Australia, Mexico, Turkey and the United States. Data do not include public spending on housing and utility services, except for income-tested housing cash payments as included in the totals in Table 3.3. Spending on income support to the working-age population concerns non-pension related income support payments, see Table 3.3.|SDG 1 - No poverty|spending payments income housing included|7.499128|5.6204877|4.280099
8713|Today women are a central force in this movement. Women's participation and representation has increased, they have taken up positions of leadership and significant strides have been made to achieve parity in women's representation in decision-making bodies. In its Latin American section, for example, parity was established in 1997. Women's specific concerns have also gained greater visibility on the movement's agenda. When Via Campesina developed its political position on food sovereignty in the late 1990s, for example, women argued that because women are primarily responsible for the well-being of their families, food sovereignty must include a drastic reduction in the use of health-endangering agrochemicals.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women sovereignty parity movement representation|9.7543125|4.4267516|7.1260614
8714|In addition, it is regulated that the umbrella organisations provide support to schools via their PBDs. Furthermore, networks and umbrella organisations are key players in the VLOR. This position makes the umbrella organisations indispensable in the development and implementation of attainment targets.|SDG 4 - Quality education|umbrella organisations indispensable players regulated|9.744124|2.040636|2.0448308
8715|The Belgian Public Waste Authority Transition Network is a partnership that has developed a long-term vision to innovate on a system level (not incrementally) and to create a “transition path” to more sustainable material practices. The Network’s focus areas include closing material cycles, designing safe materials to circulate in closed cycles, increasing services (shifting from selling products to offering services) and creating more sustainable plastics. Weaving these diverse policy mechanisms into combinations which would reinforce each other can help to generate more effective, efficient and lasting outcomes.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|cycles material transition network incrementally|0.6337787|3.9217768|2.9885275
8716|Despite this objective, however, no information directly linked with the field of ICT in initial teacher education was found. This is the case for the Czech Republic and Greece. To date, 92 000 teachers (76% in total) have been already familiarised with basic computer applications, while the rest of the teachers are currently attending such courses.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers attending computer greece czech|8.734248|1.4384099|2.160294
8717|While male jobs grew by 25% between 2000 and 2012, female jobs barely increased (Table 1). The labour market and higher school attendance “absorbed” fully the estimated net increase in male working age population over the past decade. At the same time, about 70 million women dropped out of the labour force as available jobs were scarce (net of the rise in school attendance).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|jobs attendance male net barely|9.089412|4.317235|5.6274405
8718|Also of concern is the reported suspension of opioid substitution treatment in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol43 since March 2014, which reportedly has had serious consequences on the patients who were receiving such treatment. Worldwide, the highest prevalence rates of persons who inject drugs continue to be found in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. Approximately 40 per cent of the estimated global number of persons who abuse drugs by injection and are living with HIV reside in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. For example, Ukraine reported a prevalence rate of HIV infection of 6.7 per cent among injecting drug users.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eastern drugs hiv prevalence persons|8.392031|10.132719|3.479247
8719|This makes their provision a matter of policy choice and contestation, In addition, technological changes have an impact on the provision of such infrastructure, including through a shift to less capital-intensive techniques and increased competition (Markard, 2011; Torrisi, 2009; Kasper, 2015). Electricity generation has historically relied on conventional fossil fuels and involved large centralized power stations. Transmission and distribution are responsible for moving electricity from power stations to users.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|stations provision electricity power centralized|1.755896|1.7722195|2.1393886
8720|As a result, upper-middle income working class rather than the top income class shouldered the burden. This, coupled with corruption, led to much higher administrative costs and compliance costs of a progressive PIT in developing countries than in developed countries, and left many loopholes that the rich, who are more resourceful and connected, could exploit. Reforms towards comprehensive PIT can include a progressive element as incomes from investment/capital gains, when taxed separately, are normally taxed at a flat rather than progressive rate.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|progressive pit taxed class costs|6.7417765|4.9416604|4.2123394
8721|Close interaction with female role models whose own position may be seen as attainable can be particularly important in engaging female participants in sport and in building their own leadership skills. When specifically designed, sport-based programmes can provide a safe environment in which young women, in particular, can develop a range of skills and experiences through involvement in coaching, officiating and a range of other roles (Murray 2016). Such programmes can also be a particularly effective context in which girls and women can build strong and mutually supportive relationships (Kay 2009; Sarnie et al.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sport female range attainable skills|10.086485|5.0773005|6.740546
8722|The development of a policy on recertification (which would include The safety and appropriate use of pharmaceuticals in Portugal is ensured by INFARMED, the national authority for medicines and health products. Sweden does not have an accreditation system for health care organisations. For some professions the diploma has to be supplemented with a certificate of completion of a specific internship/practice experience. There are no formal, national systems of CME and CPD or for recertification.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cme internship cpd diploma professions|9.3650255|9.20919|1.7143668
8723|This implies a decrease in catch from the 2012-level of 60 000 tonnes, and a decrease in value of NOK 1.7 billion. The first-hand value of these farmed species amounted to NOK 29.6 billion in 2012 and NOK 39.8 billion in 2013. Fanning of other marine species is modest. Of this, exports of capture fish accounted for NOK 18.8 billion whereas farmed fish accounted for NOK 42.2 billion.|SDG 14 - Life below water|nok billion farmed accounted decrease|0.31366122|5.9878116|6.713956
8724|Child benefits are not taken into account for assessing eligibility in the guaranteed minimum income scheme RSI. Education benefits contribute to the living expenses and tuition costs of tertiary students, and are also subject to means-testing. While tertiary education benefits support those who should expect above-average incomes in the future, on top of the subsidies financing tertiary education, almost 80% of the benefits go to the lowest two income quintiles (IMF, 2013). Such measures can be a powerful tool to enhance intergenerational mobility and improve the equality of opportunities.|SDG 1 - No poverty|tertiary benefits education tuition quintiles|7.6699424|5.4765964|4.645987
8725|Another priority for the use of additional public resources in education is increasing the salaries of teachers and school leaders. Finally, increasing public investment in education needs to go alongside improving the efficiency of public funds’ use, as suggested above. In Uruguay, there is a need to strengthen the links between the five-year budgeting process to strategic documents and medium-term expenditure frameworks that connect spending decisions to education priorities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education public increasing budgeting connect|9.326727|2.0133748|2.663495
8726|The oblast-level governments, on the other hand, generate their revenue from stable taxes connected directly to their territory (taxes on real estate, transport taxes, property taxes, personal income tax and so on). Almaty City has a budget of KZT 361.9 billion for 2016 (just over USD 900 million) of which almost KZT 239 billion comes from the city’s own revenues (taxes, individual revenues, social tax and the sale of land assets). Table 3.5 also shows that cities have different levels of dependence on central government transfers. For 2016, 66% of Almaty City’s income comes from taxes, and 30% from transfers.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|taxes kzt almaty city comes|4.515398|5.5048714|1.8463318
8727|Section C considers the link between economics and gender equality and the contributions of feminist thought in that connection. Section D reflects on the heterodox perspective and its challenges to economics and the role of the State. The different expressions of feminism all retain certain fundamental ideas at their core, based on the concept of the sex/gender system as an analytical framework.2 Feminism has redefined the concepts of sexuality and its links with politics and legislation, pushing the frontiers of analysis of democracy and the role of the State towards the private sphere.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|economics section frontiers pushing feminist|9.683854|4.5098324|7.112849
8728|In order to embed low-carbon orientations institutionally, and to raise the means for funding the investments in innovation and structural transition, internationally agreed carbon pricing—if flanked with measures correcting serious social side effects, and if shaped in contextually sensitive ways—seems to have more promise than the alternatives. Comparisons of needs in developing countries with available means and with fundraising in the international climate negotiations indicated a gap of hundreds of billions of United States dollars per year. Thus, the levels of finance for addressing CC need to be raised.|SDG 13 - Climate action|carbon means correcting cc orientations|1.6448389|3.625226|1.5536786
8729|The main species harvested in 2013 were herring (506 230 tonnes), cod (469 932 tonnes) and mackerel (164 608 tonnes) (Panel A). The most important export market for Norway was the European Union, taking 59% of all seafood exports from Noiway. Approximately 95% of the Noiwegian production of seafood is exported and Norway is the second largest seafood exporter globally (Panel B).|SDG 14 - Life below water|seafood tonnes panel norway mackerel|0.28137344|5.863171|6.8483176
8730|The first approach involves determining how much of the change in the poverty rate is due to income variation and how much to changes in income distribution. The second approach weighs the different sources of household income, focusing on labour market factors that affect labour income changes. This breakdown reveals whether the change in income that pushed the poverty rate in a given direction is part of a general trend for all income groups or had a more specific effect on the poor. The results of this analysis, based on data from household surveys, are presented in such a way that the effect of both components entirely explains the poverty rate variation in a given period (see box 1.2).|SDG 1 - No poverty|income rate variation poverty effect|6.4404726|5.604832|5.0331144
8731|There is a need for policies that focus on structural inequalities around health, in addition to Denmark’s historical focus on health risk behaviour. Denmark’s municipalities could also include policies to address inequity as part of their responsibility for prevention and health promotion. Strongly related to the challenge of ensuring equitable access to services, Section 6 addresses the possible financial barriers that exist in the Danish health care system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health denmark focus inequity policies|9.208537|9.171571|2.3242946
8732|Moreover, 40 per cent of indigenous suicides occur within this age group. Suicide figures vary by community however, suicide rates have consistently been higher among Alaska Natives than any other racial/ethnic group in the United States. Suicide ranked fourth among the leading causes of death among Alaska Natives in 2008. Alaska has the highest rate of suicide per capita in the country.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|suicide alaska natives group suicides|9.7187805|8.793122|3.1612344
8733|This result should be interpreted with care. Mexico’s relatively low gender pay gap also likely reflects selection effects around the relatively small share of women whose expected payoff incentivises participation in the labour market. A recent decomposition of the gender wage gap in Mexico attributes about half of the gap to differences in women’s and men’s endowments (including human capital) and employee characteristics; the other half remains unexplained (De la Cruz Toledo, 2016).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gap mexico half relatively unexplained|9.781646|4.232294|5.7741513
8734|This then raises the second issue: the treatment of children. It would be inappropriate to apply a full life cycle annuity calculation to the children in a household as well as the adults, since they are expected to leave the household and set up on their own. It is therefore assumed that children share in the household’s wealth until they reach majority (which is taken for the moment to be 18 years of age).|SDG 1 - No poverty|household children inappropriate moment calculation|7.6338654|5.963154|5.056319
8735|The EU funds played an increasingly important role in funding of water and wastewater infrastructure, with their share in annual expenditure increasing from around 20% in 2006 to 38% in 2008. About EUR 900 million was allocated from EU funds for the second planning period (2007-13) for water supply and sanitation (MoE, 2007). The total spent by water utilities increased significantly, from EUR 70 million in 2004 to EUR 312 million in 2009 (MoE, 2010c).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|eur moe million water funds|1.5241338|7.2444315|2.2267256
8736|The adoption of international standards can also improve OCyT’s ability to serve national policy evidence interests, e.g. for the development of policies on services innovation. Similar qualities at departmental and municipal levels in some areas. Increasing reliance on mineral commodities and slow diversification into new economic activities.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|departmental qualities mineral reliance diversification|5.1845174|3.7210093|2.648901
8737|Restricting investments in generating capacity to sources that offer the best financial return at a given moment has long-term implications for the country’s energy security and for the value chain of technologies that are momentarily ignored. For this reason, the governments of Brazil and Uruguay, for example, are considering specific measures to support biomass, which is in danger of extinction owing to the recent success of wind power. Apart from policies that promote efficient electricity use, the most important measures in this regard will seek to replace the most polluting generating sources by cleaner alternatives and, where possible, by renewable energies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generating sources extinction restricting danger|1.6063881|2.3340077|2.5312617
8738|For example, some of the common challenges identified by an evaluation of SIDA's Climate Change Initiative (Cesar et al., In particular, monitoring relevant data or developing data of sufficient quality, such as long and continuous time series at an appropriate level of disaggregation, remains a challenge for many countries. For instance, when conducting an audit of the Brazilian government’s response to adaptation in 2010, auditors found that climate risks in the agricultural sector, coastal zones and relating to water security could not be properly assessed and managed.|SDG 13 - Climate action|auditors sida disaggregation climate audit|1.2864739|4.8022866|1.5240184
8739|To reduce the impact of year-to-year sampling variability, country-level estimates are presented as three-year averages. In: FAO [online]. Methods for estimating comparable rates of food insecurity experienced by adults throughout the world. Low height/length-for-age is an indicator that reflects the cumulative effects of undernutrition and infections since and even before birth.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|year undernutrition height sampling estimating|4.5344605|5.728826|4.7439017
8740|The range of qualifications across public universities is quite remarkable where more established universities may have 40 to 55% of academic staff with doctorates while newer universities have less than 10% staff with doctoral degrees. Universiti Sains Malaysia reports 53.6% staff with doctoral degrees and University of Malaya 40.5% while Universiti Malaya Pahang reports 11% and the National Defence University only 0.7%. Training schemes to upgrade staff qualifications have started but will take considerable time to change the situation. However salary packages offered by universities, which operate within a civil service framework, are unable to be internationally competitive.|SDG 4 - Quality education|universities staff doctoral universiti degrees|7.2158704|2.5488873|2.4807546
8741|More specific measures include: an increase in taxes on alcohol consumption combined with price minima;12 limitations on the hours during which alcohol can be bought and on types of shops allowed to sell alcohol products; the elimination of illegal production; a complete ban on advertising; and the development of prevention programmes. According to the Action plan of the Government Commission on alcohol market regulation of July 2010, regional programmes are being developed and implemented in the subjects of the Russian Federation in order to reduce alcohol consumption and prevent alcohol addiction. These programmes take into account regional patterns of alcohol consumption (i.e. the share of rural population) and need to be co-ordinated with regional educational and health care programmes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol programmes consumption regional addiction|9.24936|9.66978|3.447132
8742|The final standard is expected to be approved in June 2011. The NPOA-Seabirds sets out a strategic framework to reduce seabird bycatch to sustainable levels. However, the NPOA-Seabirds is currently under review to ensure integration with the environmental standards framework (which includes a seabird standard) currently being developed by the Ministry of Fisheries. A number of regulatory and non-regulatory best practice mitigation measures currently apply in New Zealand trawl, pelagic longline and demersal longline fisheries.|SDG 14 - Life below water|currently regulatory standard fisheries bycatch|-0.081437424|5.560462|6.4322505
8743|Six countries in the region reuse over 10 m3/c/yr of wastewater, namely: Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, which reuse over 50 m3/c/yr; and Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Syrian Arab Republic, which reuse 20-40 m3/c/yr of wastewater.3 The treatment of wastewater for reuse has therefore become a mainstay of national water resource management plans in most countries in the ESCWA region. The runoff is reused by diluting it in large surface water bodies in order to provide more water to downstream cropping systems and users. With the exception of Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic, agricultural runoff is not used significantly by countries in the region. In Egypt, almost 100 m3/c/yr of agricultural runoff is mixed with water from the Nile and reused.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|yr reuse runoff egypt arab|1.0173919|7.078671|2.8174868
8744|The model then estimates the overall prevalence of diabetes, disability-adjusted life years, and total direct health expenditure enabling estimates of cost effectiveness, cost-utility and cost-benefit. This choice is a function of predicted health status, objective measures of health, and individual characteristics. Predicted health status is a linear combination of past health status and individual characteristics estimated via an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model. This enables examination of both the short term impact of the intervention on health care expenditures and taxes as well as a longer-term view of the impact on health, health expenditure, employment and GDP.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health predicted status cost characteristics|9.156272|8.929745|2.723074
8745|Moreover, improvements to the public transportation system will be necessary to secure the region’s long-term attractiveness. Despite the City of Chicago’s ranking among the top five of 26 world cities for transportation infrastructure (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2011), the metro-region is at risk of squandering this competitive advantage without sufficient investment for system expansion and upgrades. Progress has been made on energy-efficiency retrofits, green building design, and the metro-region’s ability to attract wind energy headquarter functions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|metro region transportation upgrades chicago|2.8176417|3.1278365|1.9782492
8746|These are new structures and it will be essential to ensure that effective dialogue between central and provincial public health agencies, hospitals and hospital unions occurs, to ensure that local health needs are met. However, there is at present no systematic adverse event reporting in place, which could be an area for future consideration. The focus so far has been on structural and organisational components of hospitals; broadening the programme towards clinical outcomes of health-care services seems advisable to make the model more useful for formative functions such as quality improvement initiatives within hospitals. Development of a reporting and learning system should be led by the Department of Health Care Quality and Accreditation and the Public Hospital Institute. Strengthening the involvement of all stakeholders in the standard setting process and increased transparency on the process of evaluation and scoring would also help to further increase the acceptability and impact of the programme. It is troubling that at present strong disagreements exist between the profession (Turkish Medical Association, Nurses Association, Midwives Association), and the government on mutual roles and responsibilities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals association health hospital present|9.101231|9.485628|1.7202641
8747|The two countries should cooperate for the delineation of transboundary qroundwaters, and in the field of monitorinq. Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved. The Upper Neretva River flows through a mountainous landscape; for the last 30 km, From Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina) to its mouth, the river spreads into an alluvial delta covering 200 km2.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|transboundary river alluvial mouth mountainous|0.46473286|7.040215|2.6527212
8748|Violence against women is an obstacle to the achievement of the objectives of equality, development and peace (United Nations, 1996). Statistics on the prevalence of various types of violence, causes and consequences of violence and access by victims of violence to formal and informal support for can lead to better focused and more efficient preventive and intervention efforts. Gender statistics may be considered a field of statistics (see, for example, UNECE and World Bank Institute, 2010); however, the production of gender statistics should not be misunderstood as being limited to the compilation of sex-disaggregated statistics from various statistical fields and their dissemination in gender-focused publications, reports or databases.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|statistics violence gender focused various|10.025359|5.358715|7.4490905
8749|Income Inequality has declined in many of the countries that experienced sustained economic growth, while increasing in countries with negative growth. In most countries whose per capita income/consumption grew during this period, growth was faster for the bottom 40 per cent of the population. Others have a more :omplex decision-making mechanism in place.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|growth countries income grew faster|6.550234|5.1237283|4.6658883
8750|Each type of innovative financing instrument is examined in turn, starting with a short description of the instrument, an evaluation of its current use in the water and sanitation sector and an evaluation of the role that ODA can play in developing the use of such instruments. The list that appears in this table is clearly not exhaustive, as there is almost unlimited potential for innovation in this area. Besides, such innovations are often combined as financial structures need to be tailored so as to adapt to the critical mismatches that materialise in each case. Table 3.3 at the end of the section evaluates the applicability of these financial mechanisms to different sets of circumstances. The main purpose of blending is to use grants so as to allow attracting repayable financing that would not have been provided otherwise, whilst ensuring that the resulting project is not so expensive that the poor are excluded from the service. For example, ODA grants can be provided as interest rate subsidies (Section 3.2), seed financing for revolving funds (Sections 3.2 and 3.5), contributions to the establishment of project preparation facilities (Section 3.9), etc.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|financing section oda instrument grants|3.5669181|4.4468594|2.799848
8751|This investment has been framed within specific state programmes. It has provided the basis for other local initiatives aiming to improve the cleanliness of residential and public territories and restore the natural environment. Rural settlements form groups interlinked with each other and with urban settlements - centres of administrative rayons - through administrative, economic and sociocultural ties and transport networks.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|settlements administrative sociocultural interlinked framed|3.996414|5.3321033|2.1263814
8752|To do so, it will identify the most salient gender issues in Malta, as well as shed light on the vulnerabilities generated by the complex interactions of gender with age, disability and migration status. In addition, it will stress the importance of including women and women’s rights activists in DRR initiatives and decision-making, identifying gaps and opportunities within existing political and social structures and presenting suggestions for gender mainstreaming in DRR in Malta. This analysis hopes to inspire DRR research and prevention work that is attuned to gender issues and at the same time, embraces an intersectional perspective, acknowledging that there cannot be resilience without gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|drr gender malta salient embraces|9.570755|4.847268|7.1498013
8753|"Costa Rica and Paraguay, ""other income"" accounted for a large part of the rise in poor households' income, mainly through imputed rent. In the case of Ecuador, income from pensions and transfers kept poverty from rising between 2015 and 2017 (see figure II.7). Income from transfers in poor households rose in almost all the countries."|SDG 1 - No poverty|income transfers households poor imputed|6.574188|5.6010017|5.1385355
8754|Since then, fare and ticketing has been generating sufficient revenue to fund the system back and revenues in excess are given back to public shareholders. According to the National Planning Department, under an agreement made in 2000,66% of the infrastructure costs are covered by national government public funds and 34% are provided by Bogota City Hall. The projected cost of the buses and fare collection equipment is financed by private investment.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fare shareholders hall buses excess|4.2108374|5.0376697|0.9140374
8755|In Cyprus, the preparation of ESD school plans have been officially incorporated in primary education and are currently being piloted in pre-primary education. At a later stage, they will be introduced in secondary education (Cyprus, 2014 informal report). The Cyprus Ministry of Education and Culture, through the Cyprus Pedagogical Institute, has written the Guide for implementing EE/ESD in school to support the design and implementation of school plans and to support teachers as they use include the EE/ESD curriculum in the framework of the school plan. In 2013, Finland suggested that approximately 40 per cent of schools have an SD plan in place, with another 11 per cent planning to do so.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cyprus esd school ee education|9.056623|2.381249|2.0325212
8756|In this scenario there is long-term structural unemployment, while employment rates among women have fallen back from their 2010 peak. Out-of-work poverty, however, is of the most concern to policy makers, with long-term unemployment particularly worrying. Most of the poor are in chronic poverty and find it hard to escape their situation. Unemployment leads to deep and long-lasting poverty, which produces long-term scarring effects.|SDG 1 - No poverty|long unemployment term poverty worrying|7.4185243|5.4400597|4.887887
8757|I believe that ICTs, just like many other technologies and tools, are neither 'good' nor 'bad' - their outcome and impact depend on the purpose for which they are used. During the economic slowdown of 2007-2008, many Governments turned to tech-enabled start-ups and ICT-enabled media companies as a growing, but strategically important economic sector. The report estimates that almost half the activities people are paid almost USD 16 trillion in wages to do in the global economy have the potential to be automated.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|enabled strategically automated bad turned|4.940367|2.997632|2.065587
8758|However, youth need to recognize that part-time work in their field or entry-level jobs for which they may feel overqualified can be important steps on the pathway towards long-term career development and, as such, can arguably be considered decent work. Internships and apprenticeships, in particular, may only offer low-wage or part-time employment but can provide youth with valuable job experience as new entrants, as well as on-the-job training and skills development that will serve them well as they build their skill sets and careers. Young people who are not financially secure are pushed into temporary, seasonal and part-time work to meet their basic needs (ILO, 2016).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth work time job internships|8.116182|3.8369873|3.791851
8759|The paper argues that in order to fulfil the growing expectations teachers face, they need to be equipped with relevant knowledge, capabilities, dispositions, values and skills, such as knowledge and understanding of diversity issues, reflectivity about identities, perspectives and practices, teacher agency and autonomy, empathy, and pedagogical judgement and tact. The paper suggests that responsive teacher education should integrate diversity into the curriculum, approach diversity as an asset, link theory and practice, create spaces for action, reflection, study and anticipation in handling diversity, and incorporate relevant technologies for innovative teaching. Ce document, qui porte sur les enseignants, etudie les roles de ces derniers, leurs fonctions et leurs difficultes en classe face a des eleves d’origines diverses.|SDG 4 - Quality education|diversity leurs les teacher paper|10.038093|2.5804477|2.513756
8760|This problem is particularly acute in urban areas as the share of city dwellers without access to treated water actually increased between 1990 and 2008. The share of people without access to treated water is also expected to increase in sub-Saharan Africa, where the Millennium Development Goal for improved water supply is unlikely to be met (Figure 2.6). Worse still, nearly 1.4 billion people are expected to have no access to basic sanitation services in 2050 (Figure 2.7) (OECD, 2012a).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|treated access water expected share|1.7577622|6.920693|2.5867114
8761|The Department sets the policy direction for Commonw'ealth fisheries management, legislative reform/review' and negotiates jurisdictional boundaries and resource sharing arrangements and is the lead agency for Australia’s negotiations in international fisheries forums. The Australia Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) provides scientific/economic research and advice to support the Department's fisheries policy development and engagement in international and domestic issues. The Department of Agriculture also works with the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries department australia resource jurisdictional|-0.19479086|5.786324|6.5074754
8762|To assist in this process, specific goals and targets for SME and entrepreneurship policies will also be needed, an area which appears to be underdeveloped at the current time. This framework should take into account the new Small Business Act for Europe and the EU SME policy framework. This could take the form of a national-regional working group on SMEs and entrepreneurship, led by the Ministry of the Economy, that holds at least semi-annual meetings dedicated to discussing policy issues and challenges.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sme entrepreneurship framework underdeveloped discussing|5.549493|3.5566866|2.591206
8763|Taking this decision, the Committee seems to have relied on a literal interpretation of art. See the Case of Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom,Application No. Nihal 2002, p. 164. For example, the ways in which international human rights courts and United Nations treaty bodies have interpreted the right to privacy, encompassing the protection of women's reproductive freedoms, the protection against marital rape40 as well as an adult's decision whetherto engage in sexual conduct with a same-sex partner,4’ undoubtedly influence the interpretation of provisions related to the family. An assessment of when a law, policy or practice has a discriminatory impact depends not only on the circumstances of the case but also on the point in time when the assessment is made.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|interpretation decision assessment protection undoubtedly|9.807696|5.237087|7.2680726
8764|Moreover, the sewage system is being rehabilitated in different cities and towns of Absheron peninsula. The problem of rainwater collectors in Baku City that used to mix some faecal waters and drain into Baku Bay has been addressed, and sewage mixing w as discontinued w ith a consequent decrease in contamination loads at the bay. As a result of all the above measures, the bathing w'ater quality of the Caspian Sea is improving, but much work remains to be done both in Baku City (4 other WWTP) and on the Absheron peninsula.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|baku absheron peninsula bay sewage|0.75099313|6.8344703|2.6450796
8765|In general, primary care and other non-acute care services in Denmark appear to be performing efficiently under growing demands. The proportion of patients who visited an emeigency department due to the unavailability of primary care was the lowest among EU countries in 2011-13 (Figure 14). Potentially avoidable hospital admission rates for heart failure are low. For example, standardised admission rates for diabetes vary 1.5-fold between regions and avoidable admissions of people over 65 vary two-fold across Danish municipalities (from less than 40 to over 90 per 1000 population). Delays in discharges from hospital also vary widely (OECD. This suggests some unwarranted variation in access to, and quality of, primary care services and post-acute care, as well as the need for greater coordination across all levels of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care vary avoidable fold admission|9.232611|9.246221|2.1884813
8766|Women’s involvement in leadership roles within the legislature is also uneven, especially when it comes to chairing committees. It is worth evaluating how present norms and procedures of representative bodies -both at the national and sub-national level- could be improved so as to foster a gender-sensitive work environment conducive to the needs of both men and women. Women fill only two of the 18 ministerial positions in the Presidential Cabinet.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women legislature presidential cabinet conducive|10.398451|4.398141|7.1190124
8767|For example, productive forests often serve as wildlife corridors. However, there has been little progress in setting conservation objectives in the Natura 2000 network. By the end of September 2014, management plans had been approved for only 15% of the network area. Poland has started preparing management plans for a further 30% of the Natura 2000 area.|SDG 15 - Life on land|natura network plans area corridors|1.551873|4.972338|4.0047193
8768|In 2009 and 2011, when grain crops were abundant, the FCC withdrew from the market around one-quarter of the harvest, with FCC’s purchases considerably exceeding its sales. In the 2010 drought year, the operations were reversed: the FCC released additional volumes of grain onto the market that equalled nearly 40% of that year’s crop. In addition to domestic operations, the FCC is involved in international grain trading. As an operator of state grain resources and commercial trader, the company uses its own funds to purchase grain for exports. Export sales are closely linked with its domestic operations and more likely represent an activity to balance the company’s grain stocks than a regular trading business. Thus, FCC exports have been extremely variable, ranging in 2001-11 from 1 000 tonnes (2005) to 835 000 tonnes (in 2003), as was their importance relative to FCC’s domestic sales and Kazakhstan’s total grain exports (Figure 2.5).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fcc grain sales operations exports|3.900729|4.943663|4.1148286
8769|This study also revealed that the majority of respondents did not think that immigrant workers in a regular or documented situation and national workers should be treated equally. Undocumented immigrants may also face high wage penalties; one study found that undocumented immigrant workers from CLM were paid at least 50% less than the minimum wage (Paitoonpong et al., Such perceptions are more prevalent in urban areas, despite the fact that immigrants are more likely to be employed in 3D jobs which are shunned by most Thais (Sunpuwan and Niyomsilpa, 2012).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|undocumented immigrants workers immigrant wage|7.2046194|3.6270285|4.2415457
8770|Although primary care sector is well developed (see above in Section 1), most EBAIS only offer appointments in the morning and early afternoon, closing at around 3pm. Patients reportedly get up very early to start queueing for an appointment. Such difficulties make many patients go directly to hospital emergency departments for primary care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients ebais early morning primary|9.277244|8.903033|1.669305
8771|Total LGU spending increased from an average of 1.6% of GDP during 1985-91 to about 3% in the late 2000s, against 16.6% of GDP in the OECD area in 2015 (OECD, 2015b). While the central governments still undertake major “hard” public infrastructure investment (e.g. major roads, ports, airports), LGUs nonetheless have substantial expenditure responsibilities, for instance in the environment sector (e.g. solid waste disposal, water supply systems, seawalls and dikes, drainage and sewerage, flood control) (Department of Finance, 2015). However, LGUs have very limited ambitions for funding infrastructure development (OECD, 2015). In Metro Cebu, total expenditures reached around PHP 8.7 billion in 2014 (83.7% of total revenues); most of expenditures went for general public services (54% of total expenditures), follow'ed by social services (22.7%) and economic services (16.7%).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|expenditures total lgus services oecd|3.869258|4.755917|1.3929969
8772|Kosovo scores the lowest, 2.5, mainly because it currently has no functioning central employment agency. While the agency should start functioning soon, its role is currently carried out by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare and local employment offices, which operate within their own legally defined mandates. Although PESs drive activation policies in all the economies, for those policies to succeed it is crucial that other actors are also involved.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|functioning agency currently activation kosovo|8.008891|4.224331|3.6763167
8773|Moreover, every year wildlife trade generates an estimated USD 15 billion worldwide, excluding large-scale commercial trade in fish and timber (OECD, 2008). While it is difficult to estimate both the financing needs for optimal biodiversity and ecosystem service provision, and the existing financing flows, it is clear that the financing gap is large. Annual financial flows for biodiversity have been estimated at USD 36-38 billion per year, about half of which is delivered domestically in the European Union, the United States, and China (Parker and Cranford, 2010).|SDG 15 - Life on land|financing flows biodiversity usd billion|1.6204668|5.26989|3.7253237
8774|The structural quota system (SQS), which was endorsed by Parliament in 2007, continues with small adjustments. This law replaces the Raw Fish Act from 1951. Norway has prioritised efforts on issues related to discards and by-catch of marine recourses and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs). The total first-hand value decreased from NOK 14.2 billion in 2012 to NOK 12.5 billion in 2013.|SDG 14 - Life below water|nok marine billion discards replaces|-0.1802762|5.770946|6.9810877
8775|The precise distribution of tasks and responsibilities between school providers and schools, and therefore the degree of school autonomy for the use and management of resources, will always depend on individual school providers and their schools (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016; Santiago et al., According to this survey, 13% of decisions in public lower secondary education are taken at the central level (OECD average: 24%), while local authorities and schools take 41% and 46% of key decisions respectively (OECD average: 17% and 41% respectively) (see Figure 4.1). The data thus demonstrate the important role of school providers in education governance in Chile.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school providers schools respectively decisions|9.910317|1.8365746|2.2501087
8776|In other countries, the range of services actually covered by secondary coverage depends both on the scope of the basic benefit package, on effective access to covered care, and on government regulations on possible roles for private health insurance. In several countries for instance, PHI is not allowed to cover cost-sharing left by the public system (see Table 19). This is the case in Australia, Canada, and Switzerland. Such coverage is allowed in Finland, but only for health care services dispensed by providers that are not eligible for funding by public health coverage.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage allowed covered health phi|8.469268|8.744817|2.2056084
8777|Programme feasibility reports and costings of 162 new projects with an aggregate capacity of 48 GW were prepared under the 50 GW Initiative in May 2003. Of these, 77 schemes with an indicative tariff below INR 2.5/kWh (USD 0.05/kWh), amounting to 33.9 GW, were selected for detailed project reports and subsequent implementation. In 2009, NTPC announced that they would provide assurance cover for the affected village against any mishap from one of their hydropower projects in Uttarakhand state (Electrical Monitor, 2009).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gw kwh reports inr projects|1.7044951|2.1245728|2.3242333
8778|Similarly, to calculate the coping capacity, the following five indicators were used: (a) external public debt stocks, (b) total reserves in months of imports and gross savings, all to GDP ratio, (c) government effectiveness, (d) world governance indicators, and (e) human development index. The exposure index (El) and capacity index (Cl) were the weighted average of the selected indicators. The vulnerability index was discovered by calculating the differences between the exposure index and coping capacity index.|SDG 1 - No poverty|index coping indicators exposure capacity|1.4595199|4.906458|1.5531918
8779|Bosnia and Herzegovina, for example, lacks adequate communication between the entities’ inspectorates - their databases do not allow them to share data and information. This creates an opportunity for non-compliant employers to reproduce bad practices in different areas of the economy (ILO, 2013b). Specifically, in view of the low employment rates for women, the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life (OECD, 2016a) recommends that all economies should adopt a dual approach to gender equality: 1) make gender a mainstream part of the design, development, implementation and evaluation of all public policies and budget; and 2) level the playing field between men and women through actions that target specific forms of gender discrimination. Moreover, co-ordinating implementation better with other areas affecting employment would be welcome (e.g. tax policy, education policy and social policy).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|gender equality policy implementation reproduce|9.778757|4.1409016|7.0676746
8780|Of the five models compared, the one with the most detailed representation of end-use technologies found “energy efficiency and end-use technologies constitute first rank options to cope with severe climate constraints” (Kitous et al., This includes rapid penetration by mid-century of electric vehicles and low-energy buildings, with the diffusion dynamics of both end-use technologies modeled endogenously. The policy-induced technological change in climate change mitigation scenarios is a major point of departure from historical energy transitions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|end technologies energy use departure|1.5546926|2.8744633|2.0027971
8781|This suggests that high-skilled individuals’ skills decline more slowly with age than do those of low-skilled individuals, though it is not possible to know this with certainty without longitudinal data. Additionally, two studies using these data have demonstrated a large causal impact of schooling on skills. Additionally, both studies provide some evidence of differential impact of schooling reforms, hi a correlational analysis, Green and Riddell (2013) observe that schooling is more strongly associated with skills at the tenth skills percentile in Canada, Norway and the US. In his Instrumental Variables (IV) analysis, Din9er (2016) shows that the causal effect of additional schooling is greater at the lower end of the skills distribution. Both results imply that educational expansion promotes equity.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schooling skills causal additionally skilled|9.071802|2.7036161|3.0819125
8782|"The NUP articulates clearly the means to harness the economic opportunities of urbanisation, describing it in its vision as ""an engine of economic development and sustainable human settlements"". To achieve this, the strategy is founded on four pillars: coordination, the increased institutional governance for multi-level governance; densification, promoting compact and integrated urban forms for economies of agglomeration; conviviality, meeting social needs for quality of life and equity; and productivity, ensuring urban environments enabling businesses. However, given the importance placed on urban economies and the territorial balance of economic development, successful implementation of the national urban policy will rely heavily on local governments and their institutional and technical capacity. This challenge is acknowledged in the National Urbanisation Policy and will require increased local ability to raise fiscal revenues, better access to urban planning data and analytical tools, sharing of management practices, and citizen participation in policy making."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban urbanisation governance institutional economic|3.9317994|5.2014356|1.7827817
8783|According to the Regional Innovation Scoreboard (European Commission, 2017a), Stockholm is the most innovative region in the EU, followed by the capital region of Denmark - Hovedstaden. With the relatively early adoption of the green growth agenda, the Nordic countries have become frontrunners in green economy transformation, having obtained a significant competitive advantage in green solutions. Regions are classified into four main innovation performance groups (i.e. leader, strong, moderate and modest performers) with three subgroups within each performance group (i.e. a top third (+, most innovative): a middle third, and a bottom third (-, least innovative)) to allow for more diversity at the regional level.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovative green innovation performance subgroups|5.3019156|3.5592575|2.4585962
8784|The model then takes inputs for zone-to-zone travel times from any number of major travel demand models. The model can then be run iteratively to compare a range of combined transport and land-use consequences from various transport policy and investment scenarios. It is an integrated transport land-use model that has been applied in a number of regions to test alternative land development scenarios and transport policies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport model zone travel land|4.1239448|5.128735|0.730816
8785|The framework defines an overall picture of cross-curricular priorities across all levels of education, whereas the curriculum specifies detailed content of instruction for each grade. Table 5.2 provides an overview of these frameworks available in each country, covering primary and lower secondary education (Annex 5A for more details).|SDG 4 - Quality education|curricular specifies defines instruction education|9.405904|1.8757685|2.0357466
8786|In this respect, some LDCs will be able to take advantage of the window of opportunity opened by China’s likely delocalization of the lower end of its manufacturing industry, through a combination of integrating domestic firms into manufacturing GVCs and attracting FDI. Domestically, this strategy should be complemented by policies on clustering, export promotion and labour costs. Policymakers need to expand the financing made available to these firms through national development banks or commercial banks.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|banks manufacturing firms clustering gvcs|5.1167793|4.3736653|3.4507039
8787|"In terms of socio-cultural factors, in patriarchal contexts women’s empowerment is more likely to lead to increased conflict and IPV at least in the short term. Hence, the relative status of women and men in terms of decision-making and how their power and resources compare to each other is an important contributing factor for increased IPV (Hughes et al 2015). This seems especially common in situations where a man is unable to fulfil his gender-ascribed role as ""bread-w inner” and a w'oman is beginning to contribute relatively more to family maintenance, or where a woman takes a job that defies prevailing social convention (Hughes et al.,"|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ipv oman terms inner patriarchal|9.168171|4.728825|6.388265
8788|Under the Paris Agreement, reporting arrangements for finance refer to three new categories of countries: “developed”, “developing”, and “other countries” that provide and mobilise resources. In the absence of a definition of which category countries belong to, there is more flexibility for countries to interpret these terms and decide which reporting provisions best apply to them. The provisions for flexibility are more nuanced in the Paris Agreement, with the term applying more specifically to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities (Art.|SDG 13 - Climate action|flexibility provisions paris reporting agreement|1.3340895|3.6655614|0.6437747
8789|Delivering on SDG 14 requires teamwork and a spirit of partnership among diverse stakeholders from many nations and sectors. The oceans cover almost three quarters of the Earth’s surface, storing one third of all the carbon emissions stemming from human activity. They are part of the solution, and we must make them a key focus of our efforts to cope with and mitigate climate change.|SDG 14 - Life below water|teamwork spirit stemming earth oceans|0.10169646|5.5576897|5.9652767
8790|According to the WEF, on the 2016 trends, it could be closed within 82 years. In effect, although women remain under-represented in political decision-making, the statistics generally point to incremental progress and opportunity to build on gains achieved. It provides key facts - where women are (or are missing) in parliament, local government, cabinet and the top leadership of their countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wef facts cabinet incremental closed|10.326671|4.3098664|7.1542225
8791|This new approach is based on the triangulation of survey data with recorded aggregated per capita consumption data by modelling the upshifted distribution of alcohol consumption. The methodology is described in Annex 3. The initial distribution of self-reported alcohol consumption is shifted to the right after correction, reflecting the fact that people consume more than they declare.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|consumption alcohol distribution correction consume|9.300668|9.687844|3.5587797
8792|To be able to make broad statements about the effectiveness of biodiversity mainstreaming, ideally one would need to start with a set of core indicators which are fairly easy and inexpensive to collect, and which are comparable across countries. A few other indicators may also merit further consideration. Selecting a core set of indicators (Step 6) is an important element of this, and aims should be made for these to be as consistent as possible across countries, so as to enable aggregation of data at regional and global levels.|SDG 15 - Life on land|indicators core inexpensive set merit|1.5826745|5.339069|3.90639
8793|It serves as a resource and forum for agencies, aiming to achieve a comprehensive federal government approach to policy on women and girls. Council members are the heads of every federal agency and major White House office, reinforcing the statement of former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright that in “our government, responsibility for the advancement of women is not the job of any one agency, it’s the job of all of them.” After analysing each federal agency’s focus on women, the council works to ensure that each agency is directly improving the economic status of women, as well as developing and evaluating policies that establish a balance between work and family. The council has also focused on finding new ways to prevent violence against women through co-operation with the Vice President and the Justice Department’s Office of Violence Against Women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|agency women council federal office|10.155775|4.3967657|7.339334
8794|Whole communities risk being left behind unless unbalanced service distribution is rectified. Extreme vulnerabilities to climate change place additional stress on economic activity, particularly in tourism, fisheries and agriculture. The economic vulnerabilities translate into limited choices and opportunities among citizens.|SDG 1 - No poverty|vulnerabilities unbalanced translate unless economic|1.3889316|4.978912|2.0193114
8795|Infrastructure and uiban form need to be redesigned to increase the attractiveness of and well-being in cities. New innovation and technologies will be fostered to retain the autonomy of older people. Development of new business models and investment strategies will be explored to bring innovative technologies to the market. The need for remodeling the existing housing stock will stimulate the housing market.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing technologies fostered uiban attractiveness|4.757709|5.6124744|2.0691512
8796|Distributional effects may also occur between countries associated with changes in patterns of trade in fossil fuel. Brazil has introduced programmes to expand the supply of safe and reliable energy to the poorest segments of society, including those living in remote rural areas. Pereira, Vasconcelos Freitas and da Silva (2011) show that rural electrification in Brazil leads to a significant reduction of the energy poverty level and a consequent improvement in energy equity. Similar conclusions have been reached for Bangladesh, (Barnes, Khandker and Samad, 2011) where 58% of rural households are energy poor, versus 45% that are income poor.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy rural brazil silva poor|2.1830318|1.9900562|2.6284761
8797|Specific deterrence is the actual experience of being sanctioned for the speeding behaviour. This may be an immediate sanction in the form of being stopped by a police officer and issued an infringement notice, or receiving an infringement later if detected by a speed camera. Research suggests that complex behaviours are not deterred by highly visible enforcement, but through the actual experience of detection. Other complex behaviours include unsafe overtaking or lane changes, which are driver behaviours that are momentary and involve complicated thought processes and may be performed during a journey.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|behaviours infringement actual complex experience|4.349581|5.1572585|-0.060535103
8798|In general, the literature suggests that a significant reduction in poverty rates is a consequence of economic growth combined with policies to reduce income inequality. The joint result of these two effects is that poverty reduction feeds through directly into improvements in the average income of the poorest. According to this author, the reduction that occurred in the early years of the decade was a consequence of several factors that had differing regional impacts, including distributive changes in labour yield and the expansion of welfare benefits. The proportion of poor people (P0) fell from 38.70% in 1995 to 23.50% in 2009, a figure that, while still high, represents a reduction of 15.20 percentage points.|SDG 1 - No poverty|reduction consequence feeds distributive differing|6.3050065|5.7387414|4.930461
8799|There is a need for solutions that would eliminate the risks associated with costly upfront capital investments and the lack of technical expertise in the maintenance of assets (Cullinen, 2015). In comparison to a traditional PPA, where the off-taker is a utility, under corporate PPAs, the power generated is purchased, directly from a renewable energy producer, by corporate actors such as mining companies. Under this model, the mine as a corporate customer strikes a PPA with an IPP.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|corporate ppa upfront purchased customer|1.887817|2.1651208|1.8949083
8800|Independent monitoring mechanisms, such as gender equality or human rights commissions, can provide independent recourse to complaints related to gender-based discrimination and oversee the implementation of the gender equality commitments of the government. Parliaments and parliamentary committees can help provide checks on various government entities and also contribute to the longevity and sustainability of gender equality reform during periods of change in the political environment. Many mechanisms both at the central and at the local levels are already established and Kazakhstan must be applauded for these accomplishments.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality independent mechanisms oversee|9.840495|4.130228|7.437103
8801|In addition, students in small-class schools tend to suffer from poorer learning environments. Regarding the teaching workforce, current student-teacher ratios indicate that there might be some oversupply of teachers in the system. The conception of teacher employment, whereby basic compensation is associated purely to the teacher’s teaching load (stavka system), is a source of concern as it does not appropriately recognise the many tasks a teacher accomplishes beyond teaching and reduces his or her engagement in school activities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher teaching oversupply conception purely|9.553315|1.5873256|2.5658777
8802|Some of the inconsistencies between findings may be explained by the wide variety of definitions of drinking used (e.g. weekly or monthly frequency of heavy drinking) and by the variety of definitions of socioeconomic background used (e.g. income, occupation, employment status). In a number of countries (Switzerland, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, Czech Republic and Hungary) both men and women with higher incomes were found to be more likely to consume alcohol (Kuntsche et al., Similar findings were reported based on data from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (Me Kee et al.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|definitions variety drinking findings inconsistencies|9.303043|9.685753|3.557543
8803|Useful areas for further study and policy action include: the routine availability of gender-disaggregated data; embedding of gender-specific approaches within the normal annual routines of budgeting; and complementing executive-led approaches with external quality assurance. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Today many disparities and inequalities between the sexes appear to have become embedded, to a greater or lesser extent, in the baseline of public policies and the allocation of public resources.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|approaches complementing routines embedding sexes|9.712986|4.091432|7.0822787
8804|Strong links with surface water. The basis of the cooperation is the 1992 Agreement between the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan on the joint use and protection of transboundary waters. Issues of transboundary significance are discussed in the Kazakh-Russian joint commission, and monitoring data is shared in the intergovernmental working group on allocation of flow of the Bolshoy Uzen/Karaozen and Malyi Uzen/Saryozen. The land area requiring irrigation largely depends on the actual availability of river water (depending on the hydro-meteorological conditions), and ranges from some 1,960 ha in wet years to 45,980 ha in dry years. The transboundary Pre-Caspian aquifer (No. Three reservoirs in Kazakhstan are the Sarshyganak (46.85 x 106 m3), the Ajdarchansk (52.3 x 106 m3) and the Rybnyj Sakryl (97 x 106 m3) reservoirs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|transboundary reservoirs ha russian kazakhstan|0.42877325|7.0851007|2.665913
8805|As you are planning any lesson for pupils ask yourself: What are the essential knowledge, skills or understanding I want all students to get from the lesson? Ask yourself - how do my pupils learn best? Take account of learning styles. Most pupils can learn in visual, auditory or kinaesthetic ways, though most have a preference and it is good to know these.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pupils ask lesson learn visual|9.006459|1.4334308|1.8513924
8806|The model has received considerable international attention over the past decades, delivering good labour market outcomes in tenns of both dynamism and inclusiveness. The 2007 financial crisis is seen for many experts as a stress test for the flexicurity model. In particular, some disadvantaged older workers are at risk of a chaotic transition from work to retirement when they lose their job.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|model dynamism inclusiveness lose delivering|7.936174|5.120617|4.3976593
8807|Interestingly, this was reported to still be the case in instances where national climate change policy papers exist i.e. NAMAs or NAPAs6, suggesting that centralised consideration of climate change priorities are more important than standalone climate change plans, although the latter can be a first step in formulating national priorities. Some countries, such as Kenya and Indonesia, have already stalled to integrate strategic priorities on climate change into their medium-term national development plans. It was further explained that taking a bottom-up approach towards the formulation of national climate change strategies allows for sector specific planning and financing needs to be taken into account. There is a range of examples on how this is being done on a country-by-country basis. The experience of respondents from recipient countries’ reflected that the national context in which climate change priorities are considered can vary greatly across countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change priorities national plans|1.5094573|4.395124|1.4481465
8808|This implies that about 5.6 billion people in the world are vulnerable to various degrees. Despite working, they cannot earn enough to get out of poverty. In many developing countries, most poor adults have to work, if only to survive, especially in the absence of adequate social protection. Of the world’s poor, 75 per cent live in rural areas where agricultural wage workers suffer the highest incidence of poverty, largely because of seasonal unemployment and the low wages paid by small farms (World Bank, 2009b).|SDG 1 - No poverty|world poor poverty survive seasonal|6.8462725|5.794875|4.8311534
8809|The initiatives of ESCAP for the Asian Highway and the Trans-Asian Railway networks can be traced back to the late 1950s and early 1960s. With regard to the Asian Highway, to date, only 32.8 per cent of the network, which spans 142,781 km of roads passing through 32 member States, reaches the two highest categories of road class. A total of 9,176 km, or 7.3 per cent, still needs to be upgraded to meet minimum standards, and the poor quality of several segments is affecting usability.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|asian highway km spans traced|4.2782145|4.64935|0.9832848
8810|Capital costs are reduced by increasing economies of scale of the connections. Grid extension projects are often leveraged by rapid expansion of generation plants burning fossil fuels (as in China) and the opportunity to tap into significant hydropower potential (especially in Africa as a renewable energy source with low generation cost). But this is not the only concern.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generation leveraged burning tap connections|1.884978|1.7341645|2.1680882
8811|There is an online register of practising and cancelled health practitioners. Employers and consumers can use it to check a health professional's registration status. Health professionals must renew their registration annually through participation in a prescribed amount of annual CPD. The ARTG is maintained by the Therapeutic Goods Administration, which is responsible for safeguarding and enhancing the health of the community through the effective and timely administration of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|therapeutic health registration administration goods|9.365946|9.277865|1.588573
8812|Forest law did not allow concessions on forests and forestland. Currently, users of forests (public forest management enterprises) pay a fee for use, in accordance with the provisions of the legal regulations at the cantonal level. Private forest owners face numerous problems in managing their forests.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests forest concessions accordance numerous|1.5408294|4.779874|4.0042644
8813|An NDC may be adjusted at any time, so long as the adjustment enhances its level of ambition. The INDCs that have already been submitted by Parties will become NDCs once the Parties concerned join the Paris Agreement. By 2020, Parties with INDCs for 2025 are to communicate new NDCs, and Parties with INDCs for 2030 are to communicate or update their contributions. Common timeframes for NDCs are to be considered at the first session of the CMA 1.|SDG 13 - Climate action|indcs parties ndcs communicate timeframes|1.2009751|3.6043248|1.1726664
8814|Co-ordinated negotiation and planning process should be led by the Victorian Government within each of the five nonmetropolitan administrative regions. They should create systematic mechanisms to monitor and evaluate their activities in this area, to share good practice with the institutions and benchmark this experience with other institutions and localities. In addition they should invest in developing the skills of facilitators, i.e. those with boundary spanning roles who help create links between the tertiary education institution and other stakeholders.|SDG 4 - Quality education|create facilitators victorian spanning institutions|7.653185|2.5361667|2.465664
8815|Seasonal tariffs can be very effective in providing higher incentives for saving water in periods with high scarcity. Increasing-block tariffs, on the other hand, which foresee elevated charges above a certain level can be an effective way of reducing consumption from users with very high demand (WATECO, 2003). In any case, price structures need to be volumetric, with low fixed charges, in order to provide incentives for reducing water consumption. Water metering is usually a precondition for effective pricing systems (Roth, 2001; Lallana et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|effective charges tariffs water incentives|1.4902424|7.603712|2.3789485
8816|The factors presented include strengthening country ownership, greater mainstreaming of environment and climate change in development co-operation, less fragmentation of climate funds and improved access to finance for LDCs and SIDS. The need to define climate finance, enhance transparency and increase the amount and predictability of resources are also considered. The OECD, working alongside other key research and policy partners, can play a role by contributing to work under the UNFCCC to develop a transparency framework for climate finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance transparency predictability sids|1.6589428|3.934375|1.0159553
8817|The main aim has been to continue to keep hospital inpatient numbers to a minimum and to maximise the health system’s ability to care for adult mental illness within the community. Secondary treatments that would have traditionally been delivered in a hospital or similar inpatient setting are therefore delivered in an outpatient setting. The team provides a range of different treatment approaches but there is an emphasis on work in community settings, including visiting patients’ homes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|inpatient delivered hospital setting community|10.171073|8.883516|1.6725174
8818|The QICH programme has learned from and built on international example, including quality measurement initiatives such as the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set(HEDIS) of the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) in the United States (some QICH indicators are based on HEDIS definitions). As the programme is not mandated, its success is attributable to the voluntary involvement of the health funds in the conception and design of the project from the start, their active participation in the indicator development process, and the consensus developed around a scientifically robust quality measurement programme. The QICH project is an exemplar of the practical implementation of a systematised, ongoing scheme for monitoring and improving the quality of primary care, based on scientific research and guidelines.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|qich quality programme measurement project|9.444725|9.454049|1.9745862
8819|It seeks to profile key quality of care policies and benchmark the extent to which policies to monitor and improve quality in the Turkish health system are being employed. In describing the quality governance structure and the role of the Ministry of Health and affiliated organisations, the chapter highlights how Turkey needs to continue steps towards more devolved governance, and work to align public hospital and public health system governance. Addressing the quality of inputs into the health system, the chapter recommends that Turkey continue the impressive work begun on quality standards and accreditation while working to build good patient safety and quality assurance systems. The chapter concludes with a recommendation that Turkey develop a coherent policy on how to strengthen the Turkish information infrastructure to facilitate the use of quality indicators.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|quality turkey turkish governance health|9.129403|9.435845|1.7686398
8820|Governments also confirmed their resolve to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women as effective ways to combat poverty, hunger and disease and to promote sustainable development (General Assembly resolution 55/2). The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, at its eighteenth session, in 2012, adopted a decision to promote the goal of gender balance in the bodies of and delegations to the sessions of the Conference of the Parties and to include gender and climate change as a standing item on the agenda of the Conference (See FCCC/CP/2012/8/ADD.3, decision 23/CP.18). The resolution also called upon governments to support women smallholder farmers by facilitating their access to extension and financial services, agricultural inputs and land, water sanitation and irrigation, markets and innovative technologies. In resolution 68/227 on women in development, adopted at the same session, the Assembly encouraged governments to take measures to ensure equal access to full and productive employment and decent work. At its fifty-eighth session, the Commission urged governments to promote the full and equal participation of women and men as agents and beneficiaries of people-centred sustainable development (see E/2014/27).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|session resolution promote conference governments|9.466555|4.3606987|7.2550097
8821|The proportion of women in paid employment outside the agriculture sector has increased from 35 per cent in 1990 to 41 per cent in 2015. Over the period 1991-2015, the proportion of women in vulnerable employment (being a contributing family worker or an own-account worker) as a share of total female employment has declined 13 percentage points, from 59 per cent to 46 per cent. In contrast, vulnerable employment among men has fallen by 9 percentage points, from 53 per cent to 44 per cent.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent employment worker vulnerable points|8.783927|4.4718266|5.62401
8822|More specifically, it shows that they are locked in a vicious cycle, whereby initial socioeconomic inequalities determine the disproportionate adverse effects arising from climate hazards, which in turn results in greater inequality. This discussion is followed by a thorough review of the evidence demonstrating that the multiple dimensions of inequality (as they relate, inter alia, to income, assets, political power, gender, age, race and ethnicity) underlie a situation where disadvantaged groups are more exposed and susceptible to climate hazards and possess less capacity to cope and recover when those hazards have materialized. Further, it is shown that as a result, inequality is exacerbated.|SDG 13 - Climate action|hazards inequality underlie locked susceptible|1.5004001|4.9707255|2.022064
8823|The under-representation of women in positions of high responsibility may be linked to the significant female drop-out rates from the labour force at a young age, as many such positions become accessible only with considerable work experience. The difficulty of attaining senior positions could be an additional factor dissuading women from entering or staying in the job market. In 2014, unemployment rates for young females ranged from 19.1% in Morocco to 69.2% in Libya, considerably high compared to an average of 16.2% in OECD countries (Figure 1.6).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|positions young libya staying attaining|8.747926|4.115466|5.333997
8824|Moreover, the damaging consequences for sustainable development and food security have become apparent, with renewed attention after food prices rose sharply from late 2007, before declining after early 2008. However, many food importing African countries may be worse off without subsidized food imports while only a few African economies are in a position to significantly increase their output and exports in the short term. African agricultural production and export capacities have already been undermined by the last three decades of low investment and neglect.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|african food undermined neglect subsidized|4.3589606|4.9476438|4.083092
8825|The reports were sometimes incomplete, or had not been sent to the Land Transport Safety Authority (LTSA), which was at that time responsible for the data entry, coding and analysis of crash reports. Injuries were often inaccurately recorded, if at all. Crash locations were often imprecise and Blood/Breath Alcohol levels, and pre-crash speeds, were not recorded in all cases. This combination of under-reporting of casualties and missing data resulted in important crash data not being captured, understating both the actual levels of road trauma and crash contributing factors.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|crash recorded reports data coding|4.2263713|5.2604938|-0.05996373
8826|"In that case, the waiting time might be an equilibrating mechanism making the demand for public treatment equal the supply. Moreover, it introduces a System of Medical Information covering individual treatment, providers, medical employees and prices of services provided by public sources. Second, ""e-health” aims at integrating working databases, creating both a centralised source of information regarding the history of patients’ treatment and a medical Internet portal available to all interested parties."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medical treatment portal introduces databases|8.963489|9.579507|1.6983856
8827|The implementation and enforcement of the new Forest Code will contribute to achieving these targets by expanding the areas under protection within private lands (Section 4). Only 1.5% of coastal and marine areas are under environmental protection; the government is scaling up efforts to bring this share to 5% by 2020, still far from the Aichi target of 10%, however. Executing agencies at each level of government are responsible for implementation.|SDG 15 - Life on land|executing aichi protection implementation scaling|1.573656|4.9056516|4.0512366
8828|Indeed, measuring and monitoring some of the key determinants of health outcomes (e.g. risky behaviours) is fundamental to implementing the right policies. In particular, it is important to understand why some population groups have poorer health than others, and to develop and evaluate policies and interventions to prevent disease and promote health for these groups. An ideal set of indicators would provide information about the most important diseases and conditions causing poor health, disability or death as well as the various risk factors that lead to poor health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health groups poor risky ideal|9.213257|9.187235|2.7001781
8829|This aspect is very important, because policies tend to be more effective when targeting the causes of gender inequality and the structures and practices that perpetuate inequalities, not merely the outcome of gender inequality in an unjust and unsustainable development process (United Nations, 2002). Gender statistics have a crucial role in gender mainstreaming in development and poverty reduction policies. Policies and measures tend to perpetuate and exacerbate inequalities when not adequately tailored to existing gender differentials (Hedman, Perucci and Sund-strom, 1996).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender perpetuate inequalities policies tend|9.395809|4.5981946|6.8263526
8830|In addition, countries may consider making the operations of the legislatures more gender sensitive to support women’s access to public office (Box 3.7). Supporting the establishment of women’s caucuses and networks could also provide a support net to women seeking legislative mandates (OECD, 2014). Its mandate is to support equality and gender mainstreaming.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|support women legislatures gender mandates|10.218328|4.3540506|7.320457
8831|In these cases, private investments may be activated only indirectly through, for example, the provision of finance via (green) bonds. In other cases, the private sector is more likely to be directly involved, for example through targeted investments into the transfer and development of locally adapted, climate resilient technology on the ground. The ability to attract private sector engagement is strongly influenced by the specific market conditions in each country and sector context. These can be improved through a variety of interventions including finance instruments (e.g. de-risking), policy and regulatory reforms and capacity building.|SDG 13 - Climate action|private sector investments cases finance|2.104532|3.8435283|1.5493824
8832|They are more likely to make sense where they help address other issues, including risk sharing, technical expertise, and project design and management. A recent OECD survey found that the lack of adequate capacity for sub-national governments to manage PPPs was seen as a significant challenge by 16 of 19 responding OECD country governments (OECD, 2013c). Governments wishing to expand the role of private finance in urban public investment may therefore need to address these capacity issues before proceeding very far - for example, by establishing dedicated PPP units that can work with local authorities (OECD, 2010d).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|oecd governments address proceeding issues|3.3704834|5.097781|1.750473
8833|Policy tools to increase employer engagement in VET are discussed in section 2.2. In Mexico some elements are already in place or are being developed. For example, five levels of competences already exist under the Council for Standardization and Certification of Labour Competences (CONOCER) and a competence-based approach has already been applied in upper secondary VET, although difficulties have occurred with the updating of these competences.|SDG 4 - Quality education|competences vet standardization updating competence|8.517742|2.9047093|2.7966716
8834|They also raise the question of whether access is commensurate with need. Data on discharge diagnoses (based on ICD-10 codes) as well as surgical diagnoses (based on ICD-9 codes) suggest that most hospitals remain focused on delivering core services of limited complexity, a significant proportion of which would be more likely be provided in lower level facilities in OECD countries. Obstetric services also largely dominate the picture of hospital activity in Kazakhstan. Most of these services should indeed be hospital based, but their prominence suggests that the activity in Kazakh hospitals is neither very complex nor very diverse.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diagnoses codes hospitals hospital activity|9.108325|8.960754|2.0089045
8835|This statement created an important foundation for embedding gender considerations in national laws, policies and services. Partner governments endorsed the gender mainstreaming strategy for policy design and public service delivery contained in the Platform for Action, which emphasises the responsibility of all government agencies in addressing issues of gender inequality. The gender mainstreaming approach responds to evidence that policies and programmes generally will have a different impact on women and men because men and women tend to have different responsibilities, needs and resources.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender mainstreaming men embedding responds|9.798364|4.210777|7.2381845
8836|Consequently, a combination of macro- and micro- analyses is needed to fully capture the effects of the global financial and economic crisis on developing countries and to help formulating policies to mitigate their effects on households and children. Given the magnitude of the shocks engendered by the crisis, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework is required to incorporate the structural aspects of the economy and capture the many and varied direct and indirect interactions between factor markets, good markets, households, government, private firms and the foreign partners. However, CGEs generally cannot distinguish the impacts on individual households and their members, as required to evaluate the poverty, nutritional, educational and health impacts on children. The effects of the global economic crisis on households and individuals can be felt in terms of changes in employment opportunities and earnings, commodity prices, private and public income transfers, and the provision of public services.|SDG 1 - No poverty|households crisis effects capture required|7.113742|6.0760317|4.937396
8837|Ethanol (2207.10) and methanol (2905.11) fail the single use test as these are common chemicals in many synthetic hydrocarbon reactions, in addition to being “green fuels”. Biodiesel is exclusively used for transportation or energy production but is an ex-out 3®(3824.90 ex) as it is categorized under the large subheading of “products, preparations and residual products of the chemical or allied industries”. Solar cells also form part of a large subheading (8541.40), which includes semiconductor devices and light-emitting diodes.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ex products reactions allied preparations|1.5286943|2.9957101|2.9438972
8838|In France, for example, the Welcome City Lab established by the city of Paris offers support, access to finance and work space for innovative tourism business start-ups. In Israel, government supported regional tourism business incubators provide mentoring and access to expert advice to more than 600 rural tourism projects annually, along with professional training and financial support. In Slovenia, meanwhile, the agency for the Promotion of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Development, Investment and Tourism (SPIRIT) provides locally available support to promote entrepreneurship.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism entrepreneurship support city business|6.3614097|3.625573|2.806076
8839|First, the term externality is very much associated with environmental externalities. This holds in particular for the power generation sector, which in the 1990s was the subject of three influential and since updated studies on environmental externalities.6 The environmental impacts of electricity generation, in particular in the area of climate change, remain of course an important issue. The NEA discussed this in a publication on Carbon Pricing, Power Markets and the Competitiveness of Nuclear Power (NEA, 2011).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nea power externalities environmental generation|1.6090313|2.06119|1.8143553
8840|Shifting the tax mix towards less-distorting taxes - in particular, from labour to consumption - would improve incentives to work and save, promoting growth. Such reform, however, could raise inequality as consumption taxes tend to be regressive in the short run (given that lower income households bear most of the burden), and are at best neutral in a lifetime perspective. Targeted transfers to low-income households can reduce this likely trade-off (OECD, 2012).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|taxes consumption households regressive distorting|7.002074|5.0268035|4.2869363
8841|The very high consumption norm can possibly be explained by the high technical distribution losses in the water system. The establishment of the Water Supply Regional Development Agency and the joining of the local water authorities to the two big companies have been very good first steps towards the improvement of the water supply and sanitation situation of the country. However, critical challenges remain.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water supply joining norm high|1.3482827|7.2186594|2.4225132
8842|It can also import the generic version of the drug (patent-expired or voluntarily licensed). It may not, however, import from a manufacturer that was issued a compulsory licence by its government. In the latter case, production shall be predominantly for the supply of the domestic market and thus there is a de facto restriction on exports.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|import expired manufacturer restriction licensed|8.240199|9.6783905|2.581016
8843|The chosen solutions receive a non-repayable grant covering up to 80% of the project development (up to approximately USD 60 000), while applicants are responsible for the remaining percentage. Funding is provided in two phases: the first one covers proof of concept and is limited to CLP 4 million (approximately USD 6 000), while the second supports the development of a prototype of the social innovation, including testing with the recipient community as well as a sustainable business model and a plan for scaling up. Both programmes involve the active participation of local communities in identifying local challenges as well as in implementing the selected solutions.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|solutions approximately usd clp repayable|5.2996383|4.1422114|2.4610515
8844|Respondents also occasionally listed commercial interests among the drivers of stratified medicine. Only in Finland and Israel did this appear to be a prominent concern, however; while one Chinese respondent anticipated rather different benefits in the form of a move towards introducing elements of a market economy into healthcare. Thus, while respondents were able to cite occasional examples of successful stratification of medical interventions - haematological cancers in Finland and lung cancer in Luxembourg, for instance - these were predominantly local examples, both geographically and in terms of being confined to a few, quite specific conditions; while the general view among respondents was that it was still too early to look for significant improvements in healthcare attributable to stratified medicine.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|respondents stratified medicine healthcare finland|8.758493|9.382306|2.4978895
8845|In Lake Issyk-Kul, declines have also been linked to the introduction of perch-pike. Overcollection of wildflowers and medicinal plants close to towns and villages has led to substantial declines in these species. In many areas, tulip species (including Greig’s tulip), early crocuses and other plants have recently disappeared.|SDG 15 - Life on land|declines species plants medicinal disappeared|1.456779|5.3437333|4.1304116
8846|Students in rural schools perform 56 score points lower than students in Australian cities or large city schools. The Indigenous population, which represents up to 2.5% of the population, has a strong start in education: 95% of 4-14 year-olds participate in education, although they face low attainment rates, with 20% of Indigenous people 15 and over completing Year 12 or equivalent. Raising their performance and attainment can contribute to raising overall equity and quality of education. This programme will distribute about AUD 1.5 billion to over 1 700 schools in socio-economicaliy disadvantaged communities, with additional funding provided by the states and territories.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools attainment raising indigenous education|9.753633|2.5985823|2.8382208
8847|Gender discrimination impedes girls and young women, especially in today’s youdi-dominated populations. Girls and young women face the largest gaps between their enrolment in secondary school—a critical gateway to participation in society and the economy. Similarly, they face overall discrimination that further inhibits their engagement and contributions to their families, communities and the larger society, as illustrated by comparing percentages of young people in country populations and those countries’ rankings on a United Nations Development Programme index of gender discrimination. This is especially harmful because good health paves the way to economic opportunity, long life, and overall well-being. In most countries, their numbers compound challenges in escaping violence, in finding dignified work, or in gaining access to decent schooling and youth-friendly health services, including reproductive health and family planning services. Among the most promising strategies for spurring national development and improving the prospects of young people are energetic and well-timed investments in education, health—including sexual and reproductive health—and women’s status.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|young health discrimination reproductive populations|9.625614|5.054088|6.420282
8848|"Low-intensity counselling interventions may have no impact on movements into employment, as evidence from the Netherlands suggests (Van den Berg and Van der Klaauw, 2006). By contrast, in an experiment in Denmark, early and frequent meetings with unemployed workers increased employment over the next two years by up to five weeks (Pedersen et al., Positive impacts on exits to employment have also been found for France, suggesting in particular that intensive counselling can improve the quality of job matches, thereby reducing unemployment recurrence (Crepon et al., A recent trial from Nevada in the United States shows that already a first meeting of jobseekers with counsellors expedited reemployment and helped participants to get relatively higher paying jobs: although some of the impact occurred prior to the first meeting and is described as a ""threat” effect, the greater part of impact arose subsequent to the meeting and is described as a “reemployment services effect”."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|meeting van counselling described impact|7.9976583|4.55682|3.8109457
8849|This is reflected in the simple mean of the sample, which is of the order of 13, 7 and 22 in the 2010 round for the lower, medium and high education groups, respectively. These values are interpreted as the percentage of each group's population that would have to be redistributed geographically to achieve zero segregation, which would be when the territorial distribution of the two groups being compared is identical. These figures confirm the exclusive location pattern of the best-off groups in the region's cities, tending as they do to live in areas that are fairly well connected to the commercial and financial centres of their cities, are fairly self-sufficient in services, and have high land and housing prices, which have the effect of expelling poor households or impeding the entry of poor individuals or households. The extent to which these well-to-do groups are sealed off has serious implications for their connections with the rest of society, and it is also a powerful mechanism for reproducing wealth and concentrating economic power. The text presents the results for the more aggregate scale, the messages being in agreement in both cases.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|groups fairly cities tending impeding|6.604599|5.7694187|4.782143
8850|Moreover, as in the case of other environmental resources, such as greenhouse gas emission permits, auctions generate revenues without recourse to distortive taxation. For example, such revenues could be used to fund the purchases of water rights for environmental objectives which are currently paid for from tax revenues. Auctions could also be applied to non-consumptive uses, such as electricity generation. Hydroelectric generation benefits from rents from the free utilisation of water which could be appropriated by government.26 Moreover, in periods of drought, local governments have purchased water rights from power generators using tax revenue. A number of water concessions for electricity generation are falling due in the near future.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|auctions revenues generation water tax|1.4571195|7.5171595|2.4901834
8851|The collection of MSW is provided in most cities and towns, but significant part of rural areas do not have an official collection system in place. For a number of years, official data collection was carried out by the then Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure w ith the collaboration of INSTAT through annual surveys on urban waste. Municipalities reported to the Ministry on MSW and on construction and demolition waste. Considering that the overwhelming majority' of municipalities do not have access to sanitary landfills with an entry gate suitable for weighing trucks bringing waste, data are based on the number of truckloads that are dumped on the dumpsite or landfill. Thus, the amount of generated waste is only estimated, sometimes even in the case of modem sanitary' landfills.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste msw collection landfills sanitary|0.4053341|4.0642114|3.1472309
8852|She is a lovely young girl, 15 years old and as any other young teenager, with her whole life in front of her. Kiswendsida is one of the young mothers we meet in this book. Against all odds - and thankfully due to the support from her grandmother - she managed to stay in school during her pregnancy and returned to school already a week after giving birth.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|young school returned odds book|9.548516|5.2309766|6.542978
8853|Pigs, buffaloes and cattle were the most common farm animals in agricultural households. Cattle were raised by 46 per cent of female-headed and 52 per cent of male-headed households, and pigs were raised by 57 per cent of female-headed and 62 per cent of male-headed households; but female-headed households kept a greater proportion of buffaloes and goats. As in the case of Cambodia, the average prices of livestock and poultry sold were higher for households headed by men than for those headed by women (47 per cent higher for turkeys and 20 per cent for ducks), as a result of differences in the types of markets and/or buyers to which female- and male-headed households have access (FAO/SIDA, 2010b).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|headed households cent female pigs|3.7359364|5.082561|4.2604656
8854|Standard errors are in parentheses. In particular, while discriminatory family code confirms our previous results on the negative relationship between gender inequality and female migration in the selection equation, restricted civil liberties exhibit a positive effect. This may be explained by lower access to the public sphere encouraging women to escape elsewhere to enjoy more civil liberties.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|liberties civil confirms escape equation|8.73496|5.255538|7.0594225
8855|On the one hand, these trends are reflected in the potential demand that labour force participation can channel into economic growth. On the other, the conditions under which women enter and remain in the labour market will determine their supply-side (i.e. cost-based) contribution to growth. Labour supply functions are calculated using the supply in terms of hours, feminization rates and estimated wages in dynamic economic growth functions. The results indicate that the feminization of the labour force bears a positive relationship with growth but that increases in the labour supply (as measured in hours) does not.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|labour supply feminization growth functions|8.852918|4.5518603|5.7209334
8856|The mergers led to a significant reduction of the number of VET schools. By 2008 13 vocational schools operating as regional centres had been granted self-governing status with increased budgetary autonomy. This allowed them to attract “a variety of stakeholders in the management (enterprises, regional and municipal government representatives, etc.)”|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools mergers regional governing vet|8.590507|2.724431|2.7028205
8857|Measures have been adopted to ensure that all pupils leave lower secondary school with adequate basic skills, provide inclusive and meaningful education for all and encourage local governments and schools to set their own targets consistent with the national targets. Within this framework, the Norwegian Ministry of Education is looking for more targeted approaches to strengthen the quality of lower secondary education. These focus on the need to adapt teaching and learning to student motivation in specific adolescent ages, of ensuring suitable school environments that cater to their needs, and of supporting effective transitions from one level to the next.|SDG 4 - Quality education|targets education secondary cater school|9.628975|1.9914808|1.8890007
8858|But as Tim Harford, Financial Times Columnist, suggests (see his opinion piece on page 29), neither is necessarily true. First, plenty of other things need to change if innovations are to become truly transformative. Second, not everything that glitters is gold. Without the aid of massive computing power to process and analyse data, the interconnectedness that the internet creates, and the bandwidth that makes the instantaneous and bulk transfer of information feasible, these innovations might not have arisen and certainly would not have the same potential that they do now.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovations interconnectedness bandwidth arisen piece|4.8724923|3.0242193|2.2531924
8859|As to private hospitals, they only receive a flat fee from the Social Security Institution for every patient they see and are free to charge patients additional costs, up to a ceiling fixed at 90% more than the public hospital price. This is dampened, however, by the fact that providers have little incentive to offer the full range of secondary care, particularly complex packages of care for patients with the greatest need, since the current set of reimbursement codes do not reflect case severity. Furthermore, there is little incentive for public hospitals to contain costs, since overspends due to unbudgeted activity may, in some cases, be compensated with funds from other public hospitals in surplus. Prices paid by the Social Security Institution, however, are well controlled and show no evidence of inflation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals institution incentive patients little|8.685874|8.968653|1.9665488
8860|All of these sources of water pollution make treatment costs higher and have implications for public health and natural ecosystems. According Alkins-Koo et al. ( Only 23 per cent of the population is served by a central sewage treatment system and these are located in the main urban centres of Port-of-Spain, San Fernando and Arima (EMA, 2004).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|treatment san port sewage served|1.221042|6.6903553|2.7612803
8861|Teacher collaboration is widespread among primary teachers in the six countries. Two-thirds or more of teachers report engaging in joint teaching and collaborative learning, and almost all teachers across the six countries report exchanging teaching materials with colleagues and attending team conferences. This chapter builds on that foundation by further analysing specific teacher- and teaching-related topics. The first part discusses the appraisal and feedback that primary teachers receive and the induction activities, mentoring and professional development in which they participate.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers teaching teacher primary exchanging|9.326954|1.3816407|2.1253202
8862|Insufficient supply of high-quality vocational programmes and tertiary education study places hamper human capital formation and growth. Stabilising and simplifying vocational education by more focus on high quality apprenticeships would support participation. The government needs to find efficient measures to raise participation especially among children from low income families to replace the abolished educational maintenance allowance. Further reforms to funding of higher education could lower taxpayers’ costs and help finance a needed expansion in the sector. The Implications of School Funding”, CfBT Education Trust Research Paper. Measuring the variation in teacher effectiveness in England”, Centre for Market and Public Organisation Working Paper 09/212, University of Bristol.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education vocational paper funding bristol|8.714969|2.5733578|2.7155619
8863|This suggests that not all teachers in schools with mentoring programmes for all teachers report having mentors. In some countries, however, there is a large difference between the proportion of teachers who work in schools with mentoring programmes for all teachers and the proportion of teachers who report having a mentor. School leaders need to highlight the benefits of such programmes for teachers and remove any barriers to access to ensure that teachers can participate in these activities and reap the benefits that ensue.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers mentoring programmes having proportion|9.433187|1.3856164|2.2266545
8864|Various school leaders had decided on a topic for their school-wide professional learning (e.g. “visible learning” based on the work of John Hattie [2012, 2009]) and schools were planning workshops that all teachers were to participate in. Challenges with this type of professional learning include a lack of differentiation based on teacher need, a lack of teacher ownership over their learning and often a lack of connection to the learning needs of students. More generally, as interviews during this and a previous OECD study as well as international data suggest, professional development is not always planned systematically at the school level, is not based on sound teacher evaluations and knowledge about teacher’s development needs to better meet the needs of their students (more on this below), and lacks strong links with wider school development planning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning teacher school professional lack|9.318333|1.465931|1.8845153
8865|Figure 4 shows the number of subscribers globally, by generation of mobile technology. In Singapore, the operators Singtel and StarHub have boosted mobile services to lGbps, following successful trials in 2017. Ooredoo Oman had covered 90% of the population with LTE network by mid-201817. Several MENA operators have commenced trials of 5G and are beginning to map out spectrum strategies in conjunction with national regulatory authorities-for example, Zain and Etisalat have conducted 5G trials in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and UAE.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|trials operators mobile subscribers oman|4.8721876|2.8412318|1.3855064
8866|Usage rates for 65-74 year-olds with tertiary education are generally in line with those of the overall population, and in some countries approach the usage rates among 16-24 year-olds. The difference in usage between 65-74 year-olds with high and low educational attainment are particularly large in Hungary, Poland and Spain (OECD, 2014). While users with tertiary education perform on average 7.3 different activities, those with lower secondary education and below perform only 4.6 activities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|usage olds perform year tertiary|9.177629|2.6583304|3.0146105
8867|The Paris Agreement indicates both what country adaptation actions could comprise and what an “adaptation communication” could include, along with the channels through which an adaptation communication could be submitted, while leaving the form of an adaptation communication open. Thus, this section summarises: what types of adaptation-related information are already reported to the UNFCCC; how reporting on these different topics can help countries improve their adaptive capacity and increase resilience; how an adaptation communication could be structured to maximise its utility while minimising the extra work needed to develop it. The Paris Agreement strengthens several provisions relating to information provision on adaptation (Table 5 below), and is applicable to all countries. Indeed, the LEG (2015) indicates that “undertaking comprehensive climate risk and vulnerability assessments is necessary to be able to design adaptation plans for the medium and long term.”|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation communication indicates paris agreement|1.0960432|4.74406|1.3727268
8868|This implies that the number of poor persons fell by approximately 6 million in 2012, while the number of indigents remained practically constant. Extreme poverty also fell appreciably (by 8.0 percentage points) since 2002, although in this case, the rate of reduction has slowed in recent years, owing mainly to a steeper rise in food costs than in headline inflation. The second subperiod, which started in 2007, shows a slowdown in the rate of reduction of the number of income-poor persons, which fell to 2.5% per year in the case of poverty and to 0.9% per year in the case of indigence.|SDG 1 - No poverty|fell case persons number headline|6.3015337|5.7670455|5.0745554
8869|Applications to remove native vegetation are classified as low, medium or high risk. Where applications to clear native vegetation fall into the low risk category, the equivalence rules that apply are less specific than in the case for applications in the medium and high risk categories and consequently the costs of compliance are lower for low-risk projects. The regulatory requirements for applications proposing higher severity biodiversity loss increase in proportion to the proposed impacts where environmental impact assessments may be required. Evaluating the ecological equivalence between biodiversity loss and offset sites is a two-stage process. Biodiversity is measured at the biodiversity loss site and an offset requirement is then calculated to meet the objectives of the scheme, based on the measured loss.|SDG 15 - Life on land|applications loss biodiversity equivalence risk|1.7553144|5.4783154|3.9623685
8870|The Toolkit can, therefore, be used to benchmark progress. The results of this assessment will also help communicate the advantages of ICTs for abating environmental change, including climate change. At the same time, the Toolkit aims to help countries design appropriate tools and approaches to leverage the benefits of ICTs for sustainable development, that is, for e-sustainability. The concept is based on the work undertaken by Pamlin and others on using ICTs for sustainable development.|SDG 13 - Climate action|icts toolkit sustainable help communicate|4.3634667|3.2263143|2.0196893
8871|The parameters that are described in the inventories, can however probably be used to identify degradation/restoration needs at least roughly. For semi-natural grasslands, a national inventory was carried out in 2004-2005 (angs- och betesmarksin-venteringen).10 It describes the status of the studied grasslands, including overgrowth, nitrification or negative disturbance, and has a special category for grasslands that need restoration. For wetlands, the national wetland inventory (vatmarksinventeringen)11 covers some parameters that can be related to restoration needs, such as the presence of drainage and overgrowth.|SDG 15 - Life on land|grasslands restoration inventory parameters disturbance|1.6466737|5.2616158|3.9463048
8872|This has been formalised most recently in Decree No. The role of various agencies in rice export management is divided as follows: MARD is responsible for forecasting the quantity of rice available for commercial export based on domestic production and consumption estimates and reserve volumes; MOIT for seeking markets and negotiating government-to-government (G2G) food exporting agreements; and the Viet Nam Food Association (VFA) is in charge of operating contract registration of rice exporting enterprises and allocating G2G contracts among exporters (Box 2.3). It is organised and operates under a charter ratified by the Minister of the Interior and under state management of MARD. Members of VFA work together to co-ordinate food trading activities for the protection of legitimate interests of its members; to contribute to food security; to import, export food in the international market in compliance with the state policies. It receives no government funding to carry out these activities.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food rice mard export exporting|4.0461864|4.921743|4.0283995
8873|It also will require international cooperation to ensure investment in infrastructure and technologyto improve agricultural productivity. However, an estimated 11.9 per cent of the population are still undernourished; Sustainable Development Goal 2 on eradicating hunger by 2030 therefore poses particular challenges in Asia and the Pacific, the most populous region of the world. The estimated proportion of the global population undernourished has fallen to less than 11 per cent of the global total in the period 2014-2016; despite a population increase of nearly 2 billion people globally over the last 25 years, 218 million fewer people now suffer from undernourishment than was the casein 1990.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|undernourished population estimated populous eradicating|4.2404776|5.5963798|4.5092545
8874|This identifies four key areas of intervention: 1) competence development; 2) regulatory reform; 3) public sector operating model; and 4) developing incentives for grass roots initiatives. As regards innovative procurement, each government department is expected to produce an Innovation Procurement Plan aligned with its commercial strategy, setting out how it will drive innovation through procurement. Secondment of experts from the private sector to the public sector is also being stressed for the purpose of mentoring on pro-innovation procurement.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|procurement innovation sector grass roots|5.306083|3.5478842|2.5262578
8875|"The document recognizes children's right to freely express their views in all matters affecting them and insists that these views be given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the children voicing them (Article 12). It further proclaims children's right to freedom of all forms of expression (Article 13). Children are entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 14), to privacy and protection from unlawful attack or interference (Article 16) and to freedom of association and peaceful assembly (Article 15). The responsibility to secure these conditions lies mainly with parents and guardians, but States parties are obliged to assist and ""in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing."""|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|article freedom children views right|9.238242|5.1794033|7.0251064
8876|Such tools can help to set common standards and make accessibility considerations a central criterion for decisions by multiple stakeholders. Deficits in the quality of access to opportunities that different groups experience should also be identified. This requires developing methodologies for collecting qualitative information regarding satisfaction with available services, for instance, based on surveys. Such studies should aim to identify where different groups of citizens (e.g. of a certain age, occupation or gender) lack appropriate access through available transport modes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|groups available criterion different deficits|4.2986245|5.232862|0.56206816
8877|"For ""Total number of classes failed"", this is the number of classes failed by per member of sample group (asked at age 23). Results are from a study of different curriculum models impact on disadvantaged children in New Jersey. The sample groups are randomly selected and have comparable socio-economic backgrounds and other background characteristics. “ Child Centred (constructivist)"" is a High/Scope curriculum model, ""Child Centred (social)"" is a Nursery School programme with a focus on social skills."|SDG 4 - Quality education|centred failed classes curriculum sample|9.555438|2.296161|2.2267137
8878|If 2002 information is used as a reference, the most recent figures show that in eight countries the poorest quintile saw its share of total income increase by at least one percentage point. Meanwhile in nine countries, the relative share of the richest quintile declined by 5 or more percentage points. This group's share continues to be more than 50% in five countries, compared with 2002, when this applied to 10 countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|quintile share countries percentage richest|6.775683|5.57855|4.9726663
8879|The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe has also provided support to such initiatives, in particular the Sava River cooperation. The ENVSEC Initiative, a joint effort of UNDP, UNEP, OSCE, UNECE and the Regional Environmental Center for CEE (with the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation as an associate member) develops and implements transboundary water cooperation projects. Cooperation on transboundary waters in Africa is supported through the Africa Action Plan, agreed by G8 leaders in 2002. In many subregions, including EECCA, the establishment of joint bodies and strengthening transboundary water cooperation are considered to be among the important tasks of the EU Water Initiative, a partnership initiated by the EU at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cooperation transboundary joint initiative water|0.8108992|7.101964|1.8729285
8880|Basin construction is also practised by farmers to direct flood water and to enhance good drainage on inland valley and flood plain fields. Stones and fertilizer bags filled with sands are often used as bunds by farmers, to reduce soil erosion due to run-off, and this practice often enhances silt deposition (Omotayo and Musa, 1999). These include the assurance of complementary interaction between crops and livestock, such that slack resources from crops could be used as feed for livestock, while livestock would provide draft power and manure to replenish the soil. Farmers use Ciicata/Jijjiirra, an indigenous method of soil conservation, in Ethiopia to maintain soil fertility through the process of kraaling cattle at night, and rotating the position of the barn regularly in order to uniformly distribute manure to crop fields.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|soil livestock manure farmers fields|3.3565452|5.3922462|3.9464202
8881|In 2009, the Institute for the Equality of Women and Men enacted a gender analysis of the budgets of all the Federal Public Services and prepared draft gender notes for each budget. Following this analytical exercise, the institute helped budget officials apply GRB by supporting them in drafting gender notes for the 2010 annual budget. The institute plans to publish a gender budgeting manual to explain the gender budgeting procedure in detail and provide concrete examples that support budget officers in fulfilling their tasks.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|budget gender institute budgeting notes|9.690413|3.9016051|7.6232953
8882|The mere sum of individual municipal decisions in transport and spatial planning rarely shapes up into a coherent metropolitan development plan. Co-ordination efforts by a metropolitan governance body sometimes boil dowm to stitching together individual plans on an ex post basis. Furthermore, municipalities sometimes do not find out about the plans of neighbouring municipalities until it has become complex and politically costly to negotiate adjustments.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metropolitan municipalities plans individual shapes|3.9052417|5.4750953|1.4412302
8883|The water sector has certain intrinsic characteristics: natural monopolies, inelasticity of customer water demand, economies of scale, large sunk investments in networks and infrastructure, local scale of service delivery, externalities on health and environment, etc. These imply a low degree of competition, few international players and therefore high risks of abuse of dominant positions, hence the need for a strong regulator to balance the interests of all parties and prevent opportunistic behaviour. That means protecting consumers from private sector abuses, protecting the private sector from politically-driven decisions, enabling the public sector to carry out longterm policy objectives, seeking outcomes consistent with those from competitive markets and guaranteeing sufficient flexibility in contracts, regulations and standards to adapt the form of service delivery.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sector protecting delivery scale sunk|1.3175172|7.2867517|1.9079844
8884|This generates trade-offs between the security of right holders and the flexibility of water allocation. This can generate opposition from right holders and rent seekers. Appropriate processes and compensation measures need to be considered. Firstly, fast-growing economies that need to secure food supplies are increasingly making land-lease deals with poorer nations that have fertile land with water availability (WEF, 2011); unbundling water rights from land ownership in these countries would ensure that water benefits domestic needs, but this may generate tensions with the new owners of the land.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|land holders water generate right|1.2304553|7.588476|2.2410238
8885|One readily available product is the RETScreen Clean Energy Project Analysis Software developed by the Government of Canada. This decision support tool, available free-of-charge, can be used worldwide to evaluate energy production and savings, costs, emission reductions, financial viability and risk for various types of renewable-energy and energy-efficient technologies. A CPR is a detailed regional or national end use study that estimates the potential contribution of conservation to meeting future energy requirements (energy and capacity).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy available readily viability software|1.8986447|2.496416|2.067187
8886|Shortly after its independence in 1948, the country invested in water infrastructure development, mainly to support irrigated agriculture due to the new necessity for domestic food self-sufficiency (Becker, 2013[so]). The agricultural sector was a priority water recipient; it avoided implementing demand management and its water allocation quotas could not be allocated to the industrial or urban sectors. Until 1996, the Ministry of Agriculture managed the water sector and relied on natural water resources to meet all demands, with agriculture as the primary user. The Ministry kept the political objective of maintaining low water prices for farmers (World Bank, 2017(53]). In the 1970s and 1980s, freshwater sources were fully employed and by the 1990s, a period of severe drought, focus shifted to establish new water supply in replacement of freshwater use (Katz, 2013[S2j).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water freshwater agriculture ministry katz|1.1746997|7.434959|2.7388835
8887|School principals were also given a 30-minute questionnaire that covered the school system and the learning environment. In some countries and economies, optional questionnaires were distributed to parents, who were asked to provide information on their perceptions of and involvement in their child's school, their support for learning in the home, and their child's career expectations, particularly in mathematics. Countries could choose two other optional questionnaires for students: one asked students about their familiarity with and use of information and communication technologies, and the second sought information about their education to date, including any interruptions in their schooling and whether and how they are preparing for a future career.|SDG 4 - Quality education|optional questionnaires asked school career|9.434877|1.8869828|2.4192157
8888|Other skills that are gaining increasing importance are those that are most inherently human in nature, and thus difficult for robots and machines to emulate - variously termed soft skills, transversal or transferable skills, and behavioural, interpersonal and socio-emotional skills. So, too, are competencies and attitudes such as creativity, intuition, imagination, curiosity, risk-taking, open-mindedness, logical thinking, problem-solving, decision-making, the ability to engage in contact and interact with others (empathy and emotional intelligence), communication, persuasbn and negotiation skills, networking and teamwork, and the capacity to adapt and learn new abilities. Education and training policies at all levels should aim to strengthen such abilities, skills and attitudes among current and future workers.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|skills abilities emotional attitudes empathy|8.669886|2.4542077|2.2943711
8889|Nevertheless, authorities cite some evidence which could indicate that recent enforcement efforts have been effective. For instance, social insurance revenues have increased more strongly than employment since the start of the recovery, although the extent to which this is driven by enforcement efforts is difficult to disentangle from the effects of other policy changes, such as increasing minimum wages. Public opinion may largely see informal employment as an involuntary outcome for employees, and workers’ weak bargaining position suggests that informal work is indeed often not a choice of workers, notably during periods of slack labour markets. Imposing fines on workers indiscriminately is therefore not only politically difficult, but probably counter-productive as it can discourage employees from reporting employers’ infringements of applicable labour and tax laws.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers enforcement employees informal difficult|7.998919|4.399218|4.4136057
8890|Of all the mechanisms included in water governance, this is the most prevalent and also remains among the most difficult to carry out. Others, however, are political and often appear when the government of one country, usually an upstream country, embarks on river-related projects that are likely to have significant downstream impacts in other countries. Water diversion, dam construction and waste disposal in water are examples of types of activities that are in need of assessment but, when cross-border relations are involved, are not shared, either by lack of concern about cross-border impacts or unwillingness to be open to potentially critical assessments from outside the country. Similarly, information is not only about projects and their impacts, but also about decision-making, especially with regard to behind-closed-doors agreements that can entail corruption.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|impacts border country cross water|1.0100414|7.186992|1.6827743
8891|However, recognizing the great importance of remittances in national development, the LDCs should design appropriate measures to counteract negative impacts on migrant workers. These countries can adopt aggressive labour export strategies to identify areas with a high demand for labour, and negotiate bilateral labour migration agreements with those countries. Governments can also create expatriate livelihood support funds to help returning migrants find new jobs.|SDG 1 - No poverty|labour aggressive counteract returning recognizing|5.8619924|4.299932|3.8086522
8892|Some good practices were identified, but there is not enough critical mass to transform the economy in a homogeneous way. There is therefore a need to provide entrepreneurs and small business owners with tools and support schemes tailored to the green economy. Access to finance is also an important aspect. Private capital, but also public funds (for instance through R&D lines or ESF), should be made available more easily to businesses. Subsidies and giants should also be considered. Targeting key sectors (such as those identified in this report) and their supply chains could prove effective in expanding businesses in the green economy, and thus, in creating jobs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|economy businesses identified green homogeneous|2.291198|3.8924124|2.0756574
8893|Chile also has high repetition rates in international comparison even if they have decreased in recent years. In addition, student achievement in international assessments, while at the top within Latin America, remains below the OECD average. However, trend analyses of PISA results have shown some statistical significant improvement in reading literacy while performance in mathematics and science has remained fairly stable.|SDG 4 - Quality education|repetition international reading fairly mathematics|9.800721|2.1227777|3.0553503
8894|It highlights and explores hierarchical and unequal relations and roles between and among males and females, the unequal value given to women's work, and women's unequal access to power and decision-making as well as property and resources. Gender mainstreaming or integration helps assess the impact of different laws, policies and programmes on groups of men and women, as explained in the box below. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve equality between men and women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unequal women men perpetuated making|9.678689|4.429074|7.049045
8895|But people who see themselves as candidates for the professions, and are attracted to the working conditions enjoyed by professionals, might not find what they're looking for in schools that use bureaucratic management to direct teachers' work. Media campaigns to enhance the image of the profession by highlighting its importance for the nation, its sophistication and complexity, and the intellectual excitement it can generate, can also help. Countries that wish to broaden the range of teachers' backgrounds and experiences could concentrate on promoting the benefits of a teaching career to groups who are under-represented in the teaching force, such as men and people from minority backgrounds. This is intended to ensure that all schools have access to effective teachers and a balance of experienced and beginning teachers. The allocation of teachers to schools is decided by the local education authority, and the exact rules followed may differ.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers backgrounds schools teaching sophistication|9.549339|1.4077332|2.342089
8896|After preceding discussion it is obvious that this can again be only a partial input to the ongoing discussion about what energy supply security means for different countries and different stakeholders. This index is normalised to range from 0 (extremely low security) to 100 (extremely high security). It covers final energy demand, energy conversion and transport and primary energy supply and, hence, in principle the entire energy system.1 The S/D Index is also at the basis of the SSDI employed in Chapter 3 of this publication to track the evolution of the energy supply situation in selected OECD countries over the past 40 years in a systematic manner. The difference in the SSDI and the S/D Index is essentially that the SSDI was adapted to be able to work with the only available consistent data available for the past 40 years, i.e. the IEA Energy Statistics.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ssdi energy index security extremely|1.0652021|1.856899|1.9761157
8897|The Chicago Tri-State metro-region is among the top five metro-regions in the US for specialisations in professional energy services, and the metro-region also exhibits specialisations in Air and Water Purification Technologies, Lighting, and Green Architecture and Construction Services. In the Chicago-area 21-county region, the Milwaukee metro-region has the strongest specialisation in the US in water efficient technologies. The growth of the green sector in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region has brought with it a significant number of green-sector jobs; the sector has grown by 20% since 2003. The metro-region could build on these strengths to improve economic and environmental outcomes in the long run. Energy efficiency retrofitting and green building design could be considered top priorities for job growth and distinguishing the metro-region’s green architectural expertise, but financing mechanisms for lowering the barriers to energy efficiency investments would need to be improved. Wind energy holds the promise of developing a sector that is beginning to call the Chicago Tri-State metro-region home, but needs clearer pricing signals and technical assistance to become more price-competitive.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|metro region chicago green tri|2.791193|3.1060014|2.0037708
8898|Besides, the co-ordination Committee on Integrated Water Policy (CIW) is the competent authority for the WFD and the co-ordination of integrated water policy in Flanders. It is composed of the leading officials of all administrative entities involved in water management and of the representatives of the authorities of the water management at the local level. It has a threefold mission: i) to prepare, plan and follow up the integrated water policy; ii) to guarantee a uniform approach of integrated water policy in the subbasins; and iii) to implement the decisions of Flemish government related to integrated water policy. As part of the implementation of the WFD, the committee prepares the river basin management plans for the two river basin management districts in Flanders, the Scheldt and the Meuse.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|integrated water flanders policy wfd|0.9518815|7.091322|1.6737831
8899|Between 1980 and 2008, precipitation of more than 77 mm was observed at least once per year during 50 per cent of the period. To date, any impact that climate change may have had generally on rainfall in Albania cannot be distinguished from natural variations. The number of days per year with wind speeds in excess of 15 m/s showed no discernible trend in the period 1971-1990, the latest period analysed in the 2016 Third National Communication on Climate Change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|period distinguished mm speeds year|1.1976727|5.2938557|2.2970645
8900|Social Science & Medicine, 68(8), 1396-1406. Worrying about the stock market: Evidence from hospital admissions. The mental health consequences of the recession: economic hardship and employment of people with mental health problems in 27 European countries. Cuts drive health system reforms in Spain.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health worrying hardship admissions|10.243603|8.870082|1.9354304
8901|Turkey and the Russian Federation display high shares of employees in strained jobs. While not presented here, the decomposition of job demands suggests that strong time pressure is an important work stressor. Hence, using very long hours as a proxy is a reasonable option for measuring the quality of working environment in emerging economies, where information on working conditions is often scarce and limited in scope41. Turkey, Colombia, Indonesia and India perform rather poorly when the quality of working environment is proxied by the incidence of working more than 60 hours a week (Figure 7, Panel B).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|working turkey hours strained proxied|8.34772|4.5106497|4.728398
8902|In the latter case of instream habitat, regulations are intended to maintain minimum streamflow requirements throughout the year. In the model presented here, we will consider the design of policies to address cumulative stream depletion problems in some detail (Kuwayama and Brozovic, 2013). Extension of the model to allow maintenance of specific streamflow constraints continuously throughout the year requires an intra-seasonal crop water production function, which leads to much more complex analyses and is generally not analytically tractable (e.g. Han, 2011). Thus, the impact of ongoing pumping on streamflow needs to consider the pumping history rather than just pumping in the current period.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|streamflow pumping consider model year|0.74942434|7.488148|2.7658353
8903|Eviction can take place only under certain very exceptional circumstances and under strict criteria imposed by international law. States have to take certain measures to comply with international standards, such as adopt and implement special measures to protect women from evictions, for instance by conferring titles to land and housing to women. States have to assess the differentiated impact of evictions on women so that the specific impact on them is addressed appropriately.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women certain titles exceptional states|9.517216|5.1696754|7.308345
8904|Total cost recovery level is also 64% for all uses. With a couple of notable exceptions, water companies do not cover their costs. Furthermore, not even financial costs are covered with the collected revenues. Average water tariffs have been calculated by dividing the total amount of revenues paid by farmers and the amount of water used in each water region.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water revenues dividing total costs|1.5996375|7.562387|2.3138213
8905|The unequal sharing of family and household responsibilities means that when public services such as health, childcare, water and sanitation are cut back or become less affordable, it is usually women and girls who fill the ensuing gap, spending more time on unpaid care and domestic work (see Chapter 6). Finally, because women are more likely to be employed in the public sector, they are particularly affected by staff and wage cuts in this sector. In the United Kingdom, the Women's Budget Group has repeatedly denounced the regressive nature of fiscal consolidation, which is based on spending cuts rather than tax increases, and quantified the toll that budget cuts take on the most disadvantaged women and girls in the country.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cuts women budget girls spending|8.975612|4.9769216|6.00813
8906|Five of these are offered at regional colleges under the Council for Higher Education: Ort Braude, Tel Hai, Sakhnin, Western Galilee and Sefad Colleges. Socio-economic gaps between the population groups and the disparities between the Galilee and the centre of Israel remain. Israel needs a continuous and concerted policy strategy”. Policy should ensure that educational infrastructure on offer to all Arab and Jewish children including issues such as class sizes, educational facilities at all levels, basic standards in English, mathematics and sciences is of a similar standard.|SDG 4 - Quality education|galilee colleges israel educational tel|7.815343|2.4024942|2.7303448
8907|In 1994, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean approved the Regional Programme of Action for the Women of Latin America and the Caribbean (1995-2001), whose guidelines remain in force thanks to a decision approved at the eighth Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean (Lima, 2000) and the ninth Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean (Mexico City, 2004) (ECLAC, 2004). The region’s commitment to the goals laid down for equitable participation by women in economic activities has been consolidated in the light of these programmes and platforms for action. Thus, each country has amended its legal framework and created institutions oriented towards the development and promotion of gender equity.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|caribbean latin america women conference|9.660778|4.483739|7.1696277
8908|The first is to enable individuals to live in dignity by ensuring that their basic needs (in terms of food, health, housing and income) are met. The second objective is to foster an inclusive society by helping Canadians join the middle class through measures to promote the development of the skills of vulnerable populations (such as young people or indigenous populations), access to quality employment and the development of early childcare services. The third objective is to support the middle class by protecting Canadians from falling into poverty and by supporting income security and resilience.|SDG 1 - No poverty|canadians class populations middle objective|7.143292|6.2323585|4.8386436
8909|Green MSP is now the region’s accepted private-public voice for green manufacturing. Green are aimed at driving the growth of local green manufacturers through government purchasing; implementing building standards and incentives; aligning industrial zones with green assets; providing finance to start-up companies; and a recognition programme for green manufacturers. The model is a strong example of one region’s efforts to expand its green manufacturing base. It is a good model for local coalitions developing recommendations to create their own green economies, but may be more relevant for larger cities with more developed sustainability efforts in place, such as Sydney.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|green manufacturers manufacturing model efforts|2.5830057|4.040827|2.0530534
8910|Trends in frontier technologies, which are fundamentally enabled by the Internet and ICTs, are superimposed on a world with existing technological divides both between and within nations. This is vital to understanding who is lagging how far behind and to identifying measures to mitigate such divisions. Responding adequately to such challenges will require capabilities. Increasing R&D intensity remains a long-term objective worldwide. In the European Union, for example, the Europe 2020 target for R&D is 3 per cent of GDP.3' In 2014, only four European Union member countries (Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Austria) met this target (Eurostat, 2016). While it has increased significantly in some regions, R&D intensity in most developing countries is much lower than either the world average or that of developed countries in Europe and North America, which exceeds 2 per cent.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|intensity union europe target european|5.2828|3.3320453|2.3614268
8911|Based on the review, this chapter outlines key questions for EECCA countries to assess their readiness and to identify priority areas for improvement. In addition, while this report does not solely focus on access to the GCF funding, Box 3.1 outlines key institutions and capacities needed to access its resources as one example. Such institutions include the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and other bilateral agencies and multilateral institutions such as Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), the KfW Development Bank, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Resources Institute (WRI).|SDG 13 - Climate action|gcf outlines institutions nations kfw|1.7714416|3.8784406|1.2632644
8912|As evidence, computer users witnessed an average income increase of US$ 38.36, which equates to a total 8.00% increase, or 3.92% per year. Finally, the largest impact occurred among the Internet users, who benefited from increased speed and, in the case of those users who previously used dial-up Internet, elimination of the incremental cost of usage. Users who could access the service directly in their homes as a result of network deployment also benefited. For this group, the increase in the income level was substantially greater than in the previous cases: Their income increased by US$ 51.86, a 10.27% rise relative to their initial income, or a 5.01% increase per year.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|users benefited increase income internet|4.9217114|2.8331814|1.7061646
8913|Due to their stationary nature and limited exposure to international competition, electricity sectors are frequently called upon to generate a major share of these emissions reductions. Beyond reductions in absolute consumption, this means substituting fossil-fuel based power generation with low-carbon technologies such as renewables or nuclear power. For instance, the Energy Roadmap of the European Commission (EC) envisions greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 to be at least 80% lower than in 1990, while the electricity sector is supposed to be carbon-neutral by that date (EC, 2011a).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ec reductions carbon emissions electricity|1.4718815|2.7494428|2.0214942
8914|It then examines vocational education and training in Sweden, with a focus on workplace based training programmes, and career guidance at school. Finally, it gives an overview of social services offered in school, and the co-ordination of these services. Up until the age of 16, all students learn together in one comprehensive school without tracking or grade repetition.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school training repetition services grade|9.909511|2.6798036|2.5430233
8915|Parents who abuse drugs are more likely to live in homes in which relatives, friends, and strangers also use drugs, exposing children to possible emotional and physical harm. Additionally, children that have to be removed from such environments are more likely to engage in crime, drug use and delinquency. Drug abuse is of particular concern among street children throughout the world.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drugs abuse drug children exposing|8.358514|10.132373|3.6050253
8916|Labour force participation is included as an additional measure in the composite index to capture the socio-economic dimension of women’s position. We believe labour force participation is an important aspect of gender equality, as it reflects what one can actually do with better education, etc. The example of the Middle East and North Africa is a case in point.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|force participation composite labour believe|9.200319|4.312913|5.8158793
8917|The practice of blending agriculture runoff with freshwater resources is degrading water quality to varying degrees with such contaminants as toxic trace metals, micro-organics, pathogens, pesticides, trace nutrients and biodegradable organic loads. In addition to adversely affecting downstream ecosystems, this practice increases heavy metal concentrations in downstream fisheries and agricultural produce. Without desalination, many of these regions would be uninhabitable.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|trace downstream practice contaminants degrading|0.77250904|6.7264857|2.897053
8918|In 2001, following a severe drought, the quota was reduced by 23% (to 563 million m3) compared with the 2000 level. The quota has changed little since then, but it is expected to decrease to 487 and 350 million m3 by 2015 and 2050, respectively (from the current 500 million m3). Quota reductions since 1999 have been compensated by income support payments. During the last decade, water use declined from 7 megalitres (ML)17 per hectare per year to about 5 ML/ha/year.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|quota ml million year compensated|0.96255183|7.470288|2.7955368
8919|Moreover, these transfers have beneficial, although small, effects on children’s school and labour participation rates. Furthermore, beside the cash transfer policy, the subsidy for school canteens has a relatively low cost but carries fairly considerable benefits in response to the crisis, especially in alleviating caloric poverty; while the other two policies are quite ineffective, regardless of which dimension of poverty is considered. English translation by Nathan Weatherdon.|SDG 1 - No poverty|alleviating caloric school poverty carries|7.4984913|5.937328|4.478422
8920|Different seasons and rainfall patterns and variability in production, which will increase as climate change continues, imply variable market conditions across countries. Where production variability is not highly correlated among most countries in the region, integration through regional trade offers the prospect of cancelling the effects of small country size on production volatility (Koester 1986). Studies have calculated the amount of stocks needed for each country within a defined region so as to stabilise cereal consumption in times of fluctuations in cereal production and import prices (Dorosh et al., These studies have compared those stock levels to the levels required by the same countries when co-operating regionally.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cereal production variability studies prospect|3.9800808|4.9806232|4.239206
8921|The EU15 comprised the following 15 countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Source: OECD Health Data 2010 and Rosstat. Taken individually, different categories of NCDs and injuries make up the ten leading causes of death in the Russian Federation and account for 90% of deaths in the Russian population as a whole (Rosstat, 2008). Standardised mortality rates (SMR) for cerebrovascular diseases and ischaemic heart diseases are twice as large as the OECD average and are ten times larger than the best performing OECD countries (Figure 3.3).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|russian diseases oecd ncds ischaemic|9.189987|9.275591|2.7913778
8922|For instance, low rates and lax enforcement (e.g. illegal abstractions, underreporting of consumption) prevent abstraction charges from being effective instruments for water policies, while low pollution charges do not significantly change the behaviour of polluters. Water markets are a step in the right direction, but they tend to be poorly designed and can lead to over-abstraction. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes are in place and the Pact recently adopted by the new Mexican administration explicitly requests that they be strengthened (commitment 66).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|abstraction charges lax pact underreporting|1.5582128|7.0688043|2.1066368
8923|Training is being provided and public awareness and education programs have been implemented. Reviews recommend that a new agency (Center for Crisis Management) be established to manage emergency situations. State Statistical Office, 2009. State Statistical Office, 2009. Total carbon in above-ground biomass is 47.9 million tons, which is about the same as in 1990. All State-owned forests are guided by 10-year management plans.|SDG 15 - Life on land|state statistical office recommend guided|1.4485933|4.5564446|3.8238418
8924|On the South-Western side (Turkish territory), there are some springs. Therefore the quantity and quality of the lake water is preserved as in natural conditions. Only three villages arc located near the lake in Turkish territory (population some 700). In the Georgian part, the population is some 5,900 within a radius of 7 km from the lake.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lake turkish territory georgian springs|0.5450262|6.9961433|2.779717
8925|We note this point, while taking account of data limitations, in the empirical analysis. Section three describes the data and the econometric model, followed by the interpretation of the results. Summary remarks and policy implications conclude the paper. This was promulgated in the first National Programme for Women's Development in China (1995-2000) and in several laws including the 1992 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests, and the 2008 China Employment Promotion Law.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|china law promulgated remarks econometric|9.092704|4.424938|6.08111
8926|They can provide systemic coherence and consolidate the vision of w hat the country considers to be a good teacher. Professional standards describe a common set of competencies that good teachers are expected to have or develop throughout their careers. They are an opportunity for members of the profession to link research and practice further, building a collegial understanding of long-term goals, means and accountability based in practice. Furthermore, this shared understanding of what constitutes a good teacher can help to better align classrooms, schools and system-level organisations, w'hile providing the necessary resources to teachers to better support student learning (OECD, 2010; Kleinhenz and Ingvarson, 2007; Toledo Figueroa, Revai and Guerriero, 2017).|SDG 4 - Quality education|good teacher understanding practice teachers|9.429456|1.195359|2.0720558
8927|For instance, Armenia now has only five water companies (Yerevan djur, Armvodkanal, Nor Akunk, Lori-vodkanal and Shirak-vodkanal) covering the whole population (see Box 3.2 below on Armenia). This would help achieve economies of scale and remove some resource limitations (including shortage of staff). At the beginning of 2009, almost 60 municipal water supply and sanitation utilities were integrated, and two legal entities were created: Agmosavletis Tskali Ltd (Eastern Water) and Dasavletis Tskali Ltd (Western Water). This integration aimed to improve the technical and financial conditions of utilities and pave the way for future privatisation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|armenia water utilities pave privatisation|1.4066339|7.1997867|2.0902698
8928|A person suffering from burnout no longer manages to overcome everyday stressful events and experiences “emotional fatigue”. It is however difficult to estimate the prevalence of burnout in the population, as, for instance, it can be hard to distinguish it from depression. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, on the other hand, occurs among 3% to 6% of children of school age, and boys suffer from this state 2 to 3 times more often than girls.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|fatigue everyday manages disorder suffering|7.465177|6.140866|5.122562
8929|The ITQ model was later expanded to the coastal shrimp fishery in 1997. The ITQ system has facilitated a concentration of the shrimp fisheries on fewer operators and improved the profitability in accordance with the political objectives. The maximum ownership limit on shrimp in offshore fisheries is 33.33% and two companies are close to the limit, while in coastal shrimp fisheries the limit is 15%.|SDG 14 - Life below water|shrimp itq limit fisheries coastal|-0.3798847|5.663778|6.962652
8930|The new legal framework adopted by the Federal District (and which is in the process of being developed by the State of Mexico) sets an important foundation for this by enlarging the scope of mobility policy and the responsibilities of mobility authorities. Success, however, will depend on strengthening the planning, regulatory and financial capacity of the authorities in charge of mobility policy. A crucial part of this process involves clarifying responsibilities where the outcomes depend on multisectoral strategies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility depend responsibilities authorities clarifying|4.0657806|5.376863|1.0062956
8931|Under this standard, NMFS is defining fishing communities and profiling these communities to enable improved social impact analyses for all federally managed fisheries. The IFA provides that the Department of Commerce can provide disaster assistance to states determined by the Secretary of Commerce to have been affected by a commercial fishery failure or serious disruption affecting future production due to a fishery resource disaster (e.g. from either natural or undetermined causes). Funds as appropriated may be used for any purpose the Secretary determines appropriate to restore an affected fishery or to prevent future failures.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery secretary commerce disaster affected|-0.15905255|5.674268|6.6688085
8932|Besides, many conduct monitoring service quality practices with the aim of informing the public about the level of quality provided (19), which provides more transparency to the users of ECEC. In addition, it is common to monitor service quality to enhance children’s development (16) and to improve staff performance (16). Source: Table 3.1, OECD Network on ECEC, “Online Survey on Monitoring Quality in Early Learning and Development”, November 2013.|SDG 4 - Quality education|quality ecec monitoring service informing|9.410822|2.7639978|1.8211502
8933|While it is an important concept, it has not been used widely by the treaty bodies. For example, although as we have seen much emphasis is placed on the importance of equal pay for work of equal value for women and men, it is rarely made explicit that women’s pay should be increased to that of men. In recent decades, there has been strong opposition to such restrictions on the grounds that they breach the equality principle. However, this has led to two quite contradictory responses. The CEDAW Committee has encouraged Austria to ensure ‘levelling up' measures are included in its anti-discrimination legislation; CEDAW Committee, Austria, op.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cedaw austria committee equal pay|9.690076|4.6022615|6.958957
8934|The certification scheme Energy Smart is used to rate and certify the energy performance of commercial buildings. It was originally developed by the Energy Sustainability Unit (ESU) at the National University of Singapore and the National Environment Agency of Singapore to target offices, hotels and shopping malls. The scheme is voluntary and most commercial enterprises participate because it can be used as part of their branding strategies. The European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy has established that it is advice on energy efficiency improvements, rather than solely ratings and certifications, that primarily mobilize markets to achieve energy savings measures.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy singapore scheme commercial certifications|2.0708332|2.7456546|2.2623394
8935|This is the case not only because of the importance of these indicators for identifying the poor, but also because they are the most readily available indicators in surveys conducted in the region. Admittedly, a more comprehensive multidimensional poverty measurement requires data on other aspects, such as nutritional status, state of health and employment status of persons (for a proposal on the aspects of well-being that should be captured in a multidimensional poverty measurement, see Santos, 2013), but this information is not available for a sufficient number of countries in the region. This means, on the one hand, that the dwelling does not provide protection against various environmental factors (for example, rain, humidity, etc.) Thus, a dwelling is observed to be deficient when it does not guarantee sufficient insulation against natural and social elements.|SDG 1 - No poverty|dwelling multidimensional measurement sufficient aspects|6.664423|6.4179296|5.0922017
8936|This new support system for school improvement seeks to build the capacity of schools and school providers for self-improvement and to make better use of PEI and PME. To this end, it also seeks to establish PME as a tool that is more independent of the SEP and related accountability requirements. Another positive development is that thanks to targeted funding programmes in the form of the SEP and the programme of school integration (PIE), schools have additional resources to hire learning support staff that support teachers in their work and provide support for students within schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sep support schools seeks school|9.81448|1.9834176|2.0720649
8937|Over-age attendance as a result of grade repetition and/or late entry risks reducing participation in education (UNESCO, 2016(7]). For all other countries with available data, this share ranges between 0% and 5% (Figure Bl.a). In the last grade of lower secondary education, this share increases for most countries and doubles on average across the OECD (from 2% to 4%). The share of over-age students increases most from the last grade of primary education to the last grade of lower secondary education for Argentina (by 10 percentage points), Costa Rica (by 14 percentage points), Luxembourg (by 12 percentage points) and Spain (by 8 percentage points), while it decreases substantially for Hungary (by 7 percentage points), highlighting a high rate of dropout and a drop in enrolment rates for 15-19 year-olds.|SDG 4 - Quality education|grade points percentage education share|9.421948|2.324711|2.9725494
8938|Given that Canada used to impose a standard royalty of 4 per cent of the net selling price of the drug in final dosage form on a licensee of right to use patented pharmaceuticals until 1992,639 and given that most data originators will recoup the bulk of their R&D expenses in developed countries anyway, a royalty comprising the generic producer’s own marginal costs of production plus 1-3 per cent of these costs, depending upon GDP per capita ability to pay, would seem more than sufficient. While such an approach would give only an approximation of the real costs of the originator’s R&D, it would avoid the transaction costs and possibly endless litigation that more complicated models might induce. Finally, it would also be limited in time, for instance to five years, during which the data originator would be entitled to claim compensation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|originator costs litigation approximation cent|8.31037|9.556491|2.3895135
8939|At national level, the government spent roughly USD 1.7 million per year over 2000-04 for improving irrigation and collector-drainage systems. During the same time periods, USD 28.6 per ha of irrigated land was charged as water supply fee, out of which farmers paid 60%. The total cost of modernisation will be USD 169 million.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|usd collector million modernisation drainage|1.2062594|7.6321893|2.6568394
8940|Next, a country synthesis is proposed in order to highlight the coherence of the national policy in the field. Such coherence is built on the strength of the associations that exist between Levels 2, 3 and 4. The following table summarises the content of the recommendations and specifies whether a diploma related to the field of ICT uses in education exists. The case of each country is specifically described in the following paragraphs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|coherence field following paragraphs diploma|8.8702|2.1534054|2.2764618
8941|Sustainable transport decisions must be scaled up and expanded so that cities do not get locked into infrastructure that pollutes, generates economic loss, limits opportunities and endangers lives. Recognizing how unsustainable transport affects urbanization, some cities are now investing heavily in mass transit and acting to limit car sales and usage. These meeting have brought together various stakeholders including national statistical offices, national and local governments, transport authorities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport cities locked recognizing acting|4.0837946|4.996855|0.821988
8942|It cannot simply be assumed that, when environment is better treated by policy, then people will automatically enjoy the income, health, safeguard and livelihood benefits, or that the poor will benefit proportionately more because they are correspondingly more dependent upon the environment. The ability to predict these should be an important component of any strategy that attempts to shift policy and investment towards environmental options. This meant fast-tracking the work.|SDG 13 - Climate action|proportionately correspondingly environment safeguard automatically|1.7994392|4.27056|1.9541105
8943|Based on analyses of data from the database, the board of INCOPESCA (Costa Rica's national fisheries authority) recognized the need to permanently remove shrimp boats from the coastal zone as requested by fishers. The negotiations leading up to this action took several years, but in 2011 INCOPESCA temporarily banned shrimp boats from the Tarcoles MARF, with only hook-and-line fishing being allowed. The study of the effects of the ban showed recovery in the two most exploited species (snapper and shrimp).|SDG 14 - Life below water|shrimp boats banned permanently temporarily|0.013617704|5.8689947|6.739718
8944|In the United States, anti-immigration raids led to surges in dropout among children of undocumented immigrants wary of deportation, whereas an earlier policy providing deportation protection had increased secondary school completion. Yet their attainment and achievement often lagged behind those of host country peers. In the European Union, twice as many foreign-born youth as natives left school early in 2017.|SDG 4 - Quality education|surges undocumented natives school lagged|9.941792|2.6608822|2.9191132
8945|So teachers know that the easiest approach for them may be simply to wait out attempts at reform. Most significantly, there is a substantial gap between the time at which the initial cost of reform is incurred, and the time when it is evident whether the benefits of reform will actually materialise. While timing complicates the politics of reform in many domains, it seems to have a greater impact on education reform, where the lags often involve many years. It is a long way to successful reform implementation; failure is often just one small step away. As a result, the political cycle may have a direct impact on the timing, scope and content of education reform. Education reform becomes a thankless task when elections take place before the benefits of reform are realised.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reform timing education materialise complicates|9.214046|1.9359835|2.336859
8946|"Consent for this purpose must be consent given voluntarily, as a result of the victim's free will, assessed in the context of the surrounding circumstances. The mens rea is the intention to effect this sexual penetration, and the knowledge that it occurs without the consent of the victim"" (para. See Viseur Sellers, ""The prosecution of sexual violence in conflict"", for further analysis. The resolution recognizes the devastating impact of conflict on women and girls, and reaffirms the need to implement fully existing international humanitarian and human rights law obligations protecting the rights of women and girls during conflict."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|consent conflict victim sexual girls|10.007065|5.143101|7.5605397
8947|Second, approaches and structures to identify and diagnose special needs need to be developed. This is not an easy task and requires the contribution of a range of specialists (e.g. teachers, doctors, psychologists) and good communication with parents. Third, there needs to be a reflection about the roles of special schools and the extent to which mainstream schools can contribute to the education of special needs students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|special needs diagnose schools psychologists|10.202116|2.3417175|1.9735422
8948|For example, many countries have introduced or reinforced anti-harassment laws. Others are conducting awareness-raising campaigns about definitions of sexual harassment, ways to prevent sexual harassment and legal rights (for victims) and obligations (for employers) when harassment occurs. To ensure that women are represented in decision making, many OECD and developing countries have initiated some form of affirmative action to increase female representation in politics (Chapter 14).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|harassment sexual affirmative reinforced conducting|10.042777|4.922228|7.338937
8949|This chapter outlines its demographics, economy, government and particularly its education system, including recent reform efforts and challenges. It has been free of charge since 2009 and participation rates are now high, with almost universal pre-primary and primary education. Reform efforts to decentralise administration, and increase the quality of its education to meet broader development goals have had less impact, with challenges of effectiveness, efficiency and equity remaining to be met.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reform education challenges efforts primary|9.26799|2.1383033|2.3003135
8950|No country of the region has identified women entrepreneurs as a specific target group. An explanatory factor may be that SME policies focused initially on industrial sectors, where women are largely absent. In the latter part of the decade, SME policies have been more generally applied to all sectors of economic activity.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sme sectors explanatory absent policies|8.941209|3.505903|6.4043956
8951|We will identify and briefly assess key policy choices affecting ICTs and how best to ensure that government policy optimizes the role of ICTs in sustainable development. Government influence also extends to co-regulation, social marketing/advertising, and collective action for non-market production by private individuals. It will show how all of these goals are related.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|icts advertising extends briefly government|4.4100056|3.1546881|1.9698054
8952|Furthermore, gender units can play an important role in gender sensitization training as well as in training on how to avoid gender bias in data collection. Through their contacts with national machineries for women and non-governmental organizations, gender units and gender focal points can facilitate communication between the producers and some of the end users of gender statistics (United Nations, 2006). These units can provide information to users and help them to understand the uses of existing statistics. The development of methodological materials on gender statistics has a rather short history.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender units statistics users training|9.689717|4.401085|7.933035
8953|The scope of this holistic vision builds on the advances made across the period of the MDGs, during which net enrolment rates in primary education increased from 83 to 91 per cent in developing regions of the world (United Nations 2015). As reinforced by the Incheon Declaration of the 2015 World Education Forum (World Education Forum 2015), education and lifelong learning are recognised through SDG 4 as being fundamental human rights and as vital in realising the broader aspirations of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Finally, many sport-based initiatives have also been oriented towards the holistic development and empowerment of young people and the dissemination of educational messages, and so are relevant to SDG targets 4.4 and 4.7.|SDG 4 - Quality education|holistic education sdg forum world|8.711068|2.7045617|2.0004344
8954|Lower plants (including fungi) and invertebrates have also been studied intensively. A number of species are found only in Kyrgyzstan. These endemic species and subspecies include over 200 plant species, around 3,240 invertebrate species, including 2,760 endemic insects and 17 vertebrate species, as well as a further 47 subendemic vertebrates.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species endemic invertebrates insects fungi|1.3756356|5.3206735|4.208166
8955|Legally binding treaties and optional protocols33 further delineate specific human rights protections, creating a comprehensive normative human rights legal framework. This came to the fore during the first World Conference on Women (1975, Mexico City), the United Nations Decade on Women (1976-1985) and debates on international norms, such as CEDAW.35 The 1979 adoption of CEDAW established a critical reference point underscoring the importance of gender equality36 in development with an explicit focus on reducing discrimination against women. Gender, on the other hand, focuses on socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men or women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cedaw women delineate rights human|9.671666|4.6711736|7.144177
8956|In 2012 more than 200 million adults worldwide were unemployed. Vulnerable employment accounts for more than half of total employment and is particularly high in South-East Asia (61 percent), South Asia (77 percent) and Sub-Saharan Africa (77 percent).67 Even those employed may be earning very Iitde. In 2011,397 million people ages 15 and older were estimated to be employed but living in households with less than $1.25 per person a day. Employment, especially decent employment, is associated with dignity and status—and with stable and cohesive communities and societies.|SDG 1 - No poverty|percent employment employed asia south|7.8180385|4.4162083|4.4736676
8957|Accordingly, the four pillars of gender equality in e-Government emerged from the research, which include: women’s access to ICT, capacity development for women, online public service outreach for women, and women’s participation in online public process. It should be the specific situation of a country’s advancement and capacity in those four pillars that jointly influence the scope and priority of objectives for gender equality in e-Government. It should be noted that the two concepts, gender equality and empowerment of women, are different in their meanings - gender equality emphasizes remedying the existing inequality between men and women which reproduces further inequalities with negative consequences for women’s well-being; while empowerment of women does not have a connotation of gender disparities and focuses on the changes needed for women to realize her full human rights (UNFPA, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women equality gender pillars online|9.676649|4.26023|7.2400675
8958|Also, the data for onshore and offshore wind technologies are not available for Finland and the Republic of Korea; values for wind onshore were replaced by the OECD median case and values for the wind offshore by those of Germany. For coherence with the analysis presented in Section 4.3, the load factors of wind onshore power plants in France have been obtained from the most recent data published by the French grid operator (RTE, 2011). For dispatchable power plants, data in Parsons (2011) have thus been used, taking an n* of the kind plant and median case assumptions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|onshore wind offshore median values|1.5388767|1.6065174|2.0161364
8959|The task of managing the infrastructure is particularly hard as the capacity of the school board as w'ell as the ability to fundraise from the local community is often lower in rural areas, while many school buildings are in very poor condition as most of them were built between the 1950s and 1970s. The hundred primary schools with the lowest performance in the country, as measured by grade repetition and dropout levels, have less than 50 students and are mostly located in rural areas outside of the capital area (PEN, 2013). There are also indications that students from small primary schools are less likely to make the transition to secondary school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school pen schools primary students|9.574917|2.0829864|2.5495486
8960|The harvesting and extraction of some of these resources, such as timber, are known to potentially have significant adverse impacts on biodiversity. So, to the extent that information on the impacts on biodiversity associated with these different resources exists, indirect links with resource use and biodiversity loss can be established and trends in the use of these resources monitored. The SEEA also allows linking the flow of resources to specific sectors of the economy.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity resources seea impacts timber|1.4770113|5.0223165|3.8838158
8961|Negative effects in mountain ecosystems are caused by uncontrolled collection of plant species and illegal hunting of large carnivores and the Balkan chamois. Threats are also induced by overuse of biological resources, mostly for commercial purposes. Thus, a high number of indigenous medicinal and aromatic plants, 67 species of mushrooms, more than 110 species of diatom algae, 12 species of lichens, 12 species of ferns, and 20 species of mosses are all at risk. At the national level, the most threatened groups of higher plants are the angiosperms (flowering plants) (with approximately 280-300 species). Aquatic and wetland plants are especially endangered.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species plants medicinal algae uncontrolled|1.3842176|5.3681803|4.2046723
8962|It uses a value of 0 to represent a society where everyone has the same income and which, therefore, has no inequality; at the other end of the scale, it uses 1 to represent a society where only one person has all the income and which, thus, has maximum inequality. To make them easier to understand, Gini values can also be represented as Gini points. This is done simply by multiplying each value by 100, so a Gini coefficient of 0.28 becomes 28 Gini points.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|gini represent uses points society|6.7012105|5.150872|4.8905964
8963|Secondly, teaching to the test emphasises rote memorisation and a more passive approach to learning as teachers spend more time developing test-taking strategies rather than cultivating students’ problem-solving skills (Kellaghan etal., By involving teachers in standardised test development and implementation and training teachers on how to effectively use and analyse test results, there can be less risk of teaching to the test. However, incentives attached to test results must be carefully constructed to avoid motivating strategic behaviour such as teaching to the test; the research is mixed as to how to effectively promote positive behaviours as a result of incentives while reducing negative behaviours.|SDG 4 - Quality education|test teaching teachers behaviours effectively|9.688921|1.7439013|1.3457215
8964|Caceres and Caceres (2017a) found that the main determinants of self-employment in a sample of six Latin American countries were the economic growth rate and the level of remittances as a percentage of GDP. These two variables will be considered here —along with the change in the manufacturing sector’s share of GDP (D (Manu)) and a qualitative variable (Qualil) representing the drop in GDP in 2009—to be the determinants of self-employment in El Salvador. The results are shown in table 2.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|gdp determinants self employment salvador|8.36138|4.305501|5.3968987
8965|In line with G20 commitments, Germany should eliminate the support measures to fossil fuels and if needed replace them by environment-neutral measures. Within the fuel consumption tax stmcture, tax rates vary according to fuels, users and purposes, suggesting taxation is not systematically related to the level of negative externalities. For instance, tax rates are reduced for heating fuels and are quasi null for coal.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fuels tax null quasi measures|1.5808686|2.8542302|2.1431265
8966|By contrast, women in the informal sector experience a statistically significant motherhood wage penalty in all of the specifications. We find that the wage penalty is not the same for all mothers, as having more children increases the estimated penalty (7.8% for one child, 15.5% for two children and 26.3% for three or more children). The coefficient estimates for the motherhood wage penalty, as reported in table 3, appear to be relatively stable over time, showing a higher penalty in the period before the shock (10.1% versus 5.7% for one child, 16.4%versus 13.1%fortwo children and 27.3% versus 26.0% for three or more children). The estimated coefficients associated with motherhood and children are non-significant across all the formal-sector regressions. As in the ols results, formal-sector women workers do not experience statistically significant motherhood wage penalties. Across the full time period of the data, two different specifications of motherhood (one by the number of children and one by their age) show no significant wage penalties for mothers working in the formal sector.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|motherhood penalty children wage versus|8.806931|4.8831196|5.59709
8967|The project promotes healthy lifestyles with educational initiatives such as a community garden club, exercise and nutrition lessons, and environment and recycling education. The development complex strengthens community engagement with social activities and an on-site food cooperative. Without planning and specification of land use for public amenities such as schools and health centres, the development cost for land acquisition and construction is high and coverage tends to be unequal.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|club community land amenities lifestyles|3.816434|5.093724|2.1840456
8968|Women account for less than 20% of entrants into tertiary-level computer science programmes in OECD countries and only around 18% of engineering entrants. And while less than 0.5% of girls wish to be ICT professionals, almost 5% of boys do. Since the OECD Council adopted the OECD Gender Recommendation, many countries have taken new measures or reinforced existing ones to increase the participation of under-represented groups - who include women and girls - in STEM studies and occupations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrants girls oecd reinforced recommendation|9.597444|3.9639318|6.3534484
8969|Those constraints set a limit on fuel enrichment, average and maximal burn-up, power peaking factor and boron concentration during operation. Safety concerns require negative fuel and coolant coefficients and a minimal anti-reactivity margin throughout reactor operation. For example, in a 3-batch strategy only 1/3 of the assemblies are replaced at each refuelling; thus each fuel assembly stays in the core for 3 cycles. On the other hand, a higher enrichment results in a burden on the fuel fabrication plant, higher fabrication cost and additional technical-economic constraints for fuel transport and storage.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fuel enrichment constraints operation assemblies|1.3338442|1.4871482|1.8502991
8970|Outside Asia, the Middle East experiences the fastest rate of increase, at over 2% per year. Primary energy demand in OECD countries grows by around 8% from 2009 to 2035. While the United States remains the second-largest energy consumer in the world in 2035, its total energy demand is only slightly higher than in 2009. From consuming less than half as much energy as the United States in 2000, it now consumes slightly more and, in the WEO-2011 New Policies Scenario, it is projected to consume nearly 70% more than the United States in 2035. Despite this, China’s per-capita energy consumption is still at less than half the level of the United States in 2035. Consequently, the global energy projections in the World Energy Outlook remain highly sensitive to the underlying assumptions for the key variables that drive energy demand in China, including prospects for economic growth, changes in economic structure, developments in energy and environmental policies, and the rate of urbanisation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy united states demand slightly|1.5498084|2.6046572|2.5747788
8971|In addition to being reluctant to lend to an emerging sector such as clean energy, commercial banks can also face limits on how much they can lend to the power sector. In India for example, most banks can lend a maximum of 15% of their loan portfolio to the power sector (Pearson, 2012). In such circumstances, special provisions need to be introduced into banking regulation to promote clean energy projects, for instance, by differentiating the cap.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|lend banks clean sector differentiating|2.3317983|2.7748272|1.7353384
8972|In a survey taken in 2007, across all European countries - when asked to rate whether they allocated too much, too little, or the right amount of time on paid work, contact with family, other social contact, and personal hobbies, women reported lower satisfaction with their allocation of time than men. These differences in perceptions of imbalance and stress can be due to the fact that women maintain general responsibilities for the household’s operation. Data refer to 2009 for Mexico; to 2005 for Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom; to 2003 for Spain and the United States; to 2002 for Italy; to 2001 for Denmark and Germany; to 2000 for Norway, Slovenia and South Africa; to 1998 for France; to 1992 for Austria; and to 1991 for Israel. In general, women have larger and more multifaceted networks than men, report having more friends and provide and receive more support from members of their network than men do.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|contact men women general multifaceted|9.145652|4.7800884|5.6913195
8973|This project aims to protect vulnerable and important ecosystems and species living in the areas beyond national jurisdiction including the high seas and areas of the seabed beyond the continental shelf of coastal states. The area accounts for 40% of surface of planet, and 64% of the surface of the oceans, and nearly 95% of oceans’ volume. There are four sub-projects namely: (1) Sustainable Management of Tuna Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation in ABNJ; (2) Sustainable Fisheries Management and Biodiversity Conservation of Deep-sea Living Resources and Ecosystems in ABNJ; (3) Ocean Partnerships for Sustainable Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation-Models for Innovation and Reform; and (4) Strengthening Global Capacity to Effectively Manage ABNJ.|SDG 14 - Life below water|conservation biodiversity fisheries oceans sustainable|-0.024225108|5.657302|6.184173
8974|"Towards sustainable fisheries of the Oresund Cod (Gadus morhua) through sub-stock specific assessment and management recommendations. Historia degentibus septentrionalibus (""Description of the Northern Peoples""). Aftale om Danmark i bedre balance-Bedre rammerfor kommuner, borgere og virksomhederihele landet."|SDG 14 - Life below water|og cod description peoples stock|0.076314665|5.894817|6.688369
8975|Each GMA must define its “desired future conditions by 2060” based on actual withdrawal data and projections of groundwater availability. A groundwater management plan must be set accordingly. Water has a higher economic (extractive) value in Region H (Houston area), where water mostly serves municipal and industrial water needs, than in the farming Regions O and A. As a result, the economic cost of unmet water needs (groundwater as well as surface water) is much higher in Region H (Figure C.19).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water groundwater region needs extractive|1.1212088|7.4319515|2.7920194
8976|Corrective measures are then required before the DoE releases more funds. In order to accelerate implementation and quality delivery, the DoE has established guidelines for all the stages of the electrification programme and occasionally provides one-off capacity building support to weaker municipalities. In the case of non-grid electrification, non-acceptance of renewable energy systems as a solution for the provision of electricity is slowing down the electrification process.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification doe corrective occasionally releases|2.1907341|1.8347032|2.5073416
8977|Gini coefficient is calculated for household disposable income after taxes and transfers, adjusted for differences in household size, 2009 for Japan. Carlos Farinha Rodrigues is Professor of Economics at the Lisbon School of Economics and Management, University of Lisbon. This paper was originally published as part of the 2014 Economic Survey of Portugal under the authority of the Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC).|SDG 1 - No poverty|lisbon economics household professor originally|6.728525|5.16593|4.8931623
8978|In Russia technological improvements play substantial role in promoting low carbon development and reduction of energy consumption, primarily via substitution of outdated Soviet technologies for new more efficient ones. As a result, different sectors had different emissions dynamics in 1990 than the present, as shown in Table 1.1. The main development has been the decline of the share of the agricultural sector, while the importance of industrial processes as an emissions source has increased slightly.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emissions outdated substitution different soviet|1.6087903|3.1155043|2.4630544
8979|In this framework, the determinants are divided into upstream (macro-level) factors, midstream (mid-level) factors and downstream (micro-level) factors. However, mortality is the result of past experiences of risk factors while morbidity is the result of on-going influences. As important as mortality and morbidity are for all those affected, to restrict actions to down-stream factors does not address the socio-economically driven determinants of health that are found more up-stream. Here governmental policy plays a key role, and is in turn influenced by still more up-stream determinants of global forces.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|factors stream determinants morbidity mortality|8.770919|8.823626|3.0106337
8980|The second, and less acknowledged, reality is that food insecurity can be much higher in rural areas because of a far greater reliance on a narrow range of locally produced foodstuffs whose yields are unstable. Limited access to national and global food markets, and high levels of poverty can price rural people out of food markets. In the last decade, greater focus has been placed on integrating rural regions into the national and global economies, broadening the economic base of rural regions and improving agricultural productivity. In many respects, the pursuit of competitiveness, productivity and income generation (regional development) are necessary to sustain progress in the effort to reduce hunger, malnutrition and poverty. However, they are far from sufficient on their own.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rural food far productivity markets|4.34671|5.426313|3.935667
8981|The sample is small at around 4 000 households or about 10 000 persons, and it is biased toward the low-income populations (the sample does not cover those who change residential area and new buildings which are often occupied by richer households). The RLMS does not seem to be representative at regional level, not least because of the low response rate and high attrition in major cities. Then again, the questionnaire is quite comprehensive on the income side in terms of wage and non-wage incomes of adults and on expenditure patterns including detailed questions on food consumption in the last seven days and non-food consumption over the last three months (OECD, 2011). The wide divergence in estimates may reflect insufficient screening of high-risk sub-populations. Some of the international variations may result from differences across countries in the practice of registering premature babies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|sample populations wage attrition consumption|8.76886|8.356794|3.6448574
8982|Some countries have adapted these questions to their local context by including different circumstances, such as if she spends too much money, if she disobeys, if she is unfaithful, if she insults him, if she neglects household chores, if she shows disrespect for her in-laws and if she speaks about the need to protect herself against HIV/AIDS. The WHO Multi-country Survey on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence measured women’s attitudes towards domestic violence by asking them about the situations in which they believe that a man has a good reason to beat his wife, including situations in which she does not complete the housework, disobeys her husband or refuses to have sex with him. A second set of questions addressed the situations in which women believe that a woman has the right to refuse to have sex with her husband, including situations in which she does not want to, he is drunk, she is sick or he is mistreating her (Garcia-Moreno and others, 2005).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|situations husband believe sex questions|10.0644655|5.4830246|7.483665
8983|Indeed, there is no guarantee that results on the capacity of a social programme to reduce poverty by a given amount will translate to another country if the poverty line is set in a different way. We propose that this line be set at a multiple of median income, which makes the poverty line sensitive to the distribution of welfare in the country, rather than being solely determined by the mean of the welfare metric used. This relative poverty line can fruitfully be used alongside an absolute poverty line, which we set at the level of the international dollar-a-day poverty line. Considering that the international 1.25 dollar-a-day poverty line sets a minimum income for fulfilling survival needs, the 1.25 dollar-a-day line may appear more relevant when the relative poverty line falls below this level.|SDG 1 - No poverty|line poverty dollar day set|6.2834067|6.1257563|5.1121125
8984|This was much higher than in developing countries, where that share was, on average, only 28.2 per cent in Africa, 20.7 per cent in East, South and South-East Asia, 27.3 per cent in Latin America, 34.2 per cent in the transition economies, and 35.8 per cent in West Asia (table 5.2). As a result, developing countries, on average, have had less scope to influence income distribution through fiscal measures. Several studies have found that many low-income and least developed countries experienced a decline in their public revenue in the 1980s and 1990s, mostly as result of falling income and trade taxes (Heady, 2001; Khattry and Mohan Rao, 2002; Gemmell and Morrissey, 2003). In the 1980s the fiscal-revenue-to-GDP ratio declined in 7 out of 14 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (Sainz and Calcagno, 1992).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|cent fiscal revenue latin america|6.4870625|5.116828|4.483135
8985|In the majority of countries, monetary policies are focused almost exclusively on meeting very low inflation targets, attained by raising interest rates to keep prices from increasing more rapidly.40 High interest rates slow economic activity by making credit more expensive and less accessible, thus reducing consumer purchases and raising the cost of financing productive investments. All of these factors lower demand for labour. Recent research has shown that women's employment has declined faster than men's in a range of developing countries—including Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Philippines and the Republic of Korea—that are experiencing reductions in inflation associated with restrictive monetary policy.41 In countries that maintain a less restrictive monetary environment, such gender inequalities are less evident.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|monetary restrictive inflation raising rates|8.884456|4.468204|5.879944
8986|Appraisal constitutes one opportunity for giving feedback on school leader’s efforts to assume wider leadership tasks and responsibilities and can be used to point school leaders towards opportunities to engage in activities that may help improve the wider system. Research has increasingly stressed the benefits of using multiple tools to form a fair, valid and reliable picture of a school leader’s performance from a comprehensive perspective. However, school leaders and evaluators need to have the necessary capacity and competence to choose suitable instruments and understand fairness, reliability and validity concerns.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school leader leaders wider evaluators|9.965416|1.1533668|1.515588
8987|These include specialised programmes in preparation for tertiary education and programmes that can result, or lead towards the award of a VET qualification. Access to university in Australia is via exam and the provision of a ranked entrance score, or via a comparative entry qualification. Australian Year 12 subjects have significant breadth and depth in their coverage, and vary across states and territories.|SDG 4 - Quality education|qualification entrance exam award breadth|8.551575|2.692325|2.8677444
8988|The EPA seeks to shape a shared cultural space by utilising Cultural Routes to foster awareness-raising about heritage, education, networking, quality and sustainable cross-border tourism and other related activities. The agreement strengthens the democratic dimension of cultural exchange and tourism through the involvement of grassroots networks and associations, local and regional authorities, universities and professional organisations. It contributes to the preservation of a diverse heritage through theme-based and alternative tourist itineraries and cultural projects.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|cultural heritage tourism utilising grassroots|6.098506|3.9807508|2.7562973
8989|These provide not only some principled stance around which efforts will coalesce, but also represent a measure against which individual and collective pledges can and will be evaluated. With respect to mitigation, the Paris Agreement states two long-term temperature goals underpinned by two emissions-related goals. It also has an adaptation goal. The 1.5°C target was a critical negotiating issue for the SIDS, as many of the climate impacts anticipated even at a 2°C global mean temperature rise are very likely to result in catastrophic damage to these states.|SDG 13 - Climate action|temperature goals pledges stance underpinned|1.1038859|3.695229|1.2710872
8990|In developing regions, a significant proportion of women who are in the labour force have no income of their own because they are contributing family workers, on family farms and enterprises. Being married and having young children in the household dampen women's labour force participation rates, while they have the opposite effect on men's. Discrimination in labour markets and women's disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care and domestic work pose a particular problem for lone mothers who cannot rely on income-pooling with a partner.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|labour force women family disproportionate|9.031096|5.0178413|5.9002957
8991|Therefore, risk should be seen as a normal and inseparable part of economic activities and development, as something built into particular development pathways and practices, constructed through day-to-day decisions by those who have a stake in particular patterns of development. It needs to ensure that development is risk informed to improve the safety of people and critical facilities, to protect the natural and built environment, and to build resilient livelihoods and economic activity. Prospective measures to prevent or reduce risk creation can be combined with corrective DRM efforts that reduce the level of existing risk (e.g. through retrofitting of critical infrastructure such as schools or hospitals). Compensatory risk management activities also have a role in strengthening the social and economic resilience of individuals and societies in the face of residual risk (the remaining risk that cannot be effectively eliminated), for example through preparedness, response and recovery activities, contingent credit, insurance and safety net programmes that are designed to help affected populations mitigate disasters or recover from their impacts.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|risk built activities development day|1.6445574|5.096375|1.7604369
8992|This is reflected in the division of domestic tasks: women remain responsible for the vast majority of household and care tasks, including 85% of cooking, 92% of collecting water and 78% of childcare (see Box 8). As a result, social stigma toward men involved in unpaid care and domestic activities is high, as well as for women who pursue paid work rather than care and reproductive roles. This is reflected across the world: Figure 6 shows that higher levels of gender-based discrimination in social norms, as measured by the SIGI (see Box 2), higher gender time use gaps.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reflected tasks care box domestic|9.021286|4.8900404|5.86752
8993|Eastern Europe and Central Asia (23 countries). The largest programmes are India's school-feeding programme and the Programa Nacional de AHmentaqao Escolar in Brazil, which cover 105 and 47 million children, respectively. For example, following the 2008 global financial crisis, the Government of Brazil was able to react quickly at low cost by scaling up programmes. This had a significant impact, reaching over 1.6 million of the most vulnerable people and, in turn, contributed to domestic demand growth: despite a decrease in GDP in 2009 of 0.6 percent, private consumption remained stable and resumed growing in the second half of 2009 (Berg and Tobin, 2011). The programme resulted in a 13 percentage point reduction in poverty levels (living on less than $1 a day) in beneficiary households between 2007 and 2009 (Ward eta/., 2010). It entails a cash transfer to the primary caregiver of a child who is under the age of 18 and living in a household earning below a defined income threshold.|SDG 1 - No poverty|brazil living berg resumed million|7.2227945|6.0822315|4.434336
8994|To ensure that increased resources are not wasted but translate into better health outcomes, greater health system efficiency must be prioritised at the same time. Without removing this cap, or undertaking a health sector spending and efficiency review, it will be difficult to increase health system resources substantially over a short period of time. Many other OECD countries, such as France or the United Kingdom, engage in regular spending reviews that allow a more responsive approach to public service development, whilst controlling over spending.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|spending health efficiency wasted prioritised|8.79375|9.060983|2.1473742
8995|Linked to this is the question of governance and how policy-makers and managers deal with competing interest groups and effect policy change in the face of varying positions. While it was recognized that many fisheries management tools that incorporate uncertainty exists, they may not be effectively applied due to implementation challenges associated with political, social, economic and financial factors. For example, there have been major changes in composition of the New Zealand charter fleet in recent times and major decreases in mid-water landings of a number of species. As fish stocks move and distribution and abundance change, there will be significant issues with respect to access and allocation between affected States and their commercial stakeholders, possibly resulting in situations where national and local community interests may clash.|SDG 14 - Life below water|major abundance charter landings change|-0.13000263|5.782698|6.6575003
8996|A more systematic use of wastewater treatment, public transport and water supply tariffs and charges could help to raise more revenue while increasing the sustainability of green utility systems. Parking taxes and charges offer one such instance. The City of Bandung is considering increasing parking fees to discourage car use. This could be combined with West Java Province’s current policy of reserving some parking slots for energy-efficient cars identified with a blue sticker.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|parking charges java bandung increasing|3.9134357|4.6834736|0.61351615
8997|While the national government is responsible for structural energy policies to transform the energy mix by creating a market environment in favour of cleaner energy sources, large cities like Hai Phong can contribute to national goals by piloting renewable energy options, promoting greener products and energy efficient buildings, in addition to improving energy efficiency in industry. Many local energy policies can create co-benefits, such as reduced air pollution and improved traffic congestion, which correlate effectively with local actions. To increase the proportion of its energy sourced from sustainable sources, use of biomass electricity is expected to rise from 0.6% in 2020 to 1.1% in 2030 (City of Hai Phong, 2015).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|energy phong hai sources correlate|1.5884212|2.8125503|2.7566314
8998|The environmental impacts of pipelines are mainly related to the risk of an oil or gas leak or spillage, and are location specific. There are no data available to enable a conclusion to be drawn on whether or not Tajikistan follows international guidelines and best practice on the management of risk of spills from existing pipelines. While hydropower is a renewable resource, the impacts of the hydropower sector include habitat loss and displacement of local communities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|pipelines hydropower leak impacts spills|1.4625741|6.9448323|2.1697414
8999|This is partly driven by global economic growth and increasing demand. In the shipping sector, for example, container traffic looks set to continue to grow very fast, w'ith volumes likely to triple by 2035 (OECD, 2015). Fisheries production worldwide is expected to expand by around a fifth over the next ten years, although the main driver of overall production will be aquaculture (OECD and FAO, 2015).|SDG 14 - Life below water|container triple production shipping volumes|0.40225872|6.0458183|6.667878
9000|At the same time, Table 1.1 also shows that agriculture accounts for a very large share of total withdrawals, amounting to an estimated 70% in 2010. This aggregate estimate, however, combines very different rates across countries and equally variable rates at subnational levels (Margat and van der Gun, 2013). As shown in Figure 1.1, agriculture use represents a significant portion of groundwater use (more than 45%) in at least nine OECD countries: Israel, Chile, Korea, Turkey, Australia, the United Sates, Spain, Mexico and Portugal.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|agriculture der rates withdrawals amounting|1.1416655|7.404398|3.0014029
9001|Experts suggest creating a buffer or service area around the designated stop of the public transport within a 500-metre walking distance. Countries with more advanced systems of data collection may wish to conduct an entire network analysis within the same buffer, but paying attention to the street network, as part of a physical accessibility component.7 They can also adapt to the transit system separating non-rapid transit (the conventional bus) from rapid transit (the metro light rail. Bus Rapid Transit -BRTj etc) at a 1.000-metre walking distance.8 Experts also proposed to consider including formal and informal transport systems; yet, in many countries, there is no clear way of defining stops for informal transport.9 It is also suggested to disaggregate information to the greatest extent possible when reporting,10 although this requires major efforts (mainly surveys) which are still lacking in most cities. The share of population with access to public transport depends on several factors.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transit metre transport rapid walking|4.278496|5.182999|0.6071734
9002|Citizens and businesses may avoid taking risks, delaying decisions regarding investment, innovation and labour mobility that are essential to jump-start growth and social progress. Education will be key to reconciling the needs and interests of individuals, communities and nations within an equitable framework based on open borders and a sustainable future. This is a moral and social obligation; it is also a huge opportunity.|SDG 4 - Quality education|jump reconciling delaying moral borders|8.749943|2.546227|2.388509
9003|The General Ordinance develops the different regulations regarding administrative procedures, planning processes and relevant technical design standards for urbanisation and building. Technical norms define the technical characteristics related to projects and urbanisation, and construction materials and systems, in order to comply with the standards required by the Ordenanza General. The Ministry of Housing and Urbanism (Mimsterio de Viuienda y Urbanismo/MINVU), through its SEREMI (regional level offices) plays a supervisory role, ensuring that the regulations and norms of the General Law and the Ordinance are met.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ordinance technical urbanisation general norms|3.8306527|5.486426|1.6762265
9004|The large number of teachers and school leaders is driven by the significant proportion of small-class schools in the country and strict staffing norms. The large number of staff squeezes school budgets, creates rigidities and crowds out investments in other areas. About 93% of school expenditure in rural schools is devoted to staff compensation. This means that budgets are very tight and that principals have very limited room for manoeuvre to manage resources in a more efficient way or invest in school development activities. In particular, the large number of staff discourages improvements in their compensation which is considered low in Kazakhstan, although the complexity of the teacher salary structure hinders its analysis. The definition of class sizes is a recurrent trade-off that has a great impact on expenditure due to the labour-intensive nature of education: small class sizes require a large number of teachers whilst greater class sizes can free up resources to improve teaching quality.|SDG 4 - Quality education|class sizes school staff large|9.491373|1.9270419|2.5604234
9005|By way of example, the Association of British Insurers (ABI 2011), representing the third largest insurance industry in the world (after the USA and Japan) notes that of the GBP 1.6 trillion in assets under management held by its members from their long-term savings products (i.e. pensions, annuities and life-insurance) most is invested in domestic and overseas equity and bonds. Other investment and cash accounts for 7% or around GBP 100 billion. Industry estimates are that up to around GBP 20 billion of this is invested in infrastructure, and it could be estimated that maybe 10%, or around GBP 2 billion is in ‘green’ projects (mostly renewable energy such as wind farms and solar).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gbp billion invested insurance industry|2.3892465|3.1608927|1.7295794
9006|Using token- or cryptocurrency-based models and gamification approaches, efficient markets for carbon offsetting activities can be built and scaled. This approach requires customer-centric market models and applications, which are easy to understand and use. Education and providing access to blockchain-based applications will be key for successful implementation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|applications models centric token offsetting|3.8404348|2.5289888|2.0179224
9007|In 2014, 54% of countries globally had not achieved gender parity in lower-secondary education, while in upper-secondary school the figure was 77% (UNESCO, 2016). They include childcare programmes for siblings and flexible school times in the harvesting season. Tackling discriminatory norms, attitudes and practices through the media, religious institutions and community leaders can also help to dismantle some of the barriers to girls’ education (Box 6.1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|secondary siblings school tackling unesco|9.654902|4.3164406|5.9458656
9008|As Figure 3.1 shows, the number of central government actors involved in water policy making ranges from two in the case of the Netherlands to 15 for Chile. Source: OECD Water Governance Survey (2010). Beyond the determination of who does what, the challenge lies in the problems of overlapping responsibilities generated by interpretation and implementation of water policy on the ground.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water determination overlapping lies interpretation|1.2839017|7.206979|1.4941112
9009|Narrowing the labour force participation gap between men and women by 50% has been estimated to raise annual growth in GDP per capita by 0.3 percentage points on average (Thevenon et al., Second, Evidence from OECD countries shows that having more women in paid (full-time) work results in lower household income inequality (Harkness, 2010; OECD, 2015). Therefore, policies that focus on increasing the earnings potential of lower-paid women can reinforce the equalising effect of women's labour market integration. Despite the fact that Chile has made remarkable progress increasing women participation in politics, the share of parliamentary seats occupied by women is the lowest in the OECD.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women paid oecd thevenon participation|9.056506|4.3543987|5.783798
9010|Thus nature protection in LP forests will increasingly have to rely on funding other than profit on timber sales. The Forest Act allows central budget funding of nature protection in LP forests. This included funding not only of nature protection but also of many other tasks (e.g. drawing up afforestation plans on private land, inventorying forest condition).|SDG 15 - Life on land|lp nature funding protection forests|1.5714729|4.903368|3.9651237
9011|Water supply and sanitation in the five other LGUs of the metropolitan areas is either undertaken by LGUs or by private suppliers. The existence of water districts originated in the Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973, which created the Local Water Utilities Association (LWUA) - Water District concept, encouraging LGUs to transfer their water supply systems to water districts, on a similar model as MCWD (ADB, 2013a). The data presented below will often reflect the fragmentation of water suppliers and the lack of harmonised and available information across all areas of Metro Cebu (see section 4 for a discussion on data in the w'ater sector).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water lgus suppliers districts utilities|1.4309173|7.1321917|1.8897259
9012|In the 1960s, both countries had similar income levels and similar rates of growth. South Korea’s larger middle class enabled it to shift away from export-driven growth towards domestic consumption, a transition that did not occur in Brazil. They do not constitute a developmental “middle class” and their employment, education and consumption behaviours do not coincide with perceptions of a middle class that drives domestic consumption and growth.8 In Latin America, for example, the middle sectors are still economically vulnerable: average schooling is only 8.3 years and few of its members have university degrees.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|middle class consumption growth similar|6.2283745|4.8692183|4.4640775
9013|This includes direct costs of services, lost productivity at work and reduced quality of life. The cost of poor mental health to business is just over GBP 1,000 per employee per year, or almost GBP 26 billion across the UK economy (Centre for Mental Health, 2010). For periods preceding 2011, commissioning authorities should be taken to mean Primary Care Trusts, under the authority of Strategic Health Authorities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gbp mental health authorities trusts|10.199378|8.968981|1.7578986
9014|However, the Colombian innovation system is still small, overly centred on state actors and performs well below the level required for its sustained development. The share of GDP due to non-manufacturing industry (mining, including petroleum; construction; utilities) increased rapidly, from less than a tenth to over a fifth of output, w'hile the manufacturing sector either stagnated or contracted, falling from just over a fifth to about a sixth of output. This may reflect a significant long-term trend of relative “de-manufacturisation”, which mirrors to some degree the experience of other Latin American countries, as the scale and scope of manufacturing exports, especially from Asia, has increased.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|manufacturing fifth output stagnated hile|5.343849|4.0573926|3.306734
9015|In the US, law requires fishery managers to rebuild depleted fish stocks within ten years if possible. These legislative mandates may constrain the rebuilding strategies available to fishery managers and stakeholders, but there still may be substantial gains from careful design of rebuilding plans that better meet stakeholder objectives and reduce the costs of rebuilding a depleted fishery. More gradual rebuilding strategies are likely to generate greater economic benefits if demand is inelastic and marginal costs increase with the level of fishing activity. In many cases it will be desirable to rebuild fish stocks to well above B^y, but this will not always be the case and again depends on a combination of biological and technical-economic factors that will vary from fishery to fishery.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery rebuilding rebuild depleted managers|-0.016389728|5.9380913|6.5578227
9016|Criteria to prioritise investment projects include economic profitability, reduction of extreme poverty, regional development and concurrence with other investment programmes and projects (CONAGUA, 2008). However, the existing systems seem to support the selection of projects mostly within programmes and within sub-sectors and it is unclear to other stakeholders how the allocation across sub-sectors works. There are several examples of actions taken to reduce costs and increase the efficiency of public spending that could be replicated - such as taking advantage of economies of scale in the provision of water supply and sanitation services (see the benefits from the creation of a inter-municipal companies in Colima) or adopting appropriate technologies (e.g. rainwater harvesting in Oaxaca).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|projects sub sectors rainwater oaxaca|1.5526255|7.1363807|1.9907968
9017|In this light, the scientific bodies under the Convention could focus also on the city scale and assess the contribution of long range transport to air pollution in cities. The scientific community can generate knowledge and methodologies to be used by local authorities, but also regional and national authorities to support their cities. Linkages between both scales should be considered in the tools developed and promoted by the scientific community.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|scientific authorities cities community scales|3.5343103|4.7928205|1.1498364
9018|Furthermore, the capital grants for wind power plants provided under the latter act of 2005 can explain partly the permanent growth in w'ind electricity capacity since then. The PTC was created along with ITC and provides an inflation-adjusted tax credit of USD 15 /MWh (inflation-adjusted) for electricity genherated from qualifying renewable energy projects, in particular, wind. Indeed, the most rapid growth did not happen until after 1999. While the PTC could have played a key role in the business case for new renewable power plants, there were intermittent interruptions of the PTC - which occurred when Congress delayed in reauthorising the Act.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ptc inflation adjusted wind plants|1.9011899|2.2038577|2.0501575
9019|A working group of experts and practitioners is tied to each of the four funds. In the case of the structural fisheries fund (ESSF), this group consists of professional fishers, representatives from the County Administrative Board and a project leader. The funding 2014-2020 from the ESSF is MSEK 8.2 (approximately EUR 820,000). This provides good possibilities and incentives for sustainable development.|SDG 14 - Life below water|group tied fishers county practitioners|-0.14977519|5.6099243|6.640266
9020|The rise of online platforms has enabled customers to become more engaged with sellers and to leave feedback and reviews, which can be valuable information. This allows firms to understand buyer expectations better and react to them more quickly and effectively. Such feedback can aid research and development (R&D), design, production and marketing processes, creating additional benefits by better matching consumer tastes.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|feedback react better sellers buyer|4.950349|3.0854561|2.214034
9021|On the other hand, consistent with the research at the ICT level, broadband economic impact could be mediated by a lag effect, indicating that adoption does not automatically translate into growth but that it would require the accumulation of intangible capital, defined as the changes in business processes and firm culture that lead to assimilation of improved business processes. While the deployment programmes are, as expected concentrated in the construction and telecommunications sectors, the impact of externalities are greater in sectors with high transaction costs (financial services, education, and health care). These include efficient access to information, savings in transportation and benefits in health and entertainment, and can be measured in terms of the difference between consumers' willingness to pay for the broadband service and actual prices.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband processes business assimilation sectors|4.870979|2.8951705|1.7524562
9022|Fpdevare-Banken has received some basic funding from Ministry of Social Affairs, and both the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and Ministry of Health were actively involved in the planning of Matsentralen in Oslo. However, there seems to be quite a low engagement from most authorities in development of food redistribution both on the national and the local arena. One should eventually have expected a stronger involvement and commitment from the Social Security authorities, as the food banks certainly are and will be very important for the charity organisations operating food serving for low income people.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food ministry authorities charity oslo|4.364307|5.3452835|4.509014
9023|Cash transfers can have a substantial impact in not only reducing the monetary poverty of children, though this depends to a great extent on both the size of the transfer and the mechanisms of intrahousehold distribution (Barrientos and DeJong, 2006), but also in compensating for the foregone income from child labour. Pure monetary transfers, which are often spent on food, health and education, also have a proven impact on child well-being in these specific dimensions. Besides complementing the household income through a monetary transfer, CCTs produce a stronger impact on children's human capital by means of the conditionalities, which are specifically established to improve access to education and health services.|SDG 1 - No poverty|monetary impact transfer transfers barrientos|7.5211983|5.9313645|4.5612993
9024|"The technological developments described in Section B.1 have improved the quality, speed, carriage capacity and affordability of networks - including, for example, fixed and mobile broadband services - making it easier to supply products digitally and to connect producers, sellers and consumers across borders. Cross-border data flows, boosted by basic and value-added telecommunication services, such as data processing and storage via high capacity (i.e. “cloud"" storage), allow companies not only to sell their goods and services, but also to coordinate their logistics and the activities of their subsidiaries and partner offices across the globe (Tuthill, 2016). Nowadays, broadband access to the internet and other data networks offers the higher speeds that are required to exploit technologies such as cloud computing that allow a more widespread use or offering of services that require the transfer of large quantities of data (WTO, 2016c)."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cloud services data broadband storage|4.8072987|2.8920014|1.6423883
9025|Lechner and Wunsch (2013), using an unusually rich data set, find that a wide range of control variables, which are not often available for this type of study, affect impact estimates. She also warns that estimated positive impacts for short-term training within firms may partly reflect the selection of participants by firms. The Turning category in the OECD/EC Labour Market Programme Database can include longer-term job-search training, work experience with some training elements, classroom training, training within firms, and pre-apprenticeship programmes and special support for young apprentices.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training firms unusually term apprentices|8.239179|3.7288563|3.475763
9026|What is more, out-of-pocket payments represent 3.8% of final household consumption, compared to the EU average of 2.3%, the seventh highest among Member States. Out-of-pocket payments include co-payments for a wide range of NHS services,including primary care visits. In Portugal, 5.4% of people from low-income households reported going without a medical examination when needed for financial reasons in 2015 (above the EU average of 4.1%) (Figure 13) and significantly higher than the rate for the highest income group (0.4%), although WHO estimates show modest levels of catastrophic expenditures from private spending on health in Portugal (Barros & Borges, 2017, forthcoming).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payments pocket portugal highest eu|8.684414|8.796318|2.3277469
9027|The 2030 Water Agenda is a new element in Mexico’s national water planning system. It sits between the water policy (established in the National Water Law) and the water programmes (approved by every new presidential administration every six years) (CONAGUA, 2011b). The 2030 Water Agenda includes several features of a strategic financial planning exercise. First, as indicated above, it provides estimates of the financial cost of achieving its four strategic goals.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water agenda strategic planning presidential|1.5862248|7.1744084|1.8543093
9028|Here again, the debate is open. Mention may be made here of at least three implications. From the earliest proposal to institute a family wage to the extreme of calling for the implementation of a “housewife’s wage”, the debate is wide-ranging, controversial and ongoing. Recently, as a consequence of the momentum the subject has been building up in the public policy debate, some countries have incorporated components into social security reforms that seek, not necessarily to remunerate unpaid care work, but to compensate women for the income they forfeit over the life cycle by taking on these responsibilities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|debate wage earliest controversial calling|8.936926|5.1985645|5.897367
9029|The case of Singapore, which is at the forefront in building technology-driven traffic management mechanisms in ASEAN, provides some noteworthy examples. Based on most recent information, the expressway and tunnel networks that form part of the ITS stretches about 164 km with a total lane length of 1107 km (LTA, 2018). It is equivalent to about 12% of the total length of road lanes in the country, incorporating arterial, collector and local roads. Notable thoroughfares included are the Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway, Marina Coastal Expressway, Central Expressway, Fort Canning Tunnel and Woodsville Tunnel.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tunnel length km lane collector|4.2691545|4.685738|0.9130591
9030|"Some of these policies are paternalistic or integrationist and are based on policies of assimilation or integration that seek to ""resolve"" the problem of indigenous peoples.78 In integrationist models, the concept of health is defined from the top down, privileging a biomedical paradigm over indigenous health models, and indigenous cultures are treated as interesting folkloric elements without true value for health promotion. Similarly, culturalistic approaches recognize cultural pluralism as intrinsically valuable but prioritize the didactic, linguistic or folkloric aspects without delving into questions of participation or power. In this approach, there are minimal consultations conducted with indigenous peoples, and projects, programmes and policies are designed by actors external to indigenous communities who treat indigenous peoples as a ""target population"". There may be translation of educational materials into several languages, for example, but without a critical examination of the pedagogical or cultural implications."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indigenous peoples policies models cultural|9.628606|8.2400465|3.3331256
9031|This is refected in the education system, which is characterised by an extensive system of planning and norms. Kazakhstan uses national strategic planning to broadly set out a vision for the country, but also to regulate every aspect of the education system at the central level. A number of strategies and planning documents, notably the State Program for Education Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011-20 (SPED), ensure consistency and guide policymaking.|SDG 4 - Quality education|planning kazakhstan education policymaking consistency|9.40745|2.0611115|2.2924173
9032|The Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal (IPART) uses a price determination framework to set maximum charges for bulk water services and resource management activities by NSW Office of Water. The charges include a fixed component (determined by entitlement volume) and a variable component (usage charge), and they vary by types of systems, valleys and the reliability class of the entitlement. In 2006, IPART projected total water planning and management costs for 2006/7 to be AUD 46.9 million, with AUD 30.5 million allocated to users. They include a license fee of AUD 58.75/ML and a water harvesting charge of AUD 3.52/ML. The total amount collected is AUD 2.4 million per year, which represents less than 5% of water planning and management costs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|aud ml water entitlement million|1.5566193|7.5848603|2.3708863
9033|The indigence rate in Panama increased by 1.5 percentage points, while the other countries with information available (the Dominican Republic, El Salvador and Paraguay) did not register significant changes in their poverty and indigence rates (see figure 1.3). Panama is an exception, as despite the absence of significant changes in the poverty rate it registers an appreciable rise in the poverty gap squared index, revealing a worsening of the situation among the poorest. The poverty gap squared index also rose by slightly more than the poverty' rate in Mexico.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty squared indigence panama rate|6.4023433|5.768906|5.2155685
9034|Soft skills, such as teamwork and communication are more easily learned in an authentic work environment, while simulating these in workshops is more difficult (Aarkrog, 2005). Students can learn on up-to-date equipment, available in companies, from trainers who are familiar with the most recent technologies. Box 2.2 summarises the benefits of workplace training to students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|authentic teamwork students trainers familiar|8.419082|2.5484962|2.4776788
9035|For example, in Poland, more than 60% of middle managers are women (women’s share in top management positions in the public service exceeds 47%7). In Canada, the representation of women at the middle management levels (EX minus 1 and EX minus 28) is gradually increasing, with women constituting 38.2% at the EX minus 1 and 47.2% at the EX minus 2 levels in 2011 (Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, 2011). In Australia, where seven out of ten federal and state parliamentarians are men (and this has not changed in the last ten years), the situation in the public service is improving: the proportion of women in senior- and middle-manager roles has grown from 35% in 2002 to 46% in 2012 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, January 2013).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|minus ex women middle canada|10.233213|4.1035576|6.8447995
9036|The goal for Amazonia is to reduce them by 80 per cent in 2020, compared to the average between 1996 and 2005: for the Cerrado, the reduction is set at 40 per cent compared to the average emissions from 1999 to 2008. This implies that the annual rate of deforestation in Amazonia should be less than 400,000 hectares by 2020. More recently, Brazil has provided a vision of the importance of continuing to tackle deforestation by including a specific goal of achieving zero deforestation by 2030 in its Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement. In 2004, gross deforestation in Legal Amazonia was 2,777,500 hectares, the second highest since 1995, when it reached 2,905,900 hectares. Fortunately, Brazil has an advanced forest monitoring system that has enabled it to have consistent and verifiable deforestation estimates for the entire Legal Amazonia since 1988.|SDG 15 - Life on land|amazonia deforestation hectares goal brazil|1.6824217|4.7253532|4.0370145
9037|This includes agreements between individual countries and regional fishery agreements that cover the high seas also known as regional fishery management organisations (RFMOs). In the Antarctic, the fisheries sector is managed under a single international system. The key issues here concern the implementation of the ecosystem approach, the management of IUU fisheries, and the intensification of industrial fishing for krill, a small but protein-rich shrimp that lies at the centre of the Southern Ocean food web.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery agreements fisheries antarctic rfmos|-0.20019603|5.5210743|6.711461
9038|Measures to enhance energy efficiency and increase the share of renewable energy in the TPES would thus be important steps to mitigate climate change risks in Emerging Asia, in addition to yielding benefits such as improved air quality and enhanced energy security through reduced fossil fuel dependence. Climate Change Impacts - Southeast Asia, https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/41587621-d96e-laedcgh22c£.Zf4.hc.ecd^8g. In Emerging Asia there has been a widespread adoption of targets for renewable energy, with particularly ambitious targets in China and India, in terms of absolute scale. The Indian government has announced a target of increasing the solar capacity from 3 GW to 100 GW by 2022, while increasing the overall capacity of renewable energy to 175 GW (Goswami, 2016).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gw energy renewable asia emerging|1.471737|2.123919|2.5543303
9039|Women, meanwhile, are overburdened with work and demands as they continue to perform their traditional role as caregivers —a role regarded as natural— while simultaneously taking on new responsibilities in public life and in the labour market. The worsening care crisis calls for a reform of social protection systems and labour practices, as well as a transformation of cultural norms that sanction an unequal distribution of paid and unpaid work between women and men. These divergent trends are affecting the continuity and balance of traditional care arrangements in the region’s societies. They are limiting women’s ability to enter the labour market unimpeded by traditional barriers and thus their ability to achieve greater economic autonomy and well-being. In other words, there is a situation of rising demand (as a result of demographic transition) and falling supply (as a result of the entry of women into the labour force). The tension between these two phenomena acts as a brake on women’s ability to increase their labour market participation and calls for a review of the design and application of related public policies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|labour women ability traditional calls|8.984403|5.1270094|5.9808316
9040|For example, in Lahore, Pakistan, wheat prices rose by 24 per cent in the year prior to February 2010 while the maize price in Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare, went up by 36 per cent between October 2009 and February 2010. The spike was even worse in Burundi; in Bujumbura, the price of beans went up by 58 per cent during the same period (see table IV. The food crisis has not abated as most food prices are rising again and have exceeded the peaks recorded in 2008.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|february went cent price prices|3.970691|5.047212|4.4289556
9041|This gender division of labour increases women’s economic dependency on men. When men with higher earnings or a pension are not around any more because of divorce, migration or death, women as lone mothers and older women living alone have a higher risk of poverty. The proportion of women who were employed and earned cash income in the last 12 months is particularly low in some Asian countries, in both the Southern and Western sub-regions, and the gender differences are very high. For example, only 27 per cent of married women aged 15—49 in India were employed and earned cash income in the last 12 months, compared to 90 per cent of married men of the same age.|SDG 1 - No poverty|women earned married men months|8.707413|4.5372705|5.749128
9042|They might improve transparency, for example, if they lead to better monitoring of the outcomes and impacts of support provided, which the transparency framework is also meant to address (paragraph 94d). There is, however, no specific mandate for work on how best to monitor and report on non-financial support provided and received (e.g. technology development, capacity building). For example, in the 2014 Global Landscape of Climate Finance (Buchner et al.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|transparency buchner provided paragraph example|1.4594613|3.789247|0.7550216
9043|Classical examples of such country characteristics are differences in relative productivity or in factor endowments, such as capital, natural resources or labour. Countries abundant in capital tend, for instance, to specialize in the production and export of goods that are capital-intensive, while labour-abundant countries export labour-intensive goods. For instance, Nunn (2007) finds that countries with strong legal institutions have a comparative advantage in products that are contract-intensive.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|intensive abundant capital labour export|5.028774|4.4972944|3.8492115
9044|A number of amendments were made to the European Commission’s proposal in response to the positions of various Member States regarding certain cross-cutting and substantive issues, such as managing stocks for maximum sustainable yields, a ban on discards, and transferable fishery concessions. In terms of the geographical distribution of companies, the North and Centre regions are still predominant with regard to corporate headquarters and job concentration. In 2010, preserved fish, accounted for the total production of 42 000 tonnes (turnover of EUR 177 million), while production of dried and salted products (cod) totalled 60 000 tonnes (EUR 241.6 million in sales value).|SDG 14 - Life below water|tonnes eur dried discards million|0.10364497|5.9117155|6.8640823
9045|It establishes management measures and harvest control rules for fisheries targeting sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the northern Adriatic Sea (GSA 17), and transitional conservation measures for small pelagic fisheries in the southern Adriatic Sea (GSA 18); further precautionary and emergency measures were established for 20152 and 20163. Since then, additional recommendations have been adopted establishing supplementary precautionary and emergency measures for this fishery in both GSAs 17 and 18 for 2017-20184 and for 2019-2021.5 The general objective is to ensure that the exploitation levels of small pelagics in the Adriatic Sea are at MSY by 2020. It started from a qualitative appraisal of alternative management measures that was later developed into a full quantitative framework.|SDG 14 - Life below water|adriatic measures sea precautionary emergency|-0.09266698|5.7627125|6.5211167
9046|Because the cheapest opportunities are likely to be exploited first (absent other barriers), abatement costs are minimised by the pricing of emissions. This is all the more important at the international level, where there are large differences in marginal abatement costs across countries. The power of pricing to minimise abatement costs has been amply demonstrated in the United States through experience with the cap-and-trade scheme to reduce sulphur dioxide (S02) emissions in the electric-power sector (and hence acid rain) introduced in 1995. It has resulted in almost a halving of these emissions and compliance costs are estimated to have been 30-40% lower than would have been incurred had the command and control regulatory approaches considered by Congress instead been adopted (Stavins, 2005 and 1998; Carlson et al.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|abatement costs emissions pricing cheapest|1.4942187|2.8399906|2.0010219
9047|It presents key definitions and concepts and displays some of the main STI trends, in particular relating to research and (experimental) development (R&D) spending and ICT development. It highlights efforts made to increase access to STI in developing countries and explains the transformational effect of ICTs on the economy. It also highlights common barriers faced by many developing counties in fully utilising new technologies. The third section presents the approach to identify STI-related activities in the CRS, and discusses opportunities and limitations with the data. The fourth section of this paper presents the main trends in ODF in support of STI for the SDGs, including by development providers, financial instruments, key sectors and receiving countries and regions.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|sti presents highlights trends section|4.9018574|3.406033|2.0743206
9048|These were strengthened as part of the reforms of 2007 through the creation of centrally standardised agreements covering care coordination, prevention and rehabilitation. These agreements are managed continuously by regional consultative committees comprising representation from the regions and municipalities as well as private health care practitioners, and are ratified by the National Health Board. These standards comprise three categories: organisational (quality, risk management, hygiene and human capital); care coordination (patient involvement, referrals and medication safety); and disease-specific standards (guidelines and protocols).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coordination agreements care standards referrals|9.145945|9.450812|1.6315889
9049|These two countries have excelled in mainstreaming women in local governance structures. Following constitutional amendments to reserve one-third of all local government seats for women in India after the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution in 1992, more than one million women were elected to local government positions. Similarly, institutional reforms to reserve seats for women's active participation in local governance in Bangladesh in 1997 resulted in many women councillors being elected.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women amendments seats local elected|10.4746895|4.362645|7.073197
9050|Between 2001 and 2011, GDP per capita increased by 29% and the poorest 20% of people saw their income grow seven times as fast as the top 20%. Brazil also reduced by half the number of people living in poverty - in half the time expected. In this chapter, the man at the helm of this remarkable transformation - Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva - explains how this was enabled by a democratic decision to put social policy at the heart of the country’s development strategy. The flagship Bolsa Familia (Family Stipend) programme transferred cash to low-income households in exchange for enrolling children in school and ensuring regular medical check-ups and vaccinations (conditional cash transfers). The programme has benefitted an entire generation by helping to break the vicious circle of poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cash half enrolling stipend silva|7.3061633|6.042889|4.3682585
9051|This situation explains also the increasing role of the informal sector as one of the major job providers in the region. Nasser (2011) estimates that informal employment reached 10.8 million in Egypt in 2008, representing 48.1 per cent of total employment. Between 1999 and 2004, the rate of growth of this index in the region was of 0.42 per cent per year, which represents a level comparable to that of Europe and Central Asia. Undeclared high levels of production increased the issues of revenue collection for non-oil countries and enhanced fiscal resource losses.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|informal cent region employment explains|8.043973|4.1245756|4.763689
9052|To date, MWA has commissioned three major research reports: Realizing the Opportunity: Addressing New Zealand’s Leadership Pipeline (2013); Transforming Cultures to Grow Women Leaders (2012); and Women on Boards: Why Women on Company Boards are Good for Business (2009). These publications have allowed MWA to base its strategies on a strong foundation of evidence-based research and advocacy. For example, in partnership with MWA, NZX has introduced the NZX Diversity Listing Rule, which requires listed companies to report on the gender composition of their board of directors and senior managers. The ministry has also worked with a group of private sector champions called the 25 Percent Group.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mwa boards women group listing|10.167386|4.042522|6.9241624
9053|However, this practice is very recent (in effect since 2011), and has so far been mainly focussed on fruit and vegetable products. Other per hectare subsidies are set for groups of commodities, such as grains, vegetables and melons, fruits and berries, and feed crops, and therefore are not included in the SCTs. These developments were linked to the difficulties of ginneries to attract credit for forward-contracting cotton growers. This was due to the 2007 local banking crisis, and also to the regulations introduced that limited the ways ginneries could attract finance.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|attract growers focussed vegetable fruits|3.7479897|5.0941157|3.77109
9054|Relative child poverty rates in France and Spain, for example, begin at very similar levels (19.4% and 18.8%, respectively) but in France the rate is more than halved by government intervention whereas in Spain very little difference is made (see Figure 8a). Similarly, Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and Italy all begin with relative child poverty rates of 16% to 18%; but after taxes and benefits the relative child poverty rate is brought down by half or more in Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany whereas in Italy there is almost no reduction at all. Its premise is that, in a society committed to providing special protection for children, the child poverty rate would be lower than the overall poverty rate.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty child rate relative begin|7.3793187|6.197827|5.190437
9055|Source: City of Louisville (2004). Reliability of supply may vary on a daily or weekly basis, as well as on a seasonal basis. Increased reliability avoids first of all the need for households to store water for shortage situations and induces therewith cost savings, as space and material is economized. Furthermore, people might benefit from a feeling of confidence in water supply and from increased comfort.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|reliability basis induces comfort avoids|1.2837071|7.3853765|2.662644
9056|The bias toward home ownership is hardly unique to Kazakhstan, and in OECD countries as diverse as Mexico and the United States, most of the housing assistance supports home ownership (OECD, 2015b). Despite the shortage of housing in the country, the real estate market is full of housing for sale and rent that remain vacant. Interviews conducted for this review suggest that the population is generally unwilling to rent housing because of the unregulated market, high price of rentals, lack of legal certainty and for cultural reasons.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing rent ownership home unwilling|4.9023027|5.641415|2.145252
9057|"Implementing the ideas of the ""New School"", creating digital classes, focusing on authentic learning, creating a digital platform for teachers to co-operate are all at the heart of the programme. Other changes related to the role of teachers and school directors are also being addressed. Based on the analysis in Figure 1.3 comparing annual workloads in Greece with OECD and EU19 averages, Greece would need to increase weekly teaching obligations approximately by four to five hours per week to reach the OECD average."|SDG 4 - Quality education|greece digital creating teachers authentic|9.511759|1.6209234|2.7105107
9058|Total final energy consumption increased by 29 per cent, with the fastest growth in transport, followed by household/services and industry. This was the combined result of structural changes, higher energy prices, EE policies and other factors. A decline in energy services relative to GDP accounted for one fifth of the reduction in energy use per unit of GDP with the rest resulting from declining end-use energy intensities (used as a proxy for EE improvements). The IEA projects that, under current circumstances, global final energy intensity will continue to fall at a rate similar to that of the last 30 years (1.6 per cent per year).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy ee final gdp intensities|1.7644503|2.7215066|2.4514303
9059|The framework seeks to integrate farmers with researchers, scientists, cooperatives and extension services in order to generate the kinds of knowledge that was crucial for their improved performance. This framework, promoted by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, is based on the recognition that knowledge of relevance to agricultural development has several sources and linkages. These factors have changed the face of agricultural development and rendered it intricately linked to global economic trade and knowledge capabilities of countries, but also focused the associated emphasis on the inability of economic growth to address the food security needs of the poor clearer than ever before.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|knowledge rendered framework agricultural food|3.8953397|5.2931204|3.8974247
9060|During the triennium 2016-18, the two working groups contributed to the implementation strategy of the OECD Principles on Water Governance, focusing respectively on developing indicators and collecting and reviewing water governance stories. Effectiveness of water governance relates to the contribution of governance to defining clear sustainable water policy goals and targets at different levels of government, to implement those policy goals, and to meet expected objectives or targets. Efficiency of water governance relates to the contribution of governance to maximising the benefits of sustainable water management and welfare at the least cost to society.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance water relates contribution targets|1.1568222|6.9987435|1.62344
9061|The national event, “A drop of water is a grain of gold”, is widely celebrated every year at the beginning of April. There is widespread public understanding that water should be managed economically in a sound way. It became clear during the past decade that there would be a water shortage if the volume of water in the Amu Darya River were to decrease owing to the traditional method of water use.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water darya gold grain april|1.164311|7.3528347|2.5727482
9062|Central and Southern Asia (197 million) and sub-Saharan Africa (189 million). Data from 214 cities or municipalities in 103 countries show that about three quarters of municipal solid waste generated is collected. In sub-Saharan Africa, less than half of all municipal solid waste generated is collected, with adverse effects on the health of residents.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|solid saharan collected generated municipal|0.43698147|4.0699024|3.1306562
9063|There has been wide spread recognition of the need to address illegal fishing practices, however more needs to be done to support countries’ capacity to address unregulated and unreported fishing; including through capacity-building. For example, the same RoO given under Free Trade Agreements could be extended to Least Developed Countries, included as part of the agreement reached under the LDC package. Monitoring progress on the implementation of SDG 14 should be a priority. Embedding a review process and mechanism within the WTO’s existing trade policy review procedure could be one solution.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing review address trade unreported|-0.0068590227|5.5997105|6.6699295
9064|Between 1997 and 2004, the percentage of younger smokers was fairly stable, but then started to decline among males and, more recently, among females as well. The gender gap in smoking varies enormously between countries. In 2010, smoking rates were, on average, over 90% higher among males than females. In the United Kingdom, though, the gap between males and females was only 5%.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|males females smoking gap smokers|9.251553|9.397163|3.1996498
9065|The physicians selected as the “medecin traitant” receives an additional annual payment for patients diagnosed with an ALD. This payment covers the care co-ordination required to implement specific care protocols. The care protocol of a patient lists all medical and paramedical services required for a comprehensive treatment, and automatically identifies the services for which patients are exempt from co-payment. In nearly all cases, this coordinating role is fulfilled by GPs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payment care patients required diagnosed|8.870291|9.061942|1.6455675
9066|The reduction through income taxes is even greater than means-tested transfers. The redistributive impacts of fiscal policy were reduced when the benefits drastically declined and when taxes became less progressive. As a result, the percentage change in market Gini offset by taxes fell from 16.9 per cent during 1985-1995 to 10.9 per cent during 1985-2005, while those of transfers also declined from 46.7 per cent to 34.4 per cent during the same period.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|cent taxes declined transfers drastically|6.87717|5.1196136|4.5125475
9067|A project to provide a rapid effectiveness assessment was conducted by WWF in cooperation with the FBiH Ministry of Environment and Tourism in 2009 using international rapid assessment and prioritization of protected area management (RAPPAM) methodology. There is, however, room for consideration and development of additional regulations on economic instruments for protected areas in both entities. As a result of the existing level of decentralization, the entire system of information and reporting on protected areas in the country, including reporting on international obligations, is generally failing. Obligations for protected areas are dispersed throughout a number of agencies, according to the governance system in each entity.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected obligations rapid areas reporting|1.6987207|5.034584|3.875498
9068|Austria's main areas of specialisation are in traditional sectors. More technologically and research-intensive sectors such as information and communication technology (ICT) and pharmaceuticals are less represented. There is concern that current specialisation patterns could limit growth opportunities.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|specialisation sectors technologically pharmaceuticals austria|5.61111|3.2998834|2.4689922
9069|But the structural transition of their economies from low-productivity to high-productivity activities has also led to rising income gaps and spatial inequalities. It is likely that these countries can maintain high average incomes while gradually closing their income gaps over time through the fuller absorption into high-productivity activities of the w orkers who now remain employed in disadvantaged areas and activities. A less benign distributional outcome will probably result if a shift from export-oriented production, emphasizing manufacturing, to production oriented more towards domestic markets leads increasingly to employment and wage opportunities in service activities, which tend to be less well remunerated than jobs in manufacturing.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|activities productivity oriented manufacturing gaps|6.134455|4.625662|4.111838
9070|The sewage treatment fee is relatively low (only 15% of the clean water price) (City of Hai Phong, 2015). Waste collection service covers all urban districts and approximately 90% of rural districts in the city. The Department of Construction (DOC) is in charge of domestic waste in urban areas, and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development is in charge of domestic waste in rural areas. The volume of urban waste per person per day generated in Hai Phong has increased from 0.7 kg in early 2000’s to 1.3 kg in 2015.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|waste phong hai kg districts|0.62307936|4.0843267|2.9993439
9071|It provides R&D funds to Brazilian companies to develop and strengthen input supply chains, machinery and equipment for agriculture and the development of food products and processes. Inova-Agro has become the main channel for BNDES to deliver R&D funds in the sector, and accounted for over 80% of a total of about USD 27 million). Over 80% of Inova-Agro funding is targeted to livestock, fisheries and aquaculture. Only coffee research is currently supported by tax deductions and Embrapa is managing a national consortium to use the coffee fund (FUNCAFE).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|coffee agro funds embrapa bndes|2.0918252|4.705559|3.4123056
9072|Main beneficiaries are the owners, users and managers of public buildings, service providers (consultants, engineering companies), financial institutions, architects and constructors. It aims to increase energy efficiency, boost renewable energy, diversify import sources and transport routes as well as protect critical infrastructure. Furthermore, the Energy Strategy underlines Romania’s ambitions to become a major electricity exporter by 2020. The National Strategy on Energy Efficiency sets forth the objectives concerning energy efficiency for the period up to the year 2015. The main purpose of the strategy is to identify possibilities and means to increase energy efficiency at all levels of the energy chain, by implementing specific programmes in order to reach its ultimate goal: the increase of primary energy efficiency by 40 per cent by the year 2015.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency strategy increase main|1.9558314|2.5982494|2.339168
9073|The Agency’s formative approach to school evaluation has made it an explicit goal to foster school’s capacity for self-evaluation and the Agency should further pursue this direction. To begin with, it is an opportunity to raise quality expectations in initial teacher education. Accreditation processes will need to send clear signals about the quality standards initial teacher education programmes need to reach.|SDG 4 - Quality education|initial agency teacher evaluation school|9.790991|1.746276|1.4947956
9074|Household income information is for the year 2008. The round analysed is that of 2007, with income data referring to the year 2006. On an annual basis it collects timely and comparable multidimensional micro-data on income, poverty, social exclusion and living conditions. Every year, both cross-sectional data and longitudinal data are collected.|SDG 1 - No poverty|data year income referring collects|6.807527|5.5627007|4.963992
9075|The work of the Partnership is described at http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/ Statistics/Pages/intlcoop/partnership/members.aspx. Indeed, these price reductions reflect the particular situation in several developing countries, in which fixed broadband used to be a premium service (with prices corresponding to more than 100 per cent of GNI p.c.) The effect of these new offers was to drive prices down drastically in the year in which they became available. The ECOSOC resolutions can be found at http://unctad.org/en/Pages/CSTD/WSIS-Resolutions.aspx.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|aspx pages resolutions itu http|4.913082|2.9206731|1.5061175
9076|A substantial share of w'ater consumers experience difficulties paying for water supply services and sewage disposal. Moreover, 60% of the water pipes and half of the sewage collectors are in a dilapidated state; water quality indicators often do not meet human health and safety standards, and large quantities of water are lost to leakage in the networks (around 40% of total supply). In Tbilisi and Rustavi, the WSS systems have been privatised and are now privately owned by the Georgian Water & Power company.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water sewage collectors tbilisi pipes|1.3946829|7.1595316|2.4059525
9077|Overall, women spend over an hour longer on unpaid and paid work combined than men - the “double burden” - leaving them with less time for personal care (including sleeping) and leisure. Similar to OECD countries, women have around 40 to 50 minutes less leisure time than men do in all countries, with the exception of Bangladesh. As GDP increases, the time women and men spend on unpaid care work decreases.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|leisure men spend unpaid time|9.002054|4.760575|5.406821
9078|However, differences in definitions, sources and methods could blur international comparisons. In addition, data for many of these indicators are still lacking for a third or more OECD countries. As an illustration, data on survival rates for selected cancers are available for the same year for, at best, 11 countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|illustration cancers data survival lacking|9.165428|9.424431|2.68509
9079|As a whole, it receives an annual allocation from the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs of EUR 375 000, which allows it to maintain its offices, assemble delegates 4 to 5 times per year, and hold work group meetings 8 to 10 times annually. These work group committees meet to discuss the advancement of NSPH goals within the Swedish health care community and society. In 2013, NSPH received financial support from the Swedish government to, among other things, formulate strategies aimed at strenghening and enhancing the influence of user organisations on national, regional and local levels, as well as for the individual when meeting with health care providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|swedish health times assemble group|9.499305|8.871068|1.8441918
9080|The French “therapeutic, educational and pedagogical institutions” (ITEPs) are designed for children with serious behavioural problems, those who have difficulty in school and socialising, but who do not present an intellectual disability or psychosis. The student guidance units (CLBs) offer both universal surveillance and individualised support for students with greater complex needs. A similar structure is also in place in the French community, where a number of actors are involved in providing support for students with special needs. The psycho-medical social (PMS) centres have a similar role to the CLB centres, working in a multidisciplinary team. Regular medical check-ups, on the other hand, are carried out by the “school-based health promotion services” (PSE) while school dropout prevention is primarily handled by “school dropout intermediation services” (PMS) and mobile teams (ibid.). A national mental health screening was introduced in 2012 and covers all high school students.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|school dropout french students centres|10.511683|8.756416|1.625735
9081|Municipalities are also responsible for fulfilling the right to a place in Kindergarten for all children from 1 year of age. Tertiary institutions are mostly autonomous in their decisions, including those on how they allocate resources. Norway has generous funding at all levels of the education system: public and private educational institutions at all levels get most of their funding from public sources, and public education is free, except at preprimary level where parents must pay some fees.|SDG 4 - Quality education|public funding institutions kindergarten fulfilling|9.371584|2.5158365|2.1876338
9082|In addition, the government applied a policy to cushion the transmission of high world prices for food security reasons. For example, in 2008 it released dry milk from state reserves to restrain increases in prices of dairy foods. Since mid-2010, the simplification of trade within the Customs Union facilitated cheaper imports of dry milk from Belarus, which has likely put a significant competitive pressure on domestic milk prices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|milk dry prices simplification cushion|3.8448944|4.9057426|4.2557306
9083|This chapter has been produced with the financial and substantive assistance of the European Union, as part of the OECD project “Defining, Measuring and Assessing Job quality and its Links to Labour Market Performance and Well Being” [VS/2013/0108 (S12.666737)]. The contents of this chapter are the sole responsibility of the OECD and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. This project is a joint undertaking between the OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs and the OECD Statistics Directorate, and it runs until September 2015. The project also encompasses Chapter 3 of the 2014 Employment Outlook and Chapter 4 of this publication.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|chapter directorate project oecd union|7.9652524|4.242456|4.0340724
9084|Preparatory education lasts between 6 and 12 months. Immigrants are also provided information and guidance on different occupations and vocational studies. When immigrants later apply for an upper secondary vocational programme through the joint application system, they can receive extra points for completed preparatory education. Information on job training and education opportunities, and practical tips on getting a job or changing career, can be very helpful for young adults and unemployed adults, as well as those who have been inactive in the labour market for a while.|SDG 4 - Quality education|preparatory immigrants vocational adults education|9.756348|2.6964612|2.704422
9085|The process of developing this vision should engage a broad range of stakeholders from national and subnational levels in setting objectives and developing innovative solutions. However, the measures implemented have further complicated the water governance system. Proposals were made in 2006 to replace river basin authorities with eight river basin districts to implement some of the main provisions of the WFD.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin river developing wfd replace|0.93034506|7.142118|1.703224
9086|Germany based its tariffs upon a fraction of the retail rate (that is to say, the price at which electricity was sold to consumers), not the wholesale rate (that is to say, the cost at which utilities purchased electricity from other generators). In Germany, consumption taxes constitute a large fraction of the ultimate retail price of electricity. Wind energy and solar energy were paid 90 per cent of the retail rate and hydroelectric plants were paid 80 per cent of the retail rate. This was corrected in Germany in 2000 by the stipulation that renewable sources of electricity would have priority access to the grid for a host of environmental, social and economic reasons.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|retail electricity rate germany fraction|1.6044503|2.205734|2.077006
9087|For rice, wheat, maize and soybeans, trade actions by countries related to export restrictions, buying to increase stockholdings, and removal of import restrictions or import subsidies all contributed to the price spikes. The exaggerated price movements created by the application of insulation policies in other countries created worse outcomes than would have otherwise occurred. From a global perspective, the various individual country interventions targeted at improving food security lessened it.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|restrictions import created price insulation|4.124355|4.991317|4.2439237
9088|Box 3 discusses REDD further. Markets for emission reduction credits from Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) are anticipated to generate a US$30 billion annual revenue stream for developing nations, stimulating an exponential increase in demand for carbon sequestration services from South-East Asian forests in particular. In addition to helping to build capacity for REDD in developing countries, the FCPF also supports the implementation of small-scale REDD pilot projects. Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam are among 37 which have partnered with the FCPF in the development of national REDD Readiness Plans. Numerous studies warn that once REDD is implemented, the sheer volume of available forest supply could send the market price for tradable carbon tumbling, possibly as much as 75 per cent. Investments in REDD projects could also be subject by the same risky investment patterns and flows that launched the 2008 financial crisis.|SDG 15 - Life on land|redd forest carbon exponential sheer|1.6517347|4.4782166|3.36627
9089|Similarly, women made up 31 per cent of labour migrants from Kyrgyzstan in 2015,13.4 per cent from Uzbekistan and 9.6 per cent from Tajikistan, with the average for the CIS States being 15.7 per cent.10 Kyrgyzstan also has the highest share of women among holders of temporary and permanent residence permits in comparison with all other countries: in 2015, die share was 58 per cent while the average was 49 per cent. Among migrants from Uzbekistan widi this type of document, 45 per cent were females; for Tajikistan, the figure was 34 per cent (OECD, 2016, p. 45). For details, see OECD (2016, p. 56).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent uzbekistan kyrgyzstan tajikistan migrants|8.719288|5.197504|6.9508724
9090|Indeed, in reviewing the literature on water demand, the ample opportunities for conserving water across the board are striking, including in the electric power sector, the production of industrial steam, residential consumption, and irrigated agriculture. In our opinion, the main reason why such substitution has not been more widespread to date is due to the absence of economic incentives for conservation. In many uses around the world, water remains virtually free.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water conserving steam ample striking|1.2670017|7.324659|2.7933872
9091|For example, one assumes that predicted traffic growth (particularly car travel) must be provided for (by adding road capacity). This approach has inevitably resulted in more travel, exacerbated car dependency1 and has encouraged dispersed patterns of development. The increased congestion comes at significant costs to the economy, the environment and the overall well-being of the population.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|car travel inevitably dispersed exacerbated|4.235165|5.033532|0.6939533
9092|Women represent 1.1 billion of Commonwealth peoples, and form the highest number of voters in any election, yet they are the least represented in governance and political processes. Moreover, these political legacies have vested a culture of clinging to power without opportunities for grooming new leaders. Nepotism is rife and transfer of power has seen the devolution to family relatives, a form of 'political monarchy'. As a result, many women remain challenged by these limiting factors, which persistently hinder their participation. In addition, some Commonwealth countries have mainstreamed women into decision-making by recognising their overwhelming contribution in liberation struggles, civil wars and/or protest politics - in Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and South Africa - thereby sidelining academic excellence as a criteria or guarantee to participate in governance.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|political commonwealth governance women form|10.454948|4.4303765|7.2248178
9093|Estimates of forest biomass and soil carbon sequestration in Finland and Norway during the past two decades are 8 and 5.6 Tg C yr1, respectively, or 39 and 46 g C nr2 yr1 (Liski et al. For Sweden, forest carbon accumulation between 1920 and 2000 was estimated to be 7.1 Tg C yr1, or 31 g C m-2 yr1 (Agren et al. The soil carbon sink was about 19% to 28% of the total carbon sink, estimated using models.|SDG 15 - Life on land|carbon sink soil forest estimated|1.1678818|4.4537916|3.8766243
9094|The hierarchy of value placed on the lives of men over women and masculine over feminine characteristics creates the context where a society can accept, or at least not actively oppose, massive violence against women. This section describes a variety of analytical frameworks for examining different forms of violence against women. Frequently, scholars and activists such as the authors of DEVAW refer to public and private violence, as detailed in Figure 2.3. Direct violence inflicts direct, physical harm.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence women direct masculine feminine|9.994516|5.349326|7.4083724
9095|But we were always aware of how many other people were suffering, so that meant not just that I have enough to feed myself, but that I can live a life of purpose.” The culture has changed,” she says. “ Women can work and take care of themselves and don’t need to rely on their husbands.” Contraception is available in practically every corner shop. “|SDG 5 - Gender equality|don shop says practically husbands|9.424417|5.7519255|6.2236953
9096|The APA is requested to identify sources of input for the global stocktake. Examples include information on the state of adaptation efforts, support, experiences and priorities from submitted adaptation communications; the mobilisation and provision of support; the latest reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; and relevant reports of the subsidiary bodies (paragraph 99, Decision 1/CP.21). Specific work items include: exploring ways to monitor and evaluate support provided and received for adaptation (in 2017); convening a meeting to exchange views on national adaptation goals and indicators; and the possible relation of such indicators with those for sustainable development and for disaster risk reduction in the context of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (AC, 2016b).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation disaster reports support reduction|1.2526494|4.664515|1.4561045
9097|The training and education of ECEC staff affects the quality of services and outcomes primarily through the knowledge, skills and competencies that are transmitted and encouraged by practitioners. It is also considered important that staff believe in their ability to organise and execute the courses of action necessary to bring about desired results (Fives, 2003). Qualifications can matter in terms of which skill sets and what knowledge are recognised as important for working with young children.|SDG 4 - Quality education|staff knowledge execute organise transmitted|9.270704|2.7009413|1.9049348
9098|Other benefits, such as unemployment benefit, sick pay and child allowances, all of which are much better targeted than pensions, have remained underfunded. Progress in the field of social assistance was less marked than in Latin America, as social protection had an entirely different meaning and modus operandi under central planning. As a result, these countries initially lacked the administrative infrastructure to manage social assistance programmes prevalent in market economies. For instance, in the early years of transition, many EEFSU countries introduced universal child allowances, but later on transformed them into means-tested programmes.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|allowances assistance social underfunded child|7.401653|5.780654|4.180202
9099|Malaysia has 32 special schools and 1,282 integration units which have separate classes for visually and hearing impaired students and students with learning difficulties. Most of these offer boarding facilities and 29,169 pupils attended them in autumn 2008. Physically disabled pupils are integrated into mainstream education if they can manage the system as it is: otherwise they stay at home.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pupils autumn boarding impaired students|10.277782|2.394102|2.022192
9100|Even more concerning, levels of socio-economic inequity have not changed since 2006 in the majority of countries. Figure 3 shows that in a few countries, such as Australia, Finland and Korea, the discrepancy between students in the top and bottom quartiles of PISA’s socio-economic ESCS index grew even larger between 2006 and 2015. However, PISA results show that inequality of opportunity is not set in stone, and that selected school systems succeeded in becoming more equitable over a relatively short period (OECD, 2017(8]).|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa socio escs stone inequity|9.720321|2.244469|3.1622474
9101|Stable employment brings benefits for society—enabling the workforce to retain experience, knowledge and productivity, thus enhancing economic performance.69 Full employment also contributes to social cohesion, particularly by improving the well-being of girls. Increased employment of women helps change perceptions of the ‘value’ of girls and encourages investment in their education and health. It also helps reduce poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|helps employment girls encourages retain|9.248233|4.6611524|6.2184234
9102|Chapter 3 notes that management is needed to tackle externalities and points out that multiple policy options can help address these issues, acknowledging that specific responses will need to be tailored to hydrogeological and environmental conditions. Chapter 4 provides an overview of management approaches in OECD countries that vary widely, with weak evidence of a constraint-response correspondence. Only four of the 20 responding OECD countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Slovenia and the Netherlands - national and regional) and five of the 20 regions (the Jeju volcanic island region in Korea and the four Spanish regions) report conducting regular evaluations of groundwater management. As part of the EU Water Framework Directive, EU member countries are required to provide reports on the state of implementation and the qualitative and quantitative status of groundwater management bodies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|management groundwater eu hydrogeological regions|0.7141738|7.3229537|2.471552
9103|The data are collected by the World Health Organization (WHO) annually and show solid and linear growth over the period 2003-2013. The growth of the number of connected institutions has grown an impressive 600 per cent from an original baseline in 2003 of 792 connected institutions to 5 584 at the end of 2013. The monitoring of the adoption of eHealth strategies is proposed as another data source. An eHealth strategy can be a good indication of a government's view of the importance of eHealth and the role it will play in strengthening the health sector, including the building of connectivity. The WHO Global Observatory for eHealth reports that the number of countries with eHealth strategies is showing a steady rise. In 2009, 55 countries indicated that they had eHealth strategies and in 2013 this number had grown to 85.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ehealth strategies grown connected number|8.9548435|9.530627|1.8485858
9104|Even though there were a substantial number of international articles and books on assessment, and they had attended the DET programme, they were not able to access this international literature on their own. There was little work in the Higher Education sector in Norway in this area, and so very few Norwegian research articles had been published. Teachers believed the situation had much improved at the time when AfL was initiated, with more support available from Norwegian research.|SDG 4 - Quality education|articles norwegian det afl research|9.756875|1.6142124|1.3257374
9105|They also make it clear that disadvantaged schools need more support so they can start regarding ethnic differences as a resource for learning, rather than an obstacle to learning (OECD, 2015b). Identifying the relationship between pre-primary education and later performance in school is challenging, because attendance at pre-school is often correlated with socio-economic advantage. When disadvantaged children enter pre-school, they already lag behind advantaged children because they are likely to have had fewer play opportunities at home to explore patterns, shapes and spatial relations; compare magnitudes; and count objects.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pre school disadvantaged learning shapes|9.467486|2.5230036|2.706492
9106|The census covered teachers working in public institutions maintained by the National Public Education Administration (ANEP) only. Hence, data for early childhood and pre-primary education do not include teachers in schools managed by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) and by the Child and Adolescent Institute of Uruguay (INAU). Also data on technical-professional programmes include teachers in programmes at the tertiary level (a minor proportion of programmes supervised by CETP). In public primary education, the average size of classes has decreased over the last decade to 24 students in 2012.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers education programmes public anep|9.581122|1.7966923|2.5421348
9107|The mechanism used is the structure of feed-in tariffs specified in the German Renewable Energy Law: when hydropower facilities comply with certain criteria (such as ensuring biological continuity of the river, or being built in a location where there are barrages or weirs), they are paid a higher-feed in tariff from electricity distributors, which is reflected in the energy bill paid by the end users. The additional remuneration is paid to hydropower producers for 20 years and varies according to facility size and output -smaller plants are paid higher remunerations per kWh than bigger plants to ensure their profitability; plants producing more than 5 MW are only paid for the increased part of production after modernisation. These are illustrated by voluntary agreements between water supply utilities and farmers to reduce pollution and water treatment costs (see OECD, 2012b). In the EU and the United States, farmers are paid for a variety of environmental stewardship measures, including reducing nitrate contamination.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|paid plants hydropower feed farmers|1.5448555|7.5973763|2.2808719
9108|Section 4 concerns itself with gender differences in unpaid household work and finds that German women still do more than men. Section 5 examines changes in attitudes to work-life balance and the roles of parents. Finally, Section 6 considers how the gendered distribution of paid work may affect growth in coming years. Overall, Germany has made great strides in improving the gendered distribution of paid and unpaid labour. There is still plenty of room for further progress, however. However, as cohabitation becomes more common, more and more children are growing up in households with two cohabiting parents.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gendered section unpaid work parents|9.210763|5.179968|5.3434305
9109|This has emerged from ENERGISE across both the survey and the application cases analyses. The joint expert meeting by ITU and ENERGISE identified examples for areas where more clarity and integration of regulation is needed. For instance, in Romania there is no technical standard allowing the coexistence of power grid lines and fibres for broadband provision in the same duct.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|itu clarity emerged romania broadband|1.651074|2.084097|2.2269652
9110|Therefore, assuming that the level of gender-based discrimination that prevails in a given society does not reflect actual preferences for gender equality, gender discrimination in social institutions may well decrease the life satisfaction of both men and women. Men and women who may be affected directly by discrimination against women may display lower levels of satisfaction due to their more limited capacity to live the life they want (Williams et al., One theoretical example for this is derived from the optimal allocation of leisure and work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discrimination satisfaction gender women williams|9.316556|4.7742085|6.4686966
9111|They should be located close to housing and create interconnected green corridors, following modern trends in the most advanced cities. Planning more compact streets and concentrating green areas, while maintaining their share of the total land area, strikes a reasonable compromise between compactness and green landscapes. Putting these into operation will complete the transport infrastructure, raising the efficiency of connection hubs. Current legislation provides private property rights to land only in a limited range of cases.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|green land concentrating hubs compromise|3.7683342|4.9117713|1.7873824
9112|The study also found that women experiencing violence earned 35 per cent less than those not abused, and the overall lost productivity was estimated at 1.8 per cent of GDP in 2010. Men's Atrittules and Practices Regarding Gender and Violence against Women in Bangladesh: Preliminary Findings (icddr.b, 2011), pp.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence abused cent earned preliminary|10.052621|5.4124594|7.424775
9113|It was created upon the initiative of the MMA and GEF to complement direct government efforts, the rationale being that a private institution would be less vulnerable to changes in government and able to attract more private finance. Funbio’s main activity is the support of Brazilian protected areas. The volume and scope of support expanded massively in 2003 with the launch of the ARPA programme.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mma private gef launch rationale|2.0475414|4.768281|3.5072498
9114|It emphasises the centrality of knowledge and learning and aims to promote inclusion, coherence and flexibility in educational practice. It also stresses the importance of adaptability, audacity and raising awareness of environmental sustainability issues as critical to a 21st century' educational approach. This includes the expectation that the citizen develop critical thinking, self-awareness, autonomy and responsibility. Individuals should be able to cope with uncertainty' in a fast-changing world, to use the skills they have developed, to continue lifelong learning, and should respect the fundamental principles of democratic society and the rights, guarantees and freedoms on which it is based. These include: responsibility and integrity, excellence and high standards, curiosity, reflection and innovation, citizenship and participation, and freedom. These include: the use of languages and texts, information and communication, reasoning and problem solving, critical and creative thinking, interpersonal relations, autonomy and personal development, well-being, health and environment, aesthetic and artistic sensitivity/awareness, scientific, technical and technological knowledge, and body awareness and mastery.|SDG 4 - Quality education|awareness critical thinking autonomy responsibility|8.781057|2.2490435|2.2606776
9115|Despite children being identified at an early stage, there may often be long delays in treatment (Patana, 2014). Further complicating matters, schools and the Educational and Psychological Counselling Services (PPS) are not required to co-operate with centrally managed services taigeting students’ mental well-being, leading to a lack of collaboration within services managed at different levels of governance (OECD, 2013a). Schools have reported uncertainties regarding their roles in supporting the students with mental health concerns in the Flemish community. While the CLB centres in the Flemish community are designated to take a leading role in providing mental health support, these roles are not clearly defined in the French community.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental flemish community managed roles|10.439829|8.822683|1.6629775
9116|Across OECD countries, a more socio-economically advantaged student scores 39 points higher in mathematics — the equivalent of nearly one year of schooling - than a Iess-advantagpd student. In Portugal, the performance difference in mathematics is is 35 score-points. Together with Chile, Hungary, Luxembourg and the Slovak Republic, the relationship in Portugal between performance and socioeconomic status is significantly above the OECD average (OECD, 2014a). Portugal’s position contrasts to that of Italy, which, for example, showed a similar performance level and improvement in PISA results, as with Portugal between 2003 and 2012 (see Figure 9).|SDG 4 - Quality education|portugal performance mathematics student points|9.645893|2.2520719|3.1725013
9117|Development policies can build on this principle to promote the dissemination of good practices within professional networks of women farmers and traders in the region. By modifying the architecture of social relations, their goal is to increase the social capital of individuals resulting from the combination of internal links to a community and external links with other social groups that are more diverse from a geographic, ethnic, religious or identity point of view (Walther, 2015). The addition of actors seems particularly suited to the case of agricultural sectors, such as rice, in which women are under-represented.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|links social modifying suited traders|9.321103|4.2282853|6.7641025
9118|The Observatory is informed of all major deliberations on water management, on which it issues an opinion prior to their presentation at the City Council. These deliberations concern, for instance, the price and quality of public drinking water and sanitation services as well as the annual activity report of Eau de Paris (service provider). The Observatory is composed of four boards representing: i) elected officials at municipal level; ii) consumers; iii) local institutions from the health, urban planning, land use and housing sectors; and iv) academia. Beyond institutional and professional actors, any individuals or associations can join.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|observatory eau academia presentation join|1.0777366|6.9930396|1.6523187
9119|If governments prioritized the prohibition of harmful fisheries subsidies, could the US$18 billion freed up annually be dedicated to finance a Blue Fund destined to implement other SDG 14 targets? In other words, could Target 14,6 become a means to implement the Ocean SDG? Taking advantage of resources that would be freed up through the elimination of harmful subsidies, the Blue Fund could help rescue our ocean at no cost to taxpayers, transforming subsidies that are harmful into socially and environmentally beneficial ones.|SDG 14 - Life below water|harmful subsidies blue sdg ocean|0.012273203|5.390137|6.7561474
9120|They receive compensation under the same policies as other teachers in the education system. Teachers in Lithuania can be considered a highly qualified workforce compared to that of many OECD countries, an asset that can be further developed to continue strengthening the ECEC system. Moreover, Lithuania views professional development for teachers as a required part of their ongoing service, on par with other European Union countries that invest in professional development (European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice/Eurostat, 2014). Invest more time in training teachers in classroom settings as part of initial teacher training, with emphasis on training teachers in interacting with young children and using the curricula and methodological guidelines available. Partner with teacher training institutions to develop coaching and mentoring models for teachers already in classrooms.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers training lithuania invest professional|9.457922|1.3413783|2.2447047
9121|Another NCER programme targets secondary school students by introducing vocational courses within study programmes. Students will be able to opt for basic subjects, such language tuition and mathematics, and devote the rest of their study time to learning vocational skills destined to help the development of the rural economy. The NCER works in conjunction with the Ministry of Education and is in the process of developing an appropriate curriculum for these study programmes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|study vocational students devote opt|8.634506|2.5802896|2.7292912
9122|El Salvador, Paraguay and Uruguay, several of which showed the largest gains in this source, reported increases both in average income per recipient and in coverage. In the other countries, the outcome resulted from a rise in one factor combined with a fall in the other (see figure 11.8). Within this framework, it is possible to analyse different combinations of inequality reduction and average income growth that could produce a particular poverty rate, and then assess whether those conditions are in line with the trends observed in recent years. Goal 1 is to end poverty in all its forms everywhere and sets targets for achieving that. Target 1.1 is to eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere by 2030.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty eradicate combinations average salvador|6.3792963|5.7852793|4.9727864
9123|Sea-ice shrinkage has a positive retroaction on global warming, meaning that it amplifies it. By 2100, IPCC, on the basis of a very specific scenario, foresees global warming of 2.8°C, but of 7°Cin the Arctic. According to the model used, the summertime arctic sea ice could disappear altogether sometime between 2040 and 2060.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ice arctic warming sea disappear|1.1174353|4.2208114|1.9384475
9124|Furthermore, with the economic recovery and in the absence of additional policy actions, emissions have increased. According to current estimates, while remaining below their 2008 level, C02 emissions in Germany rose in 2010. In addition, the package of measures defined in the Integrated Energy and Climate Programme and in the Energy Concept may not be sufficient to reach the targets.3 Finally, the recent decision of an accelerated phase-out of nuclear pow'er will add in a constraint on GHG abatement.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emissions pow er constraint energy|1.3475316|2.8981478|2.047003
9125|The correlation between inequality and redistributive efforts is stronger especially for advanced countries, but holds in developing countries, too. Again, this paper supports the tenet that one of the most efficient and fundamental redistribution tools is the expansion of education investment. Students from low-income families often start school already behind their peers from more affluent families.|SDG 4 - Quality education|families affluent redistributive holds peers|6.8502393|4.81555|4.4981914
9126|One step in the right direction would be to set up a single body responsible for co-ordinating the promotion of women’s enterprise development - similar, for example, to the Office of Women’s Business Ownership in the United States or the German National Agency for Women Start-up Activities and Services (OECD, 2012c) - as well as to develop a comprehensive policy to tackle the core barriers to developing female entrepreneurship. Depending on the exact barriers identified, interventions could include: raising awareness of successful female entrepreneurs and women role models; training programmes to build women’s financial literacy and their ability to develop sound business plans and pitch them to potential lenders; promoting businesswomen’s associations and including more women on the boards of chambers of commerce and industry to get the voice of women entrepreneurs heard in policy circles; and improving women’s access to finance. In this respect, practices in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Turkey could be useful models for Tunisia to explore (OECD, 2012c) - although many MENA countries have also introduced measures recently (see Box 3.10).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|women entrepreneurs models barriers female|9.056011|3.5098941|6.583483
9127|The Commission pushed forward the language on HIV and AIDS, recognizing the epidemic as a global health emergency, and calling on Governments to provide universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, free of discrimination and with a gender perspective, to meet the goal of halting and reversing the spread of HIV and AIDS by 2015. Resolutions also recommended that policy and programme linkages and coordination between HIV and AIDS and sexual and reproductive health should be strengthened and included in national development plans and poverty reduction strategies. All countries should strive to make accessible through the primary health-care system, reproductive health to all individuals of appropriate ages as soon as possible and no later than the year 2015.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hiv aids health reproductive epidemic|8.37471|8.853549|3.2895095
9128|All providers including GPs, hospitals and pharmacies and patients will participate in e-health in which they can share data on patients including their diagnoses, health care services received such as diagnosis and treatment and medication prescribed and purchased. It is anticipated that patients will use a card containing their unique patient ID to pay for all health services and medications, allowing their health care utilisation data to be collected. Providers will need to provide information about patients including their diagnoses, treatment provided and medication prescribed in order to get reimbursed by NHS and this will be linked with the utilisation data in the e-health system. The system should allow' access to health information via the internet, allowing patients to engage more in taking control of their own health conditions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patients health diagnoses medication prescribed|8.988535|9.573389|1.7077726
9129|The goals of the intervention were often new to teachers, as well as rubrics as a pedagogical tool and some of the related practices. Usually, teams that implemented a unique session on creativity and critical thinking were implementing a signature pedagogy for which teachers would be accompanied (see Chapter 3 for a more detailed discussion of signature pedagogies). However, training was most valuable when it consisted of several sessions held at regular intervals and continued to include a focus on the creativity, critical thinking and the project materials.|SDG 4 - Quality education|signature creativity thinking critical teachers|9.046108|1.4501119|1.6780274
9130|It introduced a value-focused training course, which included a 40-hour programme, based on case studies, to further increase resistance to corruption (Pyman et al., In 2016, Bulgaria began training officers in multi-ethnic communities or neighbourhoods on working with vulnerable groups. Recruiting and training officers to engage respectfully with migrants and refugees have taken on more urgency with the recent influx, spurring new initiatives. The Helsinki Police Department launched a campaign in 2016 to recruit young migrants to the force, which slightly boosted their number (EUFRA, 2017).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|officers training migrants helsinki urgency|9.079878|3.2122595|2.841157
9131|There are considerable synergies between climate action and measures to reach other goals such as health (goal 3), clean energy (goal 7), sustainable cities and communities (goal 11), responsible consumption and production (goal 12) and oceans (goal 14) (IPCC 2018). For example, fulfilling goals on sustainable consumption and production will also work to help address climate change. Initially it was set up to discuss international financial issues, but its agenda has expanded to also include, for instance, climate change and energy policies.|SDG 13 - Climate action|goal climate goals consumption sustainable|1.5721227|4.291054|1.5861636
9132|"The study looks in particular at innovation support in “clean"" versus “dirty” technologies for electricity production (renewables versus fossil fuels) and transportation sectors. The first one is directly of interest for us, even if the second also has a direct implication on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHGs). Looking at the number of citations received for “clean” patented inventions in the electricity sector, compared to “dirty” ones, the study finds a gap of nearly 50%, and this gap has been increasing constantly during the past 50 years, as it can be seen in Figure 10.5."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|versus clean gap electricity study|1.9979298|2.7590985|1.8222405
9133|A multi-sided platform, allowing access to investors, infrastructure project sponsors, insurances, contractors, and additional relevant stakeholders, would help to coordinate interactions among actors. It could be established by public institutions and governing bodies as well as private institutions, who by taking the responsibility of development and provisioning, have the authority to register project initiators and check published projects for validity and regulatory aspects. After registration and successful checks, infrastructure project initiators could use this platform in order to publish information on planned projects, including detailed project plans and pricing information.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|project platform projects institutions provisioning|2.939622|3.3609161|1.7925963
9134|Through impact analysis of data on those households within the project area, FARM-Africa demonstrated a considerable improvement in the nutritional status and family welfare of project participants (Ayele and Peacock, 2003). One exception is the Homestead Food Production (HFP) project, introduced in Bangladesh by Helen Keller International nearly two decades ago. This project initially focused on reducing vitamin A deficiency by promoting home gardens, but its scope has been widened to address iron and zinc deficiencies also by incorporating small-animal husbandry and nutrition education (lannotti, Cunningham and Ruel, 2009).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|project husbandry zinc deficiency gardens|4.4003234|5.5032115|4.20834
9135|For comparison, the land requirements of today’s global fossil fuel infrastructure are less than 30,000 km2, which is about the size of Belgium (Smil, 2010b). Solar power reaches spatial power densities that are two orders of magnitude higher than for wind and three orders of magnitude higher than for photosynthesis. Solar power can in principle reach power densities commensurate with demand densities in houses and some smaller cities. However, industry, high-rise buildings and megacities (in which the majority of the worlds population will live) require even higher power densities than solar could offer.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|densities power solar orders magnitude|1.5344473|2.0741782|2.4262416
9136|There are various ways in which this could be achieved, e.g. the commitments could be included in the core agreement, in an annex to the agreement, in separate INF documents, or in a separate COP decision. Listing the commitments in an annex to the 2015 agreement or a set of COP decisions, rather than as part of the core agreement itself, could make them easier to subsequently modify. The commitments included in the 2015 agreement could only be the first round of a longer-term process of setting mitigation commitments, with a view to achieving the long-term 2 °C global goal.|SDG 13 - Climate action|agreement commitments cop separate annex|1.2262474|3.5954242|1.360122
9137|Second, international examples of policies and practices to tackle key challenges are described, including examples of financing mechanisms to steer provision towards improving access and quality and to stimulate private investment in adult learning. The third part outlines the chapter’s recommendations for improving the financing of adult learning in Portugal. Several stakeholders emphasised the overly centralised nature of decision making on the funding of adult-leaming programmes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|adult examples financing improving learning|8.850208|2.6931982|2.64128
9138|Potential projects are evaluated in this regard through a thorough screening procedure and, if necessary, must provide a positive environmental impact assessment. The CFP aims to ensure a sustainable exploitation offish resources. This means reducing the number of fishing vessels and the duration of the fishing period, the establishment of open and closed fishing seasons and areas.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing offish cfp seasons thorough|-0.16505235|5.638059|6.5496106
9139|Some of these are outlined in the Paris Agreement, including disseminating knowledge and lessons learned, and improving the effectiveness and durability of adaptation actions. Information on progress towards national and international adaptation goals will also inform enhanced implementation of adaptation actions over time. Moreover, national monitoring exercises to generate relevant information for adaptation communications under the Paris Agreement could help to inform reporting for other development agendas such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation inform paris actions agreement|1.2074137|4.7570415|1.4661275
9140|However, assuming that a pay gap exists whereby women earn lower wages, a second hypothesis is that the entry of women into the workforce lowers average wages and, hence, production costs. This implies that feminization contributes to growth but that this positive effect may be heightened by the existence of gender inequalities that may then remain in place because of the savings that they afford. The above result could be a combination of the effects of these two factors, but the findings discussed above indicate that, during the period under study, the former effect outweighed the latter except in the case of Brazil. The negative selection effects in the labour supply generated by the exclusion of some people from the labour market who could be participating in it but are not doing so (in this case, women) remained virtually unchanged during this period and, in fact, tended to increase.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wages women effect effects period|8.852482|4.5091386|5.7864437
9141|"These changes in purchasing and consumption patterns are occurring in smaller cities and towns as well as the largest cities. Through their research and marketing efforts, food companies, of course, are shaping as well as responding to these demands. This transition corresponds closely to rises in income and the structural transformation of the food system, as seen primarily in industrialized and middle-income countries. Popkin, Adair and Ng (2012, p. 3) describe this phenomenon as ""the primary mismatch between human biology and modern society"". Awareness of these characteristics and the key actors who shape food systems will help identify where to intervene and what to do to create systems that help achieve good nutrition. Figure 1 provides a schematic overview of the elements of food systems and the broader economic, social, cultural and physical environment within which they operate."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food systems cities biology help|4.240966|5.306568|4.402959
9142|Sectors in the second panel are: Energy, Resid: Residential; Comm: Commercial/Institutional; Manuf: Manufacturing/Construction; Ind: Industrial Processes: Transp-rd: Road Transportation; Transp-oth: Other transports; Waste: Waste; Agric: Agriculture. Despite a relatively high share of energy-intensive industries (Figure 2.3, upper panel), energy intensity is not particularly high in Germany by international comparison (Table 1). However, GHG emissions per unit of energy consumption stand slightly above the EU27 average (Table 1).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy panel waste table rd|1.5978316|2.8865962|2.2916229
9143|But there are many others. For example in 2014, Park Geun-Hye is the current and first female President of South Korea while Sheikh Hasina is the current prime minister of Bangladesh and she and Ms Khaleda Zia have alternated as prime minister since 1996. Chandrika Kumaranatunga was President of Sri Lanka (1994-2005) and Jenny Shipley (1997-99) and Helen Clark (1999-2008) both served as prime minister of New Zealand. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was President of the Philippines from 2001-10 and Pratibha Patil was the first female President of India (2007-12).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|president prime minister female clark|10.519068|4.3181286|7.120385
9144|Mexico’s water scarcity problem is partly due to illegal abstraction - whether abstraction without license or abstraction above licensed levels. But even if only the legally licensed volumes were abstracted, there would still be a problem because over the years, the Mexican governments have licensed abstraction rights for significantly higher volumes than available in the river basins and aquifers. In order to address this issue, CONAGUA has put in place a specific programme {Programa de Adecuacion de Derechos de Agua), the implementation guidelines of which were issued in August 2011. The programme is designed to buy water rights from farmers in those irrigation districts where the licensed water rights exceed 20% of water availability.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|licensed abstraction water volumes rights|1.5893131|7.2814517|1.8504704
9145|There is overlapping of responsibilities/competences concerning the use of wild species and issuance of permits and fees collection between different institutions, while some key roles are lacking in the institutional framework (i.e. a nature protection agency in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina). This results in poor coordination among sectoral strategies, the overlapping of existing relevant legislation (nature, spatial planning, forestry), and imprecise and overlapping legislation regulating the use of space and natural resources at the different levels of governance in the country (state, entity, cantonal, municipal). Most of the planned secondary legislation for the area of biological diversity exists, but most of the actions these acts provide for have not been implemented.|SDG 15 - Life on land|overlapping legislation nature issuance regulating|1.6080716|5.1467853|3.9645045
9146|Finally, a local counterpart made of a neighbourhood development council manages the programme. The phases vary in length according to the complexity and needs of the neighbourhoods. During Phase One, trust is established between the neighbours and the team in charge of the project, and their collaborative work begins. The first activity is a technical study with a diagnosis of the urban and social environment and the safety conditions in the neighbourhood. The study identifies the most important shortages and the key actors, and proposes an integrated plan of action. Simultaneously, the team helps the community diagnose its problems, promoting the involvement of all the social groups living in the neighbourhood and soliciting their demands and expectations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|neighbourhood team diagnose study counterpart|3.9050267|5.2145157|1.8335584
9147|Approximately 5 700 persons were registered as directly employed in the aquaculture sector in 2013. In addition the Ministry is responsible for seafood safety and fish health, trade policy and market access. The Fish Sales Organisations Act was adopted 21 June 2013 and regulates the firsts hand sales of fish.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish sales regulates seafood june|0.13816415|5.9295835|6.757579
9148|Then, international remittances stagnate in 2009-10 and rebound in 2010-11 following the pre-crisis trend (around 6 per cent). Crisis scenario in Cameroon: forecast of the Ministry of Economy and Planning (MINEPAT/DGEPIP/DAPE 2009). Cadrage macroeconomique dynamique du Compte d’operations financieres ».|SDG 1 - No poverty|crisis compte rebound cameroon forecast|6.0069823|4.7015314|4.0199137
9149|"First, accounting for environmental externalities (“air pollution”, mainly of S02, NOx and PM2.5, “climate externalities"" in the form of GHG emissions and “other costs”, including radioactivity) significantly alters the cost comparison across different technologies, especially for coal-based generation. Second, solar- and wind-based generation (and to a lesser extent nuclear) are characterized by relatively high capital expenditure, with negligible marginal operating costs. Third, unlike fully controllable technologies, variable renewable technologies have positive system costs, reflecting the need to balance their variable temporal profile and enhance grid flexibility. These costs increase with the unpredictability of the energy source, so are higher for wind than for solar."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|costs technologies externalities solar variable|1.4539222|1.818733|2.0012438
9150|These gender differences can be explained partly by the greater prevalence of risk factors and disease incidence among men in Latvia. For example, cancer incidence is about 60% higher for men than women in Latvia while the gender gap is much lower at less than 10% in the United Kingdom, Denmark and Iceland (OECD, 2015a). The mortality rate from ischemic heart disease and stroke is three times higher than the OECD average (357 per 100 000 population compared with 117, and 200 per 100 000 population compared with 66, respectively in 2013).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|latvia incidence disease ischemic compared|9.264168|9.227222|3.010476
9151|Instead, renewable plants could participate in the market by providing a dollar per MWh bid below which they are no longer willing to generate. These bids should reflect the marginal cost of production of the plants (which is close to zero). To that end, a locational marginal pricing framework would be helpful to attain the least cost dispatch and curtailment decisions should reflect the impact of different renewable generators on losses and congestions on the network. Active power control algorithms can limit wind plant output during curtailment events.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|curtailment marginal plants reflect renewable|1.7492639|1.6566353|1.9246373
9152|Povcal's data on these large emerging giants is divided between urban and rural samples. Deriving the headcount absolute dollar-a-day poverty figures is easily populated with the rural/urban population data drawn from the World Development Indicators. Headcount relative poverty is a bit trickier since it requires finding the median from an aggregated combination of the two distributions.|SDG 1 - No poverty|headcount deriving bit rural urban|6.311118|5.9267726|5.028324
9153|Not all these women are, however, divorced or actually abandoned by their husbands - but they are certainly those who face troubles in their life. Approaching State bodies for assistance is precluded by the women's unwillingness to reveal diat their husbands have abandoned them as this might lead to the loss of their status in the community. This is also a result of their inability to provide the authorities with official papers owing to the fact diat religious marriages account for a high share of the total number of marriages (IOM, 2009).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|diat marriages husbands abandoned divorced|9.440472|5.2872243|7.041178
9154|University faculty numbers grew from 20 500 in 2000 to 21 800 in 2003, an increase of 6%, compared with an increase of 22% (18% in full-time equivalents) in the size of the student body. The proportion of African students in South African universities increased from 49% in 1995 to 63% in 2007 and is presently about two-thirds of the total number of university students. African students have a higher likelihood of dropping out: while 63% of all enrolled students are African in public universities, they make up only 57% of the graduates.|SDG 4 - Quality education|african students universities university presently|8.963299|2.6741233|3.2381682
9155|Underthe programme labelling is mandatory for incandescent and compact fluorescent light bulb and various household appliances, such as refrigerators and air conditioning units. This United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - DoE programme is formally used in the EU, Canada, Australia, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland and Taiwan. It has broader global impact as ENERGY STAR products are freely traded to many other countries.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|star refrigerators doe taiwan conditioning|1.7744524|2.7661774|2.1209557
9156|Supported by a strong demand for vegetable oils and protein meals, oilseeds consumption will increase by 26% through the ten-year period, more than any other commodity. Both are important components in human diets and especially in many developing economies constitute a crucial source of energy. The annual per capita food consumption of vegetable oils in developing economies is expected to grow by 1.3% p.a.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|oils vegetable economies consumption oilseeds|3.8708916|5.2268066|4.2783594
9157|Since it is difficult to establish an arrangement that would exempt residents from paying tourism taxes, external cost efficiency and equity considerations make the discriminatory treatment of tourists a controversial issue. According to Leask et al. ( In some cases, economic instruments, such as various types of taxations or concessions, are restricted to the so-called flagship attractions of a destination. These kinds of attractions are often used to promote a destination and generate income to support the management of less popular attractions and the infrastructure of a destination (see e.g. Martin-Lopez, Montes, and Benayas, 2007). Revenue management can also entail the use of market segmentation for flexible and dynamic pricing, promotions and capacity allocation (Leask et al.,|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|attractions destination promotions lopez flagship|6.297657|3.8393257|2.8135142
9158|Because these are winter rain zones, the land is fallow from spring to autumn. Water retention work is done during the fallow period, and, counting on subterranean water that has been held in this way, winter crops (mainly wheat) are sown in October and, after germination, depend on winter rainfall for growth. Land is divided into fallow land and winter cropland, which are alternated every year, an agricultural method that is called the two-field system.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|winter fallow land autumn cropland|0.90730286|7.2952394|3.003568
9159|The university’s broad portfolio of activities are connected under the healthy campus programme. The mobile unit of the Centre for Education, Training and Research on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (CETREE) has introduced the issues of renewable energy and energy efficiency to 25 million school children in Malaysia and has carried out programmes to 150 000 members of public via community centres. Small scale recycling projects have brought tangible improvements in village communities. The current programmes are often small in scale and fragmented among higher education institutions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|energy renewable scale efficiency small|2.2319713|2.985329|2.3413613
9160|The same characteristics that make cities socially and economically progressive spaces also generate complex environmental and social challenges that can only be met by active public interventions at multiple scales, at the household (e.g. housing subsidies), city (e.g. planning) and national levels (e.g. trade and employment policies). If these challenges arc not dealt with effectively, the welfare of individuals, communities and entire nations can suffer. These are no inevitable consequences of rapid urban population growth; rather, they are a consequence of political and institutional failure that inhibits effective urban planning, policymaking, investment and regulation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|challenges inhibits planning urban dealt|4.15269|5.1087255|1.8546494
9161|However when they are able to do this, the results from energy efficiency actions reduce unprofitable energy sales and improve demand management pay back investments for both consumers and the utilities. A detailed appraisal of the range of multiple benefits from utility efficiency programmes is included in Chapter 6 of IEA2014a Energy delivery impacts of energy efficiency29. Governments can decide to reallocate subsidies to targeted social measures. Domestic hard coal producer support of EUR 5 billion was 0.3% of GDP in 1999.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency decide appraisal utility|2.0566587|2.6485076|2.3996398
9162|A recent disclosure of massive money laundering in the Estonian branch of the largest Danish bank (Danske Bank) provides a spotlight on the issue of systemically important financial institutions and the need for enhanced vigilance, especially across borders. The disclosed activities took place during 2007-2015. At that time, anti-money laundering regulation and supervision in Denmark was insufficient and had substantial shortcomings as pointed out in evaluations by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF, 2017[i4j).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|money bank spotlight estonian disclosure|8.4088|3.505775|5.9593897
9163|As immigrants integrate more fully into the labour market, their potential impacts may well diminish. The impact of immigration on labour market outcomes of native-born workers using this approach has been assessed by examining several labour market outcomes of Thai-bom workers in relation to the proportion of economically active immigrants with comparable levels of skill. In line with findings of previous research (see Bryant and Rukumnuaykit, 2007; Kulkolkam and Potipiti, 2007; Lathapipat, 2010), foreign-bom workers do not displace Thai-bom workers on the labour market at the national level.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom workers thai labour market|7.2280245|3.6646223|4.242023
9164|In India, weak corporate and bank balance sheets also contributed to a sharp slowdown in investment; thus, simply lowering policy interest rates was not enough to revive investment in that country. Over the past year, there has been a welcome recovery in investment. In line with firmer global demand and stronger trade, investment in export-oriented manufacturing sectors picked up. Increased public infrastructure outlays have also supported strong investment in such countries as Indonesia and Pakistan.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|investment picked sheets outlays welcome|5.3170533|4.573132|3.5605454
9165|In 19 out of 30 countries and economies, more men than women were able to correctly answer at least five questions (as indicated by the blue bars). Gender differences in financial knowledge recorded in the 2011 survey (as indicated by the grey diamonds) were generally also in favour of men. Among the ten countries for which comparable data over time is available, Albania and Poland reported a statistically significant reduction in gender differences in financial knowledge, while in the other countries gender differences have not changed significantly (Table 10.A1.1 in Online Annex 10.A1). When asked how they would rate their own knowledge about financial matters compared to other adults in their country, men are more likely than women to report above average knowledge in 13 countries/economies out of 30, even after comparing men and women with similar levels of (test-based) financial knowledge.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|knowledge men financial differences indicated|8.827193|3.7119217|6.1628504
9166|"Legal Assistance Centre, Marital Property in Civil and Customary Marriages: Proposals for Law Reform (Windhoek. International Centre for Research on Women, ""Connecting rights to reality: a progressive framework of core legal protections for women's property rights”, 2007, p. 6. Respecting and promoting the realization of women's marital property rights in Malawi"", Briefing Paper, 2011."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|property marital rights centre women|9.519983|4.9585176|7.239626
9167|Some models make explicit the processes of negotiation within the household. Blundell, Browning and others (1994) for example, demonstrate that women's earnings can modify the outcome of household decisions. These household bargaining models allow for different preferences within tlie household widi the potential for disagreement, but they are based on die assumptions of exogenous preference, self-interested motives and individuals having die ability to make choices. A large body of literature on households in developing countries demonstrates diat the household is not only die locus of unpaid work activities but also a site of gender inequalities in workload and resource allocation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|household die models disagreement diat|9.006317|4.8870378|5.8220935
9168|By the end of 2010, 194 GW of wind power capacity had been installed worldwide (figure II.6), of which 84 GW were in EU, 40 GW in the United States, 42 GW in China and 13 GW in India. In 2010, 35.7 GW of new capacity were installed, which was 6 per cent less capacity than in 2009. More than half of this new capacity was installed in China (16.5 GW) and India (2.1 GW), compared with 9.8 GW in EU and 5.1 GW in the United States (Eurobserver, 2011). For several decades, through its R&D, and its “Sunshine Programme” from 1994 to 2004, Japan refined the technology and successfully reduced the costs of a 3kW roof system from 6 million to 2 million yen.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gw installed capacity india china|1.663014|1.8516729|2.2689798
9169|As evidenced by the oversubscription of the Trapezia funds in the United Kingdom, there is a business opportunity and scope for equity funders to meet the needs of women entrepreneurs (see case study VIII). They are also likely to have less time to spend on financial transacting due to the time demands of family and carer responsibilities. Institutions such as DFCU Group in Uganda have recognised this access challenge and have positioned ‘women-friendly’ branches in locations close to where there are clusters of women entrepreneurs and aligned branch operating times to correspond with the requirements of this group of customers. Significant numbers of women are using internet banking: 41 per cent in the UK and 29 per cent in Malta, for example (Eurostat 2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women entrepreneurs funders group cent|8.751456|3.4672537|6.3874364
9170|Since the onset of the conflict in 2011, the protracted crisis in Syria has resulted in grave consequences for the education system, for both human resources and infrastructure. By May 2018, more than 2 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 were out of school, while more than 180,000 education personnel, including teachers, have abandoned school sites and classrooms.|SDG 4 - Quality education|protracted syria school onset abandoned|9.646319|2.8077588|2.732021
9171|As a result, even where power price reforms have occurred, they are insufficient to create major incentives for efficiency or reductions in demand. Communication and transport systems expand access to information, goods, finances and people to better enable access to water in more efficient ways to meet the needs to sustain local livelihoods. As Biswas (2008) points out, such calls for comprehensive planning have a long history. A unique feature here is that whereas in the past such strategies as “integrated rural development” (IRD) were wholly national or sub-national attempts, now the proposition is to include cross-border collaboration in multisector planning covering entire river basins.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|planning proposition wholly finances access|0.9081303|7.21135|1.801149
9172|The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French -with a summary in the other. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|papers authorship rue cedex pascal|8.230336|2.991176|1.658
9173|National policy documents (such as national curriculum guidelines for both ECEC and primary school) or the monitoring of transitions as part of inspections, can support the quality of transition practices and ensure quality is more even across different settings or schools. Parental surveys are the most common tool, followed by child monitoring methods (e.g. portfolios, child development reports or development assessments).|SDG 4 - Quality education|monitoring child portfolios inspections quality|9.368349|2.6840014|1.8639508
9174|"In addition, the ""Because the Ocean"" declaration launched at COP 21 has been signed by an increasing number of countries. The Sustainable Ocean Initiative, for example, aims to ensure the convergence of actions by regional seas organizations and RFMOs by facilitating partnerships to link various initiatives (CBD, 2018). Since 2013, CITES has listed 20 commercially exploited fish species, while the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) has listed 28."|SDG 14 - Life below water|listed ocean species cms rfmos|0.05233692|5.538898|6.05936
9175|In primaiy care, these focus mainly on the physical fabric of the building and availability of clinical equipment and emergency drugs, and there is a limited number of activity-related standards. Turkey has embarked on an ambitious programme to translate an extensive set of clinical guidelines written by the Finnish Medical Society. There are however difficulties of embedding a large number of guidelines at once, and in particular of changing practice through guidelines with little sense of local ownership or participation during development.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|guidelines clinical primaiy embarked fabric|9.1953335|9.461309|1.6331803
9176|This paper identifies at least nine types of NDC related to mitigation and lays out the information requirements for each one. For some NDC types, such as absolute emission reduction tar gets, there is considerable existing experience with accounting and reporting progress in implementation under the Kyoto Protocol and the Cancun Agreements. For other NDC types, such as goals to peak emissions by a given date, there is less existing experience.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ndc types experience existing cancun|1.19015|3.5641747|1.1154181
9177|The Song’acha River is the only outflow river from the lake, and is subsequently connected with the Ussuri/Wusuli River and the Amur/Hcilong River system. Furthermore, it plays an important role as a source of drinking water, and irrigation for 20,000 ha of rice paddies in China. Both sides of the lake are important for fisheries, in particular for the white fish (2,000 tons annually).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river lake outflow sides important|0.590663|7.044372|2.675092
9178|And when teacher quality is low, governments lend to tell their teachers exactly what to do and exactly how they want it done, using an industrial organisation of work to get the results they want. Today, the challenge is to turn teaching into a profession of advanced-knowledge workers, and to do so across the board rather than in pockets of excellence. To attract the people they need, modern school systems need to transform the organisation of work in their schools to foster professional norms of control and benchmarks, in lieu of bureaucratic and administrative oversight. The past was about received wisdom; the future is about user-generated wisdom.|SDG 4 - Quality education|wisdom exactly want organisation lieu|9.282975|1.394366|2.1841602
9179|"It should be noted that available statistics do not in practice rigorously follow consistent water use class definition criteria. Rather, they follow the main targets of the groundwater withdrawal provisions, which means that rural drinking water supplied by irrigation wells may be included in ""irrigation use"" statistics, whereas water from public water supplies but used for small-scale irrigation or for small business or industrial uses may be included under ""domestic use"". Data on the break-down of groundwater abstraction with respect to water use sectors are much scarcer than data on total abstraction, and time series are virtually non-existent. In view of this, as a first approximation, it is assumed that the breakdown over the water use sectors does not vary much in time, hence even data of ten years earlier could still be representative for 2010."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water use irrigation abstraction follow|1.2171979|7.3122153|2.9145539
9180|The 2006 edition of the Programme for International Student Assessment (pisa) (oecd, 2006a) points to three key aspects of the institutions that regulate secondary education that play a part in reproducing inequalities of origin, hindering the equalizing role that guides the education system. First, the teacher assignment mechanism has the dual effect of sending a revolving door of young and inexperienced teachers to schools in unfavourable sociocultural contexts as well as concentrating teachers with more experience in schools in favourable contexts. Second, the geography-based system for assigning students to schools reproduces the residential segregation process.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools contexts teachers revolving sociocultural|9.671362|2.0476847|2.677157
9181|The recent Ebola crisis in West Africa only underlines the imperative to collectively address the problems not only of access but also of innovation (see box 1). Indeed, for such reasons, Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 8 included a focus on improving access to affordable essential medicines in developing countries. The World Bank, for example, estimated a loss of about 12 per cent of gross domestic product for these three worst-affected countries in 2015.bThe Ebola crisis has thus underlined the urgent need for intensified international and national action to improve access to health care and medicines.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ebola medicines access crisis underlined|8.384476|8.922479|3.132397
9182|Cross-sectoral coordination mechanisms at national and subnational levels for food security and nutrition and rural development need to engage relevant actors in the agricultural and social protection domains in joint programming. Single registries can also play a key role in coordinating interventions across different sectors and in providing households with the complementary support needed to gradually move themselves out of poverty and hunger.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|registries coordinating programming subnational domains|4.2934113|5.3681173|4.0878396
9183|For example, less than half of boys of primary school age in South Sudan were attending school in 2015; only about one third of girls were in school. Similarly low levels of primary school enrolment are seen in countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. The Gini Coefficient is a measure of income distribution in a country and is the most commonly used measure of income inequality. The graph suggests that countries with young age structures are generally more unequal in terms of income.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|school income measure primary age|6.8191905|5.0565104|4.8879833
9184|The previous law had a number of shortcomings, including inadequate regulatory and procedural requirements for the control and management of controlled drugs and substances (the description and categorization of drug-related offences were not clearly outlined); the absence of penal provisions for drug-related offences; the lack of a basis for determining the magnitude of such offences; and the absence of provisions on the need for and validity of drug test requirements. The new and comprehensive law restored the balance between demand reduction and supply reduction and addresses shortcomings of the Act of 2005. To improve port security and prevent the illegal use of sea containers in transnational organized criminal activities including drug and precursor trafficking, Bangladesh and Nepal joined the Container Control Programme of UNODC and WCO in 2014.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug offences shortcomings provisions absence|8.25528|10.26961|3.4474556
9185|First it reviews the major reported impact of climate changes on fish and fisheries from an EAF perspective and introduces the IFRAME model as a tool for assessing and forecasting risks to fisheries and ecosystems. It then identifies management objectives and attributes for an EAF and discusses the development of indicators, reference points and risk indices for assessing those fisheries affected by climate changes. Finally, it reviews current fisheries management systems and discusses the implications for management under changing climate conditions.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries eaf discusses assessing reviews|-0.29577518|5.983773|6.306066
9186|The digital revolution is intensifying interactions among businesses, consumers and governments. It is also cutting transaction costs, which are among the most binding constraints for firms in developing economies. The digital era, therefore, offers developing country firms an opportunity to expand their access to international markets. Infrastructure development is critical for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital firms developing era revolution|4.7974753|3.1057284|2.0817006
9187|Proponents of the disenchantment-over-employment theory argue that women are unhappy because their career advancement is blocked. Blocked mobility theorists illustrated this with the “glass ceiling” (Still, 1997; Wirth, 2001), “glass doors” and “sticky floor” (Still, 1997) factors. Researchers in ethnic entrepreneurship added the “accent ceiling” (Collins et al., While “glass ceiling” refers to the barriers to career advancement of women, “sticky floor” refers to the absence of career movement beyond the initial entry job, while “accent ceiling” refers to racial discrimination that blocks immigrant women in the labour market. Second, entrepreneurial life attracts more and more young single women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ceiling glass blocked refers sticky|8.881861|3.734374|6.2434015
9188|Source: IPCC, 2007b. Following the Pigouvian paradigm presented in Chapter 1, such a carbon price would be most straightforwardly administered in the form of a carbon tax imposed on the emitting producers. The carbon tax would then render carbon-intensive technology more expensive, would lead to a reduction of fossil fuel-based electricity in the power mix and, ultimately, to a reduction of carbon emissions themselves. In all fairness, it must be added that the costs for gas-fired power generation are hugely dependent on the location and that its LCOE can fall as low as USD 60 per MWh in the United States.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon tax reduction power lcoe|1.321676|2.509557|1.9945778
9189|This may differ from national definitions which use different hours thresholds. Part-time work is also further disaggregated into part-time temporary and part-time permanent jobs when the data is available. Permanent full-time employment remains nonetheless the norm in a majority of OECD countries, although there is substantial diversity across countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|time permanent norm thresholds disaggregated|8.548124|4.661252|4.864089
9190|This was not conducive to significant poverty reduction, involving instead the shifting of part of the poverty problem from rural to urban areas. Dynamic structural change thus involves strengthening economic linkages within the economy and ensuring productivity improvements in all major sectors. It may be evident from the previous discussion that whether growth is pro-poor or not depends to a significant extent on the pattern of growth in terms of sectoral composition and technological characteristics.|SDG 1 - No poverty|significant poverty conducive growth pro|6.156785|5.6813693|4.8231416
9191|Together they mean that the risk-retum profile of low-carbon investments is often less attractive than their fossil fuel-based equivalents. Scaling-up financing to a low-carbon economy will not happen spontaneously. It requires strong policy and price signals to ensure that low-carbon and energy efficiency investments offer a sufficiently attractive risk-adjusted return compared to available alternatives (IEA, 2014). These are presented in the shaded part of Table 2.1 and are briefly discussed in the following section; they are the subject of other chapters in this report.|SDG 13 - Climate action|carbon attractive low investments equivalents|1.8419441|2.9995708|1.6527199
9192|Only Samoa has included reference to the likelihood of continued growing electricity demand. However, measures to improve this area are lagging behind developments in renewable energy and are not featured as prominently in sectoral policy targets. These issues increase the risks, and therefore also the costs, of providing goods, services and infrastructure.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|prominently featured lagging samoa likelihood|1.8963562|1.9946378|2.2588289
9193|It concerns both live and dead specimens or even products made from wildlife or plants. The specimens and products are used for pharmaceutical, ornamental or traditional medicinal purposes. Illegal harvest and trade includes a range of species from iconic ones like gorillas, orangutans, elephants, tigers, rhinos, Tibetan antelopes and pangolins to corals, birds, reptiles and sturgeon for caviar.|SDG 15 - Life on land|sturgeon products medicinal dead wildlife|1.639586|5.402604|4.426286
9194|Living standards are estimated with the help of copula functions that simulate the joint distribution of income and age at death in a Monte-carlo framework. In a first step, only the income dimension is considered (upper curve); in a second scenario, individuals differ in their income but have a similar life expectancy, which is nonetheless lower than the reference life expectancy in Japan (middle curve); finally, individuals have different income and ages at death, and the latter two variables are considered as positively correlated in order to match the difference in life expectancy between the bottom and top quartiles of the income distribution, using van Raalte et al. ( Eventually, the latter correlation may evolve over the long term due to changes in policy settings (e.g. health or fiscal systems reforms) or to trends in adverse selection patterns (e.g. as chronic morbidity tends more often to yield, rather than derivate from, lower-income status). For a representative household earning the median income (i.e. with the parameter of aversion to inequality close to 1.5), income inequality involves a loss of 19% of income, versus 23% for inequality in ages at death.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|income expectancy death curve inequality|8.950529|8.512887|3.340154
9195|Furthermore, the reported information should be used strategically for policy making. The code applies to new constructions and/or alterations with a specified minimum total gross floor area and it also adopts six performance standards (Table 2.7). The performance standards refer to areas where efficient practices are to be adopted.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|standards alterations performance constructions adopts|9.048786|9.438602|1.9508141
9196|With the reform, the bus network has been fully reorganised into a trunk-feeder system, and buses are now classified into five types, which are serial-numbered and colour-coded to make it easier for users to recognise them. Traffic accidents have been halved during the last decade and citizens’ satisfaction has improved by 32% since the city government introduced an evaluation and incentive scheme (Seoul, 2016d). First, the city seeks to improve citizens’ accessibility to public transport. The Seoul Urban Railway Comprehensive Enhancement Strategy proposes to build two additional subway lines to connect the districts that are currently outside the catchment area.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|seoul citizens city subway reorganised|4.1025767|4.965824|0.70503163
9197|Explorative attempts at quantification are frequently the first step in generating the societal discussion processes that lead with time to more widely accepted systems for cost accounting (one need but think of accounting for C02 emissions) and subsequently to better forms of internalisation. A good conceptual understanding is the essential condition for any attempt at quantification. This is why the following discussion of the different items of the system cost matrix distinguishes clearly between “grid-level system costs”, which are the subset of system costs which can be usefully quantified in the context of this study, and “total system costs” which include external effects, where quantification and monetisation in the present context would not add any value.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|quantification accounting costs discussion context|1.5450264|2.3873234|1.847395
9198|It is one of the reasons why some developing countries queried the findings of the OECD - CPI study ‘Climate Finance in 2013-14 and the USD 100 Billion Goal’ (OECD, 2015c). In addition, there are several inconsistencies and gaps in the current UNFCCC reporting framework for climate finance (Ellis and Moarif, 2015). The UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance has been mandated to work on rules and procedures for tracking climate finance (UNFCCC, 2006) and this work will be intensified and carried forward post Paris.|SDG 13 - Climate action|unfccc finance climate moarif inconsistencies|1.4615352|3.8105469|0.7123631
9199|Capacity-building programmes for LPAs should be established. These could be in the form of training programmes and exchange of experiences with other countries. For a property to function, it sometimes requires access to facilities outside its own boundaries, e.g., roads, garages, playgrounds and water and wastewater facilities. It is not unusual for several properties in the same village or neighborhood to have similar needs. However, homeowners are reluctant to spend on repairs and maintenance because of the nonfunctioning housing management system resulting from gaps or unclear procedures in laws relevant to housing. Further, this Law does not have a provision covering ownership of common properties for buildings without a homeowners’ association.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|homeowners properties facilities housing repairs|4.723102|5.691202|2.0269396
9200|Instead it aims to capture the different types of reforms as well as identify some common approaches that have been implemented in many countries. Cutting the prices paid for publicly financed health care (e.g. cuts to the price of medical goods and salaries). Nevertheless, a number of countries have introduced new financing arrangements to broaden revenue bases, create greater flexibility and equity in financing health care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|financing broaden bases care cuts|8.626047|8.8178835|2.0016067
9201|In 2014, the daily volume of electricity production throughout the country was around 49.8 million kWh, including more than 8.6 million kWh of exports to Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan. Afghanistan receives more than 6.9 million kWh of electricity daily, and Kyrgyzstan around 1.7 million kWh. Tajikistan reportedly supplies electricity to Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan only during the spring-summer period (table 11.4).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|kwh afghanistan kyrgyzstan million electricity|1.7663895|2.1854477|2.5407398
9202|Similarly, tailored accreditation standards for specific sectors (such as elderly care and palliative care facilities) previously existed, but have fallen into disuse. Until 2008, the Ministry of Health ran a programme with the CCSS to evaluate primary care services, including patient satisfaction, with results made public at facility level. This too, was abandoned, although the primary care performance framework described earlier has rectified this.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care palliative ran primary ccss|9.305992|9.3171625|1.6183646
9203|What the stylized model to be developed below does is to focus on the cmcial role which human capital accumulation plays in the process.9 Needless to say, financial capital is important, and some models in the endogenous inequality literature have indeed focused on that, where imperfect capital markets result in some (the rich) being able to borrow funds to invest in worthwhile projects and receive handsome returns on them, and others (the poor) not (Matsuyama, 2000). The distribution of financial assets is, of course, an important consideration that could have serious implications for the course and character of development. At the level of an individual, human capital accumulation (principally education, but also health) raises his or her productivity and, hence, income.|SDG 1 - No poverty|capital accumulation course worthwhile human|6.6926255|4.835632|4.4228644
9204|Further advances include a stronger focus on probabilistic analysis and attempts at considering large-scale climate instabilities. Adaptation has received only limited attention in global IAMs so far, mostly due to the mismatch in spatial scales at which mitigation and adaptation decisions are generally made. Some recent IAMs attempt to identify optimal levels of adaptation in climate-sensitive sectors or do include adaptation to climate change explicitly as a decision variable.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation iams climate probabilistic include|1.2309644|4.766211|1.6034998
9205|Eventually, however, the reduction in costs and market penetration of renewables leads to a sharp decline in fossil fuel prices. There is a high degree of international cooperation to achieve sustainable development goals. The signs of global warming continue unabated and climate concerns rise to the top of the international agenda.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|international signs warming sharp penetration|1.3814859|3.0248363|2.0529685
9206|The findings show that health expenditure has a positive effect on reducing child mortality only for upper-middle-income and high-income countries, whereas for low-income and lower-middle-income countries, health spending does not have a significant impact on child health status. It is also found that at lower development levels, public health spending has a greater effect on mortality rates than private expenditure, while at high development levels private health expenditure has a positive impact on child mortality. Today, combating this scourge is considered a key policy objective and strategy.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality health expenditure income child|8.740272|8.561681|3.3704553
9207|"The upshot is that the energy security perspective should probably be downplayed and the climate part takes a more prominent place as upward pressure on the prices of fossil fuels will be reduced as more supply surfaces in coming decades. Reducing energy related C02 emissions requires low carbon solutions to energy production in the form of energy savings, deployment of (close to) zero carbon technologies such as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), atomic power and renewable energy such as wind power, biomass etc. From a broader perspective, it requires a more general shift towards the use of primary energy sources, produced ""at home"", or at the very least, in stable and friendly regions. When energy technologies are ranked in this way, most renewable energy technologies come out top while coal is better than gas and gas is better than oil. The relation between objectives, implications, and technologies is illustrated in Figure 6."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy technologies carbon perspective gas|1.3247458|2.7158668|2.1373959
9208|It also provides an overview of key recent policy developments. Many member and non-member economies are undertaking important structural and policy reform in their fisheries sector, and new governance structures and management instruments are being put in place. Finally, this general survey offers an overview of the activities of the OECD Committee for Fisheries (COFI) and the OECD Fisheries Secretariat.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries overview member undertaking secretariat|-0.124884255|5.77426|6.5185976
9209|Reduced pesticide use suggests that Bt crops would be generally beneficial to in-crop biodiversity in comparison with conventional crops that receive regular, broad-spectrum pesticide applications, although these benefits would be reduced if supplemental insecticide applications were required (GM Science Review Panel). At present, the production of transgenic and cloned animals is extremely inefficient, with high mortality during early embryonic development and success rates of only 1-3 percent. Of the transgenic animals born, the inserted genes may not function as expected, often resulting in anatomical, physiological and behavioural abnormalities (NRC, 2002).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|transgenic pesticide animals applications crops|1.6222122|5.593732|4.1669736
9210|According to the total water demands by user, currently the major water consumer is the irrigation sector with 44 per cent, followed by nature with 31 per cent, then industry with 14 per cent, and drinking water supply by population and tourists with 11 per cent (Figure 7.1). Total annual water abstraction in the country has been decreasing in recent years, especially from surface water (Figure 7.2). It might be related to the breakdown in industry at the moment even if industry is still a big user of groundwater.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water cent industry user total|1.1855419|7.3229084|2.8876715
9211|An annual payment of AUS 250 is made for each registered usual patient 15 years and over who has a chronic disease and has been offered or has had a health check. Practices can also receive “outcome” payments of up to AUS 250 per patient per year, where a target level of care and/or majority of care have been provided. However, it can be difficult to draw direct comparisons on health status and outcomes between people living in very remote areas and those living in major cities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aus patient living care check|9.38581|8.874104|2.2852316
9212|Shedding light on some of the details of that picture can help the design and targeting of policies to tackle the harms associated with alcohol consumption. The results of analyses of alcohol consumption in 20 OECD countries were presented in the previous sections of this paper. Analyses were conducted on the basis of individual-level alcohol consumption data from multiple waves of national health and lifestyle surveys, and included the identification of trends over time in overall drinking and in measures of hazardous and heavy episodic alcohol drinking, as well as regression-based analyses of social disparities in drinking patterns and the calculation of concentration indexes for individual countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol analyses drinking consumption harms|9.296674|9.686231|3.5464852
9213|There has been some limited experience of collective reporting of mobilised climate finance (e.g. OECD, 2015a, which also addressed attribution of mobilised climate finance to different actors; MDBs, 2016). Further work would be needed if collective reporting of climate finance is to be taken forward in the UNFCCC context, as it could entail significant changes in the transparency framework, such as the reporting of information from non-Parties. There is some precedent of communicating climate finance information to the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP) by non-Parties who are operating entities of the UNFCCC’s financial mechanism. The COP could provide relevant guidance regarding the information to be included in future reports, for example on quantifying mobilised climate finance in the context of the UNFCCC, which could increase the utility of such reports.|SDG 13 - Climate action|unfccc finance mobilised climate parties|1.3731921|3.7275314|0.6896386
9214|Women continue to assume the bulk of domestic chores, which can be an impediment to their engaging in a full-time work over a long period. Such notions dictate the home as the proper sphere for women’s participation. “ Even when a woman, driven by economic necessity, succeeds in obtaining a wage-paying job, she, in many cases, receives no real, substantial assistance from the man with housework.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|impediment chores notions housework sphere|9.046425|4.8691535|5.906138
9215|Completion rates are usually lower for students with a disadvantaged background (e.g. lower educational status of parents, first-generation immigrants) (OECD, 2017(h) (OECD, 2016(6]). In most countries, repeaters tend to be concentrated in the last two years before graduation, while in some others the distribution over different grades is more even. In a smaller number of countries, repeating grades is restricted by law and school regulations, and the concept of repeating does not even exist, especially at lower educational levels.|SDG 4 - Quality education|repeating grades lower educational graduation|9.406337|1.9385208|3.1795738
9216|In addition, many ministries have specific urban policy functions. The average OECD member country government had 6.7 ministries or national-level departments or agencies with explicit urban policy functions in mid-2013, and many had 8 or more. While 18 OECD countries still had no overall framework in place in mid-2013, a number were under preparation and in a number of other countries, urban policy was rolled into broader regional or spatial development strategies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban functions mid ministries policy|3.841338|5.3739834|1.7025088
9217|Given the natural limits to capture fisheries production, it is clear that aquaculture will have to meet most of the future increase in demand for fish (Bostock et al., In 2021, world fisheries and aquaculture production is projected to be about 172 million tonnes, which is a 15% increase from the average level for 2009-11. The OECD-FAO Agriculture Outlook projects that by 2023 (compared to a baseline of 2013) aquaculture will grow by 38% compared to 2% growth of capture fisheries (OECD/FAO, 2014). In many places, this is for good reason. Current evidence indicates that more than a quarter of fish stocks are overfished, with the rest increasingly being fished at their maximum capacity (Figure 1.1). This indicates that the pressure placed on fish stocks is significant, and sometimes excessive.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture fish fisheries stocks indicates|0.41560233|6.071257|6.641883
9218|Importantly, bike sharing allows the BRT to attract passengers from a wider radius, making affordable mobility available to more residents. With bike docks at every station, the system also allows passengers who would ordinarily only travel one or two stops on the BRT to instead take a bike, saving the user money and alleviating BRT crowding. Reflecting the lack of alternative transport options, vehicles registered in Lahore increased sharply from 95 vehicles per 1,000 people in 2001 to 238 vehicles in 2008, resulting in an estimated 8 million motorized trips on a usual weekday.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bike brt vehicles passengers allows|4.176697|4.959674|0.47419265
9219|The experience of OECD countries shows that a special development agency could effectively address these complex issues. In the United Kingdom, Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) have been used as a mechanism to regenerate urban areas in need of revitalisation where there was a need for a new body that could take a focused, single-minded approach. While most UDCs have been created by central government, Mayoral Development Corporations (MDCs) and other forms of development corporations are recently used as delivery vehicles by local authorities (Box 2.21).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|corporations development revitalisation urban used|3.888431|5.2098446|1.7342564
9220|A long-term perspective is essential to understanding gender inequality within and between countries. In addition to allowing us to understand where and how gender inequalities emerge and persist, a long-term perspective should also allow better exploration of the relationship between gender inequality and economic development (Lagerlof, 2003). This chapter therefore seeks to address three interrelated questions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender perspective inequality interrelated term|9.229418|4.5250998|6.3483644
9221|At the same time, gender relations in the localities of origin regulate whether females will respond to these demands. Overall, perceptions of women's mobility among Kyrgyz people are more conducive to female migration than among Tajiks and Uzbeks. Among die important differences observed between females and males are marital status and migration regime. Among those who have children, women more often take the children with them to the Russian Federation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|females migration kyrgyz localities children|8.757396|5.2751675|7.0553308
9222|The school-based vocational pathway offered in secondary education is not well regarded in Lithuania, and is taken up by fewer students than in many other countries. Efforts to raise esteem and participation are underway, but have not yet shown results. Between 2010 and 2014 the number of students enrolled in upper secondary education fell by over one quarter, from 108 000 to 79 000.|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary students esteem underway regarded|9.189523|2.2711575|2.726894
9223|Figure 6 uses a graphical format to summarise changes in net transfers between 2002 and 2007, and between 2007 and 2010. For each period, changes are shown as a percentage of household net (or disposable) income, and at six different earnings levels. At the bottom of the earnings distribution, and subject to relevant income limits, families are assumed to be receiving means-tested assistance benefits (i.e., unlike in the earlier replacement-rate results, the calculations now relate to families who do not, or no longer, receive any unemployment benefits that depend on a previous employment history). The income values shown at zero earnings are therefore mostly driven by the value of GMI benefit, as well as by other transfers (for children or housing) that may be available.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|earnings net shown income transfers|7.4413457|5.5715365|4.4609694
9224|Protecting water resources directly at the source by limiting pollution from catchments also generates indirect benefits, such as avoided (investment and treatment) costs and can be overall more cost-effective. Increasingly, countries are recognising the benefits of managing water resources using a whole of basin or river basin approach, given that reducing pollution at the source tends to be a cheaper option than treating water before supplying it to consumers. The degree of certainty with which water is supplied is an important factor in determining the benefit that water users derive from the service and strongly influences their willingness-to-pay. Increased reliability of water supplies avoids the need for households to store water for shortage situations and therefore induces cost savings. Water reliability is also an important parameter for economic activities (industries, but also agriculture and services) which use water in their processes or as a non-substitutable input. Benefits from WSS investments are not equally shared amongst users, whereas benefits from water services are usually experienced at household level, benefits from sewerage services are shared by a community as a whole.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water benefits reliability shared basin|1.2550002|7.430276|2.559743
9225|Comprehensive efforts are underway to increase VET attractiveness, including changes to governance of VET schools that will strengthen community engagement and business collaboration; improvements to the vocational training workforce through continued professional education; large-scale investments in a national network of sectoral practical training centres that provide state-of-the-art facilities for vocational training; improved information about labour market outcomes through a new human resources information system; and efforts to clarify the legal basis of apprenticeships and provide employer subsidies, so employers might create more numerous apprenticeship opportunities. Early evidence suggests little headway in increasing the attractiveness of VET to students or employers. Implement the newly authorised human resources monitoring system, and use it to provide evidence of VET benefits to prospective students. Raise school capacity and incentives for apprenticeship training, and clarify the scope of employer incentives for the creation of apprenticeship contracts.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vet apprenticeship training clarify attractiveness|8.4488945|2.8123963|2.8309312
9226|In Sierra Leone, for example, projects started with an assessment of attitudes related to gender stereotypes around sanitation. Based on the information gathered, awareness-raising sessions were organized to tackle attitudes concerning the work considered to be that of women and girls, such as cleaning latrines, washing clothes and dishes, sweeping, fetching water and cleaning and dressing children. Provision of adequate and affordable social services—in particular health, water and sanitation and care—is essential to reduce the demands on women of unpaid caregiving and domestic work and thus increase their likelihood of gaining access to an education or an income of their own. The growth and institutionalization of large-scale cash transfer programmes and of non-contributory pensions, especially in some middle-income countries, are an encouraging development for women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cleaning attitudes sanitation women latrines|8.841083|4.9596667|6.052646
9227|There is now widespread evidence that there is limited overlap, and thus considerable mismatch, between different measures of poverty (Bradshaw and Finch, 2003; Perry, 2002; Wagle, 2009). This notion does not merely have implications for the academic debate, but also for the use of poverty approaches in the policy sphere and the formulation of policy responses (Roelen, Gassmann and Neubourg de, 2009b; Ruggeri Laderchi, Saith and Stewart, 2003). Particular attention will be paid to investigate cross-country and cross-domain differences.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cross neubourg stewart bradshaw investigate|6.443096|6.2309833|4.9641085
9228|Gender transformative programming” involving males and females has promoted change by challenging harmful gender norms to address the adverse distribution of power, roles, responsibilities and resources between men and women in countries such as Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia, India and Peru. The core of Soul City's strategy is harnessing popular culture and communication to bring about social change. Using South Africa's public broadcasting infrastructure, the programmes communicate key public health messages and stimulate dialogue and debate.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|harnessing gender messages communicate change|9.8651|4.5659914|7.2104654
9229|Based on the 1% Population Sampling Survey, the average monthly earnings for people working in agriculture in rural areas are only CNY 271, and the local off-farm workers can make CNY 739 monthly (the medians being CNY 227 and CNY 636, respectively). Hence, the income difference between farm work and off-farm work accounted for most of the inequality within rural areas. Table 3.2 also presents the inequality indices in rural areas based on various definitions of the rural population (columns 1 and 4). In fact, the earnings difference among rural residents is quite substantial, and is mostly contributed by the difference between farm work and off-farm work.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|cny farm rural difference work|4.533805|5.392715|3.9127026
9230|However, in spite of the recent efforts, public expenditure on education remains considerably below the OECD average and below the equivalent expenditure in other Latin American countries. In international comparison, public expenditure appears to be particularly low in public general upper secondary programmes. This relatively low level of spending translates into inadequate spending on teacher and school leader salaries and on learning materials, and challenges to meet the demand for pre-primary education places. While there have been considerable efforts to increase the salaries of public teachers in recent years, the relative salaries of public teachers remain low.|SDG 4 - Quality education|salaries public expenditure low spending|9.218359|2.0388231|2.689506
9231|In these areas, adequate access to the health service rose from 64% in 1995 to 79% in 2000. Today, more than 1 000 EBAIS are present in every territory of the country and constitute the basis of the national health care system. On a more negative note, EBAIS only offer appointments in the morning and early afternoon, which limits access to primary care. Most doctors working in EBAIS do not have specialist post-graduate training in primary care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ebais care morning primary appointments|9.200205|8.968331|1.6598436
9232|The 2008 strategy is judged to have failed mainly due to problems with its design, and for providing insufficient evidence for the benefits that the significant institutional changes in water management could bring (OECD, 2011b). Other OECD countries have successfully established river basin organisations and pursued watershed management, while recognising the challenge of managing the multiple actors and interests involved in such co-ordination efforts (see Box 2.18). Examples of river basin organisations can be found in Australia (Murray-Darling Basin Authority), France (6 Agences de l’Eau), Mexico (25 organismos de cuenca), Portugal (5 Administragoes de Regiao Hidrogra/ica), the Netherlands (Water Boards) and Spain (9 confederadones hidrograficas).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|basin river organisations eau darling|0.99554354|7.083302|1.692228
9233|Manage cultivation techniques, quality and utilisation of fertilisers. Steer the cultivation and production plans Set up the strategies, schemes, plans, procedures, norms, techniques and technologies for species of plants and fertilisers. Manage the attestation, corroboration of quality, field-testing, recognition and trademark protection of new species of plants and new fertilisers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fertilisers cultivation techniques manage species|3.4947226|5.247433|3.9050972
9234|Lower grades (1 to 6) typically have fewer than 300 pupils and often operate separately from upper grades (7 to 9), although the unified peruskoulu is gradually closing the gap between these two. Compulsory education lasts until completion of nine years of basic school or until a young person turns 16, whichever comes first. Grade repetition is rare and over 99% of young Finns successfully complete nine years of basic school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|grades basic young lasts turns|9.421987|2.3838115|2.7134724
9235|Road improvement may continue to have its place in locations where it can be demonstrated to be socially and environmentally justifiable - and where proper maintenance can be provided - but only in a broader context of other measures. For these reasons, policy recommendations must embrace broader solutions to problems that are long-term by their nature while also attempting to offer short and medium term measures that can assist with increasing the quality of life in Vietnamese cities by making efforts to make transportation safer and greener. First, with road accidents being the second highest cause of death in Viet Nam (Chapter 1), urban road safety is a pressing issue that must be urgently addressed.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road broader attempting vietnamese greener|4.223008|5.235072|0.054223888
9236|The major development banks are all involved in significant programmes for promoting clean energy investment. ( For example, for a review of development banks’ activities in the area of energy efficiency financing, see UNEP-FI (2009), “Energy Efficiency and the Finance Sector”.) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has argued during international climate negotiations that a global energy transition would lead to lower incomes because, all else equal, the total volume of oil consumption would be lower in a carbon constrained world.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy banks efficiency fi lower|1.745909|3.3330019|1.7414603
9237|The majority of countries do not have explicit rules regarding contactability or time to respond to communications from the PES, but a number of countries state that requirements may be individually agreed between PES counsellors and jobseekers and are included in individual action plans. Quantitative Indicators for OECD and EU Countries”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. A majority of OECD countries state that both occur simultaneously or are part of the same procedure.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|pes majority countries oecd counsellors|8.061855|4.36993|3.695081
9238|The remaining wetlands are threatened by fitst development, particularly the restoration of ricc-paddics on the Russian side (supported by Chinese capital and workforce), which had mostly been abandoned 20 years ago. Fluman-caused fires lead to the degradation of ecosystems and further deforestation of the area, especially in the Russian Federation. The over-harvesting of fish leads to the disappearance of valuable species, and cross-border poaching is a major concern for border guards. There has been local extinction of at least one species of bird (Asian Crested Ibis).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|russian border species disappearance extinction|1.5056566|5.3078117|4.085667
9239|It includes an assessment of: I) demographic changes over time; 2) economic performance and diversity; and 3) long-term growth challenges. It analyses the environmental performance of the city and indicates where opportunities for green growth lie. It includes an assessment of: 1) transport and land-use trends; 2) energy performance; 3) the risk of floods; and 4) water supply and wastewater treatment and solid waste management systems. It includes an assessment of: I) the influence of the national government on local affairs; and 2) the need for horizontal co-operation between all local jurisdictions in the BMR.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|includes assessment performance lie local|3.4602997|4.806721|1.8762857
9240|This is due to the inelasticity of demand for electricity, itself due to the inability to store electricity and its character of an essential commodity. Even slight overcapacity will thus lead to very low prices, whereas under-capacity can lead to very high prices limited only by what is called the value-of-lost-load (VOLL), the cost of a shortfall of electricity to consumers, measured in the 1 000s of dollars. These asymmetric incentives create a tendency for private investors to under-provide capacity. The future might may hold even greater challenges for power sector investment at least in Europe (UCTE, 2005, p. 7). However, in recent years they were further increased by the following two factors: market liberalisation and unstable regulatory framework conditions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity lead prices asymmetric overcapacity|1.8077078|1.8439285|1.8611609
9241|In absolute terms, the highest increase -adding around 110 Mt CC>2e in GHG emissions - will come from agriculture, followed by industry at 65 Mt and forestry at 35 Mt. However, in relative terms, growing industrialization will manifest itself in the highest annual emission increase of more than 15% from the industrial sector and around 11% from transport. Industry emissions under BAU assumptions are therefore projected to increase more than 12-fold, while transport emissions are projected to increase 7-fold. It identifies domestic potential for abating 250 Mt C02e in 2030 by implementing the selected GHG abatement options instead of conventional development practices, which is a 64% decrease in GHG emissions compared to BAU.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mt emissions bau ghg fold|1.338893|2.878501|2.3374403
9242|In the Pacific bluefin fishery, the fishing area has tended to shift northward year by year. They concluded that water temperature in recent years seemed to be higher than normal, but that these changes were not necessarily related to global warming because other fluctuations over periods lasting from ten years to several decades were dominating (Yamada et al., More recently, Seo (2010) reported that the fast growth of Hokkaido chum salmon at the age of one year, which was related to global warming, would positively affect the survival rate and in turn would affect the population density-dependent growth and maturing at age two to four due to the limited carrying capacity of the Bering Sea. These are statistical downscaling, dynamic downscaling on regional scales, and dynamic global models.|SDG 14 - Life below water|warming dynamic global year affect|-0.19619562|6.0554986|6.1951365
9243|How does the Paris outcome relate to trade? What are the policy implications for Commonwealth countries? The resulting accord, known as the Paris Agreement (hereinafter the Agreement), charts a course for both mitigation of emissions and adaptation to the impacts of climate change after the end of the Kyoto Protocol’s second commitment period in 2020.1 The decision to adopt the Agreement also contains elements of a work plan to be implemented in the 2016-2020 period.|SDG 13 - Climate action|agreement paris period charts accord|1.2236593|3.5729764|1.4989387
9244|The number of categories chosen can range from 6, as in the case of the United States, to 33 in the case of Japan. Some industries may be excluded from the ocean economy in one country but not in another. Moreover, there are significant differences among countries in the delineation of the classifications and categories used.|SDG 14 - Life below water|categories case classifications chosen ocean|0.2541369|5.8180494|6.1647925
9245|They determine the share of resources in the school budget that should be used on teacher salaries and recruit teachers accordingly. Before announcing a vacant position, school principals are responsible for determining the kinds of competencies that are required. The teacher recruitment situation varies across schools and municipalities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher vacant recruit school kinds|9.746788|1.4016929|2.1579888
9246|It is now also involved in restoration projects within the catchment area, in order to preserve biodiversity. The water, collected from the Mont Blanc Massif, is channelled into the reservoir, located at an altitude of 1,930 m a.s.l. The water comes from the high valleys of the river Arve and Eau Noire (France), and from the Ferret andTrient valleys (Switzerland). Through collectors located on the French side, the water is routed to the reservoir by gravity.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|valleys reservoir located water eau|0.806667|7.363212|2.4388094
9247|In particular, inequality and poverty decline when such rents are added to the standard notion of (equivalised) disposable monetary income (Koutsambelas and Tsakolglou, 2008). This reflects the fact that imputed rents tend to be more equally distributed than disposable income, especially among some low-income groups, such as the elderly, households headed by pensioners, and the poorly educated. For a description of the measures see Box 2.1. Data refer to total population.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|rents disposable income equivalised imputed|6.7301607|5.623726|4.966282
9248|Large farms ranging from 100 or more to 1 000 hectares represent 2% of all units and make up 26% of all farm land. The largest class of farms comprises a mere one-tenth of 1% of production units but holds 10% of land. That is, less than 2.2% of farm units, over 100 hectares, are producing on more than one-third of all agricultural land.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|units hectares land farms farm|3.8061354|5.2109404|3.9280086
9249|Even this information, however, showed that 16 per cent of the region’s total population, or some 542 million people, were consuming less than the dietary minimum (FAO 2008). The picture for underweight children is even more troubling. The problem was that although food was plentiful and available, millions of people, particularly agricultural labourers who had lost wages because of severe flooding, could not afford to buy it and suddenly faced starvation (Sen 1999). It undermines the health of adults and reduces their capacity to live and work to their full potential.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|suddenly labourers underweight undermines sen|4.5058374|5.727459|4.591536
9250|The management premium is set at 12 EUR/MWh for 2012 and steps down gradually to 7 EUR/MWh in 2015, where it was scheduled to will remain. However, a reform of the premium is ongoing, as some stakeholders perceive it as being too high. One the one hand, exposing wind energy sellers to a balancing mechanism would reflect the costs and value associated with wind volatility and unpredictability.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mwh premium eur wind unpredictability|1.7542361|1.7041308|1.947346
9251|Section 4 examines the role of innovative eco-social policies in promoting transformative change and climate change resilience. In conclusion, section 5 identifies the kinds of eco-social policies that can support the transformation to sustainability. The interconnectedness of environmental sustainability and human well-being has been increasingly recognized since the term sustainable development was popularly defined in the 1987 Brundtland Report7 and taken up at the 1992 Earth Summit.|SDG 13 - Climate action|eco sustainability section interconnectedness earth|1.467539|4.7965517|1.9435971
9252|Yet, with fewer than one in six persons with drug use disorders provided with treatment each year, the availability of and access to science-based services for the treatment of drug use disorders and related conditions remain limited. A significant proportion of the large number of premature deaths among people who use drugs is attributable to opioids. In addition, opioid use disorders account for the heaviest burden of disease attributable to drug use disorders: in 2015, almost 12 million DALYs, or 70 per cent of the global burden of disease attributable to drug use disorders, were attributable to opioids.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorders attributable drug use opioids|8.420607|10.105557|3.4842496
9253|As a result of the Busan Declaration, the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPDEC) was created in 2012. Several initiatives exist in the framework of the GPDEC that are committed to advance specific commitments for effective development co-operation, including the Partnership on Climate Finance and Development. This voluntary initiative fosters country-level actions by promoting good practice and knowledge sharing on mainstreaming climate finance into development planning and more effective ways to use climate finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance effective partnership development climate|1.9203954|4.1894293|1.2184732
9254|It raisied the minimum marriage age for women, removing the husband’s ability to deny a wife permission to work outside the home, and required both spouses' consent to administer marital property. The Ethiopian case shows how reforms giving women more rights have a measurable impact on employment. Their participation in occupations that require work outside the home, full-time hours, and higher skills rose more where the reform had been enacted.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|outside home deny administer wife|9.545862|5.039761|6.9913144
9255|Over longer periods this share increases with estimates suggesting that over a lifetime half of Americans will experience poverty (McKeman et al., Other, less important explanations are the increasing international integration of labour markets through trade and, more recently, off-shoring, and also the declining penetration of labour unions and the falling real value of the federal minimum wage. The reshaping of the income distribution in LIS countries”, a paper prepared for presentation at the conference on “Inequality and the Status of the Middle Class: lessons from the Luxembourg Income Study”, Luxembourg, 28-30 July.|SDG 1 - No poverty|luxembourg reshaping americans explanations labour|6.827053|5.281335|4.7715735
9256|Funding support needs to be created in order to encourage such activities. There are examples around the world where universities are provided with such funds that give them enough freedom to co-operate with each other and undertake joint activities to promote regional and community development. Similarly, recruitment, hiring and reward systems should reflect a commitment to regional engagement, which in turn needs to be recognised as a scholarly practice.|SDG 4 - Quality education|regional activities needs reward hiring|7.6363993|2.5606534|2.4927557
9257|In particular sport programmes, and sporting role models, can reinforce health education and messaging to reduce risk factors for NCDs. Sport programmes for female empowerment can include sessions where health information is discussed and participants are educated on sexual and reproductive health, HIV and AIDS, and nutrition and hygiene (Kay 2009). • Research has shown this can be more effective than conventional approaches in improving knowledge and attitudes amongst young people through the use of alternative communication and peer leader support (Delvaa et al. It is also a major focus within the SDP sector, especially in the area of HIV and AIDS.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|sport aids hiv health messaging|9.99804|5.308139|6.5660686
9258|This suggests a need for questions concerning gender equality and for representation of women's interests to be included by institutions from the local to the global level. Action and pressure from social movements are central in challenging and reworking the discriminatory cultures, practices, biases and stereotypes that are often evident in policy institutions and organizations. In many countries and regions, informal economy workers, producers and consumers are organizing collectively, both to contest dominant development models and to advocate for and indeed, demonstrate, alternatives. They include La Via Campesina, which since the 1990s has grown into a globally-networked movement to defend the rights of smallholder farmers in the face of pressures from large-scale corporate agriculture.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|contest networked organizing institutions advocate|9.448813|4.3511786|6.914651
9259|It is designed to target those living in extreme poverty or just above this threshold. The programme conditions recipiency on actions from beneficiaries in terms of investment in education and medical check-ups for children and pregnant women. It was launched in 1997 with coverage limited to rural areas before extending to urban areas since 2001.|SDG 1 - No poverty|recipiency check pregnant areas extending|7.183428|6.086217|4.0970187
9260|"In addition, the rate of automation of jobs is steadily increasing in both high and low-wage countries. The aim is no longer only to provide a basic education for all, but to provide an education that will make it possible for everyone to become ""knowledge workers"". Such education will need to build the very high-level of skills required to solve complex problems never seen before, to be creative, to synthesise material from a wide variety of sources, to see patterns in the information that computers cannot see, to work with others in productive ways, and to be able to both lead and to be a good team member when necessary. This is what is required in today's ""flat"" world - where all work that cannot be digitised, automated and outsourced can be done by the most effective and competitive individuals, enterprises or countries, regardless of their location."|SDG 4 - Quality education|education required outsourced automated automation|5.0230985|3.0827668|2.505355
9261|The Socio-Cultural Blueprint builds on the idea of multistakeholder and multi-sectoral engagement and calls for promotion and integration of Sustainable Consumption and Production Strategy and best practices into national and regional policies or as part of CSR activities (ASEAN, 2016b). The Political-Security7 Blueprint calls for strengthening collaboration with the private sector and other relevant stakeholders to instil CSR (ASEAN, 2016c). Notably, at the 24* ASEAN Labour Ministerial Meeting on 15 May 2016 in Vientiane, ASEAN labour ministers adopted the Guidelines for Corporate Social Responsibility on Labour to provide broad guidance to governments, enterprises, employers’ and workers’ organisations on raising awareness, proactively encouraging engagement, and promoting social dialogue and compliance with core labour standards (ASEAN, 2016d).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|asean blueprint labour calls engagement|2.3371232|4.0170145|1.9328381
9262|The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture production numbers reported value|0.46489206|6.0608797|6.6215997
9263|The State, through the education process, will create conditions and opportunities and will stimulate the technical, scientific, technological and humanistic training of workers in order to ensure their incorporation into the social process of work in decent, safe and secure productive jobs that guarantee the employee’s welfare. In the event of termination of the employment relationship for reasons beyond the control of the worker, or in cases of dismissal without just cause when the employee expresses a wish not to request re-instatement, the employer must pay compensation equivalent to the amount corresponding to social benefits. The chief motivation of governments was to maintain social peace and avoid major social conflicts. Institutions were created gradually, from the first labour inspectorates and employment offices to labour ministries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employee social termination process incorporation|8.032076|4.6508727|4.2357883
9264|In 2013, the programme also provided digital teaching material and technological infrastructure such as Internet connection to several rural schools (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). In 2014, a complementary programme Integrating Rurality (Integrando la Ruralidad) that offered offline digital resources was implemented in 2 043 schools that had limited Internet access. Students are either enrolled in special education schools (escuelas especiales) or integrated in mainstream schools. In 2015, there were 782 special education schools offering basic education (Years 1 through 8) and no special schools were available for Years 9 or above. Most special basic education schools (91%) were located in urban areas.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools special education digital internet|10.2035475|2.2682023|2.1019626
9265|A clear and understandable institutional framework, including the roles and mandates of the different agencies involved (e.g. PPP units, supreme audit institution, sector regulators) should also be established. A clear and reliable legal framework for PPPs - together with transparent disclosure of bid assessment methods, such as computation of the PSC -provides an important policy signal to the private sector. Considering the technical complexities associated with clean energy technologies, it will also be important that the PPP unit possess the necessary technical and human resources capacity to accurately evaluate the risks, benefits and costs associated with PPPs in clean energy infrastructure.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ppps ppp clean clear technical|2.0893111|2.322951|1.9172074
9266|It contributes to the study of educational inequality by evaluating how the way in which educational inequality is both conceptualized and measured influences country rankings. Such choices, in turn, have implications for the policy conclusions that are drawn from international comparisons. These values have increasingly been incorporated into a global consensus, now that they form an explicit Sustainable Development Goal (United Nations, 2014), a World Bank (2015) goal and part of the most recent International Monetary Fund (IMF) narrative (IMF, 2017; Clements et al., The same values have also been central to the aims of recent protest movements such as Occupy Wall Street and Los Indignados.|SDG 4 - Quality education|imf values goal educational inequality|6.867231|4.8408713|4.5170393
9267|It is not clear in what time frame these obstacles will be overcome. It takes advantage of the fact that like the majority of higher organisms, including mammals and humans, the mosquito carries a significant microbiome (symbiotic bacteria) in its gut (Pumpuni et al., The idea is then to engineer these symbiotic bacteria to produce interfering products (effector molecules) that arrest parasite development.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|bacteria engineer mammals humans organisms|1.6768409|5.3940177|3.996448
9268|They are designed to In Scotland, national quality registers and clinical audits have emerged as bottom-up, clinical-led processes in Scotland, often led by pioneering clinicians. In addition, Scotland participates in the UK-wide programme of national clinical audits run by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Programme (HQIP). Scotland Performs measures and reports on progress in achieving the outcomes in the National Performance Framework.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|scotland clinical audits led national|9.151011|9.482327|1.6645707
9269|However, the paper does not consider the effect of other major mechanisms on education performance. Above all, student education performance is affected by parents’ income levels and the degree of care. Since income inequality is a very important variable in explaining education performance, the empirical analysis needs to include such related variables.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performance education explaining income empirical|9.234288|2.6731575|3.098708
9270|In Morelos IMOFI delivers the “business credit programme”, which has features akin to those of the federal SMEPP and helps SMEs obtain medium-sized credit that would be hard to receive by commercial banks. In Queretaro SOFEQ runs Credito Pyme, which disburses credit on the average of MXN 700 000 for firms engaged in the strong manufacturing base of this state (e.g. automotive and aerospace industries). Rather than scattering resources in too many streams, they focus on those industries where the state has a comparative advantage and which can accordingly impact the most on local development.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|credit industries queretaro akin automotive|8.326028|3.2957246|6.221174
9271|The weak positioning of women in economic, legal, political and socio-cultural spheres also renders them more vulnerable and less resilient to shocks. The experience of past crises has revealed several significant channels of gender impact. First, cuts in social spending led to significant increases in the burden of unpaid work borne by women which compensates for the loss of public provisioning.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|renders positioning provisioning significant spheres|8.967003|4.843065|6.1148763
9272|The benefit function also incorporates parameters that affect all users, such as input and output prices and weather.7 For example, in a dry year, it is expected that the benefit from applying any amount of water to a crop will be larger than in a wet year. First-best optimisation would require explicit valuation of all possible environmental services associated with the groundwater resource, both now and in the future. Instead, society decides on the level of hydrologic services that is desirable and the economic problem is to achieve that level using a solution that maximises benefits to water users.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|users benefit optimisation wet decides|1.1975106|7.492832|2.6736133
9273|Overall, connecting people and devices through ICT technologies can have widespread benefits throughout society and on the economy. The future possibilities of IoT and Al bring yet another dimension to how the use of ICTs can contribute to lowering transaction costs, improving system efficiency and transform production and delivery chains. However, while developing countries have the opportunity to leapfrog the digital development by directly deploying more advanced technologies, the digital transformation of society requires investments across many sectors.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital society technologies leapfrog deploying|4.781947|3.023574|1.9571829
9274|Best Practice Summaries offer detailed information, such as training needs, cost components, literature base, lessons learned and contact information. As of 2009/10, newly added best practices are assigned to one of four BPC evidence types, describing the strength of evidence and the generalisability of results. A number of initiatives aim to articulate high school and postsecondary CTE, helping students in making a smooth transition from one level of education to another without delays or duplication in learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|best cte summaries evidence postsecondary|9.398017|1.4775162|1.7206028
9275|These are crucial if countries are to meet the central goal of the Paris Agreement to keep the rise in the earth’s temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels by the year 2100, and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1,5°C above pre-industrial levels. In these countries, economic cycles are synchronized with commodity price cycles, implying that their economies grow faster during commodity price booms but slow down during commodity price slumps. As episodes of commodity price slumps are generally longer than boom periods, CDDCs experience, on average, slower growth than other countries. Commodity dependence affects economic performance through several channels.|SDG 13 - Climate action|commodity price cycles temperature pre|1.1687737|3.5095406|1.2551429
9276|In June 2016, the Korean government decided to unify the operations and management of hydropower dams. As a consequence, hydropower dams and multipurpose dams are managed conjunctively (see Box 4.2). Multipurpose dams are owned by the government (MoLIT) and operated by K-water; they discharge water year round to serve several purposes, such as flood prevention, water supply and power generation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|dams hydropower water korean discharge|1.3393764|7.204704|1.9951282
9277|In Brazil, the federal government sets the general standards for schools but does not have direct responsibilities, with a few exceptions, on primary and secondary schools, which are mainly local (municipalities) and regional (states). Both levels have a large degree of autonomy in determining their curriculum. The group also aimed at providing the technical advice needed to shape the programme in accordance with educational official methodology, as well as to facilitate the inclusion of financial concepts into the normal curriculum of primary and secondary schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools curriculum secondary primary accordance|9.768079|1.7758167|2.0702446
9278|Although in 2012, youth represented 24.4% of the working-age population in Brazil, 46.3% of the unemployed in the same year were young. That unemployment is an issue of serious concern to youth emerged clearly from a survey of youth carried out in 2008: 61% of youth cited a lack of work opportunities as the most important challenge facing their age group, and 44% believed that youth employment programmes should be the government’s number one priority (Abramo et al., This is no different in Brazil (see Chapter 3 for further details).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth brazil age believed emerged|8.086259|3.9801338|4.0888395
9279|The river then flows through semi-arid to arid areas for over 1,500 km, with high evaporation rates and no further dilution. It has also led to the salinization of the Shatt al Arab River (see Chap. The spatial variations in salinity levels generally indicate an increasing trend of dissolved solids downstream.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|arid river solids dilution dissolved|0.6838089|7.377339|2.839793
9280|The coffee is sold to Alter Trade Timor, a marketing social enterprise chat aims to ensure that the producers obtain a fair price for their coffee, as well as investing in training to help co-operative members improve yields, raise quality and consistency and develop more sustainable incomes. Alter Trade Timor sells the coffee onward to Tradewinds, a not-for-profit fair-trade organization that aims to export high-quality products to consumers in Australia “who in good conscience know that the coffee they drink has benefited the producers. For example, ILO initiatives have revolved around identifying and supporting the establishment of social businesses that could help reduce poverty in rural areas.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|coffee timor alter fair trade|4.2638235|4.5779867|3.6837711
9281|This is characterised by early adopters, majority early adopters, majority late adopters and laggards or late adopters. On the supply side, the diffusion of the public service innovation under service integration in the CSCs implies that government agencies and departments receive communication or some form of signalling from the centre’ so as to adopt the option of providing their services within one-stop shops. The resulting distribution is thus expected to be a right-skewed distribution curve, with more public agencies and departments bringing their services in the early adoption phase. The last few laggard supply-side adopters would therefore represent those departments and agencies offering complex services, whose integration requires more time, technological adjustments and significant capital outlay.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|adopters departments agencies early late|5.2276254|3.3532412|2.424863
9282|The Upstream Thinking initiative now operates on ten catchments in target areas, working with over a thousand farmers. Following extensive discussion in 2007-09, guidance leading to the PR09 review included catchment solutions as an option companies could use to address water quality challenges (Ofwat, 2009(87]). In the run-up to PR14, Ofwat supported the development of catchment solutions. With further experience, the regulatory agencies recommended that the approach be used more broadly by water companies in PR 14.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ofwat catchment solutions companies pr|1.0419894|6.957303|1.9900964
9283|In particular, the Fund is to “operate in a transparent and accountable manner guided by efficiency and effectiveness” (UNFCCC, 2011). Further, monitoring and evaluation under the GCF will include “a results measurement framework with guidelines and appropriate performance indicators” (GCF, 2011). The benefits and challenges of developing results frameworks to assess the effectiveness of climate finance interventions are outlined in Box 1.|SDG 13 - Climate action|gcf effectiveness results guided accountable|1.7498356|4.2205176|1.2390531
9284|A major wilderness area is identified as biodiverse if it has 75% of the original vegetation remaining in pristine condition and a low human population density (< 5 people/km2). Wilderness areas are based largely on the world’s terrestrial ecoregions (see Olson et al., It includes life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide.|SDG 15 - Life on land|terrestrial vegetation original expectancy density|1.583672|5.040791|4.040268
9285|Moreover, 'States should adopt temporary special measures to accelerate the equal enjoyment by women of all economic, social and cultural rights' to address this situation’ (ibid.). She adds that 'considering that gender inequality is a cause of and a factor that perpetuates poverty, effective recovery policies must take into account State obligations regarding gender equality and the protection of women's full range of rights' (ibid., 23).The ILO recently passed the Social Protection Floors Recommendation, which links the right to social security to the promotion of‘equal opportunity and gender and racial equality’(ILO 2012). Redistributive measures are not in themselves sufficient to address gendered disadvantage.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ibid ilo gender equal social|9.535926|4.6146293|7.014225
9286|This could include a revision of the regulations of the responsibilities of principals and deputy principals and the development of a related set of professional school leadership standards. Such standards would provide a clear and concise statement of the core elements of successful leadership by mapping out what school leaders are expected to know, be able to do, and how. Furthermore, Uruguay needs to re-evaluate the current levels of remuneration of principals and deputy principals to ensure that school leadership is sustainable in the future and that qualified and interested teachers who would like to take on more responsibilities are not deterred from making this step.|SDG 4 - Quality education|principals leadership deputy school responsibilities|9.906198|1.4966738|2.0114276
9287|In 2010, 44% of all public consultations were held in emergency services (43.5% in hospitals and 56.5% in health areas), out of which 60% turned out not to be actual emergencies. As a comparison, non-urgent visits to an emergency department (ED) accounted for nearly 12% of all ED visits in the United States, 20% in Italy, 25% in Canada, 31% in Portugal, 32% in Australia and 56% in Belgium. The CCSS introduced a national initiative to tackle lengthy waiting lists in April 2014.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ed visits emergency lengthy ccss|9.105746|8.885178|2.0777993
9288|A value of zero indicates that there is no difference between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools in how concerned principals are about the educational staff at school, and positive values (higher equity) indicate that principals' in socio-economically advantaged schools are more concerned than principals in disadvantaged schools. For example, schools with large special education programmes and more teaching assistants tend to have more teachers, but the schools' high student-teacher ratio has no impact on the size of regular classes. In addition, the amount of preparation time per day allotted to teachers may vary across schools and across school systems.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools principals advantaged concerned economically|9.595646|2.0588708|2.7241883
9289|While practitioners have a right to conscientious objection, the protection of that right must not infringe on women's right to accurate and objective information on contraception. The European Court of Human Rights, for instance, has held that pharmacists may not refuse to sell contraceptives based on their personal religious beliefs.32 The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. Guaranteeing the availability, accessibility, quality and acceptability of these services and medicines is central to ensuring women's sexual and reproductive health rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|right rights pharmacists contraceptives guaranteeing|9.473845|5.8091316|6.27598
9290|Studies have been carried out in the region that show deficiencies in pension and retirement benefit coverage that have a larger impact on women, who receive roughly 20% less than men, on average (Marco, 2016; CEPAL, 2016a). In recent years, time has become the subject of study as a measure of well-being: the problem of poverty has been analysed from various unconventional perspectives and a vicious circle involving poverty and time spent on unpaid work has been revealed (Vaca-Trigo, 2015; CEPAL, 2016a). Hence, in order to achieve sustainable development, it is important to consider this dimension when designing public policies. As shown in figure IV.11, poor women receiving transfers in both countries spend more hours per week on unpaid domestic and care work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unpaid vicious circle poverty deficiencies|8.913218|5.061017|5.848971
9291|In addition, prior consultation with a wide range of stakeholders will build support for implementation and operation of PPP projects. Sustainable use of energy and energy access. The emphasis is going to be on sustainability while developing regional energy connectivity so power generation is going to be biased towards the use of renewable resources that have low emissions — namely hydropower, solar and wind.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|going energy biased ppp connectivity|2.0613854|2.2356648|2.036172
9292|For the multiple deprivation analysis, the numerator is the cumulative number of deprivations among children deprived in the selected number of dimensions (out of a total of five dimensions). Although a good indication of deprivation incidence, the headcount ratio (H) is not sensitive to the breadth of multidimensional poverty, as it remains unchanged regardless of whether children who are identified as multidimensionally poor suffer from two to three or four to five deprivations simultaneously. For this reason, two additional ratios are used in the analysis, applying the Alkire and Foster (2011) methodology. The average deprivation intensity among the deprived (A) measures the breadth of multidimensional deprivation.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation breadth deprivations multidimensional deprived|6.8597417|6.54654|5.213523
9293|The most common output control is total allowable catch (TAC), which often is measured on the basis of landings. A TAC sets a maximum on the catch allowed for specific species, areas and time periods. It is among the most common management instruments used and is also used in combination with most other fisheries management schemes.|SDG 14 - Life below water|tac catch common allowable landings|-0.2973735|5.6761227|6.8295465
9294|If available in the future CCS may, however, play an important role in reaching deep C02 reductions in power generation, not only in OECD countries, but especially in developing regions as China and India that rely strongly on coal for power generation. The total storage potential in this category is estimated to be 65 Gt. These potentials are regionally concentrated, so Mumbai, Chennai and Ahmedabad can store significant amounts of C02 while other areas such as Delhi and Calcutta cannot.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|generation mumbai chennai delhi power|1.216364|2.7130077|2.0009193
9295|The importance of teachers’ mental health literacy has also been incorporated in the British good care guidelines, which state that “schools and local authorities should make sure teachers and other staff are trained to identify when children at school show signs of anxiety or social and emotional problems” (NICE, 2008). The onset of mental health programmes across children in primary school (5-11 year-olds) decreased. For children in secondary school or experiencing mental health concerns prior to the establishment of the initiative, however, the evaluation showed little or no impact (UK Department for Education, 2011).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental school children health teachers|10.51327|8.746939|1.6366981
9296|It has adopted many innovations in station design and construction to ensure environmental and social sustainability. In 2011, its operation created a reduction of 630,000 metric tons of GHG of C02 equivalent and kept 390,000 vehicles off the urban streets of Delhi. In addition, jabodetabek Airport (JA Connexion) provides bus services from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport to several hotels and malls in Jakarta.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|airport delhi jakarta hotels streets|4.1548877|4.7965927|0.8464967
9297|The south and south-east of the country is dominated by small-scale farming with mixed agriculture. This is where most of the country’s horticultural production is concentrated, and all of the country’s cultivation of cotton and rice. The long-term trend in employment is less clear due to a change in the definition of employment which has substantially increased the number of employed in agriculture since the 2000s.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|country south agriculture employment cotton|4.022937|5.215363|3.8975062
9298|An activity is classified as related to climate change adaptation if it intends to reduce the vulnerability of human or natural systems to the current and expected impacts of climate change by maintaining or increasing resilience; by increasing ability to adapt to, or absorb, climate change stresses, shocks and variability; and/or by helping reduce exposure to them (OECD, 2016a). The DAC CRS also tracks flows from some South-South co-operation sources. This database does not include financial flows at the activity-level from some non-DAC member donors such as the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”) and the Russian Federation (hereafter “Russia”) or private sector sources, which are presumably prov iding a significant amount of finance to the EECCA region.|SDG 13 - Climate action|dac climate change flows activity|1.4877528|4.163393|0.91940165
9299|Regions with moderate groundwater stress present the highest rates of fulfilment on most of the proposed elements and instruments for agriculture groundwater management. At least some of the five most stressed groundwater regions checked the main conditions. In contrast, a number of the least stressed agricultural groundwater regions did not comply with the list of conditions, with the exception of conjunctive management and the use of direct instruments.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater stressed regions instruments checked|0.7865684|7.4581447|2.880565
9300|The report is also a timely addition to the calls made by the Commission on Global Poverty, the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development and others for incorporating quality of life dimensions into the way we understand and determine human deprivation. But all the best data in the world won't do us much good if they sit on a shelf collecting dust. They must be used to influence decisionmaking and accountability, and ultimately to transform the lives of the world's most vulnerable people. The last 15 years have shown us that progress on poverty is possible. But we also know that it is not inevitable— nor has it been universal. My hope is that this report will catalyse the global community to ensure that, this time, no one is left behind.|SDG 1 - No poverty|sit dust won catalyse report|6.312395|6.1753383|4.9721045
9301|It is important to emphasise that eliminating zoning will not address the problems of social segregation and segregated land use if conditional urban developments are not grounded in a city-wide vision for urban spatial development. The German zoning system provides a useful example of an approach that relies on zoning, and also allows for flexibility and a mix of uses throughout most of an urban area. As in single-use zoning, land-use zones are separated into categories, such as residential, commercial, industrial and mixed use. However, in each zone, other uses are also allowed either automatically or based on conditions (see Table 2.4).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|zoning use urban uses land|3.966434|5.5298753|1.6691407
9302|The net annual profit from the ground lease is remitted to the central municipal budget (approximately 50%) and the reminder contributes to the balancing fund and social housing fund. There is a municipal policy that the ground lease is set at a lower value for social housing developments. As of 2015, there were 255 000 ground leases issued in the city.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ground lease municipal fund housing|4.3575363|5.4688253|1.9768542
9303|It then focuses on the impact and the role of regions in the newly created Top-Sector Policy. The analysis also considers innovation in broader terms, examining additional domestic and European policies. The strength of the Dutch economy comes from the combined contribution of a variety of Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) and regions. Therefore maximising growth in all regions is critical for overall performance. The effects of the recent global financial crisis revealed a differentiated impact among Dutch regions, with some displaying more vulnerability than others.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|regions dutch fuas maximising impact|4.214732|5.0638766|1.9760286
9304|Non-mandatory reporting provisions introduced in the Paris Agreement (in addition to the mandatory reporting requirements mentioned above) include reporting of climate finance provided by countries “other” than developed countries, and reporting of indicative climate finance to be provided and mobilised by developed countries. This means that different national reports of climate finance in the context of the USD 100 billion goal are not always comparable, complete or consistent. This in turn hinders the ability to produce a meaningful aggregate, e.g. in the context of the global stocktake.|SDG 13 - Climate action|reporting finance mandatory climate context|1.415791|3.7348561|0.63817203
9305|The fixed part of the tariff should not exceed 30% of the total. Different tariffs apply to different water quality grades (raw water, settled water, purified w'ater). Revenues that correspond to abstraction are transferred to the relevant authority (provinces and metropolitan cities in the case of river water use; or K-water in the case of dam water). Revenues generated in addition to w'ater abstraction costs are earmarked for the operation of multi-regional water supply systems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water ater abstraction revenues settled|1.5268549|7.6036572|2.3138719
9306|This is perhaps surprising as many immigrants originate from countries with significantly lower life expectancy than our Nordic countries. This is largely due to increased rates of heart disease, alcohol-related diseases and cancer (Socialstyrelsen, 2009). In Finland, mortality rates of those born in North Africa and Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia is 30-50 percent lower than among native Finns.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|africa originate lower surprising rates|9.280531|9.051597|3.0661597
9307|Like pupils in secondary school and students in higher vocational education, students in adult education receive school guidance. Komvux has no programmes, as course provision is individually adapted. In 2012, 116 000 persons participated in Komvux education (65% women). Courses should be available at the latest three months after the person registered their move to Sweden.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education students school individually pupils|9.86892|2.6253955|2.588466
9308|It is necessary to identify cost-effective means of tracking and keeping the advocacy publicly alive and enduring. As part of civic engagement and advocacy, cutting-edge policy research should be conducted on a consistent basis. Part of the civic mobilisation around this should be to empower young women aspirants.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|civic advocacy enduring edge mobilisation|9.948828|4.3184996|7.2674465
9309|There is also a risk of competition among users in the semi-arid regions for the water stored in reservoirs. This is an important concern as water has featured prominently in Brazil’s programmes to fight poverty. Who gets the water in cases of scarcity? How are water-related risks allocated across water users?|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water users prominently featured gets|1.3101649|7.170327|2.5858495
9310|As the new career structure is implemented, it will be crucial for the established certification process to send clear signals of rigour in identifying both good performance at the different stages of the career and underperformance as a teacher. An important issue will be to resolve the current duplication between the certification process associated with the career structure and the teacher performance evaluation system. To take advantage of the continuous character of the teacher performance evaluation system and to address the need for teachers to continuously show they are fit for the profession at the different levels of the career structure, it could be considered introducing the requirement for re-certification at a given career stage.|SDG 4 - Quality education|career certification teacher structure performance|9.59418|1.2554296|2.0352063
9311|All levels of government administration, all types of civil society, religious organizations and local communities across the country are invited to participate - to ensure an equitable and balanced response to climate change for social justice, as well as assist in mobilising appropriate knowledge, skills and actions. Based on the EPACC, a first phase towards formulating the Climate Resilience Strategy consolidation was carried out by UNDP in 2011. It consolidated the existing adaptation work in Ethiopia by taking stock of ongoing programmes and comparing them against the risks, vulnerabilities and adaptation challenges identified by sectors and regions. This identified existing gaps between the two.|SDG 13 - Climate action|identified adaptation existing formulating invited|1.5949559|4.6969323|1.9876728
9312|However, not all constructions (e.g. individual housing units) have projects and EIA to be submitted for state examination. Criteria for obtaining financial support by private contractors need to include an assessment of the location of new development and its environmental impact. Attracting investment for urban development is difficult if the city cannot supply a reliable transport system.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|constructions eia contractors attracting obtaining|3.8542805|5.155601|1.4415078
9313|However, considering the uncertainty surrounding climate change projections and applying the precautionary principle, setting the target at 3 tCO, per capita by 2050 would ensure a sufficiently high probability that the stabilization target could be achieved (Jonas and others, 2010). Only the United Kingdom has useful numbers of greenhouse gas emissions based on consumption. Even in advanced countries, the practice of picking winning technology is perceived to be unavoidable. The important questions would be who should do the picking—and how. In general, policymakers should focus, preferably, on setting broad political goals, rather than on detailed technology-specific issues. Strategic long-term planning is essential in order to coordinate actions by many different actors in different parts of the complex, interdependent energy system.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|picking setting target technology unavoidable|1.4777192|3.0945656|1.9958744
9314|Well spacing requirements that limit well density are also a type of zoning regulation. Zoning is commonly decided by hydrologists, geologists, or environmental engineers working for a government regulatory agency, and is thus often sensitive to local hydrologic conditions. For example, well spacing restrictions are often set explicitly on the basis of local hydrologic properties to avoid significant well interference. Thus, above aquifers with higher transmissivities and lower storativities, there are correspondingly larger well-spacing requirements (e.g. see Brozovic et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|spacing hydrologic zoning requirements correspondingly|0.8401431|7.46196|2.3024328
9315|Whilst the overall share of people reporting poor health is smaller than in other Nordic countries, the gradient by educational level is no less pronounced (see Figure 4.5). Women also report poorer health across all levels of education. Furthermore, people with lower levels of education (no training or short training) are more likely to have a long-term illness (46.9% of respondents with no training, compared to 25.7% of respondents with 12 or more years education) or be very bothered by pain or discomfort (48% with no education and 37% with short training, compared with 24.7% of respondents with 12 or more years education) that people with 12 or more years of education.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|education respondents training years people|9.279177|9.15703|2.9987974
9316|Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest prevalence of undernourishment, with some improvement in recent years. While the share of undernourished is lower in Western Asia than in most other regions, it is nevertheless the only region that has registered an increase since 1990-92. The most significant reduction in prevalence of undernourishment has occurred in Southeastern Asia, with a decline from 31 to 10 percent.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|undernourishment prevalence asia region undernourished|4.255454|5.6758766|4.5479307
9317|Flood protection is financed by taxes paid by water users to the regional water authorities, along with general taxation (this also contributes to the relatively low willingness to pay for flood insurance documented in several studies). Currently, the government is moving tow'ards a new system of improvement of security standards for dykes, referred to as the multiple layer safety approach (Box 5.3). However, under the current arrangements, the amount and coverage of such compensation is left to political discretion and not determined in advance.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|flood ards tow discretion layer|1.3433329|6.98611|2.2545497
9318|The unclear status of these areas resulted in growing pressures (e.g. for grazing areas) which, in some cases, led to their deterioration. Finally, in late 2015, the legal protective status of 12 nature preserves has been extended, for the next 10 years (until 2025). Therefore, the legal status alone of 13 nature preserves cannot currently be perceived as an effective solution to ensuring their protection, due to the uncertainty of their continued existence in the future. This is attributable in large part to the fact that all state nature reserves are legal entities with a stable and clear legal mandate, have valid land use certificates, are managed solely for nature conservation purposes, and receive more attention and support from the Government, foreign donors, international organizations and conservation NGOs.|SDG 15 - Life on land|nature legal status conservation grazing|1.5051026|5.0529785|4.073658
9319|They enjoy a greater range and higher quality of shops, leisure facilities, schools, hospitals, and other services. But it has also created greater demand for the services that energy provides, e.g. heating and cooling, lighting, transportation. Increased service demand need not have led to a rise in actual energy use, provided that, among other factors, improvements in energy efficiency kept pace. However, this was not the case. In fact, since 1990 the rate of improvement in energy efficiency has been about half of what it was in the two previous decades (IEA, 2009a). Improved energy efficiency is often the most economic and readily available means to do that.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency greater demand shops|2.0770235|2.616085|2.5658617
9320|There are also significant opportunities for disaster risk reduction, response and reconstruction in cities including through land use planning, building codes and regulations, risk assessments, monitoring and early warning, and building-back-better response and reconstruction approaches. The response of cities to the challenges of climate change has been fragmented, and significant gaps exist between the rhetoric of addressing climate change and the realities of action on the ground. The critical factor shaping urban responses to climate change is government capacity, which is hindered by factors that are institutional, technical, economic, or political in character. In developing countries, where resources are particularly limited, municipal authorities might be hesitant to invest in climate change adaptation given the many competing issues on their urban agendas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|response reconstruction climate change cities|1.4706513|5.0049124|1.7537142
9321|Further access to information needs to be complemented with support to parents on how to interpret the information and how to select the most appropriate school for their children. Information could be made available in selected foreign languages and be accessible to parents with limited literacy (OECD, 2010(ii4]). This involves the ability to make an informed choice about what an individual does not want as well as about what one likes and needs. The value of choice is highly connected with certain groups in society, such as middle-class parents (Allen, 2007(32]; Reay and Allen, 1997(33]). There is a need to manage student intake according to socio-economic status and nonselective intake criteria (OECD, 2015(22]). This requires ensuring that equity criteria are adopted for schools to prioritise disadvantaged students or that funding arrangements make disadvantaged students more attractive to high-performing schools (OECD, 2015(22]).|SDG 4 - Quality education|allen parents intake disadvantaged choice|9.738971|2.4195447|2.7122653
9322|The high concentration of self-employment income or capital income drives inequality in household market income up close to the OECD average, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia being exceptions in this regard. However, the large tax and cash transfer systems succeed in reducing the dispersion in household disposable income to, or below, the OECD average. The underlying causes vary, however.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|income household drives average succeed|6.916592|5.0510693|4.4715533
9323|"The 19th-century French scientist, Claude Bernard, famously wrote that science is a ""superb and dazzling hall, but one which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen"".2 Osborne, Simon, and Collins (2003), writing more than a century later, comment that ""The essential irony of a discipline that offers intellectual liberation from the shackles of received wisdom is that the education it offers is authoritarian, dogmatic and non-reflexive."" ( Cross-country differences in science teaching, and their association with students' performance and interest in a science-related career are presented in Chapter 2 ofVolume II.) In a majority of countries and economies, students from advantaged backgrounds are more likely to expect a career in science - even among students who perform similarly in science and who reported similar enjoyment of learning science. Several actions have been suggested to close this gender gap and, more generally, to encourage more young people, especially those from groups that are now under-represented in science-related fields, to participate in further science-related study and work."|SDG 4 - Quality education|science students century offers career|8.967267|1.1263971|2.3877208
9324|Although estimates on the extent of forest loss and change vary among studies, the overall picture for the GMS is one of rapid forest decline, mainly due to forest loss in Cambodia and Myanmar; but at the same time Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam have experienced forest gain primarily due to the increase in area of other naturally regenerated forests or secondary forests and in the case of Lao PDR there has been a reclassification of forest area (Figure 3). Forest cover is still declining in Cambodia but the decline is less severe than before; forest area in Lao PDR has shown some increase. In the last FRA report, Lao PDR had reclassified forest area, which may explain this change. Whether actual forest cover has increased is debatable. Myanmar was the only country where the decline became severe during 2010 to 2015.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest pdr lao area decline|1.5950401|4.508862|4.064799
9325|This network comprises 116 cities with a common objective: placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of development plans, and cooperating actively at the international level. Citizens have been empowered to engage with local government and exercise their rights and responsibilities by developing MIL skills through a range of adult literacy programmes, in particular considering the needs of vulnerable groups. A number of public Internet access points have been established. The Beijing Declaration on Building Learning Cities defines a learning city as one which: promotes inclusive learning from basic to higher education; revitalises learning in families and communities; facilitates learning for and in the workplace; extends the use of modern learning technologies; enhances quality and excellence in learning; and nurtures a culture of learning.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|learning cities cooperating empowered placing|8.520913|1.8311332|1.9809532
9326|The National Energy Research Council (NERC) analysed the potential savings for ten Jordanian enterprises (hotels, banks, and a health centre) were they to adopt energy efficiency measures. The government currently allocates less than 0.5% of its budget to the environment (UNEP, 2011). The establishment of national green growth policies or economic development plans which integrate environmental concerns and opportunities, and the allocation of adequate public funds and other resources show government’s determination to achieve green growth objectives and can help raise investors’ confidence. Jordan is also signatory to a number of environmental conventions: the Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea (1982), also known as the Jeddah Convention; the Convention of Biological Diversity (1993); the Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994), the Convention on Combating Desertification (1996), the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2002), and the Convention on Nuclear Safety (2009).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|convention nuclear safety green jordanian|1.8346926|3.3008492|2.035857
9327|They are safe spaces for discussion of highly personal forms of violence and the unique perspectives of women that are often not discussed in mixed-sex forums (Chapter 2). Because of alarming trends in gender inequalities in education and training, which affect girls and women in a post-conflict society, the problem of unequal access to education needs to be urgently addressed (Chapters 3 and 5).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|alarming urgently forums chapters spaces|9.988885|5.2942696|7.3932395
9328|These weaknesses can depress the growth performance of the farmed fish (Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 2009). Even legal or administrative limits have been set for main nutrient contents of the feeds. Organic fecal wastes from plant-based feeds are a concern as well. Expanding use of recirculation systems in aquaculture set new qualifications for feeds.|SDG 14 - Life below water|feeds farmed set wastes contents|0.3061002|6.0410957|6.4339666
9329|"It takes two years to reskill and newly-skill Lemdesigners in mindfulness of learning, difference and diversity, competence orientation, ""backwards design” curriculum development, differentiated instruction, and assessment. The recognition and expertise that comes with such deep learning has strengthened the reform effort throughout. This programme started in 2009 and aims at training, mentoring and changing teachers’ practice in order to improve learning outcomes in the targeted areas."|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning mentoring orientation competence differentiated|9.157056|1.6632407|1.8092622
9330|Delaying the age of first childbirth can increase the chances of young women staying in education and securing decent work. Sexual and reproductive health education can also provide information on how to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, leading to better outcomes for youth. Reducing harmful substance use (target 3.5) increases the likelihood that youth will stay in education and secure and retain decent work. Achieving gender equality is a prerequisite for realizing all the Goals, including positive educational and employment outcomes.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|decent youth education outcomes delaying|9.6096735|5.163571|6.3640027
9331|The Scottish Government, ISD Scotland, and Health Boards also put in place processes to produce additional information about the management of waiting lists, for example identifying when patients are recorded as unavailable for patient choice reasons, which has helped add transparency to the process. In addition to this programme, a series of primary care indicators have been developed to identify issues around avoidable variation and health system waste. These indicators include referrals, hospital admissions, prescribing and patient experience.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient indicators scottish unavailable prescribing|9.267698|9.2135935|1.8520354
9332|The worst-affected species appeal' to be those which are already known to have a very poor conservation status. Of 32 species listed as being Critically Endangered (CR), 63 per cent are considered to have a decreasing population (table 9.1). The corresponding proportion of Endangered species (EN) is 56 per cent (31 of 55 species), that of Vulnerable species (VU) 64 per cent (54 of 84 species) and that of Near Threatened species (NT) 56 per cent (59 of 105 species). Amongst species with a decreasing population trend are a number of charismatic mammal species often associated with the country, such as the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), and the Barbary leopard (Panthera pardus panther).|SDG 15 - Life on land|species cent endangered decreasing vu|1.4148135|5.3881207|4.2483478
9333|The highest case fatality rate in this age group concerns hospitalization for diseases of the circulatory system, with 10 hospital deaths for 137 hospital discharges (7 per cent of case fatalities). Diseases of the circulatory system constitute 16 per cent of all registered cases of diseases and 8 per cent of new cases. Hypertensive diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases represent, respectively, 58.8 per cent, 24.6 per cent and 4.3 per cent of the circulatory system diseases. The incidence rate is much higher in children (35,000 per 100,000 children in 2012) compared with the general population (12,000 per 100,000 population in 2012).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diseases circulatory cent hospital ischemic|9.077552|9.011778|3.0756583
9334|Although public funding has seen some reductions due to the economic crisis, expenditure per student continues to be above the OECD average. High dropout and youth unemployment rates require efforts to consolidate basic skills and better match labour market needs, focusing on quality of education and provision of vocational education and training. At the same time, quality of teachers and school leadership can be improved through more targeted initial and continuing training.|SDG 4 - Quality education|training consolidate dropout quality match|9.09555|2.3192055|2.7802882
9335|The relationship between ethnic status and alcohol drinking was analysed all other things being equal in England, New Zealand, and the US. Results show that minority groups generally drink less alcohol than the white population, except in the US where Mexican American men have a higher prevalence of any alcohol drinking than non-Hispanic white men. Concerning harmful forms of drinking, results show that in England, white men and women are more likely to engage in hazardous drinking and HED (Figure 16), while findings in other countries are seldom statistically significant.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drinking white alcohol england men|9.307502|9.688236|3.5666628
9336|Where mral populations live close to urban territories (and hence services) and have lower levels of social and economic marginalisation, broader mral policies may be more appropriate. However, these are complemented with broader policies such as the national and regional development strategies and in operational programmes, such as the programme targeting Poland’s eastern regions which have lower economic growth, dispersed settlement patters and higher rates of poverty. It is important to recognise that there are also a host of policies that are often sectoral in nature that impact rural areas and that are not targeted to place, but that can have territorial consequences nonetheless.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mral policies broader marginalisation lower|4.2482142|5.194807|2.4733973
9337|These publications contain data from different statistical fields and from different sources, cover multiple policy areas and gender issues and are addressed to a large audience, including persons with limited or no experience in statistics. They are an important tool for non-statisticians, gender specialists, gender advocates and policymakers. Instead of presenting data and letting the reader analyse them and draw their own conclusions, these publications are focused on presenting the main results of data analysis and their interpretation, including implications for policymaking. They are usually designed to be user friendly and written in easily comprehended language, with simple tables and charts and an attractive presentation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|presenting publications gender data statisticians|9.716705|4.414091|7.896125
9338|Economic training, support and sometimes incentives that address families’ economic justifications for marrying their daughters early provide alternatives to marriage and increase the value of girls to their families of origin. One example is Berhane-Hewan in Ethiopia, which provided families with a goat as long as their daughters remained in the programme and remained unmarried until age 18 (Karei and Erulkar, 2010). Another example is the Zomba cash transfer programme in Malawi, which found that unconditional cash transfers were more effective in delaying marriage than conditional transfers (Baird et al., By educating and mobilizing parents and communities—those who decide when and whom girls will marry—to change social norms relating to expectations of girls and their marriage prospects, these programmes aim to delay marriage.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage daughters girls families remained|9.301819|5.2825637|6.297484
9339|It is currently managing four funds investing in renewable energy projects. Its latest fund, EREF, (€75mln raised to date) will invest primarily in businesses that own renewable energy generation assets in order to aggregate between 500MW and 700MW of electrical generation capacity. It is expected that €30mln of the fund will be reserved to secure and finance a pipeline of projects still in their development phase in order to boost the fund’s returns.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fund generation renewable projects order|2.3544888|3.2138038|1.659773
9340|Training and support for paralegals can be a very effective way of reaching more vulnerable men and women, especially in rural areas. Other measures could include support for travelling courts, the provision of legal aid, and support for CSOs that provide legal aid and guidance. Policies should be reviewed to ensure that they are appropriate and non-discriminatory, especially in the areas of pre-trial detention, sentencing and noncustodial sanctions. For instance, family responsibilities need to be taken into account for both women and men. Policies need to be supported which reduce inappropriate levels of security for women - who are often held according to stricter security classifications than necessary due to the small number of prisons for women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women aid support legal detention|9.922077|5.1324706|7.4859576
9341|The Anglo-Saxon countries achieve relatively high employment rates, but combined with relatively high income inequality. Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland come closer to the Nordics, even though they still display significantly higher inequality. Mediterranean countries tend to combine low employment rates and high inequality, while Eastern European countries tend to display both low employment and low inequality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality display employment low high|7.0007105|4.8288136|4.575265
9342|Improving labour market prospects and outcomes for women is an essential aspect of moving towards gender equality, providing the basis for increasing women's full and effective participation in economic life as well as in decision-making in domestic, political and public life. While improvements in labour force outcomes and the protections afforded to women therein will support the overall objectives of Goal 5, it is important to highlight the benefits to working women from concurrent gains in specific targets for Goal 5. Here, the adoption of stronger safeguards against exploitation will better protect young women and encourage increased labour market participation.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|women labour goal life afforded|9.403466|4.694711|6.3342447
9343|Also, a special regulation forbids new commercial salmonid aquaculture sites within designated national salmon fjords. The aim is to stimulate the municipal authorities to draft and update local development plans. In addition, municipal authorities were given powers to levy a property tax on farming facilities in seawater from 2009.|SDG 14 - Life below water|municipal authorities seawater salmon levy|0.14593928|6.019718|6.6216364
9344|Additionally, the aggregate effect of pursuing secondary' policy objectives on the public procurement system should be periodically assessed to address potential objective overload. The following examples do not provide an exhaustive list of measures employed by the countries. One approach is tasking suppliers to demonstrate their compliance with gender equality-related laws or requirements.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|periodically exhaustive pursuing procurement suppliers|9.652161|3.9819086|7.1834884
9345|These estimates translate into roughly 605 million, 260 million and 688 million children under age 15, respectively. The relationship between food insecurity and poverty, and well-being varies by region, demonstrating that definitions of food insecurity depend on regional context, and encompass more than monetary poverty alone. Finally, correlations of food insecurity and income per capita between 2006 and 2015, show that some regions were harder hit by the shocks in food prices and the Great Recession than others. In addition, further research on how food insecurity differs between children and adults will be important for future efforts to address and reduce child hunger.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity food million correlations children|4.5038953|5.7174215|4.6646986
9346|The report focuses on both challenges and opportunities for the industry, and outlines relevant measures and future policy. In recent years, focus has been on environmental interactions, reduction of fish diseases and development of new species for farming. Marketing research on aquaculture species and food quality control will be important in the years ahead. Farming of marine species is developing, though a great effort still has to be put in to scientific and developing activities to establish a commercial industry.|SDG 14 - Life below water|species farming industry developing years|0.21211624|5.978861|6.4514804
9347|I show that female educational attainment has surpassed, or is about to surpass, male educational attainment in most industrialized countries. These gaps reflect male overrepresentation among secondary school drop-outs and female overrepresentation among tertiary education students and graduates. Existing evidence suggests that this pattern is a result of a combination of increasing returns to education and lower female effort costs of education. A widening gender gap in education combined with recent wage and employment polarization will likely lead to widening inequalities and is linked to declining male labor force participation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|male widening female education attainment|9.284082|4.269404|5.8327703
9348|All efforts should be made to include key gender issues in the report itself, as well as in its summary. Moreover, considering that the report is likely to serve as the basis for follow-up actions, this gender-specific analysis is instrumental in supporting efforts and tailored initiatives aimed at promoting victims' access to justice and effective remedies. This would include the establishment of special protection units and gender desks in police stations, etc.; See Guidance Noleof ttaSecTeiaryGeneral' Reparations (or Conflict-related Sexual Violence, June 2014.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender efforts report remedies include|10.00846|4.9546866|7.627166
9349|Although most of Brazil’s soybean production is for export markets, domestic demand for crush is expected to continue increasing. Demand for crush is expected to grow by around 2.3% per annum during the period so that by the end of the projection period, demand for crush is expected to reach almost 47.1 Mt, some 27% above the base period (Figure 2.9). Higher crush results in higher protein meal production which grows to 39 Mt in 2024. Most of the additional production stays at home to feed the pork and poultry sectors with feed use increasing by 4.9% per annum to more than 27 Mt, some 66% higher than the base.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|mt annum expected period demand|3.7214208|5.105287|4.1627398
9350|In Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, the increase in forest cover also has contributed to the increase in forest biomass stock. In Finland, even though forest cover decreased slightly between 1990 and 2010, annual increment in growing stock was far greater than annual harvest and thus the net annual increment was positive and overweighed the biomass removal due to decrease in forest cover. It is projected that in all Nordic countries and thus in the whole Nordic region, the forest biomass will continue to increase steadily until 2050.23 This corresponds to the fact that the net annual increment in forest growing stock will be positive in the Nordic countries in coming decades. Finland and Norway forest growing stock data are available already from mid 1920ies corresponding to the beginning of forest inventory in these countries.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest increment stock annual biomass|1.1976118|4.5519|3.9034376
9351|It also takes into consideration the role of ICTs in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this document, e-sustainability refers to the broader issues of using ICTs for sustainable development, but recognizes the urgent priority of dealing with climate change in order to achieve sustainable development. An outline for a sustainable e-strategy - Sweden and a central issue forthe future. Saving the climate @ the speed of light.|SDG 13 - Climate action|icts sustainable forthe outline climate|4.3341|3.1917956|2.0086093
9352|In 2015, the degree of self-sufficiency increased to 24% and then decreased to 22% in 2016. Import prices for fish and fisheries products further increased in comparison with previous years whilst export prices slightly decreased. The dominance of import trade in supplying the market with fisheries products is reflected in a negative trade balance (EUR -2.4 million) which grew 4% between 2015 and 2016.|SDG 14 - Life below water|import decreased fisheries products prices|0.43968627|5.9459724|6.760785
9353|This helps avoid reaching the final stages of a project that citizens do not support or recognise as their own. Akims and senior public managers should express at the outset commitment to the process and the principles of the purpose and scope of the exercise. One way to start would be by understanding what people value about the city and engaging on these terms. It is recommended that akims and senior officials from different levels of government engage in regular discussions about the process.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|akims senior process outset express|3.7845495|5.3661265|1.763439
9354|As a result, while Korea had one of the widest proboy gender gaps in 2012, girls outperformed boys in 2015, although the difference was not statistically significant. Colombia had the widest pro-boy mathematics gender gap of all PISA-participating countries/economies in 2012, but was able to close it significantly -even among the country’s highest-achieving students. While boys’ performance remained stable between 2012 and 2015, girls did 20 points better on average, with the highest-achieving improving by 28 points.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|widest boys achieving girls points|9.655051|2.4385738|3.6357589
9355|The Sustainable Development Goal 3 is also aimed at strengthening the capacity of all countries, particularly developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction, and management of national and global health risks (target 3.d). However, in the efforts to achieve this Goal and its related targets, there are a number of challenges associated with the means of implementations, as the existing institutional arrangements may be inadequate in providing an enabling environment for diverse organizations to cooperate each other. The issue of global health governance is also relevant in the Asia-Pacific region where the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in 2009-2010, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2015 were health security threats.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|syndrome respiratory goal health influenza|8.3642|8.938952|3.0614676
9356|The table below illustrates how different established pedagogies tend to lead to different kinds of learning experiences. Combining pedagogies which share common practices can help reduce the trade-offs of using too many pedagogies. For example, in a school where students are practiced in inquiry-based learning, teachers might feel more confident in combining his approach with challenges or complex projects, knowing that students are competent at managing their own learning. Studying common combinations of pedagogies can help to identity those practices which are common to several pedagogies, such as presentations of learning, or student self-assessment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogies learning common combining practices|8.767075|1.4741215|1.8039877
9357|The Government of Argentina regards the software sector as a value added service export as well as of strategic importance to the country.lt is working on promoting the industry in close partnership with the private sector to provide a more enabling environment. After a significant devaluation of the peso in 2002, exports surged from 17 per cent to 26 per cent of total software sales, with exports valued at $775 million in 2011. During the same period, the number of people working in the sector rose from 20,000 to 56,000 people.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|software exports sector devaluation working|4.9993296|4.4644794|3.7282135
9358|When a girl is married, she is less likely to go to, or complete, school or travel freely outside of her home alone; more likely to be subjected to gender-based violence; and less likely to know about her body and rights. Her limited mobility, schooling and knowledge in turn reinforce and perpetuate gender inequality. This trend towards fewer children has had a number of benefits for women in particular, including better health for both themselves and their children, greater educational attainment, increased participation in paid employment, and improvements in how women and girls themselves are viewed and valued by society and within their households (Stoebenau and others, 2013). In many settings, this has formed part of a virtuous circle of empowerment, where greater access to reliable ways of controlling fertility has enabled an expansion of rights in other areas, which in turn has further contributed to their ability to fully exercise their reproductive rights. Such gender norms shape and reinforce social, legal and economic systems. These gender-unequal norms and attitudes are often used to rationalize control over womens sexuality and reproduction.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender reinforce rights likely norms|9.574818|5.1478763|6.6036654
9359|Similarly, the Green Climate Fund has developed an initial results management framework (2014). Although these fund level frameworks may not be directly applicable to national approaches to monitor and evaluate adaptation, they can inform partner countries’ domestic frameworks. For example, in Mozambique, the results framework for the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), under the Climate Investment Funds, has been used as a basis for developing the national monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation (IIED, 2013b).|SDG 13 - Climate action|framework climate frameworks fund adaptation|1.2988464|4.6749344|1.4015541
9360|In particular, it w'as argued that they have not been very demanding, and that negotiating and monitoring the Agreements was also a resource-intensive process. In contrast, empirical studies also showed that the full Levy, but not the Agreement, w'as successful in promoting energy efficiency and innovation, suggesting that there is a case for the abolition of the latter. Below, three programmes are discussed: The Rural Energy for America Program (REAP), EQIP and the Water and Waste Disposal Program. In addition, REAP can no longer provide funding for feasibility study grants, nor for blender pumps due to the exclusion of retail energy-delivery mechanisms in the modified definition of “renewable energy system”. Councils (i.e. non-profit entities or affiliates) are now eligible to apply for energy audit and renewable energy development assistance grants. Although the programme’s funding is reduced to USD 50 million in mandatory funding and USD 20 million in discretionary funding per fiscal year from 2014 through 2018, the programme continues to provide assistance to agricultural producers and small businesses in rural areas for adopting renewable energy and improving energy efficiency.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy funding reap renewable program|2.1186867|2.450481|2.3377833
9361|This is especially important for management of the environment, for transportation issues, and for labour market developments that affect commuting patterns. Competition among areas for economic development opportunities is also an emerging challenge. Stronger relations are considered necessary with the nearby territories of the South Loire, like Cap Atlantique, Pont-Chateau, and other EPCI surrounding the Nantes Metropole, in order to better manage relationships among territories.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|territories pont metropole nantes nearby|3.8480232|5.8398595|1.7176999
9362|A number of programmes were implemented under the AgriRecovery framework to assist producers in dealing with the impacts of flooding, drought and disease that had hit producers in parts of Canada. The new rules for PROCAMPO were published in April 2009 with three main changes. First the rate of payments was made more progressive from 2009, providing higher payment rates for smaller farmers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|producers hit dealing april flooding|1.2376122|6.687588|3.083158
9363|Educational or learning accounts can be a means to help achieve this objective (OECD, 2005), but tax incentives need to be designed in such a way that they do not disproportionally benefit higher-wage earners in high marginal tax rates. Globalisation and technological changes offer opportunities but also raise challenges that can be tackled with effective and well-targeted policies. Regulatory reforms can be designed in such a way that they make markets more efficient and encourage employment while reducing inequalities at the same time. Labour market and social policies also need to be adapted to changing household structures.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|designed tax disproportionally way tackled|7.1642637|4.7469425|4.182787
9364|The Prosperity Outcomes include measures of academic performance, educational attainment, attitudes towards school and learning, and health and well-being. Foundations for Success, cumulative development and institutional selection. The Foundations for Success are described below, while a description of the other processes and the effects associated with each of the processes along the Educational Prosperity pathway are available in Annex 5.A1. For example, from age 2 to age 5, children's development is affected by parents' engagement with the child and intra-family relations, as well as by the quality of care at home and in early childhood centres.|SDG 4 - Quality education|prosperity foundations success processes educational|9.120597|2.604289|2.6342878
9365|Of course, the electricity sector is supposed to carry an important share of the effort to reach the objective of limiting the rise in temperatures to 2°C. According the IEA’s World Energy Outlook, the electricity sector would contribute 71% of the global effort to bring the energy sector in line with the 2DS and 55% at the level of OECD countries. The figures cited by Kuik et al. (|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|effort sector electricity supposed energy|1.4016298|2.78288|2.0814102
9366|Worse, they often violate the rights of more disadvantaged social groups. The process of translation—of rights into policies and of policies into real changes in women's lives—has been extremely uneven around the world.76 How can human rights be used to create the kind of States that respect, protect and fulfil human rights, and women's rights in particular? This creates the possibility for advocates to campaign for measures to support the realization of women's rights even in non-democratic or weakly democratic political systems. In the process by which States compile their national reports for the CEDAW Committee, for example, women's rights advocates have the opportunity to prepare their own shadow reports, to comment on the official government report and to campaign for greater policy attention.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights advocates campaign women democratic|9.902487|4.8279724|7.4174466
9367|"This could be promoted, for instance, through in-kind microgrants of electrical equipment for use in economic activities for which there is local demand (UNCTAD, 2015a). Proactive support of rural firms and cooperatives embarking on the processing of agricultural crops could, for example, enhance local value addition, while simultaneously creating that ""anchor load” which generates substantial electricity demand, increasing the viability of mini-grids. While electricity is the most versatile form of energy, most of the energy services it provides can also be furnished — albeit in some cases imperfectly — by alternative energy sources: mechanical power by wind or flowing water, lighting by kerosene, product and space heating by biomass, and even product cooling by evaporation fridges."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy product electricity anchor kerosene|2.118051|2.1296904|2.4757006
9368|So absolute poverty lines calculated in this way already encompass part of relative needs. The extent to which the results differ will depend on how, and how often, the thresholds are updated. Poverty is deprivation in dimensions that are indispensable for meeting basic needs and for enabling people to function.|SDG 1 - No poverty|indispensable needs poverty encompass thresholds|6.43519|6.2149568|5.041442
9369|A similar approach is used to compare overall emissions along different paths representative of different technologies. For instance, ethanol production in Brazil currently uses one unit of fossil energy to produce nine units of renewable energy. Ethanol therefore currently has a 10 per cent fossil fuel energy “content”, most of which corresponds to the diesel used to transport the sugar cane from the fields to the mill. If ethanol was used as a transportation fuel, that fossil content would be virtually eliminated.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ethanol fossil content used energy|1.5861461|2.9308085|2.7630942
9370|A main objective of legislation is thus to achieve a good water status for all areas by 2015. The policy will be finalised in early 2011. Although there is no specific climate change adaptation plan for the tourism sector, most of the sectors that are key to tourism growth and development have in place, or at the development stage, strategies and action plans relevant to climate change adaptation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|tourism adaptation finalised climate change|1.3841162|4.847276|1.7383232
9371|However, incomes of the richest decile contracted before the crisis and during its earlier phase but then grew between 2010 and 2013.This illustrates the differential impact of the recent economic crisis along the income distribution: while the lowest incomes were protected, the middle lost a lot of ground and the top did better at the end of the crisis than before the crisis. Scandinavian countries tend to combine lower exit and entry rates, while Southern and Eastern European countries tend to have higher rates of both exit and entry. Household-level income events, i.e. relative growth in employee earnings, are found to be the most important predictors of transitions into and out of poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|crisis exit entry incomes tend|7.091921|5.7835536|4.9954033
9372|In particular, new targets to enhance nature protection in forests should be set as part of the overriding objective of establishing and maintaining the Natura 2000 network. This includes nature protection on Natura 2000 sites of public and private forests, as well as in forests that are outside the network but contribute to its effective functioning (e.g. ecological corridors, edge habitats). More needs to be done to align legislation, particularly through major revision of the Spatial Planning Act and updating of the Nature Conservation and Forest acts. Amendment of the Spatial Planning Act should aim to correct the land use imbalance between forestry, nature and agriculture by making local land use plans binding and including Natura 2000 provisions in them. Co-ordination is overseen by the undersecretary of state/chief nature conservator and the Department of Forestry and Nature Conservation. The MoE also supervises the LP and national parks, which have their own administrations.|SDG 15 - Life on land|nature natura forests forestry spatial|1.5323343|4.9421296|3.9659758
9373|The result has been a pronounced postponement of first births and a higher rise in childlessness than in most European countries (Burh and Huinink, 2015). However, patterns differ between the eastern and western German Lander. In the east, the increase in women’s education did not considerably affect completed fertility which remained stable across generations up to those bom in the 1960s, while in the western Lander, the lack of support for the work-family balance contributed to falling birth rates across all generations. In particular, women who engage in a full-time career in Germany are much more likely to remain childless than in France, while mothers are much more likely to work part-time and for particularly short hours (20 or less per week).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lander generations western childless likely|9.233124|5.259021|5.4106536
9374|By 1989,55% of immigrant students in Hauptschulen were in such classes, which were formally abolished in 1995 (Glenn and de Jong, 1996). An analysis of 108 primary school catchment areas in four districts showed that one out of five schools enrolled twice as many students with immigrant backgrounds than lived in the area. This is a consequence of parents circumventing official primary school assignment and schools offering ways, such as separate classes based on parent choice of religious or foreign language instruction, to attract native students and better teachers (Fincke and Lange, 2012; Open Society Justice Initiative, 2013). It maintained the Gymnasien, which selected 60% of their students, with an extra 10% reserved for siblings, leaving 30% selected by lottery (Basteck et al, 2015).|SDG 4 - Quality education|students classes immigrant selected schools|9.895031|2.5523694|2.6389923
9375|In particular, the creation of the “MP2013” label (Marseille Provence 2013) through the creation of an association at the metropolitan scale was a key building block and helped develop collaborative projects that reached beyond initial cultural objectives to such areas as uiban transport, environment and economic development. The results of the European Capital of Culture 2013 largely exceeded initial expectations, with more than 10 million visitors and around EUR 600 million estimated economic spillover effects. In December 2006, an association “Marseille Provence 2013” was set up and the project w’as selected by a European juty in September 2008. The association MP2013 covers 97 municipalities, mainly from the 6 inter-municipal authorities (etablissements publics de cooperation intercommunale).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|association initial creation european publics|3.7956545|5.2438817|1.4921577
9376|The EPPE study concluded that what parents do is much more important for children’s development than who they are, in terms of socio-economic status, education levels, and racial and linguistic backgrounds. When children’s early development has not progressed well in the initial years, ECEC can be effective in helping children to get back on track in their development, especially in key areas such as language. In addition, ECEC can assist children to develop other key skills such as self-regulation, empathy, trust in others, prosocial skills, gross and fine motor skills and early numeracy (OECD, forthcoming).|SDG 4 - Quality education|children ecec skills early empathy|9.325001|2.7185519|1.941524
9377|The role of central government is somewhat “minor” in federal countries that transferred most water competences to sub-national governments such as the United States (Box 5.1) or Belgium, where water responsibilities are so scattered across states or regions that it is almost impossible to capture a “national institutional mapping”. This indicator helps “measure” the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities, based on the assumption that the more actors there are, the more “complex” the situation is. But it has to be analysed in light of the governance tools adopted to overcome such complexity.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|responsibilities scattered states competences minor|1.2435331|7.1603236|1.5210674
9378|Though far from the only lever, funding flows have a significant influence on the shape of health systems and services, and could be exploited more in Wales. Some targeted funding has been put in place for 2015-16: GBP 30 million of hypothecated funding to develop primary care services across Wales, and GBP 20 million to take forward projects funded by the Intennediate Care Fund this year that have proven to be effective across community and acute environments, linking out-of-hospital care and social care to strengthen the resilience of the unscheduled care system. Pushing beyond this, Wales could consider commitments or concrete ambitions such as setting an expectation that a certain percentage of Health Board spending be shifted out of hospitals and secondary care and towards primary care in the next 5-10 years, or pushing for minimum investment levels from Health Board financial planning in primary and community care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care wales pushing gbp funding|8.991948|9.051479|1.7368318
9379|Some countries are currently undergoing this process and are developing tools and approaches to put this into practice. Box 2.5 provides an overview of the prioritisation process used by Ethiopia in the development of its plan (and see Chapter 5). Vulnerability to climate change can be different according to age, gender and ethnicity, and these perspectives need to be brought into the decision-making process.|SDG 13 - Climate action|process undergoing prioritisation ethnicity perspectives|1.2727453|4.597259|1.570469
9380|It starts by reviewing the current state of low-income families, how they have changed over recent decades and the factors that have driven these changes. It then looks at the influence that policy has had on low-income families and at variations across countries, examining the role of taxes and transfers, institutions, and policies towards families with children. It then looks at three specific issues for poor families: the persistence of poverty, the experience of young people, and migration.|SDG 1 - No poverty|families looks starts reviewing persistence|7.301571|6.102139|5.0043607
9381|On average, a 1% drop in GDP corresponded with a 1.38% drop in health expenditure (Figure 1). However, health care expenditure fell by more than that in countries such as Greece and Ireland and less in countries such as Iceland, Slovenia and Hungary. A further predictor of cuts was the rate of health care expenditure growth prior to the crisis. Countries with higher rates of growth before the crisis tended to have bigger falls in health spending after the crisis.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expenditure crisis health drop corresponded|8.697151|8.919483|2.6268954
9382|Attendance improved and negative behaviour decreased from one year to the next. In addition, teachers felt that all students were more engaged when assistive technology was used for whole class instruction.2'18 This approach can be used in small groups, pairs or individually with a touch screen laptop. However, it was felt that the 'challenges' lie with the educators - to design pedagogical practice, classrooms and school communities that reach and teach all students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|felt screen pairs students touch|8.828854|1.6486138|2.0915773
9383|The key challenges are the high upfront cost, particularly in the case of thermal storage systems and dry clean technology; the lack of national expertise (know-how is limited to a certain number of companies in Europe and the United States); the need to develop Solar Atlas; and a monopoly in manufacturing some ofthe main components of the solar field. Given these challenges, photovoltaic technology could be an attractive option to CSP technologies. The mean annual global solar radiation for Al Khor was 1,858 KWh/m2yr in 1987. Because of possible fluctuations in solar irradiance, a backup solution exists for electric generation, using molten salt storage units to store heat for later use.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|solar storage technology atlas challenges|1.5631377|1.846371|2.5164053
9384|The wages of health care professionals are low by international comparison. In 2009, as multiples of the average wage, the wages of GPs (1.4), specialists (1.6) and hospital nurses (0.8) were among the lowest in the OECD. The share of physicians aged over 55 was around 40% in 2009, well above the OECD average of around 30% (Figure 4.8). The OECD aggregate is an unweighted average of data for 27 OECD countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|oecd average wages unweighted gps|9.1382475|8.976208|2.246994
9385|Epidemics such as measles and poliomyelitis and the limited response by the health care system are worsening the situation. Health indicators even improved during the 1980s; the infant mortality declined from 80 per 1,000 live births in 1979 to 40 in 1989, and the under-5 mortality rate fell from 120 to 60 per 1,000 live births.21 International sanctions imposed during the 1980s and the consequent economic development rollback, however, took a toll on the health system and health outcomes. Life expectancy at birth and health-adjusted life expectancy did not improve among young people between 1990 and 2010.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health births expectancy mortality live|8.920703|8.598239|3.4128876
9386|Employment rates for Norway supplied by Statistics Norway. On average, German mothers would rather their partners worked approximately five hours less per week, w'hile fathers w'ould like to see their partners work three hours fewer per week (Chapter 4 offers a more detailed discussion of German fathers’ relatively long - and German mothers’ relatively short - working hours). These different gender preferences hold true for all countries but are more pronounced in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom than, for instance, in Denmark, France or Sweden, where support systems facilitate fathers and mothers to realise w'orking hours in a less constrained manner. Promoting a better reconciliation of work and family life can deliver a double dividend to the German labour market: it will help the German labour market both in the short term - as more mothers work and/or work longer paid hours - and potentially limit the decline of the overall population, by promoting higher birth rates.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|german hours mothers fathers work|9.209303|5.2030177|5.313192
9387|This suggests that additional measures are needed to achieve a lasting increase in lone parent labour market participation. For Australia, there are useful insights to gain both from countries with a similar stance and those w'ith a markedly different approach. Australia, together with Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, had lone mother employment rates of below 50% in the early 2000s (see Figure 1.9).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|lone australia stance markedly lasting|7.6637073|5.9336076|5.1830983
9388|At the same time, agricultural productivity growth must be supported by agricultural research and extension that is relevant and accessible also for small-scale farmers. Social protection programmes can play a key role in helping farmers and rural residents to cope with shocks and invest in productive activities and human resources. Finally, implementing policies aimed at promoting youth employment in rural areas as well as employability of youth through education and training is particularly important from a migration perspective. Strengthening the forward and backward linkages between agriculture and the broader food system is essential to increasing agricultural productivity and creating broader market integration opportunities for smallholder farmers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farmers agricultural youth broader productivity|4.3131223|5.4002137|3.8029082
9389|The overall contraceptive use has stood at around 50 per cent since the last decade. The policy on paper appears to be ideal, however, it has faced major setbacks during various stages of being implemented. Women completely rely on publicly supported services, but in the absence of adequate and quality family planning services, they forgo the use of contraceptives. As a result, more than half of the women receive services from private providers, which are not cost effective, and thus cost has become one of the major barriers in use of family planning methods.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|services use setbacks family planning|9.432371|5.84998|6.199387
9390|Decentralized sustainable energy projects based on solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind-electric or micro-hydroelectric simple technologies are sufficient to provide lighting and electricity for basic appliances, and power for small-scale productive activities such as electric fencing, water pumping, irrigation and ice-making (see section D and table 2 below). This means that decentralized renewable energy units can provide a cost-effective solution to quickly improve social and employment opportunities in isolated poor rural areas (World Bank, 2008b). Since the units are not connected to the main national grid, there is no new demand on what is typically an already stretched national installed supply capacity. This can significantly shorten the time frame for implementation of rural electrification projects.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|decentralized electric units projects rural|2.1563292|1.9016296|2.5058053
9391|Monitoring and oversight mechanisms are not systematic and can be strengthened. Gender equality related reforms and good governance collectively reinforce each other. Planning and implementation of gender equality' reforms will only succeed if there are sound planning, monitoring and implementation processes for the public sector at large.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reforms equality monitoring planning implementation|9.956077|4.154174|7.382746
9392|We also estimate an ordered logistic regression model on the same explanatory variables using the cumulative number of deprivations as a dependent variable. Children are the unit of analysis and the models are estimated for each country separately. Included as household characteristics are household size (and squared size), household demographic composition, tenure status of dwelling (owned or rented), work intensity status of the household and the household’s income poverty status (for indicators of multidimensional poverty only).|SDG 1 - No poverty|household status size logistic squared|6.941858|6.4855065|5.1915445
9393|Introduces requirement for water prices to reflect costs. Requires riparian states to co-operate in the management of transboundary river basins.______________________ Sets criteria to assess groundwater chemical status and to identify pollution trends. Commission comprised of: (a) Conference of Heads of State and Government (b) Council of Ministers; (c) Technical Advisory Committee; (d) Sectoral Advisory Committees; (e) Secretariat. Establishes the Indus Basin Development Fund Establishes supplemental contributions to the Fund. International Water Law Project (http://intemationalwaterlaw.org/documentsL Lake Chad Basic Commission Perspectives (www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/cblt.htm~): Mekong River Commission (www.mrcmekong.org~): Nile Basin Initiative (www.nilebasin.org/newsite): Organization for the Development of Senegal River (www.omvs.org/fr/omvs/Dresentation.php): Office International De L’eau (www.oieau.fr/spip.php7articlel 181): Institute For Water And Watersheds -Oregon State University (www.transboundarvwaters.orst.edu/database/interfreshtreatdata.html): International Joint Commission Canada-US (www.iic.org/en/background/iic cmi nature.htm) and Pakistan.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|www org commission river htm|0.8659865|7.169349|1.7652663
9394|The in 2014 established REC, which brings together different stakeholders, could be strengthened further to take up this role of platform for information sharing and co-operation. The REC could be further developed to take on this role. While educational attainment has been on the rise in France, a significant share of students still leave education without upper secondary degree. While the share of early leavers from education and training in France declined from 12.7% in 2010 to 8.9% in 2016, it remains high compared to many other European countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|france leavers share role brings|9.192717|2.3620882|2.9129379
9395|Persons with between seven and nine years of schooling have a poverty rate similar to the average. Predictably, the percentage of poor persons is higher among the unemployed than among the employed and the economically inactive. Moreover, among the employed, the poverty rate is lower for wage earners than for own-account workers, who in several countries have a similar poverty rate to that of the economically inactive population. This raises the question of whether the public policies for poverty alleviation are placing sufficient emphasis on the achievement of minimum standards. A broader look at poverty, including deficiencies in spheres such as social protection and income, explores the relationship between different dimensions of deprivation. In particular, it explores conceptually and empirically different dimensions, thresholds and ways of adding dimensions in order to advance towards the construction of a relevant multidimensional poverty index that can be applied throughout the region.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty dimensions inactive explores rate|6.610274|6.3264728|5.0870605
9396|For health, the NDOH submits its business plans (including new bids) to the National Treasury, with the nine provincial health departments submitting business plans to their corresponding provincial treasuries. Initial negotiations then take place. For health, bilateral meetings between National Treasury and senior health officials are held, with equivalent meetings held between provincial treasury and provincial health departments, to discuss whether programmes are adequately funded.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|provincial treasury health meetings departments|8.831252|8.8847275|2.0322466
9397|The challenges are due at least in part to the centralised administrative and financial system in Chile. Local governments in Chile depend largely on central government transfers and have limited sources of own-revenue, leaving few resources available for additional investment measures. Only the wealthier localities can afford to use their own-source revenue to invest in local economic development initiatives (OECD, 2009).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|revenue chile wealthier localities local|4.1773157|5.705245|1.8766732
9398|The private sector generally supports service delivery and fundraising. In some countries, the private sector is at the early stages of development, while it has expanded considerably elsewhere (Cercone, 2005). Reversing this trend and implementing the mechanisms needed to contain the growing system costs are the main challenges facing Caribbean countries in terms of equity and access to health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|reversing private sector contain facing|8.616576|8.660482|2.1279976
9399|At the same time, the less dispersed wages among union members indicate that such extensions may be associated with lower earnings inequality. While empirical evidence also suggests that centralised as opposed to intermediate wage bargaining might be beneficial for both employment and income equality, the level of bargaining is not under the immediate influence of policy makers. These labour market effects have implications for income inequality: the lower employment rate is likely to be associated with higher income inequality, whereas the more compressed wage distribution - to the extent that unemployment benefits are progressive or lower-income workers are more likely to receive them - has the opposite effect.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality income bargaining lower wage|7.3982024|4.686471|4.475107
9400|This article reflects on the capacity of bilateral, regional and multilateral trade policy to manage sustainable fisheries effectively. Upon reflection what becomes apparent is the requirement for better synergies and coherence amongst these levels of trade policy making in order to promote global sustainable fisheries management more effectively. Many other countries within the membership have large maritime zones.|SDG 14 - Life below water|effectively fisheries trade sustainable maritime|0.055404533|5.6280603|6.6730337
9401|The programme dates back to the 1990s and is one of the few types of direct support that has been in place since the early period of independence. The programme covers a wide range of crops, including cereals and pulses, soybeans, sunflower, other oilseeds, potatoes, perennial grasses, annual grasses, sugar beet, cotton, fruits and grapes. Costs of producing or purchasing seeds 40% of costs are compensated per tonne of seeds, provided based on the rates set per tonne.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|tonne seeds sunflower potatoes perennial|3.7849262|5.119868|3.8414855
9402|When fisheries managers are unable to set or enforce restrictions on fishing that would ensure sustainable exploitation of the resource, the problem lies in the ability of institutions to take all forms of information into account in decision making, the influence of pressure groups and election cycles and a lack of useful feedback when bad outcomes occur. When scientific information is uncertain or not trusted, it can be replaced by negotiation. Some governance structures are more adapted than others to take the long-term view' that is essential for sustainable exploitation of the resource.|SDG 14 - Life below water|exploitation resource sustainable bad election|-0.16109939|5.7161055|6.6329308
9403|The education system has a number of features that promote equity, including a high proportion of students enrolled in early childhood education, low grade repetition and comprehensive schooling until age 16. Upper secondary graduation rates are high, as are enrolment rates for vocational education and training (VET), but dropout from VET is also high. Tertiary education is accessible to all, through policies such as a publicly funded grant and loan scheme. In the OECD Survey of Adult Skills, adults in Denmark demonstrate below-average literacy skills and above-average numeracy skills compared to the average across participating countries, with younger adults scoring around the average.|SDG 4 - Quality education|average vet education skills adults|9.036089|2.6990442|2.949233
9404|This provision has been severely criticised by social housing advocates for allowing well-off areas to escape their obligations, and many prosperous municipalities (such as Neuilly-sur-Seine) have taken advantage of it so far to resist the government’s efforts to make them increase their stock of social housing (Scanlon and Whitehead, 2011). In practice, social rental housing often concentrates low-income households in deprived urban neighbourhoods that offer low-quality public services and little access to job opportunities, which exacerbates urban social exclusion. In Chile, for example, areas identified for social housing construction were not always equipped with proper urban infrastructure, facilities or services and connectivity between social housing and job centres is often deficient (OECD, 2013e).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing social urban job seine|4.8033366|5.6075788|2.1477451
9405|This can be achieved through specific industrial technologies or environmentally friendly technology transfers, which affects the entire production structure and the individual production processes (Cantore and Padilla, 2010). The recycling of waste and materials, for example, is part of such a green technological process. By transferring the relevant technological innovations and the required knowledge to implement such processes, high-income countries can play a vital role in greening developing countries' industrialisation process (UNIDO, 2015). An additional advantage of such a strategy is the cost factor of input materials. This may serve as another driving force to switch towards more environment friendly technologies. Using input materials more efficiently while simultaneously reducing emissions benefits both the environment and the manufacturing firm in terms of costs (UNIDO, 2017a).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|materials unido friendly input technological|0.9810382|3.6659136|2.901735
9406|If it is high, then public policies designed to combat poverty based on economic growth will be more effective since, in this type of situation, boosting income will have a proportionally greater effect in terms of poverty reduction. On the other hand, if the coefficient of elasticity is low, the most appropriate poverty reduction strategies will be those that combine economic growth with some type of income redistribution (Marinho and Araujo, 2010). Their results indicate that, if the income level were to rise by 1 % in countries with low levels of inequality, the poverty rate would fall by 4.3%, whereas, in countries with high levels of inequality, the same increase in mean income would lead to a 0.6% drop in the poverty rate. They thus conclude that, in this latter case, growth has no more than a weak impact on poverty levels.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty income levels growth type|6.2925835|5.618103|4.9350014
9407|However, Belgium is an exception because short-time work was already being used quite extensively prior to the start of the crisis. This means that the jobs impact of crisis-related short-time work in Belgium may be overestimated substantially. Unfortunately, it is not straightforward to correct for this as this would require detailed data on take-up during the pre-crisis period which are not available for most countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|crisis belgium short overestimated extensively|7.7764006|4.536415|4.1480184
9408|Specifically, Goal 11 recognizes the role cities play in climate change through several targets including Targets 11.2,11.5,11.b, 11.C. Latest data indicates that cities are major contributors to climate change as they account for between 60 and 80% of energy consumption and generate more than 70% of all greenhouse gases emissions, waste and air pollution but they are also highly vulnerable to natural disasters. The NDCs place an emphasis on climate actions that are mainly connected to urban planning, transportation and early-warning systems. In general, urbanization features in about 70% of the submitted NDCs (113 out of 164), demonstrating the linkages between urbanization and climate change actions.”' The strong connection between NDCs and SDG 11 is crucial for achieving the 2030 Agenda and the success of the Paris agreement, making the two initiatives inter-dependent.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ndcs climate urbanization change actions|3.4799469|4.8918843|1.7366129
9409|This is not to disregard the fact that various disabilities introduce a degree of dependence in people’s lives. The idea is to seek, within that reality, a care relationship in which persons with disabilities have the greatest possible capacity to make decisions on matters that affect them, plan and lead their lives with as much freedom and dignity as possible, and be seen and heard as they are and in their demands for proper treatment. These changes are also making it increasingly unreasonable and highly questionable that the unpaid work performed by women in the household continues to form the backbone of care provision. The roles of the State, the market and the family and community in care provision urgently need to be rebalanced.|SDG 1 - No poverty|disabilities lives care provision possible|9.019898|5.2074094|6.075882
9410|This influence is very large in South European countries and in Luxembourg (Causa and Johansson, 2010). More generally, the correlation between parents’ earnings and children’s earnings attributable to educational attainment is very high in Italy, the United States and the United Kingdom and quite low in Nordic countries (D’Addio, 2007). In Turkey, Chile and Estonia, by contrast, the skills of students are relatively homogenous. Skills inequalities can be decomposed into within-schools and between-schools differences.|SDG 4 - Quality education|earnings schools homogenous decomposed johansson|9.219614|2.7416735|3.1337311
9411|Forest research stations have been attached to them. Public expenditure on forest education has been increasing in recent years and reached PLN 25 million in 2012. This is done through forest district programmes for nature protection, which produce a companion report to the forest management plan that is unique in Europe (and probably in the world). Data provided by the forest district programmes are regularly used to update the inventory.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest district pln programmes attached|1.5247867|4.6803036|3.8529727
9412|These interviews also revealed other on-farm risk management practices that were not mentioned in the studies. For example, dairy farmers had developed emergency plans to deal with major disasters, including back-up power generating capacities to ensure that milking could continue and product spoilage minimised. To address risks of labour availability, farmers indicated they were increasing the degree of mechanisation in their operations and developing contingency strategies for unexpected interruptions in the availability of labour, including changes in the on-farm enterprise mix. Thus, irrigation and spraying against pests were identified as standard output risk strategies, and storage as a typical marketing strategy.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farm availability farmers strategies minimised|3.434712|5.5577245|3.8796303
9413|Comparisons are made across a range of OECD and non-OECD countries and between regions (municipalities) within the Russian Federation.24 The results in both dimensions suggest that there is substantial room for improving public expenditure efficiency. Comparisons with other countries suggest that the Russian Federation’s health outcomes are similar to those achieved by some countries which spend 30 to 40% less. The results on the basis of comparisons across regions/municipalities suggest that current health outcomes could also be produced with about two thirds of the present inputs if the less efficient regions were able to emulate the most efficient ones. Some regions have been more successful than others in achieving results even though the resources at their disposal have sometimes been more modest.25 Indeed, two World Bank demonstration regions (Voronezh and Chuvash Republic) appear to have had considerable success in improving health care supply and health outcomes demonstrating that there is considerable potential for higher performance (Box 3.1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|regions comparisons suggest health outcomes|8.798592|9.049258|2.3204985
9414|Section C analyses the electricity market in the region’s countries and the influence that the sector reforms implemented in the 1990s have had on its current configuration. The following section provides an overview of the transnational enterprises in the sector, their investment strategies in the region and the effect of the European and global situations. Section E analyses electric power generation from renewable sources, and particularly the exponential growth of wind power in Brazil, Mexico and other countries of the region. The final section sets forth a number of conclusions and analyses the policies implemented by the countries of the region to develop the sector in accordance with the multiple objectives mentioned above.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|section analyses region sector implemented|2.088122|1.8759431|2.1608825
9415|This is particularly the case for industries in which embedded software plays a prominent role such as automotive, robotics, mobile phone, household appliances, etc., Consumers can have a vision of overall supply and demand and of their electricity consumption in real time and thus adjust their consumption based on price signals. For the electricity provider, the smart grid allows operators to stabilise demand by monitoring and influencing consumption in real time either through technical intervention or variable demand-based pricing.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|consumption demand real electricity robotics|1.8183839|1.4680032|1.9811306
9416|The Declaration outlines the following five fundamental principles for making aid more effective. During the Busan 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (2011) climate finance in the context of development co-operation was outlined as a priority for effective international development. In particular, to “Continue to support national climate change policy and planning as an integral part of developing countries’ overall national development plans, and ensure that -where appropriate - these measures are financed, delivered and monitored through developing countries’ systems in a transparent manner”18.|SDG 13 - Climate action|aid development effective busan developing|1.9179312|4.221372|1.2181121
9417|This requires health providers to critically reflect on whether policies and practices promote or compromise indigenous health and well-being. Indigenous peoples should not be a passive consumer of health care, but rather an active partner in the development of high quality of care, that ensure good health outcomes for indigenous peoples in the circumpolar areas. State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Pepole 2013.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indigenous health peoples circumpolar compromise|9.621063|8.260976|3.328104
9418|Women tend to marry into the husband’s family, leaving behind their own family to live with the in-laws. After the death of the husband, they also, in a sense, become internally displaced persons. Unofficial polygamy in such post-conflict societies is spreading more rapidly as widows have to become second wives to survive and protect themselves and their children.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|husband polygamy unofficial widows family|9.435434|5.264572|7.0234447
9419|"The World Bank and UN-Habitat have defined a cut-off point at which owner-occupied or rental housing is deemed unaffordable, which has been used for tracking housing affordability over time as part of the agency’s Urban Indicators Programme. Housing is generally deemed affordable when a household spends less than 30 pet cent of their income on housing-related expenses, such as mortgage repayments (owners), rent payments(renters), and direct operational expenses such as taxes, insurance and service payments. Except for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), all subregions with significant slum prevalence recorded higher slum growth than the global urban population change average, with the highest rates recorded in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) at 3.9 per cent and South-East Asia at 3.0 per cent.""'"|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing slum deemed expenses cent|4.547725|5.21425|2.3423536
9420|This includes setting up of legal aid centres that assist in fighting workplace sexual harassment, the publication and distribution of newspapers, and the establishment of a women’s centre that provides legal education, medical assistance, small credit and skills training. This challenges the traditional definitions of labour issues or workplace politics (Baskin, 1991). When achieving leadership positions, women’s participation in trade unions tends to be limited to ‘women’s issues’ and women are excluded from participating in ‘hard core issues’ that require collective bargaining agreements with employers and governments.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women workplace issues legal fighting|9.51711|4.5497527|6.261589
9421|At the same time, possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in cross-sectoral public services may be lost, and sub-national development adversely impacted. The policy gap therefore refers to a lack of policy coherence at central government level, which is a condition for better cross-sector co-ordination at the sub-national level. A primary concern is the lack of information to guide decision makers in the water sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cross sub lack maximising adversely|1.3280437|7.1186523|1.4572879
9422|Among the countries that practice grade repetition and that have relevant data available, in Estonia, Iceland, Ireland and Israel, the direct and opportunity costs of using grade repetition for one age group can be as low as 0.5% or less of the annual national expenditure on primary- and secondary-school education - or between USD 9 300 and USD 35 100 per repeater (Figure 4.2 and OECD, 2013a, Table IV.1.6). In Belgium and the Netherlands, the cost is equivalent to 10% or more of the annual national expenditure on primary and secondary education - or as high as USD 48 900 or more per repeater. These estimates are based on the assumption that students who repeat grades attain lower secondary education, at most. As individual schools receive their funding in relation to the number of students enrolled, they do not have to absorb those increased costs or bear the opportunity costs of lost output (Field, Kuczera and Pont, 2007). By contrast, practices that can reduce the use of grade repetition, such as personalised and intensive intervention, very often have direct costs for schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|repetition grade costs usd secondary|9.41039|1.9384117|3.1463084
9423|Modem medicine has also been called mainstream medicine (MM), allopathic medicine, conventional medicine, modern medicine, orthodox medicine, traditional medicine. Western medicine or clinical medicine. It involves the approach to health care practiced in developed nations, based on scientific data for diagnosing and treating disease; MM assumes that all physiologic and pathological phenomena can be explained in concrete terms; MM tools include non-human model systems, blind studies and statistical analysis to ensure reproducible results.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicine mm diagnosing practiced orthodox|9.240818|9.206635|1.8971124
9424|In the United States, the high supply of cannabis is due to extensive illegal production within the country, large-scale smuggling from Mexico and large-scale production and diversion from states within the United States that allow cannabis production for nonmedical purposes and for medical cannabis programmes. Authorities of some states have complained of a spillover effect created in their territory by the diversion for trafficking purposes of cannabis from neighbouring states that have legalized the drug for non-medical purposes. United States authorities have also reported a 62 per cent increase in the number of cannabis-related emergency department visits between 2004 and 2011.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cannabis states purposes diversion united|8.301375|10.262448|3.5615861
9425|Countries have also developed specialised training and certification systems to seek efficiency gains through specialised cancer care delivery. In countries such as Sweden, cancer patients are treated at specialised institutions with both inpatient and outpatient facilities, often called comprehensive cancer centres, in which radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery are provided. These centres often facilitate the delivery of integrated care provided by diverse specialists to cancer patients and engage in extended research activities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer specialised patients delivery centres|9.264782|9.234246|2.0436616
9426|Speech at the launching event of the EC and the All Party Parliamentary Group on Climate Change Co-operation, London, 11 January; available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECFI/07/ 8&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en. Clean energy investment in developing countries: Wind power in Egypt. Winnipeg: USD; available at: www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/bali_2_copenhagen_egypt_wind.pdf.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|pdf en speech europa launching|1.2344781|3.6968424|1.4382955
9427|Renewable energy systems are increasingly being deployed to spread access to water in remote communities and simultaneously increase water availability for irrigation, with certain impacts on food security. In the same manner, renewable energy in urban settings enhances the resilience of urban water systems. Tapping into locally available energy resources is a remarkable way of reducing the costs of utilities and improving the reliability of water supply.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|water energy renewable tapping urban|1.5425783|6.9673448|2.5312414
9428|The FFRMC and LFRMC and the SC annually review and evaluate the progress of the ecosystem based FSRP and recommend any revisions or supplementary items for individual policy. First, while the conventional fisheries management policy does not have a clear goal of stock rebuilding, ecosystem based FSRP specifies the target fish stock recovery in policy. However, the new ecosystem based FSRP premises the voluntary participation of fishermen, allowing fishermen to voluntarily participate in setting up and executing the plan as well as making them responsible for the outcome. But ecosystem based FSRP requires an analysis on a management measures by species of fish, type of fisheries, and sea area before and after an operation so that fisheries management measures can be utilized more effectively. Accordingly, resource management also enforced measures for fishing effort for each fishery and technique restrictions instead of managing individual species separately.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ecosystem fishermen fisheries management based|-0.18968062|5.7933397|6.639725
9429|The reporting flexibility allowed for in individual Parties’ adaptation communications is likely to lead to differences in what is reported to the UNFCCC by Parties, and when. This might also make it difficult to use such information to track the progress towards the three individual aspects of the global adaptation goal agreed on in the Paris Agreement (i.e. enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing vulnerability). The typical characteristics of adaptation, which is context-specific, long-term and changing over time, can also impede such assessments - which may explain why assessments of the same issue done by different organisations in different ways can lead to such wide variations in results.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation assessments parties lead individual|1.0998616|4.752653|1.3808613
9430|Are the supportive policies adjusted in view of progress? This is all the more important given that renewable technologies have shown a high learning rate. During 2011, prices of PV modules dropped by another 45%, reaching USD 0.90/W installed at the start of 2012 (BNEF, 2012).20 Overall, this amounts to a 75% drop in prices since 2008 (UNEP FI, 2012). On the one hand, lower cost of production for clean technologies is an opportunity to increase the ambition of the overall long-term clean energy objectives.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|clean technologies prices overall fi|1.6458983|2.0545256|2.064917
9431|The focus is not about results or outcomes per se, but about the overall objectives and preconditions to effective climate finance that can be considered at different stages from the design to delivery of finance, at the international and national levels, as well as for programme and project-level activities. Through the use of semi-structured interview techniques across a sampling of diverse stakeholders in the climate finance arena, the authors consider perceptions about the relative importance and relevance of different principles and pre-conditions for success, to understand what supports effective climate finance outcomes. To date, there is not a commonly agreed definition of what constitutes “effective” climate finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate effective outcomes preconditions|1.8358535|4.1546164|1.1342533
9432|They focus on three objectives: i) to establish a clear, predictable and legitimate framework supported by competent and well-resourced authorities; ii) to ground the selection of PPPs in value for money; and iii) to use the budgetary process transparently to minimise fiscal risks and ensure the integrity of the procurement process. However, the lack of adequate planning for migration results in squatter settlements, slum areas, traffic congestion, urban poor and urban sprawl. Kazakhstan’s national and subnational authorities show little evidence that they have taken the necessary' steps to absorb newcomers into cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|authorities resourced process urban sprawl|4.472374|5.4723325|1.8343025
9433|Consequently, the oceans and resources therein are fundamental to the well-being of the Commonwealth. This is particularly so for the SIDS which may possibly not have other significant natural resources. Approximately 350 million jobs globally are linked to the oceans through fishing, aquaculture, coastal and marine tourism and research activities. Conversely, experts have issued a stark warning; if we continue on the current trajectory, only one third of the amount of fish available from capture fisheries in 1970 will still be available by 2050.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oceans stark trajectory available sids|0.17728364|5.7727532|6.0965757
9434|It has been estimated that 15% of the cost of treatment of diabetes in the United States is on nursing care due to kidney, retina and macula, neurologic and other complications (ujujurujorIddiabetesday.org; www.idf.org). In 2010, it was estimated that approximately 35 million people die every year from chronic life-limiting illnesses, of which less than 8% have access to LTC (Connor, 2010). Long-term care needs increase significantly with age, with typically around 50% of the population aged over 65 requiring some form of long-term care (Bulletin Luxembourgeois des Questions Sociales, 2005).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|org care kidney estimated ltc|9.226817|9.169605|2.5508316
9435|For example, in Nepal UNDP supported a cross-party women’s caucus that successfully built power and a common agenda around women’s rights in the Constituent Assembly from 2008 to 2013.118 However, its success was not long lasting, and the second Constituent Assembly, elected in 2013, abolished the caucus. In the eyes of the women involved in the caucus, this was because they had built up a solid power base, solidarity and a strong voice across party lines that threatened the leadership and status quo. Under the Soviet Union, women’s participation in labour markets and politics was equal to men’s participation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|caucus constituent assembly women party|10.426137|4.4343333|7.208077
9436|For one of these respondents, the issue was primarily one of uneven economic development across urban and rural centres. But it is worth noting that Chinese respondents also saw the benefits of collaboration around infectious disease control as flowing in both directions - not just into China, but outwards to the rest of the world. Thus two respondents pointed out that infectious disease control is not merely a national concern but has international and global implications, and that consequently, as one respondent put it, “an integrated global approach is necessary to understand transmission and evolution of infectious disease agents”. International co-operation and exchange would thus benefit not just China, but would contribute to the work of infectious disease control in an international context. In the case of South Africa, this pattern was reversed. South African responses to the sections of the questionnaire that asked about stratified medicine were very brief compared to those relating to control of infectious diseases.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infectious disease control respondents international|8.444692|9.120064|2.9393184
9437|As a result, relative poverty, measured as household incomes below 60% of median income, has been contained. Between 1996-97 and 2009-10, the proportion of individuals with household incomes below 60% of median income fell from 19.4% to 17.7% before housing costs and from 25.3% to 22.2% after housing costs. Relative child poverty fell from 26.7% to 19.7% before such costs, a reduction of over a quarter, but short of the previous government objective of halving relative child poverty by 2010 (Jin et al., The housing cost overburden rate - the percentage of the population living in households where the total housing costs (net of housing allowances) represent more than 40% of disposable income (EU housing statistics) - is one of highest in the European Union (EU), reaching nearly 41% in 2009 for tenants in the private sector, compared to an EU27 average of 25%. Recent cuts to housing benefits and the removal of indexation on actual market rents from April 2013 will increase the burden further for low-income tenants in private rental.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|housing tenants costs relative income|6.997419|6.060644|5.0555987
9438|Yet, globally, time use data remains limited, in particular for developing countries, due to the significant costs and capacities needed to undertake a time use survey. Reporting on SDG Target 5.4 requires regularly collected time-use data disaggregated by sex, age group and location. However, to date, only 83 countries have ever conducted time-use surveys, and only 24% of those were conducted after 2010 (UN Women, 2018). Of the 47 least developed countries, only 8 have collected time-use data.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|time use collected conducted data|8.954046|4.9285297|5.4235826
9439|Water quantity demand in agriculture includes water for irrigation and water for livestock. Water quantity demand in agriculture includes water for irrigation and water for livestock. Hence, there is much need for improvement in the physical efficiency of water use in agriculture in all irrigated regions of the world, to help toward meeting the projected global increase in agricultural commodity production, and also to release water for other uses. Some of this improvement is included in the Environment Outlook baseline scenario projections.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water agriculture quantity livestock irrigation|1.1478359|7.3466163|2.9533656
9440|For a discussion of policy design and reform, see OECD (2002), Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: A Positive Reform Agenda and OECD (2008a), Agricultural Policy Design: A Synthesis. Various proposals have been made in the context of current WTO negotiations to correct the current imbalance of import and export rules to imports, including the binding and elimination of export taxes, and prohibition of export restrictions. The purpose of the ASEAN Food Security Reserve, as stated in the original agreement, is to provide for a supply of rice in emergency situations when a member country, having suffered a natural or man-induced calamity, is unable to cope with such state or condition through either its national reserve stocks or normal international trade.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|export reserve reform design oecd|4.0512037|5.1083665|4.0382156
9441|This higher poverty risk, however, is not necessarily matched with comparatively higher odds ratios than in other countries. Hence, a child that is monetary poor in the UK does not necessarily have a higher chance of being deprived in other domains than a child living in Germany, France or the Netherlands. An overlaps analysis of monetary poverty and neighbourhood problems, for example, points towards high union poverty at 49 per cent (i.e. almost half of all children in the UK are either monetary poor, experience neighbourhood problems or both) but does not provide any evidence of increased odds for experiencing neighbourhood problems when monetary poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|monetary neighbourhood odds problems poor|7.173733|6.441716|5.214125
9442|It should be noted, however, that output-based indicators on food waste are perhaps less susceptible to macro-economic trends than output based indicators on other waste streams. Historical data on household expenditure on food shows that this has remained relatively stable over the past two decades of economic growth, while expenditure on other consumption areas has increased significantly. Such indicators can be more representative of real waste prevention according to the definition.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste indicators output expenditure susceptible|4.001402|5.2513266|4.622879
9443|About 22% of rivers in the South (8% in the North) are classified as poor or bad quality (Figure 4.3). Groundwater quality shows significant regional differences. For example, in the regions/provinces of Trento, Bolzano, Liguria, Lazio and Marche, between 75% and 93% are classes 1 to 3; in Abruzzo and Umbria, 43% and 32% respectively are class 4 (poor).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|marche poor bad quality classified|0.6920714|6.973669|2.789668
9444|Practitioner buy-in - through programmes that are user friendly, time flexible, interactive, and respond to practitioner needs - will maximise the impact of CPD programmes. In a number of OECD countries, incentives for CPD are in place. In Austria, core mental health training for primary care practitioners is quite limited, but some primary care physicians have undertaken additional psychotherapeutic medicine training at different intensities. Training results in the accreditation of psy-1, psy-2 and psy-3 diplomas which also allow primary care physicians to deliver certain treatments (in total, some 5 000 general practitioners in Austria hold one of these diplomas).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diplomas cpd practitioner physicians practitioners|10.26907|8.81576|1.6089919
9445|Since 2007, more than half of the world’s population has been living in urban areas and the figure is estimated to exceed 70 per cent by 2050. This is a hallmark of the transformation of humans’ economic base and social structure, inasmuch as, previously, populations lived and worked primarily in rural areas. By concentrating people, investment and resources (a process known as agglomeration), cities heighten the possibilities for economic development, innovation and social interaction. More specifically, cities also make it possible to lower unit costs so as to provide public services such as water and sanitation, health care, education, electricity, emergency services and public recreational areas (Polese, 2009; Satterthwaite, 2010). Along these lines, cities also face challenges that threaten their efforts to achieve sustainability, for example, through improvement of access to, and efficiency in the use of, public services, as well as reduction of their ecological footprint and financial fragility, and the building of resilience against the adverse impact of natural hazards.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities areas services public fragility|4.0866966|5.077044|1.7808125
9446|Micro-data, on the other hand, tend to indicate that owning a home makes people more likely to be employed than when renting, thereby pointing at a positive effect at the individual level. Recent research highlights the role of negative externalities in explaining these contradicting findings (Isebaert et al., Given the severe contraction in the housing market, the potential magnitude of this problem is significant.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|renting owning contraction pointing explaining|4.94732|5.7168107|2.1846359
9447|Data from the ITU ICT Regulatory Tracker show that, in 2008, only 27 per cent of countries had an open telecommunication sector enabling investment, innovation and access, compared with 62 per cent of countries having progressed to such an enabling regulatory environment in 2017 (Chart 4.4). This testifies to the improvement in the regulatory and policy context of many ICT markets worldwide. The two vertical axes are scaled proportionally based on the 2008 values, so that a 10 per cent increase in subscription penetration on the right axis takes the same range as a 10 per cent decrease in prices on the left axis.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cent axis regulatory ict enabling|4.8590446|2.9115462|1.7054667
9448|Les taux d'activite des femmes sont non seulement inferieurs a ceux des hommes (moinsde la moitie), mais ils ont egalement diminue en 2011-2012. Age, marital status, presence of children, socio-religious status, area of residence, level of education and relative affluence of households are some of the determinants of labour force participation of women and men in India. There has never been a steady state for women's employment; peak employment comes later in life, so any possible gains in increased wages are short-lived.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|des hommes taux status egalement|8.6349125|4.4359593|5.8313265
9449|They are highest in sub-Saharan Africa, where 88 per cent of children (202 million) of primary and lower secondary school age were not proficient in reading, and 84 per cent (193 million) were not proficient in mathematics in 2015. Central and Southern Asia was not faring significantly better. There, 81 per cent of children (241 million) were not proficient in reading, and 76 per cent (228 million) lacked basic mathematical skills. The next decade provides an important window of opportunity for policymakers to ensure that all children are proficient in basic literacy and numeracy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|proficient million cent reading children|9.504752|2.3971798|3.2351904
9450|Unfortunately, three ASEAN countries - Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar- are not explicitly modelled, but are nevertheless included in a regional aggregate with other countries which precludes calculations of caloric statistics for each of these but allow an estimation of the PoU, number of undernourished and the depth of undernourishment by applying the regional result to the countries. The evolution of the PoU is then projected to 2024 using results from the OECD-FAO AGLINK-COSIMO model (see Tallard, Liapis and Pilgrim, 2016, Annex 2.A1). For the region in total, the number of undernourished individuals is projected to fall by almost 13 million relative to 2015.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|undernourished projected caloric regional modelled|4.3084216|5.6612477|4.53033
9451|Such problems occur more frequently among children and adolescents from households experiencing monetary poverty. For instance, a time-use survey in Japan identified a number of specific problems among children and their families, revealing that many families no longer eat lunch or dinner together, and that some children go to school without having eaten breakfast. Extremely low levels of participation in physical activities were also observed, as most Japanese people use free time to watch television.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children problems families revealing watch|7.1189647|6.188817|5.1865478
9452|This is especially important in Asia, where rice, a water-dependent crop, often dominates cropproduction. The past reliance on a few staple crops has to give way to agricultural diversification with sustainable intensification. Among FSF, pulses are an excellent example of crops that exhibit the above four criteria. The United Nations declared 2016 as the 'International Year of Pulses' under the banner 'nutritious seeds for a sustainable future'.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|pulses crops dominates nutritious sustainable|3.7616289|5.324795|4.1370897
9453|Tax policy has an influence on the level of employment in an economy, as w'ell as on other choices made by participants in the labour market. For example, labour taxation determines the difference between the total labour costs faced by employers and the real consumption wages received by employees, thus affecting labour demand and labour supply decisions. This may contribute to a reduction of the labour force by diminishing incentives to either work, or to w'ork in the formal sector. Furthermore, tax policy can affect retirement decisions, the number of hours worked, decisions relating to employee training and career choice (including whether to be an employee or self-employed) (OECD, 2011).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labour decisions employee tax diminishing|7.1611643|4.7959776|4.182701
9454|However, the progress achieved has been uneven and many people are still being left behind. Prom the Millennium Development Goals, which established a target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water2 to the General Assembly’s recognition of water and sanitation as a human right, the United Nations has laid the foundations. This goal, as well as other related goals and targets, aims to address all issues related to the water cycle, including access to adequate water and sanitation, improving quality and efficiency of water delivery, sustainable water management as well as strengthening international cooperation. At the upcoming high-level political forum on sustainable development, we will learn of progress being made on SDG 6, including at the national level.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water sanitation goals progress upcoming|1.6092182|6.674158|2.0129304
9455|Specifically, the cost for a benefit of $2.50 a day for all older people aged 60 years or over ranges between 0.5 per cent and 2.7 per cent of GDP, the cost being higher for poorer countries, where $2.50 represents a larger proportion of average income. The risk of poverty among older persons has fallen, while poverty rates among young adults and families with children have risen. However, because the initial old-age poverty rates were very high, persons aged 75 years or over remain the group most likely to be poor. People aged 66 to 75 years in contrast, are now no more likely to be poor than the population as a whole.|SDG 1 - No poverty|aged poverty years persons older|7.7073684|5.576734|4.6709857
9456|It should also invest in professional development for educators and digital learning resources, addressed later in this chapter. In order to reach all regions of the country, Thailand should continue to use television as a medium for providing educational content. Nevertheless, they are necessary to support any initial investment in hardware.|SDG 4 - Quality education|hardware television educators thailand digital|8.754162|1.5725253|2.284021
9457|The OECD area unemployment rate reached a post-war high of 8.7% in March 2010 and is probably near its peak, but is projected to decline only slowly. Total labour market slack exceeds conventional unemployment and a broader measure encompassing inactive persons who wish to work and involuntary part-time workers is more than twice as large. The extent to which falling output translated into higher unemployment has differed dramatically across the OECD depending on whether employers emphasised labour shedding or work sharing.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment differed slack shedding involuntary|7.667732|4.532929|4.2262444
9458|The collapse of many shark populations in the North Atlantic due to overfishing has led to increase in the number of some skates and rays, species that were typical prey of sharks such as the great white or the hammerhead; this has had significant consequences on fishing communities, as the increased number of skates and rays have affected commercial fisheries for bay scallops and other shellfish (Myers, 2007). At an international level, the World Bank/FAO Rent Drain study estimates that approximately USD 50 billion is lost annually in global resource rent from fisheries as a result of poor governance (World Bank/FAO, 2008). Of course, the figures should also be weighed against the costs of undertaking rebuilding programs and subsequent management of the stocks. Even if a stock is rebuilt, fishing may not yield the same level of pre-collapse revenues, as there may be a lag (especially for a smaller fishery) to re-establish itself and therefore regain access to markets.|SDG 14 - Life below water|collapse rent fao fishing fisheries|-0.03381486|5.9613147|6.5206485
9459|Since the 2005 World Summit, the United Nations has prioritized full and productive employment and decent work for all in its deliberations. In general, the generation of decent jobs should not be treated as an addendum to macroeconomic stabilization programmes or microeconomic liberalization reforms. Employment policies should be central to a broad, coherent and consistently countercyclical macroeconomic strategy for sustainable development, including a universal approach to social protection.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|decent macroeconomic microeconomic prioritized countercyclical|6.02394|4.8359146|4.039354
9460|As a result, innovation policy is becoming an integral part of economic policy in a wider range of countries, both advanced and emerging, resulting in some convergence in the policy agenda for innovation across countries. To be effective, innovation policy and the related governance system need to be adapted to the specific challenges.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation policy convergence integral adapted|5.3308625|3.543712|2.5315955
9461|The MoES is responsible for the development of education policies and strategic plans approved by the government and also co-ordinates municipal education departments in the implementation of the state education policy. It co-ordinates the distribution of school funding from the state budget and the allocation of the EU structural funds. The Ministry is also responsible for quality assurance, the accreditation of the general education curriculum, and school-leaving examinations. Outside of the Ministry a key role is played by the National Audit Office of Lithuania, which regularly conducts financial audits of budget institutions in the field of education, and reviews MoES activities through planned performance audits.|SDG 4 - Quality education|moes ordinates education audits budget|9.686852|1.9538174|1.7752875
9462|It has been crucial in building one of the most stable democracies, most skills-based labour markets, and establishing the highest levels of well-being in Latin America. Education outcomes have stagnated in the last decade, and together with widening inequality and slow growth, this risks stalling the country’s future inclusive growth. This chapter provides an overview of how the education system in Costa Rica is organised and analyses the major trends in access, quality and equity. The final section examines the current governance and financing arrangements, and how they can be harnessed to steer the system to higher levels of performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|harnessed stagnated steer widening levels|10.194451|1.6384535|2.7025976
9463|Her educational attainment would be under 3 years compared to her husband’s average educational attainment of just under 4. As the benchmark for functional literacy is set in a range between 3 to 5 years of education (UNESCO has adopted the 5-year benchmark in its surveys on this issue), this means the average woman at this time would have limited literacy (Gray, 1969). Fifty years later the equivalent woman would have more than double the educational attainment of her 1950s sister, having spent on average almost 6.5 years in school.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|attainment years benchmark educational woman|9.594598|4.52591|5.9236445
9464|These included a study to measure the effects of the phaseout, as well a study “identifying the country's most polluting vehicles.” In 1999, the US-Asia Environmental Partnership (US-AEP) “jointly sponsored a workshop in Hanoi with the Ministry of Transport and the World Bank to discuss phasing out leaded fuel and learn from the experiences of other East Asian countries that had already phased out leaded gasoline.” The workshop helped to resolve concerns about leaded gasoline, and led to the creation of a new partnership of government, industry, and academic experts. The transition was accomplished in July 2001.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|gasoline workshop partnership study sponsored|1.5335894|3.0520604|2.3024724
9465|For Sweden, the lower age cut-off is 25 instead of 15. In particular, looking at inequality before and after accounting for taxes and benefits does not allow separating the effects of policy initiatives on the one hand, and changes in market-income inequality {e.g., because of changing employment patterns) on the other. This section attempts to shed more light on the role of specific policy changes. Out-of-work benefits provide support to people who may otherwise have very low incomes or no income at all. Unemployment benefits, but also other out-of-work programmes (notably disability benefits which now account for a larger share of social spending, but are less important for younger and prime-age workers).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|benefits inequality age changes shed|7.454797|4.859958|4.274903
9466|The analysis also look at the relationship between unemployment and quality of care, including case-fatality rates after heart attack and stroke and patient safety events in hospital. In addition, a variety of health care utilisation indicators including hospital admissions and procedures, doctor consultations, and pharmaceutical consumption are examined. All health indicators have been taken from OECD Health Statistics and have been transformed into their natural logs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital health indicators fatality attack|9.268983|9.307983|2.3713841
9467|These policy pointers could help improve the recruitment and retention of teachers especially in disadvantaged schools, although the financial costs could be considerable. One of the challenges for immigrant students in teacher education programmes (such as bridging programmes for people with foreign degrees in teaching - sometimes referred to as ULV in Swedish) is that it is difficult to complete the course while holding a job. Offering sufficient financial support for student teachers could reduce the significant financial burdens that many student-teachers bear (Turley and Nakai, 2000[i9ij).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers financial student pointers bridging|9.954945|2.5352597|2.5979495
9468|Viet Nam diversified its economy away from agriculture towards services and industries. Steady rates of economic growth were associated with an increase in wage-employment and a decline in self-employment, however self-employment remains the dominant form of employment across all groups. Increase in wage-employment was especially pronounced among young people, rural residents and households located below the median income. Contrary to traditional development models, rapid economic growth in Viet Nam has not diminished informal employment.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|employment viet nam wage self|6.0773153|5.154625|4.3592463
9469|This has constrained their ability to spend on basic social services, including social protection. Progressive taxation and social protection measures not only reduce inequality, but also lessen vulnerability by acting as automatic stabilizers. Therefore, reform of the tax structure, including raising efficiency in tax administration and widening of the tax base are of utmost urgency for most Asia-Pacific countries, especially when they have to find domestic drivers of growth in the face of diminished prospects for exports.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tax social lessen protection urgency|6.538748|4.969697|4.2119007
9470|A study in Tigray Regional State (from Kolia Tembien and Abergele districts) of community needs showed the emphasis given to conserving and developing the productivity of the land, water and plant resources by the people living in a watershed. A strategic integration of three dimensions of food security was taken into account: availability, access and utilization. This is mainly done by using Food for Work and community labour mobilization.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|community conserving food mobilization utilization|4.3279514|5.4338436|4.039979
9471|Seaweeds such as laver, sea mustard, and kelp, account for around 70% of total aquaculture production (Panel A). Major export destinations were Japan, People's Republic of China (hereafter “China”), Thailand, and the United States. Traditional markets such as Japan and China weakened, but this was more than compensated by increases to newer maikets such as the United States, and the European Union. Government Financial Transfers to general services dropped by 42% (Panel C).|SDG 14 - Life below water|china panel japan newer united|0.5298949|6.1051846|6.6297293
9472|This data shows that nearly all of the world's large urban areas have extensive suburbs of much lower density outside the central cores that are characterized by higher densities, in most cases. Some post-automobile urban areas have virtually no urban cores at all.xxiThese findings are backed by a joint study by UN-Habitat, New York University and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy on a representative sample of 200 cities across the globe, which established that the average rate of the physical expansion of cities is about one-and-a-half times that of their population growth. By measuring the rate at which cities consume land compared to their rate of population growth, city authorities and decision makers can project demand for public goods and services, identify new areas of growth, and proactively influence sustainable urban development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cores urban cities rate growth|3.9890516|5.153862|1.5370136
9473|"Long periods of unemployment may also be seen in a negative light by prospective employers. Moreover, studies have shown that youth with long periods of initial unemployment continue to experience ""wage scarring"" throughout their careers, as they are never able to catch up to their peers in terms of expected salaries for their skills and experience (Nelson and Reiso, 2011; Gregg and Tominey, 2004). In most developing economies opportunities for youth are concentrated in the informal sector, where poor job security, low wages, and limited chances for on-the-job learning restrict the ability of young people to leverage such jobs to secure better, more formal work."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|periods youth unemployment job experience|8.052179|4.042593|4.099967
9474|Furthermore, the turnover rate in both hotels is lower than the industry average. The employee, meanwhile, gains higher levels of skills and develops pride in their work. These examples show how training can play a significant role in generating value for the guest in an industry where a relatively low-skill, low-wage workforce is employed. Globally, around 80% of the tourism workforce is located in SMEs (ILO, 2010c). Almost half of people employed in hotels and restaurants (47.5%) in OECD countries for which data is available work in enterprises employing fewer than 10 people (compared with 31.2% in the economy as a whole), with almost three quarters (72.6%) working in enterprises employing fewer than 50 people (compared with 50.9% in the overall economy).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|hotels employing fewer workforce enterprises|6.5176272|3.8635173|2.9702165
9475|The process design must include the dissemination of material to relevant policy and decision-makers. In order to address a wide range of audiences, there is a diverse range of publications for each assessment: publication types include policy briefs, larger policy documents, summaries of assessment reports, and full technical reports. The promotion of findings is carried out on a regular basis to ensure that the messages reach the concerned authorities, inform regional water management and development agendas, and are taken up in salient intergovernmental processes.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|reports policy assessment summaries range|1.1109312|6.930868|1.6947026
9476|This exclusion can have adverse implications for the protection of women in these societies as well as impede long-term resolution of the conflicts. During the 1990s at least 10 Commonwealth countries were engaged in full-scale conflict - including Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Uganda - with peace agreements reached in most by the early years of the twenty-first century. Women played instrumental roles in many of the efforts to bring these conflicts to an end. Yet, in a large number of countries women’s substantial efforts were not recognised in formal negotiations and their perspectives and insights were not included in the final peace agreements or in post-conflict reconciliation efforts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peace efforts conflicts conflict agreements|10.358741|4.7886615|7.551778
9477|The recycled uranium can be used in the LWRs, while the produced plutonium can be used in the Indian-design FBRs. The target is to increase nuclear power capacity to 63 GW in 2030. Most of these reactors will be located along the coast, because of cooling water requirements (Kanwarpal, 2009). Based on these plans the IEA projects a potential capacity of up to 120 GW in 2050 in the BLUE Map Scenario. India has an ongoing programme of building 220 MW PHWRs, a reactor system that is competitive in terms of capital costs, safety performance and unit energy cost.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gw reactors uranium reactor capacity|1.2114971|1.7510004|2.1196563
9478|Big data modellers must therefore be especially careful when building links between the variables for their models, understanding the importance of interpretation and taking responsibility for outcomes. As the data scientist and mathematician Cathy O'Neil writes, ‘Big Data processes codify the past. They do not invent the future.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|big data scientist careful interpretation|4.5323777|3.1037486|2.19278
9479|These results indicate that, while poverty has not trended steeply upward in the various states that make up Brazil, it has been persistent. These coefficients were -0.7813 for P0 and 0.8607 for Pexl. This means that a 10% rise in mean per capita household income in Brazil will translate into a 7.81% reduction in the poverty headcount index and an 8.61 % drop in the extreme poverty headcount index. While for Kakwani and Pernia (2000), this does not constitute pro-poor growth, it does qualify as propoor growth when using the definitions advocated by Ravallion and Chen (2003), since growth has lowered poverty levels.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty headcount index growth brazil|6.2949142|5.637248|5.111775
9480|They need to continuously evaluate students’ performance using diverse assessment techniques, and provide remedial support to struggling learners (OBEC, 2013a). They must be knowledgeable about and use information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance learning, and be inclusive of students with special needs and from different backgrounds. They are expected to prepare students for active participation in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) community and the competitive global marketplace, while also promoting Thai values and culture. Teachers and school leaders are instrumental to achieving these overarching goals, and they will have a good chance of success if Thailand makes efforts to strengthen teacher preparation, support continuing teacher development, enable teachers to focus on the classroom, enhance school leadership and more efficiently manage its school workforce.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students school enhance teacher teachers|8.9861355|1.6627846|2.3353176
9481|The evidence that is gathered tells schools how they can change their pedagogy if they want to make more of a difference for their Maori students”. Note that this tool is optional, which means that no information is collected nationally, and the number of schools using it is unknown. They are also now embedded within the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers, w'hich specify what teachers should know' and can do in order to teach Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students and to teach Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages, history and culture to all Australian students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|islander strait torres aboriginal teach|9.972987|2.494247|2.2942934
9482|In addition, personal car ownership is expected to increase rapidly in many countries in the coming decades. As ownership rates in emerging economies and developing countries start to approach levels in OECD countries, a business-as-usual scenario would see them encounter significant increases in import fuel costs and environmental impacts. Key solutions include public transit (such as light rail and bus rapid transit) and non-motorised transport (especially in regions that are unlikely to experience high car ownership levels), improved vehicle fuel economy, adoption of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EV/PFIEVs), and wider use of biofuels.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ownership transit car electric fuel|3.831801|4.6612463|0.7117983
9483|As described in section 4.1, basic education courses, formal vocational education and vocational training courses are available to all adults, and these do not require referral from the PES. Countries with fewer than 100 observations not included. Only those who report main activity as looking after family or home.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|courses vocational referral pes observations|8.36666|3.7533684|3.43219
9484|As the coordinating agency, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) contracts local people and pays them for their labor as well as outcomes in terms of the number of nests protected. Starting with four villages in 2002, six years later this project had expanded to 21 villages and protected more than 1,500 nests. The area receives especial attention from bird-watchers but hunting and degrading forests are threats to rare bird species. Under this community-based eco-tourism project, villages sign contracts under which hunting would be banned and land use planning with the NGO and government supported.|SDG 15 - Life on land|villages bird hunting protected contracts|1.6445404|5.0091887|3.874381
9485|Both of these aspects have important beneficial consequences for the whole electrical system. By lowering this maximal imbalance, one reduces the additional residual capacity needed in the system to balance demand. In France, seasonal fleet management reduces the maximal residual demand by 6.4 GW, from 17.6 to 11.2 GW. Based on EURELECTRIC/VGB data (IEA/NEA, 2010), in France the overnight investment cost of an additional capacity of 6 GW can be estimated at USD 11.7 billion if coal plants are built coal, and at USD 7.2 billion for gas-fuelled units.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gw maximal residual reduces coal|1.5120763|1.5690348|1.9390032
9486|Following Sen’s proposal, Anthony Shorrocks modified the index, adjusting the normalization condition in order to satisfy the transfer axiom and to provide continuity (Shorrocks, 1995). These authors proposed an additively decomposable index based on Sen’s index, but in the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (fgt) indices poverty is aggregated using household shortfalls as weights (relative deprivation) instead of a rank order (Foster, Greer and Thorbecke, 1984). However, it is important to note that the most common poverty index (the poverty headcount index) fails to satisfy the monotonicity and transfer axioms, while the poverty gap index does not satisfy the transfer axiom (Sen, 1976).3 These axioms are important because poverty is a matter of degree or intensity and not a simplified poor/non-poor dichotomy, meaning that a true measure of poverty must take account of distribution among the poor or the severity of poverty. The crisis of 1999 has been extensively analysed for its effects on poverty and inequality (Larrea, 2004; World Bank, 2005).|SDG 1 - No poverty|index poverty sen satisfy transfer|6.5858855|6.2563386|5.0537887
9487|Up to several hours are achievable. However, electrical energy is notoriously difficult to store and currently still suffers from very high costs. Nevertheless, a number of different technologies are available to provide storage in the grid. Electrical energy can be directly stored without conversion to another carrier in electrical double layer capacitors (EDLC) or superconducting magnetic energy storage systems (SMES).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrical storage energy achievable suffers|1.6601148|1.485833|2.0260649
9488|This complexity and ambiguity leads to delays in project development, as actors cannot decide which one takes precedence, or how to harmonise both classifications (Wilson, 2016). It also creates serious administrative burden for cities’ officials who operationalise land use changes, BOLUCs and LURCs. Following the formal procedures, development projects have to wait for and comply with a series of land use plans at different scales and from different institutions (see Box 2.16).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|wilson harmonise land classifications wait|3.768369|5.6585164|1.7182814
9489|As in the other regions, the depletion of underground reserves and degradation of their quality due to anthropogenic impact are typical. In order to better protect current and potential sources of drinking water in the country, the status of “area of national environmental importance” has been given to eleven zones of fresh groundwater formation. As a result of anthropogenic factors, the groundwater quality continues to deteriorate in some regions of the country, such as the Republic of Karakalpakstan.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|anthropogenic groundwater regions deteriorate underground|0.59582686|7.173942|2.807966
9490|In other schools teachers set educational objectives for their students and evaluate their performance largely by themselves. In the SIP network partner organisations provide for professional development as well as remedial classes and psycho-social support for children. The Sociedad de Instruction Primaria (cont.) Teaching is structured by the objectives formulated by the pedagogical department and financial incentives for teachers are sometimes tied to their achievement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|objectives teachers remedial formulated tied|9.711581|1.6605384|1.9907148
9491|Nevertheless, even seemingly gender-neutral policy decisions can have effects, whether intentional or not, on women’s chances of becoming equal participants in society. They may make it more difficult for them to find employment, secure an education, start a business, meet the needs of their family or ensure their human rights. The EU defines GIA as “a process to compare and assess, according to gender-relevant criteria, the current situation and trend with the expected development resulting from the introduction of the proposed policy” (European Commission, n.d.).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|intentional seemingly gender chances neutral|9.847555|4.165836|7.1993575
9492|The role of transfers in inclusive growth strategies (cont.) A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality. Redistribution is measured by the difference between the Gini coefficient before personal income taxes and transfers (market incomes) and the Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers (disposable incomes) in per cent of the Gini coefficient before taxes and transfers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|gini transfers coefficient taxes incomes|6.8187947|5.203747|4.5942197
9493|In terms of planned objectives involving cognitive processing categories, remembering and understanding were most common. The results indicated that the potential of ICT to facilitate higher order thinking skills was not being fully utilised by these teachers. Those tasks are presented in an interactive computer package that incorporates probes to monitor interest and emotions as they progress through the task and relate those to measures of learning at the conclusion of the task.|SDG 4 - Quality education|task interactive utilised incorporates conclusion|8.822772|1.5589057|1.885388
9494|To avoid an increase in inequality, efficiency gains should be exploited in implementing fiscal consolidation. If this is not the case, new ways to improve performance should be investigated, including better management and greater regional flexibility in public sector wages. Effects of Unemployment Experiences on Wages”, Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA) Discussion Paper, No.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|wages iza investigated exploited consolidation|6.580454|4.773024|3.9071074
9495|Autres facteurs determinants ont trait a l'infrastructure, l'acces au financement, la legislation du travail et des programmes d'emploi rural. At the same time, greater labour force participation of women can be a source of inclusive growth, and wellbeing. Assessing determinants of the labour force participation of women in India can offer important policy insights for raising growth and wellbeing. The paper first describes key employment trends in India by gender. Then the potential determinants of female labour force participation are identified based on literature, basic statistics and econometric techniques. Social and cultural factors are important in keeping women outside the labour force.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|force determinants labour wellbeing participation|8.626956|4.406578|5.8269277
9496|The table has, in contrast to this real country-specific heterogeneity, mainly a didactic value. The private mental health care sector (psychologists or psychiatrists in private practice, depending on the country) is also open to individuals with milder disorders and sub-threshold conditions. However, the majority of mentally-ill patients in need, having at least a mild mental disorder and often being partially isolated from social and working life, do not find adequate help. The primary care practice is the location where most people with mental health conditions turn up, particularly for the first time.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental practice milder psychiatrists conditions|10.288575|8.870733|1.6997868
9497|Bigger and more modem and efficient fishing vessels are faced with shrinking and highly variable fish stocks. In the future, combining enhanced productivity with the sustainability of the fishing will be a cmcial issue. It will require combining the resources and approaches of the different territories and reaching agreements regarding the management of marine resources.|SDG 14 - Life below water|combining fishing shrinking bigger modem|-0.177778|5.7862773|6.754372
9498|However, there is increasing recognition that many important features of the development, functioning and impact of education systems can only be assessed through an understanding of learning outcomes and their relationships to inputs and processes at the level of individuals and institutions. These can be either children or young adults undergoing initial schooling and training or adults pursuing lifelong learning programmes. Outcome indicators examine the direct effect of the output of education systems, such as the employment and earning benefits of pursuing higher education. Impact indicators analyse the long-term indirect effect of the outcomes, such as knowledge and skills acquired, contributions to economic growth and societal well-being, and social cohesion and equity. Such policy levers relate to the resources invested in education, including financial, human (such as teachers and other school staff), or physical resources (such as buildings and infrastructure).|SDG 4 - Quality education|pursuing education adults effect outcomes|9.155788|2.4391809|2.5947313
9499|However, the introduction of 3G networks increased speeds nearly ten times from earlier technologies, allowing much faster to the internet and made video streaming possible. Only eight years later, in December 2009, the first LTE network (commonly referred to as 4G) was launched in Sweden and Oslo, with a ten-fold increase in speeds over 3G networks. By 2016, both 3G and LTE networks had been deployed in most countries, and more than 80% of the world's population had access to 3G networks and two-thirds had access to LTE networks. ( Mobile (left) and fixed (right) broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhab.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|networks lte subscriptions speeds broadband|4.8697524|2.8145745|1.4202194
9500|The main Hello Work offices have established - as of 2008 — 12 banks of human resources to introduce qualified personnel to medium- and small-sized enterprises and to promote the employment of the elderly; 66 part-time job banks in convenient places such as train stations in major cities, to offer comprehensive placement services to people seeking part-time employment; and 60 Hello Work information plazas which give direct access to job-search engines and enable jobseekers to search through a wide range of information (JILPT, 2009b). Okutsu (2009) reports that women in Japan find their first job after a period of child-rearing most often through job advertisements (30.4%), closely followed by contact with Hello Work (27.7%). These centres, salons and corners are targeted at mothers who are bringing up children and seeking employment or who wish to change jobs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|hello job search seeking banks|8.213437|4.907306|4.025103
9501|If we close the gaps, we fulfil a moral obligation to uphold human rights, and we will all reap the benefits of a more equal world. It will be more just, stable, prosperous and sustainable—one that we will want to leave to future generations. Among these are measures to realize reproductive rights and gender equality, with a particular and urgent emphasis on reaching people ranked among the poorest 40 per cent—the furthest behind. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development offers a foundation to guide progress, as do other core international commitments, such as the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, which guides the work of UNFPA.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights uphold guides prosperous sustainable|9.199445|4.6365633|7.131283
9502|More specifically, membership of ethnic minorities that are discriminated against, lower educational achievement, lack of skills to participate in information- and knowledge-based societies, lack of integration in conventional institutions and social isolation are all correlated with higher levels of perceived exclusion. Thus, the challenge for social policies is to reduce poverty, while stressing social inclusion and belonging. As noted by Mdrquez (2003), while traditional policies aimed overcome given income threshold, they have neglected the links that allow people to achieve stronger citizenship and a greater sense of belonging.|SDG 1 - No poverty|belonging social discriminated lack neglected|6.7873507|5.9824843|4.662764
9503|A major challenge ahead both for UNIDO and the Montreal Protocol is the implementation of national or sectoral Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase-out Management Plans (HPMPs), which approach the development of elimination plans holistically. So firm goals and legally binding targets might more appropriately fall to national energy programmes. But a wide variety of international actors can encourage those at the national level to set and meet such targets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|targets national plans montreal unido|1.393067|3.10685|1.8137527
9504|The Bank also admits that most poor countries have failed to match their growth performance in the pre-reform period. Finally, these reports acknowledge that rapid growth in China and India has been responsible for most poverty reduction in the world during the last generation and note, in passing, that these countries did not follow conventional policies. While Economic Growth in the 1990s avoids tackling this issue head-on, the CGD has invited representatives from both countries to contribute to its report. Second, the reports recognize that the mainstream has tended to exaggerate the advantages of small Governments (CGD, 2008, p. 5).|SDG 1 - No poverty|growth reports avoids passing invited|6.0858035|5.7233415|4.697738
9505|Improved opportunities in the rural sector thus contributed to ease the pressure to migrate to urban areas. Most of the employment was seasonal, mainly to confront the vagaries of the monsoon as an ovenvhelming share of the cropped areas is rain-fed, and the actual number of days of employment remained at 45 days in 2008-09. On a different ground, some 69 million new bank and post office accounts were opened to make payments to NREGA workers -an unprecedented move towards greater financial inclusion for the large numbers of marginalised workers. In remote areas, NREGA is also supporting the use of smart cards and biometric signatures for wage payments.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|nrega days payments areas monsoon|8.35387|4.440538|5.657588
9506|Training programmes seem to have little short-term impact, but yield better medium-term results. They are more effective when unemployment is high, perhaps because of the participation of people with higher qualifications. Training programmes targeted at young people seem less effective than programmes opened to wider groups, presumably because they include more people with labour market disadvantage.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|programmes people training presumably effective|8.207356|3.8586287|3.5542722
9507|The remaining aid flows which were not screened against the marker were mainly attributable to the United States’ reporting. The other 23 DAC members combined a total of 92% of their aid. Canada stands out as the exception in this regard, with 42.4% of its aid targeting gender equality as a principal objective.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|aid screened marker attributable stands|9.563659|4.2343225|6.1124845
9508|Undergraduates and graduates are a primary source of innovation in the organisations they join (e.g. Martin and Trudeau, 1998). It is therefore crucial to consider the significance of labour market processes for the technological and organisational dynamism of the Galilee sub-regions and in the northern districts as a whole. Innovation generation also depends on local R&D investment and the capabilities to valorise it, to enhance new enterprise formation and job creation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|innovation dynamism martin galilee join|7.4087605|2.6046321|2.5783043
9509|Typical indicators for this sample biodiversity levels, population levels, habitat extent etc. Indicators presented in this table appear very broad with very few or even no clear links to the state of biodiversity. While the indicators may be useful for sampling policies and streams of funds, they appear rather unsuitable for sampling the actual effects of these policies and funds. Hence, the effects on biodiversity may never or only in a long-term perspective be traced, and links between specific impacts - positive or negative - on biodiversity appear problematic to establish.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity appear sampling indicators links|1.5881455|5.359974|3.9384623
9510|Water management is one of the few areas in which a large part of projects have a practical component. Most of these projects are no-regrets options as well, since the cost of floods has been increasing because of the accumulation of assets in high-risk areas. In addition, a study commissioned by the BMFLUW and the entities responsible for water management in the Lander (BMLFUW, 2010) has shown that for the period up to 2050 there is no need for immediate practical measures for climate change adaptation. For example, floods were projected to vary between -4% and 10% relative to scenarios with no climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|floods practical bmlfuw projects lander|1.2284741|6.646787|2.3384778
9511|The OECD Mexico Steering Group on School Management and Teacher Policy combines international education policy expertise with Mexican policy and implementation knowledge. With the analytical and organisational support of the OECD Secretariat staff, the Steering Group provides advice and support on ways to adapt lessons from international experience to the Mexican context and in the design and successful implementation of related policies. Its main tasks are to provide analysis, advice, support and liaison with relevant stakeholders in their areas of expertise.|SDG 4 - Quality education|steering mexican advice expertise support|9.849824|1.9001306|2.1538122
9512|However, even after projects are prepared and approved, disbursing funds and bringing projects to fruition can also be a challenge. Readiness funds and programmes may help strengthen the capacity of national and regional entities to receive and manage climate financing. This also applies to policies and programmes dedicated to the prevention and management of specific climate risks and vulnerabilities, such as increased rainfall variability, extreme weather events and upsurges in plant pests and animal diseases.|SDG 13 - Climate action|funds projects pests programmes climate|1.781496|4.3049707|1.4679508
9513|Former rites of passage and collective ceremonies brought young people into collective celebrations and problem-solving in ways that are now becoming scarce (Bray, 2012; Juma et al., Adolescent girls point out that even when they reach the age of being 'women', they do not participate in decision-making or any form of leadership at community level because women are confined to affairs of the home (Thorpe, 2005). One consequence is that adolescents are denied legitimate routes to community identities and to a sense of belonging.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|collective bray community passage identities|9.798573|5.0776772|6.7276254
9514|Vanuatu’s economy is projected to grow further by 3.2% in 2013 driven largely by construction and infrastructure development and the tourism sector. As the United States economy gradually recovers and unemployment falls, remittances to Tonga are expected to improve. This combined with construction and infrastructure projects along with the tourism sector could help Tonga’s economy to grow by 0.5% in 2013. Diversification of these economies will always remain a challenge.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tonga economy grow tourism construction|5.825882|4.3997464|3.8433301
9515|A regional strategy platform should be developed in the Galilee. The joint resources of the higher education institutions should be mobilised for the preparation and implementation of regional strategies. The capacity for regional engagement should be improved in the region among key agencies and higher education institutions through fora for communication where good practices can be fostered through targeted training programmes which focus on practical problem solving.|SDG 4 - Quality education|regional fostered institutions fora galilee|7.59387|2.4985738|2.4951053
9516|The report demonstrates the business case for using LNG as a fuel in maritime transport, for both LNG tankers and - increasingly since 2000-other ships. Currently, there are over 300 ships powered by LNG. This is a positive development in view of the significant environmental benefits of LNG compared to heavy fuel oil and diesel both of which dominate today's market for international shipping bunkers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|lng ships fuel powered shipping|1.107221|2.3708766|2.4100552
9517|As a result, health outcomes remain inferior to those of the OECD and inequalities are significant. By and large, the reforms have been going in the right direction. The reasons for the limited progress thus run deep and are difficult to capture, especially in an environment where information systems are not geared toward that objective. In part, slow progress may be attributable to the magnitude of the task at hand. In fact, insufficient attention is being paid to measuring actual progress towards effective implementation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|progress inferior geared attributable deep|8.845549|9.3909645|2.0491276
9518|In China, input subsidies are direcdy linked to the land use itself. Abolishing these subsidies therefore leads to slightly reduced land use for agriculture. In India there is hardly any effect on agricultural land use despite the magnitude of its fertiliser support, as in India all agricultural land is in use.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|land use subsidies india agricultural|4.503477|5.2533126|3.9754496
9519|They suggest that socioeconomic development has a decisive effect in lowering fertility in the long rim, but in the short run, and for specific households, the effect is not conclusive. The study concludes that education, especially of women, reduces fertility, though its effect may take years to appear. Improved health and lower mortality also contribute to lower fertility through both biological and behavioral channels. The effect of female employment, in contrast, is uncertain and undependable.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fertility effect conclusive decisive lower|9.230636|5.4938574|5.9761305
9520|The country has also made significant progress in expanding the coverage of its rural population with drinking water supply from improved sources. As of 1 January 2015, 80.7 per cent of its rural population 1) had access to centralized and local water supply systems. In rural areasl), 37.9 per cent of the population had access to centralized and local sewerage systems as of 1 January 2015.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|centralized january rural population cent|1.5740242|7.035796|2.5901694
9521|Despite the increased outreach and low administrative costs, locally hired managers tend to limit their work to more standardized functions, and are noted not to contribute to the strategic side of CORFO operations. Moreover, there does not appeal- to be consistency in the service intermediation model, and clients have complained that agents offer what they know rather than what local business requires to become more efficient, competitive or profitable. Using a variety of econometric methods to address selectivity bias in program participation— including before-and-after comparisons, difference-in-difference (DID) techniques and DID with common support (propensity score matching)—they found significant net improvements in total factor productivity growth (TFP) ranging from 11.7 to 22.9 percent. Qualitative analysis of the survey of PROFO beneficiaries attributed many of these gains to reorganization of the production process, implementation of joint marketing strategies, introduction of quality control techniques, and managerial training.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|techniques difference did intermediation tfp|7.857332|4.347594|3.6153588
9522|However, major differences are observed from one country to another. The multiple facets of poverty among children and adolescents (deprivation in the areas of nutrition, housing, access to drinking water and sanitation, education, information and household income) cause permanent adverse effects that mark them throughout the rest of their lives. To a large extent, these effects also lead to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and, in some cases, serve to deepen inequality.|SDG 1 - No poverty|facets effects deepen mark poverty|7.140673|6.1668725|5.113578
9523|The use of European Union Structural Funds in Slovenia, for example, illustrates how too much local control can lead to a focus on local amenities and needs, to the neglect of wider regional growth objectives (OECD, 2011c). This can make it difficult for cities to budget and plan effectively, to ensure public service delivery and maintenance, and to invest in more strategic long-term priorities. In Antofagasta (Chile), for example, local projects are often designed with little certainty as to whether or not funding will be available, making it difficult to manage funding flows, and ultimately, discouraging potential investors (OECD, 2013g).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|local difficult funding antofagasta discouraging|3.848827|5.443809|1.6555389
9524|Nevertheless, based on “blame the victim” attitudes where considerable focus and attention was given to improving the behaviour of the human being, road safety policies lacked the holistic approach needed to achieve further significant injury reduction. A Safe System does not view road deaths and injuries as the inevitable price to pay for a highly-motorised society. By seeing any road death as an unacceptable system failure, it counters the risk that transport planners may adopt measures of transport efficiency that tolerate fatalities that are affordably preventable.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|road transport unacceptable blame motorised|4.239621|5.213319|0.016244741
9525|While technological progress has eliminated many problems, it has also added new and often unexpected ones (Griibler, 1998; Diamond, 2005). Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) arising from the combustion of fossil fuels are the main cause of anthropogenic global warming. All energy technologies, whether they are fossil-based or not, consume resources, use land, and pollute air, water, and the atmosphere. Energy use has reached a scale at which planetary boundaries are being breached for a range of essential Earth-system processes, including in terms of global warming and biodiversity loss, which is likely to lead to catastrophic environmental change (Rockstrom et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|warming fossil rockstrom diamond unexpected|1.3793099|3.1210897|2.3180895
9526|The renewable energy industry is no different. In some respects, it may be more critical in the short term because renewable energy is competing essentially against a commodity - electricity. However, when renewable energy competes against the price of established electricity generation (coal-fired and gas, for example), even with the premium offered by renewable energy obligation and feed-in tariffs, return on investment can be uncompetitive in the early stages of deployment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable energy electricity respects fired|1.6389294|1.939787|1.8834347
9527|The system lacked the public technological institutes (except in the area of agriculture) which, as providers of public goods, can play a fundamental role in the dissemination of knowledge, provision of technical services, and technology transfer to enterprises, and more specifically to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Steering and co-ordination capacities of the centre of government or ministries in charge policy design and implementation involving autonomous agencies are limited. Autonomous agencies’ appropriations do not have to be approved by the Legislative Assembly but by the Comptroller General, and approval is from a legal rather than a policy standpoint. In addition, there is no effective mechanism to ensure that these agencies' objectives are aligned with those of the central government.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|agencies autonomous enterprises standpoint lacked|5.05658|3.6447444|2.4983315
9528|Bed density is also markedly low, with 1.6 beds per 1 000 population in 2013, compared to 4.8 beds per 1 000 OECD-wide: again, the lowest amongst OECD countries. Although per capita total spending is now broadly similar for individuals with and without social security (at MXN 3 429 per capita for those without social security in 2013, compared to 3 505 for IMSS and 3 945 for ISSSTE affiliates), differences in entitlement persist, involving some common and devastating illnesses. Heart attacks in those aged over 60, strokes, dialysis after renal failure, multiple sclerosis and lung cancer are not, for example, covered by SP. Some differences in access are also apparent.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|beds capita differences dialysis security|7.732021|5.721298|4.4311423
9529|These norms translate into 49.09 Indian rupees (Rs) (US$0.77, based on the exchange rate of US$1 = INR63.85, as per the Reserve Bank of India’s website (www.rbi.org.in/ on 19 June 2015) for rural areas and Rs56.64 per capita per month (US$0.89) for urban areas (all in 1973/74 prices). This converts to Rs351.86 per month for rural areas (US$5.5) and Rs547.42 per month for urban areas (US$8.6) as of 2004/05. Can a value be placed on their service support to the urban middle and upper classes, which enables that group to engage in economic activities that increase the wealth of the city they live in? Are the urban poor primarily entrepreneurial (self-employed) or employed by others.|SDG 1 - No poverty|month urban areas employed rs|6.0673122|5.822482|4.834499
9530|Internal administrative barriers and a lack of incentives may impede students, researchers, professors and administrators to think and act entrepreneurially. Efforts to develop entrepreneurship skills support may not be fully effective because of a missing interface with the local economy’s wider entrepreneurship support system. There is, therefore, a need for the university leadership to create synergies between education, research and entrepreneurship and to establish an incentive and rewards system that targets professors and researchers, administrative personnel or universities as well as students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professors entrepreneurship researchers administrative students|6.898535|2.8863194|2.6448736
9531|In Cameroon, the universal transfer policy in these conditions amounts to distributing about 29300 CFA francs (in 2007 terms) per year to each child aged 0 to 5, with a total budget equivalent to 1% of before-crisis GDP. As for the targeted transfer programme, it is also assumed that the transfer is given to the household head, who ensures an equitable distribution among household members. The poverty rates are only slightly higher in the universal transfer scenario if we consider children aged 0 to 14 (a difference of 0.2 to 0.5 percentage points); but is slightly lower in that scenario within the 0 to 5 year age group (a difference of 0.4 to 0.5 percentage points).|SDG 1 - No poverty|transfer scenario slightly universal aged|7.3996677|5.916353|4.6396413
9532|Humans have used forests for a wide range of resources up through the ages, influencing forest structure and ecosystem functions. The human transformation of Nordic forests has been particularly strong in the lowlands as populations increased during the last 300 years, and in the interior and the north as modern industrial forestry developed from the end of the 1800s. Since the 1950s, management of whole forest stands, with clear-cutting, planting, and intensive silviculture, has been extensively applied and has been very successful in producing large amounts of harvestable timber while also increasing the growing stock substantially.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests forest lowlands planting interior|1.1897931|4.54689|3.8818967
9533|In the Flemish Community, there are indications that there is some inequitable distribution of teachers across schools, with the most experienced teachers typically employed in the least challenging schools. According to TALIS 2013 data, while 16% of lower secondary teachers worked in schools with more than 30% of students coming from disadvantaged home backgrounds, this was the case for 26.6% of beginning teachers (i.e. teachers with 5 years teaching experience or less). In countries and economies found at the top of this Figure (with positive differences), experienced teachers are more likely to be working in schools with high proportions of students from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Figure 4.6 shows that for a majority of countries, however, the opposite is true.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers schools backgrounds experienced disadvantaged|9.579422|1.469112|2.5859048
9534|An assessment is in preparation for the Second National Communication. Agriculture, energy, water management and air traffic are the most vulnerable to natural disaster and extreme weather conditions. According to the World Bank, in 2005 the sectors dependent on weather conditions accounted for 47 per cent of GDP. Economic impacts from extreme weather events are immense: in 2005, the World Bank estimated that Serbia’s annual average economic loss from natural disasters varies between 16 and 49 billion dinars, and its data show that economic losses by fires in public forests in the period 2000-2009 exceeded 36 billion dinars.|SDG 13 - Climate action|weather extreme billion economic bank|1.4101458|5.292258|2.0993814
9535|Whilst women live longer than men, they are also ill more often. Girls are now doing better than boys in school, but still remain under-represented in the key fields of education that provide greater job opportunities. Similarly, although women are increasingly present in the labour market, they still earn less than men, spend more hours in unpaid work and find it harder to reach the top of the career ladder or start their own business. Men are more often the uictims of homicide and assault, but women are the primary target of intimate partner violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men women homicide assault ladder|9.821149|5.294152|7.0762205
9536|"The chapter is finalized by a short discussion and conclusion of the main results. The aim of the EU ecolabelling scheme is to ""encourage sustainable production and consumption of products by setting benchmarks for the good environmental performance of products and services based on the top performers on the market""228 The EU ecolabelled products should be among the 10-20% best performing products on the market, and the environmental performance should be seen in a life cycle perspective.229 The EU Ecolabel is to be consistent all over the EU and EEA countries, and the target is that national schemes should be harmonized with the EU Ecolabel. The EU Ecolabel has been approved by all Member Countries and is a result of a common policy."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|eu products ecolabelling performance eea|1.7338693|3.3957717|2.5789852
9537|The same argument goes for issues related to regulation of network pricing (see Table 3.1). Both connection costs and network pricing may pose higher barriers for clean energy than for conventional energy technologies, as most renewable resources may not necessarily be located close to the grid network. Usage-based” can favour fossil fuel generation as these can be located closer to the grid.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|network pricing grid located argument|1.6813662|1.7036319|1.7661908
9538|In some cases, they need to be updated by the time they are approved. National and local examining authorities assess the general plan only in terms of its compliance with the technical norms, rather than with local needs. Once the urban design project is approved, it can be used to supervise urban development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|approved supervise urban local examining|3.876342|5.399542|1.5944884
9539|Groundwater levels have dropped (from the 1960s until 2000) -5-10 m regionally, >15 m locally. Severe reduction m ^^tural'background'grcHjneKvater quality ^/an'issue; ^1998 u°nt!l itWfthe'ie^d^f'dat^avaHabfot-^idSpread but moderate N and pathogens pollution due to Abstraction of groundwater exerts pressure; local and moderate increased pumping lifts, reduced borehole yields and baseflow, as well as degradation of ecosystems. Widespread and severe naturally occurring As at 10-200 pg/l, widespread but moderate N0S at up to 200 mg/l and pesticides at up to 0.1 pg/l. Some87% of the aquifer area is cropland, -5% urban/industrial area. Population -189100 (density 47 inhabitants/km').|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|moderate pg widespread severe groundwater|0.7251955|7.3406153|2.879315
9540|The focus lies on diversity in the past and in the present and allows teachers to reflect and critically examine different fields of tension in the intercultural dimension of the teaching profession. There is a strong emphasis on democracy, values and norm creation, and how these topics could be taught in increasingly heterogeneous classrooms (Sodertorn University,(n.d.)[issi; 2018(186]). Research has found that multilingualism in teacher education is lacking (Carlson, 2009' (1991) despite the fact that many national reports have pointed to the importance of teachers’ language knowledge as an integral part of core content teaching (Skolinspektionen, 2010(2ooi; Skolverket, 2012[2oi])- In Swedish teacher education, student teachers study subject content and corresponding theory (Amnes- och amnesdidaktiska studier) in addition to educational core requirements.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers content core teacher teaching|10.053087|2.6102278|2.5287256
9541|Formative assessment is deep learning and needs to be constantly revisited as we learn how to develop efficacy around this very multifaceted set of strategies. Changing teachers' language from praise to affirmation and feedback is an ongoing goal for many. Students in our system need support as their mind-set changes from performance evaluation to assessment for and as learning. ”|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment learning set multifaceted formative|9.518818|1.6590468|1.3443409
9542|The 2030 Agenda also sets aims for the contribution and conduct of fisheries and aquaculture towards food security and nutrition, and the sector's use of natural resources, in a way that ensures sustainable development in economic, social and environmental terms, within the context of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO, 1995). A major challenge to implementation of the 2030 Agenda is the sustainability divide between developed and developing countries which has partially resulted from increased economic interdependencies, coupled with limited management and governance capacity in developing countries. To eliminate this disparity while making progress towards the target for restoration of overfished stocks set by the 2030 Agenda, the global community needs to support developing nations to achieve their full fisheries and aquaculture potential. The total first sale value of fisheries and aquaculture production in 2016 was estimated at USD 362 billion, of which USD 232 billion was from aquaculture production. In per capita terms, food fish consumption grew from 9.0 kg in 1961 to 20.2 kg in 2015, at an average rate of about 1.5 percent per year. Preliminary estimates for 2016 and 2017 point to further growth to about 20.3 and 20.5 kg, respectively.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture kg fisheries agenda conduct|0.31597167|6.024069|6.561922
9543|Enforcement and advertising when combined are significantly more effective than increasing enforcement alone. Driving should be facilitated for citizens as long as possible subject to their physical ability to drive safely. In the absence of specific impairment licensing should not be limited by age.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|enforcement safely impairment advertising facilitated|4.330996|5.165464|0.076900505
9544|This helped reduce water consumption, water leaks, production costs, and increase collection rate. In Yerevan, Armenia, a metering programme reached more than 80% of connections. This has significantly driven down consumption, which is now in line with Western Europe averages. Yet the problem of how to accurately meter water use in multifamily houses/ apartment blocks persists.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water consumption leaks persists blocks|1.2864056|7.315832|2.589368
9545|This sector-led approach to school improvement was of benefit not only to the recipient schools but also to home schools since the partnership relationships created an enhanced environment for reflection on school effectiveness. However, as Baars et al. ( In particular, local and national leaders of education as consultant leaders needed very careful selection, training and quality assurance, as there is no guarantee that a good principal will make for a good consultant leader.|SDG 4 - Quality education|consultant leaders good schools school|9.834604|1.5169078|1.8427685
9546|Therefore, multiple indicators besides money-metric income and expenditure measures are needed to capture the scale and dimensions of poverty. While monetary poverty might affect just a minority, only a few might escape poverty in any form. Shifting the line up or down could make a dramatic difference with respect to the estimated incidence of monetary poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty monetary escape metric dramatic|6.594785|6.3867474|5.0981846
9547|The country's capacity to collect taxes also needs to be improved in view of persistent revenue shortfalls in recent years. For the purpose of development, what matters is where and how the deficit is being spent. Is it, for instance, being spent for enhancing human, physical or social capital that would improve productivity and hence economic growth? If that is the case, then public debt, even though it rises in the short term, would be sustainable.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|spent shortfalls rises deficit persistent|5.8835254|4.9518905|3.8142834
9548|Since the 1980s, the Nordic countries have implemented a variety of different types of measures aimed at improving the gender balance in academia. Gender equality measures have been implemented within the education and research sectors, in national research councils, and at universities, university colleges and independent research institutes. These measures have focused on improving the gender balance in specific subject areas, position categories and institutions or in academia and the research sector in general. First, statistics on education and research in the Nordic region have been broken down by gender since the 1980s - and even earlier in some countries - which has been crucial for developing adequate data on the gender equality measures in academia.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|academia research gender measures nordic|10.077649|3.9450607|7.5473957
9549|"However, to ensure that children can access ECEC services is not enough; positive results for children can only be achieved if the level of quality of these services is high. Otherwise, children may even be harmed by low quality care and education. For instance, when world leaders in 2015 defined the global ambitions for the next 15 years by adopting 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the United Nations Summit in New York, they first considered ""Education"" as a cornerstone of the sustainable development agenda."|SDG 4 - Quality education|children cornerstone sustainable ambitions quality|8.777303|2.7691407|2.059881
9550|For example, in Uganda female farm owners reported higher manure use than males while the reverse was true in Nigeria and Ethiopia (Peterman et al. There are numerous examples of farmers having converted from chemical-intensive farming to agroecology, with resulting improvement in food security and sovereignty for both genders (FAO and PAN 2015, Watts and Williamson 2015, De Schutter 2014). This could partly result from increased household income, but more importantly it derives from increased crop diversity, which provides a wider range of food over a longer part of the year.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|derives pan sovereignty genders food|8.871109|4.4983053|6.4476104
9551|In this case, the differences in funding between male and female-founded companies may simply reflect the gender gap in characteristics positively associated with start-up success - such as STEM education. Thus, the gender gap in the financing stage may actually arise from the education system, the labour market or some deeper social institutions - also called in the literature statistical discrimination - rather than investor taste-based discrimination. The objective is to identify if, where and how policy action to “level the playing field” may be desirable and effective.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discrimination gap gender founded investor|8.982348|3.4585876|6.2092347
9552|Using surface water for drinking water supply requires long and expensive means of transmission to reach communities located in the centre of the country. Therefore, aquifers with good quality and quantity are already heavily exploited. Eight per cent of total water abstracted was lost during transportation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water abstracted exploited aquifers expensive|0.80633205|7.243495|2.8492525
9553|The government sets annual objectives in a Statement of Intent for its central education agencies, and the Ministry of Education develops a national policy framework. Funding aims to support free schooling, and, while tertiary study involves cost to the student, significant financial support is available. Moreover, Maori and Pasifika students represent more than one-third of the student population, and diversity of the student population is increasing, while they face lower outcomes and may be less likely to complete their secondary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student education maori intent population|9.748929|2.4180822|2.23932
9554|These external effects can in turn become limiting factors to the further development of the groundwater resource (Alley, 2007). Energy subsidies to agriculture have significantly lowered the costs of extracting groundwater in a number of OECD countries and India. The stress from droughts and floods threatens their security even further. Flood, storm and drought disasters have implications for health, the environment and economic development.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater threatens storm lowered droughts|0.88113856|7.4259033|2.8453996
9555|The underlying rationale for the strategies during this period was to achieve cohesion with Europe. The strategies took account of the national context, and recognised critical weaknesses of the innovation system. However, the institutional capacity to build up the evidence base for strategy development was weak at the time. Policies were developed top-down, involving little stakeholder consultation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|strategies rationale weaknesses cohesion took|5.3445997|3.4882507|2.4751477
9556|While domestic wheat consumption in the Mashreq countries is slightly lower, it is still relatively high, hovering around 120-150 kg/person/year. On the other hand, low-income Arab countries, including Somalia and Sudan, have lower consumption levels, similar to those of other developing countries, owing largely to supply constraints (production and import) and to a culture that is not as entrenched towards wheat-based food products. However, during these four decades, two distinct time periods can be observed.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|wheat consumption somalia entrenched lower|3.9322848|5.194532|4.3448677
9557|In 2009 the monthly grant amounts to R240, equivalent to approximately US$21. This contrasts with the figure of 1.9 million children who were de facto in receipt of the grant in 2003. Assuming that all those who are eligible (under the age of 7) register for the child grant, household poverty would fall to 28.9 per cent. Even more strikingly, poverty among children (under 7) falls from 42.7 per cent to 34.3 per cent and ultra-poverty from 13.1 per cent to 4.2 per cent.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent grant poverty ultra contrasts|7.2171826|6.241872|5.107787
9558|Further analysis of similar initiatives might help governments learn from the experience of other countries. The private rental market also plays an increasingly important role in the provision of affordable housing; this is likely to continue as housing support shifts from social rental housing to housing allowances. Policies to support housing affordability through the private rental market are therefore becoming more prominent.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing rental private market allowances|4.9662457|5.705861|2.215101
9559|Only very few countries, however, link appraisal results to financial rewards and/or sanctions. In various states and territories in Australia and France (ISCED levels 1, 2 and 3) school principals and deputy principals may receive a permanent salary increment as a reward for outstanding performance. In France (ISCED levels 1, 2 and 3), the exceptional performance of school principals and deputy school principals may also be rewarded with a one-off financial bonus. In Chile (Performance Appraisal), outstanding school leaders may receive a salary increment for a fixed period of time.|SDG 4 - Quality education|principals increment deputy outstanding school|9.955892|1.1627511|1.6275659
9560|Although it is difficult to measure, the difference in the health care system between rural and urban areas accounted for much of rural-urban disparities. Under the auspices of the New Co-operative Medical System (NCMS), the government instituted a new system of risk-pooling for China’s vast rural population. The NCMS includes three features that distinguish it from the Rural Co-operative Medical System: joint responsibility for financing; local responsibility for many aspects of programme design, implementation, and management; and voluntary participation.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|rural operative medical responsibility auspices|8.933431|8.684129|1.8559675
9561|In this context, there are at least two channels through which the contribution of the extractive industries to the implementation of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of the SDGs could be strengthened. First is the reduction of emission intensity in mining operations by increasing their use of renewable energy and improving their energy efficiency. Second is strengthening the contribution of the mining industry to sustainable development. Energy typically represents 30 to 35 per cent of total mining operational costs (Zharan and Bongaerts, 2018).|SDG 13 - Climate action|mining energy contribution extractive channels|1.6470098|2.4610949|2.0406284
9562|As the OECD project on school leadership suggested, career development prospects as well as salary scales for school leaders that are separate from teachers’ salary scales and that reflect leadership structures and school-level factors may help attract high performing leaders to all schools (Pont et al., Using appraisal results to inform career advancement may help make appraisal for accountability more effective and meaningful. It is, however, important to bear in mind that research on the effects of such systems that tie appraisal to career advancement is scarce. This requires reliable indicators and clear appraisal aspects and criteria, training for evaluators and due consideration for the context in which a school leader works. Depending on the country context, this refers to concepts such as the school principal in Australia, Canada and the United States or the headteacher in the United Kingdom and Ireland.|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal school career advancement salary|9.951091|1.1474853|1.5514358
9563|At the same time, structural transformation is critical to economically sustainable growth and rising incomes. Together, structural transformation and rising incomes provide the means of overcoming one of the key constraints to development of the electricity sector — the inadequacy of demand. Rising household incomes increase domestic demand; and structural transformation leads to expanding demand for productive uses.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|transformation structural rising incomes demand|1.777349|2.046378|2.1430085
9564|These goals, established for the next 15 years, are rightly ambitious with full support of the Commonwealth. However, this should not obscure the scale of the challenges ahead. Urgent actions are required to advance this development agenda. Sustainable Development Goal 14 urges the international community to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources”. This points to a pressing need for the international community to address the issue of the conservation and the rebuilding of global fish stocks that have been so quickly depleted as a result of the industrialisation of the fisheries sector to date.|SDG 14 - Life below water|community rightly depleted conserve rebuilding|0.024778008|5.701841|6.2753596
9565|Issues of market organisation are thus important in determining the relative competitiveness of different fuels. They can also drive a wedge between the private and the social benefits and costs of different fuels. Abstracting for the moment from small amounts of emission during construction, nuclear-based electricity production is carbon-free during operations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fuels wedge moment different determining|1.4001498|1.9091108|1.7449384
9566|Rapidly growing Asian economies are expected to account for the greatest share of additional consumption, while saturated levels of per capita food consumption and declining population growth rates result in much slower consumption growth from regions like North America and Europe. Substantial population growth in Africa will drive significant increases in total consumption, however per capita consumption growth in the region remains marginal. Consumption trends also tend toward processed and prepared foods, widening the spread between farm gate and retail prices of food items. Expansion of the livestock sector alters the demand for crops, resulting in a declining share of pure food crops, in favour of crops like coarse grains and oilseeds which are also used to feed livestock.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|consumption crops growth food declining|3.919025|5.2504745|4.363549
9567|To this end, all national universities and other associated research institutions (including those focusing on electronic engineering, industrial engineering, IT, medicine, law and economics) with an interest in the work of ITU were invited to participate. More specifically, ENACOM is involved in SDGs 1,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,13,16 and 17 as it promotes and seeks to ensure healthy, sustainable and secure lifestyles in all social domains, including learning, business, science, environment, agriculture, government, etc., Among other benefits, it enables the government to grant nanocredits and focus subsidies. The E-money system, managed by the Banco Central del Ecuador (BCE), is a payment method that allows citizens to make secure and reliable online transactions, using cellphones, without the need for Internet access or a bank account.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|engineering secure invited lifestyles itu|4.5707774|3.1688058|2.0312214
9568|It will be negative if the change in the effect of households characteristics is such that for children with same characteristics and same position in the income distribution, their income decreased. Regression coefficients then reflect the effect of characteristics on the conditional quantile but cannot be read as the unconditional effects, in which case the interpretation is limited (unless one estimates quantiles regressions for all quantiles). It turns then that one needs to know the entire conditional distribution of the outcome Y in each group g given X to compute the group-specific quantiles.|SDG 1 - No poverty|characteristics conditional effect distribution group|7.398709|5.8352056|5.3440375
9569|The existing potential of low-cost demand response for large users running capital intensive factories or industrial facilities must be assessed and the pace of development of smart grids remains uncertain. Large balancing areas and geographic diversity of wind resources can help to optimise the balancing costs. Improving the design of electricity markets is another important lever to control these costs. In several US markets and in Australia, sub-hourly energy markets are integrated and co-optimised with ancillary services markets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|markets balancing ancillary optimise lever|1.795051|1.5786291|1.970918
9570|From 1990 to 2015, more than 1 billion people were lifted out of extreme poverty. Achieving SDG 1, however, will nonetheless not be easy. Over 700 million people continue to battle extreme poverty, living on less than $1.90 per day. The world population continues to grow. Poverty eradication efforts will demand we reach communities alienated within current development pathways because they lack productive capacities, live in remote areas without access to services or face discrimination. Many people who escape income poverty may remain relatively poor in their local context or face deprivations in health, education and shelter.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty extreme people face lifted|6.0854816|5.8760953|4.8376894
9571|As for other catastrophic risks, insurers must charge a premium that may be several times higher than the annual expected losses in order to meet their solvency constraints. In addition, some of the potential losses are not insurable or difficult to be covered by insurance (to date). Insurers are reluctant in particular to provide coverage for loss of life or personal injury occurring between ten and thirty years after the nuclear accident occurred, while only some would refuse full coverage for costs of measures of reinstatement for impaired environment or for cost of preventive measures. Beyond a certain level, the state is the sole entity able to bear the accident risk, and socialisation of such residual risk is the most efficient economic solution. As seen in this chapter, any estimate of the expected frequency and costs from a severe nuclear accident is extremely challenging and highly controversial. The major difficulty would therefore be to provide a valid estimate of the risk from a nuclear accident and of the residual risk that is borne by the state.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|accident nuclear risk insurers residual|0.9883444|1.8009254|1.8026863
9572|Local communities need to be involved, not just nationally organised groups; crashes occur on local roads and local discussion will help establish the most effective response. In the end, based on public feedback, the less stringent approach was adopted on the grounds that maintaining community support for effective implementation was vital. A focus on how to achieve the ultimate outcome of zero serious harm and then working backwards from the ultimate to the current will determine the next steps along the safe system path.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ultimate local effective crashes stringent|4.130524|5.2937727|0.39961517
9573|Schools are also expected to promote good mental health for students, and remain alert to mental health concerns; NICE Public Health recommendation 12 (NICE, 2008), for example, offers guidelines on social and emotional well-being in primary education, stating that “schools and local authorities should make sure teachers and other staff are trained to identify when children at school show signs of anxiety or social and emotional problems. They should be able to discuss the problems with parents and carers and develop a plan to deal with them, involving specialists where needed”. The Targeted Mental Health in Schools (TaMHS) initiative, which ran between 2008 and 2011, was backed with GBP 60 million of funding from the Department for Children, Schools and Families. The programme aimed to tackle emotional and mental health support delivery in schools for children aged 5 to 13, and was found to have had mixed results at the end of the three-year programme.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental schools emotional nice health|10.498527|8.763707|1.6453148
9574|April and May 2014 saw record rain (over 420 mm) in the northern part of the country, which caused disastrous floods in the catchment area of the Vrbas and Bosna Rivers, as well as in the area of Semberija. These extreme climate and weather episodes have caused substantial material and financial deficits, as well as casualties. In the same time series, trends in annual temperatures on all analysed stations are statistically significant, while the changes are more pronounced in the continental part of the country. However, increases in air temperature over the last 14 years are even more pronounced. The increase in temperature, in addition to increases in GHG emissions, is caused by a more pronounced effect of the urban heat island. Differences between the reference period 1961-1990 and the period 1981-2010 range from 1.9°C in Sarajevo to 0.8°C in Tuzla.|SDG 13 - Climate action|pronounced caused temperature increases disastrous|1.1974385|5.2593503|2.2714417
9575|It is collected by water agencies within each hydrographic basin. The charge builds on a characterisation of water resources as regards availability: Category 1 and Category 2 resources are those situated respectively inside and outside Water Apportionment Areas (ZREs in French, for Zones de Repartition des Eaux), which are zones characterised by a chronic w'ater deficit. The spatial distinction between Category 1 and Category 2 resources reflects the higher opportunity cost in ZREs where there is a serious imbalance between water demand and water availability.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|category water zones resources availability|0.9871119|7.415469|2.4211245
9576|The corporate tax rate is a graduated system from 18% to 30% and books are required. This particular provision is criticised for two reasons: i) it creates a system where micro- and small enterprises accept the practice of not keeping books; and ii) the progressively higher taxation rate for corporate enterprises is a disincentive for natural person enterprises to become incorporated. The unintended effect of these rules may be to actually discourage the growth of micro- and small enterprises by providing incentives for them to remain small, as mentioned in Chapter 2.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|enterprises books corporate small micro|6.5610456|4.914126|4.1551247
9577|For this reason there are several documents that combine and constitute the national strategies, and the most important elements are the white paper on forest policy (LMD 1999), the Forestry Act (LMD 2005), Regulation on sustainable forestry (LMD 2006) the annual national budget, the forest policy instruments and the Living Forests (now PEFC Norway) processes. However, implementation using these elements and strategies in a formal way have probably discriminated social values connected to recreation and tourism. However, these statistics are about the general situation and development in Norway, and not specific for forest areas. Statistics Norway collects data concerning several governmental indicators within the field of recreation and tourism.|SDG 15 - Life on land|norway forest recreation forestry elements|1.3836892|4.84995|3.857691
9578|This also entails giving difficult cases sufficient resources and conserving resources in cases where their use would be sub-optimal. Furthermore, changes in payment systems could have long-term consequences for technology use, medical practices and costs over time (McClellan, 2011). They have, however, not been effective in avoiding unnecessary referrals and offering definitive care. Between 1990 and 2008, the number of non-diagnostic referrals to outpatient specialist care increased by more than four times, while the number of patients referred to inpatient care per physician increased by almost 80% (Gaal et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|referrals care cases definitive conserving|8.870215|9.016371|1.6430762
9579|Conversely, coal has played a relatively limited role in LDCs’ electricity generation mix, although its weight may expand somewhat as recently planned investments in new coal-based plants come online. As discussed in the next subsection, however, there is evidence of an acceleration of non-hydro renewable energy deployment in LDCs since 2014, and utility-scale plants currently under construction will increase their weight in the near future. At the 22nd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (COP22), the Climate Vulnerable Forum (including 24 LDCs5) pledged to achieve 100 per cent renewable energy by 2050. Thus, half of the 47 LDCs — including island LDCs dependent on fossil-fuel generation as well as others with a larger share of renewable energy — consider a transition to a low-carbon power sector a strategic long-term objective. Other LDCs, such as Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mozambique and Uganda, are also experimenting with the deployment of various renewable-based generation technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ldcs renewable generation deployment weight|1.5056338|2.6324587|2.1572273
9580|There are likely to be additional linkages and policies that will support sustainable macroeconomic development and growth while also promoting gender equality. First, employment (livelihood) improvement should be our central macroeconomic indicator (Nayyar 2012). Second, financing for gender equality in em ployment and other domains can be self-sustaining because of the feedback effects from gender equality to economy-wide well-being.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality macroeconomic gender em sustaining|9.23779|4.4352236|6.8703194
9581|Various kinds of ICTs help firms in all sectors to manage their resources more efficiently, access the information needed for better business decision-making, reduce the costs of business transactions and enhance their ability to bring their products and services to customers. Consequently, it is useful to consider ways to enhance business use of ICTs in the context of private sector development. To promote ICTs within firms, governments need to provide an enabling environment that is conducive to business use of ICTs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|icts business enhance firms conducive|4.8085165|3.0584009|1.9957446
9582|But changes in the ecological and institutional landscapes in Rajasthan marginalized the availability of grazing land, which largely affected their pastoral lifestyle and forced them to sell animals and take up low-paid labour in towns. Hence their knowledge is irrelevant and thus the changes in their livelihood led to the disappearance of valuable breeds and associated knowledge (Practical Action, 2009). For example, farmers in semi-arid parts of south Tamil Nadu use ploughs made of neem tree timber (Azadracta indica) as one of the integrated methods to control Cyperus, a notorious weed in cropped fields. Currently, ploughing is carried out using tractors and thus the traditional knowledge of using neem ploughs has become obsolete and its relevance is limited under the changing production practices. The cultural value placed on crop diversity and local selection techniques is also declining in many areas and the skills that contributed to evolution of landraces are slowly disappearing, as in the case of specific culture in the Philippines mentioned earlier. Changing socio-cultural practices make the knowledge irrelevant and reduce sharing and communication at the community level and into the next generation.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|knowledge irrelevant changing cultural landraces|3.4508567|5.375989|3.9474447
9583|While the guarantee of the loan was helpful in getting the private sector's initial involvement, the indirect training and capacity building rendered the initiative sustainable. The eagerness of non-participating local banks to participate in the next round of investments stands as a testimony that once trained and reassured about the expected energy savings of energy efficiency measures, private financiers are keen to partake in energy efficiency investments. Government buy-in was another key element in the success of the mechanism.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy investments efficiency rendered keen|2.3139718|2.9639452|1.853377
9584|Some aspects of this system were inherited from the pre-democratic era; however, the post-Apartheid state has been very active in reforming and adding to this system. There has been a rapid expansion in spending on social assistance over the last between 2000/01 and 2006/07. While spending on most budget items (e.g. education and health) have remained fairly constant in real terms, consolidated expenditure on welfare and social assistance has increased from R30.1 billion (3.2 per cent of GDP) in 2000/01 to R101.4 billion (4.4 per cent of GDP) in 2008/09 (National Treasury, 1998 and 2009).14 This is show'n in Figure 3.3 below'.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|assistance spending billion gdp inherited|7.1958404|5.7661095|4.242496
9585|The policy relevance of the virtual water metaphor will be greater where scarcity values (opportunity costs) are substantial. Using the virtual water metaphor in this context has enhanced the discussion of the relationship between water resources and food security. However, the policy relevance of virtual water is limited in some situations, and the policy recommendations that arise in discussions of virtual water often are not consistent with maximizing the value of limited resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|virtual water relevance policy maximizing|1.2480764|7.4952917|2.4004378
9586|The students scored around the OECD average in reading and science and above the OECD average in mathematics. The student plans are meant to strengthen the foundation of the educational planning and organization, support the current evaluation of the individual students and strengthen collaboration between home and school. Furthermore, linguistic screening of children in kindergarten class is compulsory. Especially the goals for reading, mathematics, natural science and English were strengthened. The goals were no longer recommendations, but binding goals for the schools to follow.|SDG 4 - Quality education|goals reading mathematics strengthen science|9.731868|2.2202501|2.5569265
9587|In addition, no incentives or specific rules exist to encourage companies responsible for pumping, purifying and transporting water to consumers, to produce relevant data on the quantity and quality of the transported water and the remaining water reserves. At present, such companies sometimes do not supply data when requested, in order to avoid the subsequent additional restrictions that would occur on the basis of the information in the data (vested interests). The idea was mooted of setting up a separate independent monitoring team to collect such data, but with insufficient funding, it seems unlikely that independent monitoring programmes can be set up.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|data independent water companies monitoring|0.96690744|7.0430236|2.1908755
9588|The Parties did not agree in Paris to forswear the use of some policy tools that are controversial among trading partners. Three types of tools in particular will be discussed here: border carbon adjustment, subsidies as green industrial policy, and carbon standards and labelling. Applied to imports, it results in a charge on imported goods commensurate with the charge that the producer would have had to bear had the product been produced under domestic climate regulations — whether a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase offsets. Applied to exports, it rebates any climate-related charges imposed on goods that are destined for foreign markets where such charges are not imposed on their producers.|SDG 13 - Climate action|carbon imposed charges charge tools|1.3850917|3.4498255|1.7759756
9589|School autonomy in content, hiring and salaries is also associated with higher student learning outcomes on average (Hanushek et al., The decomposition results show that 11% of the explained part of the achievement gap is driven by differences in the responsibility for curriculum and resources. The first term on the right hand-side corresponds to the part of the differential in educational performance attributable to observed individual, school and teacher characteristics, that is, how much students in the bottom quartile would score differently if they had the same individual and school characteristics as students in the top quartile ESCS. The second term, the return effect, shows how much low ESCS students would hypothetically be better if they experience the same production process of schooling given their own characteristics. For instance, the provision of extra-curricular activities in schools is also a driver of socio-economic gaps in achievement. Having creative extra-curricular activities in school appeals to be an important factor in Switzerland, Turkey and the United States, for instance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|quartile escs curricular school characteristics|9.611999|2.1783938|2.8861585
9590|A future HSR corridor was considered an effective way to relieve the pressure on fast-growing Oslo and to make it possible to commute between Oslo and Gothenburg. Modem rail was also expected to help significantly reduce emissions, compared to air, road and tmck transport. The project generated unprecedented momentum and enthusiasm. It had a significant impact on the HSR debate, especially in Norway.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|oslo commute gothenburg unprecedented corridor|4.3087687|4.5931253|1.029338
9591|Such progress has allowed Colombia to become a regional leader in key activities. Its health technology assessment agency, lnstituto de Evaluacion Tecnologica en Salud, is one of the most advanced in Latin America, for example. The conflict has led to displacement and forced possession of land, forced recruitment and kidnapping, homicides, injuries and sexual violence. In total, 7.1 million are estimated to have been victims of the armed conflict between 1985 and 2015 - mostly rural, impoverished Colombians.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|forced conflict homicides possession impoverished|8.580344|8.466669|2.9784944
9592|They reduce global and national economic output, strain national governments and health systems, burden vulnerable households, put human rights at risk and seriously undermine development progress (UNDP 2013b; World Bank 2014). Lost productivity due to illness, disability or death from NCDs can impede macroeconomic growth and shift public budgets from other important health and development objectives (WHO 2010; Bloom et al. In contrast, deaths from communicable diseases during the same period fell by 27 per cent from around 16.1 million people in 1990 to 11.8 million in 2013, while deaths from various forms of injuries rose by 10 per cent from around 4.3 million people in 1990 to 4.8 million in 2013 (GBD 2013).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|million deaths ncds cent impede|8.847278|8.928457|2.9920373
9593|The new action plan for Africa also includes the digitalisation of media and communications and the promotion of e-commerce (IDS, 2016). The private sector is also engaged in this area. For instance, ZTE and Huawei provide equipment and technical assistance to enhance e-governance programmes in Rwanda. ( India's total concessional development finance is estimated by the OECD to have reached USD 1.4 billion in 2014, compared to USD 1.2 billion in 2013.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|usd billion digitalisation concessional rwanda|4.728565|3.2537432|1.9209565
9594|The Doi Moi aimed to transition from a centrally-planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy, encouraging private sector development and foreign investments. The extent to which recent successes have been translated into improved well-being is questioned as well as the ways in which this rapid growth has affected social cohesion. A cohesive society can be described as a society that strives for social integration and builds up the necessary social capital to create a common sense of belonging, and one where prospects exist for upward social mobility. Persistent and deepening inequalities among certain groups of the population (e.g. 60% of ethnic minorities are poor, accounting for nearly half of the total poor) raise concerns on the prospects of achieving sustained and inclusive growth. The coverage gaps in social protection (e.g. 67% of people in the middle class do not have social insurance) and the weak redistributive effect of the current fiscal policies may expose many middle-class households to the risk of falling back into poverty. Last but not least, innovation and technological progress are generating new skills needs which place education and training policies under tremendous pressure.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|social prospects class middle society|6.798645|5.6310086|4.488236
9595|The Food Law’s purpose is to promote food safety, animal health and animal welfare. Aquaculture is also governed by a number of regulations which set out rules regarding amongst others licence requirements, fish health and fish welfare, and technological standards for fish farms. Licences for of cod and halibut rearing, mussel farming are free and can be applied for at all times while salmon and trout licences are issued in limited numbers against payment. The licences are only issued when the Government decides to do so.|SDG 14 - Life below water|licences fish issued animal welfare|0.14788689|5.9292336|6.637567
9596|Here, fossil fuel resource constraints may work alongside externality pricing to make renewables more cost-competitive, yet resource availability (competing land uses) may also act as constraints for the deployment of renewables at scale. The magnitude of decarbonization required in the future affords no such gradualism. Moreover, a transition away from the energy infrastructures and institutions that have coevolved with fossil fuels over the last century carries its own costs and inertias (Unruh, 2000).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewables fossil constraints resource decarbonization|1.4613451|2.5927563|2.0587802
9597|"It is relevant for measuring the average longevity of the population as a whole and is collected using well-established standards. Life expectancy can be measured at birth and at various ages. All life expectancies measure how long on average people could expect to live based on the age-specific death rates currently prevailing. Life expectancy at birth is, however, only an estimate of the expected life span of a given cohort, as the actual age-specific death rates of any particular birth cohort cannot be known in advance. Measures of life expectancy at birth refer to people born today and are computed by the OECD as the unweighted average of life expectancy for men and women. Life expectancy indicators meet a number of criteria characterising “ideal"" indicators (Table 5.1), with the exception of the availability of disaggregated information across various population groups."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy life birth cohort death|9.109256|8.655935|3.2338443
9598|On the one hand, some federal countries (Belgium, Canada, the United States) have almost entirely devoted water responsibilities to lower levels of government while in other federal states (Australia, Mexico), the central government still plays a strong role (strategic planning, regulation, etc.) On the other hand, though some unitary states still retain significant water responsibilities at central government level with highly centralised water policy making (Chile, Israel, Japan, Korea), most OECD unitary countries (France, Greece, the Netherlands, New Zealand) have de facto devoted responsibilities to lower levels of government. In all cases, the institutional mapping of water policy also relies on environmental, territorial and hydrological considerations. The plurality of mutually dependent actors across ministries and public agencies, between levels of government, and at sub-national level raises significant multi-level governance challenges, hence the need for “diagnosing” capacity and co-ordination challenges likely to hinder integrated water policy.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|government water unitary responsibilities devoted|1.2676862|7.179677|1.5660462
9599|National financial restrictions have reduced allocations for non-teaching staff by 9.5%, particularly staff in early childhood education and care (ECEC). School management, especially in small schools, has faced financial difficulties as salaries of pedagogical staff have increased while those of non-pedagogical staff have been reduced. Financial support for nursery schools has also been proposed to remove obstacles to their establishment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|staff pedagogical financial reduced schools|9.320494|2.5703902|2.181583
9600|See above, box 1. Finding a new, more efficient or less invasive way of administering a known drug is also a case of new use. It is important to emphasize that a new use by definition results from the same chemical entity, i.e., a known pre-existing substance. The new drug prescribed for the new use thus makes no change to the chemical structure of the existing product (as would be the case of derivatives, which are discussed later in this Guide). This is particularly true in countries where knowledge of traditional medicines exists, and new indications might be found through targeted research.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|new chemical drug known use|8.297817|9.639598|2.4792407
9601|Further EPEAT criteria are only developed for a limited number of product categories and only electronic product, which has also affected the choice of product groups. The criteria in the four instruments for the four products have been reviewed and categorized according to the resource efficiency parameters developed by JRC, but additional categories have also been added as the four voluntary instruments cover resource efficiency parameters adding to the JRC categories. Following this, the voluntary resource efficiency criteria of the four product groups are reviewed and analysed.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|product categories criteria resource reviewed|1.9308218|2.9857707|2.497041
9602|They demonstrated the potential of some value chains to double yields and farmers' incomes without expanding the farmed area or increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Green growth agroparks, such as Suiker Unie in the Netherlands, have a strong focus on the environment and on value-added food products. The scope of these agro-parks is to optimize the use of natural resources - especially through more efficient and sustainable water use - in food production, processing and distribution.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|optimize farmed value food parks|2.0520508|4.21961|2.383584
9603|In 2006, women accounted for 29% of MSME owners in manufacturing. As in India, traditions and customs weigh on Indonesian female entrepreneurs, particularly in rural areas and among some ethnic groups. The situation of women entrepreneurs seem to have progressed at a faster pace in China, where female entrepreneurship boomed after the establishment of the new economic model in 1995.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurs female progressed weigh indonesian|8.904985|3.5249124|6.347614
9604|The current demographic decline makes these inherited inefficiencies even more visible. The number of births dropped from 80 000 in 1990 to 55 000 in 2012 and this has led to a continuous decline of the school-age population (Educational Policy Institute, 2015). The number of students decreased by 21% between 2005 and 2012, with the largest decrease in the secondary vocational sector (27%) but substantial decrease also occurred at the level of basic schools and general secondary schools (nearly 20%).|SDG 4 - Quality education|decrease decline secondary schools inherited|9.248611|2.5129664|3.0485947
9605|But the crucial work of implementing ESD across everyday education practice is still ahead. School plans are seen to be the instruments for implementing the “whole-institution approach” in school operations, particularly in pre-primary, primary and secondary levels of education. As defined by the ECE ESD working group on school plans, “ESD school planning is a means to move beyond sustainability awareness-raising and to actively engage in a continuous cycle of planning, implementing and reviewing approaches to sustainability as part of every school’s operations” (UNECE, 2014ft). The working group identified a number of core dimensions for such plans, including school governance arrangements, curriculum, teaching and learning, facilities and operations, partnerships and cooperation—particularly with the surrounding community—and self-assessment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school esd operations implementing plans|9.021897|2.3099916|1.9075999
9606|Fisheries inspectors, receive up-to-date information on PC and smartphones and target the control based on the resulting risk assessment. Denmark has also conducted trials for catch quota registration using CCTV cameras to deter misreporting. Growth and development of the sector had been primarily limited by restrictions on nitrogen discharge levels.|SDG 14 - Life below water|deter smartphones cameras inspectors trials|-0.13995904|5.718886|6.815013
9607|"Dimensions and indicators for this study were selected as the result of a broad consultative process with key stakeholders convened by UNICEF-Armenia. See Annex A for the full list of dimensions and indicators. The sustainable development goals set by the post-2015 Development Agenda make a clear statement in Goal 1.2: ""By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions."""|SDG 1 - No poverty|dimensions indicators convened consultative armenia|6.3294725|6.4765854|4.997023
9608|Notes: Poverty rates are based on country-specific poverty lines and therefore not comparable from one country toanother. Poverty rates for France and the Republic of Moldova are calculated as percentage of population living in lone-parent households that are below the poverty line, while for the other countries the poverty rates are calculated as percentage of lone-parent households that are belowthe poverty line. Poverty rates for Canada are based on income after taxes. Lone mothers with children are more likely to be poor in other parts of the world as well (table 8.2).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty lone rates parent calculated|7.2134027|6.1868377|5.140577
9609|Includes estimates based on partial dal “Preliminary figures. Figure VI .3 shows the average percentage changes in the urban participation and employment rates in the first three quarters of the year compared to the same period of 2017. Higher growth in the employment than in the participation rate (points above the diagonal line) implies a drop in the unemployment rate, while a larger increase in the participation rate (below the diagonal) implies the opposite.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|participation rate implies vi employment|7.6326|4.4443417|4.2963223
9610|In response, the Australian Government established the Teacher Education Ministerial Advisory Group (TEMAG) in 2014 to make recommendations on how ITP in Australia could be improved to better prepare new teachers and provide the practical skills needed in the classroom. In 2015, Action Now: Classroom Ready Teachers, TEMAG's report to the Minister for Education and Training, included 38 recommendations to improve ITP in Australia. Starting in 2013, the Bachelor of Education programme was guided by competency objectives for each teaching practice, teacher education was constructed around modules, and the University Colleges (Professionshojskoler) were granted more autonomy in setting programme structures and determining the content of modules for development of different teacher profiles.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher modules classroom education recommendations|9.252566|1.214274|2.122227
9611|This series of activities - short term employment, training, and successful exit strategies leading to more permanent employment - is designed to achieve the alleviation of poverty. In June 2008, Cabinet gave approval for proceeding with the development of a second phase of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) which began in early 2009. Extension of the programme aims to increase the number of full-year equivalent job opportunities to over 400 000 over the next five years.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|proceeding programme employment cabinet gave|7.878623|4.5149374|3.8387623
9612|Nevertheless, some important associations emerge. For example, child poverty rates are higher when both the average household size and the adolescent fertility rate are higher, while the share of the population living in rural areas is negatively associated with relative child poverty. Having said that, only changes in the adolescent fertility rate share a negative association with within country trends in child poverty rates, which suggests that the decline in teenage pregnancies observed across the OECD in recent decades has contributed to reducing child poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|child poverty adolescent fertility rate|8.048839|5.9238477|5.5685735
9613|A recent reform has further enabled parents of children bom after June 2016 to make even more flexible use of the job protection provision: With the employer’s consent, they can use 12 months of the 36 month employment-protection period any time between the child’s third and eighth birthday. But, beyond the provisions of parental leave (Elternzeit) and family care leave (Pflegezeit and Familienpflegezeit), employees in Germany are not legally entitled to resume full-time work once their reduced working hours have been approved by their employer (see Chapter 3 for an international comparison of legal provisions). On average, full-time working mothers in Germany put in nearly 42 hours per week, outstripped only by Swiss and Austrian mothers with about 44 hours per week (Figure 4.6).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hours week employer mothers provisions|9.197277|5.171195|5.292037
9614|Switzerland and the United States - are included in the league table of relative child poverty (Figure 1 b) but could not be included in the league table of child deprivation (Figure 1a) because relevant data are not available. Child deprivation data are drawn from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and are therefore only available for the 27 EU countries plus Iceland and Norway. What these different pictures mean - the relationship between them and the controversies surrounding them - is the subject of this Report Card.|SDG 1 - No poverty|child deprivation included table figure|7.2681336|6.520574|5.2567716
9615|Stronger emphasis needs to be placed on general competencies that will allow people to adjust to rapid changes in the labour market and have the capacity for lifelong learning. Due to rapidly changing skill requirements in working life, lifelong learning, skills upgrading and reskilling are becoming increasingly important. For non-traditional learners, who combine work and study and/or family obligations, flexible ways of provision need to be in place through work-based, e-leaming and distance education. In addition, attendance on the basis of non-formal and informal learning should be allowed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|lifelong learning non learners work|8.371665|2.5528233|2.5872266
9616|Through such mobilization, organizations with little experience or prior knowledge could take a great leap forward into the world of formal inter-gov-ernmental negotiations, with considerable success.14 Feminists learned formal negotiation methods and language and became creative in mixing effective advocacy with technical sophistication, using insider-outsider methods and strategic and tactical lessons that they learned on the job. Equally, it could creatively address new issues and learn from its own diversity despite an increasingly difficult policy environment. In feet, the need to challenge those policies provided grist to the mill of women’s organizations during this period. The ability to do so effectively was enabled by the welcoming environment that the UN provided to civil society at a time when its own role was under attack.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|learned organizations methods formal feet|10.272974|4.695413|7.412958
9617|While in the long run the new process is probably better, there are clear short term costs that are largely bom at the local level. France is still a centralised State, and while it has greatly reduced the direct role of the national government in land use plans it remains very engaged relative to many other OECD countries. Because France has a unitary government all devolved powers can be altered, and the frequent changes in the last few decades suggest the possibility of further change in the future. Second, while France has largely strengthened local government, the direct role of the State in day-to-day administration through the prefet and the responsibility of mayors to the nation State remains.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|france state day largely government|3.803603|5.748067|1.7332342
9618|Indeed, relative price changes currently favour green sources of energy. Physical stranding might also occur where events such as a drought or a flood make exploitation of a natural resource impossible or too costly. Should stranding affect CDDCs development prospects, Article 2 of the Paris Agreement allows those countries to be considered differently, in line with the principles of equity and countries’ common but differentiated responsibilities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cddcs differently impossible differentiated exploitation|1.2176968|3.4265683|1.3156118
9619|The governing body of these groundwater councils is comprised of 12 representatives, 3 from each sector (agriculture, domestic, industrial and tourism). It is supported by a technical taskforce and a consultative taskforce for the design of plans and projects. The structure of the groundwater councils in Guanajuato includes civil society, users from each of the main sectoral activities, technical experts and the financial, technical, legal and political support from the government.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|technical councils groundwater comprised consultative|0.9299895|7.1927977|1.6166204
9620|Figure 1 graphically illustrates such trends for a number of selected countries. Taking the Seattle Longitudinal Study as a reference point, Desjardins and Warnke (2012) conclude that cross-sectional age-skill profiles for fluid intelligence measures tend to start from a higher level and decline more steeply than in longitudinal profiles for the same measure. Longitudinal studies are intuitively attractive, because they allow controlling for unobserved within-person characteristics that are time-invariant.|SDG 4 - Quality education|longitudinal profiles fluid unobserved sectional|8.946033|2.7415955|3.0354276
9621|This is particularly the case for smaller rural and regional health services. The Agreement stipulates that funding be provided on the basis of activity “wherever practicable”. The states provide advice to the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority (IHPA) on how their hospital services and functions meet the block funding criteria on an annual basis. For small rural and regional hospitals, this advice can be provided once every six years, or more frequently at the states’ discretion.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|advice hospital funding basis provided|8.798329|8.898835|1.7248514
9622|Guidelines to develop and evaluate such models are discussed in the FAIRMODE initiative (http://fairmode.jrc.ec.europa.eu/) led by the JRC to support use of modelling in the implementation of the EU directives. What can be done in a city depends as said on the sources, but also resources of the city. Possibilities also depend on whether there is willingness at the political level to not only reduce emission via technological improvements but also by decreasing activity rates or implementing structural and societal changes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|eu city europa directives willingness|3.350936|4.6656103|1.1811291
9623|Even though water use and nutrient pollution are increasing at much faster pace outside the OECD area, particularly in the BRIICS, diffuse sources of pollution, seasonal or local water shortage and floods remain an issue in most OECD countries, as is financing to replace ageing infrastructure and meet increasingly stringent environmental and health standards. The problem will be greatest in non-OECD countries that, as a group, are expected to have much larger rates of population growth. This is particularly so in large developing countries, such as India, where the rate of increase in incomes is also expected to exceed the OECD average.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|oecd pollution expected briics particularly|1.4945008|7.130232|2.8960745
9624|The results make it possible to infer that the values of X are greater for women than for men (1.5 to 1, on average, for Argentina, 4 to 1 for Ecuador and Uruguay, and 2.5 to 1 for Peru). These ratios are constant throughout the period under study for Argentina, decline in the cases of Ecuador and Peru, and climb in the cases of Brazil and Uruguay, with an increase in the coefficient for women between 2007 and 2010 —a period during which unemployment was also on the rise (see figure 2). This means that, while the female labour supply is large in proportion to the size of the working-age population, a substantial part of the nonparticipation rate is accounted for by selection factors, indicating that there is a larger potential labour supply than in other countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ecuador uruguay peru argentina cases|8.883214|4.4570575|5.727286
9625|The second aspect is the countervailing trends in precipitation. The global circulation models used to generate climate projections are not well suited to produce results for mountainous countries such as Austria because their coarse resolution means they cannot capture the influence of geographic features on local climates. Significant investment in the development of more detailed regional models to help fill this gap led to the reclip:century project in 2011.|SDG 13 - Climate action|models countervailing climates mountainous coarse|1.245452|5.213244|2.0701308
9626|The three key dimensions are still access to sanitation, quality housing and drinking water, which even retained the same order of importance between 2000 and 2011. However, as extreme poverty has declined, these three dimensions have become even more prominent, suggesting that greater strides have been made in education, information and nutrition than in sanitation, housing and drinking water. These three dimensions contribute heavily to total child poverty, too, and their significance has increased as total poverty among children has decreased —from 73% in 2000 to 82% in 2011.13 Unlike in the case of extreme poverty, education has increased in importance as a contributing factor to total poverty, suggesting that little progress has actually been made in reducing education deprivation. The fact that its relative contribution to extreme poverty has diminished indicates that more than proportional progress had been made in reducing the percentage of children with no access to schooling. The fact that the same did not happen with total poverty means that progress in reducing the school dropout rate had been less significant than achievements in other areas. Its contribution to extreme poverty also increased in 10 countries in the region.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty extreme dimensions total reducing|6.9484453|6.3204846|5.181098
9627|The specialisation plan should address the concern amongst surgeons and policy makers in Denmark that there were certain specialist services being delivered in potentially unsafe circumstances. While it is too early to systematically evaluate the impact of these reforms, it will be important for policy makers to use changes in the supply of hospital services to drive improvements in quality of care. To help evaluate the success of the plan and monitor quality on an ongoing basis, the DHMA should seek that hospitals internally monitor data on the performance of individual clinicians, alongside system-wide efforts already being undertaken to evaluate the performance of specialist hospitals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|evaluate specialist hospitals monitor makers|9.212019|9.521965|1.6616979
9628|They are mainly small water bodies with an area of less than 1 km2. Only 32 lakes have a surface exceeding 10 km2. Winter discharges of water from the Toktogul Reservoir resulted in increasing the area of the Aydar Arnasay Lakes System, which is now the largest in Uzbekistan. With its area of 3,600 km2 and its storage capacity of 42 km3, this lake exceeds the water reserves of all other reservoirs. In 2008, it was added to the list of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lakes area water ramsar exceeding|0.48287368|7.0402265|2.6585214
9629|In Section 4, the modelling scenarios used to assess the potential impacts of current policy measures, and possible gains from further agricultural liberalisation are set out. The results from these on the global economy, particular countries and for agricultural markets and prices are explored in Sections 5,6 and 7. Policy implications are then discussed in Section 8.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|section agricultural liberalisation explored modelling|3.9324417|5.2013116|3.7832744
9630|In South Africa, the government of Gauteng province opened a centre for the treatment of substance abuse in Soweto in May 2015. The centre offers free assistance to alcohol- and drug-dependent persons. The region of Central America and the Caribbean continues to be used as a major trans-shipment area for consignments of drugs originating in South America and destined for North America and Europe.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|america centre south shipment originating|8.34176|10.201674|3.5340993
9631|The second section then offers six operating guidelines or benchmarks for developing an agenda for action at the individual country level and for measuring the pace of change and eventual success. Four broad strategic pathways are highlighted in figure 8.1 and briefly summarized below. Women’s and girls’ lives are improved when countries formulate and then fully implement a combination of laws and regulations, policies and programmes that provide equal opportunities for all, regardless of sex, and promote gender - going beyond legal equality to substantive gender equality. There is a clear need for African governments to move beyond small-scale initiatives and silo approaches to gender equality, and invest considerably in building national and local capacities to ensure that women's empowerment is addressed in a much more systematic manner.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender silo eventual summarized|9.880968|4.456011|7.2380433
9632|These could include keeping the price of retail energy at lower levels that do not reflect cost (for example, through cross subsidies), maintaining employment, or preferring a certain generating fuel. A single integrated utility does not require complex systems to dispatch multiple providers at the wholesale level, or retail market platforms that allow for switching of customers between different retail providers, or an elaborate access regime to ensure multiple parties can access monopoly network infrastructure on equal terms. Where fresh investment is required to meet demand, a government can direct a utility to invest at a given time and this ensures that capacity will be adequate to meet reliability standards.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|retail utility multiple meet providers|1.7802407|1.7661527|1.926764
9633|Teachers may choose to align their teaching to the knowledge and skills assessed in the standardised test, thus neglecting other curriculum areas that are not going to be assessed. The problems with teaching to the test are two-fold. First, by emphasising test-taking skills and concentrating on tested content, scores will become inflated without reflecting an increase in student understanding of concepts (Hamilton and Stecher, 2002; Hout and Elliott, 2011).|SDG 4 - Quality education|test assessed teaching skills concentrating|9.736814|1.7988899|1.4030216
9634|With regard to the crop sector, growing concerns on the sustainable use of arable land led the government to set goals for the diversification of crop production and to increase the use of water and moisture saving technologies. The main incentive instrument was a per hectare subsidy differentiated by crop and the cultivation technology applied. The 2010-14 programme also prioritised the development of the grain export infrastructure and supported investment in large-scale grain storage and milling facilities.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|crop grain moisture arable prioritised|3.8647404|5.1734414|3.9141595
9635|For the Prut, a unified monitoring programme and GIS is also called for. At the same time, there arc also positive examples: Lithuania has been monitoring transboundary aquifers with Poland for more than 15 years, and in 2010 groundwater monitoring was initiated based on bilateral agreement between the Lithuanian Geological Survey and the Kaliningrad Agency of Mineral Resources. Discharges of non-treated or insufficiently treated wastewater, municipal and industrial, still remains a major widespread pressure factor. This is particularly critical for industrial wastewaters with hazardous substances that arc not treated before being discharged into surface waters or are not prc-ircatcd before being discharged into the sewer systems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|treated discharged arc monitoring industrial|0.45643815|6.9858174|2.6889985
9636|Global Child Poverty and Well-being - Measurement, concepts, policy and action. The EU 2020 Poverty Target. Amsterdam, AIAS, GINI Discussion Paper 19. The State of the Poor: Where Are The Poor, Where Is Extreme Poverty Harder to End, and What Is the Current Profile of the World's Poor? The World Bank, Economic Premise, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, Oct 2013, No. Child Monetary and Multidimensional Poverty Analysis in Madagascar', Working Paper 2014-X, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty poor paper child premise|7.0330353|6.567556|5.079984
9637|Creative work can build bridges of social welfare and cohesion. And this welfare can also extend across international borders, linked by creativity in cultural tourism, for example. Recognizing that agency is a key factor in worker engagement and creativity, some companies have set aside time for workers to be creative.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|creativity creative welfare bridges recognizing|6.364978|3.8741634|2.8996627
9638|It is a forward-looking study, based on the expected cost of commissioning these plants in 2020. ( For example, despite significant declines in solar PV module costs in recent years, prices for entire PV installations vary significantly among countries for similar system types. Though not a cost study per se, the MTRMR tries to identify the most dynamic markets for solar PV deployment over the medium term and focuses cost evaluation efforts on these areas (IEA, 2014).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|pv cost solar study commissioning|1.4371084|1.9701115|2.0247679
9639|One possible explanation for this is that as nations become richer, people place higher value on health and want to spend a larger share of their income on improving their health (Fogel 2008). The “income elasticity” varies a lot in empirical results and whether health care is a luxury' good or a necessity is still an unsettled issue. Results for the US and Canadian provinces, as well as national-level data for 16 OECD countries, confirm that estimates of the size of the income elasticity vary by level of analysis, with international income elasticity generally larger than elasticities estimated in national or regional studies (Di Matteo, 2003).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|elasticity income health larger luxury|8.926879|8.863567|2.6450343
9640|There is a need for other types of rationing in addition to the limited rationing by means of the price mechanism. Waiting times, implicit prioritizing by service providers and governments’ explicit prioritizing are used as rationing mechanisms in the Nordic countries. Luigi Siciliani elaborates on the optimal balance between these instruments for rationing health care in his article.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|rationing prioritizing implicit waiting optimal|8.753847|8.946094|1.9079013
9641|The Nordic countries also provide substantially greater support for women to work, including childcare provision, enabling female employment (Gomick and Jantti, 2010). They report that those countries with the lowest levels of child poverty are usually those with low rates of joblessness and effective redistributive tax and transfer systems (usually with high levels of spending rather than targeting). Meanwhile, those countries with high levels of child poverty also tend to have high levels of poverty among working families and less effective tax and benefit systems.|SDG 1 - No poverty|levels poverty usually high tax|7.513275|6.038046|5.1209974
9642|The main participating companies were a coal-fired power plant (Asntesvajrket), a refinery (Statoil), a pharmaceutical and industrial enzyme plant (Novo Nordisk and Novozymes), a plasterboard factory (Gyproc), a soil remediation company (AS Bioteknisk Jordrens), and the municipality of Kalundborg through the town’s heating facility. This also enabled Statoil to stop flaring this gas. For instance, surplus heat from the power plant is used to heat about 4 500 private homes and water for fish fanning, and fly ash is supplied for cement production. Process sludge from fish fanning is supplied to nearby fanns as fertiliser.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|plant supplied heat fish fly|1.9849178|2.319831|2.3287218
9643|Aucune intervention isolee ne sera a meme de garantir que les patients se font delivrer les medicaments presents et qu’ils les prennent correctement. Les mesures mises en lumiere doivent etre appliquees ensemble. Les mesures regulieres et les indicateurs de qualite et de performance sont en ce domaine a encourager pour des systemes de sante plus efficaces et plus efficients.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|les mesures et plus en|9.08219|6.0306|4.769768
9644|Local communities sometimes also co-finance non-formal programmes. Targeted subsidies should be put in place to reduce or eliminate the cost of adult education paid by individuals with low educational attainment levels. While vocational and technical education systems equip individuals with skills that give them direct access to the labour market, those skills can quickly become obsolete.|SDG 4 - Quality education|individuals equip skills obsolete eliminate|8.604576|2.7238188|2.7093625
9645|While cost structures for an IPO and ICO may not be directly comparable due to differences in regulation, real savings can be realised in the post-IPO/ICO stage. Thinking of tasks such as dividend payments or shareholder voting requiring many intermediaries such as accountants, lawyers, and bankers, switching from paper-based to digital ownership with the issuance of equity tokens permits full code-driven automation without intermediaries and at reduced cost of governance. The investor therefore either receives return on investment as consequence of the value gain of equity or through dividends, or receives future services that are offered by the investment project (renewable power, access to shared bikes, etc.). This core concept is described in greater detail in section 3.1.1.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|intermediaries receives equity lawyers voting|3.157529|3.107629|1.898584
9646|This situation exposes 10 500 people to acute intestinal infectious diseases. The Water User Association (WUA) often closes the outlet of the wastewater collector, resulting in wastewater discharge into the village areas. Conflicts arise not only between neighbouring villages, but also between the village administration and the WUA.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|village wastewater collector infectious villages|1.7133633|6.8823915|2.607438
9647|In addition to problems related to employment and certification, teachers with migrant backgrounds have difficulties adapting to new teaching philosophies as well as professionally integrating into the school culture and teacher network (Niyubahwe, Mukamurera and Jutras, 2013[i76j). There are different sets of vulnerabilities that accompany direct and indirect displacement, which might affect students’ sense of self. Social workers and psychologists, who also have experience working with immigrant students, can provide extra support to teachers who teach in diverse classrooms. However, there is no longer a requixement of having to paxticipate in an induction programme with a personal mentor in order to obtain a teacher certification. Therefore, there are fewer mentorship courses offered for experienced teachers (Gerrevall, 2014(2ooi).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers certification teacher mentorship professionally|9.936188|2.2785625|2.4983876
9648|Although the Caribbean does not seem to have progressed in reducing inequality as Latin America has, nor have inequality levels increased there, despite the greater impact of the financial crisis. By way of example, per capita consumption in Jamaica fell by 9% between 2007 and 2009, but the decline was similar across all income strata, so inequality did not change. This can be measured for the earnings of wage workers, as that information is included in System of National Accounts (SNA) data.1 This analysis shows that, taking the latest year with information available (around 2009), the total wage share ranges from 24% in Peru to 56.7% in Costa Rica (see table 11.1).2 The evolution of this share up to 2009 indicates a decline in most of the countries, the exceptions being the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Chile, Costa Rica and Paraguay. Costa Rica is a case apart, as it is the one country evidencing a steady upward trend in the wage share.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|rica costa wage inequality share|6.5196624|5.580578|5.1542196
9649|Property tax is concentrated in the largest cities, such as Almaty, Shymkent and Astana, and, as typical in emerging economies, property tax is more important in metropolitan areas than in secondary cities. Kazakhstan may also adopt a system where akimats in urban areas can charge a land tax - where land has a higher market value - and rural akimats a property tax. Alternatively, like Brazil and South Africa, Kazakhstan could explore moving to a capital value system where tax is levied on both land and improvements and away from rental systems and site-value systems (McCluskey and Franzsen, 2013).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tax akimats property value land|4.5271797|5.5411563|1.8171338
9650|These resources provide food security, medicines, materials for shelter, a place for settlement, goods for building economic wealth and collateral (ESCAP 2012). Goods from the land and animals are also used as currency instead of money in parts of the Pacific. Access to land is the key for social protection.|SDG 1 - No poverty|goods land shelter collateral escap|6.8552036|5.870617|4.057539
9651|On 5 March 2008, two environmental organisations submitted a petition for rulemaking to ban swordfish imports using the MMPA authority. These regulations would establish conditions for evaluating a harvesting nation’s regulatory program to reduce marine mammal incidental mortality and serious injury' in the harvesting nation’s fisheries that export fish and fish products to the United States. Under this proposed rule, in order to export fish to the United States, harvesting nations must apply for and receive a comparability finding for each export fishery identified by the Assistant Administrator for Fisheries. To receive a comparability finding, the harvesting nation must provide reasonable proof that it has adopted and is implementing a regulatory program governing the incidental mortality and serious injury of marine mammals in the export fishery that is comparable in effectiveness to the US regulatory program.|SDG 14 - Life below water|harvesting export nation program incidental|0.072086036|5.683286|6.729457
9652|Special consideration of the cross-sectoral nature and potential trade-offs between climate policies and water quality will need to be managed as climate mitigation and adaptation policies are developed (e.g. bioenergy crops can increase water demand and decrease water quality and food security; afforestation of water catchments reduces soil erosion and local flood risk, and improves water quality).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water quality catchments afforestation bioenergy|1.1428937|6.8177867|2.4710457
9653|These standards are now widely used not only in South Africa but also throughout the Southern African region. The INEP provides incentives for a range of new technologies, including planning tools, to meet a variety of site-specific conditions during the rollout of the programme. If solar water heating had been used by the richer households and in the cities, then the technology could have been extended to the poorer communities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|rollout used richer heating poorer|1.8050683|2.34768|2.4181385
9654|This means, among other things, driving less, driving slower, carpooling more often, trading in gas-guzzling vehicles for fuel-efficient cars, expanding public transportation, and improving the energy efficiency of homes, businesses and electrical appliances of all types. Creative financial inducements for the development and utilization of energy alternatives, including, inter alia, green bonds and a cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions. Modern energy services are characterized by inequitability of access, notably between the poor and the affluent, as well as between rural and urban areas.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|driving energy affluent bonds alia|1.9266126|2.444075|2.2619667
9655|It was indicated to the OECD Review Team during interviews that the majority of teachers in Romania receive high marks on their appraisals. To be most effective, appraisals should be conducted internally by school staff on a regular basis and focus on providing teachers with constructive feedback about their strengths and weaknesses, and identifying professional development opportunities that will support their continuous improvement (OECD, 2013b). The lack of classroom observations and professional dialogue in the appraisal process means that appraisals are not grounded in evidence of teachers’ interactions with students and nor do they involve discussions to promote improvements to teaching practice.|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisals teachers professional constructive marks|9.769945|1.2582701|1.5424167
9656|This document mentions R&D, innovations, productivity improvement, strengthening the food safety infrastructure, and the sustainable use of resources in agriculture, in particular the more efficient use of w'ater (MOD, 2014). Another key agricultural policy document, the 2013-17 Strategic Plan of the Ministry' of Food, Agriculture and Livestock sets five strategic objectives: i) agricultural production and supply security; ii) food safety; iii) phytosanitary and animal health and welfare; iv) agricultural infrastructure and rural development; and v) institutional capacity building. For each of these areas, several strategic objectives are formulated, together with performance indicators and financing targets (MOFAL, 2015b). The priorities are strongly shifted towards stimulating agricultural production through subsidies, as evidenced by the dominance of the “agricultural production and supply security” component which includes price, input, and credit subsidies.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|agricultural strategic document food production|3.8305197|5.185314|3.8207264
9657|Kazakhstan also enacted a national gender equality strategy (2006-16) followed by specific action plans for implementation. Most recently, at the UN Global Leaders’ Meeting on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Kazakhstan made a pledge to uphold and implement fully the Beijing Platform of Action with an accelerated and deeper commitment than heretofore. In view of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (more specifically Goal 5 on gender equality), Kazakhstan committed to adequately finance gender equality initiatives, establish strong transparent and open accountability of governmental mechanisms and utilise high-level comparable gender data in all aspects of gender equality (UN Women, 2015).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender kazakhstan action uphold|9.510608|4.1941495|7.422455
9658|Under apartheid entrepreneurship in the African population was deliberately suppressed, and it will need fostering for some time to come. Some platforms like the UYF already exist to provide credit and services to young entrepreneurs. Together with rigorous evaluation of these activities, the resources allocated to such programmes might be increased.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|deliberately apartheid rigorous fostering platforms|6.6065063|3.186222|2.821203
9659|The interactions between the grid and nuclear power plants will be discussed in greater detail in the following section. Because of their large turbo generators, with substantial inertia, nuclear power plants increase significantly the overall inertia of the electrical system thus providing some insurance against sudden disturbances.16 An electrical system with higher inertia will experience a slower change in frequency for a given mismatch in the demand and supply of electricity. With their high inertia, large reactive power and dynamic stability, nuclear power plants contribute significantly to grid stability for frequency, voltage and angle.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|inertia nuclear power plants electrical|1.2112536|1.3587902|1.86558
9660|It also offers vocational training for women in the handicrafts sector, and provides technical skills upgrading to female workers in some sectors. Of these trainees, it is expected that 10% to 15% will start their own business. It is also developing training modules for women in Gharbia, based on the ILO’s Know About Business (KAB) course.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business training trainees modules upgrading|8.996384|3.340437|6.5557647
9661|In the Alternative SSP scenario, maize is used less for animal feed and more for direct human consumption. However, owing to a less pronounced transition towards high-protein food in developing countries, the demand for land to grow “staple” foods such as rice, millet, sorghum and cassava increases. Recent food price spikes have shown, however, that food security remains a serious concern around the world. Especially sensitive to food price volatility are countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and the MENA region, where a substantial share of the population does not have secure access to food.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food ssp price millet sorghum|4.1051145|5.1899|4.332407
9662|But this food, along with food purchased locally or internationally, can also be distributed to those in need. In some cases, this food may be given unconditionally, as has happened in cases of Bangladesh, Fiji, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. For these programmes, one of the most important considerations is targeting, since distributing food to large numbers of people can be prohibitively expensive. This is commonly done through food-for-work programmes, such as building roads, on the assumption that only the poorest would be prepared to do this work for the type of food on offer.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food cases prohibitively distributing programmes|4.438739|5.3595343|4.3920927
9663|The section also explores how responsibilities for assessment are distributed in different countries and how different levels of governance interact to form a coherent assessment system. This includes the scope of assessment, i.e. the areas of learning that are covered by the assessment as well as the key procedural features of student assessment across countries, i.e. the mix of instruments used in specific student assessment systems; the format of assessments; and the use of ICT in assessment. It also reviews ways in which the design of assessments can enhance or threaten fairness and equity in education. It includes issues such as: the capacities students need to engage in and leam from their assessment; the assessment competencies that teachers acquire in initial teacher education, professional development and moderation arrangements; and the expertise of the agencies involved in student assessment. It describes standards of quality and reporting formats used in different contexts, reviews the legal frameworks in place to regulate reporting of results and discusses the ways in which assessment results are used in different contexts to record information, provide feedback to students and make decisions about their further educational trajectory.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment student different contexts reviews|9.5981455|1.7154697|1.3765457
9664|Other new business models, such as VERITAS (Box 3.3), are also signs of innovative thinking in the water sector. But, as outlined in the previous section, weak governance hinders effective articulation of these new bodies, particularly with respect to management at the watershed scale. Diffuse governance arguably creates barriers to participation by ordinary citizens within regional processes.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance articulation hinders ordinary arguably|1.0520009|7.013146|1.4849207
9665|Innovation procurement means higher risk (financial, technological, political and societal) and there is currently a lack of skills and tools to manage that risk (OECD, 2017). Finland is currently working on these areas. Improving skills for procurement at public agencies, risk-sharing tools and practical support to public contracting authorities are provided through a number of initiatives, including the Tekes Smart Procurement services for strategic areas and cities, the Forerunner Cities programme and the government central purchasing body.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|procurement risk tools currently cities|5.3807397|3.5384488|2.5337963
9666|However, different absolute poverty lines are used in many countries. For example, the United States Census Bureau uses an absolute poverty threshold, which stood at $12,071 a year in 2014 for a single adult household. By contrast, relative measures utilise poverty lines that are set in relation to the average situation within a society.|SDG 1 - No poverty|lines absolute poverty utilise stood|6.411746|6.1550317|5.0781145
9667|Wright (2012) shows that pooling the entire world’s output variation in rice production and sharing it proportionately across countries would reduce the variation of China’s and India’s shares by about 40% and 60%, respectively. For many smaller countries the effects would be far greater. International pooling of production risks could similarly smooth national supplies of wheat and maize. He notes that, currently, global cereal trade achieves only a fraction of these potential pooling benefits.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|pooling variation wright proportionately achieves|4.156937|4.9095926|4.1286077
9668|Concessional loans are available from Ziraat Bank and agricultural credit cooperatives. Ziraat Bank, for example, disburses investment loans to individual producers and producer groups for organic agriculture, application of Good Agricultural Practices, cattle farming, aquaculture, irrigation, and mechanisation. Investment loans are also offered for acquisition of a broad range of existing agricultural businesses. “|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|loans agricultural bank investment cooperatives|3.6472743|4.694477|3.26183
9669|The waste from fish-farms consists of uneaten feed, faeces and respiratory products. Most marine and freshwater culture of fish takes place in net cages suspended in open waters, with no or limited technological possibilities to take care of particulate or dissolved nutrients like carbon, phosphorous and nitrogen. Within the aquatic environment, these nutrients may cause eutrophication problems if released in too high concentrations into recipients with limited capacity.|SDG 14 - Life below water|nutrients fish dissolved limited suspended|0.23572409|6.1051297|6.2006545
9670|As the surge in immigrants is not unique to Sweden, other countries offer examples on building teaching capacity, particularly Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States. In 2016, the total staffing needs amounted to 249 000 full time-positions, with 182 000 teachers and 67 000 educational staff; by 2031, the National Agency for Education forecasts 44 000 additional staff will be needed to accommodate Swedish pre-, primary and secondary school students as well as students in municipal adult education. Markedly, the number of applicants to teacher training programmes across Sweden has increased more than 70% since 2011 (Lofven and Knutsson, 2018[io7])- Retention can be a challenge, especially in the first two years in the profession (Statistics Sweden, 2016[i(»]). However, a new study shows that there has not been an increase over time in leaving the profession.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sweden profession staff students surge|9.892386|2.42874|2.592686
9671|"For example, over the years, both the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing have specifically addressed women’s experiences of violence within the context of forced eviction. This generic framework is equally applicable to women. The Committee specifically notes that national strategies to implement the right to food ""should give particular attention to the need to prevent discrimination in access to food or resources for food. States parties must therefore immediately adopt the necessary measures to prevent, diminish and eliminate the conditions and attitudes which cause or perpetuate substantive or de facto discrimination."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rapporteur food prevent specifically discrimination|9.661688|5.1774244|7.353156
9672|Increasing mutual accountability this way could help to make progress towards reaching a political consensus on developed countries’ progress towards the USD 100 billion commitment. In these countries, the Ministry of Finance tracks climate related expenditures across the budget, and occasionally through dedicated climate funds (e.g. Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience [PPCR]). The country is working on enhancing its monitoring system in order to include information from the recipient institutions, and on climate finance flows other than those reported as ODA.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate progress finance occasionally tracks|1.5358385|3.8630986|0.7346586
9673|"Furthermore, there may be rural development funds that, strictly speaking, would not fall under climate financing but are ""climate-relevant"" in the sense that, through the pursuit of other policy objectives, they may influence climate change outcomes in areas such as resilience or levels of GHG emissions. In this respect, agricultural support policies need to be considered in the broader context of climate policy. For example, input subsidies may induce the inefficient use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and increase the emission intensity of production. The effective use of funds channelled this way requires adequate coordination with national policies and improved implementation capacities at the local level."|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate funds synthetic fertilizers pursuit|1.9515237|4.3864775|1.7110751
9674|Despite these gains, Mexico's female labour force participation rate remains among the lowest in the OECD, the gender gap in workforce participation is high, and Mexican women generally have lower-quality jobs than their male counterparts. The challenges common to the development process hit women particularly hard: female workers are much more likely than male workers to hold informal jobs, and many women live in poverty. Public opinion polls reveal that society's expectations and attitudes towards women are changing, as younger Mexicans take a more egalitarian view towards women's roles.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women male jobs female mexicans|9.841492|4.223007|5.8245726
9675|The average specific heat consumption of residential buildings in Uzbekistan is about 290 kWh/m2. With new distributed energy efficiency and renewable options available, a substantial rethink of heat and power supply systems is possible. Upgrading or replacing infrastructure to improve service quality across the eastern sub-regions of the region is a much larger task than provision of access to the remaining areas with poor access. Ensuring affordability and access to quality of service merit further exploration.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|heat access service merit kwh|1.9778144|2.3649192|2.631626
9676|These efforts usually take place through women’s affairs ministries which have limited connections with economic ministries, although evidence is emerging that economic ministries are acknowledging that the needs of women entrepreneurs require special consideration. In addition, there is no evidence of any policies to support women in growth-oriented enterprises. Growth-oriented women entrepreneurs certainly exist in the region, but they are few in number and largely invisible.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ministries women oriented entrepreneurs evidence|9.00558|3.4896674|6.4851
9677|Political or regulatory authorities thus need to put in place complementary incentives to strive for overall welfare maximisation. This is why these economy-wide external effects are part of the full costs of electricity provision. In other words, even the most comprehensive category of external or social costs will be bounded.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|external bounded strive costs complementary|1.7990786|2.0014036|1.8915104
9678|Boarding schools did not take into consideration indigenous cultures, indigenous physiology or psychology. Education in Russian and extended stays far away from family resulted in the gradual replacement of the mother tongue with Russian, created a generation gap, had a negative effect on family cohesion and led to psychological deprivation. Withdrawal from family and social networks and the disruption of cultural transmission mechanisms resulted in the loss of the mother tongue, traditional skills and indigenous healing practices.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tongue indigenous family mother russian|10.094085|2.8019862|2.7686505
9679|Pressure on aquifers will increase as farms try to offset missing precipitation with increased pumping, and aquifer recharge rates will decrease. There will be major consequences for the livestock sector if forages are depleted and cattle herds have to be reduced. Competition for scarce irrigation water for crops will require new water allocation schemes if the water supply is not to be exhausted. In addition, increased variability in rainfall will lead to increased variability in incomes, which will make access to credit and insurance even more important if farms are to be viable over a longer time period.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|variability farms increased water exhausted|0.82107013|7.4398117|2.910176
9680|Prices of beef and sheep meat, which are produced more on pasture and are hence less feed grain dependent, increase from 2014 throughout the projection period, ending above current levels. Beef prices follow a customary cycle that reflects herd management in important producer countries. By contrast, pork and poultry prices reflect the decline in feed prices in the near term.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|prices beef feed pork herd|3.8841023|5.123388|4.607508
9681|But some groups are still underrepresented, such as small farmers and indigenous communities. There is also scope to increase the participation of irrigation districts and units; doing so would significantly contribute to the sustainability of catchments and the balance of aquifers. However, incentives to attend their meetings are weak since these are mainly consultative bodies whose decisions are not binding.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|catchments underrepresented consultative aquifers attend|1.2574416|7.187943|1.7542721
9682|The incidence of child labour has also declined and became negligible. Despite these positive changes, however, significant gender differences still exist in several spheres of human activity, including employment status. In all threesurveyyears,nearly 80 percent of men were employed while the share of employed women was less than half that.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employed spheres negligible incidence percent|9.023084|4.546048|5.634115
9683|As one female respondent said, “We can do things ourselves; we are not dependent on men. In the past, saying the names of our husband and mother-in-law was social taboo, but such restriction does not exist anymore.” However, programmes in Nepal by Helvetas and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) showed how infrastructure programmes can reduce women’s unpaid care work and challenge existing discriminatory gender norms. This was done through women’s representation (considered a fourth “R” in the 3Rs framework by the ILO [2018]) in the programme design phase and/or decision-making processes (see Box 5).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|restriction names programmes adb respondent|9.158241|4.9783363|6.2021112
9684|They are the focus of increasing attention by road authorities because of their potential to improve management of the roads and improve safety. In the United States, NHTSA is considering a requirement for new vehicles to be equipped with V2V capability. In Europe, the transport directorate of the European Commission has established the C-ITS Platform of experts to advise on deployment of Cooperative ITS.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|advise improve cooperative capability equipped|4.1832843|5.1824703|0.11513281
9685|Teachers, administrators and students might report that there is no gender disparity at their school or university, but this is because we rarely question these norms in our daily lives. And it is only by seeing and acknowledging these norms that change can be brought about. It is therefore useful to consider social differentiation in any planning model, rather than focusing solely on gender differences (Becker, 2009). Although Turkey mandates 8 years of compulsory education, this policy has not increased female participation in this region.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|norms becker acknowledging administrators seeing|9.609186|4.24951|6.0087833
9686|Without better co-ordination, it will be impossible to achieve a more coherent structure. In a study of metropolitan governance of Sydney, Australia that focuses on conflicts over land-use planning, Kubler explores the concepts of joint decision systems and negotiated agreements (Kubler, 2007: 637-639). These ideas are appropriate when actors engaged in a policy problem are unable to independently achieve their objectives and either unanimity or near unanimity is required for a successful solution. He discusses four ways to get to such a solution.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|solution achieve negotiated sydney independently|3.9120386|5.593915|1.5892361
9687|Uruguay has the lowest level of inequality in the region. For a full classification of global inequality levels, see World Bank, 2014. With respect to discrepancies in quality, there are three main causes: the stability of teachers in schools; the type of relationship between teaching staff and central administration; and the mechanism used to assign students to schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|inequality schools assign discrepancies classification|6.639862|5.317875|4.9120197
9688|In 2003, the city completed a local-currency bond transaction that was the first in the Mexico water sector that did not use federal transfers as collateral and instead relied mostly on fees to cover the financing costs. Thanks to this bond funding, the city funded a new water treatment plant and related water leakage reduction investments. The independent trust, which issued the bonds, is supported mostly by tariff revenue, with a municipal guarantee and private-sector guarantees provided by the International Finance Corporation and Dexia.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|bond water city leakage bonds|1.7183927|7.2234745|1.904072
9689|The work itself is often physically laborious (i.e. clearing top soil and grading for road construction). They are essentially jobs of last resort. They provide temporary income relief for unemployed workers without an alternative livelihood and for the vulnerable in deep poverty. As a result, labour intensive jobs are self-targeting and workers opt out of labour intensive work when opportunities in the private sector arise. An appropriate legal framework must exist and be effectively monitored to if employment guarantee schemes are being considered and designed. Local governments’ attitudes on their acceptance of the approach vary, especially if local funds need to be utilised.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|intensive jobs grading workers clearing|7.943873|4.506432|4.446913
9690|Thus the generalizability of these studies may be limited. The empirical analysis in this report has no way of directly examining this although hospital admissions for infectious diseases does rise when unemployment goes up (though not significantly). Nevertheless, alongside evidence of rising HIV in Greece, the importance of the public health agencies’ role in minimising the risk of harm from infectious diseases should be highlighted.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infectious diseases minimising examining admissions|8.463794|8.996549|3.159211
9691|The most recent ones were conducted in 2012, 2010 and 2008. Outdoor recreation possibilities in nature offered by hiking and study trails are still popular. More than half of the respondents (61%) have visited different nature trails in the last 12 months. Forests should offer economic benefits (timber, mushrooms, berries and other forest products) and also socio-cultural benefits like recreation, hiking possibilities and cultural-historical sites.|SDG 15 - Life on land|recreation possibilities cultural nature benefits|1.5361222|4.7900987|3.9008524
9692|There have been across-the-board rationalisations of expenditure in all sectors of the health system and permanent cuts to public sector workers salaries, including those of health professionals, since 2010, in efforts to reduce costs. These pressures, combined with the fact that private spending is already high (Figure 12) and unlikely to be able to stretch further, create tangible concerns over the adequacy of health system funding, especially in the longer term. In response, the sector has seen a number of evidence-based measures aimed at securing savings and enhancing efficiency (Box 4), However, despite the huge reductions, current spending on prescribed and over-the-counter medicines makes up over a quarter (26%) of all health expenditure, and is among the highest in the EU. Before the crisis, high private capacity combined with weak sickness fund bargaining power, poor payment procedures, the lack of clinical protocols/guidelines and a failure to monitor doctors’ use of diagnostic tests created an incentive structure conducive to overconsumption and waste.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health combined expenditure spending stretch|8.638824|9.203008|2.123106
9693|In the context of this NEA project on the The Security of Energy Supply and the Contribution to Nuclear Energy, a simplified version of the S/D Index as presented in Chapter 3 was considered the most meaningful representation of the security of energy supply situation in OECD member countries in order to identify the contribution that nuclear energy can make. Energy Politics, Spring, Issue 4, pp. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. Plenum Press, New York, United States.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy pp nuclear contribution security|0.9851967|1.7597469|1.9213955
9694|One strategy India can continue to pursue is to exploit its vast thorium resources, along with developing the required fast breeder and heavy water reactor technologies. This would facilitate self-sufficiency over the entire nuclear chain. Relying on imported uranium to fuel light water reactors (LWR) can be an alternative strategy for India's nuclear future, which does not require the development of the more complex nuclear technology chain as needed for thorium. The use of uranium would initially require imported reactors, later to be replaced by Indian designed reactors. Given the size of the Indian market, it is worthwhile to develop an Indian equipment industry for solar-PV and CSP, and for T&D equipment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|reactors indian nuclear uranium imported|1.2359082|1.8031325|2.1092381
9695|A joint report of the WHO and World Organization of Family Doctors (WHO and Wonca, 2008) stresses the importance of pre-service and/or in-service training of primary care workers on mental health as an essential prerequisite for mental health integration, and reducing the treatment gap for mental health. The inclusion of mental health training for such primary care level practitioners is common in many OECD countries (OECD, 2014a), and with the development of this new specialty Japan has the valuable opportunity to effectively integrate mental health training for Generalists from the beginning. Specifically, provision for mild-to-moderate disorders at the primary care level can be strengthened, appropriate primary care-specific prescribing and treatment guidelines and appropriate specialist referral options have been shown to be effective treatment approaches for mild-to-moderate disorders.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental primary health mild care|10.238392|8.849828|1.6853356
9696|Insights into the impact of new technologies on production processes within a given industry as well as into the trends of structural transformation across different stages of development are necessary to assess employment opportunities in general. In his view, automation may actually complement labour inputs and create new opportunities for employment, thereby affecting income generation in various ways. However, automation has a limited cost-reducing effect, as certain tasks can simply not be fully automated yet.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|automation opportunities automated employment complement|4.9735827|3.1373987|2.5800395
9697|It is not the qualification per se that has an impact on child outcomes but the ability of better qualified staff members to create a high-quality pedagogic environment. Key elements of high staff quality are the ways in which staff involve children, stimulate interaction with and between children, and use diverse scaffolding strategies. This will influence staff behaviour, encouraging more stable, sensitive and stimulating interactions with children, and thus, lead to better child development.|SDG 4 - Quality education|staff children pedagogic child better|9.219905|2.5989377|1.906413
9698|The success of the reform will depend on the way it is implemented. Initial results suggest there is a chance that the reform may achieve at least some of its aims: it has more than halved the number of new disability benefit claims. Most of those people no longer entitled to disability benefit are engaged in the new resource process. However, until today only a small minority of those people have found a job and of those who did, most are in subsidised employment. It is too early to tell whether a sufficiently large number of people will eventually be reintegrated into the labour market in a sustainable manner. Evaluation der Fruherfassung und der Integrationsmassnalunen in der Invalidenversicherung” [Rehabilitation Before Pension.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|der disability people reform und|7.8610444|4.954028|4.0081534
9699|In Belarus, Orsha, Mogilev, Rechytsa, love, Borisov, Minsk (especially Svisloch area), Gomel and Bobruisk are among the main sources of industrial wastewaters. Nutrients are the most important pollutants. Belarus assesses the impact of municipal wastewaters as widespread but moderate. The Dnieper is among the biggest recipients of pollutants in Ukraine, where until at least until recently (2004) metallurgy was the biggest wastewater producer, followed by the coal industry and the chemical and petrochemical industries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewaters belarus pollutants biggest love|0.60002136|6.747817|2.849304
9700|According to Amazon executive Brittan Lad, The last mile on average makes up nearly 30% of transport costs. And it is very hard to bring down.' Drone transport may allow for last mile transport without the need for expensive investments in roads or rails. Balloons and satellites may facilitate internet connections in areas not served by fibre optic cables.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mile transport drone cables satellites|4.230281|4.6564617|1.0439086
9701|Also, nuclear power plants are likely to be the largest generating units in the electrical system, and thus increase the amount of spinning reserves needed to ensure grid stability. Their high load may also require upgrading the grid connection to at least 300 kV, and up to 400 kV for a new European pressurised reactor (EPR). Finally, the necessity of locating nuclear plants close to water sources for cooling purposes may require additional investments in the extension of the existing grid.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid nuclear plants require spinning|1.169675|1.4926634|1.9334123
9702|The Framework now sets out an agreed national approach to the integration of financial education in the compulsory years of schooling from Foundation to Year 10 and provides guidance on how the subject may be structured to support progressions of learning. The ability to influence public policy and see linkages across government and education has been essential. In developing the original Framework in 2005, consultation was key to inform the national approach. The MCEETYA Working Party who developed the Framework included a highly specialised team of educational experts from all jurisdictions and education sectors who knew the national and jurisdictional educational landscape well, had excellent stakeholder networks and formed productive and respectflil relationships.|SDG 4 - Quality education|framework education educational national jurisdictional|9.216904|2.1823475|2.3306828
9703|Research in India found that a combination of climate-related stresses on sheep - for example, excessive heat and lower nutritional intake - had severe impacts on the animals' biological coping mechanisms (Sejian et al., However, projected drier conditions in the extensive rangelands of southern Africa would increase water scarcity; in Botswana, the costs of pumping water from boreholes increases 23 percent by 2050. In the Near East, declining forage quality, soil erosion and water scarcity will most likely be exacerbated in the semi-arid rangelands (Turral, Burke and Faures, 2011). In Europe, global warming is likely to increase sheep tick activity, and the risk of tick-borne diseases, in the autumn and winter months (Gray et al.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|sheep scarcity water autumn drier|1.5588104|4.9726176|2.3418279
9704|People will no longer support open trade and free markets if they feel that they are losing out while a small group of winners is getting richer and richer. Large and persistent losses in low-income groups following recessions underline the importance of well-targeted income-support policies. Government transfers - both in cash and in-kind - have an important role to play in guaranteeing that low-income households do not fall further back in the income distribution. It may be necessary to review whether existing tax provisions are still optimal in light of equity considerations and current revenue requirements.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|richer income winners underline guaranteeing|7.0819035|5.315494|4.373548
9705|There are options for exchange of species, between fishing years or the acquisition of quota from other quota holders. Every operator can also land up to 5% in excess of their annual catch quota (0.5% for pelagic species). This excess catch must be registered and weighed separately and sold at an auction market. The proceedings are then divided such that 20% go to the operator but 80% go to a special research-and-development fund governed by the Minister.|SDG 14 - Life below water|quota operator excess catch species|-0.24071616|5.7451396|6.9266877
9706|The adjoining areas and buildings could include commercial facilities for shopping areas, hotels, office complexes, recreational facilities and restaurants. Interchange stations in Hong Kong, China as well as Tokyo and Seoul provide thriving examples of commercial and economic activities at such intermodal transfer terminals developed through value-capture. Greater Jakarta has developed a transport master plan based on this concept.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|commercial facilities thriving tokyo complexes|4.1734476|4.8916388|0.82808656
9707|Published projections of the potential impact of the PPACA were for the year 2016 (Ebiner, C. et al., It does not inform about how quickly the new equilibrium would be reached, although some researchers have made a deduction about the dynamics. The model is not intended to generate long-term projections of health expenditures and therefore is not comprehensive of the set of drivers of public health spending growth. The model also does not include the impact of broader macroeconomic effects such as firm births and deaths, changes in firm size, and changes in worker’s employment statuses, either due to business cycles effects or to policy reforms.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|firm projections model deduction does|8.919437|8.723437|2.6731608
9708|"The experiences of Nanhai district set a good example for how local government can play a key role in effectively supervising and rectifying village rules that infringe women's land-related rights and interests. For those very few villages that refused to change their rules to grant ""married-out"" women equal land rights, judicial procedures were applied to enforce compliance. The combination of administrative and judicial means proved to be very effective."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|judicial rules supervising rights refused|9.417911|5.047112|7.269946
9709|The following section reviews how the different education systems selected have approached these challenges. These evaluations may or may not have consequences for teachers and institutions, may or may not be undertaken by the same institutions responsible for developing the standards and may use different assessment tools (peer assessment, standardised tests, classroom observation, portfolios, etc.). So too, assessments to certify a specific level in the teaching cycle are common, while programme accreditation or improving teaching quality are less frequent.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching assessment institutions approached portfolios|9.62685|1.7034715|1.3978426
9710|As Chapter 9 points out, however, this does not mean that other CoSOs should be excluded. The European Union needs to engage with as many organizations as possible to maximize its understanding of the conflict: its context, actors, timing and CoSO actions that can impact on the conflict. In terms of gender this means paying attention to all gender actors and issues, including LGBT and masculinity issues, as well as women’s rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|conflict actors masculinity issues maximize|10.126612|4.572733|7.45607
9711|Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP stood at 10.5 per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa) and 11.3 per cent in North Africa in 2015. By comparison, the figure was 14.0 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean and 12.6 per cent for all the least developed countries, 23 per cent for Asia and the Pacific and 16 per cent globally. Neither North Africa nor the rest of Africa made significant progress during the first half of the current decade. Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP increased only slightly, from 10.3 to 10.5 per cent during the period 2010-2015 for Africa (excluding North Africa) and from 11.2 to 11.5 per cent for North Africa.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|africa cent north excluding added|4.9244394|4.497289|3.3945305
9712|To what degree were changes in labour and product market policies and regulations responsible? Do changes in household structure matter? Finally, what can governments do to address rising inequality? These and other questions are addressed in detail in the present report which identifies key drivers and possible policy measures for tackling inequality trends among the working-age population. From a political point of view, protectionist sentiments have been fuelled by the observation that the benefits of productivity gains in the past two decades accrued mainly - in some cases, exclusively - to highly skilled, highly educated workers in OECD countries, leaving people with lower skills straggling.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|highly inequality changes fuelled tackling|6.975982|4.840413|4.540703
9713|Family physicians, for example, have no budgetary oversight over the nurses working under their supervision. Whilst strongly divergent views between government and professional groups are not unique to Turkey, consensus has had a notably minor role in steering refonn in Turkey. The Turkish Medical Association remains opposed to the HTP, especially as payment arrangements place considerable pressure on doctors to deliver higher volumes of services. Although some elementary self-regulation of the medical profession is in place, strong disagreements exist between the profession (as represented by the Turkish Medical Association, Turkish Nurses’ Association and Turkish Midwives’ Association) and the government on mutual roles and responsibilities. While the Ministry of Health is taking some such steps to devolve responsibility, for example by devolving the responsibility for delivering hospital services, progress on shifting focus to its regulatory, oversight, and quality governance functions, has been rather slow.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|turkish association medical oversight nurses|9.1217375|9.424888|1.7424605
9714|It would also be necessary to create a pattern of growth that may lead to the relaxation of structural constraints emerging from the availability of a limited basket of endowments for the poorest. Depending on country specific characteristics, such policies may encompass changing the sectoral pattern of growth, balancing its geographical distribution, making use of appropriate technologies and undertaking similar measures. These policies would be designed to change the nature and distribution of opportunities created by growth in a manner that die poorest would be able to take advantage of an increasingly larger share of opportunities.|SDG 1 - No poverty|pattern poorest growth distribution opportunities|6.388612|5.2530665|4.380622
9715|Since the early 2000s, the Netherlands has gradually shifted its approach to environmental policy formulation. Moving from “command-and-control” style planning, the government is now playing a more hands-off role using incentives and innovation to change business and consumer behaviour. Further, it recognises that the transition towards a circular economy is complicated and novel, requiring a certain amount of trial and error to reach a robust policy. Moreover, the identification of realistic objectives, development of indicators and measurement of progress for resource efficiency is complex. The choice of indicators to measure progress is still the subject of debate. While policy makers generally agree on the need to reuse resources and produce more with less, agreement on the extent of the desired change is more elusive.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|policy progress elusive indicators style|1.4656103|3.629142|2.6101892
9716|Rather, they consider only the amounts of water used in production and consumption activities. Hence, water footprints do not contain sufficient information to evaluate the net benefits generated through the use of water resources. Water footprints enable one to compare estimated water use, per person or in aggregate across countries, but they are inadequate for evaluating the incremental costs, benefits, or environmental impacts of water use.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water footprints use benefits incremental|1.2965925|7.076772|2.592041
9717|In many OECD countries, reimbursement policies, especially for drugs, are based on HTA. For instance, in Iceland and Ireland, HTA is solely used to help determine pharmaceutical coverage. The main lesson from the experiences of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom is that HTA has provided useful evidence to inform reimbursement policies as well as improved patients’ access to cost-effective treatments (Lopert and Elshaug, 2013; Clement et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hta reimbursement lesson treatments policies|8.725771|9.49228|2.150842
9718|In parallel, engaging the private sector and enhancing public-private partnerships can create an enabling environment for private sector investment. However, some respondents reported challenges due to a lack of experience in co-ordinating with subnational governments and the private sector. Supporters are engaging with a wide range of stakeholders, and this can foster knowledge exchange and learning on climate compatible development practices. For example, some are pursuing engagement through the networks of regional NGOs in Asia, Africa and Latin-America, conducting country case studies on climate finance through national research centres, and working with local governments on capacity building and tracking.|SDG 13 - Climate action|private engaging sector governments supporters|1.9252962|4.122871|1.2955225
9719|Specifically, women founders tend to be less well equipped in terms of education and professional background, once controlling for the sector of start-up activity. In that sense, part of the gender gap can hence be attributed to a gender gap in education and fields of interest and careers (e.g. STEM). Policy to close the funding gender gap would need to address upstream factors related to education and training.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gap gender education founders equipped|9.116163|3.5216458|6.107408
9720|Since almost all Korean households bear a heavy private education burden and the new administration sees income-driven growth as one of the national growth strategies, education policy makers are making a variety of efforts to reduce the private education burden. They are trying to protect a certain level of disposable income by reducing the private education expenditures of households from 2017. Unlike other OECD countries, in Korea, the central government - the Ministry of Education - is responsible for financing education. Education experts and associated institutions are firmly against a shift from the current centralisation to the decentralisation of education financing. In order to set up a stable funding plan, fiscal decentralisation on education financing should be redesigned, as in other OECD countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education financing decentralisation private burden|9.077967|2.0651734|2.6275153
9721|In more developed regions, 98 per cent of Governments had adopted both legal measures and policies to prevent domestic violence, compared to 71 per cent with legal measures, 87 per cent with policies and 65 per cent with both among Governments in less developed regions. This proportion was also relatively low in Africa (68 per cent) and Asia (69 per cent). Four Governments in Africa and five Governments in Asia did not have any legal provisions or policies to prevent domestic violence (table III.6).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent governments legal prevent policies|9.961171|5.3896613|7.4032383
9722|Examples of risks faced by investments in clean energy infrastructure (cont.) While PPPs can be an interesting option for implementing clean energy projects (see Box 6.1 on Cape Verde’s Cabeolica wind project), their fiscal consequences must be carefully verified ex-ante. An affordability test, which assesses the impact of a PPP project on public budgets, can be computed by adjusting the PSC for risks and cost of capital.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|clean risks project verde cape|2.1109796|2.34875|1.8390051
9723|Equally, the appropriate portfolio of energy technologies depends on each country’s own initial conditions, including the technical and economic potential for electricity generation and its location relative to consumers, as well as the existing distribution system. However, transmission and distribution (T&D) has often been neglected both in the policy discourse and financially (Hogarth and Granoff, 2015). Despite recent progress, the density of transmission lines remains extremely low by international standards, and local grids remain poorly interconnected internationally (and sometimes even nationally).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|transmission distribution discourse interconnected neglected|1.6880449|1.913193|2.1595182
9724|Efforts to change the school leadership profession should follow the Good School Leadership Framework in tandem with the new System of Teacher Education and Professional Development. The provision of training also needs to be more systematic, and needs to depend less on the individual capacity of school leaders to access training opportunities. Universities and other higher education institutions are positioned at the nexus of knowledge creation, education, innovation and economic growth.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school leadership education training tandem|9.824138|1.3584068|1.803255
9725|Work to promote social cohesion must therefore address inequality. Rising inequality in some key large economies has excluded disadvantaged populations from the benefits of the growth process and increased top earners’ share of incomes. Both poor and middle-class populations are increasingly alienated from the richest in many societies.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|populations inequality richest earners cohesion|6.6381207|5.2290087|4.576079
9726|It follows that the financial sustainability of water services in the region remains very weak and that no or very little resources is and will be available for maintenance and capital investment. Chapter 4 provides additional information on the reforms associated with tariff policies (for instance as regards tariff setting procedures, tariff structures and affordability issues). This clearly is not sufficient to cover operation and maintenance costs of water and sanitation services. Tariffs should be a key element of the financial sustainability of the water and sanitation sector, as they provide stable and reliable revenues to the service provider (as exposed to subsidies or even transfers from official development assistance).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tariff maintenance sanitation sustainability water|1.5127879|7.3265457|2.2176476
9727|It describes the progress made in the region in two key areas: (i) food insecurity and hunger, based on the Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) indicator and level of severe food insecurity shown by the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES); and (ii) malnutrition, based on SDG Indicator 2.2.1 on stunting and SDG Indicator 2.2.2 on wasting and overweight among children younger than five. It also considers the state of micronutrient deficiency, including anaemia and deficiencies in vitamin A, zinc and iodine, as well as possible undernutrition outcomes such as low birth weight. All countries in the region have made considerable progress in reducing the incidence of food insecurity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity food indicator sdg micronutrient|4.487239|5.729814|4.6358333
9728|The Agency for Standardization and Metrology accredits organizations that can issue ISO certificates, with two ISO 14001 certification bodies having been accredited. The National Chamber of Commerce and Industry reported that three companies had been certified MNS ISO 14001 so far, including a distillery and a food company. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism suggested about 10 certificates had been issued in total.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|iso certificates chamber standardization accredited|2.1594958|3.8089097|2.4497857
9729|These differences can also be extended to the degree to which international prices will be passed through to the local market; in urban zones that are more integrated into the international economy, pass-through is more likely, and they will have a larger proportion of net food-consuming households. If food prices rise by more than other prices, then expenditure by the poorest population groups will be subject to greater relative inflation. In fact, data show that the rise in food prices seriously erodes the purchasing power of the poorest households: for example, in rural areas of El Salvador, households in 2008 were buying 58% of what they bought 18 months earlier for the same money.|SDG 1 - No poverty|prices households food poorest rise|4.4054527|5.227127|4.3286
9730|Collected information is rarely reported back to providers and practitioners. Comparability across sub-systems is another problem; with the exception of seldom national indicators that are reported for the National Development Plan and the Sectorial Health Plan, each institution (State Health Services, ISSSTE, IMSS) has its own set of indicators. This lack of comparability adds to the fragmentation that runs across the Mexican health system more encouragingly, work is underway to design and implement a national dashboard of quality and efficiency metrics, consistent across all insurers/providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|comparability providers health reported national|8.843962|9.255582|2.189055
9731|In 2017, more than 1,000 companies were registered as subject to the packaging rales and over 350 companies were registered as subject to the WEEE rales. The fulfilment of obligations is controlled by the Administration for Inspection Affairs of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; if an inspection reveals that a company has not reported (properly) on its obligations, the levy has to be paid to the Fund. There is no possibility of retroactively signing a contract with operators to fulfil the unfulfilled obligations. There are separate coordinating bodies to supervise the operation of both rales, comprising representatives of the Environmental Protection Fund, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Administration for Inspection Affairs and operators.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|inspection obligations affairs registered operators|1.3659186|6.4851284|1.740817
9732|Fairness in resource allocation is not only important for equity in education, it is also related to the performance of the education system as a whole. In these systems, there are smaller differences between higher-performing and lower-performing schools in principals' reports on teacher shortage, the adequacy of educational resources and physical infrastructure, and smaller differences in average mathematics learning time between schools with more advantaged and those with more disadvantaged students. In these countries, principals in disadvantaged schools tended to report that their schools had adequate educational resources as much as, if not more than, principals in advantaged schools reported. Scarce resources tend to be more concentrated in advantaged schools, and disadvantaged schools tend to suffer from inadequacy or shortage of resources.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools advantaged principals disadvantaged resources|9.583385|1.9346375|2.5937414
9733|There are also different funds available for the secondary level which take into consideration postal code areas and neighbourhoods with low income households, social welfare and non-western backgrounds. As some schools discriminate against disadvantaged students because they feel that they are a financial burden (Gauri and Vawda, 2004[65]), this funding eliminates the motivation for such inequitable practices. Through this policy, disadvantaged students have become more attractive to schools (OECD, 2017[66]) - Research shows that schools with a high proportion of weighted students have had an increase in resources such as the number of teachers per student, assistant teachers, and administrators (Ladd and Fiske, 2011(67]).|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools students disadvantaged teachers eliminates|9.547997|2.1827447|2.6572216
9734|Consideration of water quality in RBMPs is therefore one cycle ahead of flooding. Clearly it would be more effective if both were considered together, and, in future, so as to promote integrated water management, the Floods Directive foresees close coordination with the WFD, even, where possible, developing combined management plans. As well as status, water quality is highly dependent on Row regime, and the potential changes to water quality resulting from hydromorphological alterations are not always well understood.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water quality rbmps alterations row|0.8973269|6.809086|2.1027074
9735|This has helped to decouple emissions from GDP growth in many countries and led to growing investment in low-carbon technologies. A strong response with decisive and coordinated policies could strengthen the recovery, with a more predictable policy environment boosting investment and research. Both will be needed to meet the challenge of climate change. Worries about the effect on the poor can be dealt with within such reforms.|SDG 13 - Climate action|decisive investment dealt predictable boosting|1.505238|3.403489|1.9636039
9736|Difficulty in combining studies with work is self-reported to be a main reason behind this. The general requirement for admission to the ULV programme is a passing grade in Swedish as a Second Language level 3. From 2019, the University of Gothenburg will introduce a compulsory language placement test in order to better evaluate the students’ Swedish language skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language swedish gothenburg passing placement|9.922096|2.5994596|2.6244514
9737|The savings were only statistically significant for patients in the improved group whose baseline HbAlc level was 10 percent or above. Measuring HbAlc is a way of measuring blood glucose levels -an important indicator for diabetics. For non-diabetics, a usual reading would be in the range 4.0-5.9 percent, for people with diabetes an HbAlc level of 6.5 percent is considered to be good control. However, this study did not take into account the cost of the intervention and, therefore, the overall cost-effectiveness could not be assessed. In a similar vein, Testa et al. ( Mun-roe et al. (|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|percent measuring vein al cost|9.247272|9.436476|2.3208284
9738|A recent review of the data available on women's empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa found that the demographic and health surveys used in most countries lack questions on adolescent girls. Further gaps pertaining to the civic and economic participation amongst all adolescents were economic empowerment, knowledge of legal rights and recourse, participation in decision-making, and attitudes and social norms (Heckert and Fabic, 2013). Those that exert the greatest impact on their well-being, at least as understood in the worlds of science and policy, are set out inTable 3 (page 16).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|empowerment participation worlds exert pertaining|9.703734|5.105523|6.442847
9739|"The extreme poverty threshold for the target, measured as income per person below the international poverty line, is too low for the countries of the region, so it is considered more appropriate to use the extreme poverty line based on the cost of a basic food basket.7Target 1.2 is to reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions by 2030. Although this target includes a multidimensional definition of poverty, which goes beyond shortfalls in income, it clearly defines a quantitative outcome and a time horizon that can be used to assess the prospects for reducing total monetary poverty (and not just extreme poverty). Since the target does not specify from which point poverty should be halved, the analysis takes 2015 as its base year, which is when the Goals were adopted worldwide. For reference purposes, of the 15 countries analysed in this section, the incidence of extreme poverty was below 3% in 8 of them in 2016 (according to figures from the World Bank, see ""Poverty"" lonlinel https://data.worldbank.org/topic/povertyl."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty extreme target line worldbank|6.282451|6.0227504|4.944931
9740|These companies employed just under 100 000 workers, representing around 13% of total employment. The number of foreign-owned businesses has grown by 33% between 2008 and 2015, with associated employment increasing by 41% over the same period. In particular there is a higher share of firms operating in the primary sector and utilities (14.6% vs. 5.9%), in the wholesale and retail sector (21.3% vs. 19.9%) and in the education sector (5.6% vs. 3.1%).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|vs sector wholesale employment retail|5.9804883|4.01662|3.493496
9741|"The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires State parties to take ""all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in all matters relating to marriage and family relations"" (art. This includes ensuring the same right to enter into marriage with free and full consent and to freely choose a spouse, the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and its dissolution and with respect to their children, and the same personal rights as husband and wife, such as the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation. Rights related to access to property and sexual and reproductive health, which will be examined separately in this chapter, are also covered by this provision."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage rights choose discrimination right|9.63908|5.1286254|7.0820956
9742|In addition, it is highly likely that such production, most of which was moved to emerging economies, is carried out with lower energy efficiency and higher emission intensities. Thus, the net result of the commendable United Kingdom climate policy was quite possibly an overall increase in greenhouse gas emissions worldwide—the opposite of the objective intended. This example highlights the importance of global coordination and the need for reality checks of measures from a systems and global perspective. One phenomenon to consider in this regard is the “rebound effect” (the Jevons paradox), that is, the increased energy use resulting from increased energy efficiency.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy paradox efficiency intensities rebound|1.3732476|3.2580848|2.0119114
9743|The strategy could incorporate important elements of legal, regulatory and institutional reforms in a comprehensive and coherent manner in order to ensure that obstacles to equitable, sustainable development are removed. This strategy also may incorporate the participation of women in strategic areas and positions of power as well as facilitate support for gender impact analysis and the collection of gender-disaggregated data. Together with concerned ministries, women’s associations and organisations from across Spain participated in the preparation of the strategic plan in order to incorporate their views in a collaborative policy making process.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|incorporate strategic strategy order gender|9.936284|4.1828036|7.406446
9744|Following examples in Austria, language camps could be offered to children aged 6 and above. As the children of immigrant and refugee parents would benefit considerably from leisure centres, access to all parents would be helpful. Making summer camps in all municipalities accessible to all students is important, irrespective of their financial situation. As the children of immigrant and refugee parents would benefit considerably from leisure centres, access to all parents would be beneficial irrespective of the family’s situation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|parents camps refugee irrespective leisure|9.887287|2.7482393|2.6174867
9745|The sheer volume of women adding their voices to the conversation, saying “I hear you, I understand you, I believe you”, has enabled them to find courage. Providing women with a chance to unburden painful experiences, and ultimately find relief, serves as collective therapy that is free and open to all. Women everywhere can say “me too” to someone else, whether that means “it happened to me” or simply “I believe you.”|SDG 5 - Gender equality|believe women sheer therapy voices|10.108477|4.572006|7.626889
9746|There are some exceptions, however, such as the highest quintile in Colombia and Guatemala, where the increase in transfers and other incomes easily outpaced labour-income growth, or the widespread fall in income in Uruguay, in which all sources participated to the same extent. For that reason, it is best to use them in a complementary way (see box 1.8). This chapter uses four of the best-known, which are described in detail below. It corresponds to the area between the Lorenz curve and the equi-distribution line.|SDG 1 - No poverty|best outpaced curve corresponds participated|6.4747825|5.507923|5.1678677
9747|It is only useful to talk about ‘discipline-centric’ and ‘student-centric’ pedagogies for the purpose of clarity about intentions. Teaching is therefore all about combinations. How teachers organise their own time and that of their students has implications for the range of opportunities students have to develop competences, and the depth and breadth of knowledge they acquire.|SDG 4 - Quality education|centric intentions students talk pedagogies|8.8735485|1.508347|1.8471307
9748|The goal is to encourage the uptake of energy-efficient technologies in buildings and increase the numbers and scope of refurbishment that would otherwise not take place. Therefore it is important that tax relief be targeted at new and innovative technologies with little market access and high upfront costs (Geller 2006, pp. Surveys of free-riders for various former US tax incentive programmes in the buildings sector have indicated possible rates between 53% and 94%. The number of free riders clearly depends on the design of each programme and in order to address the issue, the US federal government is now targeting incentives at only the most efficient measures and appliances with a market share below 5% (Neuhoff et a!.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|riders buildings free efficient tax|2.0615137|2.619107|2.331082
9749|Les negotiations se poursuivent en vue d’obtenir de tous les pays des engagements contraignants de reduction de leurs emissions. Compte tenu de lamplcur des reductions necessaires, il est vital que les Etats-Unis adoptent une politique globale de lutte contre le changement climatique qui soit efficace par rapport a son cout. Le gouvemement en place s’efforce d’agcncer ce dispositif, dont les principaux elements sont la tarification generate des emissions de GES et le renforcement du soutien apporte au developpement et au deploiement des technologies qui font diminuer ces demieres. There are other co-benefits of GHG mitigation policy, such as for ecosystems and biodiversity, but they are not examined here.|SDG 13 - Climate action|les des le qui au|1.5457318|3.216404|2.1483934
9750|It is only due to the weakened demand for electricity in the current low-growth environment of OECD economies and the considerable excess capacity constructed during more favourable periods in the past that more serious stresses have so far been avoided. Already today, the technical and pecuniary system effects of variable renewables are putting considerable stress on the long-term adequacy of the electricity systems of OECD countries. The increasing variability of the demand for dispatchable production, the difference between variable renewable production and total demand, increases risk and makes the financing of dispatchable capacity even more challenging (see Chapter 7 and the study by IER Stuttgart).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|dispatchable demand variable considerable electricity|1.5860922|1.6274395|1.9097887
9751|Altogether, the proposed irrigation schemes comprise a new irrigated area of 6,800 ha in the Hermel and Al Qaa area of the basin.” In terms of water use. Average annual use for the period from 1992 to 2009 was around 2,582 MCM.3’ Agriculture is the largest water user, consuming about 1,977 MCM annually (77% of total water use], followed by domestic water use at 9% and industry at 8% (Figure 7).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|mcm water use area altogether|1.0370231|7.3869405|2.8679364
9752|When investments required are substantial, access to external investment can be critical. Investors, however, may not have confidence in the project’s potential, may not be able to assess the entrepreneurs’ ability to manage the project and its risks, or simply may not be aware of the existence of the project. Skilled individuals can help generate new knowledge and innovations; are more able to recognise the value of knowledge created elsewhere, absorb it and apply it to new commercial ends (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990); and can support firms in identifying business opportunities and help them adapt to changing environments.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|project able cohen knowledge help|5.7080326|3.369202|2.58204
9753|With the exception of surveys conducted after specific water contamination incidents (mostly in the US) and a number of studies measuring households’ perception of water quality in Canada, there is a scarcity of studies on households’ valuation of improved tap water quality in OECD countries. Households can invest in purification systems. Households can also consume bottled water for their drinking needs. Since these are private substitutes for public investments, assessing the factors that encourage the adoption of such private strategies is important for policy design.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|households water studies purification substitutes|1.451778|7.2276187|2.5941508
9754|The indicator should also be analysed together with indicators of Dimension 2 (Income and benefits from employment). Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary). The number of jobs a person holds can best be captured through an LFS.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|lfs icls glossary employment captured|8.281136|4.471273|4.419485
9755|However, because of their geographical location, reliance on climate-sensitive natural resources and development gaps in general, developing countries, and low-income countries in particular, are at the greatest risk of climate hazards. Left unattended, climate hazards are likely to increase poverty, worsen inequalities, exacerbate food insecurity and cause health problems, among other hardships, which may reverse years of development progress in some countries. These impacts are largely determined by deep-rooted socioeconomic inequalities. As a result, they tend to be particularly detrimental to the most disadvantaged groups of society, which are hence disproportionately exposed and vulnerable to climate hazards.|SDG 13 - Climate action|hazards climate inequalities worsen rooted|1.4359913|5.004486|2.0716102
9756|In addition, the report explores the literature on direct teaching behaviours that may help foster student learning in more traditional teaching settings. Despite the promising evidence linking problem-based learning and effective teaching in higher education to certain aspects ofskills for innovation, more work is needed in this area. There is strong potential for further research to provide additional important insights into the development of skills for innovation. It forms part of the CERI Innovation Strategy for Education and Skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching innovation learning skills explores|8.697375|1.5704805|1.8737295
9757|Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennial publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries’ educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries. Editorial support was provided by Lynda Hawe and Susan Copeland.|SDG 4 - Quality education|comparative policies policy editorial sectorial|9.091022|2.3647418|2.151661
9758|The Agreement explicitly indicates that it applies to transboundary waters of the Narva River Basin, including Pskovsko-Chudskoye/Peipsi Lake. Over time, the competence of joint bodies has expanded to include fishing and fisheries, water allocation, irrigation, power generation, construction of water facilities and bridges, and the protection against floods. For example, in the agreements concluded between or with participation of EECCA States from the early 1990s, groundwaters are included in the competence of some joint commissions (agreements 2, 8, 20 in table 1) and plenipotentiaries (agreements 1, 4, 9, 18 in table 1).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|agreements competence joint table groundwaters|0.7618378|7.1122117|1.9007663
9759|It also discusses the use of other staff to support student learning as well as the use of data, evaluation and assessment in schools to support improvements in student performance and attainment levels. It highlights the positive changes Denmark has implemented to strengthen initial teacher education and the availability of central funding for the competency development of in-service teachers. It identifies a desire for and instances of collaborative work at all levels of the system as well as a growing focus on pedagogy and goal-oriented teaching.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student competency pedagogy levels desire|9.572252|1.6306165|1.9055971
9760|For instance, the gender gap in employment captures the status of women’s labour force participation relative to that of men’s, indicating the extent of gender equitable access to employment. As a proportion of male employment, female employment in the Asian and Pacific region has hovered at about 62 to 65 per cent since the early 1990s, which mirrors the global average. Notable variations between subregions exist, with North and Central Asia having just above 90 females employed for every 100 males, and South and South-West Asia counting just above 36 females employed for every 100 males.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employment males females employed just|9.046941|4.3679686|5.6979446
9761|On the other hand, self-employment either declined or was stable in most countries. The tasks-based approach, for instance, shows that the employment shares of routine-task jobs, traditionally composed of middle-skill workers, have declined from 53% to 41% between 1995 and 2010. At the same time, there has been a large increase in the employment share of abstract (from 28% to 38%), and to a lesser extent, non-routine manual jobs (from 18% to 21%). Similarly, the jobs-based approach, which that takes into consideration a particular occupation within a particular industry, finds evidence for job polarisation by showing a U-shaped pattern of employment shifts across job deciles in more than half of the countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|employment routine jobs declined job|7.7187653|4.410775|4.2818656
9762|The IV procedure allows purification of the health variable from its correlation with the error term e_it, that is, from its sources of endogeneity. However, finding a strong and valid instrument is often difficult, at best. For instance, looking at the relationship between obesity and wages, Cawley (2004) used sibling’s weight as an instrument for individual weight.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|weight instrument endogeneity purification error|9.163808|9.051063|2.8872974
9763|Moreover, from March 2017 onwards, the minimum conservation reference size for sole increased by Ministerial Decree from 24 to 25 cm (Article 1 of the Flemish Ministerial Decree of 3 March 2017). In addition, measures related to the protection and restoration of marine biodiversity will receive key support. In Wallonia, the focus is on continuing to develop small-scale artisanal aquaculture production.|SDG 14 - Life below water|decree ministerial march artisanal flemish|0.2905455|6.0372133|6.5758357
9764|This is especially the case if travel to destinations includes transfers and significant waiting times. Public transport also provides basic mobility to those who may not have access to cars and whose travel requirements are not suited to walking or cycling. High-frequency, rapid and good quality public transport supply may compete with cars in terms of convenience, cost and overall user experience. It does so while decreasing per-passenger land-take, energy use and environmental impacts due to efficiencies derived from scale and electrification in the case of many rail, trolley and electric-powered bus systems.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cars travel transport powered convenience|4.2036405|4.875532|0.6159267
9765|Unlike in the other European Union Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries, most government support in Moldova in the energy sector is the result of reduced taxes and tax exemptions. In 2015 only, mostly due to reduced taxation, the state budget failed to collect an estimated USD 48.2 mln, or 0.7% of GDP. In addition to tax exemptions and tax rate reductions, the Moldovan government supports consumers by making direct transfers to disadvantaged people and by keeping energy utility prices below cost-recovery levels. The government assumes the risk of covering losses of indebted energy companies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|exemptions tax energy government reduced|1.6179684|2.720368|2.265531
9766|Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biannual publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries’ educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|comparative policies policy sectorial insight|9.062806|2.279973|2.2449794
9767|To set up the PLU and the carte communale, municipalities must go through a public hearing and cooperative procedure with the central government. When development does not conform to the plan, it can legally be refused connection to infrastructure such as electricity and water grids. Comprehensive land-use planning in France and the Netherlands (cont.)|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|plu conform refused hearing cooperative|3.7934687|5.6669345|1.6725062
9768|Section 5-1-2 presents the recent literature on impacts and adaptation in IAMs and provides an overview of all recent IAMs. Based on this overview, Section 5-1-3 reviews the development and state of the art of climate impact modelling in IAMs, and Section 5-1-4 reviews the development and state of the art of adaptation modelling. Section 5-1-5 discusses possible ways forward for climate impact and adaptation modelling in IAMs. Section 5-1-6 concludes. General reviews were conducted by Hope (2005) and Fiissel and Mastrandrea (2010).|SDG 13 - Climate action|iams section modelling reviews adaptation|1.2778486|4.796535|1.6290555
9769|In particular, it may be relevant to explore more in depth the nature of the products in the machinery sector to better understand the scope of their potential role in the Libyan economic structure. If there is macroeconomic instability and uncertainty, private investment is significantly and negatively influenced because unpredictability hampers resource allocation decisions, investment and grow th. During periods of macroeconomic instability, entrepreneurs will operate on short-term investment horizons, choosing activities with quick returns rather than projects with longer-term investment returns, such as in manufacturing. From 2003-10, GDP grew at an annual average rate of 6.1%, even with the slowdown in growth during the global downturn in 2008 and 2009. The oil sector - favoured by a hike in global oil prices - contributed significantly to this economic expansion, fuelling revenues and growth.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|investment instability macroeconomic returns oil|5.459872|4.505465|3.683086
9770|Another factor is school reform in the 1990s, which helped to significantly improve educational outcomes, as reflected in the literacy and numeracy results of 15-year-old students in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Poland needs to move up the value ladder and become more specialised in more knowledge-intensive, higher value-added activities. Currently, Poland lags well behind many other OECD countries on the technology content of its exports (Figure 1.3), and innovation outputs such as patents and top scientific research publications cannot yet compete with the top OECD economies (Figure 1.4).|SDG 4 - Quality education|poland oecd value ladder figure|9.278688|2.4671054|3.0579238
9771|For most analyses in this report, this sorting is done separately for urban and rural households and compares the bottom quintile (the poorest) with the top quintile (the richest). This report mostly uses the former. Relative inequality is given as the ratio of the indicator value for the two groups. But in both cases, the same amount of investment or effort may be needed to increase the service coverage by 5 percentage points.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|quintile report sorting richest compares|6.8396635|5.667861|4.9200735
9772|This method can be applied to assess welfare changes when visual appreciation is affected. These include damage costs avoided, substitute costs methods and replacement cost methods, and are based on estimating the values of ecosystem services using either the costs of avoiding damage due to a reduction in e.g. landscape amenity, the cost of replacing environmental assets (e.g. enhancing landscape qualities elsewhere), orthe cost of providing substitute services (e.g. another recreation site). These methods, of which only avoidance cost is listed in Table 7 are applicable for valuing the changes in welfare when recreational services and aesthetics are affected.|SDG 15 - Life on land|methods cost substitute landscape damage|1.8285526|5.467687|3.6030023
9773|On forest cover, Fiji and Samoa have actively conserved forest area but threats to forest resources remain (PIFS, 2015a). On the other hand, forest cover is generally declining in PNG and Solomon Islands, linked to their extractive industries (mining, logging), which exact a heavy toll on forests. In Nauru, mined-out phosphate lands cover almost 90 per cent of the island with most of the island uninhabitable and barren (PIFS, 2015a).|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest cover island nauru png|1.3851184|4.7023573|3.992141
9774|Around 315 are state-owned and managed and the rest of them are jointly managed by the State and county authorities. The State grants concessions or leases of its hunting grounds to legal and natural persons (hunting associations). At county level, hunting grounds (also known as common hunting grounds) can only be leased.|SDG 15 - Life on land|hunting grounds county state managed|1.66102|4.8100996|4.069536
9775|They have allowed Peru to exploit its comparative advantages in natural resource-based sectors and traditional industries and reap the benefits of increased demand from both developed and emerging economies. They have also begun to have positive, albeit moderate, effects on living standards and poverty reduction. Its economy remains relatively undiversified. Income disparities are high and informal jobs still account for a large share of total employment. Although labour productivity has increased since 2003, it still lags behind other Latin American middle-income countries. Growth in total factor productivity (TFP), which reflects more efficient use of factor inputs, including through innovation, has played only a marginal role.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|factor productivity tfp reap total|5.614314|4.180838|3.497573
9776|As he put it, this is a question that seems to be forgotten in the quest to compare and measure, and to justify what educators do. He added, “Where we can expect to lose the plot is when we move away from an understanding of those core values and what they are supposed to achieve in education and training to a process that bureaucratises indebtedness”. Looking across its 23 universities and more than 20,000 schools, South Africa has become very good at giving the impression of achieving particular outcomes while having not achieved them at all.|SDG 4 - Quality education|quest plot impression educators justify|9.066243|2.3728187|2.9106233
9777|It does not capture malnutrition due to low intake of micronutrients, such as minerals and vitamins. The largest percentage increases were in the middle-income countries where the value of agricultural production more than doubled for both lower middle-income countries, from $227.2 billion to $485.9 billion, and upper middle-income countries, from $293.3 billion to $722.7 billion. However, this decline has been reversed since 2000, and the value reached $91.4 billion in 2013. For the Central Asian area, excluding the Russian Federation, agricultural production grew at an annual rate of 3.9 per cent during 2000-2013, which was faster than the regional average of 3.1 per cent and the fastest in the region as a whole. For example, the average cereal yield in the world was 1,421 kg per hectare in 1961 and reached 3,861 kg in 2013, which was 2.7 times greater than previously.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|billion middle kg reached income|3.8728273|5.0925345|4.232661
9778|Hence, although the broader structural causes of emigration appear to be gender-neutral, the role of gender inequality in social institutions is not. In addition to standard determinants, discriminatory social institutions influence female migration patterns. This is critical in order to understand the role of social institutions in female decision-making.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|institutions social female role gender|8.776667|5.2394786|7.067139
9779|To report on NETs, ERO gathers evaluative findings as part of individual school reviews. National Evaluation Topics provide lenses through which ERO investigates key aspects of individual school performance, while also gathering information that is synthesised into a National Education Evaluation Report. The collection of evidence for NETS usually takes place over one or two school terms. Typically these reports use a case study approach to identify, in more detail, the nature of effective practice in schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|nets school evaluation evaluative individual|9.793472|1.7505541|1.4752864
9780|It is built on the S/D Index presented in Section 2.5. The different indicators for this chapter have been developed by the NEA on the basis of the most recent data available from a selection of International Energy Agency (IEA) publications (see references for details). The most relevant approach should include all major technical, economic and political aspects.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nea references publications details iea|1.0811175|1.8393493|1.977838
9781|These actions can be considered to be transformative, as they bring about gender change by renegotiating spaces in the unstable political context. Focusing on political non-conflict-related issues is also a strategic choice for these organizations to break down ethnic identity barriers and promote bi-communal reconciliation initiatives. Their human rights articulations are strongly inclusive. These CoSOs generally have either a non-securitizing/ holding impact or a desecuritizing/peacebuilding impact.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|political bi reconciliation peacebuilding non|10.085761|4.7556887|7.53458
9782|Teachers play an important role in the lives of young people around the globe. Teachers are vital to student skills development, student preparation for future employment and active participation in the community. The government must make stronger efforts to support and develop the profession of teaching, as well as to promote teaching as an attractive career path.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching student teachers globe path|9.458985|1.3793443|2.317086
9783|For instance, at the G8 Summit in Hokkaido Toyako in 2008, donors pledged to provide $10 billion in ODA to fight hunger (Group of 8, 2008); and, at the G8 Summit in L’Aquila, Italy, in 2009, $20 billion over three years to address food insecurity in a sustainable manner (Group of 8, 2009). A study evaluating such responses in 10 emerging economies revealed the importance of providing targeted safety nets for the poor as emergency responses to food shortfalls. While trade protection and building food inventories may enhance national food availability in the short run, such measures may at the same time prove to be costly in terms of expenditure and contribute to keeping food prices high by restricting food supply in international markets (Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food summit responses billion group|4.373945|5.399224|4.2875476
9784|The proportion of renewable energy in Jordan is consistent with the Middle Eastern average of less than 5% (USAID, 2011). However, some analysts project that by 2050, about 50% of the region’s electricity will be generated from renewable sources (Menon, 2010) and were Jordan to fully exploit its solar resources now, it could become a global leader and exporter of renewable energy in the future. Currently, renewable energy is estimated to contribute 2.5% to 4% growth to Jordan’s GDP and to create at least 3 000 new jobs (USAID, 2011). Because renewable energy projects are more labour intense than conventional energy sources, there are reasons to expect a net increase in employment from renewable energy, which could be significant at a time when jobs in the hydrocarbons sector are minimal (OECD, 2012 forthcoming b).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable energy jordan usaid jobs|1.6094114|2.1846414|2.4154525
9785|"Therefore, not all absolute poverty lines necessarily refer to ""extreme"" poverty. In practice, many countries use multiple absolute poverty lines, to identify the poor and the poorest (extreme poverty line). Globalisation is connecting peoples and making them more aware of differences in standards of living, while inequalities within and between countries are growing. There are, therefore, major objections to merely updating any historical benchmark of poverty on the basis, for example, of the price index."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty lines absolute extreme updating|6.404119|6.1751766|5.06262
9786|In addition, a number of initiatives such as the Teacher Vocation Scholarship are likely to stimulate the decision to engage in initial teacher preparation. However, initial teacher education raises some concerns. First, there is evidence indicating that initial teacher education is not attracting the best candidates from school education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher initial education scholarship attracting|9.543606|1.2239685|2.2425733
9787|The successful experience with capital account management in a number of countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Malaysia, Republic of Korea and Thailand, to name a few) shows that developing countries can and should shield themselves from these external shocks. Where inflows are concerned, instruments can include minimum stay requirements, unremunerated reserve requirements, differential tax rates on returns to portfolio capital and taxes on new debt inflows. For dealing with capital outflows, instruments can include taxes on capital outflows and regulating the amounts of non-profit capital which foreigners can send abroad.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|capital outflows inflows taxes instruments|5.0342517|4.3810477|3.4627051
9788|"As stated in the Policy Unit 3 Policy Paper, ""an ineffective NUP has a weak connection between economic development policies and other urban policies, resulting in a silo approach to governance"" (United Nations, 2016a). Countries can work to make direct and indirect linkages between NUPs and broader economic development policies and national development plans. It is not surprising that many NUPs address this theme, because it is widely recognised that cities are engines of national economic growth, and because maximising the potential economic benefits of urbanisation is, indeed, the main argument and the first incentive for countries to proactively manage urbanisation through national policies."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nups policies urbanisation economic national|3.588618|5.0048585|1.7233576
9789|The deterioration in the budget outcome reflects lower revenue collection as a result of declining commodity prices, particularly for gold and copper, combined with overspending, mainly related to national elections. It is planned that the 2013 budget will be increased by 23% in nominal expenditure, which will raise the size of the expected budget deficit to 7.2% of GDP. This significant economic stimulus is well timed to counter falling domestic demand as construction of the LNG project begins to wind down.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|budget copper lng gold nominal|5.6795435|4.945905|3.7281253
9790|This illustrates very clearly that the rebalancing between sectors may be very much more significant than the total aggregate employment effect. These shifts in response to energy taxes could be used as a guide to the employment response to an equivalent increase in energy prices as a result of a move towards more sustainable energy technologies. Reprinted with permission from International Association for Energy Economics, Publishers of the Energy Journal.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy response rebalancing employment permission|1.8983104|2.573249|2.4253025
9791|By comparison, the average OECD country reduced the participation gap by only 0.3 percentage points over the same period.3 On the other hand, the participation gap remained very high in the Middle East and North Africa, India and Indonesia. In all those countries except Indonesia, women’s labour market participation is about 50 percentage points lower than male participation. Some minor improvement was recorded in Turkey. The gap remained stable, but low in China, South Africa and the Russian Federation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|participation gap remained indonesia points|9.205546|4.287173|5.712683
9792|In any case, continued targeting of mental health care and outreach to this group will be necessary in order to minimise longer-term health problems. The national strategy for developed parental support is a positive initiative that aims to provide families with the support necessary to nurture mental health in children from a young age. Swedish minorities are also in need of additional attention in order to ensure that their mental health needs are met.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health necessary nurture order|10.369049|8.792409|1.7469407
9793|Romania uses a combination of appraisal types but their developmental function is limited, reducing support for teacher growth. Developing professional teacher standards would help to ensure that all teachers are appraised according to common criteria for effective teaching. Teachers ’ development would be better supported if their regular appraisals carried reduced stakes for their career and pay, and included more formative practices such as open discussion and feedback. To ensure that only motivated candidates with the right attributes enter the teaching profession, the appraisals to complete probation should enforce a minimum threshold for entry, while providing new teachers with the support they need to grow professionally. Finally, reviewing the system of linking appraisals to salary bonuses and creating differentiated career paths for teachers which fairly reward those taking on new roles and responsibilities will help to encourage teachers to develop their skills throughout their career. Teacher appraisal refers to how teachers are assessed and given feedback on their performance and competencies (OECD, 2013c).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers appraisals career teacher appraisal|9.746059|1.2779907|1.5582786
9794|Effective monitoring of staff is central to the continuous improvement of ECEC services, which indicates the importance of linking staff monitoring to professional development. Together with service quality, it is the area most frequently monitored, both to enhance the level of service quality and to inform policy making. In addition, staff performance is monitored to identify whether it needs any improvement. Parental surveys, peer reviews and staff testing are less popular.|SDG 4 - Quality education|staff monitored improvement monitoring service|9.337716|2.698336|1.8914053
9795|Renewable energy sources averaged about 21% of primary energy supply and 38% of electricity generation in 2009 (Figure 5.1), far above the OECD Europe average (10.5% and 23%, respectively). Hydropower has long been the major domestic source of electricity. However, hydropower generation is subject to large annual variations linked to rainfall levels, which have caused major fluctuations in overall energy supply and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydropower energy generation electricity major|1.5165883|2.0260947|2.3946295
9796|Other relevant dimensions include the sex of the head of household, ethnic origin (poverty affects indigenous and Afro-descendent people more) and disability status (which is also highly correlated with poverty), among others. Several of these factors are reviewed in greater detail in section C of this chapter, which analyses progress made towards meeting the first target of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). X * * ; iff!|SDG 1 - No poverty|afro poverty mdgs correlated head|6.2039185|6.445213|4.8818345
9797|As a historically disadvantaged group in New Zealand (Marie, Fergusson and Boden, 2008,177]), these special guidelines help new teachers in supporting Maori students. Importantly, the programme is built into the schedule of all new teachers. The teams offer support to teachers and administration who work with migrant children. In addition, there is often a psychologist qualified to help children who have experienced trauma or difficulty in their lives (Scholten et al., This support varies and can include advice for teachers, individual case work with immigrant students, and workshops to improve class climate. Importantly, the MITs interact with parents of immigrant students to integrate them into the school community (Felder-Puig, Maier and Teutsch, 2016,183,) and often serve as a language bridge between students, parents, and the school (teachers, administrators, etc.) (|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers students importantly immigrant parents|9.996613|2.5136244|2.2795107
9798|"Completion and Results Report"", the project partially achieved its objectives: revision and implementation of general and vocational curricula, public availability of student achievement results, distribution of materials for teachers, improvement of vocational teachers' skills, introduction of an online Career Information System, training of school management teams on school development plans, and grant distribution to schools in low enrolment areas. Under the Basic Law of National Education of 1973, the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) is responsible for the education system, and general directorates and their units are responsible for different aspects of education and policy compliance, such as basic education, secondary education, vocational education, special education and guidance and counseling. Provincial and District National Education Directorates across 81 Turkish provinces support the implementation of education policy. The Directorate for Guidance and Inspection serves as the inspection unit."|SDG 4 - Quality education|education directorates vocational inspection guidance|9.513916|2.0106785|1.8792797
9799|Preparing young people to meet new contemporary challenges means to review and update the pedagogies teachers use. However, despite the increased reporting of teachers and schools that are innovating, schools remain largely seen as very resistant places for innovation. To address the importance and challenges of implementing new pedagogies, this paper brings together leading experts to reflect on key areas of pedagogy. In particular, each chapter addresses a pedagogical dimension that together offers a conceptual framework for action.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogies teachers challenges schools resistant|8.839|1.5398389|1.8458245
9800|Gas booster and flare equipment must have been in use for at least 12 months in 2 different commercial landfill gas projects and have been shown to comply with the South African requirements for safety and environmental performance. Alongside opening the clean energy infrastructure market so as to increase competition, governments often want to develop the SOE’s ability to compete in that market. Resolving this challenge often involves a mix of partially opening the market and keeping a share of it for the SOE.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|opening market gas resolving landfill|1.5612688|2.5152647|2.2287354
9801|Women who lose their jobs lose less household income than men (Figure 13.3). Lower earnings might explain this result, as well as the buffer role played by their partner’s income: as men tend to earn higher wages, on average, than women, job loss by the male partner implies on average a greater income loss for the household budget. For instance, in the Netherlands, where 75% of women with dependent children work part-time, only around 15% of partnered women who lose their job also experience a significant loss of income (of 20% or more).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lose loss income women partner|8.998873|4.739914|5.617261
9802|The acceptable levels of water risks are set based on environmental quality objectives (e.g. water quality standards, maximum and minimum river flow). By explicitly considering the risk of undermining the resilience of freshwater systems, a risk-based approach aims to develop water management practices that enhance such resilience. Market-based instruments can play an important role in this policy mix as they can fundamentally alter the incentives facing water users, provide explicit signals about the likelihood and potential cost of water risks, and provide mechanisms for offsetting risks. This can be considered in the context of water supply, demand, quantity and quality.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water risks resilience quality based|1.256569|7.083552|2.5905166
9803|By contrast, the inequality is expected to rise in capital-rich countries, as the demand for and remuneration of capital (which is unequally distributed) will increase, while the demand for and remuneration of labour will fall. As predicted by HO-SS, the trade liberalization of the 19,h century raised domestic inequality in the rich New World and reduced it in the poor Old World. Likewise, Bourguignon and Morisson (1989) found that in 35 small developing countries trade liberalization reduced the income of the richest 20 per cent of the population and raised that of the bottom 60 per cent. Similar conclusions are arrived at by Wood (1984) in the case of the East Asian exporters of labour-intensive manufactured goods during the 1960s and the 1970s.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|liberalization remuneration raised rich reduced|6.173575|4.750336|4.3249073
9804|In Morocco in 2013, the unemployment rate for women with a niveau superieur (high level of education) was above 25%, whereas that for a niveau moyen (middle level) was 20%. Women without a diploma saw an unemployment rate of less than 5% (Haut Commissariat au Plan, Enquete nationale sur I’emploi). In Morocco, the TEA rate is 6.1% for men and 2.9% for women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|niveau morocco rate unemployment women|8.739074|4.0834737|5.2417903
9805|In part this is because measures of poverty rely on income or consumption data collected at the household level, rather than at the individual level. This makes it difficult to differentiate poverty rates within households, and hence to understand gender differences in the incidence, severity and impact of poverty. Using this measure, the study found that women are more likely to live in poverty in 41 out of 75 countries with data.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty differentiate severity data level|7.3612514|5.8429427|5.413788
9806|A LEDS can provide value-added to the myriad of existing climate change and development related strategies and reports that already exist by providing integrated economic development and climate change planning. The paper outlines gaps that LEDS could fill, the elements it could contain, and how LEDS can be prepared to ensure that they are effective and efficient in delivering their intended goals. To derive early lessons and insights on experiences, challenges, and approaches adopted in the preparation of national climate change strategies and LEDS, this paper examines seven countries in detail: Guyana, Indonesia, Israel, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand and the UK.|SDG 13 - Climate action|leds climate change paper strategies|1.5656781|4.3378463|1.5019205
9807|"Women's labour market participation is high and, despite a highly gender segregated labour market, women have broken down many walls within ""male"" jobs, though men have not to a similar extent sought employment in ""female"" jobs. Instead, these plans include specific initiatives towards the exact opposite: increasing the recruitment of women to ""male jobs"" (such as jobs within the police force). The proportion of male students on the nursing education is between 0% and 2% for each year group (Gislason 2011: 240-241)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|jobs male women walls segregated|9.165239|4.319044|5.7931414
9808|However, the proportion is much higher in the highest income quintile (82%) than in the lowest (56%). This gap is greater than in Sweden, Denmark and the EU as a whole (Figure 4). Regular smoking among 15-year-old adolescents decreased even more rapidly (from 30% in 2001-02 to 13% in 2013-14), but remains higher than in several EU countries/1 This reflects the positive results of a fairly comprehensive tobacco control policy (see Section 5.1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu tobacco higher quintile smoking|9.230471|9.451404|3.2199388
9809|Furthermore, female founders may be more likely to have a desire to keep control of the company and continue to grow their business independently. This argument seems plausible given that in general female and male entrepreneurs declare having different motivations than men to start a business (Figure 2). The validation or rejection of this hypothesis bears important policy implications.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female business rejection bears plausible|8.907386|3.4774864|6.223751
9810|Basic skills provide the base for fruitful learning as well as being directly applicable in the labour market. Such problems (often unrecognised) may increase the risk of drop-out, and reduce the prospect of further career development and lifelong learning. Vocational programmes need to give sufficient weight to these skills, and students may often need to be assessed at the point of entry to vocational programmes so as to ensure a basic minimum of skills and identify those in need of targeted support. This is a challenge that Egypt shares with many other countries and international experience might help, for example, when trying to prevent people leaving education before completing compulsory education (Box 5.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills vocational need basic learning|8.550152|2.8323133|2.9021013
9811|However, the extent to which the results have been used to minimise the cost of climate change mitigation is unclear. For example, the very generous support for renewable energy is not necessarily cheaper than energy efficiency policies. The cost-effectiveness of transport sector policies has not been evaluated, although reductions in this sector are expected to produce almost half the total required.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cost energy generous cheaper minimise|1.7691264|2.9148495|2.0762403
9812|Integrating pedestrian and cyclist needs is therefore a key part of providing equitable and sustainable transport. The specific requirements of women - who often need to juggle a (non-paid) job at home and a (paid) job outside - are also not fully understood by planners. To drive change, the voice of those left behind has to be made heard; here, non-governmental organisations have an important role.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|paid job heard planners pedestrian|4.237678|5.107871|0.4549952
9813|This is partly explained by their lower average GDP. Infrastructure and coastal zones will account for the bulk of global adaptation costs, especially in East Asia and the Pacific, South Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Ethiopia for instance might experience losses in the magnitude of 2-10% of GDP by 2040 due to climate change, primarily through extreme weather events that will damage the country’s agricultural sector and infrastructure.|SDG 13 - Climate action|asia gdp infrastructure bulk magnitude|1.4456832|5.0020404|2.1081893
9814|As for other EU member states, the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) defines the overall framework for the management of fish resources for these countries. One of the main elements of the CFP is that TACs allocated to member states for specific species and areas are based on the principle of relative stability. This means that fishing opportunities are allocated among the Member States in such a way as to ensure the relative stability of the fishing activities of each Member State for each stock concerned.|SDG 14 - Life below water|member cfp stability states allocated|-0.10168131|5.6129766|6.7169123
9815|The packages include recommendations concerning the underlying determinants and risk factors - for example tobacco, inappropriate use of alcohol, physical inactivity and mental health- that focus inter alia on inequity in health. The recommendations in these packages is only consultative, but the packages have been well received by the municipalities and the government has funded a new health prevention center, which will provide the municipalities with advice and guidance on implementing the prevention packages. Municipalities and regions have established ad hoc projects to address risk factors in low socioeconomic groups. The focus of the majority programmes on prevention is to some extent appropriate given the disease categories that contribute to inequity in mortality (see above), and given that smoking and obesity show socioeconomic gradients similar to those in mortality and morbidity (Mackenbach, 2006; Diderichsen et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|packages prevention inequity municipalities socioeconomic|9.244614|9.23955|2.754155
9816|This may be the result of different risk-preferences (Croson and Gneezy, 2009) or lower expectations of success. Evidence from the United States shows that fear of rejection is more likely to discourage women than men from applying for a loan, even though women are no more likely to be rejected when they do apply (Cole and Mehran, 2009). Despite the lack of direct evidence, it is reasonable to expect that similar mechanisms might be at play in emerging economies and they may be exacerbated by stronger anti-egalitarian social norms (Box 4.1) and by the lack of effective social safety nets.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|evidence rejection lack rejected likely|8.7625675|3.5010502|6.319413
9817|While Finland has been able to contain spending on health care better than many other OECD countries, increasing cost of medical technology, rising patients’ expectations and a rapidly ageing population will strain resources. This may require raising taxes or restricting the supply of public health services significantly, unless productivity gains take place. Higher taxes may lower the growth potential of the economy by discouraging activity and shifting some production abroad.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|taxes restricting discouraging strain abroad|8.91484|8.9381695|2.3282075
9818|The interlinked and interdependent nature of human rights and the call to ‘leave no one behind’ require more holistic, integrated and people-centred approaches to water resource management and environmental policy-making, a challenge addressed through the concept of‘integrated water resources management’ (IWRM). When people are able to learn about and exercise their rights, and are empowered to participate in the decisions that affect them, they can help to ensure that those decisions respect their need for water security and a sustainable environment. It can also help identify legal obligations and standards to guide potential actions and responses to ensure that the human rights to water and sanitation are fulfilled.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water rights decisions integrated interdependent|1.459257|7.002445|2.000062
9819|The stronger the profit-led nature of the economy-for instance, the more open to the global economy or the more neoliberal its macro policy-the more pronounced these contradictions. The result is that policies promoting gender equality may be anathema to growth or make it unstable. Somewhat counter-intuitively, if the promotion of gender equality via higher female labour participation actually lowers female wages because of higher labour supply, growth and human capacities production may increase. In this scenario, higher wages for women lower growth because they cut into profits and capitalist investment by more than they raise human capacities investment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|capacities wages growth higher equality|8.982005|4.5803323|6.15392
9820|The International Energy Agency, for instance, has compiled a number of “golden rules” for exploiting natural gas in a sustainable way, such as treating water responsibly and surveying the geology of the drilling area (IEA, 2012). Figure 5.2 illustrates the breakdown of the investment needs. For instance, the USD 1.4 billion needed for renewable energy is a fraction of the USD 14 to 18 billion needed for the energy sector overall during the same period. Also, while energy efficiency requires up to USD 150 million in investments, it could lead to important financial savings as well.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|usd energy billion instance golden|1.4595209|2.4663594|2.263343
9821|This development may indicate that the quota system helped to increase the share of people with disabilities employed in private companies, although there has not been any clear impact related to the increase in the legal employment quota from 1.6% to 1.8% in 1998. For larger companies, it has increased steadily since the beginning of the 1980s, whereas among medium-sized companies (59 to 299 employees) it declined between 1995 and 2005, although it has risen again since then. The decline motivated the introduction of specific policy measures to promote the employment of people with disabilities in SMEs. In addition to variations by firm size, there are large differences by sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|companies quota disabilities employment people|7.930173|4.7801495|3.9775064
9822|This might be due to the fact that families moving to neighbourhoods that are drastically different than their original location have a lower probability of integrating successfully and remaining in that new location. Direct support generally consists of transfers from the central government to municipalities, who own the social rental housing stock.5 City governments therefore have a central role to play in realising the potential benefits of social rental housing for improving the well-being and opportunities of all residents. National legal frameworks sometimes impose a minimum target of social housing on local authorities. However, the law also allows municipalities to pay a fine rather than comply with this rule; revenues collected from these fines are redistributed to municipalities that have high proportions of social housing.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing municipalities rental social location|4.8043404|5.6241293|2.1136916
9823|Girls’ faith in their science abilities also seems to vary with the type of task they are asked to perform. Chapter 7 in this report discusses evidence on women’s under-representation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects and careers, and emphasises the importance of programmes aimed at challenging gender-stereotypical attitudes and expectations and at building girl’s self-confidence in STEM fields. Governments must also tackle discriminatory norms, attitudes and practices through, for example, gender-awareness training, media programmes, and the endorsement of girls’ education by community leaders.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stem attitudes science girls faith|9.466441|3.6162548|5.787138
9824|In particular, climate change risk and vulnerability assessments are widely used to monitor if the identified risks change over time (e.g. Kenya, Morocco, Germany and the UK). Kenya’s climate change action plan outlines a comprehensive list of potential and priority mitigation and adaptation needs (Republic of Kenya, 2012b). The complementary National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework (NPBMF), referred to as the MRV+ system, tracks both mitigation and adaptation actions and the synergies between the two.|SDG 13 - Climate action|kenya change mitigation adaptation mrv|1.216461|4.753363|1.4079087
9825|Several countries, including Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, also need to address problems in the banking sector. Strengthening the subregion’s financial sector will be important for supporting entrepreneurship, economic diversification and infrastructure development. For example, in Thailand the Fiscal Policy Office upgraded its economic growth forecast for 2018 to 4.2 per cent, from 3.8 per cent (Chaitrong, 2018).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|cent upgraded azerbaijan subregion forecast|5.3966074|4.735737|3.5846076
9826|They also show causality in both directions (the feedback hypothesis) for the two electricity variables (TES and PES). This indicates a stronger role for modern energy in LDCs in two respects. Not only does electricity supply allow economic growth, but at the same time economic growth also creates demand, which stimulates electricity supply. Second, this latter relationship is found in LDCs, but not in ODCs (table 2.2).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity ldcs stimulates odcs supply|1.7833225|1.8699961|1.8725202
9827|Because an agreed composite indicator of access to affordable good-quality housing is not available, the section looks at access, affordability and quality separately. Section 2.1 looks at access discussing the financial and legal arrangements under which households occupy their home - known as housing tenure - and how they relate to the socio-economic characteristics of the occupants; this section also discusses homelessness, i.e. lack of regular access to housing. Section 2.2 measures housing affordability and section 2.3 housing quality, relating them to housing tenure and other socio-economic characteristics of the occupants.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing section occupants access tenure|4.95867|5.7029843|2.2009366
9828|In their comprehensive analysis of revenue management of Scottish tourism attractions, Leask et al. ( Including stakeholders is therefore often perceived from governmental perspectives as an obstacle to efficient planning. Conflict resolution, meditation and the building of a consensus about shared platforms should nevertheless be seen an integral component of sustainable tourism development and planning (Hall, 2008; McCool, 2009). In other words, tourism should be considered in the context of other systems that interact with tourism (Ritchie and Crouch, 2003).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|tourism planning hall attractions scottish|6.3444138|3.8607366|2.8490677
9829|Renewable energy sources are developing quickly in the country', and the BMR has considerable potential in the solar and waste-to-energy sectors. The metropolis is highly exposed to floods given its topography, location and sprawling urban development. At the same time, it is highly vulnerable to future flooding or other threats.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|highly topography energy threats flooding|3.3391829|4.9382677|1.84391
9830|In most of the emerging world, however, severe gender gaps persist and improving women’s educational attainments should remain a primary concern for policy makers. Moreover, a vicious cycle of low productivity and limited access to capital may become self-reinforcing and foster poverty traps. This can happen if the general credit constraints faced by female entrepreneurs stifle investment in their businesses, causing productivity to remain low and further reducing their credit-worthiness.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|credit remain productivity traps vicious|8.879657|3.548324|6.2822466
9831|However, no data are published about such industrial water uses. About 450 million m3/y is directly abstracted from rivers and streams (i.e. not via reservoirs). Use of underground waters for irrigation is limited (about 3 per cent of the total). These figures are not, however, based on actual monitoring of volumes abstracted for irrigation purposes. Due to erosion and alluvium, their real water retention capacity' has been reduced to approximately 290 million m3.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|abstracted irrigation million underground streams|1.0211623|7.3115664|2.750371
9832|Yet, as international experience shows, the adoption of new' and radically new technologies (which may be developed by third parties, e.g. PRIs or new technology-based firms) can revolutionise existing industries and enable them move to new industrial applications and higher value-added products. Certainly, general purpose technologies such as biotechnology and clean technologies are of high relevance to Finnish traditional industries. As individual product cycles mature, there is an increasing need for firms to break out into successor cycles.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cycles technologies new industries firms|5.4020452|3.4287813|2.569289
9833|Quality and performance targets are defined in the hospital contract. Nearly 5% of the total hospital budget is allocated to hospital according to their performance levels. These indicators relate to access, clinical performance and economic performance. Patient Safety is one of the seven strategic priorities of the National Strategy for Quality in Health in Portugal, which defines the development of following specific actions: elaboration of guidelines in the field of patient safety, namely in surgical and medication safety; the creation of the national system of notification of incidents and adverse events and the co-ordination of the prevention and control of health care associated infections.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|performance hospital safety patient surgical|9.196458|9.582598|1.5904534
9834|However, ecological accounting to value the ocean’s ecosystem services and natural assets at global level still requires much further research. This chapter therefore restricts itself to estimating the value of the world’s ocean-based industries, until the opportunity arises to perform further work on valuing ocean ecosystems. It begins with observations on current measurement issues before describing the OECD Ocean Economy Database, its sectoral composition, and the sources and data used.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean valuing value restricts describing|0.17082398|5.826702|6.094012
9835|A total of 28 SSA countries mention the need of specific technology transfer in order to enhance and ensure mitigation and adaptation actions (IGES, 2017). This is done forthree reasons: i) The most recent Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC was held in an African country; ii) agriculture, particularly as concerns the relation between developing and developed countries, was front and centre at the COP; and iii) SSA is expected to be disproportionately affected by climate change, and faces tremendous challenges of poverty, food insecurity and political instability. As such, this region is especially in need of initiatives to address the impacts of climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ssa cop tremendous climate mention|1.500699|4.575507|1.7637
9836|This should encompass affording respect to patients, involving them in prioritising and planning for health care systems and promoting their voice and choice through greater health literacy. Collecting patient experience measures is pivotal to delivering health services that are truly responsive to patients’ needs. In a complementary manner, health professionals’ role must be modernised to deliver greater patient-centred care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health patient patients greater prioritising|9.013898|9.341372|1.6109076
9837|Carbon taxes that constitute de facto a tax on fossil fuels are, of course, of particular relevance in this context. The long term requires the creation of the physical infrastructures and long-term trading relations that define the structure of a country’s energy system. A key point here is the technological and geographical diversification of energy imports in order to hedge against supply risks. This includes the development of domestic energy resources such as renewables and nuclear energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy hedge term long facto|1.555586|2.584324|2.0910573
9838|By comparison, in most Nordic countries fathers have relatively short weekly w'orking hours. In these countries many mothers appear to reduce working hours once the household can afford it. Compared to w'omen elsewhere in the OECD, German women have made considerable progress in entering the labour market over the past decade and Germany now has the highest female employment rate in the OECD after the Nordics and Switzerland (Chapter 2).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hours nordics orking omen weekly|9.198117|5.176119|5.325928
9839|Therefore, the relative use of local building materials and resources in the construction industry has a substantial effect in the way in which the construction industry can be harnessed to enable growth in the local economies of LDCs. The development of local sustainable building materials and technologies may also boost the associated retail and consulting industries. Data on shares of ODA that goes into the construction industry is one of those areas that need setting up of new systems to support data collection and requires establishing new partnerships at the national levels and local authorities' levels.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|construction local industry materials building|3.8630016|4.7486415|1.9309677
9840|Governments from OECD member and 11011-member economies look to LEED and work through it to generate innovative guidance on policies to support employment creation and economic development through locally based initiatives. Future living conditions will be determined by the course set now. We have to decide today how we want to live tomorrow, not only in economic terms, but also with regard to environmental stewardship.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|member leed tomorrow stewardship decide|1.928211|3.8957324|2.060413
9841|There is a range of options that could be considered to ensure more effective use of existing information by key actors in the education system. Simple options include ensuring that data is used effectively for transition management between schools and analysing data at the level of the Regional Offices of the Ministry of Education. Such improvements in reporting have the potential to improve the interconnections among schools and between schools and regional and national jurisdictions in education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools options education interconnections regional|9.634332|1.8902769|1.7690585
9842|However, it is not yet entirely clear how economically viable these technologies are, and major issues of financial and regulatory responsibilities need to be resolved. The use of new technologies in transport systems can provide secure and timely delivery of tangible assets to and from remote areas. The average diesel truck costs an estimated 30 times more than a drone, per mile.223 The e-commerce company Amazon is leasing 20 aircraft to handle its own deliveries and is offering 30-minute delivery through drones under its Prime Air project.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|delivery drone technologies aircraft deliveries|4.1906176|4.5308685|1.2339776
9843|"Second, the very high returns of higher education for government suggest that a large amount of the returns to higher education may be taxed away in Portugal (OECD, 2017|2]). Third, stakeholders cited economic reasons that have dampened interest in pursuing higher education, both during the crisis, due to the costs of participation, but also in the recovery period. Other countries have tuition for adult education programmes, even for basic training, which are waived for people demonstrating financial need, typically those who are eligible for social benefits. Examples of these two approaches are included below."|SDG 4 - Quality education|education returns higher taxed tuition|8.978775|2.3460073|2.830801
9844|"It is therefore necessary to devise policies that will bring about changes in the production structure and its orientation so that demand-led factors may open the way for a type of growth that is more solidly based on equity, with equity being a policy goal in its own right, rather than being seen as an “add-on"". This will require breaking down major labour-market entry barriers so that social protection can be combined with labour and economic policies that will provide reliable, ongoing funding for integrated service systems. Labour policy should focus on ensuring that the employment regime incorporates the needs associated with the family life cycle and that employment regulations designed to afford social protection are applied equally to men and women so that women will not be seen as “expensive” workers by potential employers and so that the hours that women work in the labour market are matched by a positive impact on aggregate demand, productivity and growth."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|labour equity seen women protection|8.979657|4.991082|5.976415
9845|The Commission also evaluates the energy efficiency progress towards the 2030 target and propose additional measures if the Union is noton track to reach the 2030 target. This policy measure is estimated to achieve half of the energy savings required under the whole Directive. Member States can achieve the required energy savings through an energy efficiency obligation scheme, alternative measures, or a combination of both approaches.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy savings achieve target required|2.0002892|2.8349528|2.4229038
9846|Some steps have been made to this direction. For example the Best to Industries Programme at the Computer Sciences Department of the Tel Hai Academic College provides an example of systematic collaboration with the local high-tech industry that improves students’ learning outcomes, strengthens the links between higher education and industry and helps attract and build high-tech industry to the northern-most part of the country. This type of initiatives should be expanded to other higher education institutions and disciplines.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tech industry tel hai strengthens|7.5785947|2.5693305|2.5334556
9847|The applicability of the scoring rules (see below) has also been simplified and adapted from the European Union and Norway to the whole of the OECD. The more or less objective inputs concern the shares of different supply and demand categories (i.e. for supply: oil, gas, coal, nuclear, RES and other; for demand: industrial use, residential use, tertiary use and transport use) and the values characterising efficiency, adequacy, and reliability in conversion and transport based on the secondary energy carriers (electricity, gas, heat, and transport fuels). Figure 2.12 displays the conceptual framework of, and the elements considered in, the overall S/D Index model.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|transport use gas carriers applicability|1.1982315|1.9487015|2.0398104
9848|On the other hand, the current priority of achieving a high level of material recovery from waste is resulting in the need to collect data on waste in tons. The practice shows that information on MSW in tons allows better evaluation of the impact of current policies. Therefore, the published information on MSW in m3 is based on estimation and information in tons is a combination of direct weighing of MSW and recalculation of m to tons using a factor of 0.2 t/m .|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|tons msw information waste current|0.3965899|4.062756|3.156378
9849|In Italy, the creation in 2004 of the National Institute for the Evaluation of the Education System (INVALSI) led to the development of national student assessments since 2008. Similarly, in Ontario (Canada), the creation of the Education Quality and Accountability Office in 1996 was associated with the development of standardised student assessment to provide accountability and a gauge of quality in Ontario’s publicly funded education system. Functions of evaluation and assessment agencies may include technical leadership (e.g. in developing evaluation instruments, guidelines, education indicators), implementation of evaluation and assessment procedures (e.g. national student assessments), the monitoring of the education system, the introduction of innovations on the basis of research results, the development of capacity for evaluation and assessment across the system, knowledge management (of results produced by evaluation and assessment activities) and the promotion of an evaluation culture. Although educational evaluation within school systems is not a recent concern, it has traditionally focussed mostly on the assessment of students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation assessment education ontario student|9.700849|1.83111|1.5393885
9850|They set up an intervention model in three stages. Primary intervention involves district and school wide reforms aimed at providing high quality instruction in a school climate that encourages regular attendance and other positive behaviour. This they suggest can be done through equipping teachers to provide high quality instruction and ensuring a relevant curriculum that keeps students engaged. They also suggest a culture of personalized and orderly learning environment and a strong connection with the family. This corresponds to several of the preventive and pre-emptive measures we have seen targeting pre-primary and primary school level.|SDG 4 - Quality education|instruction primary school intervention suggest|9.5954|2.1365504|2.101319
9851|Over the period analysed, the poverty gap diminished at high annual rates, and faster than the poverty rate, in eight countries: Uruguay (-15.9%), Peru (-12.3%), Chile (-10.5%) and Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Colombia and the Plurinational State of Bolivia (declines of between about 8% and 10%). At the same time, poverty severity diminished in these same countries at an annual equivalent rate of between 9% and 14%. This was also the case in the Dominican Republic and El Salvador, although all three indicators fell by less than in the aforementioned countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|diminished poverty annual aforementioned rate|6.454094|5.7681727|5.1857195
9852|In the Arctic, key issues include the improved coordination of fisheries under national and international jurisdiction, the response of the fisheries sector to ecosystems shifts, and improving precautionary and ecosystem approaches. However, what we will explore is the development of the regime in the Antarctic and the somewhat unique policy instruments it has produced to deal with ecosystem and precautionary approaches. This paper asks the question: despite the different ecological and political differences, can some of the innovative approaches in the Antarctic be used in reforming Arctic management?|SDG 14 - Life below water|antarctic precautionary arctic approaches ecosystem|-0.14326653|5.6488733|6.477567
9853|If the evolution of the economy continued according to the reference scenario, without any crisis, this rate would have been expected to ring in at 35.9% in 2008, 35.7% in 2009 and 2010, and 35.3% in 2011. This is the result of regions where the caloric poverty rate is above the national average but the monetary poverty rate is under the national average, as is the case in the Adamaoua, East and North West regions. This last region has a relatively low rate of caloric poverty (11.54%) even though it is among the five hardest hit regions in terms of monetary poverty among children (with a monetary poverty rate of 64.5%). Conversely, the South region has a caloric poverty rate above the national average, as opposed to the case for monetary poverty in that region.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty caloric rate monetary regions|6.3122673|5.8119435|5.0399637
9854|On that basis, the negative relationship between the number of firms and the size of the shadow economy is traced in quadrant 5, where it can be seen that a reduction in the tariff from TO to T1 causes the shadow economy to grow from SO to S1. Quadrant 6 shows the 45° line used to construct the positive relationship between MANU and the tariff shown in quadrant 7; this is where higher tariffs correspond to higher shares of value added by the manufacturing sector in GDP. Quadrant 9 traces the 45° line used to show the shadow economy on the x axis in quadrant 10, where they axis represents the murder rate.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|quadrant shadow axis economy tariff|5.7430267|4.458424|4.043723
9855|As care is not normally to be given without the individual’s consent, compulsory treatment may only be ordered for patients who object to care, but are suffering from a serious psychiatric disturbance (excluding developmental disability). This care is only to be provided in instances where “due to their psychiatric condition or personal circumstances”, an individual needs psychiatric treatment that will only be effective if the patient is admitted to an inpatient psychiatric care facility (Bolling et al, 2009). Involuntary outpatient treatment, under special conditions, may only begin after a period of involuntary inpatient treatment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychiatric treatment involuntary care inpatient|10.287712|8.915299|1.6391871
9856|The cost of electricity can also be a major factor in many countries as high costs to power networks are transmitted to consumers, raising the price they have to pay for Internet access. ( A national backbone network provide powerful links to connect different areas of the country. The number of submarine cables have increased in recent years, allowing faster and cheaper connectivity, thus incentivising greater Internet use. Still, there are many countries and areas with low connectivity, especially landlocked countries, which are dependent on their neighbours for international connectivity.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|connectivity internet submarine cables incentivising|4.430601|3.0675292|1.6739695
9857|First, losses are a factor of the severity and frequency of hazards, as well as a factor of the reduction in vulnerability- some indicators could show a decrease in losses because an extreme weather event (e.g. storm) has not hit a country that particular year, for instance. A reduction in losses could also be due to the implementation of disaster risk reduction or adaptation policies, or of a ‘near-miss’, namely an extreme weather event narrowly missing a country’s vulnerability hotspots. Furthermore, as the definition given in the Sendai Framework of disasters20 encompasses both man-made and natural events, the first set of indicators relating to the outcomes of disaster risk reduction could only relate to climate change adaptation provided they are disaggregated by disaster type to focus on climate-related natural disasters21 (Table 4). A second set of indicators relating to the enabling environment for and the implementation of disaster risk reduction policies broadly support climate adaption objectives, although they relate to more specifically to current vulnerability (Table 5).|SDG 13 - Climate action|disaster reduction losses vulnerability relate|1.4790237|5.1459875|1.7438874
9858|Likewise, an estimate of a reasonable sustainable harvest level, taking account of unrecorded removals, would be necessary to monitor the sustainability of forest management in Armenia. Further information on social aspects of sustainable forest management, notably livelihoods of forest dependent people, are necessary for reporting commitments under the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests. For more information about sources of data and methods of estimation visit the publication's website. As a result, it is not possible to assess recent trends concerning the quantitative and qualitative status of Georgia's forests.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest forests necessary removals sustainable|1.5038395|4.7608504|3.9030938
9859|The Nordic countries Denmark, Finland and Sweden have, as well as the other EU countries, submitted the NREAPs. In the Renewable Energy Directive, Denmark has committed to a target of 30% corresponding about 16,000 ktoe of renewable energy by 2020. Wood energy is planned to constitute about 1,200 ktoe of the total amount, equaling 8% of the total target.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ktoe denmark energy renewable target|1.6114608|2.9186702|2.4278626
9860|"1999|H5|; Ares Abalde, 2014[ij). The small number of students and teachers in these schools shapes the ways in which schools can use the time of teachers and students, and how these are grouped by grades and abilities (Mulcahy, 2009[ii6i). Parents may be concerned about their children learning together with children of different ages in the same classroom (Cornish, 2006[ii7j), but research suggests that multigrade teaching is not necessarily less effective than in age-specific classes."|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers schools ij shapes students|9.40879|1.8182738|2.390135
9861|It is at this point that we need to discuss the whole question of slums or informal settlements, particularly in the developing world. Images of slums were ubiquitous, as the favelas of Brazil and the huge, unserviced settlements of Nairobi caught the world’s imagination. But as an issue, and a challenge to urban managers, the problem was not by any means new, so we can consider it a persistent issue in the classification of this chapter.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|slums settlements issue ubiquitous images|4.4614105|5.133235|2.2535472
9862|Given the already indicated technological limits to fast-tracking the sustainable energy transformation, per capita caps on energy use and emissions may be needed to ease the challenge. This limit would be similar to the figure for the present per capita primary energy use in China and that for the world average (figure II.8). It should be noted, however, that the suggestion is for a limit on primary energy (not final energy), which is most relevant for the environmental impact.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy limit capita primary caps|1.5933373|2.8861458|2.4148557
9863|Table 5.1 provides an overview of the objectives and activities allowed for each category. About two-thirds of the area under protection lies within sustainable use categories (Figure 5.1). This results from several factors, including the higher political and social acceptability of sustainable use areas, as they impose fewer restrictions on land and resource use; respect of traditional communities’ rights and civil society movements in defence of these rights; and the government objective of stimulating sustainable timber logging in national forests (Verissimo et al., The Brazilian example of extractive reserves has contributed to shaping the international classification of protected areas (Table 5.1). Between 2003 and 2008, it accounted for more than 70% of the world’s new terrestrial area placed under protection (Jenkins and Joppa, 2009).|SDG 15 - Life on land|sustainable use table rights protection|1.5498885|4.8847647|4.0622387
9864|To bolster their contribution, aligning negotiation strategies, with a view to promoting much needed global policy coherence should enable the achievement of the oceans and marine specific Agenda 2030 objectives. The international community has been urged to take actions to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development,” and we shall respond. However, the continuation of benefits from fisheries depends on their sustainability, which is being challenged by factors such as overfishing, IUU fishing, destructive fishing practices and ecosystem degradation.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oceans marine fishing urged bolster|-0.005685254|5.6534634|6.228837
9865|Concrete initiatives have included dedicated lanes for the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system and improvements in public transport accessibility for handicapped people. Since 2010, “people first” aspires to integrate pedestrians, cyclists and motorised vehicles on Seoul’s roads. The policy concept evolved to include a wider range of modes of transport with the aim to create more attractive alternatives to car use.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport motorised lanes brt pedestrians|4.1356726|5.0928783|0.56896585
9866|This chapter thus explores the progress and status of women in politics and other ways in which women in leadership positions are helping to shape the national dialogue. It reviews women in politics, government, trade unions and the private sector. The chapter concludes by focusing on the role of women in peacebuilding, a critical role in light of the devastating civil wars and conflicts that have long plagued the continent.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|politics women wars plagued chapter|10.331397|4.859229|7.591687
9867|"In addition, machine learning can support R&D cost reductions of between 10 and 15 per cent and time-to-market improvements of up to 10 per cent, while automation rates of 30 per cent are possible across functions (McKinsey, 2017a). Data are often referred to as ""the new oil"", presenting substantial revenue opportunities for businesses within and beyond the ICT sector. Most industries are investing in turning the massive amount of data flowing from loT sensors, industrial meters, connected devices, smartphones, wearables, and any kind of web-based services, into actionable insights."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cent actionable smartphones mckinsey sensors|4.649627|3.1049573|2.2993414
9868|It called upon countries to ‘develop inclusive, responsive and resilient education systems' to meet their needs (UNESCO, 2015). But the position of refugees who rely on host countries to extend international rights to education is not identical to those of people displaced within their home countries and whose governments bear specific responsibilities to fulfil their citizens’ rights. These arrangements are being piloted among the 15 countries where the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) is being rolled out. Selected additional important issues related to refugee education are addressed in the monitoring part of the report, including early childhood care and education (Policy focus 9.1), tertiary education (Policy focus 10.1), displaced people with disabilities (Policy focus 12.1), the role of technology (Policy focus 15.1) and the effectiveness of humanitarian aid (Policy focus 19.3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|focus education policy refugee displaced|9.968568|2.829571|2.727439
9869|Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs in the Lander set out appraisal guidelines for assessing teachers. Teacher appraisals must cite the assessment criteria and use of assessment. Data collection focuses on input, processes - including pedagogical practices - and results. At the post-primary level, inspections focus on whole school evaluations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assessment appraisals cite lander inspections|9.816491|1.2256359|1.5098505
9870|As in the water supply sector, there are acute organizational problems in sewerage systems in rural areas, which make for a coverage rate of only 0.2 per cent. Of the 62 cities and district centres, only 29 have sewerage systems, and in villages there are virtually no sewerage systems. There are issues with the huge amount of surface water entering the sewerage system. However, the necessary financial resources for rehabilitation, expansion and construction of new systems in order to achieve the water and sanitation objectives and goals provided in the sectoral programmes are estimated to increase to more than US$2 billion.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sewerage systems water organizational virtually|1.6100383|7.052036|2.5020778
9871|The explicit inclusion of climate action as one of the SDGs (Goal 13) is likely to promote this alignment. International financial flows will need to be complementary to domestic climate finance, which remains the most important source of funds. Development co-operation providers can assist this process by supporting partner countries to improve revenue capture and by strengthening accountability and transparency in their own systems to avoid any risk of double counting and to increase confidence in climate finance reporting.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance counting alignment explicit|1.8664747|4.1479907|1.1442271
9872|The centre routinely tracks HIV/AIDS numbers and prevalence rates in the region. As part of the planning process most countries in the region have also established a separate body with responsibility for the co-ordination of multisectoral activities and the various micro-level responses on a national level. This body is usually established under the Ministry of Health, as in the case of Jamaica, but is sometimes established as part of the Prime Minister's office, as in The Bahamas, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago. We will deal with this later.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|established body bahamas barbados routinely|8.35967|8.910513|3.2829425
9873|Figure B.4 shows the growth in average international internet bandwidth from 2000 to 2015 for a sample of 131 countries. In 2000, the average international bandwidth was a little less than 3,700 Mbits/sec. By 2015, this had increased to a little less than 1.2 million Mbits/sec, a more than 330-fold increase. Today nearly half of the world's population can access the internet, and it is far faster and more pervasive than the dial-up internet of the 1990s.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|internet bandwidth little pervasive fold|4.860547|2.8218465|1.5382837
9874|The sub-dimension includes information regarding the share of employed persons working in the evening, at night or on the weekend. Many studies indicate that there is a (negative) relationship between working outside usual working hours (in particular at night, but also during the weekend or in the evening) and well-being. The sub-dimension furthermore covers the use of a flexible work schedule.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|evening night working dimension sub|8.439295|4.5735774|4.7092576
9875|In three (Chile, Peru and Uruguay), the effect of this factor was boosted by an improvement in distribution —at least in the distribution area near the poverty line. On the other hand, the downward trend in poverty in Argentina and the Dominican Republic was, in part, slowed —not helped— by changes in distribution. In another group of five countries the distribution effect was the main determinant of falling poverty rates.|SDG 1 - No poverty|distribution poverty effect boosted downward|6.4772253|5.4892273|5.221221
9876|To complement Zhumasultanov’s estimates for the recent period, Table 1.4 provides a corrected urbanisation rate that neutralises the effect of Shymkent and Almaty City’s territorial expansions in 2013 and 2014. The main conclusion is that without this large reclassification of rural inhabitants to urban status, the urbanisation rate w'ould have grown at a much slower pace, reaching an estimated 55.6% at the beginning of 2016 (w'hile the official urbanisation rate was 57%). In 2015 and 2016, the new urban residents in Shymkent and Almaty City were subtracted from urban population.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urbanisation shymkent almaty rate urban|4.4675097|5.3169727|2.063519
9877|Net differentials are based on adjusted estimates of the under-five mortality rate, where the adjustment consists of applying statistical controls for other factors potentially contributing to the gross differentials separately from household wealth. In addition to household wealth, variables such as age of mother at the birth of the child, length of the mother’s previous birth interval, birth order and sex of the child were used as statistical controls. The results suggest that household wealth may have substantial effects on child survival at the global level. In general, the probability of child survival tends to be higher at higher levels of household wealth.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|wealth birth child household differentials|8.796612|8.40218|3.6217916
9878|This was not intended to be representative of society in general, but that portion of society that might be considered as being more connected to the issue of marine litter and microplastics. With a sample of just under 4,000 respondents from over 16 mostly European countries, the MARLISCO survey found that the majority of respondents were concerned about marine litter and perceived the marine environment as being highly valuable to society. There was a belief that the situation regarding marine litter was worsening, and that most marine litter was derived from the sea (B. Hartley unpublished data).|SDG 14 - Life below water|litter marine society respondents belief|0.039127767|5.7327847|5.7697196
9879|This equates to 10.3% of GDP - up from 9.1% in 2005 and above the EU average of 9.9%. Public financing made up 84% of the expenditure, the second highest proportion in the EU, with the remainder mainly funded by out-of-pocket payments concentrated heavily on prescription drugs and dental care. This suggests that the health care system is effective in treating life-threatening conditions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu dental threatening remainder prescription|8.671732|8.931044|2.3127573
9880|Hence, recommendations for improving the sustainability and efficiency of SIS are considered together in Section 3.3. If these are indicators are arranged in a scatter plot, for all countries in LAC and the OECD, Peru lies above the regression line in both 1995 and 2013. This suggests that Peru is relatively efficient at converting health expenditure into longer life expectancy.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|peru sis converting plot lac|8.85494|8.660447|2.7231898
9881|This impact is grounded in industry players' investments in technological improvements which enable innovative products and services. In stark contrast with the promises of the fourth industrial revolution (WEF, 2016), a review of the recent financial performance of the telecommunication sector shows that industry players operate in an increasingly mature and challenging environment characterized by stalling revenue growth and difficulties in balancing investments and profitability. Estimates have been made for countries that do not report revenue or capital expenditure information, in order to complete regional aggregations. Mobile technology has been the engine fuelling access to Internet services, notably in developing economies, where mobile tends to be the primary means for accessing the Internet.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|players internet mobile revenue investments|4.874266|2.8687317|1.6547827
9882|Circassian walnut (Juglans regia), occupies a mere 100 ha in hilly forests mainly in western Kopetdag and in the valleys of the Sumbar and Arvaz Rivers. They preserve an important stock of nutrition supply and represent high potential reserves for livestock breeding. The general area of saxaul stands is 688,100 ha, which includes 15,000 ha of young growths, 284,100 ha of middle-aged stands, 320,700 ha of maturing stands and 67,900 ha of mature and over-mature stands. The wood volume of growing stock reaches 2 million m3, 1,720,000 m3 of which are of middle age or mature.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ha stands mature stock middle|1.2985591|4.998943|4.0917873
9883|Often inheritance rights for widows do not reflect the principles of equal ownership of property acquired during marriage. Such provisions contravene the Convention and should be abolished (para. This limits woman's ability to control disposition ofthe property and the incomederived from it” (see also chap. It has urged governments to abolish the concept of head of household in administrative practices and recognize joint or co-ownership of land, as well as to amend national legislation to ensure joint or co-ownership24 (see also chap.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|chap ownership joint property urged|9.256679|5.113189|7.1399508
9884|Men also contribute to social security longer than women in Mexico. Among all self-employed workers (over age 15) who are women, 77.5% have never paid social security contributions, compared to 65.1% of own-account workers who are men (OECD estimates of ENIGH, 2014). Coverage is even worse for marginalised groups like domestic workers, who are overwhelmingly female.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|workers security overwhelmingly men marginalised|9.768982|4.2817516|5.7221804
9885|If they have liberalised their electricity markets, these countries will most often be at the stage of the “single buyer model”. Because this model mostly relies on power purchasing agreements, supply and demand cannot be adjusted in real time. A small market size makes it also difficult to spread the costs of maintenance across consumers, potentially resulting in weaker infrastructure and higher losses in transmission. By contrast a regional approach, if supported by well-maintained infrastructure, can help achieve the scale necessary to develop a wholesale market which could reduce cost of generation and allow greater cost recovery (Foster and Briceno-Garmendia, 2010).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|model liberalised infrastructure buyer cost|1.8255324|1.8482604|1.978536
9886|Since then, she has focused on creating African firms that support the growth of the continent, which she sees as the 'next economic frontier'. She has used her knowledge of global market trends, sen/ices and products to bring innovation to the Kenyan market and create companies that later transfer to new managers that can boost the growth and bring firms to the next level. Rionge is another exceptional woman making a difference in a male-dominated sector and proving the long-term, positive transformation that women in business can foster based on their individual talent and courage.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bring firms proving kenyan sees|9.049951|3.4458232|6.644446
9887|"However, the stimulus was smaller in size, had a shorter timespan, put less emphasis on credit and relied less on local government funding than that of 2009. As was the case with the post-Lehman Brothers stimulus package, the Chinese package relied heavily on infrastructure spending. A difference this time around was the greater focus of the new package on energy-saving and innovation. In addition to expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, the approach has also entailed forms of regulatory forbearance to encourage bank lending, although the new schedule is still fully consistent with the implementation of the capital adequacy reforms of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. In July 2012, the Government released the draft of its “Comprehensive Strategy for the Rebirth of Japan"", a medium- to long-term growth strategy that would be in effect through fiscal year 2020."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|package stimulus relied fiscal strategy|5.732699|4.9697766|3.7492414
9888|Without this approval the Ministry does not include the school in the network. A basic school with Years 1-4 can be established if the expected number of students is at least 30, and a basic school with Years 1-9 if the number of students is not lower than 150. In special cases (for example, if the closest basic school is difficult to reach) a lower number of children can be accepted. When the Ministry evaluates the applications it takes into account local and regional needs, the language of instruction, the number of students and the financial and technical conditions of schools. The Ministry can also take the decision to close schools through a similar process but a proposal to close a school can also be made by regional state authorities and the Inspectorate. There are a number of inherited inefficiencies which have been reinforced by the public administration and public funding reforms, creating too many and too small founder units and leading to a fragmentation of the system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school number ministry basic students|9.658544|2.1215372|2.075478
9889|Contributions for health are generally fixed at 7.65% of gross income (shared between employees and employers). There is no competition between funds. Patients can also see non-contracted physicians but are reimbursed only for 80% of what insurance would usually pay for contracted care. Payments for non-contracted care account for a large share of out-of-pocket spending.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|contracted reimbursed non care pocket|8.645043|8.944441|1.9583473
9890|For large nuclear units, a line of generally 400 kV connects the step-up transformers to the first power substation. The second connection provides a supply to the NPP via the station transformer if the main connection is not available. The voltage of the second line varies between 110 kV to 400 kV, depending on the short circuit power required when switching from normal to auxiliary.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|connection line second auxiliary circuit|1.1857103|1.4538641|1.899128
9891|The “last-in, first-out” rule applies more systematically in some OECD countries such as Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, where workers with less seniority are the first to be made redundant. However, in Sweden, it is possible to conclude collective labour agreements with a different order of termination. Indeed, during the trial period, severance pay regulations do not apply.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sweden redundant seniority termination severance|7.8964624|4.681427|4.1376505
9892|These regressive outcomes, and the proliferation of right-wing dictatorships across the so-called “Third World”, were in sharp contrast with the achievements of the rich countries under the post-war Keynesian-social democratic consensus, and the economic successes of the countries following the Soviet and Chinese models. This study expressed a growing scepticism with the Bank’s earlier strategy of supporting “big push” growth projects, while expecting market processes to reduce poverty and inequality spontaneously (see McKinley, 2009, pp. Redistribution with Growth triggered a review of the World Bank’s emphasis on capital-intensive development and maximization of the investible surplus, as these seem to lead to income and wealth concentration and unable to generate sufficient employment. It was thought that the Bank’s new priorities should be towards promotion of labour-intensive industries and provision of education and infrastructure for the poor, especially in small-scale agriculture (now deemed to be at least as productive as large-scale production), and through transfer of land and other assets to the poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|bank intensive scale expecting poor|6.218882|5.5878696|4.603671
9893|Vulnerable or informal employment is particularly high among women, resulting in poor earnings and low-quality jobs. In entrepreneurship, the gender gap in the Middle East-North Africa region is the greatest in the world, with around 12% of adult women and 31% of adult men working as entrepreneurs (GEM, MENA Regional Report, 2012). Women’s economic participation provides them with resources that allow them to realise their personal aspirations, and to support their families, leading to increased well-being among women, men and children.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women adult gem men realise|8.964822|3.9494176|6.1537104
9894|"The “Bolsa familia” programme in Brazil and the ‘""Oportunitades” programme in Mexico have been running for years, have reached almost full national coverage, and have made a significant and tested dent on poverty in both countries, filling wide gaps in national social policies. International organisations such as the World Bank have helped disseminate and replicate the approach as one of the principal tools to attain the MDGs (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). Pakistan and Indonesia have in place large unconditional cash transfers schemes, which in the latter country has been recently transformed into a conditional programme."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|programme replicate familia bolsa filling|7.3536773|6.00743|4.368142
9895|Social and emotional skills play a particularly important role in skills formation since they not only drive future development of social and emotional skills but also cognitive skills. Parental engagement and attachment have considerable impact on children’s early social and emotional skill development. School-based programmes can also play a role by promoting intensive interactions between teachers and children through mentoring.|SDG 4 - Quality education|emotional skills play social attachment|9.209299|2.5501804|2.12216
9896|The decrease of run-off is predicted for two major rivers of eastern Georgia, the Iori/Gabirri and Ala-zani/Ganyh, with potential impact on irrigated agriculture and drinking water supply. Groundwater recharge is also influenced by reduced surface water flow. The influence of reduced run-off, as well as decreased quality of both surface water and groundwater in the Kura basin, is assessed as very negative. In the western part of the country, the impact of reduced groundwater recharge is predicted to be very negative.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater recharge reduced predicted surface|0.737756|7.194261|2.764181
9897|A strong push is needed to ensure that this number increases by another 1 billion people by 2015 to meet the MDG sanitation target. In 1990, just under half (49 per cent) of the global population had improved sanitation. Coverage must extend to 75 per cent to meet the target, up from the current level of 64 per cent.|SDG 15 - Life on land|cent sanitation meet target mdg|1.904869|6.889108|2.574214
9898|Data from the China Association of Women Entrepreneurs show that women entrepreneurs account for around 25% of all entrepreneurs, are more educated than men, optimistic about their future, and increasingly likely to seek business information from the internet and reach international markets. A particular focus has been put on programmes to improve the financial inclusion of women entrepreneurs. They include preferential interest rates and credit guarantee schemes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurs women optimistic preferential guarantee|8.791271|3.4414952|6.3557186
9899|In 2009 and 2010, in a sample of 31 cities, water tariffs increased above inflation (4%) in 21 cities. In two cities the increase was below inflation and in eight cities there was no increase (CONAGUA, 2011c). Water providers are increasingly including sewerage and wastewater treatment services in the tariffs - ranging from 3% to 40% of the drinking water tariff.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cities inflation tariffs water conagua|1.6527251|7.5271535|2.263791
9900|Gender equality in parliament also seems to be positively related to GDP per capita, but only after the 1970s. An explanation for this might be sought in the fact that the parliamentary activity of women remains limited everywhere. Looking at the relation between our overall composite index and GDP, again the relation between the two seems to get stronger after 1970, which is likely to be partly driven by the improvements in gender equality in terms of education and parliamentary activity.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parliamentary relation activity equality gdp|10.200423|4.288663|6.949006
9901|However, in order to definitively assess multi-level co-ordination for smart city implementation, further follow-up is required. It requires each city to develop its own locally-tailored vision. The national government has set aside USD 7.5 billion for the Smart Cities Mission, which comes under the purview of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. While many instances of national government support to smart city development involves prescribing areas where money should be allocated, India’s Smart Cities Mission required every city that took part in the challenge to develop a vision, thereby allowing cities to play to their strengths.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|smart city mission cities vision|4.1075897|4.1732845|1.4921153
9902|The paper highlights some challenges and lessons learned, such as the need for PSE to target a wider range of environmental issues, the importance of investing in integrated approaches to enable the development of pipelines, and the need to align private sector approaches with national contexts. The findings in this paper contribute to the discussion on how development co-operation providers can improve the effectiveness of PSE approaches to promote green growth and climate action, and may be a useful starting point to guide evidence-based policyrelevant research. Substantive contributions were made by Till Bajohr on the analysis of climate-related development finance flows supporting private sector engagement. The research was conducted under the auspices of the DAC Network on Environment and Development (ENVIRONET).|SDG 13 - Climate action|pse approaches development paper till|2.0602944|4.180298|1.3532995
9903|Human Rights Officers conducting interviews should be aware of this and must ensure that follow-up questions focus on the women's experience. Gender Advisers can play an essential role in preparing victims and witnesses to speak in public hearings and in sensitizing Commissioners, Experts and Human Rights Officers on how best to ask questions on gender issues. Consideration should be given to whether public hearings could expose victims to further stigmatization or violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hearings officers victims questions stigmatization|9.99011|4.724859|7.702275
9904|Data refer to average length of stay for curative (acute) care (resulting in an underestimation). Source: OECD Health Statistics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health-data-en. Compared to the hospital sector, a significant deficit of information exists on the patterns of care and outcomes in primary care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care underestimation curative dx doi|9.196286|9.384272|2.0396066
9905|It is expected that if energy prices rise further, the link with food prices will be stronger. In terms of policy, according to Chavas and Kim (2006) the removal of stabilisation policies and the reduced public stocks of food grains have created conditions favorable to greater price volatility. This last point is particularly important with respect to China, which has greatly reduced its stocks over the last 10 years.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|stocks reduced prices kim food|3.9312184|4.981637|4.334172
9906|As a result sardine move southward. However, anchovies are more constrained and become more accessible to fisheries as they aggregate in dense coastal pockets of colder water. During the 1972 El Nino, anchovies were so highly concentrated on the coast that 170 000 tonnes were caught on one day (Lehodey et al.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|pockets nino caught dense coast|-0.11163213|6.0466647|6.3038235
9907|Water for “essential uses” (e.g. drinking water, water for national security purposes) usually figures among the highest priority uses, as would be expected. Water for the environment is rarely among the highest priorities in times of scarcity and often figures among the lowest. There is clearly scope to broaden the application of abstraction charges.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water figures uses highest broaden|1.3562392|7.4440427|2.447035
9908|There may also be amounts incorporated as part of outpatient care from prescribing physicians (part of HC.1.3). This would imply that the consumption of pharmaceuticals involves not only the cost of the products (directly) purchased but also the cost of the complementary distribution services. Some other partial classes, such as pharmaceuticals under procurement, generics and ATC classes, may also be of interest for national purposes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pharmaceuticals classes hc generics prescribing|8.479781|9.377536|2.1784053
9909|In rivers with sewage treatment, the opposite occurs -low ammonium and higher concentrations of nitrate (<= 5mg/l). A general trend towards an increase in nutrient concentrations was observed after larger settlements. Measured phosphate concentrations up to 2 mg/1 in rivers are beyond good and evil and are once more a sign of lacking wastewater treatment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|concentrations rivers treatment mg nitrate|0.8050265|6.7694774|2.9475546
9910|The projection also assumes that robust growth of 6-8% will be sustained in Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, the Philippines and Viet Nam where domestic demand is generally buoyant on the back of rapid real income and credit growth and foreign investment. Downside risks include negative trade and financial spillover effects from China, slow progress on economic stimulus and reform measures and adverse weather conditions. However, this trajectory is subject to various factors, such as global oil prices, fuel subsidy reforms, tax reforms and currency movements.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|reforms buoyant downside trajectory spillover|5.3059607|4.798327|3.8611004
9911|Specific measures included gender audits of line ministries, gender assessments, awareness-raising and the establishment of a Gender Responsive Budget Committee. The Ministry of Finance developed a budget tracking system to measure the gender responsiveness of public spending and donor aid. As a result of these changes, gender-responsive budget allocations in Nepal increased steadily from 11 per cent in 2007 to almost 22 per cent in 2014.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender budget responsive cent audits|9.704319|3.9254334|7.58869
9912|This was stated in the 1948 UN Declaration of Human Rights (Article 26) and repeated in the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 28). The report of the Commonwealth Commission on Respect and Understanding, chaired by Amartya Sen, has drawn further attention to this matter (Sen, 2007). Basic education is also widely accepted in the international literature and policy discourse as essential for development and poverty reduction (see e.g. Lee, 2004; Cohen et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|sen article cohen rights discourse|9.175407|5.0167804|7.0633183
9913|The first is probabilistic risk modelling to estimate average annual loss and the second is based on potential climate scenarios. The estimate is a weighted average of the expected loss from every disaster event, given its probability of occurrence - the average annual loss (AAL). An AAL calculation involves three components: hazard modelling; exposure and vulnerabilities; and risk estimations. It uses both historical experiences and modelled predictions to give a comprehensive picture of what can be expected. Policymakers can use this for DRR financing budgets, designing risk reduction schemes and carrying out cost-benefit analysis for specific intervention proposals. Government of Nepal/Ministry of Home Affairs (accessed 21 May 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|loss modelling risk estimate average|1.4788798|5.113666|1.7264318
9914|Experience from other OECD countries has shown that when primary care-level provision for mild-to-moderate disorders is very effective when also backed up by good training (both during medical training and as part of Continuing Medical Education), by support from specialist mental health care practitioners and support networks, and by good referral options should a patient need to access a more specialised level of care (for example a psychologist, or specialist community mental health service or centre). Competency in treating and diagnosing mild and moderate disorders should be integrated into training for Japan's primary care speciality from the start. It is recommended that Japan considers the expansion of evidence-based treatments for mild-to-moderate disorders, in particular increasing availability of psychological therapies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mild disorders moderate care specialist|10.192122|8.854504|1.6920987
9915|It is vital that governments resuscitate the important debate and large-scale work on external effects in the energy sectors of the 1980s and 1990s. Measured against the scale of the externalities discussed, the required funds for research are negligible. At the same time, such work needs to be managed tightly and focus on key issues with a view to contributing to better policy making in the context of the energy transitions under way. Disseminating and synthesising knowledge on some of the most salient features of the full costs of electricity provision is key to arriving, through the progressive internalisation of social costs, at better policies and more sustainable electricity mixes.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity scale salient arriving tightly|1.8200741|2.277125|1.897169
9916|In all regions, women spend at least twice as much time as men on unpaid domestic work. In the less developed regions, many young girls aged 5-14 take on a large amount of household chores, including care-giving, cooking and cleaning, and older girls do so to an even greater extent. While boys also do household chores, their participation rate is not as high as that of girls. Moreover, girls generally work longer hours than boys, whether they are engaged in housework only, employment only or both. Long hours of work affect children’s ability to participate fully in education.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls chores boys hours work|9.09294|4.8174596|5.587513
9917|There is a strong emphasis on experiential and blended forms of learning. The setting for the face-to-face parts of the programme is purposefully in non-traditional learning environments. Getting the right degree of challenge without overload is especially important for graduate students who are fully engaged with their work responsibilities and active family lives in addition to their formal studies. The inclusion of community leaders from outside education as well as the expectation that participants connect across their settings helps to develop horizontal connectedness.|SDG 4 - Quality education|face blended learning expectation graduate|8.739304|1.7081056|1.9437606
9918|In order to avoid such unintended consequences and to increase the potential of energy efficiency for reducing pressure on the environment, large scale energy efficiency measures should be implemented together with other policies that can more generally internalise environmental externalities of economic activities, such as removing or reducing fossil fuel subsidies, introducing an effective price on carbon, carbon trading scheme, and the like. On their own, then, energy efficiency measures must therefore be seen as - at best - a very imperfect substitute for demand reduction. Nevertheless, they are an indispensable element of any serious green growth strategy, since they can play a critical role in softening the impact of higher fuel prices (resulting from a carbon tax or some other price-based mechanism) on production and consumption. Moreover, programmes to help low-income households improve energy efficiency can also help mitigate the distributional consequences of many demand-reduction policies, as these can sometimes hit the poorest hardest.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|efficiency carbon energy consequences fuel|1.7556723|2.8375602|2.2655294
9919|One probability is slightly higher in the latter group: older men are more likely to report good health than women of the same age. Many explanations have been put forward for these differences (Spizzichino and Egidi, 2007). First, non-fatal chronic diseases are more common among women (Molarius and Janson, 2002; Hoeymans and others.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|fatal explanations women probability chronic|9.285912|9.182234|3.1093993
9920|County councils shall provide good quality health and medical care, according to the needs of their residents, and promote good health in the area in general. The Health and Medical Services Act also contains the general provisions on the content and execution of mental health services. Psychiatric care shall be provided to patients in need of psychiatric and/or medical treatment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medical psychiatric health shall good|10.371461|8.959666|1.6636661
9921|The surges in consumption in recent years, as examined in chapter IV, could easily be erased by a reversal of the business cycle, threatening access to basic consumer staples for this broad swathe of the population. The most evident of these features is that the poverty rate for children is considerably higher than for the rest of the population. Poverty rates among children aged 15 and under are between 1.1 and 2.0 times greater than for the general population, with the largest discrepancies seen in countries with lowest overall poverty rates. With a number of exceptions, in many countries poverty and age tend to be inversely correlated.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|poverty population inversely reversal surges|7.068562|6.3509917|5.148907
9922|With their USD 71 trillion in assets, institutional investors - including pension funds and insurance companies - potentially have an important role to play in financing clean energy programmes. Given the current low interest rate environment and weak economic growth prospects in many OECD countries, institutional investors are increasingly looking for ‘real’ asset classes which can deliver steady, preferably inflation adjusted, income streams with low correlations to the returns of other investments. Clean energy projects can provide institutional investors with investments which potentially combine these sought-after characteristics.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investors institutional clean potentially investments|2.282733|2.9958093|1.6866926
9923|The other refuted the idea of a subsidy, instead treating domestic work as essential to the reproduction of the labour force in societies of this type. Empirically, this means, for example, that if young men and women start by being equally productive in both spheres of production, gender discrimination in the labour market (which reduces women’s wages below their market productivity) will mean that women take on a larger share of domestic work and men a larger share of remunerated work in the market (Gardiner, 1997). Thus, surplus value is appropriated by the capitalists, who pay male workers a wage that is less than the value of their labour. The mechanism for this is the retention within the home of those aspects of reproduction and maintenance of the labour force that are not profitable either for capitalist production or for the State, in the event that the latter were to take on responsibilities in this area.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|labour reproduction market work larger|8.978359|4.852806|6.0307927
9924|It systematically counts the number of valuation studies for each relevant ecosystem service and concludes that the number of studies is limited in all the Nordic countries. In their case study encompassing valuation of the effects of pesticide-free buffer zones along field margins, the authors found that respondents were willing to accept an increase in the price of bread of DKK 0,57 (4 per cent) if the survival of partridge chickens increased by 10 percent points. Based on their findings, the authors of the report conclude that economic valuation studies of the effects of pesticide use can be performed based on current knowledge and existing methods. The beneficiaries of the restoration measures were the residents of Helsinki, with foreseen benefits including both use and non-use values.|SDG 15 - Life on land|valuation pesticide studies authors use|1.84737|5.3786774|3.6550355
9925|The creation of co-operatives and producers’ organisations should rely on a bottom-up approach and be actively supported by extension workers through appropriate trainings. These groups can play a major role in linking farmers to markets, providing them with necessary inputs and increasing their bargaining power. Greater public funding needs to be provided to R&D. The intensity of research in Myanmar is low compared to other neighbouring countries. Partnerships and consortia between national and international research, extension and farmers would enhance access to best practices and the utilisation of mature technologies and increase uptake by farmers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farmers extension trainings consortia research|3.876903|5.1373677|3.763268
9926|Nochebus routes cover 330.8 kilometres and are available in 14 of the 16 delegaciones of Mexico City. The ORT is a new regulators' body that has been introduced by the New Mobility Law for the Federal District, but lias not yet been set up. The latest survey for users (2014) showed that 14% of users are residents of the State of Mexico.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|users mexico lias kilometres regulators|4.045666|5.4269204|1.0114377
9927|In the watershed, there were many farms at that time that were causing serious water quality issues. The farm organisations did not want to see the names of farmers appearing in media or government reports as examples of poor agricultural practices. There is no appetite for what some see as secret payments, and in 2009 all landowners receiving a grant were asked to check off a box allowing their names and projects to be used in public.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|names landowners watershed check causing|1.204876|7.615531|2.5519123
9928|The phenomenon of “regime shift” and “global synchrony” in fish society were found in major small pelagic fish stocks over the world (Kawasaki, 1989; IGBP, 2003). The two major factors combined, i.e. fishing and climatic impact, determine the trend of fish stock fluctuations. In most cases it is difficult to separate out the impact of human activities from that of the climate.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish major pelagic impact climatic|-0.23626147|6.0531445|6.197536
9929|The difference is, however, judged to be without importance in the overall picture. For climate change, reuse leads to saved emissions (negative contribution) rather than an unwanted contribution from the incineration process, and for other impact categories the benefits are 20-100 times higher. With this assumption, the benefits from Nordic recycling are a few percent higher than for ROW.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|contribution row benefits unwanted judged|0.7992713|3.7833412|3.0393414
9930|A review of the literature reveals the lack of a single definition and the existence of widely varying approaches for deciding what paid jobs should be included in the care sector. This study on Latin America is based on the approach that defines paid care w ork as the provision of a service for dependent persons (children, the sick, older persons, persons with disabilities). By applying these criteria to household surveys in Latin America, care w orkers were identified as those in the health, education, social services and household services sectors in the following occupations: teachers and teaching assistants at the preschool education level; special education teachers; child carers; professional and registered nurses and nurses’ aides (both home- and institution-based); other care and personal service workers; companions; and domestic w’orkers. But this average masks some differences. In Uruguay, Brazil and Chile, paid care work accounts for more than 8% of all employment (9.2%, 8.5%and8.3%, respectively, in 2010). A large share of paid care work is domestic work.|SDG 1 - No poverty|care paid persons nurses latin|8.798313|5.1463456|5.5228815
9931|After the Fukushima nuclear accident no impact was noticed on the measured values. The NFA registers pesticides and agrochemicals, and veterinary medicines. The NFA has been responsible for controlling all types of food/feed-producing establishments since 2011, according to the Law on Food Safety and Quality.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|veterinary food establishments registers accident|0.40916878|5.927174|6.431289
9932|Kick-starting collaborative initiatives around tangible projects on key public services can help rally forces at the initial stage and progressively lead to setting a “bigger picture”, as success breeds further success and trust (OECD, 2015a). Flagship projects or events can also serve as catalysts for social change and stakeholder engagement. For example, the Capital of Culture experience in Marseille brought the society together in an unprecedented way. In a context of extremely high institutional fragmentation, this project laid a major foundation for the construction of the new metropolitan authority, which became operational on 1 January' 2016 (Box 5.16).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|success breeds kick projects flagship|3.7093177|5.2684336|1.6254231
9933|The burden of unpaid work which is culturally assigned to women hinders their access to the labour market and generation of their own income, and is worse in households with children under the age of five. The households in the lowest-income deciles have the highest number of dependents, who require a greater amount of time for care, and have the greatest need of income (ECLAC, 2016a). Moreover, women in poor households are unable to acquire goods and services on the market that could save them time on domestic and care work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|households income dependents deciles hinders|8.960266|5.075628|5.827095
9934|Section A presents the analytical concepts that frame the connections that exist between social protection, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation strategies; the differences between disasters and hazards are established to frame the debate; and policy recommendations are put forward, based on a scheme that is being used in the international literature. Section B then describes the situation of social protection in relation to disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the main social protection tools associated with the public response to such situations. Section C then describes three interesting cases in developing countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Mozambique) which are highly and increasingly disaster-prone. Although these countries have per capita gross domestic products (GDP) that are considerably lower than most of the region's countries, they have been able to set up disaster-related social protection systems, with a mix of successes and errors.|SDG 13 - Climate action|disaster protection frame section social|1.5470897|5.1048393|1.8038464
9935|"On the one hand, the diversity across and within Emerging Asian countries can pose challenges for national governments to implement smart city initiatives. On the other hand, such diversity is an opportunity for the development of innovative ideas, precisely because cities at an earlier stage of development can learn from best practices and “leapfrog"" the most difficult stages, thereby avoiding the pitfalls and challenges that peer cities have already faced. The sharing of best practices on smart city initiatives is especially valuable in light of the global megatrends of globalisation, urbanisation, ageing population, climate change and digitalisation. Despite the fact that these megatrends impact Emerging Asian countries in different ways and that each country is at a different starting point in tackling their associated challenges, they pose risks to all cities. A range of subnational indicators are required in order to monitor how smart city initiatives impact the lives of citizens and to provide a benchmark for governments to develop even smarter cities. Top-down approaches that disregard or do not involve the subnational level run the risk of being exclusive and failing to meet the varied needs of all citizens."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities smart initiatives city pose|4.09224|4.1611166|1.4517747
9936|In many cases, the financial consequences of the dissolution of marriage weaken women’s economic and social status. Also, even if the mother has custody of the children, the father maintains authority as guardian over the most important decisions. Also, the financial consequences of a divorce are often detrimental to women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|consequences guardian dissolution weaken custody|9.338193|5.2956004|6.750052
9937|"Private foundations can act as ""source or resources"". For example, the Haus der kleinen Forscher (Little Scientist’s House) association promotes nationwide early childhood education in the natural sciences and technology. Its goal is to promote interest in natural phenomena among 3-6 year-olds. The foundation develops workshops and teaching materials for educators, hosts annual promotion days and provides comprehensive background information and experiments on the Internet."|SDG 4 - Quality education|scientist natural hosts experiments phenomena|9.394752|2.61553|2.1536248
9938|Le faible nombre d’inscrits dans les filieres courtes de l’enseignement professionnel et dans certaines branches de l’enseignement superieur comme les sciences et les etudes d’ingenieur se traduit par un deficit de competences dans certains metiers, d’ou la necessite de rendre ces formations plus attrayantes. Dans l’enseignement superieur, les taux de reussite et les depenses par etudiant sont faibles par rapport aux moyennes internationales et les etudes durent trop longtemps. De plus, la modicite des droits de scolarite et l’acces a des aides financieres genereuses, conjugues au traitement preferentiel dont b^neficiait jusqu’H une date r6cente le travail des Etudiants, ont pour effet de creer des « faux etudiants », tout en incitant ceux qui font vraiment des etudes a rester trop longtemps dans l’enseignement superieur.|SDG 4 - Quality education|les enseignement dans des etudes|9.0293045|5.8368053|4.9200144
9939|This is at least partly due to difficulty ensuing that the collected material is of sufficiently high quality and does not contain hazardous substances. In addition, a significant quantity of the plastic separately collected is not actually recycled: Almost half of the plastic waste collected in the EU is exported, mainly to China, and the end treatment for this plastic waste is largely unknown (Velis, C.A., 2014). A comprehensive and detailed analysis of these, let alone the analysis of the impacts of policy on these is beyond the scope of this project. However, much of this plastic, being largely homogenous and clean, is already widely utilised, either directly by industry or by the existing plastics recycling market.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|plastic collected largely waste homogenous|0.53732556|3.9047356|3.0761144
9940|The categorisation of these stages in the recruitment process provides a clear framework for identification of concrete actions at each stage of the election cycle. The rules and practices must ensure that women and men have equitable opportunity and support in the entire electoral process, that is, during the pre-election, election and postelection periods. Table 1.4 summarises key state responsibilities in relation to elections, and the gender dimensions of each.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|election categorisation process electoral elections|10.470728|4.351485|7.26836
9941|This would represent a water use saving of about 5.2% in total household indoor water consumption. For instance, in Atlanta, messages such as “We need to start looking at the glass as half empty,” and “Don’t wait until the tap runs dry” are spread in a video public service announcement. Beside rebates for two types of water-efficient purchases, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California also proposes a webpage (www.bewaterwise.com) with water saving tips, information on public education program designed to educate Californians on the state’s water challenges or technical information (with visual support) on the water reserve levels. These impacts differ depending on the water source (groundwater or surface water). However, if managed in a sustainable way, groundwater extraction can continue to aid regional economic development, in particular in many arid or semi-arid parts of the world. In Italy, for example, the latter has taken place due to excessive abstraction (Massarutto, 1999).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water arid saving groundwater rebates|1.2501981|7.3824496|2.6295137
9942|Cod has traditionally been the most valuable catch but, has recently been replaced by European flounder due to poor cod stock status. Pelagic species, herring and sprat constituted the most valuable fisheries in 2016. Poland aims to become a European Union leader in intensive aquaculture production. Hazardous substance pollution is decreasing, but eutrophication remains a key concern.|SDG 14 - Life below water|cod valuable european herring pelagic|0.12980056|5.912675|6.6346526
9943|"For many of the countries which did have such data, the data became available only from 2007 onwards. The ""superhighway"" is a continent-wide meshed network of terrestrial optical fibre which is aimed at increasing the availability and affordability of broadband Internet across Asia and the Pacific. Only the Pacific subregion was missing data for most countries and territories; in most of those economies, while flights operate internationally and domestically, they do not have their own airlines to report such information."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|pacific data optical fibre onwards|4.8004656|2.8986852|1.5160526
9944|In a number of countries, however, there are no criminal penalties for sexual harassment (see World Bank, 2015 for further details). Moreover, while legislation on sexual harassment in employment is fairly common, the majority of countries analysed do not have specific legislation on sexual harassment in education and should introduce it. The main conclusion is that women continue to hold fewer and worse jobs than men, despite significant improvements in labour force participation and educational attainment in recent decades.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|harassment sexual legislation penalties criminal|10.030426|5.407673|7.400789
9945|Those who speak a European language have higher literacy scores than the average immigrant, while Arabic and Asian language speakers have lower scores. Similar results obtain when controlling for region of origin, with Europeans scoring higher than the others. Improvement in the literacy scores of migrants who have stayed over five years is higher than on average in countries participating in PIAAC.|SDG 4 - Quality education|scores literacy language higher speakers|9.646544|2.536872|3.289569
9946|That is to say, they are more costly than they need to be to achieve the stated objectives of policy. Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies worldwide amounted to USD 548 billion in 2013 (IEA, 2014). In OECD countries, budgetary support and tax expenditures benefitting the production or consumption of fossil fuels amounted to an estimated USD 55-90 billion per annum in recent years, according to a recent inventory by the OECD (OECD, 2013b).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|amounted fossil usd billion oecd|1.6011124|2.758641|2.2890208
9947|If we wholeheartedly invest in girls, we will see stronger communities and families, sustainable economies, lower rates of maternal mortality and morbidity, lower rates of HIV and AIDS, less poverty, more innovation, reduced rates of joblessness and more equitable prosperity. With support from the UN Foundation, the Task Force aims to strengthen interagency collaboration at both the global and country levels; facilitate the development of effective programmes to address the rights and needs of adolescent girls; support the drive to achieve the MDGs; and eliminate all forms of violence and discrimination against girls and young women. The agencies committed to increasing support to governments and civil societies over the next five years to advance policies and programmes to empower the hardest-to-reach adolescent girls. United Nations CbiWren's Fund.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls adolescent rates support hardest|9.73546|5.0642676|6.561148
9948|If this catching up occurs, developing and least-developed economies’ share in global trade is predicted to grow to 57 per cent by 2030, from 46 per cent in 2015, whereas if catching up does not occur, this share is predicted to rise only to 51 per cent. The organization of global production is projected to change through a rising share of imported intermediate services in manufacturing. These changes offer new opportunities and trade gains, and governments may have a role to play in ensuring that firms can seize these opportunities. They may also need to take measures to allow digital technologies to lower trade costs, for instance by enabling faster and more reliable management of data across borders or by facilitating trade operations and customs cooperation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|trade catching predicted cent share|4.6814113|3.309039|2.5724003
9949|All of this needs to be linked to a more open and consultative approach to the development of policy, and to public services and their delivery (OECD, 2015a, 2016a). Rising education investment is vital to meet the needs of a fast-modernising economy, but, as described in the earlier part of this chapter, despite large spending increases, Costa Rica has not seen significant improvements in school completion and student learning. Other indicators where one might expect to see the benefits of education investment are not encouraging: productivity has barely increased, the labour market is fragmented by duality and a large informal subsector, skills shortages are apparent and inequality is grow'ing (OECD, 2016a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|ing barely investment needs large|10.202955|1.6318786|2.7019992
9950|The above discussion of risk assessment policy guidelines at Codex has contributed to a more transparent process of risk assessment and a clearer definition of the roles of both risk assessors and managers, which were hitherto ambiguous. In addition, in response to Codex’s demand for clarification, the FAO and WHO initiated a workshop on a consultative process for scientific advice. In 2007, they produced the FAO/WHO Framework for the Provision of Scientific Advice on Food Safety and Nutrition (to Codex and Member Countries) (FAO/WHO, 2007).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|codex fao advice risk scientific|4.233953|5.652164|4.698183
9951|While other factors were also key to the successful adoption of the Paris Agreement, without the Secretary-General's long-term strategy of raising climate change to the leader level, broadening participation to include space at the table for the private sector, finance community and civil society, and raising public awareness on the issue of climate change, an agreement would not have been possible. Ban Ki-moon and his team had been planning to cement the legacy of the Paris outcome long before COP 21 was held. As the celebrations drew to a close, they began to leverage the Secretary-General's personal relationships with world leaders to build a movement towards early entry into force of the Agreement.|SDG 13 - Climate action|agreement secretary raising paris moon|1.2145201|3.740972|1.2709134
9952|They are reported at the school level, benchmarked against national and municipal averages, and adjusted for student characteristics, for school management and improvement. There is wide scope for improvement in the use of Lithuania’s well-developed assessment resources, including expanded use by school leaders and teachers for the purpose of improving school management and instructional practices, and by authorities outside of schools who are responsible for external quality assurance. Lithuania has established effective universal participation in a criterion-referenced national assessment in grades 4, 6, and 8. It should now conclude its use of the National Survey of Student Achievement, incorporating into its assessment sy stem those components of the National Survey, such as teacher and student questionnaires, that provide information judged to be valuable by teachers, school heads, and other stakeholders.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school student lithuania assessment national|9.652287|1.9622359|2.3086092
9953|The study was endorsed for publication by the OECD/NEA Nuclear Development Committee (NDC). Philippe Lebreton (France) provided significant input to Chapter 2 “The Effects of Nuclear Power at the Level of the Electricity System”. The section on the load following capabilities of nuclear plants “The Flexibility Potential of Nuclear Power Plants in the Short Run” is based on earlier work by Dr. Alexey Lokhov (OECD/NEA Nuclear Development Division). For Chapter 5 on “Regulatory Frameworks for the Internalisation of System Effects and the Adequate Remuneration of Flexibility Services” a first draft was prepared by Eduard Blanquet i Arago (OECD/NEA Nuclear Development Division).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear nea division flexibility plants|1.18361|1.62034|1.8214467
9954|This section discusses potential technical issues related to information on financial resources that shall or should be reported under the Paris Agreement, based on existing experience and practice. Data on public provision of climate finance is therefore generally quite complete for these Parties (OECD, 2015). Annex II Parties currently report this information in their national communications and biennial reports (see Section 3), particularly on financial resources provided to developing countries (i.e. bilateral finance). Some countries not listed in Annex II (including Annex I Parties such as Poland and non-Annex I Parties such as Korea) also currently report this information in their BRs and BURs, as well as information on their official development assistance for climate purposes to the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC).|SDG 13 - Climate action|annex parties information ii assistance|1.4684657|3.7929802|0.7109743
9955|These are all steps in the right direction. After decades in which PHC was largely neglected, cultural shifts in the medical as well as the political mind-sets will take time. Long-term efforts are still required to move from a hospital and disease-based approaches to health care toward person-based and community-based approaches (OECD, 2012b).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|based approaches phc neglected mind|9.1514|8.964714|1.6788108
9956|Social policies should therefore reduce poverty and at the same time promote social inclusion and strengthen the sense of belonging. These trends have also contributed to higher levels of vulnerability and exclusion among broad swathes of the Latin American population, including newly impoverished sectors of former middle classes that are living just above the threshold for satisfying their basic needs. There are also extremely deprived groups that are not covered by social support networks, whether family, community or institutional based.|SDG 1 - No poverty|social satisfying impoverished belonging newly|6.8496423|5.962012|4.658184
9957|A longstanding tradition of car-oriented planning, inherited from decades of Soviet urban planning, contributed to this trend. The tradition remained even after Latvia gained its independence in 1991. As a consequence, the city has experienced a rapid increase in the level of motorisation, which has been accelerating in recent years.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tradition motorisation planning longstanding inherited|4.28097|5.277308|1.2359965
9958|Forty-three percent of 25-34 year-olds have attained secondary education (compared to the OECD average of 82%) and 19% have attained tertiary education (compared to the OECD average of 39%). Turkey has made significant improvement in PISA assessments in mathematics (from 2003-09) and science (from 2006-09), but remains one of the lowest performers among OECD countries in reading, mathematics and science; and the proportion of 15-year-olds who underperformed on the PISA 2009 reading assessment is above the OECD average (Figure 3). The impact of students' socio-economic status on performance and the difference in academic performance between boys and girls are both higher than the OECD average (see Annex B). About 12% of 3-4 year-olds and 67% of 5-year-olds (the typical starting age) are enrolled in pre-primary education. In Turkey, the majority of women with at least one child between 3 and 5 years old do not participate in the labour market (21.4% are employed compared to the OECD average of 64.3%, 2009). To ensure higher upper secondary completion rates, Turkey has increased compulsory schooling from 8 to 12 years, with a starting age of 5.5 years.|SDG 4 - Quality education|olds oecd average turkey year|9.561|2.4345548|3.021605
9959|Policy predictability is important to enable investors to evaluate the risk of policy changes on potential investments. A National Agency of Energy Efficiency was established in May 2010. They also included energy requirements for new buildings (50 kWh/m2/year) and energy efficiency assessment and renovation of state-owned buildings.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|buildings energy efficiency predictability renovation|2.1913028|2.7145944|2.44244
9960|This new paradigm must taiget the circumstances, conditions, norms, values and structural forces that perpetuate adolescent pregnancies on the one hand and that isolate and marginalize pregnant girls on the other. Girls need both access to sexual and reproductive health services and information and to be unburdened from the economic and social pressures that too often translate into a pregnancy and the poverty, poor health and unrealized human potential that come with it. Also builds skills, raises girls' status.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls isolate perpetuate pregnancies paradigm|9.502308|5.5330696|6.261772
9961|There is a huge amount of mobility around poverty lines: statements such as “31% of people are extremely poor” can be due to many different combinations of chronic poverty, escaping poverty and impoverishment. Although it is now possible to measure this mobility in a few countries, better policy making requires that governments and other stakeholders have much better information about - and causal analysis of - these poverty dynamics. Box 4.2 provides an idea of what the new poverty dynamics goal and targets could look like.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty dynamics mobility better combinations|6.3725753|6.087397|4.854244
9962|The second are women who are out of the purview of the definition of workers but are engaged in domestic work, some of which provides economic gains to households. Attention to increased labour force participation captures only part of the changes in the two women's work roles outline above. The dual role of women as a paid worker outside the family and an unpaid worker in the household contributes significantly, in real terms, to the productivity of a country.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|worker women outline captures dual|8.9543495|4.937716|5.8797183
9963|They have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope. Almost one in five 15-year-old students across OECD countries does not reach a minimum level of skills to function in today’s society, and there are large performance differences between students of different socio-economic backgrounds. Countries have adopted different policy options to respond to their equity challenges.|SDG 4 - Quality education|different options students grouped backgrounds|9.101028|2.4507992|2.5868113
9964|Observations of increases in global average temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and a rising global average sea level indicate that the climate is already warming (IPCC, 2007a). If greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue to grow, this could result in a wide range of adverse impacts and potentially trigger large-scale, irreversible and catastrophic changes (IPCC, 2007b) that will exceed the adaptive capacity of natural and social systems. The environmental, social and economic costs of inaction are likely to be significant.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ipcc inaction melting irreversible snow|1.188485|4.073672|1.8783382
9965|The rationale leading to the development of the mid-term strategy as well as its targets and objectives are presented, together with the progress achieved and the challenges and opportunities faced during the first phase of implementation. In particular, the role of the GFCM has been crucial in promoting common rules and strengthening regional cooperation in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. However, fisheries in the region still face serious challenges: around 80 percent of scientifically assessed stocks in the region are considered to be fished outside safe biological limits (see Chapter 4).|SDG 14 - Life below water|challenges gfcm fished scientifically region|-0.10536875|5.7057242|6.5106115
9966|For example, there has been a trend of increasing sea surface temperatures in Korean waters, which has accelerated in the last decades. This recent warming trend is associated with a decline in cold-water species (e.g. walleye pollock) and an increase in warm-water species (e.g. common squid and bluefin tuna). It is also associated with changes in the distribution offish stocks such as chub mackerel in Korean waters. It discusses how an EAF can contribute to understanding the impact of climate changes on fisheries and the development of adaptation strategies. It reviews the reported major impact of climate changes on fish and fisheries from an EAF perspective; introduces the integrated fisheries risk analysis method for ecosystems (IFRAME) model as an EAF assessment approach; and identifies the management objectives and attributes of an EAF.|SDG 14 - Life below water|eaf fisheries korean changes waters|-0.2618844|6.0166955|6.249803
9967|Disentangling these different factors is impossible, in practice. A Deloitte report15 found that policy uncertainty was detrimental to investment in baseload electricity, including combined cycle gas turbines, and as a result, OCGT was considered the lowest risk investment as it has lower capital costs. Deloitte calculated the cost of policy uncertainty, in terms of sub-optimality in investment, characterised by a preference for OCGT rather than OCGT.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|deloitte uncertainty investment baseload turbines|2.2386692|2.5380957|1.7866566
9968|The first section reviews the main trends regarding child income poverty, and it also it reports on changes in the standard of living of children from low-income families from the pre-crisis period in 2007 to 2014 (section 2). The third section describes the material deprivations of the families where children live, whether or not they are income poor. Several groups of children are identified according to whether or not they are deprived in one or several dimensions. The analysis of material deprivation profiles of children enables identifying what policies are needed to complement financial assistance, such as improving access to basic resources for nutrition, clothing, education, housing and promoting access to leisure activities for all children. The fourth section examines the situation in Canada relative to other OECD countries with respect to indicators reflecting different dimensions of child well-being. Finally, the last section describes the context of family support and suggests policy directions that can contribute to a national strategy to combat child poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|section children child describes material|7.2319694|6.331762|5.0399847
9969|The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) proposes a fee schedule, which is subsequently negotiated by the Central Social Insurance Medical Council, comprising providers, insurers, patient representatives and other stakeholders. Formal revision of the fee schedule happens every other year, applies to all providers, and determines the revenue of over 95% of clinics and hospitals. This latter fact means that the fee schedule also serves as a major policy lever to steer the whole system towards desired goals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|schedule fee providers mhlw lever|8.833743|9.060504|1.6019248
9970|Indeed, the choice of pursuing graduate studies can be linked to the willingness to work for many women. There is also a huge gap between the East and the North regarding graduates: women with a graduate degree are 37pp more likely to work in the East than in the North. Thus education matters in mitigating socio economic attitudes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|graduate north east mitigating willingness|9.314464|4.1485376|5.776815
9971|Regulations permit fishing for anadromous salmonids in rivers and lakes with rod and handline during fishing seasons decided by the county governor. There are different fishing seasons for different areas and rivers. The policy is to fulfil this obligation within the existing fisheries management system.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing seasons rivers governor different|0.07408412|6.0016084|6.6941805
9972|These countries generally use energy less efficiently than developed countries. China’s energy conversion and utilization efficiency, for instance, is around 25 % lower than developed countries. More broadly, rapidly-developing countries like China and India are important in shaping world trends in energy development.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy countries china developed utilization|1.6980462|2.6233795|2.568065
9973|Figure 6.4 shows that Korea’s ratio of public education expenditure to GDP is higher than the OECD average of about 5% of GDP. Historically, education expenditures have been very stable, at around 16-20% of total government expenditure, with limited variation due to strong government support for national growth. This stability indicates Korea’s strong commitment to education. Most of the remaining government functions show a different trend, which is inconsistent and volatile due to the change of social needs and of policy priorities, along with economic and social development.|SDG 4 - Quality education|korea government expenditure education gdp|9.027801|2.053754|2.7664843
9974|Greater macro-economic, political and social instability is therefore a key implication of more inequality over time. Section 5 concludes that if markets do not spontaneously auto-equilibrate, the political economy of increasing inequality- will be crucial - but the outcomes of those processes are very unclear. Data refer to the income share of the top 1% of people. Income data are based on tax records, and refer to the concept of taxable income.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|refer income inequality political auto|6.661242|5.1056886|4.690896
9975|Income Dislribul/on and Poverty in OECD Countries, Paris, 2008. In particular, the Theil index can be broken down into the sum of two factors: intra-group inequality, or the extent of dispersion of incomes within each group; and inter-group inequality which is the dispersion of average income between groups. Intra-group inequality also corresponds to the sum of the Theil indices for each group weighted by their share in the total income of that group.|SDG 1 - No poverty|group dispersion intra inequality sum|6.6366043|5.7460146|4.8680677
9976|However, the number of poor people living in Chennai compared with Bengaluru is greater; they constitute 18.53 per cent of the city economy, as compared with 15 per cent in Bengaluru. The smaller number in Chennai could be the result of underreporting, a variable over which the researcher has no direct control. Based on discussions with the Tamil Nadu Directorate of Economics and Statistics a possible explanation for this is that in Chennai, most of the manufacturing that contributes to the city’s GDP is beyond the city corporation boundaries, while in Bengaluru, the high contributors to the city’s GDP, the IT industries, are located very within the city boundaries. This could be partly due to the fact that the government of Tamil Nadu is quite generous as far as worker salaries are concerned.|SDG 1 - No poverty|chennai city tamil boundaries gdp|6.0760016|5.8275595|4.7965693
9977|The pursuit of efforts to achieve this shift offers new opportunities to address previously entrenched socioeconomic inequalities while building more sustainable economies. Prior to negotiations held at the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, 160 States submitted intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) which laid out plans for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Ecofys, Climate Analytics, New Climate Institute and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 2014). The next largest sector, agriculture, forestry and land use, received just $3 billion (figure V.3).|SDG 13 - Climate action|institute climate analytics entrenched pursuit|1.2470952|3.6531875|1.1916224
9978|The fact that the required degree for primary-school teaching can be obtained at the secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level and that there is an oversupply of initial teacher education programmes raise concerns about its quality. There are also indications of an oversupply of graduates, which in 2013 corresponded to 11.4% of the entire teaching workforce. Other concerns relate to the high level of specialisation of degrees which limits the flexibility of the teacher labour market, the lack of specific assessments to identify teaching potential and assess motivation for the profession as the basis for entry, and the limited autonomy of institutions of teacher education in designing their teacher education programmes as these are regulated at the central level (e.g. specialisations, curriculum, structure of programmes). The frequency of professional development is questionable, as teachers are only eligible for external-to-the-school professional development activities once every five years.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher oversupply teaching programmes professional|9.499372|1.2566639|2.3204956
9979|Higher participation in such programmes can help mitigate the adverse impacts of the crisis by increasing the employability, particularly of low-skilled workers who are relatively weakly attached to the labour market. Moreover, skill shortages may arise during the transformation of transition economies into more advanced economies (Rutkowski, 2007). In such economies, adult education programmes can be heavily employed to upgrade the skills of adults who have limited possibilities to access formal education institutions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|economies weakly programmes employability upgrade|8.624379|2.81164|2.9141204
9980|This chapter begins with an overview of Thailand’s reforms relating to the use of ICT in education, and then provides an analysis of the policy issues surrounding this area, presenting recommendations for improvements to support ICT use to enhance the quality and equity of the education system as a whole. The goal of these strategies has been to use ICT to create a “Smart Thailand”: a society that is “smart and information literate,” where knowledge benefits citizens and “society as a whole” (Ministry of ICT, 2009a). Education has been a key pillar in these efforts.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ict thailand smart education use|8.774047|1.5988704|2.2793207
9981|The improved messaging has already shown better acceptance amongst target audiences, gaining political and policy traction quickly, deepening engagements with production sectors and improving visibility in the mainstream media (Maze et al., Thus, building robust networks of partners is fundamental to effective biodiversity mainstreaming. Establishing trust takes time and a consistent approach, but is worth the investment.|SDG 15 - Life on land|engagements traction messaging audiences deepening|1.6026059|5.3285456|3.8445866
9982|As a result, Korea now has the second highest number of hospital beds per population after Japan (OECD, 2015a). This huge expansion in hospital capacity has been accompanied by a strong rise in hospital admissions as well as in the average length of stay in hospital. This contrasts with the experience in other countries like Italy and France where the number of hospital beds and hospitalisation rates have been reduced significantly. Even though progress has been achieved in recent years in reducing these potentially avoidable admissions, further efforts are needed to fill the gaps in the management of these conditions outside hospital to avoid unnecessary and costly hospital use.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital beds admissions hospitalisation contrasts|9.339208|8.950551|1.9708698
9983|Given the extent of gender segregation in labour markets generally, and within industry in particular, where women constitute only 30 per cent of the global workforce, there is a risk that efforts to green industry will not only bypass women, but actually marginalize them. Sectors targeted for green employment expansion, such as energy, construction and basic industry, are very male-dominated and recent trends indicate that sectoral segregation is increasing rather than decreasing.21 Among green jobs that already exist, women tend to have low representation and/or occupy the lower value-added rungs. In developing economies, women are highly concentrated on the low value-added end of extant green jobs, for instance as informal workers in waste collection and recycling (Strietska-llina and others, 2011).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|green industry segregation women added|9.046903|4.303816|6.08004
9984|The same holds for the Universities of Maribor and Primorska. Overall, around 65% of students come from the same region as their higher education institutions. In the absence of differential tuition fees, the driving factor behind the low inter-regional student mobility is the economic conditions of students and their parents. The share of foreign students in Slovenia (0.9% of total enrolment) and the proportion of Slovenian students studying abroad (2.1% of total enrolment) in 2007 were among the lowest in both the OECD and EU (IMAD, 2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|students enrolment slovenian total tuition|9.199696|2.412092|2.9650772
9985|Larger public investment in infrastructure will provide greater incentives to increase private investment within a wider framework of sustainable natural resource management. Carefully crafted strategies for achieving food security will require national consensus and the political will to prioritize investments, as well as greater government capacities to stimulate large productivity gains through sustainable finance. Development cooperation would have an important role in at least two areas: (a) support for development of capacity, especially within least developed countries, to conduct policy assessments, and (b) provision of additional resources for infrastructure development.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|development greater sustainable prioritize infrastructure|3.7620833|4.0116653|2.0651135
9986|Given the cross regional diversity in financing and health care provision, information on regional health system performance is highly desirable and can permit benchmarking of performance across regions. The decision of the federal authorities to identify and collect a set of 300 commonly defined indicators (72 relate to heath) is a welcome development. It can only be stressed that these data would be even more useful if they were defined and collected in line with international standards, which would permit international as well as inter-regional benchmarking.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|benchmarking permit regional defined performance|9.114548|9.3865595|2.1348846
9987|To reduce the margin of error, estimates ore presented os three-year averages. To reduce the impact of year-to-year sampling variability, estimates are presented as three-year averages. Country-level results are presented only for stimates are based on official notional data (Ecuador, Ghana, Malawi, Republic of Korea, Saint Lucia, Seychelles and the United States of America) or as provisional estimates, based on FAO Voices of the Hungry data collected through the Gallup hose national statistical authorities (NSAs) provided permission to publish them.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|presented year estimates averages notional|4.7430816|5.6945868|4.8151073
9988|This type of issue was overcome in Ceara because all water charges were formulated as “tariffs” paid to a public company (Company for Water Resources Management of Ceara, COGERH) that operates all water resources systems (Box 2.7). This approach can inspire other solutions nationwide, without requiring legal reforms. However, revenues are shared among several organisations, including federal entities, state governments and municipalities affected by reservoirs, and those funds are generally not earmarked for the water sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water company formulated earmarked nationwide|1.3591639|7.4994354|2.0947948
9989|However, at the micro level, there has been considerable variation in the roll-out and in the persistence of the older health insurance scheme, which allows to draw some conclusions. Participation in insurance schemes does appear to improve self-reported health status according to one study (Gao and Meng, 2009), but other studies do not present such clear-cut results. Reimbursement rates for catastrophic illness are low.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurance roll reimbursement catastrophic persistence|8.823782|8.67509|2.2827232
9990|Furthermore, a portion of environmental tax revenues can be used to cover monitoring, collection and enforcement costs, and another portion used to drive green transition (GTZ, 2008). Welfare systems are poorly developed and are often implemented through wide-ranging energy or food subsidies, rather than targeted measures. This means that energy price increases due to subsidy reform can have a very significant negative social impact, and that such price increases may hit the poorest hard. Thus, great care must be taken to protect vulnerable people and ensure that environmental taxes complement social development and reduced poverty rates.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|portion increases gtz price environmental|1.6854801|2.9679773|2.3032348
9991|Failure to address these challenges will mean key areas of the SDGs will not be monitored from a gender equality perspective. Gender statistics include data collected, analysed and presented by sex and other characteristics as well as data that are not disaggregated by sex but reflect the specific needs, opportunities and contributions made by women and girls in society. Data on violence against women or on assistance of skilled birth attendant at delivery are examples of the latter.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sex data attendant gender disaggregated|9.672111|4.585275|7.553194
9992|Consumer price inflation rose to 10% for the first 10 months of fiscal year 2012 as compared with 8.4% in fiscal year 2011. Food inflation has been higher than overall consumer price inflation. Food inflation was driven by higher cereal prices, unlike in the previous year when the pressure came from higher protein food prices.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|inflation food consumer year fiscal|5.2108703|5.0359106|3.888136
9993|For example, a country with an abundant supply of renewable energy for power should choose to focus on energy efficiency measures in the sectors or at the times where fossil fuel is most needed. In many countries this will mean targeting road transport. The decrease in power generation needed to achieve this target varied by country according to fuel mix; France, for example, relies predominantly on nuclear energy for power generation, and would therefore need to decrease total power generation 22%, compared with 12% in the Netherlands. These policies tend to target unemployment and other impacts of recession. Recessionary responses are best applied within particular sectors and are most usefully targeted when addressing specific surplus capacity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power generation decrease energy fuel|1.7918782|2.7029936|2.3842852
9994|Age could also be a contributing factor, as mental illness among Swedish youth has been seen to be on the increase. Younger people tend to be more likely to require psychiatric care (see section 2) and Stockholm has a relatively young population. This age element, however, is not necessarily applicable. Uppsala, for example, also has a young population, but reports psychiatric care costs that are nonetheless in line with the national average (National Board of Health and Welfare, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychiatric young age stockholm care|10.172053|8.908183|1.9471288
9995|In Hungary, the 2011 Public Education Act expressly legislates the whole-school approach, tasking the ministers responsible for education and environment to develop the Green Kindergarten and the Eco-School programmes across the country. Based on this promotion, it would appear that the number of Green kindergartens has increased to 633 (17.6 per cent of all kindergartens); and approximately 700 schools are now part of the Eco-Schools programme (14.6 per cent of all schools) (Hungary, 2014 informal report). Finland has included ESD plans in its overall ESD strategies and provides schools with models, examples and practical support in drawing up SD plans. Its findings are consistent with comments provided by the member States through their NIRs and informal national reports.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools kindergartens esd eco hungary|9.100114|2.3777487|1.9600376
9996|Value is 3 881% for Ghana, 2 016% for Honduras, 2 624% for South Africa. When I gave the Ramadan Majlis Lecture in Abu Dhabi in August 2015, the crown prince and his cabinet expressed a deep commitment to improve the education system rapidly and profoundly. The country is now on its way to raising the status of education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|profoundly dhabi abu cabinet gave|9.186292|2.289968|2.907044
9997|Depending on the penetration level and the scenario considered, wind and solar technologies allows for a 30-60% reduction of C02 emissions in the short term. This reduction on carbon emissions, however, is not always confirmed in the long term. Introducing renewables into an electricity system whose baseload technology emits C02, such as coal, will definitively reduce the C02 emissions from the electricity sector in both the short and the long term. However, this will not hold when the baseload technology displaced by renewables does not emit C02, as is the case for nuclear energy. In this case instead, the electricity produced by fossil-fuelled technologies tends to increase, and C02 emissions will be generally higher than in the reference scenario without renewables. In other words, nuclear energy is more efficient than variable renewable energy in limiting C02 emissions as it will not induce a shift towards carbon-intensive peak-load technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emissions renewables baseload electricity technologies|1.2531677|2.3378308|1.9683592
9998|Whether these resources originate and ‘flow’ along the same or parallel channels to development assistance, their ultimate destination will be to support climate action in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication at the country level13. To maximise effectiveness, climate and development action will need to be planned and implemented together, resourced by a mix of climate and sustainable development finance, to deliver benefits for both the planet and people. Financing for sustainable development will play a key role in helping developing countries transition to the low carbon, climate-resilient and sustainable pathways needed to achieve the SDGs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|sustainable climate development action resourced|1.769342|4.278835|1.5149232
9999|The Human Capital Index (HCI) is the highest contributing sub-index in all regions while the Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (Til) is the lowest. This implies that the major impediments to the further growth of e-government development worldwide are still the lack of infrastructure and the digital divide. Africa has the lowest HCI and Online Service Index (OSI), but its OSI at 0.3630 is relatively close to Oceania's OSI, at 0.3930. While Asia's OSI at 0.6220 is better than the Americas' at 0.6100, it still ranks behind the Americas in terms of EGDI due to Asia's lower HCI and Til rating. According to a recent report by the Economic Commission for Africa, while there is an impressive growth in mobile broadband access across much of the continent, there remains very limited access to fixed broadband.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|index americas broadband lowest asia|4.8964596|2.9299793|1.715621
10000|Hence, at least initially, they need technologies that are appropriate to their conditions. In other words, a substantial number of LDC firms and farms can learn and acquire technologies (such as capital equipment, organizational know-how and types of inputs used) from other developing countries, rather than from advanced economies, or can develop and use home-grown technologies. They are generally more labour-intensive, as they are developed in countries that also have surplus labour. They are also more geared towards meeting the basic needs of the large swathes of the population who cannot afford luxury goods and services.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|technologies luxury geared organizational labour|4.993007|3.91918|3.0298896
10001|For other commodities, SCTs are below 15% of commodity receipts (and in some cases far below those levels). For milk and sugar, which in the past strongly depended on commodity specific support, SCTs decreased to around 10% of commodity receipts, compared to 40-45% in the mid-1990s, and 50-60% in the late 1980s. As emphasised throughout this report, the period since the late 2000s has been marked by historically high agricultural prices. The declining level of support, in particular market price support, as a result is not only the consequence of changes in the policy settings, but also of rising world prices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|commodity receipts late support prices|3.8854609|5.0262427|4.356921
10002|This effect has been observed in the past, not only for renewable electricity technologies such as wind and solar PV, but also in other fields such as information technologies.8 Thus, we would expect cost projections for the various renewable technologies to have the usual hyperbolic shape, with unit costs decreasing at a declining rate over time. Technical potential is defined as the total amount of energy (final or primary) that can be produced taking into account the primary resources, the socio-geographical constraints and the technical losses in the conversion process. Technical potential is defined by natural and climatic factors, land use and land cover limitations, as well as technical limitations. Economic potential and limitations, which are also considered in the study, are not used here. Many recent studies on these issues exist, but no two studies seem to be strictly comparable, due to differences in the scope of renewable technologies considered, the choice of the base year, the factors incorporated in the calculation of costs and the related assumptions concerning interest rates and other economic factors influencing those costs, the number of years for which projected data are available, etc.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|limitations technical technologies renewable factors|1.5442959|1.9150876|2.1342673
10003|Emerging ocean-based industries and activities are characterised by the key role played by cutting-edge science and technology in their operations. They include: offshore w'ind, tidal and wave energy; offshore extraction of oil and gas in deep-sea and other extreme locations; seabed mining for metals and minerals; marine aquaculture; marine biotechnology; ocean monitoring, control and surveillance. Looking further to the future, there are fledgling or, as yet, “unborn” industries which could potentially join this category. Examples are carbon capture and storage (CCS) and the management of ocean scale protected areas.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean offshore marine industries seabed|0.18449171|5.7470884|5.977957
10004|By investing more in the new technology, very significant water savings can be achieved. However, these large gains are only economical if they are designed in when the plant is built. The remaining uses for water include: ash-handling (25%) and service and potable water (5%), together with a few residual uses. Focusing on water for cooling, turn to Figure 10, taken from Bhattacharya and Bijon (2013), which outlines the cooling technologies available to those investing in electric power generation capacity in India today.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cooling water investing uses ash|1.3233018|1.9734335|2.5505035
10005|Common Objectives specify the knowledge and skills of students that teaching should lead to. However, while the Common Objectives provide descriptions of how objectives can be reached, and while schools have to include learning and achievements targets in their curricula, there is no tight curriculum at the national level. This is intended to help school principals, teachers, parents, students and school boards to better understand the objectives so they can be an active partner in the learning process, and to assist schools and teachers to move towards a more goal-oriented approach to teaching and learning (Houlberg et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|objectives learning teaching common teachers|9.470543|1.6756189|1.6913695
10006|The correlations between innovation and equity of learning opportunities are weak (Figure 18.17). In particular, across the whole distribution of innovation scores there are many education systems with poor equity in terms of learning opportunities. This is in noticeable contrast to the reading performance equality measure described above. However, the three most equitable education systems in this regard, Hong Kong, Korea and Singapore, are also above average in terms of overall innovation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|innovation equity learning opportunities terms|9.552023|2.2788055|3.029542
10007|When fully implemented, the CNUC could be an important source of information for evaluating effectiveness of protected areas (Prates and Sousa, 2014). Most protected areas, however, do not systematically conduct such monitoring. More than half the managers of Amazonian extractive reserves and sustainable development reserves have reported that they lack the tools to monitor the results of social and environmental development activities. It has monitored coral reefs in marine protected areas since 2002.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected reserves areas reefs coral|1.5053979|5.019174|4.1596317
10008|The share of climate-related ODA has grown from 4% of total bilateral ODA in 2005 to 19% in 2014 (OECD, 2016b). Research carried out for this report drawing on data for bilateral ODA commitments, finds that it is very difficult to prove or disprove that the increasing volume of climate-related aid is reducing the volumes of aid available for other activities (see Figure 7). Figure 7 also includes ODA for general environmental protection and energy in order to allow for a comparison with sectors that are generally linked with higher shares of climate ODA.|SDG 13 - Climate action|oda bilateral aid climate figure|1.4895867|4.0865426|1.0986147
10009|Performance categories should be redefined to provide a more detailed picture of student performance at the lower proficiency levels. To track equity, sample-based assessments should be large enough to monitor outcomes across different population groups and regions. Costa Rica should consider applying the assessment to the school census so that individual schools can benchmark their performance against national standards and similar schools, and the MEP has better data to inform school policies and resource allocation. These changes should be reflected in a framework or policy document that details the puipose. The MEP would benefit from stronger research, analytical and statistical capacity to support strategic planning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|mep performance schools school benchmark|10.140773|1.6922638|2.6373074
10010|Additionally the cost of evaluating these risks is too onerous for most financial asset buyers. Consequently there is a very small pool of private capital available to invest in this form of energy infrastructure asset. Such projects must generally be financed entirely with equity which is a challenge since the current venture capital and private equity markets are unsuited for high-capital project investing (Firelake Capital, 2012). This is defined as the risk that the system being installed does not work as specified. For existing electric utilities, this risk is mitigated by a hundred years of experience building power plants, and by performance guarantees issued by engineering and construction firms.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|capital asset equity mitigated risk|2.226163|2.513624|1.7369913
10011|For example, the estimated total investment costs necessary to achieve the transport masterplan targets (including road and public transport targets) by 2020 for Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City are about USD 12.7 billion and USD 21 billion respectively (ADB, 2010). Viet Nam is not alone in facing a funding gap when it comes to infrastructure development: according to the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, the infrastructure funding gap in developing countries can be estimated to between USD 1 and 1.5 trillion (United Nations, 2015). However, considering the clear resource gap, Viet Nam urgently needs to devise complementary funding strategies. One of these mechanisms, as highlighted above, could be to price against negative externalities of car usage, through congestion and parking charges, and redirect this revenue into public transport infrastructure development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|usd gap funding transport infrastructure|4.045265|4.671584|1.3599422
10012|Hence, a single inequality statistic may end up capturing a relatively unimportant average effect of inequality on growth and more complex indicators of the profile of income inequality should be used (for example, ratios of income percentiles on either side of the median, or decile share ratios). See also Deininger and Squire (1998). Cross country correlations are clearly only suggestive of the possible link between inequality and mobility, however, due to the likely biases induced by observed and unobserved country-level confounding factors.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality ratios statistic confounding percentiles|6.771532|4.9994884|4.652438
10013|Comprehensive care is provided, including medical treatment, psychiatric evaluation, psychological and social assistance. In Western and Central Europe, cannabis is the most commonly seized drug, accounting for about 80 per cent of all seizures. Cocaine ranks second overall, accounting for more than double the number of reported seizures of amphetamines or heroin.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|seizures accounting cocaine heroin cannabis|8.2683|10.30148|3.566897
10014|Other providers include universities, w'hich provide courses to teachers seeking career advancement, central government bodies like the Institute of Educational Sciences (IES), and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). It is also key to further professionalising the teaching role and boosting the prestige and attractiveness of the profession. Only 35% of teachers in Romania reported feeling that their profession is valued by society in the TALIS 2013 survey (OECD, 2014c).|SDG 4 - Quality education|profession teachers ies prestige feeling|9.510057|1.2934848|2.285423
10015|The Mobility Project (Initial Vocational Training) has elements that encourage projects to prepare beneficiaries to start their own business. In the past, however, SMEs have not been the direct recipients of much Leonardo da Vinci support. Transfer of Innovation projects granted in the 2007 selection round are aimed at enhancing the lifelong learning process in SMEs and in manufacturing sectors. They are addressed to highly qualified people on the labour market who need to improve their knowledge and skills.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|smes projects da lifelong round|5.9517484|3.3899794|2.6617985
10016|Mangos, avocados and papaya are the most important in volume terms. These fruit varieties are mainly absorbed by the domestic market, and they contribute significantly to nutritional needs of rural and urban populations. Production of these fruits appears to have remained fairly stable over the past decade. Little change is expected in avocado production in the period to 2023/24, while papaya and mango will keep their upward trend in the next decade reaching respectively 1.8 Mt and 1.4 Mt. About 10% of mango production is exported, while only very small amounts of the other fruits find their way to foreign markets. It is estimated that about 4 million people10 are directly or indirectly involved in this sector.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fruits mt production decade absorbed|3.8386548|4.9220133|4.1550126
10017|All countries should design and implement special programmes to address the nutritional needs of women of child-bearing age, especially those who are pregnant or breast-feeding, and should give particular attention to the prevention and management of nutritional anaemia and iodine-deficiency disorders. Priority should be accorded to improving the nutritional and health status of young women through education and training as part of maternal health and safe motherhood programmes. Adolescent females and males should be provided with information, education and counselling to help them delay early family formation, premature sexual activity and first pregnancy.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nutritional anaemia accorded deficiency motherhood|4.5576487|5.7886076|4.63129
10018|A few PES schemes have been implemented (e.g. in Rupa Lake) for compensation upstream. Additional sources of sustainable income are being assessed, from protected areas and promoting the culture of corporate environmental responsibility. Ecotourism, PES and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) are listed as potential mechanisms for financing the implementation of the NBSAP, in addition to donor support and funds allocated from government. In response to the current lack of coordinated approaches to resource mobilisation and allocation, the mainstreaming of biodiversity into national economic development plans (Box 23, pg.|SDG 15 - Life on land|pes ecotourism pg nbsap redd|1.7539338|5.144495|3.5075018
10019|As shown by various studies, the greater use of more efficient appliances did not result in a price increase for consumers, as producers were able to adapt and benefit from increased sales (“learning effect”). Programmes oriented toward motor energy efficiency appear to have produced significant and cost-effective results when of sufficient size and having enough resources to attract participation (IEA, 2006). However, none of the programmes introduced were able to reverse or stop the increase in electricity consumption in the domestic appliance sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|able appliance programmes appliances motor|2.1576772|2.4612126|2.473535
10020|Sustainable production techniques can achieve this while maintaining or enhancing the overall profitability of the sector. For capacity building and implementation of best management practices in developing countries, there is a role for funding from the GEF, the World Bank and other funding and development agencies, given the benefits for rural livelihoods. Pollution control Reductions in environmentally harmful subsidies will reduce pollution and yield cost savings, helping to offset the costs of environmental investments. Environmental taxes and charges, tradable permit systems, deposit-refund systems, non-compliance fees and liability payments also offer potential funding sources.|SDG 15 - Life on land|funding pollution refund deposit environmental|1.9538736|4.0245943|2.0848458
10021|"The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which was adopted by the United Nations in September 2015, recognizes the immense potential of ICTs to ""accelerate human progress"" and specifically refers to the need to ""significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet."" ( United Nations, 2015a). This chapter presents the latest ICT price data collected by ITU and analyses the price and affordability of three key ICT services (mobile-cellular, fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband), benchmarking countries and regions, and highlighting key trends over time. Fixed-broadband services recorded the largest price drop of all ICT services analysed in this chapter from 2008 to 2017, while fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants doubled worldwide (Chart 4.1)."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband ict fixed price mobile|4.8631763|2.9056096|1.6792754
10022|In the United States, the New Markets Tax Credit is “a non-refundable tax credit intended to encourage private capital investment in eligible, impoverished, low-income communities” (Marples, 2012). Invitations for public participation in policymaking seem to be more widespread than ever, particularly in cities - with traditional town hall meetings but also city' governments’ increasing use of social media and crowdsourcing opportunities, on topics ranging from climate change to urban planning. Such tools for bottom-up engagement may contribute to the emergence of a new participation economy in cities, especially to remedy some sort of democratic deficit in large cities where the distance between policy makers and citizens may erode trust in institutions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities credit tax hall impoverished|3.667546|5.3884144|1.8147452
10023|New data sources, most notably remote-sensing satellite imagery, are offering exciting opportunities to understand the urban footprint and how it is changing over time. Moreover, “big data” sources, such as cell phone signals, can shed light on people’s mobility in and around cities, which could provide useful information for city planners. Governments need to develop policies and guidelines for the accessibility and use of such new data sources, including safeguards for privacy and confidentiality. Traditional data collection systems on migration, including censuses, surveys and administrative records, should be strengthened.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sources data confidentiality censuses sensing|4.1313415|4.9149942|1.5076839
10024|Conversely, when a built environment is dysfunctional for children, it affects everyone's quality of life. Looking at specific needs of children and their caretakers for every age helps to determine both generic and specific solutions for babies, toddlers, young children, adolescents and youth. The scales reflect the social ecological model that children's development specialists use to build strategies to ensure children's rights. The access to appropriate urban services needs to be adjusted accordingly to a childs age, needs and the daily patterns of its caretaker.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|children needs babies age specific|4.3734026|5.163624|2.037426
10025|Any costs for policy capacity-building in benchmarking and developing indicators to measure the effects of energy-efficiency policies, such as industrial plant energy auditing and monitoring, reporting, verification and evaluation, also need to be factored in. The UNIDO (2011) industrial energy-efficiency policy database developed for this report documents 21 industrial energy-efficiency policy mechanisms in 37 developing economies (see Annex 14). The International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Energy-efficiency Database details some 170 policies and measures introduced locally, regionally and nationally in 32 countries and the European Union (IEA 2008c).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency industrial iea database|2.0111923|2.7727826|2.39272
10026|Due to this variation in past teaching experience, some participants can have their home country certifications validated through the fast track programme while others will have to enrol in a bridging programme (ULV - see below for more details) (Hajer and Economou, 2017(152]). As classroom routines and traditions, including individual versus group work and teacher-student interactions, can differ between countries, it is important to educate future Swedish teachers about student-centred learning (Hajer and Economou, 2017(135]). Between February 2016 and 2018, 1 304 people (62% female, 38% male) have participated or are participating in the programme. Promoted as a supplementary education for people with teaching certifications outside of Sweden, the aim is to retain as many migrant teachers in the teaching profession and allow them to start teaching as soon as possible.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching certifications programme student teachers|9.9129925|2.5315118|2.5553493
10027|In fact, a well-run system requires adequate primary, secondary and tertiary reserves (the different reserve levels refer to the different time frames at which operators need to inject or withdraw load into or from the system in order to balance electricity demand at all times). In addition, good control strategies are required. For electricity this means constant frequency and voltage controls and for natural gas constant pressure and flow-rate control. While not very glamorous, equally vital are well designed maintenance strategies, encompassing preventive, predictive and corrective interventions, including the scheduling and coordination of planned outages. While indeed the adequacy and competent management of power transport systems are essential for ensuring the security of power supplies, they should, in principle, not be an issue for policy making. Remaining interruptions would then be due to bad luck, incompetence or extreme weather events, none of which is very responsive to policy changes.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|constant control strategies electricity frames|1.3875357|1.4381377|1.8752314
10028|Better scientific information will also strengthen the basis for assessing the economic value of ecosystem services. Information about the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services, nationally and globally, should be better researched and communicated so as to strengthen political and public support for biodiversity and development policies. The integration of biodiversity into the 2010-14 PND and the adoption of a National Policy for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in 2012 are important steps in establishing a more effective framework. The public budget for biodiversity has also been significantly increased in recent years.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity ecosystem strengthen services value|1.6729544|5.3384824|3.8038232
10029|However, not all forms of renewable policy create the same system effects and economic distortions. This section takes a look at the different existing regulatory frameworks for promoting renewable energies and their impact on the working and outcome of electricity markets. Despite the benefits of a more unified European support scheme that would mitigate market distortions in and across countries currently a host of national regulatory frameworks prevail (see Table 5.1 and IEA, 2008). As certain technologies such as wind achieve higher levels of maturity, certain support schemes such as feed-in tariffs become less suitable. There is also a link between overall market design and renewable support schemes.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|distortions renewable frameworks schemes regulatory|1.7653028|1.9025062|1.9434221
10030|An important driver is the EU Neighbourhood Policy, under which Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia signed agreements committing themselves to bring new environmental laws closer to EU legislation and to cooperate with neighbouring countries regarding transboundary water management. It refers to, among others, development of water basin management plans, introduced since 2005, and to an intersectoral advisory body. In Georgia, water resources are managed according to principles of territorial administration (regional units) and river basin-based management is not applied. A new water law — as a basis for reforming the 1997 water resources management system — is being drafted and will include principles of basin management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|management water basin georgia principles|0.8379882|7.0942492|2.0632336
10031|Toutefois, les prix du ble ayant beneficie ces demieres annees d’un soutien qui les hisse au-dessus des cours mondiaux, les eleveurs sont confrontes a des couts d’alimentation animale superieurs a ce qu’ils devraient etre. Dans les economies emergentes comme le Kazakhstan, les ecarts entre prix interieurs et prix internationaux resultent, non seulement de facteurs lies a la politique agricole, mais aussi de lacunes dans les infrastructures materielles, de deficits d’information et d’une faiblesse des institutions de marche. Ce constat vaut particulierement pour les marches des productions vegetales ou les deficits ou les excedents temporaires lies a des conditions meteorologiques defavorables provoquent des reactions tres marquees des prix interieurs, auxquelles il n’est remedie qu’avec retard. De plus, certains produits sont peu integres aux marches car leurs principaux producteurs sont des menages ruraux (pour ce qui est du lait et de la viande, par exemple).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|les des prix ce sont|4.0935183|5.0774136|3.5707672
10032|"In MFA, the term ""materials"" is often used in a broad sense, so as to encompass all material-related flows arising at all stages of the material cycle. It refers to both materials and products derived from natural resources that are used as inputs into human activities, as well as residuals (such as waste or pollutant emissions) arising from their extraction and use, and ecosystem inputs (such as nutrients, carbon dioxide, and oxygen) required for their extraction and use. Here the focus is on “material resources” that designate the usable materials or substances (raw materials, energy) produced from natural resources."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|materials material arising extraction inputs|1.4993216|3.4934413|2.978549
10033|For partnered men, this figure is roughly twice as high. Countries where women’s participation in the labour market is high - or where the gender pay gap is limited - tend to have more equal results. Shorter working careers and constrained career and earnings profiles, relative to men, help explain why on average women’s pensions are of smaller value than men’s. Figure 13.4 shows that among pension recipients in 2013/14 the gender pension gap was less than 10% only in Estonia, Denmark and the Slovak Republic.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men pension gap partnered figure|8.544167|5.2031255|5.3743334
10034|Furthermore, the negative impacts of climate change make it imperative for CDDCs to adopt adaptation measures in both commodity and non-commodity sectors. However, many CDDCs lack the technical and financial capacities to design and implement such measures. Although the Paris Agreement does not make an explicit reference to CDDCs as a group, it alludes to their special circumstance in Article 4.15, where it requires Parties to “take into consideration in the implementation of this Agreement the concerns of Parties with economies most affected by the impacts of response measures, particularly developing country Parties.”|SDG 13 - Climate action|cddcs parties commodity measures agreement|1.180499|3.5461202|1.2331587
10035|Maintaining the current high share of coal-fired power generation also in the future would cause drastic increases in India's C02 emissions. The Indian projections of the GDP level in 2050 are more than twice as high as the IEA projections. For the 2030-50 period, the difference in projected growth rates increases to 2.5 percentage points (5.8% for CEA and about 3.3% for IEA).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|projections iea increases drastic fired|1.2440863|2.523251|2.3079152
10036|They can help students live and work in a world in which most people need to appreciate a range of ideas, perspectives and values and to collaborate with people of different cultural origins, a world in which people need to decide how to trust and collaborate across such differences, often bridging space and time through technology, and a world in which their lives will be affected by issues that transcend national boundaries. Effective communication and appropriate behaviour within diverse teams are also keys to success in many jobs and will remain so as technology continues to make it easier for people to connect across the globe. Employers increasingly seek to attract learners who adapt easily and are able to apply and transfer their skills and knowledge to new contexts. Work readiness in an interconnected world requires young people to understand the complex dynamics of globalisation and be open to people from different cultural backgrounds.|SDG 4 - Quality education|people collaborate world cultural technology|8.731995|1.7657045|1.9742322
10037|Other vessel classes may receive capacity-enhancing subsidies if targeted stocks are not overfished and are well managed by international standards and if a management plan for the subsidised fleet is presented to the WTO Secretariat demonstrating that subsidies will not contribute to overfishing. Finally, the EU wants all WTO members to notify the WTO on any subsidies directly or indirectly supporting marine fishing activity. Like the EU, the ACP group calls for prohibition of subsidies to IUU fishing and fishing vessels/activities affecting overfished stocks.|SDG 14 - Life below water|subsidies wto overfished fishing stocks|0.0017978562|5.444409|6.8000965
10038|This decentralisation hindered patient mobility between regions because of complicated bureaucratic procedures and resulted in many cases of abuse and corruption due to an underdeveloped system of control (European Commission, 2010). The National Health Fund (NFZ) was created in 2003 through the merger of the Sickness Funds. Hungary, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom tend to share similar characteristics (OECD, 2010a).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|merger bureaucratic underdeveloped hindered sickness|8.652479|8.967743|1.9270666
10039|Tourism pressures must also be factored in, particularly as this is a priority sector for investment in the country. Morocco’s Tourism Strategy has set a target of 20 million visitors per year, with a projected corresponding increase in tourism infrastructure, to upgrade capacity by 200,000 new beds. For the 87 species identified as meeting these criteria, key threats (as listed and described on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) are indicated in table 9.5. For example, in the case of Moroccan amphibians, the most pervasive threats have been found to be habitat loss (related mainly to changing agricultural practices and groundwater extraction) and degradation, affecting 100 per cent of threatened species and 69 per cent of all species.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species tourism threatened threats moroccan|1.4840628|5.373758|4.145734
10040|A critical scrutiny of the suitability, effectiveness and efficiency of the resourcing model depends on the availability of systematic knowledge of how well Danish schools work and for whom. The basic question addressed in this chapter is whether there is enough knowledge available to guide policy at a school, local and system level regarding the use of resources and the outcomes for different schools and student groups. The chapterfirst describes how educational goals are set and how goal achievement is being measured and reported. It then analyses how the use of resources in the pursuit of these educational goals is being governed, managed and evaluated.|SDG 4 - Quality education|goals educational resourcing knowledge schools|9.477842|2.0315459|2.08421
10041|To promote teaching as a career, in particular for top-performing students, job quality matters at least as much as pay. Transforming the work organisation of schools, involving teachers in school decision making, enhancing their leadership responsibilities and promoting teaching as a demanding, but fulfilling, profession are promising policy levers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching levers fulfilling demanding transforming|9.449324|1.3748496|2.2797031
10042|"Section C discusses why gender equality in employment is an essential aspect and measure of inclusive growth. It then goes on to discuss analytical frameworks for evaluating gender in labour markets, combining perspectives on the dynamics of gender stratification and intcrgroup inequality with analyses of how labour markets are structurally segmented into so-called ""good” jobs and ""bad” jobs.1 It highlights that in the context of the growing scarcity’ of high-quality’ work, gender is one of the ways in which economic opportunity and security are rationed. Section D presents an empirical analysis, focusing on the period since the early 1990s when systematic, gender-disaggregated data on employment by sector became available for developing countries. It aigues that women's access to industrial sector jobs relative to that of men can proxy for their relative access to ""good” jobs."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|jobs gender relative section good|9.160779|4.420234|6.0805106
10043|Maternal mortality rates remain unacceptably high, however, at 71.2 for each 100 000 live births - ten times higher than OECD average of around seven deaths per 100 000 live births. Both maternal and infant mortality rates are higher in rural areas and in minority ethnic groups - but they are nevertheless decreasing, largely due to improvements in sanitation. At the same time, fertility rates have been falling.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|births maternal rates mortality live|8.872043|8.361157|3.6589792
10044|Thus, in the high road supply regime, higher output and female labour force participation are associated with a higher profit share. But both women and men contribute time and money to social reproduction, either directly or indirectly through taxes and charitable contributions. How they split these responsibilities is correlated with whether the high or low road regime prevails.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|regime road charitable prevails split|9.026849|5.043931|5.978183
10045|Furthermore, until recently women’s pensionable age was lower than that of men in many pension systems across the OECD. Pension reform means that pensionable ages in future are projected to be the same for men and women in all OECD countries, except for Chile, Poland, Israel and Switzerland (OECD, 2015). Pensions” include public pensions, private pensions, survivor’s benefits and disability benefits. The gender gap in pensions is calculated for people aged 65 and older only.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pensions pension oecd survivor men|8.394335|5.4154744|5.2074103
10046|As such, efforts to improve information on financial flows for climate change generally take place within broader efforts to improve domestic budget and expenditure processes, and are connected to overarching development and other strategic priorities. A reporting framework under the UNFCCC that is disconnected from national efforts to improve this information for national purposes may be counterproductive. Once in place, international reporting of this information will need to account for the varying approaches to classifying climate-relevant activities that are used in different countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|efforts improve information reporting counterproductive|1.4085084|3.7302496|0.61780876
10047|Cooperation was originally mostly focused on hydrological data exchange. The recent signature in 2011 of an agreement on the protection of the water quality of transboundary rivers marks a positive development and the expansion of the cooperation. During the hydrological observation history, natural fluctuation has also resulted in water scarce periods (e.g. the 1990s).42 Nevertheless, the withdrawals importantly affect the level of Lake Balkhash.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hydrological cooperation signature marks withdrawals|0.7690292|7.124076|2.1913428
10048|This has been accompanied by a rise in mobile broadband coverage from less than ten per cent of the population in 2010 to over half in 2016 (Figure 2.4, right). The rollout of 3G services by the national operator, Econet Telecom Lesotho (ETL) and South African based Vodacom has also provided impetus for nationwide signal coverage which boosted usage. Mobile broadband penetration stood at 37% in 201624. Vodacom was the first operator to introduce mobile broadband services in the country, based on HSPA technology.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband mobile operator coverage rollout|4.904144|2.916608|1.452511
10049|The Law relates mainly to the protection and use of surface inland waters, rather than the regulation of groundwater and coastal waters.2 Most of the provisions of the Water Law have a questionable legal validity, and subsequent legislation has not been fully consistent with it (UNECE, 2016). According to the Tax Code, charges for environmental pollution, including water pollution charges (introduced in 1993), were abolished. The Law on Licences and Permits radically reduced the number of activities that w'ere classified as environmentally sensitive and in need of special environmental permit to be issued by the environmental authorities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|law waters charges environmental pollution|1.1493577|7.0703044|2.1894073
10050|Table 3 illustrates the size of the underreporting bias, by displaying the rates of hazardous drinkers before and after correction in 10 OECD countries. These estimates corroborate Canadian findings showing that the proportion of adults drinking above 40 grams of pure alcohol daily increases from 5% to 20% after correction in men and from 1% to 6% in women (Shield and Rehm, 2012). This permits to limit smearing data with other sources of bias.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|correction bias grams drinkers underreporting|9.303764|9.6923|3.5681853
10051|A key breakthrough was the production of selective coatings which would absorb more sunlight. Driven by United States Federal and State subsidies and expectations of high future energy prices, the solar water heater industry boomed from the late 1970s and a $1 billion industry was created. In the 1980s, there was rampant abuse of generous subsidies (subsidy harvesting) which resulted in poorly installed systems.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidies industry breakthrough selective absorb|1.5572839|2.2569249|2.490959
10052|They have to continue to perform tasks such as cooking, washing clothes and caring for children as well as spending more hours on farm work or other jobs. In Bosnia, Cambodia and Guatemala the workload of women drastically increased in the aftermath of mass crimes. Many children lose their parents during mass crimes; others are separated from their families during conflict and forced migration.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|crimes mass clothes workload washing|9.179235|5.1874247|6.0532565
10053|Poverty and living standards of children since the early 1970s. The use of common baseline for countries makes it possible to consider convergence or divergence of living standards between countries. The selection of the reference poverty baseline is necessarily arbitrary, but following (Scruggs and Allan, 2006[i6]), the poverty line prevailing in the United States in 1974 (adjusted for price inflation) was taken as a pre-oil shock benchmark to measure absolute progress in the living standards of low-income families.|SDG 1 - No poverty|living standards baseline poverty divergence|6.7863393|6.274041|5.1902676
10054|The documents were often prepared quickly, without a thorough and robust analysis by all relevant government officials, experts and other stakeholders within the country. This rushed process often undermines the translation of objectives into specific and time-bound targets; the creation of realistic financing and implementation strategies for their achievement; and the ability to design and implement investment projects that can bring actual results on the ground. Good capacity building requires the continuous involvement of government officials in the process of developing climate-related national and financing strategies and related regulations.|SDG 13 - Climate action|officials financing strategies undermines process|1.8123103|4.129042|1.376813
10055|The frequency and intensity of school-based professional development opportunities in Kazakhstan seems to be significant. School-based teacher professional development enables the improvement of teaching practices in view of meeting the school’s needs. Teachers are aware of the learning goals pursued by their colleagues and potential areas for collaboration (through joint work in methodological associations), and such joint efforts can contribute to establishing professional learning communities in schools. Teachers must develop competencies to work as a group, adding to the social asset of schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professional school joint teachers learning|9.401184|1.3981273|2.0507486
10056|In July 2008, the Swedish government also instructed the Swedish Secretariat for Gender Research at the University of Gothenburg to further develop and disseminate methods and information on gender mainstreaming, and develop a forum to exchange experiences. It published reports such as the Gender Mainstreaming Manual and the Gender Equality in Public Services Report - A Book of Ideas for Managers and Strategists, and trained central government administrators on the implementation of gender mainstreaming. The committee also elaborated a working model outlining steps to be followed for an effective gender mainstreaming process. The national gender equality strategy identified five focus areas to be addressed during the government’s term of office: i) Representation - equal access to positions of power and influence; ii) Equal pay for equal work and work of equal value; iii) Violence committed by men against women, prostitution and trafficking of women for purposes of sexual exploitation; tv) Men and gender equality; and v) Sexualisation of the public sphere.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender mainstreaming equal equality swedish|9.86536|3.9962237|7.4182816
10057|"Female students are especially attracted to bachelor's level education in ""Social work"", ""Journalism"", ""Teacher training” and ""Nursing"" as well as ""Language, Literature and Media"" (Poppel, M. and Chemnitz Kleist 2009:346). Women's representation increased sharply in the 2002 Parliamentary election: from 19% to 36% (12 out of 31 members). At this election ""Arnat partiiat""143 (the Women's party) for the first - and until now only - time participated. No candidates from the Women's party were elected but the party succeeded in calling attention to different aspects of gender inequalities and not least to the lack of female candidates in the different parties (Poppel, M. 2009)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|party election candidates women female|10.562872|4.3167706|7.1330132
10058|Fifty years of development co-operation practice have yielded lessons on effective aid4, summarised in the principles of ownership, alignment, harmonisation, results and mutual accountability, which are supported and referred to as best practice across the development co-operation community. In the Busan Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (2011), climate finance was formally recognised as a core development finance issue, with the common goal to “support national climate change policy and planning as an integral part of developing countries overall national development plans, and ensure that - where appropriate - these measures are financed, delivered and monitored through developing countries' systems in a transparent manner” . There are cobenefits and trade-offs in financing sustainable development and climate change goals simultaneously.|SDG 13 - Climate action|development climate operation practice finance|1.8948641|4.1636143|1.1970304
10059|The CFU data focus on dedicated multilateral climate funds, which have been expressly set up to address climate change. For climate finance directed towards the agricultural sector, the CRS include many, but not all, of the dedicated climate funds considered by the CFU. The CRS data also include the climate-related portion of general development funds from multilateral institutions, whereas the CFU data do not include any finance from general development funds (see Table).|SDG 13 - Climate action|funds climate crs multilateral dedicated|1.4677169|3.8419037|0.6336135
10060|There has also been considerable progress in providing access to pre-primary education. The net attendance rate for children aged 5 reached 98% in 2012 while it stood at 89% for children aged 4. However, enrolment in early childhood education (age 3 and below) is low and associated with ability to pay.|SDG 4 - Quality education|aged stood children attendance education|9.424797|2.7995799|2.5097976
10061|Systems for monitoring the progress of disabled children are in place in schools where teachers were trained. There are individual plans for each child and greater emphasis on showing their achievements. The children's individual work plans are incorporated into the annual kindergarten and primary development plan. Recently, with funding from the FTI, over 100 mobile schools in tents have been established. Sixty-two per cent of new recruits to primary education are girls and from 2004-2009 girls' completion rates doubled.|SDG 4 - Quality education|girls plans recruits schools individual|9.985156|2.4155073|2.0387907
10062|In Portugal, almost one in four students (24.9%) were below proficiency Level 2 in mathematics in PISA 2012, and the proportion of top performers (Level 5 or above) remains below average (OECD, 2013a). They have remained stable in mathematics since 2003 and have slightly decreased in science since 2006. However, a substantial widening of the gender gap has been witnessed in students’ mean reading performance: a 25 score point difference between boys and girls in 2000 grew to 39 score points in 2012, as girls pulled even further ahead of boys (OECD, 2013a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|score mathematics boys girls pulled|9.662287|2.2926614|3.3219788
10063|Whether this involves climate change and GHG emission levels or the governance of the high seas and area beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), the protection of marine biodiversity or international conventions on maritime safety, the path to international agreement appears increasingly complex and painstaking. This appears to be all the more so since, as the Global Ocean Commission (GOC, 2014) recently concluded, ocean governance is plagued by a patchwork of sectorally focused agencies and institutions hampered by weak compliance and lack of enforcement. Moreover, as Chapter 9 highlights, the situation is exacerbated by a lack of legal clarity about economic activities in the oceans beyond national jurisdiction as well as the potential of increased competition between states for access to resources in the seas. These include, for example: mention of the ocean in the Paris COP21 agreement, the establishment of ocean-related Sustainable Development Goals (in particular SDG 14), and agreement of member states at the United Nations to develop a legally-binding instrument to conserve and sustainably use marine biological diversity of areas beyond their national borders.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean agreement jurisdiction seas appears|0.055183705|5.611309|5.9836726
10064|Several obstacles, resulting from market and government failures - including fossil-fuel subsidies, the lack of supportive policies as well as outstanding barriers to international trade and investment - still hamper investment in renewable energy. A key challenge for governments to catalyse investment flows in clean energy is to design and implement clear and predictable domestic policy frameworks. Investment policy • Non-discrimination of foreign versus domestic investors • Intellectual property rights • Contract enforcement The quality of investment policies directly influences the decisions of all investors, be they small or large, domestic or foreign. Transparency, property protection and non-discrimination are investment policy principles that underpin efforts to create a sound investment environment for all.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investment domestic investors property discrimination|2.1776285|2.7588973|1.8508071
10065|It is essential that implementation takes place before disasters strike, since prevention is the key to success. In terms of hard infrastructure, targeted investment in the drainage system should be considered in flood-prone neighbourhoods. The city’s drainage capacity (culverts, canals and conditioning lakes) is insufficient and unlikely to withstand disasters involving more than 100 millimetres of rainwater (City of Hai Phong, 2015).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|drainage disasters city rainwater withstand|1.359504|6.630556|2.3558257
10066|Hence, deflating by a food and clothing price index rather than the aggregate CPI provides a better indication of the welfare change for those workers. That is, inequality between unskilled wage-earners and the much wealthier owners of capital (human or physical) within developing countries would decrease with full trade reform. Anderson, Valenzuela and van der Mensbrugghe (2010) go a step further by explicitly assessing reform impacts on poverty even though the Linkage model has only one single representative household per country. They do so using the elasticities approach, which involves taking the estimated impact on real household income and applying an estimated income to poverty elasticity to estimate the impacts on the poverty headcount index for each country.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty index reform estimated impacts|6.272046|5.720859|5.099961
10067|Jobs created as a result of trade expansion are at first concentrated in the export sector, but in some cases (particularly with respect to certain extractive sectors) the export sector is only weakly linked to the rest of the mostly informal economy, hampering any significant spillover effect. Changes in wages and employment are one key mechanism by which external trade translates into poverty reduction impacts. Changes in consumption prices often affect different groups of the poor differently.|SDG 1 - No poverty|export hampering trade changes weakly|5.8825808|4.676686|4.1235943
10068|Unconfined aquifers generally occur at shallower depths and often feature a more direct hydraulic connection to surface water bodies but also often of smaller areal extent than confined aquifer systems that is more prone to contamination from land use activities. Deeper, confined aquifers may be more expensive to exploit. Two properties are common to all aquifers. First, just like in the case of surface water, gravity is the main force moving groundwater from continents to water courses and oceans.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|aquifers confined surface water continents|0.709812|7.4751277|2.910274
10069|To the extent that more women are involved in politics, women’s rights, priorities, needs and interests are less likely to be ignored or silenced. Historically, women’s involvement has been minimized even though they account for at least half of the populations in most countries. For this very reason, their level of involvement and engagement in public and political life is key. More women's organizations sprung up in response to the greater participation of women in public life, and despite the political polarization that emerged, these groups managed to stay united to press for the preservation and advancement of women's rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women involvement political minimized life|10.215702|4.6089945|7.3221235
10070|In fact, the designation of the university as an APEX university is likely to draw the institution even further away from regional engagement. They provide access for large numbers of the region’s students and graduate students many of whom remain within the region for employment. Through student engagement in the region through internships, volunteer activities, and other ways, the institutions have an impact on the region. Except for basic information on numbers of admissions, enrolment and graduates, no substantive information was available on the branch of UiTM in Penang, the two polytechnics, the four community colleges, and private institutions in Penang and on higher education institutions in the three other states (Perlis, Kedah and Perak) in the larger Northern Corridor Economic Region. The findings and observations are therefore based on a limited perspective on higher education institution in the region.|SDG 4 - Quality education|region penang institutions institution engagement|7.1896763|2.5633414|2.4817202
10071|These measures are believed to have helped reduce threats to the conservation of vaquitas and to have begun decreasing the total level of fishing in the area, with conservation benefits for other marine species.16 Table 5.3 gives a breakdown of the subsidies in the PACE for the vaquita. Green certification has been established for products including coffee; 10% of all coffee producers in Mexico are in the certified coffee market, a higher percentage than in other countries. Taxes on timber and other natural resource extraction, for example, can help provide correct price signals, induce more sustainable production and consumption patterns, and mobilise revenue. The initiative planned to target 17 natural reserves in six regions, including the northern deserts, tropical Caribbean beaches and eastern jungles.|SDG 15 - Life on land|coffee conservation natural beaches induce|1.7163699|5.515475|3.3983338
10072|Furthermore, if adaptation actions provide a competitive advantage, there is a disincentive for companies to share that knowledge more widely. These factors suggest that the degree of visible or publicised action may be a poor indicator of the extent of actual action. The effects of climate change are long-term, uncertain and context-specific. Frameworks for decisionmaking under uncertainty have suggested that it can be rational to delay significant and irreversible investments (Ranger et al.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|action irreversible disincentive rational decisionmaking|1.3779821|4.803447|1.6982367
10073|Westhead and Storey (1994) have conducted a series of studies of matched samples and have found little difference in performance, and survival rate between science park and non-science park firms. Westhead (1997) also looked at R&D inputs and outputs and whilst science park firms tended to be a little more R&D intensive than nonscience park firms, again the differences were not significant. Link and Scott (2003).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|park science firms little scott|5.55356|3.250847|2.4346058
10074|Turkey,'23 the European Court recognized that the right to respect for family life and the prohibition of arbitrary interferences with families have limits. In this case, the applicant, Mrs. Nahide Opuz, and her mother had been threatened and assaulted on several occasions by H.O., her then husband. The Court found that the authorities failed to take protective measures against domestic violence provided for under the Family Protection Act and did not issue an injunction to prevent H.O from being in contact with the applicant and her mother.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|applicant court mother occasions family|9.655751|5.2296267|7.2066092
10075|Over the past three decades, income disparities have risen to unprecedented levels, with the richest 10% in the OECD area earning almost ten times more than the poorest 10% (OECD, 2015a). People who are economically disadvantaged often also fall behind in other non-income dimensions of well-being, including in terms of educational attainment and health status. Such inequalities not only significantly affect the well-being of the most vulnerable segments of the population, but also undermine countries’ economic performance, as disadvantaged groups have fewer resources to invest in skills and education and therefore contribute less to than possible. Other policy areas such as education, social and labour market policies, competition and tax policies have traditionally played a stronger role in fostering more inclusive societies.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|disadvantaged unprecedented richest earning policies|6.9099827|5.5922465|4.6419134
10076|The initiative outlined in the government programme emphasises a strengthening of competitive funding for basic research, and increased funding for excellent junior scientists, but also an overall expansion of competitive instruments to stimulate research excellence in universities and PRIs. This initiative could substantially reinforce and complement measures Austria has recently taken to promote research excellence, in particular with regard to strengthening competitive funding of basic research, increasing international visibility and sharpening the profile of Austrian science at the international level. An Austrian excellence initiative should addresses this issue.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|excellence competitive research initiative austrian|5.658315|3.2701323|2.4203222
10077|Primary care includes a large range of curative as well as preventive and health promotion activities. The distinction between PHC and other outpatient services (e.g. consultative and diagnostic) is not clear-cut. This results in various terms being used for the same service (Oxford Policy Management, 2014).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|phc curative oxford consultative outpatient|9.270143|8.909923|1.6639527
10078|We predict the share of services trade to grow from 21 per cent to 25 per cent by 2030. The trend is likely to continue with the advent of 3D printing technology. Our estimations foresee that, in such case, developing countries' share in global trade could grow from 46 per cent in 2015 to 57 per cent by 2030. The most common provisions refer to e-government, cooperation and the moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cent grow advent trade printing|4.614802|3.2156482|2.46991
10079|The government now wants to exploit domestic sources of natural gas, most of which are located in the eastern part of the country at the Risha gas field. The government launched a competitive bidding process in 2010 for the concession to develop the Risha field. In addition, the government plans to promote fuel switching to natural gas as a means of greenhouse gas mitigation (MoE, 2009). According to the Energy Master Strategy, USD 2.46 billion is needed between 2007 and 2020 to develop the natural gas sector. The private sector is expected to provide the capital and development expertise for these projects. Licences have already been issued to private companies to develop the relevant networks and supply commercial and residential customers with electricity (MoE, 2009).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gas moe develop natural field|1.6057329|2.4191895|2.277172
10080|The city is also implementing pilot projects using solar batteries for public lighting and traffic lights (City of Hai Phong, 2015). Based on assessments of the pilot projects, these initiatives could be scaled up. Given that Hai Phong sends most domestic solid waste to landfill, modem incinerators with emissions control technology could significantly reduce emissions (Pyper, 2011). However, the development of a mechanism of waste separation would be a prerequisite for effective operation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|phong hai pilot waste city|0.6645307|3.990315|2.9808512
10081|From Evidence to Action: The story of cash transfers and impact evaluation in Sub Saharan Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Child Poverty and Deprivation in Mali:The first national estimates, Innocenti Working Paper, 2014-20, UNICEF Office of Research. Innocenti Working Paper, 2014-19, UNICEF Office of Research.|SDG 1 - No poverty|innocenti oxford unicef office paper|7.321583|6.3154902|4.934266
10082|Natural background concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements are elevated, but the influence is assessed by the Russian Federation as local. In three areas in the Russian part of the basin, groundwater pollution has been identified. Groundwater monitoring is carried out at nine points of observation in the Russian part of the basin three times per month. In the alluvial aquifer groundwater Row is from Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation to the Samur River. In the lower aquifer the flow direction is from Azerbaijan to the Russian Federation. Both aquifers have strong links with surface water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|russian federation groundwater azerbaijan aquifer|0.47553945|7.0867534|2.7443175
10083|Time poverty should therefore be understood as a lack of discretionary time once needs have been met (or the time potentially available for people to do what they want), and standards should be defined as the amount of time strictly necessary for people to perform the unavoidable activities of daily life (paid and unpaid work, personal care and others). Vickery (1977) argues that thresholds should be built taking into account household composition and habits of eating, household management and purchase of goods. Given the lack of established standards, Burchardt (2008) used an operating definition based on the behaviour of a reference group, taking minimum time spent on domestic work to be the average time spent on those tasks by households around the poverty line which do not receive state assistance and do not pay for domestic services on the market.|SDG 1 - No poverty|time spent taking standards unavoidable|6.6383586|6.278414|5.0701537
10084|The number of visitors to protected areas has seen an average annual growth of 17%, more than doubling between 2009 and 2015 (MINAM, 2016c). Currently, projects to conserve more than 2 million ha of primary forest are undertaken in four protected areas - Cordillera Azul National Park, Bahuaja Sonene National Park, Tambopata National Reserve and Alto Mayo Protection Forest. By 2015, Verified Emission Reductions amounted to 10.9 million tC02, preventing a deforestation of 30 000 ha (MINAM, 2016c).|SDG 15 - Life on land|park ha protected forest national|1.5706617|5.013906|4.1594014
10085|Policies should address the rebound effect by targeting consumer behaviour, by educating energy-users about the benefits of reduced energy consumption and ensuring that sufficient information and options are available for consumers to reduce their energy consumption. These can be supported by policies that create disincentives to increase use of the more efficient product, such as setting carbon and energy prices (Maxwell et al., The choice as to which policy mix is needed will depend on other policy goals on the national agenda. Similarly, governments need to consider how best to design energy efficiency policies that maximise the full range of multiple benefits, while keeping energy savings as the primary goal. As benefits resulting from government policies, it is important to be able to evaluate them and include their value in policy impact assessments and benefit-cost analyses.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy policies benefits policy consumption|2.0600295|2.7174022|2.4704516
10086|Strengthening the capacity and effectiveness of the Labour Inspectorate continues to be crucial for the functioning of Latvia’s labour market. One key challenge is enforcement of applicable labour regulations in small firms, where very low levels of trade union activity mean that many workers may not benefit from any legal protection other than that provided by the inspectorate. Other reporting requirements were tightened as well and several recent initiatives aimed at addressing what is often described as the “cultural problem” of tax evasion.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|inspectorate labour tightened evasion applicable|8.049351|4.459723|4.3239713
10087|The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) focus on adaptation, but in principle they support both adaptation and mitigation projects, as does the Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF). The GCF became operational in 2015 and has since become the largest fund for climate finance. Figure 4.3 shows amounts pledged to the various climate funds since their establishment.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate fund change adaptation pledged|1.8864915|3.8116708|1.2883592
10088|Fish hatcheries have been set up by both countries. Albania has also taken some measures to limit illegal fishing. The alteration of the reed zones has caused deterioration of habitats, also threatening the spawning and wintering grounds of fish species. Three hydrological stations exist in the territory of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonian, while the Hy-drobiological Institute monitors the lake’s system for biological and chemical quality.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|fish spawning yugoslav threatening hydrological|0.56159645|6.846945|2.793392
10089|But a particular concern is that the proportion of adolescents who are overweight or obese has gone up quite rapidly and now equals the EU average (18%). The proportion of 15-year-old boys in Italy who are overweight or obese is particularly high (26%). This high and rising overweight and obesity rate among adolescents in Italy is linked, at least partly, to low levels of physical activity (Figure 5). At the national level, the government exercises a stewardship role, controls and distributes the tax-financed health budget, and defines the national benefits package (known as the 'Essential Levels of Care') that must be guaranteed to all citizens and foreign residents Regions are responsible for the organisation, planning and delivery of health services through local health authorities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|overweight obese adolescents italy health|9.040369|9.170048|2.7156615
10090|In most countries children remained more likely to be poor than the overall population. Only in Denmark, Finland and Estonia were child poverty rates appreciably lower than the total poverty rates (by around 2ppt). Meanwhile, in Hungary, Luxembourg, Romania and Spain, child poverty rates were at least 8ppt higher than for the population as a whole. Child poverty also tends to exceed pensioner poverty: in seven countries child poverty rates were at least lOppt higher, while in only three were they at least lOppt lower than poverty rates for those aged 65 and over.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty rates child lower population|7.283089|6.256527|5.191305
10091|Hence there is a need to develop indicators of population mental health that also reflect mild-to-moderate mental illness. A number of factors are responsible for this lag including the complex nature of mental health problems, high rates of co-morbidity and lack of agreement on suitable measures. Stakeholder - in particular clinicians, patients and families - involvement and the integration of quality and outcome measurement into key processes of care are integral to ensuring mental health is at the forefront of high-quality services that are efficient and deliver value for money. To understand mental health system performance at an international level, better measures of the quality and outcomes of mental health care are needed.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health quality clinicians forefront|10.37023|8.9648905|1.8117913
10092|"This is directly related to the establishment of community access points, which is part of the target. The action line further calls for strengthening national broadband network infrastructure, which is critical for rolling out high-speed Internet access to rural areas. It also advocates national e-strategies to cater for disadvantaged and vulnerable groups, who are often found in rural areas, and refers to unused wireless capacity, including satellite, for providing access in remote areas. The availability of relevant applications and content is addressed in Action Lines C7 (ICT applications) and C8 (Cultural diversity and identity, linguistic diversity and local content), as well as C9 (Media), which makes reference to the need to reduce regional imbalances in infrastructure and to use ""traditional media to bridge the knowledge divide and to facilitate the flow of cultural content, particularly in rural areas."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|content areas media applications rural|4.807488|3.014288|1.6494659
10093|Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. The livestock and fish sectors provide only 9% of calories and 20% of protein intake. Cereals provide more than 50% of both calorie and protein intake in both rural and urban India, although survey data point to a declining contribution from cereals (NSSO, 2012). Those foods contributing to increased intake of calories are vegetable oils, fruits and vegetables. Sugars appear to represent a proportionately large component of calorie intake. Pulses are an increasing source of proteins, now accounting for almost 13% of protein intake.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|intake protein calorie calories cereals|3.9709554|5.3344803|4.4097033
10094|Although this separate benefit schedule was abolished in 2001, in payroll systems employees are still classified as either regularly insured or short-time insured (Peoplesoft, 2009). The Employment Insurance Law of 1974 (Art. Employers and workers have had an incentive to make contributions on employment relationships likely to generate a benefit claim after only six months, since the ratio of benefit received to contributions paid is particularly high in this case.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|insured benefit contributions payroll abolished|7.8947105|4.8291183|4.105649
10095|"The authors estimate the value of the induced transfer to renewable energy producers, based on the weighted average “green"" tariff for production of electricity from renewable energy sources (biogas, solar, wind energy), using data provided in the ANRE Annual Reports. According to ANRE, tariff methodologies specify the formula and all components included in the formula (including the sources where all the components can be found) and it is clear to all regulated utilities what level of rate of return they can expect during the regulatory period. In other words, electricity reference prices were set to account for the cost of production, transmission and distribution, but no other costs, such as allowances for building new capacity. They were determined using reference prices for fossil fuels and annual average fuel efficiencies for power generation."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|formula tariff reference components energy|1.561076|1.7946286|1.9529785
10096|Following the 2014 Folkeskole reform and the introduction of a new arrangement for the utilisation of teachers’ working time, teachers are expected to teach more hours. As a result, teachers experience less time for preparation and other tasks. Resources have overall been reprioritised from preparation and other tasks to teaching. This requires an adjustment from teachers to prepare for their lessons and work in another way (e.g. to a higher degree sharing teaching materials) to fulfil other tasks required of them by their school leadership. According to the Folkeskole Act, the school principal is responsible for the school’s quality of teaching as well as the overall administrative and pedagogical management of the school. As a result, the main responsibility for designing, introducing and organising teacher appraisal procedures within the school lies with the school principal.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school teachers tasks folkeskole teaching|9.821012|1.5239637|1.6064725
10097|They also free up time that female entrepreneurs can devote to making their businesses more profitable. More analysis is needed to better understand why women are less inclined to use external finance and whether they are discouraged by discriminatory treatment in the capital markets. It is often argued that women have more trouble accessing credit than men. Indeed, the evidence shows that relatively more male than female entrepreneurs make use of bank loans, with or without collateral, to start their enterprises (Figure 26.1), although there are important differences in the demand for loans across countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurs loans female inclined devote|8.77279|3.4952846|6.3404007
10098|The physical, psychological and social impact on adolescents and young people can persist into adulthood and last a lifetime. A review of research by Barker et al. ( One such initiative, Brazil’s Programme H, resulted in positive changes in attitudes, measured through a Gender-Equitable Men scale, about topics such as prevention of HIV infection, partner violence, and sexual relationships (Pulerwitz et ah, 2006).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|et infection adulthood persist lifetime|9.845473|5.2185855|6.545563
10099|The so-called segment A consists of hospital services for which regulated prices are derived from a global hospital budget. The segment B consists of hospital services where prices are freely negotiated with health insurers, and typically comprise less complex services (e.g. knee and hip replacements). The share of segment B has increased from less than 10% in 2005 to more than 30% in 2011 and 70% following the 2012 reform (described below). At the same time, real prices in the segment B have declined, reflecting the increased bargaining power of health insurers (Table 7).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|segment hospital insurers prices consists|8.62399|8.932003|1.7695091
10100|Finally, progress made in areas of communications will be examined, including trends in access to mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions and fixed broadband subscriptions. Asia and the Pacific has continued to see improvements in transport infrastructure and services against a backdrop of substantial growth in output, trade and investment experienced by many countries in the region. On the other hand, the improvements have been quite uneven both across and within countries.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|subscriptions improvements backdrop cellular telephone|4.8881125|2.8593793|1.4665706
10101|Then, on the small island of Puerto Rico and in neighbouring sites on the storm path, there was wide-scale destruction of homes and business premises; extensive flooding from heavy rain and sea surges up to three metres above ground; mudslides; severe damage to roads and fallen trees inhibiting transport; severe damage to harbours and marinas; and crops destroyed. Around 80 per cent of poles carrying utility services were blown down, with power and communications blackout fatally affecting people dependent on medical care and other vital services for survival; water supplies were cut for long periods in many places. The subsequent slow re-establishment of basic services still left thousands of homes and businesses without power, affecting 3.4 million people nine months after the initial impact.|SDG 13 - Climate action|homes affecting damage severe services|1.7308803|6.3088374|2.4699225
10102|The Biodiversity Conservation Index indicates that biodiversity in the North region is generally better preserved, owing to the larger native vegetation cover and extension of protected areas and indigenous lands, while many states in the South-east and South display lower index values (MMA, 2015). The index, however, does not consider the actual status of ecosystems within protected areas (Chapter 5). Its immense forest resources extend almost 5 million km2 and almost two-thirds of its territory is covered with forest or other wooded land. Nearly all of Brazil’s forests (98.5%) are natural, non-planted forests. While the rate of deforestation has significantly declined, Brazil is the country with the highest average annual reduction in total forest cover (Figure 4.2).|SDG 15 - Life on land|index forest protected forests biodiversity|1.572905|4.8146434|4.1200724
10103|These segments have not been a prime public policy target, at least in the past few decades. Thus, analyses of the at-risk population are of interest not only because they provide a framework for comparing features of the poor population with the population at large, but also because these groups should be targeted by more proactive government policies. This section will present a discussion of some of the main features of the poor and non-poor populations.|SDG 1 - No poverty|features poor population proactive segments|6.956225|5.8920803|4.727385
10104|The rate of afforestation decreased considerably after the 2008 financial crisis, but was still significantly higher than before the 1990s. Most reforestation has taken place through state support for afforestation on farms and other privately owned land (Government of Iceland / UNFCCC, 2014). Current Icelandic regulations aim for afforestation on at least 5% of land below 400 metres above sea level in various regional projects (Government of Iceland / UNFCCC, 2016). The Soil Conservation Service of Iceland was founded for this purpose, and a land restoration training programme under the auspices of the United Nations University was launched in 2007.|SDG 15 - Life on land|afforestation iceland land unfccc auspices|1.3116269|4.702268|3.8817182
10105|Their struggles underline how persistent and pervasive discriminatory social norms, stereotypes, stigma and violence remain, holding back women and girls everywhere from realizing their full potential. Militarism and violent conflicts, the global financial and economic crises, volatile food and energy prices, food insecurity and climate change have intensified inequalities and vulnerability, with specific impacts on women and girls. Dominant patterns of development have led to increasingly precarious livelihoods. The richest 1 per cent of the population now owns about 40 per cent of the available assets while the bottom half owns 1 per cent or less.3 These inequalities—among the triggers of the 2008 economic crisis—have been further reinforced by the subsequent recession and austerity measures.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|owns cent inequalities girls struggles|8.582156|5.0350466|6.0043964
10106|Some cities offer final, certified exams for MOOCs which can be taken at universities in person, helping retain and motivate students throughout the learning process. Broadband and ICTs can also promote cultural diversity and enhance the creativity of urban inhabitants, which may help create a more pluralistic, tolerant and respectful environment to live in. Such a benevolent environment is key in order to nurture citizens' creativity and can catalyze innovation within the urban space7.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|creativity exams nurture environment tolerant|8.561758|1.7663614|1.9142206
10107|The involvement of women's organizations in the process can facilitate the achievement of gender equity targets. Furthermore, gender targets for access and tenure security should be monitored and officials held accountable for meeting them. This has helped raise awareness and acceptance among men and women of women's land rights, although several rounds of training were necessary.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|targets women rounds gender acceptance|9.908477|4.6554265|7.454419
10108|In addition, w'omen’s economic independence increases their autonomy and ability to make decisions over critical areas of their lives, and enhances their economic and social status. The data also suggest, however, that these advances have not yet translated into closing the gender gap in employment or entrepreneurship. A lack of gender-disaggregated data makes it difficult to provide a precise picture of women’s and men’s economic contributions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|economic omen gender enhances translated|9.117928|3.8307545|6.2032056
10109|Now, most cities’ sew'age systems lack the capacity to cope with the growing amount of wastewater. The new mix of programmes, lacking internal coherence, w'as rolled out in a very brief period. In general, each deputy akimat is in charge of its own departments, and reaching consensus on cross-cutting issues that require the intervention of several departments and budget lines is highly complex.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|departments rolled deputy brief cutting|1.4150302|6.970694|2.34335
10110|The agreement provides for exchange of information and data between parties for preventing floods, as well as an exchange of information concerning the installations subject to the agreement. Bulgaria reports that the agreement is not active for the time being, and that discussions regarding its renewal and possible updating arc ongoing. Finally, an Agreement was signed between the Ministry of Environment and Water of the Republic of Bulgaria and the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works of the Hellenic Republic in 2002 on Cooperation in the field of Environmental Protection. As a result, a joint Bulgarian-Greek Working Group on cooperation on water protection was established in May 2011.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|agreement bulgaria exchange cooperation republic|0.80539256|7.0932355|1.9199831
10111|Green streets have also enhanced pedestrian safety by shortening crossing distances, and are sometimes considered to slow traffic. Neighbours consider them a real asset to the neighbourhood because they provide water quality and habitat benefits and increase property values. As of 1 July 2010, Portland had a total of 250 projects for over 12 acres. Since 2008, nearly 100 incentive projects have been accepted for an additional 5.6 acres, despite the recession and economic downturn.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|acres projects crossing pedestrian streets|3.6276953|4.8856864|1.8582954
10112|This action plan aims to green urban areas, green industry, green the environment and transform Hai Phong into a “green port city”, by taking advantage of the historical port city and setting up a modem, competitive and eco-friendly green port system. In 2015, the city also produced the Green Growth Promotion Plan to identify tangible projects to implement the Action Plan. It is also indispensable for Hai Phong to formulate a mobility master plan to supplement the city master plan and guide the city to transit-oriented development.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|green city plan port phong|3.0329807|4.334674|1.9498273
10113|In addition, the distribution network is not maintained. About 27.1 per cent of water supply infrastructure is not working and requires complete reconstruction. More than 60 per cent of water supply infrastructure is in need of maintenance, due to its continuous operation for more than 20-30 years, yet it is not subject to maintenance because of the excessive costs implied.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|maintenance cent supply infrastructure implied|1.4776092|7.312019|2.6269526
10114|Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, Vol. Ecological Management and Restoration, Vol. Climate and Conservation: Landscape and Seascape Science, Planning and Action, Island Press, pp. Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources”, International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC, www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b ff0a28049a790d6b835faa8c6a8312a/PS6 English 2Q12.pdf?MOD=AJP ERES. A framework for incorporating uncertainty and time discounting when calculating offset ratios for impacted habitat”, Restoration Ecology, Vol. Sustainable Development Research Advances, Nova Publishers, New York, pp.|SDG 15 - Life on land|vol restoration pp conservation nova|1.6894906|5.4498076|3.9431787
10115|This is supplemented by a longstanding tradition of GPs, who act as gate-keepers to secondary care and play a strong role in maintaining population health. In 2007, major administrative reforms merged 13 counties (and three municipalities with country functions) into five regions whose main responsibility was to deliver hospital care and contract with physicians. These reforms also rationalised the number of municipalities from 275 to 98. Following these reforms, municipalities have a financial stake in the funding of hospital services and are directly responsible for providing long-term elderly care, rehabilitation, supported or institutional housing for older people, public health, school health services, child dental treatment and some aspects of prevention. Central government authorities provided guidance on the planning and location of certain hospital medical specialties and there have been efforts at both levels of government to rationalise the number of small hospitals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital municipalities reforms care health|8.934793|8.732288|1.8168763
10116|According to these measures, a person is considered poor if he or she lives in a household with a consumption or income level below a nationally established threshold. National poverty lines are estimated in local currencies and reflect national standards. These thresholds still allow for participation in the normal consumption and living standards of the country but measure poverty in relation to the national average income levels. (|SDG 1 - No poverty|national standards consumption currencies poverty|6.501231|6.2232695|5.053177
10117|One solution can consist in creating networks to explore opportunities to enhance uptake of localised solutions through customisation. In India, the Honey Bee Network helped license the Groundnut Digger - a groundnut-sorting machine developed by a farmer - to an entrepreneur for the purpose of cleaning beaches. Such networks are particularly relevant to the discussion of policy options supporting inclusive innovation (Chapter 3), as national-level support for small-scale projects is difficult to obtain, while policy support for reaching scale can be substantial.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|networks scale beaches localised machine|5.251672|3.8690047|2.8122158
10118|Knowing that their wages will be imposed on non-members through statutory extension, unions are less likely to moderate their claims and employers are more likely to agree to them. The experience with the Jobs Strategy shed relatively little light on the effect of changing such arrangements, since in most countries such institutional arrangements change little over time. The labour market outcomes of countries that had already weakened or abandoned such procedures before the Jobs Strategy, such as New Zealand and Australia, were positive, however, and the concern with legal extensions was retained in the revised Jobs Strategy. Some though not all empirical studies have found that high labour taxes are associated with higher unemployment rates (Belot and Van Ours, 2004; Nickell, 1997), and Elmeskov et al. (|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobs strategy arrangements little knowing|7.7539425|4.6508126|4.1965218
10119|Data from Table 3.14 show that 39% of all poor households receive the assistance of the Dibao programme as do 4% of non-poor households. After adding Dibao to household income, poverty rates do not decrease very much. On the other hand, the targeting efficiency of the Dibao programme is very low, which points to the conclusion that the effect of the Dibao programme on reducing inequality has been limited.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|dibao programme households poor conclusion|7.128845|5.946873|5.001415
10120|China has taken world leadership in the development of renewable energy and India has significantly increased its installed capacity of renewable energy sources, while ASEAN possesses a largely untapped potential. According to the IEA (2015c), the unexploited potential for hydropower in Southeast Asia is particularly substantial. For instance, Lao PDR alone has an estimated hydropower potential of 23 GW, while the current installed capacity stood at a mere 3.2 GW in 2012.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gw installed hydropower potential renewable|1.3599695|2.1071372|2.6063194
10121|The principal driver of this “regressive” effect was a lack of regular GMI adjustments. The same is true in the United States: the beneficial effect of some of the “Bush-era” tax cuts on higher-income earners was mainly felt at incomes above the range shown in the graph. The main message from the graph is one of highly progressive redistribution changes in the United States, and flat or regressive changes in most European countries. The only exception is France, where low-earning families with children (but, unlike in the United States, not those with zero earnings) benefited substantially from an “employment-friendly” reform of the GMI benefit, which, among other things, incentivised low-income families to combine work with benefit receipt by reducing benefit withdrawal rates.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|graph regressive benefit united states|7.017418|5.0947847|4.3994975
10122|Given these figures, it could be argued that Latvia has had more fiscal space to devote to health system investment than other OECD economies. The proportion of GDP to the public sector in Latvia is 36.5%, much lower than the average of all European OECD countries (excluding Turkey) at 45.6% in 2012 (OECD, 2015d) and Latvia spends 9% of public expenditure in health, a smaller share than any OECD countries (Figure 1.13). At the other end of the spectrum, the share is over 20% in New Zealand, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the United States.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|latvia oecd spends devote share|8.922938|8.976347|2.378883
10123|Stakeholder engagement through inclusive water governance is increasingly recognised as critical to secure support for reforms, raise awareness about water risks and costs, increase users' willingness to pay, and to handle conflicts. Striving for consensus through collaborative governance can pave the way for action provided safeguards to enable participation and equal representation of all stakeholders are provided for. Policy instruments to address point source and diffuse source pollution are different due to their different characteristics’.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|source governance pave provided handle|1.0913265|6.9233966|1.4827609
10124|More than 280,000 disabled South Africans aged between 5 and 18 are still not in school or receiving training. This analysis and other similar literature reviews and policy papers highlight a range of key factors that governments need to address if they are to implement Article 24 and build inclusive education systems in their countries. It is interesting that despite his having adopted a critical stance to the efficacy of inclusive education, Mitchell's findings are largely supportive and his recommendations are of general use. From the international literature surveyed, mainly drawn from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK and USA, the conclusions outlined in Box 4.3 emerged. The education of disabled students is a complex process with many interrelated elements, most of which apply to education in general and some of which are specific to disabled students. Inclusive education goes far beyond the physical placement of disabled students in general classrooms; it requires nothing less than the transformation of regular education by promoting positive school/ classroom cultures and structures, together with evidence-based practices.|SDG 4 - Quality education|disabled education inclusive general students|10.253007|2.4095013|2.0068722
10125|When teachers work together regularly, collaboration becomes a tool for recording, learning and sharing good practice. This is in line with the development of professional learning communities for teachers, which collaboratively analyse pedagogy and lesson content in order to continually refine practice. Much of the professional learning is embedded in daily activities, such as team teaching, curriculum building (multidisciplinary teams of teachers working collaboratively to design an integrated, multidisciplinary programme of study), collaborative lesson planning and team meetings.|SDG 4 - Quality education|collaboratively multidisciplinary lesson teachers learning|9.131413|1.513464|1.9177783
10126|The schools now also have to provide written information about the pupil’s results in relation to the national goals to make the pupils results clearer for the parents. The focus is further development in subjects and, included, didactic perspectives and skills. Teachers can keep 80% of their salary, while furthering their education in a subject that they teach.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pupil results clearer written pupils|9.439063|1.5955343|2.28071
10127|Revising and implementing Renewable Energy Law. Moving towards more dynamic electricity pricing (DSM Measures) and preferential dispatching. The central government's tight grip on pricing is a key challenge that could undermine its own efforts to enlarge the country's transmission and flexible generation capacity. Measures undertaken are usually heavily administrative: change is driven by target-setting rather than market forces.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|pricing revising measures tight preferential|1.918488|1.7820746|2.00824
10128|At the same time land-use and planning have important implications for housing policy. On the one hand they have direct effects on spatial segregation; on the other, they can limit the responsiveness of housing supply to other housing programmes by increasing the amount of time and the number of bureaucratic steps needed to obtain building permits (OECD, 2011). Furthermore, when land-use and planning restrictions limit housing supply, land and housing prices will capture the value of housing subsidies, with perverse effects on wealth distribution. Moreover, multiple levels of government are responsible for executing, regulating and sometimes delivering these policies. This high degree of complexity might lead to contrasting objectives and goals, with loss of efficiency and potentially wider negative effects on the economy. This paper identifies the main challenges faced by households in accessing good-quality affordable housing and analyses the housing policies put in place by OECD countries to understand the degree to which they share social policy objectives and pursue them through the implemented policy mix.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing effects land limit degree|4.87877|5.6888194|2.1440897
10129|In particular, they need to give priority to those teachers who have a permanent nomination and take into account their seniority. Teachers apply directly to schools and/or school boards and the hiring procedure typically involves interviews by the school board (Flemish Ministry of Education and TVaining, 2015). This can occur with “acceptable” qualifications, if the individual has a teaching degree for the relevant level of education but in a different field of study, or with “other” qualifications, when the individual has a degree other than a teaching degree and/or some relevant professional experience.|SDG 4 - Quality education|degree qualifications teaching teachers relevant|9.615028|1.2990968|2.3209965
10130|However, some countries that did not enjoy significant economic growth were also successful in reducing poverty. This shows that economic growth by itself cannot explain poverty changes and that income inequality is of paramount importance as a poverty reduction factor. After decomposing the poverty changes caused by economic growth and by shifts in inequality, they concluded that it was the rich who profited most from economic growth, as the average income of the wealthiest 20% increased by more than the average income overall.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty growth economic income inequality|6.317387|5.48066|4.824379
10131|"Public concessional funds flowing from developed to developing countries to address climate change are estimated to be USD 9-12 billion per year in 2008.14 Of this, funding for adaptation is estimated to be only a small fraction; annual financial flows for adaptation are estimated to be on the order of USD 100 to USD 200 million per year (OECD, 201 la; Corfee-Morlot et al., Each Member Country had its own interpretation of this concept and would not likely agree on a common baseline against which to establish additionality. The DAC has an active role to play in helping to clarify key concepts and relevant terminology, to facilitate a dialogue on this issue."" ( See for example Enting and Ilarmeling 2011 and further discussion in Section 3.2."|SDG 13 - Climate action|usd estimated adaptation morlot corfee|1.5125529|4.1372013|1.2033232
10132|Patients can choose any GP but as there is no gatekeeping system they can also choose to visit any medical specialist directly. There are low outpatient contacts per person (58 in 2015) and weak primary care governance (e.g lack of state inspection, supportive primary care policies). There is also relative underdevelopment of the primary care workforce with low income levels relative to specialists. More positively, the primary care system has been judged to be relatively effective and efficient in regard to coordination and comprehensiveness of care (Ktingos et aL, 2015; Kringosetal,2013).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary choose relative underdevelopment|9.31087|8.882575|1.6275069
10133|These plants are operated in a frequency sensitive mode, which will result in active power output changes, in response to a change in system frequency, to recover the target frequency. Reserves, regulated by balancing markets, play their role as part of the “solidarity principle” within the whole interconnected area (with many control areas combined)7 and participate in the primary adjustment, regardless of the area where the fault originated. The Union for the Coordination of the Transmission of Electricity (UCTE) recommends a primary control reserve margin of about 2.5% of the total installed capacity in an electricity generation system and that primary reserves are distributed homogeneously over the synchronous area.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|frequency primary reserves area control|1.3716404|1.3580148|1.8427154
10134|"This chapter outlines this complex financial landscape and the potential for countries to take action to tap the potential synergies among growing new sources of environment finance and traditional sources of development finance. Transitioning to loiv-carbon, climate-resilient and sustainable development pathways requires a holistic approach to finance and investment, shifting public and private finance from “brown"" to ""green” investments, scaling-up ""green” finance, and integrating environmental considerations into all relevant investments and government activities. The impact of these changes may fall indiscriminately across countries, population groups and generations, affecting in particular the poorest, the most vulnerable and those who have limited control over, and responsibility for, possible solutions."|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance green investments sources transitioning|2.012649|3.8952105|1.5217679
10135|On the other hand, the incubators operated by AFEM, the EBWA and the JFBPW are incubating as many women’s enterprises as 12 of the 18 mainstream business incubators combined. This suggests that when women’s enterprises are specifically targeted for incubation and the entrepreneurs are provided with preincubation preparation, women’s business incubators can be instrumental in producing a pipeline of viable, job-creating enterprises with potential for growth. Donors and international organisations have been vital in promoting the provision of BDS and incubation services to women entrepreneurs in the developing MENA economies. Donor-supported MSME projects often set targets for the inclusion of women among beneficiaries, such as the CIDA-funded EEDP project through El Mobadara. In addition, special BDS projects targeting women are largely donor-funded, such as the Business Development Center in the BWF-Palestine (Cherie Blair Foundation for Women), and the EntreElles in Regions Project in Morocco (GIZ).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|incubators women incubation bds enterprises|8.963833|3.3307629|6.5472364
10136|Although several studies analyse child poverty dynamics in single countries (e.g. Ashworth et al. Yet a cross-national perspective provides reference points for national results. It also helps explore the effects of varied policy environments or, at the very least, formulate relevant questions about policy effects (see Valletta 2006). The study analyses the extent of mobility along deciles of the income distribution, investigates if income growth among children has been pro-poor and if income mobility may have offset income inequality among children.|SDG 1 - No poverty|income mobility effects investigates deciles|7.3445067|6.206508|5.0366306
10137|Meeting water governance challenges calls for a mix of well-integrated policy measures. This can be difficult to achieve in a context of fragmented responsibilities among various public actors as decisions are made at different territorial levels (international, national, regional, municipal, basin, etc.). Greater policy coherence is called for, both horizontally and vertically, among different institutions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|horizontally vertically different fragmented coherence|1.2012113|7.130023|1.5164927
10138|In the United Kingdom, Denmark and Japan, there is larger mobility at the bottom, but there is some sticky ceiling at the top. In the remaining countries (except Chile), the situation stands at the average of the cardinal points mentioned above. Chile and Israel stand out with a very specific pattern of high mobility at the top and at the bottom. This is partly to be related to the income distribution in these countries, with incomes highly concentrated at the very top.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|mobility chile sticky ceiling stands|7.109029|5.0620728|4.746907
10139|While underreporting and misclassification may bias both the absolute level and the distribution of benefit recipiency, the impact on the distribution of benefits is likely to be smaller. This is akin to calculating the likelihood of benefit receipt for sub-groups of unemployed persons with particular demographic and labour market characteristics relative to the average. For the purposes of this section, the distribution of benefit recipiency is shown according to gender, age and migrant status, as well as according to the work experience and work status before becoming unemployed, and the length of time unemployed.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|recipiency unemployed distribution benefit status|7.491449|4.983234|4.2688847
10140|Among other things, it considers how responsibilities for school organisation and operation are distributed; how school quality assurance and development are structured (e.g. school self-evaluation, externality in quality assurance); how school leadership is organised, distributed and prepared; how resources in schools are organised to create environments conducive to effective teaching and learning (e.g. organisation of learning, outreach to parents and communities); and how school facilities and materials are used to support such environments (e.g. use of school facilities outside instruction hours). In Uruguay, 41.4% of 15-year-olds sitting the PISA 2012 assessment were enrolled in lower secondary education, and 58.6% in upper secondary education. Almost all students who sat the PISA assessment followed a general programme (97.3%) (OECD, 2013a, Tables IV.2.4 and IV.2.6).|SDG 4 - Quality education|school assurance organised iv environments|9.816812|1.8318797|2.4384282
10141|If urgent measures are not taken, this will be a recurrent event for years to come. Green tides are not the cause, but the unintentional consequence of coastal eutrophication. With the presence of sufficient nutrients and solar energy, these opportunistic species, with a well-adapted anatomy, morphology and physiology, will proliferate. Obviously, it would be beneficial to reduce nutrient loading at the source; but this may not be possible in the present context of economic development along the coastal zone of China.|SDG 14 - Life below water|coastal morphology eutrophication loading obviously|0.10627073|5.9107876|5.967797
10142|In reality, the proponents of these views have not only sought to undermine women's rights, but have simultaneously adopted policies that erode the conditions that enable families and their members to thrive. It is through families that people share resources such as housing and income, look after those who are sick and frail, and reproduce, nurture and care for the next generation. Families can be places of love and affection, and pivotal for each member's sense of identity and belonging. Over their lifetimes, around one in three women can expect to experience physical or sexual abuse at the hands of an intimate partner.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|families proponents love lifetimes nurture|9.511018|5.1776996|6.809724
10143|Family members delay visiting a doctor or do not seek help at all mainly for financial reasons. Forty-five per cent of the poorest quintile found it difficult or even impossible to pay for health care (World Bank 2009a). In Kazakhstan, the loss of purchasing power was already visible in slightly lower consumption in the first half of 2009 (real consumption decreased by 2.2 per cent compared to same period in 2008).|SDG 1 - No poverty|consumption visiting cent doctor delay|8.688088|8.876307|2.3314562
10144|Theory and experience shows that individual quotas often lead to resource conservation as they eliminate the race to fish, improve safety, reduce gear conflicts and loss, lead to greater economic stability, and improve the quality of the fish landed. Having the quotas transferable further lowers operating costs, improves resources rents and the investment climate, reduces fleet capacity, and increases profitability. But there might be social objectives that call for limitation on the transferability of quotas.|SDG 14 - Life below water|quotas fish lead improve landed|-0.18664174|5.732421|6.9556985
10145|The UN Law of the Sea governs some aspects such as the 200-mile zones around coasts and the right to exploit the continental shelf, but in theory, anyone can travel the rest of the world’s seas and exploit their resources relatively unhindered. Governing a shared, global resource like fish poses special problems. Conservation efforts by one group can be worthless if the only result is to allow another a bigger share of the catch.|SDG 14 - Life below water|exploit coasts mile shelf continental|0.1056283|5.585083|6.059569
10146|Technical standards are not harmonised, industry associations advocating clean energy are weak and there is consumer scepticism about the benefits of clean energy technologies. There is also little information on the effectiveness of various incentives and tax mechanisms. Access to funding from multilateral banks or financial institutions is weak. Project sponsors lack experience in preparing loan and funding requests.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|weak clean funding advocating harmonised|2.1228533|2.7968156|1.8989798
10147|Again, programmes emphasizing one-to-one and group education are likely to be most beneficial, and might initially be based on geographically identified areas of high need. Simple, low-cost interventions reorganising the way screening services are offered in primary care clinics have been shown to be effective in increasing uptake rates amongst disadvantaged localities, at least in the short term (Roetzbeim et al., The Czech Republic needs to look for quality improvements across the whole pathway of care for patients with cancer.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|emphasizing geographically localities care clinics|9.206363|9.552135|2.5657656
10148|Both analytical and numerically-derived methods are currently in use in implemented regulations to determine stream response to groundwater pumping. Where detailed numerical groundwater models are available, these have been used to determine the impact of pumping on stream depletion. Elsewhere, analytical and graphical methods based on solutions of the groundwater flow problem applied to the case of surface water-groundwater interaction are applied (as shown in Box 3.2).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater pumping stream analytical determine|0.74142677|7.5145564|2.8012743
10149|The goal is to ease access to the sector and encourage new entrants. At the same time, funds from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund support a move towards sustainable production which takes into account environmental, social and economic aspects. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture production account value yearbook|0.3933332|6.0648346|6.5917525
10150|If energy prices fall, then the return on the investment falls as well. A number of studies report strong linkages between the prices of energy and non-energy commodities, using a variety of methodologies (Baffes et al., This could lead to investments in energy-efficient storage systems, machinery or management of land.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy prices machinery falls methodologies|1.7425274|2.150654|1.8558316
10151|High-voltage power lines are a major source of mortality among birds (particularly predatory birds), killing more vultures than hunting or trapping activities. Night lighting has been shown to have significant impacts on populations of night-flying insects. Furthermore, roads are a major source of mortality for various species, including hedgehogs, snakes and birds, particularly during migration seasons. In 2008, the preparation of national forest inventory was launched; no inventory of other plants has ever been prepared in Kyrgyzstan.|SDG 15 - Life on land|birds night inventory mortality source|1.6466687|5.178363|3.93171
10152|Finally, given the problems people with criminal records face in finding employment, the authorities should consider removing barriers to expunging criminal records of those who have undergone treatment successfully. Tax Policy in the Age of Automation”, Harvard Law & Policy Review, Vol. Evidence on the Role of Urban Governance from Five OECD Countries”, OECD Regional Development Working Papers, No.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|criminal records undergone automation removing|7.8768983|4.450604|4.2531486
10153|See IEA (2008b) and IEA (2011a) for a discussion. As a result, the ambitious targets by 2050 for low-carbon energy in general, and renewable energy on a large scale, have considerable implications for competitive energy markets. The optimal mix of conventional generation to support increased variable renewable generation and ensure security of electricity supply will be different from the most economic mix prior to the introduction of large amounts of variable energy resources.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy iea mix variable generation|1.4001667|2.1617413|1.9283485
10154|This period coincides with the first implementation stages of the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in Amazonia Legal, or PPCDAm (Chapter 4), and of the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) programme (Box 5.1). Excluding natural monuments, wildlife refuge areas, areas of relevant ecological interest, fauna reserves and private natural heritage reserves, which together accounts for 0.7% of total officially protected area. Cadastro Nacional de Unidades de Conservagao.|SDG 15 - Life on land|reserves protected areas amazonia natural|1.5974268|4.9675193|4.1071916
10155|Again, it is important to note how Thailand and Myanmar define their primary forests as explained above. Myanmar has the greatest total remaining forest area but has also seen the greatest forest loss among the Mekong countries. Most of the decrease has been in the other naturally regenerated forests, with a much smaller portion of deforestation being reported in the remaining primary forests. The total population in 2015 was 15.6 million - it increased by approximately 73 percent during 1990 to 2015, with a 62 percent increase in rural population and a 130 percent increase in urban population.|SDG 15 - Life on land|percent forests myanmar greatest remaining|1.572705|4.5558386|4.079992
10156|In the intervening years, first with a serious economic contraction in the 1990s and then with lack of investment funds, these countries have not invested very much in building new capacity. As a result their power plant is both old and obsolete technologically. By contrast, China has been building new capacity rapaciously in the past 20 years and even accelerated its capacity building -using very high technologies—in the 2000s.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|building capacity intervening technologically contraction|1.5348588|1.9659528|2.2663121
10157|On the back of this initial success and demonstrated demand, Stargate is seeking investors fora new fund, Trapezia EIS II, with a target of £10 million. Yet less than 2.5 per cent out of a total of €3.5 billion of venture capital funding in the UK and Europe is going to companies with a female chief executive.’ Recognising an incredible market opportunity in the underserved segment of women entrepreneurs, Gita Patel, a dynamic and experienced finance executive, created the Trapezia EIS fund.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|executive fund underserved fora chief|8.7742815|3.37516|6.3925657
10158|Participation in education is one of the most effective means of overcoming socio-economic barriers. However, access to education may be limited by a number of factors - poverty, rural settings and a lack of flexible delivery options. Freeing instruction from the constraints of time, place and pace has the potential to provide new learning opportunities for many. Breaking down barriers to accessing education must be thought of as a process of widening participation in education rather than simply widening the audience.|SDG 4 - Quality education|widening education barriers participation audience|9.223656|2.3139975|2.6344862
10159|Studies on benefit take-up regularly find non-take-up rates in the order of 40% or more, indicating a significant combined deterrent effect of the various barriers. ( Since SA benefits are meant to alleviate poverty but are often not taken up, it is useful to take a closer look at the fraction of poor people that these benefits reach. To illustrate orders of magnitude, Figure 2 combines administrative data on benefit recipients with survey-based totals of the number of income-poor households. The resulting proportions are ‘pseudo coverage rates’, in the sense that they express the relative sizes of two groups that overlap only partially (some non-poor households may receive SA benefits).|SDG 1 - No poverty|sa poor benefits benefit totals|7.4665875|5.7617884|4.4268484
10160|However, exports in 2008 were significantly less because of the extraordinarily cold winter, with a record-high production of electricity that almost depleted the water reserves in the reservoir at the Toktogul hydropower station, the largest in the country. The project started in 1986 in Soviet times in a completely different context, and was designed to meet the demand in electricity and irrigation water for the whole region. With the emergence of new independent smaller republics in 1991, the plant capacity appeared oversized for single Kyrgyzstan and construction has slowed due to financial problems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|electricity appeared depleted cold reservoir|0.6274762|6.9662523|2.4782648
10161|The pattern is similar for native-born and foreign-bom workers, although the latter appear to benefit from considerably higher returns to tertiary education. Greater Accra, the region of the capital, had an average monthly wage in the medium range, while having the highest levels of education both for Ghanaian- and foreign-bom individuals (7.2 and 9.9 years respectively). Northern, Brong Ahafo and Eastern regions demonstrate the highest rates of poverty (Cooke et al., Overall, the pattern suggests that average educational attainment is positively linked with average real wages for foreign-born workers, while the opposite is true for native-born workers. Source: Authors’ own work based on Ghana Statistical Service (2016). Mincer-type regressions are undertaken to analyse what characteristics cause the discrepancies in real monthly wages between the foreign- and native-born workers (see Table 4.3).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|born foreign native workers bom|7.2997108|3.744652|4.237516
10162|Structural transformation requires an increase in both the quantity and the quality of energy supply, in line with producers’ demand and needs, to avoid it acting as a constraint on the development of new and existing productive activities. The enabling role of energy in structural transformation requires a continuous and reliable supply of energy for productive uses. This means, in particular, high-quality and well-maintained infrastructure for electricity generation, transmission and distribution.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|transformation productive energy structural requires|1.7473788|2.177506|2.204224
10163|Part of the reason for this is that we have not yet figured out reliable methods of accreditation, so that it is difficult for learners to convert their MOOC experience into qualifications that are relevant in the labour market. Holm Keller, former vice president of Leuphana University in Germany, developed an interesting collaborative variant of a MOOC for PISA, called PISA4U.20 He asked potential learners, most of them professional educators, to subscribe to a course and then grouped them based on an algorithm so that members of the group shared common aspirations about their education goals, but were as diverse as possible in virtually every other way. Those diverse groups then identified and worked on problems collaboratively, with each individual supported by an online mentor, and each group supported by an experienced tutor.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learners diverse supported variant collaboratively|9.630652|2.028502|2.8166656
10164|Sustainable management of water and sanitation underpins wider efforts to end poverty, advance sustainable development and sustain peace and stability. The world is not on track to achieve the global SDG 6 targets by 2030 at the current rate of progress. National governments must decide how to incorporate SDG 6 targets into national planning processes, policies and strategies, and set their own targets, taking into account local circumstances. Data underpin good water governance.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|targets sdg underpins sustainable underpin|1.5947304|6.683538|2.0178165
10165|In the Netherlands, charges apply to industrial and municipal discharges to state waters; they are linked with pollution loads which are computed based on coefficients and converted into population equivalent (p.e.), These systems were initially set up to recover the administrative costs of licensing, monitoring and enforcement, but in recent years, incentives for license holders to continuously reduce their discharges to water have become prominent. In New South Wales, a load-based licensing (LBL) scheme was introduced in 1999 to link license fees to pollutant emissions and to provide incentives to drive down pollution.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|license discharges licensing pollution incentives|1.5279187|7.373531|2.240272
10166|In addition, the free choice reform with a free establishment right for providers has tended to concentrate physicians in urban areas. The number of patients in Sweden reporting they have had to seek hospital emergency care because a primary care physician was not available is considerably higher than in most other EU countries (van den Berg et aL, 2016). Also, after-hour accessibility to primary care is often limited and unnecessary hospital emergency department visits for minor problems is a common complaint among both patients and health care professionals (Commonwealth Fund, 2016). However, the number of specialist nurses and other advance practice nurses remains low, and the number of new nurses graduating with specialty training and an advanced degree has fallen since 2005.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nurses care emergency hospital patients|9.318008|8.878482|1.8286443
10167|The Strategy for micro regions, introduced in 2001, has improved ministerial co-ordination efforts to assist a selected number of rural regions characterised by high levels of marginalisation. The strategy involves a mix of measures that combine social emergency relief; improvement of the infrastructure of public and basic services such as health, education, electricity and water; housing improvements; and support to the competitiveness of local activities. Particular emphasis has been placed on the 125 poorest municipalities of the country, many of which have a high share of the indigenous population. The Programme for the Development of Priority Zones (Programa para el Desarrollo de Zonas Prioritarias) has been the main initiative of the micro region strategy.|SDG 1 - No poverty|strategy micro regions marginalisation desarrollo|3.9946952|5.318942|2.1653674
10168|A cohort study in the United Kingdom provides evidence for a causal link showing that a third of people who showed symptoms of arthritis had left work due to ill health (Oxford Economics, 2010). Workers who report arthritis or back pain have mean lost productive times of 5.2 hours per week in the United States (Stewart el al., Another US study showed arthritis to be associated with a 0.9 hour work loss per day (Goetzel et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|arthritis showed study stewart pain|9.628929|8.931486|2.6026416
10169|An equity financing gap, which hinders the capacity of women to fund innovative ventures. A networking gap, generated by the low numbers of women entrepreneurs in innovationintensive industries and by the low visibility of successful innovative women. Several countries are taking concrete steps to promote women innovators and high-growth entrepreneurs (European Commission, 2008), recognising that economic growth relies on the continuous marketing and application of new ideas - many of which women generate.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women entrepreneurs innovative gap ventures|8.905766|3.436679|6.3264656
10170|The full-cost fees charged by private higher education institutions for similar programmes would range from USD 9 434.0 to USD 26 415.1, depending on their international-local components. Higher education analysts have voiced concern regarding the amount of government subsidy and the extent to which it is sustainable, given that higher education costs will continue to rise universally. R.M. (2010), Access and Equity in Higher Education, Malaysia.|SDG 4 - Quality education|higher education usd universally analysts|8.965369|2.2054667|2.7807758
10171|It begins with an exploration of the origins of cities providing an understanding of the main focus of urban policies. This is followed by an examination of urban planning challenges and possible ways to improve urban planning practice in the country. The largest section of this chapter focuses on possible responses to urban development challenges.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban possible challenges planning origins|3.976713|5.287876|1.7061006
10172|The Directive further requires that Member States adopt waste management plans and waste prevention programmes. The issue of plastic waste is spread over the legislation, for instance the separate plastic waste collection target 2015 in the Waste Framework Directive and the 50% household waste collection target by 2020. When it comes to packaging, which includes the largest plastic waste stream, the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62) was the first directive that put forward quantified targets for certain substances in packaging, as well as prescribing by what means packaging waste should be recycled or recovered. The directive also includes qualitative objectives for the prevention of packaging waste and promoting of reuse. This is also put forward in article 15, and furthermore by allowing for the introduction of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) on packaging in article 4 and article 6 of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (EC 94/62).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|packaging waste directive plastic article|0.5325568|3.9332354|3.0490992
10173|The point of departure is based on what is considered to be of most importance in a Nordic context, such as aspects related to common natural resources, common resource use, common cultural and behaviour aspects and common governance aspects. Examples discussed have been tourism and recreation; forestry, including industrial to mountain forests (fjallnara skog); various agricultural activities; reindeer husbandry; aquaculture; fishery; marine areas and coastal zones; urban areas and urban sprawl. Also, marshlands (fens) and natural pastures of the fennoscandic type might be among those most important because they depend on the development trend in forestry and agriculture towards larger units and more intensive production. And common natural resource use, such as marine areas, and land use activities that also affect cross-border habitats of species, and ultimately ecosystem services. ( Effects of energy production and infrastructure, and invasive alien species might be aspects to include here. (|SDG 15 - Life on land|common aspects natural forestry marine|1.3516926|5.023714|3.9091775
10174|Some of these efforts were undertaken through the National Water Commission (CONAGUA)’s Technical Council. The council is an inter-ministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating the commission’s programmes, projects, budget and operations, as well as co-ordinating water policies and defining common strategies across multiple ministries and agencies (SEMARNAT; SEDESOL; Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food [SAGARPA.]; Treasury; Energy; CONAFOR; and IMTA).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|council commission conafor sedesol semarnat|0.950164|7.1650066|1.6758657
10175|The creation of Boards of Trustees opens up avenues for improved transparency and reporting procedures at the school level, but their roles are still unclear. Additional funds need to be spent wisely and go alongside improving the efficiency of public funds’ use. Investments should be prioritised to the early educational years as well as to equity- and quality-enhancing aspects. Another priority should be the strengthening of the performance monitoring and accountability mechanisms in the education system. Also, the budget envelope should be increased only slowly, in parallel with the increase of the capacity of the system to absorb new programmes and new approaches.|SDG 4 - Quality education|funds opens avenues prioritised absorb|9.531288|1.9862516|2.134564
10176|A study of the city of Toronto and its metropolitan area conducted in 2005 gives an idea of the costs that congestion can produce (OECD, 2010b). The average commuting time in Toronto was one of the highest among metropolitan regions in the OECD, with congestion imposing costs estimated at CAD 2.7 billion per year. In particular, it focuses on the development of efficient public transportation systems, implementing pricing and other mechanisms for affecting vehicle ownership and use, incorporating new technologies in managing transportation challenges, adopting new modes of work, and reforming land use and urban planning. The development of bus and rail networks can therefore play an important role in reducing traffic congestion.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|congestion toronto metropolitan transportation cad|4.249138|4.926378|0.73070884
10177|By this definition, approximately 40 million of the EU's 250 million people are currently living in jobless households. But in 2008, a start was made towards monitoring child poverty. After consultations, a set of indicators specific to the lives of children was included as a special module in the 2009 round of the European Union Statistics on income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).|SDG 1 - No poverty|eu living million jobless module|7.154777|6.4656076|5.228637
10178|As such, there is a need for a thorough qualitative, comprehensive, informant-based analysis with long-term policy implications that covers the Arab countries from a regional perspective. This study attempts to fill this gap, both by shedding light on the structural and contextual conditions that allow for the occurrence of child marriage in the region in times of ‘peace’ as well as in the context of humanitarian crises, and by exploring the consequences of child marriage for girls in both conflict and post-conflict settings. The study attempts to distinguish between, on the one hand, structural determinants of child marriage that have long been present in many Arab countries, such as embedded gender imbalances and institutionalized inequalities, and, on the other hand, contextual determinants of child marriage that result from situations of displacement, conflict, and instability compounded by extreme poverty. The overall aim is to strengthen the capacities of Arab policymakers and advocacy groups to prevent, protect from, and respond to child marriage as a form of Gender Based Violence (GBV)19 and as a human rights violation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage child arab conflict contextual|9.586954|5.234951|6.9155917
10179|This near universal access means that televised educational content has the greatest chance of reaching the most students in disadvantaged and rural areas. As of December 2014, Thailand had 97.7 million mobile subscribers (Leesanguansuk, 2015). It currently has the third highest mobile broadband penetration rate among Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, around 50 million users, and will become the second largest mobile broadband subscriber in Southeast Asia after Singapore once the rollout of the high-speed, fourth generation (4G) network is complete. Thailand should continue its digital investments in both, making sure it balances spending between expenditure on devices and Internet access, and expenditure on technical maintenance costs for schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|mobile southeast broadband thailand expenditure|4.8803034|2.8180912|1.4832559
10180|This requires government involvement in creating standards. On the one hand, they can ensure that the process of how personal consumer information is shared among companies is transparent.190 On the other hand, public bodies are well placed to ensure the delicate balance between security and the necessary openness of cyberspace.191 Cybersecurity is increasingly viewed as a public good that can only be generated through binding regulation. While SMEs that can meet standards will benefit, creating an additional requirement for participating in trade means firms that cannot comply will be left further behind. Microsoft developed and shared good practices in the secure development lifecycle.193 The Open Web Application Security Project, a non-profit organization, develops voluntary security standards that are open and free to use.194 In Switzerland, the Reporting and Analysis Centre for Information Assurance MELANI, a government agency, provides support for the security of computer systems, the internet, and protection of critical national infrastructures.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|security standards shared creating open|4.577792|2.9167128|2.038715
10181|The degree to which the questions of the survey were answered by the authorities differs and hence it was not possible to analyze every element selected for review for the group of 32 or even 36 capital cities. United Nations Statistical Division database. Yet some data, like e.g. such necessary to examine the demand for motorized and non-motorized transport were estimated based on modal spilt information available for many of the cities of the European Union region32.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|motorized cities answered analyze modal|6.7662797|5.583893|4.8124266
10182|For this purpose, the stated capacity increase of wind and PV power plants is divided by the increase of the stated grid reinforcement costs or the difference of the stated grid costs. No additional costs for information and communication technologies which are required for the implementation of smart grids are explicitly considered. A striking feature is that the traditional daily, weekly and seasonal patterns of the demand load are no longer reflected in the residual load, which is dominated by the variability of renewable generation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|stated load grid costs reinforcement|1.5869101|1.3935018|1.9279284
10183|In general, countries' urban populations are defined as the residents whose main source of income is not from agriculture or forestry (Satterthwaite, 2010). Urban population projections often do not include high- and low-variant estimations, which are typical of world population projections published by the United Nations (Satterthwaite, 2007; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2012). Moreover, the traditional urban/rural dichotomy has become increasingly inadequate for distinguishing between urban and rural settlements.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban projections population nations variant|4.4298306|5.213743|2.1658697
10184|Unfortunately, the current use of linear regression to derive estimates does not allow rapid changes in coverage to be captured. The increased availability of comparable data now allows for the exploration of more sophisticated modeling in preparation for a new, post-2015 drinking water target.” It seems likely that JMP may envisage the adoption of more reliable data estimation methods for calculating water and sanitation targets and indicators, as developed in a post-2015 development agenda.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|post modeling envisage exploration calculating|1.4471055|6.9598575|2.5530486
10185|By motivating and supporting their students to learn and adapting their teaching methods to particular needs of immigrant and refugee students, they can help improve academic and well-being outcomes of their students. They need tools and guidance to help them adapt their teaching strategies to the needs of immigrant and refugee students. In Sweden, schools have considerable decision-making autonomy, in particular in pedagogy and curriculum implementation and resource management. They are thus key actors in reducing the gap between immigrant and native students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students immigrant refugee teaching motivating|9.946211|2.6586947|2.630761
10186|A system of public co-financing for some environmental NGOs activities was established in 2000. A recent poll found that only 19% of the population was aware of the public consultation process on management plans under the Water Framework Directive. Half of the people interviewed expressed an intention to participate (European Commission, 2009). It would be useful to examine ways of developing a volunteer culture in Luxembourg.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|volunteer poll interviewed intention aware|1.2112683|7.0643935|1.6100997
10187|The Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) sets out 7 global targets and 4 priorities for action to reduce disaster related risk, including improving resilience and protecting the environment (UNISDR, 2015). Finally the Paris Agreement on climate change (UNFCCC, 2015) set a new course on international co-operation to address climate change. The implications of these agreements go beyond development co-operation to shape policy making in all countries, developed and developing, sending signals to investors, business, local authorities and communities that a new, environmentally sustainable way of doing business is emerging. When implemented, the 2015 international agreements will shape a new era of development cooperation, building on the experience of the past decades and reorienting development to address the drivers of poverty from inequality and climate change to resource degradation, conflict and overconsumption.|SDG 13 - Climate action|shape disaster agreements climate change|1.5885234|4.689159|1.6754905
10188|Figure 1 illustrates different patterns of urban areas. The ongoing debate on the environmental benefits of compact urban areas partly originates from the fact that the notion of compactness covers various dimensions. Findings and conclusions may well vary with the studied urban structure indicator, air pollutant, and measure of pollution (i.e. concentration or emission levels). In addition to environmental improvements, continuous urban areas may induce benefits such as energy savings, lower costs of maintenance for energy and transport systems, improvement of quality of life through local services and jobs, and more efficient infrastructure investments (OECD, 2012a). In this respect, a compact urban area, given its proximate development, is expected to produce lower emissions of transport-related pollutants compared to a fragmented urban area (e.g. Urban area 2 and Urban area 4).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban area compact areas transport|3.7391858|4.903432|1.1352855
10189|Depicting a new foundational infrastructure layer for the currently implemented carbon certificate systems (e.g. EU ETS), a far more flexible and deeply entrenched certification and trading service can be established across all markets. Quota rules and certificate circulation can be controlled by the rules defined in smart contracts, which enforce certificate-related transactions in an automated fashion. On the other hand, climate-mitigating investments (e.g. forests and wetlands) could be sources of carbon credits, which could be monetised by creating, tracking and trading newly generated credits using blockchain technology.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|certificate credits trading rules carbon|3.8109508|2.5614924|2.013241
10190|The government is taking this challenge seriously and has introduced a number of key policies to raise the status and quality of teachers. The most significant of these policies is the Law on Teachers and Lecturers (Law No. The Law on Teachers and Lecturers requires all teachers to hold an academic bachelor’s degree and to successfully achieve certification.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers law bachelor seriously policies|9.4887705|1.2232839|2.1529686
10191|Se ha dedicado una section especifica a las pensiones no contributivas, su evolution en todo el mundoy su potencial para solucionar las deficiencias existentes en el acceso a la proteccion de las personas de edad avanzada de los diferentes grupos de ingresos y genero. Por ultimo, se analizan algunos de los com-ponentes mas relevantes incorporados a los sistemas de pensiones contributivas a fin de protegera las mujeres en el seno de la familia, incluido el derecho de lasmujeresviudasydivorciadasa recibiruna pension y los creditos de cotizacion para las y los cuidadores. Dado que las mujeres cuentan con historiales contributivos mas limitados y que su esperanza de vida supera a la de los hombres, las politicas que refuerzan los requisitos contributivos o hacen hincapie en el ahorro individual pueden dificultar la obtencion de prestaciones adecuadas por parte de las mujeres.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|las los el su mujeres|8.856497|5.6415296|5.1636753
10192|Kazakhstan reacted quickly and introduced a public works programme, together with retraining and internship activities (see section 4 above). They protect the incomes of the poor and at the same invest in infrastructure building or social service provision. They are especially appropriate in a situation of high unemployment.|SDG 1 - No poverty|internship retraining quickly works invest|4.592381|5.4588375|1.8552052
10193|Established in 2004-2005, these courses used to be offered by various institutions, including schools, training centres and polytechnics and enlisted more than 12 000 participants in 2014-2015. As of 2015-2016, polytechnics are no longer authorised to offer these courses. Student numbers declined that year to 6 300.|SDG 4 - Quality education|polytechnics courses authorised offered participants|8.59096|2.5229614|2.8850112
10194|Furthermore, Universiti Sains Malaysia’s School of Distance Learning was the first distance learning programme at the tertiary level in Malaysia. There is a lack of a region-wide co-ordinating structures and mechanisms to articulate a long-term vision and implement an integrated development strategy for all educational institutions. As a consequence, federal policy is vertically linked with each higher education institution with limited attention to horizontal relationships among institutions within a region.|SDG 4 - Quality education|distance malaysia learning institutions vertically|7.2661653|2.5453696|2.4740446
10195|In order to ensure that the institutional activity reflects not only national but also the state and regional needs and priorities, to reduce duplication of efforts and to improve better planning and reporting, direct state involvement in compact discussions would be desirable. The Victorian Government will need to carefully balance the provision of regional education with the projected demand - growth or reduction - in order to focus tertiary education provision on local needs rather than maintaining existing university campuses or opening additional campuses. As an intermediate step support should be provided for tertiary education learning and extension centres that draw on a range of providers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary education provision victorian order|7.8797007|2.4993658|2.50126
10196|Chapter 4 provides an overview of the most relevant frameworks to support business in providing accountability to their stakeholders. The Corporate Register9 database collects the environmental, sustainability and integrated reports most of the worlds’ largest organizations. It has collected almost 6 000 reports, the majority of which (almost 3.000 reports) come from Europe. Figure 1 shows how the content of these reports has moved gradually from an almost exclusive focus on environmental issues towards a more holistic approach, involving the reporting of social and economic issues as well.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|reports issues worlds collects environmental|1.9863415|4.082068|1.607554
10197|In 1992, it issued general Recommendation No. The committee offered a series of comments concerning gender-based violence, and suggested that states parties take these into account in reviewing their laws and policies, and reporting under the convention. It affirms that violence against women violates, impairs or nullifies women’s human rights and their exercise of fundamental freedoms.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence freedoms reviewing recommendation comments|9.934851|5.1819086|7.484344
10198|Building on progress being made through technical advances, fisheries management and the EAF, the hope is to address the long-standing issue of food loss and undue damage to the ecosystems caused by bycatch and discards. Success will depend on combined efforts by governments, civil society, the private sector, fishers and consumers in applying context-specific solutions. These policies aim to restore badly overfished and damaged marine and coastal resources in the respective countries. A crucial element in this development has been capacity building of key stakeholders through the processes of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF).|SDG 14 - Life below water|eaf fisheries building discards bycatch|-0.09506277|5.803047|6.484281
10199|Altogether, 7,000 participants from 473 partners have undertaken a course run by the Academy. Formal education courses on offer to tourism are now more relevant than was the case in 2010. Close continuous contact with the national tourism organisations and industry organisations have proved decisive in creating relevance, ownership and popularity. There has been a change of attitude towards greater recognition that continuing education is an investment that pays dividends in terms of both job satisfaction and the bottom line for the business.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism organisations popularity dividends academy|6.5713553|3.7474995|2.9106295
10200|Several developing countries have iterated their concern regarding availability of climate finance to achieve the more ambitious goal. This presents a significant challenges for both domestic as well as international investments and finance. One approach to ensuring that investments are compatible with the goal of well below 20 C is to develop and apply criteria for individual projects.|SDG 13 - Climate action|goal investments finance compatible ambitious|1.8232708|4.002492|1.298845
10201|However, as the penetration of variable renewables in the system grows, they will need to become normal actors in the overall energy markets. It opened the opportunity for renewable energy generators under the FIT scheme to opt for selling electricity directly into the market. This has been applied in particular for wind farms. Under the market premium model, a wind farm sells its produced output to a third party at the market price rather than selling it to the grid operator at the regulated feed-in-tariff.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|selling wind market sells opt|1.8629055|1.6738452|1.9553393
10202|Overall, costs of air pollution from carbon-based sources are orders of magnitude higher than those from non-carbon-based ones, and the air pollution costs of coal-based electricity are much higher than those from other carbon-based fuels (see Table 5.1 below). From 2005 until 2014, S02 emissions from electricity generators under the US Environmental Protection Agency’s trading programmes have thus fallen by 69% from approximately 10 million tonnes to 3 Mt and NOx emissions by 55% from approximately 3.6 Mt to 1.6 Mt in the same time frame. In comparison, road transport accounts for 53 000 deaths per year. The electricity sector also accounts for 38% of NH3 (ammonia) emissions and 70% of S02 (sulphur dioxide) emissions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mt emissions carbon electricity based|1.3818041|2.547661|2.2537363
10203|Car dominance is higher than in Seoul (Figure 3.10). Currently, the bus accounts for around 30% of total commutes, compared with only 3% for the subway. However, as the Suwon city government forecasts, continued investments in railways (mainly the metropolitan subway in the capital area) will contribute to reshaping the traffic landscape of the city, giving a strong impulse to the city’s modal shift towards public transport (Suwon, 2016).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|subway city reshaping modal railways|4.0346875|4.818713|0.80108947
10204|This action must begin now - with the increasing intensity of climate change impacts, building resilience will become ever more difficult. Delaying the transformation of the agricultural sectors will force poorer countries to fight poverty, hunger and climate change at the same time. Wide adoption of practices such as the use of nitrogen-efficient and heat-tolerant crop varieties, zero-tillage and integrated soil fertility management would boost productivity and farmers' incomes, and help lower food prices. By one estimate, the number of people at risk of undernourishment in developing countries in 2050 could be reduced by more than 120 million through widespread use of nitrogen-efficient crop varieties alone.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|varieties nitrogen crop efficient tillage|3.4688125|5.365743|4.154039
10205|The benefits are significant for disadvantaged pupils (e.g. Blau and Currie, 2006). According to PISA, native-born children of immigrants who attended pre-primary school are a full year ahead of their peers who stayed at home, in terms of reading skills. Recognising this, the provision of cost-effective and quality childhood education and care has been on the government's agenda in many OECD countries (Box 3.2). These efforts can be continued. Only a few OECD countries, notably New Zealand, Norway and Sweden have established such an integrated ECEC system under one lead ministry which provides continuous development for pre-school children. The integration of care and education under the Ministry of Education influenced the style of curriculum that was developed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pre education ministry style stayed|9.440319|2.6526368|2.1517467
10206|Hence, any preferences given to pre-existing abstraction/pollution sources should usually be time-limited. Explicit consideration should therefore be given to the possibility that the regulatory approach could be partially replaced by market-based instruments (taxes or trading systems). These taxes provide incentives for polluters and resource users to change their behaviour today. They also provide long-term incentives to innovate for a more water secure future tomorrow. Although water taxes are not strongly supported by the public in all contexts, there are various ways in which this support can be increased over time (e.g. through measures to limit negative impacts on the competitiveness of certain sectors and/or on income distribution).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|taxes incentives tomorrow given polluters|1.4588857|7.1149883|2.144018
10207|According to the evidence presented in Chapter 1, in the state of Morelos, the schools located in the smaller cities that are at the periphery of metropolitan areas seem to concentrate poorer student performances and may require greater attention. Increasing the quality of the teaching and learning that children benefit from in basic education directly affects the rest of their scholastic journey. Despite the existence of scholarship programmes intended to incentivise attendance, improving the transition from basic education to upper secondary education in the state of Morelos is an uphill battle. The relationship between schools’ educational resources and mathematics scores in PISA is significant. Evidence also shows that, on average across OECD countries, higher-performing students generally attend schools with better educational resources (OECD, 2012a; OECD, 2013a). Educational resources tend to refer to science laboratory equipment, instructional materials/computers and/or qualified teachers in key areas, whereas physical infrastructure tends to refer to school buildings, heating and cooling systems, and instructional space.|SDG 4 - Quality education|morelos instructional educational schools refer|9.5403|1.9518365|2.8137007
10208|Blockchain-based solutions modernise the technology tools available for renewable energy tracking, trading, and reporting systems while also disintermediating the process and reducing transaction and administrative costs in certificate of origin markets. Agricultural and natural land screening - By combining remote sensing, image processing and blockchain technology, a verifiable screening of forests and agricultural land can be established. The natural carbon sinks can be accounted for in near real-time and payments related to their growth, or shrinking can be settled automatically and securely on a blockchain-based platform. For example, the platform can allow screening for the achievement of company or country level mitigation commitments (CLI, 2018b). Yet, a crowd-sourced data platform, connected to suitable (nano) satellites may provide the data for a fraction of today’s prices and maintain data integrity. Initiatives have already started to explore options of using remote sensing to provide earth observation data at low cost and high security (Stocker, 2017).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain screening platform sensing data|4.010105|2.5589824|2.050224
10209|Differing from other attempts to assess vulnerability to climate change, our assessment only considers the expected impact of climate change on physical variables.2 These variables are of course likely to have socio-economic consequences, but they are not socio-economic variables. The rationale behind such an index is two-fold. Second, this physical index does not involve an assessment of the expected impact of climate change on variables such as health and agriculture, which unavoidably is highly uncertain and debatable. The physical index can simply be seen as an intermediary step to assess the link between climate change and these economic variables.|SDG 13 - Climate action|variables index physical climate change|1.3462187|4.945916|1.9120421
10210|Thus, clear and transparent competition-based decisions in the area of merger between health insurers should be secured by being based on published merger assessment methodology. The enhanced competition among health insurers has constrained prices of hospital services and outpatient prescription drugs. Moreover, competition among hospitals has increased due to the entry of a substantial number of freestanding clinics (ZBCs). Nevertheless, health care spending has increased because of a sharp rise in the volume of care, including in mental health care (Box 1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|competition merger insurers health care|8.579976|8.951133|1.6581962
10211|With the number of vessels and employment continuously falling during the last few years, the structural adjustment process is considered to be ongoing. The most difficult situation occurs in the cod fishery, especially in the Western part of the Baltic Sea. Although according to the latest stock assessments (2016) most of the stocks vital to the Danish fishing industry' show improvement, the Western Baltic cod stock is still in poor condition.|SDG 14 - Life below water|cod baltic western stock continuously|0.094603375|5.9043536|6.6482444
10212|A falling but persistent net (i.e. unexplained) wage gap of about 7% in favour of men, coupled with under-representation of women as managers and entrepreneurs, further reduce the incentive for women to take full advantage of their high levels of human capital. Priority should be given to removing those barriers by increasing public spending on childcare and out-of-school-hours care at the cantonal and municipal levels. Existing regulations regarding childcare provision should also be investigated to see whether a broader range of price and quality childcare options is feasible.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|childcare unexplained investigated levels removing|9.016701|5.0576653|5.6181617
10213|However, responsibilities are often not well defined and incomplete, therefore limiting local actions. Taking down a tree requires the approval of the national government, for instance. As a result of the lack of a clear national policy framew'ork and w'ell-defmed responsibilities, LGUs have taken some critical responsibilities in the management of urban utilities, such as water supply, without efficient legislative framework.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|responsibilities framew lgus ell ork|1.3377569|7.132272|1.7664421
10214|The state will be relying on higher education institutions (HEIs) to realise these objectives and will be seeking their increasing engagement both in relation to research and accelerated skills development within the region. Migration has been both internal and international. Internal migration from the country’s other less developed regions has possibly been higher than that from other countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|internal migration heis realise relying|7.603294|2.5293472|2.5162182
10215|In the case of Dublin, the recently developed portions of the bus network perform better than shared mobility, while the older, non-urban portions of the network do not perform as well as shared mobility. In Helsinki, replacing current bus feeder services with heavy public transport and replacing low frequency services with shared mobility both improve outcomes. All scenarios modelled reduce costs and increase connectivity and access.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|shared mobility portions replacing bus|4.251082|4.8980427|0.53367144
10216|For some of the larger ASEAN members (Indonesia and Thailand), the rate of undernourishment is projected to drop below the 5% threshold that the FAO uses to delineate food-insecure countries. Fisheries sector production, capture fisheries and aquaculture included, will play a particularly important role in food security in the ASEAN region over the medium term. Fish products already form an important part of the regional diet and represent an important source of income for many.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|asean important fisheries delineate food|4.1789346|5.4654922|4.490602
10217|Therefore, they affect larger shares of population (for instance in Switzerland and the Netherlands). In countries where health coverage is mainly linked to occupation, policies ensuring universal access to health coverage are all the more important in times of crisis. Countries have to make sure that people who lose their job do not lose health coverage at the same time.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage lose health sure occupation|8.664849|8.803562|2.5473952
10218|This chapter highlights the need for effective policy mixes to address the multiple and sometimes cumulative pressures on marine biodiversity. It provides a framework for designing and evaluating policy mixes. The role of marine spatial planning, and other instruments, such as fish catch regulations and water pollution control measures, are discussed. As highlighted in Chapter 1, the pressures on marine biodiversity are multiple, and stem from different actors (public and private), sectors, and occur at different geographical scales (Table 5.1).|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine mixes pressures multiple biodiversity|0.06892475|5.627877|6.064064
10219|The level of energy subsidy for any economy is clearly inversely related to the consumption of coal (and lignite) used in electricity production. Given the potential welfare gains and improvement to competitiveness, as well as the reduced strain on public finances that could be derived from removing these subsidies, subsidy reform is a strong motivation for diversifying energy sources, specifically towards renewables. However it is undeniably a difficult policy choice which requires strong political support and the willingness to take a long-term view.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidy strong inversely diversifying strain|1.7458768|2.2157485|2.2078292
10220|Their contents are largely complementary. While the primary legal and policy framework for water resources management is in place, secondary legislation still needs to be developed for many aspects, and practical implementation lags behind, requiring stronger institutional cooperation, as well as investments. Nevertheless, setting ambitious national targets would be an important measure to drive progress in this area.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|contents lags ambitious requiring complementary|1.1522938|7.121218|1.8931851
10221|Plastics are by far the most prevalent debris item recorded, contributing an estimated 60 to 80 per cent of all marine debris. Some pieces are large—they can be measured in metres and can cause problems such as entanglement. However, plastic microparticles (up to 5 millimetres in size) and even smaller nanoparticles (up to one millionth of a millimetre) are of increasing concern.|SDG 14 - Life below water|debris pieces plastics plastic item|0.016375955|5.6781883|5.714921
10222|The estimates came with two caveats: a) the figures given were preliminary partial estimates of mobilised private climate finance, drawing on private co-financing data associated with public finance interventions as best-available evidence at the time of the analysis and b) direct co-financing does not necessarily equate to mobilisation and does not capture the indirect mobilisation effect of capacity building, budgetary support and domestic policies. In the lead up to this, an OECD DAC survey in 2015 collected data on the amounts mobilised from the private sector through three development finance instruments: guarantees, syndicated loans, and shares in common investment vehicles (Benn et al., The survey focused on development finance generally rather than on climate finance in isolation, but it found that over the course of three years (2012 to 2014), 18% of the finance mobilised through use of these instruments from the private sector was climate related i.e. around USD 2.2 billion.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance mobilised private mobilisation climate|1.659469|3.9686697|0.9219305
10223|International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Strategic grain reserves - Guidelines for their establishment, management and operation”, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, Rome. Org/docrep/w4979e/w4979e00.htm#Contents. Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Market: Policy Responses”, Background Policy Report for the G20 Summit in Paris in November 2011, Rome.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rome policy bulletin agricultural food|3.9541538|5.0940866|4.213503
10224|For this reason, a range of indicators are selected that capture gender inequality at different stages of the life cycle. Lastly, the chapter focuses on the indicators that have been shown to matter for the overall development of the societies (e.g. World Bank, 2011). For this reason, not all key issues that affect women’s well-being and are included in contemporary gender inequality indices could be covered. It was not possible, for instance, to include measures such as income or access to high-paying jobs, which are crucial factors for the economic standing of women (Kabeer, 1999).6 What is lost in comparability with present-day indices, however, is made up for in the long-term perspective.7 Despite constraints in data availability, there are theoretical and methodological criteria behind the choice of the gender equality variables employed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|indices gender reason inequality indicators|9.264705|4.629865|6.408184
10225|It revealed that Ofsted has little direct control over this aim, except regarding statutory provisions for identifying and monitoring schools and regulatory control of childcare. Findings indicate that well-managed providers and those that cause concern are the most likely to benefit from inspections. This study provides a more detailed look at the quality of early years settings in England (United Kingdom).|SDG 4 - Quality education|control inspections revealed statutory england|9.492683|2.4820776|1.7262831
10226|While most countries have no limits for mortality registration, some countries impose a lower limit on gestational age and/or weight threshold for a death to be counted as a “death after live birth”. This limit is higher for the Russian Federation (28 weeks) than for other countries (see OECD, 2009). Results appear to be in the form of confidence intervals. Lower death rates reached the more problematic groups (25- to 39-year-olds) last.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|death limit intervals lower countries|8.870913|8.472622|3.569717
10227|Education is mostly delivered by publicly funded institutions maintained by the jurisdictions while the federal government provides some funding towards post-secondary education and provides programmes that support skills development. Education on First Nations reserves is delivered by First Nations themselves, with funding assistance from the federal government. Investment in educational institutions is slightly above the OECD average.|SDG 4 - Quality education|delivered federal nations education funding|9.125475|2.219533|2.335839
10228|Distributed energy production should also promote improvements to the grid, increasing the interconnections with adjacent regions in the north (including neighbouring regions in Sweden and Finland), opening up new business opportunities in those areas affected by slow but constant depopulation and ageing (Box 13.2). Home to approximately 1 800 people, this seems to be the most proactive municipality in the region when it comes to using RE to generate local employment. Taking advantage of new powers granted to local levels by central government for promoting RE deployment (see below), the Storfjord municipality has already developed a local plan for small-scale hydro-electric development, steering projects into suitable sites which do not conflict with tourism or the environment. They are also thinking about exporting energy to Sweden, and building a power transmission Une and a railway to transport processed minerals from Sweden in winter (when the North Baltic is frozen).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sweden municipality local north regions|1.9165974|2.0682466|2.2849844
10229|Where value for money cannot be demonstrated, consideration should be given to dropping programmes such as general health checks and redirecting this investment to other health care activities. At the same time, the low rates of uptake of interventions proven to reduce mortality - such as cancer screening - point to the need to widen access to professionals and the public and incentivise both to engage in preventive health care more actively. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Some elements of the preventive health care put in place for these conditions is excellent, notably the quality control surrounding breast screening, the early introduction of screening for colorectal cancer relative to other OECD countries and the surveillance carried out by the Czech Republic’s long-standing cancer registry.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|screening cancer preventive health care|9.188135|9.573369|2.6188498
10230|In line with the standard discourse, employment in industry increased slightly for Thai-bom workers and considerably for foreign-bom workers, suggesting increasing industrialisation in Thailand’s economy and an important role for immigrant labour in this process. Due to the increased employment opportunities in manufacturing and in other sectors, there has been increased female immigration from abroad as well as heightened rural-urban immigration by foreign-born women rather than foreign-bom men. In general, foreign-bom workers (male and female) tend to be present more in the urban areas of Thailand with the magnitude increasing over time.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom foreign immigration workers thailand|7.204042|3.6096582|4.2279015
10231|However, 22 cases of malaria, with three cases of death, were reported in 2014; 14 cases were reported during the last five years (2009-2013). After a peak reached in 2007, leishmaniasis incidence decreased. Air monitoring is carried out near major transport and industrial hotspots (chapters 3 and 8). Transport accounts for 87 per cent of CO, 70 per cent of NOx, 50 per cent of SO2 and 40 per cent of VOCs in urban areas.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent cases reported transport hotspots|8.596844|9.18256|3.2693958
10232|This shift coincided with a rising conflict between the “agro-economic coalition” represented mainly by the Ministry of Agriculture which wished to maintain the subsidised water prices for the agricultural sector, and the “economists coalition” represented mainly by the Ministry of Finance which advocated for an economic-based scale of tariffs as well as a mechanism to regulate the demand and increase the sector’s efficiency (Menachem and Gilad, 2013). This dispute caused years of stalemate between these power centers, which left the pricing system for agricultural uses as low and subsidised as possible. The main agreed principle was to relate the sector’s freshwater price to the average production and supply costs (including desalination), throughout Israel (Feinerman et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|coalition subsidised represented sector mainly|1.2353863|7.509796|2.5151427
10233|Main stakeholders (institutions, agencies, organizations and persons affected by the park presence or who are developing activities within and nearby the park border) are represented on the Consultative Council, which holds biannual meetings. Optionally, forest owners could also contract forest management from NFA Romsilva. It operates under the authority of MoEF and carries out forestry-specific public and commercial services, implementing the National Forest Strategy in the field.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest park consultative carries nearby|1.5576998|4.9082346|3.8700142
10234|The urban population constituted 77.3 per cent. Over the period from the beginning of 2005 to the beginning of 2014, the urban population had increased by 4.4 per cent (from 6,965,365 to 7,274,775). The greatest population increase was in the capital city, Minsk, with 177,209 people, or 10 per cent, having been added in the last decade.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cent beginning population urban constituted|4.4132967|5.3375244|2.0008445
10235|Further efforts to strengthen policies targeting efficiency in lighting should therefore be pursued, particularly for non-residential buildings. Energy intensity, adjusted for PPP, has improved by 2.7% per year from 1990 to 2009, mainly owing to structural changes in industry and the overall economy. Industry's share was 24% and the residential, services and primary sectors accounted for 20% of the total.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|residential industry lighting pursued ppp|2.0657465|2.5662584|2.4495075
10236|The urban population has increased rapidly since 1950, metropolitan areas and large cities have grown in size, and urban challenges have risen in number and complexity. These changes demand adaptable planning instruments. However, the complex administrative procedures for approving or amending Regulating Plans, and the number of documents required when submitting them, result in lengthy and intricate administrative and political processes, and raise several challenges. In the case of the PRC, the documents to be presented and the number of steps for approval are the same regardless of whether the proposal is a new plan or an amendment to an existing plan. Approximately two-thirds of Chile’s municipalities are either developing or amending their plans (see Table 2.1).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|amending documents number administrative plans|3.9957244|5.5762134|1.6807705
10237|Looking at the dimensions separately, the good news is that gender equality has been achieved - and for some countries surpassed - in terms of life expectancy and that some progress has been made in closing the gender gap in marriage ages, although structural differences remain between different regions. In many developed countries, parity has also been achieved in educational attainment. However, there is still much scope for progress in all the other dimensions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|dimensions achieved progress surpassed gender|9.566291|4.283305|5.8975143
10238|In the urban core and surrounding districts, a balance must be stmck between efficient land use through mixed-use development of housing, public and commercial facilities, and compact development that respects factors such as building winds, a right to sunlight and residents’ health. In peripheral areas, better access to urban cores and low-density development can be achieved through public-transit system and pedestrian-friendly urban design (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, 2007). Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|maritime land affairs urban ministry|4.023791|4.8871017|0.9822151
10239|Tables 1.6 and 1.7 illustrate an alternative that would establish a target of reaching the OECD and EU averages. In Greece, the evidence suggests that all too often the teacher-selection process follows rules about qualifications and seniority that bear little relationship to the qualities needed to be an effective teacher. Broader selection processes, typically including interviews, preparation of lesson plans, and demonstration of teaching skills, would give greater weight to those characteristics that are more directly related to the quality of teaching and learning than the traditional emphases on qualifications and years of experience. The accuracy of these recommendations has recently been improved though a new electronic data system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|qualifications selection teacher teaching seniority|9.54416|1.5834373|2.5952694
10240|Contamination of water resources poses a problem in many parts of the country and stocks of some fish species show signs of overexploitation. While agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries and hunting have contributed only around 3.6% of Mexico’s GDP over the last few years (Chapter 1), these sectors remain very important for employment and livelihoods. Although ownership falls on rural communities, lack of technical and organisational capacity has hampered their sustainable management of forests.|SDG 15 - Life on land|overexploitation hampered hunting poses contamination|1.7667462|5.610438|3.2423866
10241|There is also excessive reliance on standardized tests within the system to make decisions that affect people’s lives. Formal education is compulsory for the first nine years of the education system, while non-formal education is purely voluntary, and informal learning is influenced by parents and culture. However, they may also work together in a powerful way. University preparatory programmes are also needed, for example, among students whose high schools did not adequately support them as independent learners.|SDG 4 - Quality education|formal education standardized preparatory purely|8.861041|2.4440684|2.7117724
10242|Due to this project, however, the medical services now respond when symptoms occur, medical accessibility has improved and treatment is prescribed to patients when there are changes in their condition, thereby contributing to their overall health improvement (see figure 8). Based on the end of project survey, 87.9 per cent of the participants were satisfied with the service overall. And 90.0 per cent said the service helped improve their health. Quality care was provided and emergency response was possible, with the part-time doctors responding from afar through the telemedicine devices and the monitoring of their patients. The pilot project was expanded nationwide in late 2016 to nursing homes with more than 70 beds (Hyun and Yang, 2004). The project investigated the effects of health-promoting lifestyles of older persons on their health condition, feelings of depression and quality of life.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|project health condition patients medical|9.18724|8.689459|2.387802
10243|Based on a national methodology, oblast akimats classified monotow'ns into high, medium and low categories based on their economic potential (Box 1.10). Each monotown also prepared a “Comprehensive Development Plan” (hereafter, CDP, or Compleksnie programmi razvitia, in Russian) that details capital investments required to upgrade urban infrastructure (roads, municipal utility networks and housing) and investment projects that could contribute to diversifying the town’s economic structure. Most CDPs have the same target indicators: unemployment rate, number of SMEs with a real business activity, investments in fixed assets by companies, rate of degraded municipal utility (water, sewage, district heating) and electricity distribution networks. Sometimes industrial output (in volume) or population numbers are also target indicators. However, of 27 monotowns, only two (Janatass and Arkalik) are classified as having low' economic potential. Other monotowns have high or medium economic potential.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|monotowns classified utility economic potential|4.127621|5.3486605|1.795808
10244|Similar policies can be devised for such other primary activities as mining, as was done for diamond processing in Botswana. Such efforts are likely to be more successful if they are combined with the development of local production clusters based on natural resources and the development of engineering capabilities for domestic production (Ramos, 1998). The garment industry, for example, is typically labour-intensive, whereas the industry that produces textiles, yarns and accessories is increasingly capital-intensive, with large economies of scale and scope. This makes the development of backward linkages in textiles for the garments sector much more difficult in most LDCs (Adhikari and Yamamoto, 2007).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|textiles intensive industry garments diamond|4.884376|4.3677654|3.5909092
10245|Our reward practices recognize compensating our employees fairly and equitably for the skill set they possess and value contribution as a business imperative. In addition, sponsorship of Country Presidents and HR has been crucial in raising awareness and for each country to take action regarding investment required to address gaps. A key indicator of this sponsorship was the inclusion of our pay equity vision in Schneider Electric’s 2015-2017 Planet and Society barometer, clearly laying out our initial three-year ambition.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|schneider presidents compensating equitably planet|5.668957|3.2880511|2.4853187
10246|The energy target for the period from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2017 is set at 700 TWh (lifetime cumulative savings). Since the start of the scheme, 907.4 TWh of energy certificates have been issued, with agriculture accounting for only 5% of the energy certificates issued. The scheme integrates three programmes: the energy performance plan, the modernisation plan for livestock buildings and the plant plan for the environment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|twh energy certificates plan issued|2.0272572|2.7806394|2.407493
10247|The poorest creditable person of either sex would be ashamed to appear in public without them. Book 5, Chapter 2, 1776. Household income is taken to mean 'disposable household income', i.e. after taxes and public transfers. This is then 'equivalized’ to take into account the economies of scale available to different sizes of households (using the square root of household size).|SDG 1 - No poverty|household square book root sizes|7.0902987|6.042087|5.2723155
10248|The situation is very different between urban and rural areas of Rajasthan. Urban areas have much higher proportions of female teachers, although gender roles for women are very strongly defined here too. In rural areas, it is much more difficult to recruit female teachers, with only small proportions of women with the requisite schooling able to go in for higher education and subsequent employment in schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|proportions areas female teachers requisite|9.141896|4.249004|5.9362736
10249|Thus, lower property taxes need to be paid on them, which encourages low density development and horizontal expansion of cities (Brueckner and Kim, 2003). At the same time, property taxes make housing floor space more expensive, which makes households use less housing. If the ratio of land relative to dwelling size remains constant, this reduces land consumption and contributes to more compact patterns of development (Song and Zenou, 2006).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|property taxes housing kim land|4.522046|5.582784|1.9355973
10250|While some energy intensive firms are exempted from the EEG surcharge, it also raises the production costs of non energy intensive firms and may deteriorate their price competitiveness. Most studies assume the cost of RES support will decrease significantly, due to increasing productivity and technological learning effects in the RES sector. By contrast, Frondel et al. (|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|res intensive firms surcharge deteriorate|1.7465798|2.290887|2.1178925
10251|In households with two parents, mothers spend about twice as much time caring for children as fathers, whether they work for pay or not (Parker and Wang 2013). Though most children live with both parents, an increasing proportion live with lone mothers. In 2012,24.4 per cent of children younger than 18 lived in lone mother households, up from 11 per cent in 1970.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lone mothers children live parents|7.693824|5.916722|5.301613
10252|Respondents were asked about the most suitable ways to systematically measure the incidence, nature and impact of patient harm in primary and ambulatory care. Responses for developed countries are presented in (Figure 2.1). Measurement as a foundation of improving safety is discussed further in Chapter 4. Please choose three from the options provided. (|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ambulatory harm asked systematically suitable|9.11477|9.61279|1.3810475
10253|Looking ahead, the Healthcare Authority (NZa) expects shortages to develop as a result of demographic trends and an increasing share of part-time GPs (NZa, 2009). In this context, the government rightly aims at expanding the capacity of medical schools and the number of hospital training positions, as both are identified causes of supply restriction (Capaciteitsorgaan, 2011). Foreign doctors represent another potential source of doctors. In this domain, European candidates (from the European Economic Area) enjoy relatively easy access as their diplomas are recognised, while non-European candidates are subject to a governmental standardised assessment of medical skills and a language test. To facilitate entry for the latter group, it could be considered to exempt holders of diplomas from top universities from the medical-skills components of the assessment. However, restricting the number of specialists is no longer a solution in a more market-oriented system, as it would reinforce their bargaining position and hence their ability to influence prices upwards.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diplomas medical european candidates doctors|9.426476|8.889769|1.6559161
10254|Primary care is largely delivered through a network of some 100 000 community clinics which include those with beds. Rather than having a dedicated workforce with specialist training in the functions described above, however, primary care in Japan is typically delivered by a cadre of semi-generalist/semi-specialists - that is, physicians who leave hospital practice after an unspecified amount of time to set up as generalists (with no compulsory further training) in the community. Likewise, rather than having a distinct primary care estate, primary care may be delivered in a department in a hospital and patients who come to clinics with beds or hospitals with primary care department can stay for inpatient care if needed.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary delivered clinics beds|9.475736|8.873442|1.6615211
10255|However, this has not been accompanied by an economic valuation of environmental services (e.g. carbon sequestration, air and water purification, biodiversity) and social benefits (e.g. employment, recreational opportunities, cultural values) associated with the protective functions. Doing so would allow the gearing of forest policies towards maximising the social, economic and environmental services provided by forests. Including forestry, manufacturing of wood, paper products and furniture. Threatened species are endangered, critically endangered and vulnerable species.|SDG 15 - Life on land|endangered species furniture purification environmental|1.6054031|4.9312897|3.8121846
10256|That is, in any global carbon market it will be essential to verify that emissions are not newly created in order to profit by reducing them. Unfortunately, the temptation to seek bogus allowances is a natural consequence of a global carbon price in a low-cost local economy. In the simplest terms, the fixed price of saving a ton of carbon in those countries is “worth” more hours of labour at a lower wage rate. Thus there will be a category of carbon-saving investments and technologies that are profitable only in developing countries, where the trade-off between carbon and other inputs is more favourable to emissions reductions. The potential for leapfrogging beyond the current technology frontier has been much discussed, but is difficult to achieve.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon saving emissions simplest price|1.4634588|3.031794|1.9522917
10257|Recent policy initiatives continue to emphasise the prime role of schools in their ow'n evaluation and improvement processes. The Schools have the Initiative (School aan Zet) programme further emphasises the schools’ lead role in determining improvement strategies. As some of the stakeholders interviewed by the OECD review team said, the idea is that there is always a “Plan B” in case a school’s owm quality assurance mechanisms do not work in a satisfying way.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools improvement satisfying role school|9.739809|1.7809112|1.5859947
10258|For example, for a consultation on reducing CO2 from road vehicles held in 2011, a total of 3 233 contributions were received via the online questionnaire (EC, 2011). The consultation was conducted in English, French and German. If international consultations under the UNFCCC were conducted using a similar online platform, care would need to be taken to ensure that documents are provided in the appropriate languages. The scope of biennial update reports and ICA for developing countries includes the GHG inventory, mitigation actions and support needed/received.|SDG 13 - Climate action|consultation online conducted received biennial|1.2899826|3.6981635|0.77511597
10259|Since then, the population growth and agriculture demands are increasing the pressures on water resources and nontreated wastewater discharges, threatening many aquatic ecosystems. The population of Morocco is estimated to grow by more than 10 million by 2050 and the demand for food and water will increase accordingly. This increasing exposure and sensitivity to water issues and limited adaptive capacity will worsen Morocco’s vulnerability regarding water. A reinforced multilevel governance approach in terms of legislation, institutions and community empowerment would ensure that sustainable planning and management of water resources and water services will be reached.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water morocco increasing worsen threatening|1.2168442|7.1234965|1.790499
10260|In this process they receive support from special needs schools. At the end of primary education, children who have obtained all goals from the curriculum take a certificate of primary education. Also in special needs education children may in certain cases obtain a certificate which has the same value as the one from mainstream education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|certificate education special primary needs|10.219613|2.3652263|2.005044
10261|Three inlets (Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia), 10 to 15 metres deep and 450 to 900 metres wide, connect the Lagoon and the northern Adriatic Sea. Average tidal excursion is between 80 centimetres and 30 centimetres (including spring and neap tide conditions) and water exchanges through the inlets demarcate three large-scale circulation patterns (north, central and southern Lagoon). Open waters and shallows, including the natural creeks and dug channels.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lagoon metres tide tidal circulation|0.44800296|6.9896197|2.6717153
10262|If well conducted, such a process could in fact be healing and empowering. At a minimum, information on violations (e.g. extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, torture, deprivation of liberty, GBV, etc.) This is key to determining the gender specificities of human rights violations as well as to giving an accurate account of the particular experience of women, girls, men and boys and to identifying potentially discriminatory practices or targeting (e.g. based on ethnicity, religion, political affiliation, sexual orientation, disability, etc.).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violations torture killings gbv specificities|9.924373|4.813484|7.570369
10263|For example, apprenticeships can act as a means to improve the integration of refugees and other disadvantaged groups into local labour markets. They involve a mix of theoretical classroom-based learning and on-the job training, typically leading to a formal certification, which provides the individual with “journeyperson” status. However, apprenticeship systems and their governance frameworks are embedded in the specific national and regional education, labour market, and industrial relations systems of each OECD country.|SDG 4 - Quality education|apprenticeships systems labour apprenticeship refugees|8.335603|2.8005607|2.8257198
10264|Full consideration must be given to women’s right to inclusive access to the economy as well as agency in their personal lives when translating relevant constitutional articles into legal code. Similarly, with regard to entrepreneurship, there have not been any major reforms to the legal elements affecting the establishment, management or development of businesses; however, these laws are generally considered gender neutral. Some provisions aimed at protecting women impose restrictions or additional costs on private employers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|legal translating articles constitutional neutral|9.137829|4.029218|6.681392
10265|By downscaling the model proposed by the province of Potenza, and with its support, these municipalities are locally implementing a multi-stakeholder approach. This is based on the active involvement of local institutions, organizations and associations representing different professional and social categories, to give them the opportunity to become driving forces reducing disaster risk. These municipalities are engaged in clustering processes with key community actors across all sectors. They are also looking at working with the concept of social categories, experimenting with the use of concrete plans/actions to transform different social groups into forces for developing and implementing safe and sustainable urban policies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|forces categories implementing municipalities social|3.875323|5.255833|1.8003725
10266|The central government took over the financing of schools, which no longer have independent budgets, as well as certain responsibilities that were traditionally devoted to school directors, such as hiring and firing teachers. To manage these new responsibilities, a new administrative layer, the Klebelsberg Institute, was created, with a network of around 200 local branches. Further increases of about 10% per year are envisaged for the three coming years. In exchange, teachers' low working time is to be increased.|SDG 4 - Quality education|responsibilities teachers firing layer branches|9.51029|1.9697694|2.2840023
10267|According to a study from Goldemberg (2004), renewable energies can create up to 116 229 jobs per TWh (terawatt hour) produced as compared with 1 145 for conventional energies (oil, coal and natural gas) (OECD, 2008, Chapter 12). China installed 18.2 GW of large hydro in 2009, and now has more installed capacity than any other country. Micro-hydro is also a developed technology, with total installed capacity worldwide at 61 GW, more than half of this in China. India and the United States have agreed to co-operate in increasing India’s nuclear power generation capacity as a key method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (RISO, 2008).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|installed gw energies hydro capacity|1.4929633|2.0586445|2.4330614
10268|Beneficiaries received monthly unconditional cash transfers and livelihood support (skills training and business grants). Geographic targeting was considered politically unacceptable, so eligibility criteria included low income, food insecurity, taking care of orphans, and being a female (or child-headed) household. Because the income data was unreliable, this was replaced by a poverty scorecard using 18 indicators.|SDG 1 - No poverty|scorecard orphans unacceptable unreliable unconditional|7.1318407|6.222163|4.5484996
10269|The 2030 Water Agenda endeavours to put more attention on demand management and on exploiting potential efficiency gains. For example, to achieve the goal of balanced basins, the 2030 Water Agenda projects that 82% of the “water gap” will be closed by reductions in water demand and 18% by supply increase. The role of economic instruments on achieving demand reductions is unclear; however, as the reductions in water demand are expected to be achieved through investments in infrastructure (in particular on water-efficient irrigation systems) supported by subsidies and is linked neither to water pricing reforms nor to more efficient allocation of water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water reductions demand agenda efficient|1.3163822|7.4249535|2.4231906
10270|As concluded by Hovgaard (2015), the public sector of the Faroe Islands is important to the gender balance and to the career opportunities of Faroese women. According to Hovgaard, when Faroese men working as Long Distance Workers in the maritime sector choose to have their permanent address on the Faroe Islands, this is often motivated by providing the opportunity for their wives to find local employment. Hovgaard states that long distance work, as a profession and method of working, is in rapid growth in the Faroe Islands; and this method of working may potentially contribute to the future desire for maintaining a well-functioning local community on the Faroe Islands.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|faroe islands distance working method|9.0164995|4.5379767|6.4087725
10271|Overall increases in the return to human capital assets like education and experience have increased inequality in the last 20-30 years in a number of developing countries in East Asia and Latin America.11 In some cases, expansions in education can actually lead to increases in inequality in the context of increasing returns to schooling. The increase in returns to education is more important than many other factors in accounting for the rise in inequality in a number of countries over the 1980s and 1990s (Bourguignon, Ferreira and Lustig, 2005). Conversely, a fall in the returns to tertiary education may also help explain falling inequality. Figure 4.10 Panel A shows how between 2001 and 2006 in Brazil, wages did not rise as much for the more educated as they would have done if returns to education had not fallen.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|returns inequality education rise increases|6.743189|4.911698|4.6717367
10272|Moreover, if and where additional land for biofuel production goes at the expense of naturally vegetated land, this will affect the hydrological cycle. Additional water stress can result on irrigated land, and this competition over water between food and fuel crops can affect agricultural production in drought-prone regions and potentially lead to yield reductions. Currently around 33% of the earth’s surface (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) is used for crops and livestock farming (PBL, RIO+20). Projections indicate that agricultural land use is likely to increase even further in coming decades due to population and welfare growth.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|land crops affect pbl additional|1.123517|7.044953|3.1476777
10273|"During this time, highly skilled workers have reaped disproportionately higher benefits from shifts in labour demand due to both greater financial and trade integration and technological progress. Top incomes have responded to the “more global market for talent and a growing use of performance-related pay benefitting top executives and finance professionals in particular."" ( Policy changes that reduced marginal tax rates in many OECD countries in the 1980s, for example, directly increased inequality by increasing the amount of disposable income available to the upper percentiles of the distribution. At the same time, reductions in marginal tax rates may also have indirectly encouraged behavioural increases in labour supply, further increasing the earnings of high-income individuals (OECD, forthcoming)."|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|marginal tax percentiles reaped executives|7.0222774|4.9030137|4.330927
10274|At the end of primary education, schools are required to report on the extent to which their students have reached expected core learning objectives. While schools are free to use different instruments for this purpose, 85% of schools use Cito’s end-of-primary test, which provides information on the school type most suitable for each student in the next phase of education. New laws that will be implemented from the 2014/15 school year make it mandatory for primary schools to administrate regular student monitoring systems as well as a final test at the end of Year 8.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools end primary test student|9.694851|1.8669863|1.5213128
10275|Water use efficiency in agriculture is also being improved through replacing earthen irrigation channels with concrete linings to reduce losses and upgrading flood irrigation systems (e.g. levelling of fields, neutron probes for soil moisture measurement, and scheduling of irrigation to plant needs). Groundwater use for irrigation above recharge rates in some regions is also undermining the economic viability of farming in affected areas. However, information on the trends in pollution from irrigated land is patchy. This has been associated with both human alterations of the hydrological characteristics of watersheds and land-use policies that have encouraged urbanisation in areas at risk to flooding events, and also increasingly the trend toward greater climatic variability leading to higher financial costs both through loss of production and damage to farm infrastructure, and also costs for the wider economy in terms of damage to property and in some cases loss of life.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation damage loss use alterations|0.9961233|7.289807|2.8569994
10276|The enabling law for this in Algeria is the 2004 Law on Prevention of Major Risks and Disaster Management. In Uruguay, a special decree, the National Response to Climate Change and Variability, was passed in 2009. Implemented by the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, its purpose is to coordinate actions among all institutions relevant to achieving risk prevention in the whole territory.|SDG 13 - Climate action|prevention law algeria decree coordinate|1.5857878|5.0541363|1.7132394
10277|This can result from the physical impossibility to divide the available water resources or because the water temperature (for cooling water) or salinity (for agriculture) is too high. Category 1 takes precedence over all others. It includes freshwater use for safety and the prevention of irreversible damage (e.g. ensuring the stability of flood defence structures, settling and subsidence of peat bogs and moorland, nature dependent on soil conditions). Category 2 includes drinking water supply and power supply. Category 3 includes small-scale, high-quality uses, such as temporary spraying of capital-intensive crops and process water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|category water includes subsidence irreversible|1.139857|7.3139863|2.5653932
10278|Since pre-historic times Arctic residents have developed skills and knowledge that enable them to survive and thrive in harsh conditions. It has been observed that northerners have a good grasp of matters important for their livelihoods and possess unique and diversified knowledge on how to ensure their well-being (Megatrends, 2011). At the same time, the ability of Arctic societies to benefit from standardized codified knowledge and formal education has been rather limited.|SDG 4 - Quality education|arctic knowledge codified grasp standardized|8.76493|2.3407867|2.401041
10279|Tourism generates 12% of GDP, and has recently grown at a rate of 3% a year-. A major challenge is to diversify the rural economy to replace the income and jobs in agriculture as the sector continues to decline and to make the most of the inherent comparative advantages linked to a large extent to the natural environment that attracts tourism. While it is hard to adequately measure the ‘process’ elements of an innovation system, we can go some way to gauge its effectiveness by examining indicators of scientific and technological output and resources. Table 4.2 presents data on select aspects of Mexican science and technology infrastructure and compares them with Brazil, Chile and Argentina, as well as China and South Korea.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism attracts gauge inherent compares|5.5057774|3.7178063|2.7631543
10280|The reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific national and regional challenges. These policies all aim to improve the quality of schools and instruction and have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope. A majority of 15-year-olds across OECD countries find that their classrooms are conducive to learning, but there are challenges across schools in some countries, including lack of student motivation, lack of relevant curriculum, difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified staff, lack of teacher collaboration and lack of professionalisation of school leadership.|SDG 4 - Quality education|lack challenges schools retaining traditions|9.37948|2.1569993|2.2058358
10281|The poverty gap, defined as the difference between the median income of those below the poverty line and the value of the poverty line itself, expressed relative to the poverty line, has increased by almost 6 percentage points (Table 4). At the same time, the low budget impact of the reform suggests that the trade-off between fiscal savings and inequality was probably not very favourable in this case. A person moving from RSI benefits to a minimum wage would increase monthly income by over 150%.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty line income favourable median|6.356765|5.9125557|5.0179896
10282|Salmon remains the second largest import category, valued at USD 1.6 billion in 2007. The major fresh and frozen commodities were salmon (327.4 million pounds valued at USD 467.1 million), surimi (310.6 million pounds valued at USD 289.9 million), and lobsters (60.7 million pounds valued at USD 390.9 million). The United States recognizes that, without sustainable fisheries, there can be no long-term, commercially viable trade in seafood. Therefore, the concepts of conservation and sustainability are at the core of US trade policy. Additionally, the United States takes the position that tariffs and quantitative restrictions on trade are, for the most part, ineffective substitutes for good management.|SDG 14 - Life below water|pounds valued million usd salmon|0.48010728|5.927789|6.811457
10283|They can be complemented by some relevant sub-sector and disease level performance information (OECD, 2010b). This section puts Finnish health outcomes into international perspective before relating them to inputs, such as health care spending or the number of health practitioners, to derive efficiency indicators. The difference in life expectancy between genders is one of the highest in the EU15 and within the OECD it is higher only in eastern European countries. While life expectancy for women is among the top 10 in the OECD, it is below the EU15 average and all other Nordic countries for men.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy health oecd life genders|9.271516|9.139768|2.9171565
10284|Communities with a high density of households would be ideal candidates for mini-grids, while for places that have sparsely settled households standalone systems, such as solar home systems, would be appropriate. Figure 22 presents a decision-making process for the selection of technology for access to electricity. A biogas digester offers a range of benefits, such as creating a better local environment with improved manure management, as free bio-slurry would replace the need for chemical fertilizers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sparsely standalone households mini settled|2.0018024|2.2826762|2.7214625
10285|The lack of adequate infrastructure, such as modal interchange platforms and integrated metropolitan mobility systems, limits possibilities for substantial modal shifts. Restructuring vehicle taxation on the basis of C02 emissions, and a ten-year vehicle scrapping programme, have created strong incentives to use more fuel-efficient vehicles. However, measures such as vehicle scrapping are expensive for the government and can encourage greater vehicle use, potentially offsetting gains in technical efficiency. Overall, rather limited efforts have been made on the demand side.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|vehicle scrapping modal offsetting restructuring|3.777416|4.6215463|0.680288
10286|The city determines a ground lease for 75 years (as it was in the 19th century), or 50 years (the system as it is now) or eternally (as of 2016). Upon land (re)development, the city sets an annual ground lease (set for given timeframe), or determines a lump-sum payment-at-once (as is the discounted sum of annual ground lease over the given timeframe, with a possible discount). After those 75 or 50 years, the city sets a new ground lease according to the then-applicable ground lease system rules. In doing so, it is able to capture the increase in land value and use it to further public investments that benefit residents.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|lease ground timeframe determines city|4.2692947|5.509578|1.9313439
10287|Both on-site and off-site offsets may be secured in this way, and the regulator again requires a funding endowment to accompany the conservation servitude to guarantee the availability of funds for the management, monitoring and auditing of the site in perpetuity. Purchasing or attaining rights to land that contains in-kind habitat: The proponent may demonstrate security of tenure by either purchasing land for conversion to an offset site or by securing certain land-use rights from a third-party offset provider. Where an offset is secured from a third-party provider, the developer must demonstrate with a legally enforceable commitment that the site will become subject to a conservation servitude in the future.|SDG 15 - Life on land|site offset secured purchasing demonstrate|1.85014|5.4896693|3.9685392
10288|It reduces the poverty rate by approximately one-quarter in Thailand and Viet Nam, for example. The unweighted average poverty headcount reduction for the three regions shown in annex table 6 are remarkably similar to the population-weighted averages from the Linkage model reported in annex table 5 with a similar tax-replacement assumption: the latter’s 17 per cent for Asia excluding China and India and 6.4 per cent for Latin America are just slightly above the GTAP model’s 14 per cent and 5.7 per cent, respectively. Like the global models, the case studies focused on price-distorting policies as of 2004, even though the database for their CGE models and their household survey data typically date back a little earlier in the decade.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent annex models model similar|6.253689|5.790477|5.0751786
10289|It introduced a nationwide harmonised electronic patient record, the national Patient Data Repository (referred to as KANTA). It also includes mandatory electronic prescription and a health portal allowing citizens to review their own information. These electronic patient records cover all the population since September 2016.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|electronic patient repository portal harmonised|8.99491|9.552853|1.7399492
10290|A larger share of part-timers among women may mean that female eamings are distributed more unequally than men’s. At the same time, there is little empirical evidence on changes in female earnings inequality over time. Since changes in annual eamings depend on both eamings and hours worked, this section discusses differences and similarities in trends for both of these factors for men and women. On average, the Gini coefficient (where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 perfect inequality) was two percentage points higher among women in the late 2000s. Germany showed the largest gender difference, with women’s Gini being almost 8 points higher than men’s, followed by Mexico and Spain. On the other hand, in Belgium, the Czech Republic and the United States there was no sizeable difference in eamings inequality between men and women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|eamings men women perfect inequality|8.887382|4.4836516|5.6785684
10291|To pursue their studies, many educated young women are choosing to delay marriage until after graduation. Even in the oil-rich countries known for their conservative gender norms, the rise in the share of young, unmarried women is apparent; the average age of women’s marriage in Qatar and United Arab Emirates is 25, but 20 in Saudi Arabia (annex 2 table A.10). The general trend towards delayed marriage is also closely related to the economic crisis and the high levels of unemployment, particularly unemployment among young men because men tend to bear the financial burden of marriage.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage young unemployment women men|9.541175|5.3562016|6.550627
10292|There is also a need for farm practices that can reduce economic losses and lead to better management of water flows and stocks on farmland, taking into account the impact on any water entitlements that are established. Policies that are able to combine flood risk management with other objectives, such as for nature conservation, the protection of natural resources and agricultural production, are likely to offer the best long term solutions. Even without the changes associated with climate change, the frequency of flood events has increased along with the damages.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|flood damages farmland management water|1.0719488|6.787068|2.3046417
10293|In general, there are few attractive projects to fund. Examples include the SME association (SAMENTA), SMI Development Corp. (SMIDEC), Small and Medium Industries Association of Penang that represents the interest of SMEs and disseminate information and provide training. The latter have some collaboration with the Universiti Sains Malaysia (SME award and training) but co-operation in R&D remains limited. These types of mechanisms do not seem to exist in Malaysia.|SDG 4 - Quality education|sme malaysia association training award|6.4286785|2.9388578|2.5360565
10294|Those data and approach could not be used in the present analysis, however, due to the lack of yearly data on inequality for a large enough number of OECD economies. Figure 4 displays a simple cross-country correlation between the share of population enrolled in upper secondary (left panel) and tertiary education (right panel) and the Gini coefficients of disposable income inequality. The ratio of Upper secondary enrolled is computed relative to the population aged 15-19 (20-24 for the ratio of tertiary enrolled).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|enrolled panel ratio tertiary upper|6.9339147|4.8975406|4.641816
10295|A mixture of legal and illegal housing appeared on these new city territories within a few years (1998-2005). In 2012, the city limits were expanded even further. The total area of new municipal territories was equal to 11.900 hectares. In 2014, the city limits were again expanded by 23 200 hectares, which included 27 settlements and a population of more than 92 000 people (President of Kazakhstan, 2014). These include such goals as to improve urban and industrial infrastructure, expand entry routes to the city', and develop mountain recreation and sport facilities for the Asian Olympic Games in the National Ile-Alatau Natural Park. The local environmental NGOs raised awareness about the construction of the new sport complex in the territory of the national park (NGO Green Salvation, 2014).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city sport hectares park territories|3.8598018|5.107679|2.001328
10296|A full educational infrastructure or ecosystem must be available to support the improvement of teaching practices. Teachers need resources (rubrics, lesson plans, examples), new knowledge, colleagues to talk to, experts giving them feedback, space for reflection, support from their hierarchy, opportunities to try these new teaching approaches with their students, etc. Those professional development plans took many forms, depending on the teaching standards, beliefs of the teachers, and support of school and systems leaders, but most included three key elements: training sessions, individual follow-up with teachers and opportunities for peer learning (see Chapter 5).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching teachers support plans opportunities|9.220968|1.4691678|1.8841348
10297|Therein, a succinct summary of the relevance to sustainable infrastructure development and the underlying key challenges and benefits are introduced. Secondly, the case studies contain descriptions of possible adoption scenarios and a viable way of implementing and using the technology. Each case study concludes with a proposition for a potential high-level roadmap illustrating the initiation, provisioning and operation of the described application.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|proposition provisioning initiation case roadmap|3.6037788|4.104419|1.961344
10298|They learn how to debate, how to express their opinions, and how to respect and value one another’s contribution. Each group has its own “circle ”, a moment to listen to each other and to make collective reflections and decisions. This provides a sense of community, in helping each other to improve their relationships and attitudes towards the others. ” Circles are safe places, where students and educators are equitable listeners and have equal responsibilities and rights.|SDG 4 - Quality education|circles educators circle express moment|9.132777|1.6038865|1.8984087
10299|A total of KZT 11.8 billion (USD 80 million) was spent on export transportation subsidies between end-2009 and 2010, applying to 2.3 million tonnes of exported wheat. The subsidy rate was set at KZT 6 000 (USD 40 per tonne) and covered 2.5 million tonnes of wheat exports. The subsidy was available for wheat transported after 1 September 2011 to China or which transited through Chinese or Russian territory. As in 2009-10, the CTS remained the single operator of subsidised exports.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|wheat kzt million tonnes subsidy|3.969951|4.90256|4.249879
10300|"China is moving aggressively on advanced manufacturing and the digital economy, with the support of government initiatives, such as ""Made in China 2025"" and ""Internet Plus"". The country is also pursuing supply-side reforms to enhance the efficiency of resource allocation, including tax reforms and interest rate liberalization. Under this ""innovative growth” scenario, total factor productivity would overtake capital formation to become the major driver of economic growth, and the service sector would account for 70 per cent of GDP by 2030, close to current levels in developed economies."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|reforms china aggressively liberalization growth|5.4935665|4.465334|3.6264746
10301|Chapter 4 analyses the impact of Australia’s dual sector universities on transition from vocational to higher education. Chapter 5 highlights the college-university links in Scotland and their impact on participation in higher education, focusing on short cycle higher education. Chapter 7 provides an overview of the emerging “non-university higher education” system in Italy which is closely aligned with regional development goals.|SDG 4 - Quality education|higher education chapter university impact|7.9899626|2.5283139|2.6212323
10302|Students and teachers do not learn and teach in a vacuum - they learn and teach something! There is no trade-off to be made between learning knowledge and applying processes of learning, metacognition and the like because both are fundamental. However, particular pedagogies may be more appropriate than others for particular types of knowledge and competence areas. Hence, the report also explores questions about pedagogies for particular subjects or competence sets. Questions about what is worth learning and how best to teach it often lies at the heart of approaches termed “innovative”. Innovative approaches are inherently nested to content and may even be based on new content such as robotics, dance, design, or computation.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teach pedagogies competence learning learn|8.838031|1.4903375|1.8418217
10303|But outside these two institutions there exists a less well understood world of colleges, diplomas, certificates and professional examinations - the world of post-secondary vocational education and training. Many professional and technical jobs require no more than one or two years of career preparation beyond upper secondary level, and in some countries as much as one-quarter of the adult workforce have this type of qualification (see Figure 1). Nearly two-thirds of overall employment growth in the European Union (EU25) is forecast to be in the “technicians and associate professionals” category - the category most closely linked to this sector (CEDEFOP, 2012).|SDG 4 - Quality education|category professional secondary diplomas cedefop|8.474073|2.6931927|2.8359823
10304|The Paris Agreement continues this bifurcation in some respects by not making reporting on financial, technology transfer and capacity-building support received mandatory (Article 13.10 indicates that developing countries “should” provide this information). However, the Paris Agreement does indicate that developed countries “shall” biennially communicate indicative quantitative and qualitative information on climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building provided to developing country parties, as well as on climate finance mobilised, and that other countries “are encouraged to do so”. This information on support needs is included in various documents that have been prepared inside the UNFCCC framework (e.g. BURs, NCs, NAPAs, TNAs and INDCs) as well as outside (e.g. Strategic Program for Climate Resilience - SPCR, national climate funds).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate paris information transfer agreement|1.4311323|3.7520962|0.8754358
10305|The ZMVM has no body like the MPO, but a comparable taskforce could be set up. Given the emphasis on regional sustainable mobility, the restored COMETRAVI or the CAMe could provide one framework for this. While no formal public consultation process has been established, a Citizen Observatory has been created by three non-govemmental organisations.72 The initiative has synthesised public concerns about the project and generated a forum for discussions between experts in relevant domains (including mobility) and other members of civil society7. Formal mechanisms for including this and other input from stakeholders and the general population in the transport plan are essential.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility formal zmvm restored observatory|4.071408|5.193869|0.90075314
10306|More than a fourth of households in Guerrero, Chiapas, and Oaxaca do not have access to piped water (against a national average of 8.6%), and between 15% and 19% of households do not have proper flooring (against a national average of 6.6%) for example. As emphasised below, the lower level of infrastructure in southern states translates into lower health standards for many indicators. Nearly 82% of Mexicans reported to have more positive experiences and feelings such as enjoyment, feeling well-rested or pride in accomplishment than negative ones such as pain, worry, sadness, boredom.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|guerrero worry mexicans oaxaca households|1.9589472|7.033417|2.0954428
10307|First, the section provides an overview of context-specific priorities and challenges in terms of institutional arrangement at the regional scale. Then it discusses the need for a balance between top-down and bottom-up approaches in the NUP processes, by reviewing some country-specific examples. In some instances, responsibility is being delegated increasingly to subnational authorities, such as metropolitan governments.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nup delegated specific reviewing arrangement|3.5472765|5.1368847|1.709872
10308|Of adults with a psychotic disorder, for example, two-thirds (67%) had spoken with their GP about a mental or emotional problem in the year preceding the most recent APMS (2007). Emergency departments are also used in the case of mental health emergencies, for example people who have harmed themselves and need urgent physical healthcare, and others who have immediate mental health needs. People who have barriers to other healthcare, such as homeless people and vulnerable migrants, are more likely to go to A&E departments.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental healthcare departments people spoken|10.289987|8.870464|1.7484738
10309|Part 111 describes the methodologies employed in producing these estimates and explores methodological progress in tracking climate finance, providing greater clarity on reporting approaches. Part IV concludes and reflects on open issues that may be helpful in informing efforts to further improve the transparency and comprehensiveness of climate finance measurement and reporting.|SDG 13 - Climate action|reporting comprehensiveness finance informing climate|1.5028204|3.7939482|0.61640334
10310|Due to a need for the authorities to safeguard the needs of the society, i.e. rural area development, environmental integrity and market access issues, a licence is required for the establishment and operation of each aquaculture site. Prior approval of the site environmental and area management issues are therefore of paramount importance. From 1 January 2010, the responsibility for coordinating the review process for such applications was transferred from the Directorate of Fisheries to the County Council authorities. Several other sector authorities are involved in reviewing applications for compliance with the various guidelines and regulations such as pollution, animal health and welfare, harbour and fairways, biodiversity and spatial planning.|SDG 14 - Life below water|authorities site applications area issues|0.10277973|5.861557|6.5385175
10311|By incorporating ICTs into the goals and targets of the MDGs, the UN captured the attention of both the public and private sectors, which were encouraged to find new ways to work together. The Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI)22 began by making the equivalent of a major medical school library, in electronic form, available for free or nearly free to health researchers and workers in 113 low- and low-middle income countries. Today, the partnership, now known as Research4Life23, includes UN agencies, academia and 185 publishing partners contributing essential knowledge resources on health, agriculture, environment, science and technology. In 2005, WHO's governing body, the World Health Assembly, recognized that eHealth was transforming health services and systems around the world and urged Member States to plan for appropriate eHealth services in their countries24.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ehealth health free urged library|8.803171|9.530049|1.9172742
10312|Given its tourism-oriented economy, the city has also set up a mobile app, which informs both tourists and locals of what to do in Phuket. To illustrate this trend, outdoor concentrations of fine particulate matter (PMJS), which is hazardous to health, is commonly used as a proxy measure of pollution. Practically all urban residents in the region are exposed to ambient air pollution exceeding the WHO guidelines on the concentration of fine particulate ambient air pollution (i.e., 10 PM2.5 pg/m3). Only 0.2% of urban residents in Emerging Asia live in areas with pollution concentrations at or below this level (Figure 2).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|pollution ambient particulate fine concentrations|3.464264|4.766558|1.1405668
10313|Mozambique, for example, has included nine climate change questions in its household survey. The questions examine if households have suffered food, asset or income losses due to climate change, what their sources of information are on disaster and weather risks, approaches households have taken to minimise the impact from such shocks, and sources of support when they have suffered from climate change. Mozambique started data collection in 2014 and the initial results are expected to be available in December 2015 (INE, n.a.). In such cases, existing mechanisms may be used to ensure that the data are grounded in national development objectives and contribute to the overall statistical plan, rather than respond to specific adaptation initiatives. Discrete project-level monitoring and evaluation can result in a concentration of domestic monitoring and evaluation capacity within non-state institutions (e.g. bilateral development agencies or other providers of support) that make up the majority of climate change actors in many developing countries (Bird, 2011; IIED, 2013a).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change mozambique suffered questions|1.2676331|4.6954594|1.403986
10314|They cover more than two thirds of the Earth’s surface and contain 97 per cent of the planet’s water. Oceans contribute to poverty eradication by providing opportunities for sustainable livelihoods and decent work. Over 3 billion people depend on marine and coastal resources as a means of support. In addition, oceans play a crucial role in the achievement of global food security, as well as human health and well-being.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oceans planet earth eradication decent|0.08569903|5.811739|5.981269
10315|Countries that emphasise childcare and pre-school institutions exhibit lower levels of inequality of opportunity, suggesting the effectiveness of early intervention policies in reducing persistence of education outcomes across generations. There is also a positive association between inequality of opportunities and income inequality. As a consequence, cross-country regressions would suggest that redistributive policies can help to reduce inequalities of educational opportunities associated with socio-economic background and, hence, persistence of education outcomes across generations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|persistence inequality generations outcomes opportunities|9.107709|2.9502232|3.128853
10316|Unhealthy lifestyles also remain an important driver of cross-country variation in CVD and diabetes outcomes. Nevertheless, there remains considerable variation in smoking patterns across OECD countries, and the potential is there to make even further gains in some countries. More comprehensive policies and stricter enforcement can deliver better outcomes. The percentage of people who are either overweight or obese has continued to climb over the last ten years.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|variation outcomes unhealthy cvd stricter|9.16504|9.241333|3.003954
10317|In 2009, about 45% of Danish people aged 25-34 years had attained tertiary education while the OECD average was about 22%. For those aged 55-64 years, 26% had tertiary education (OECD average 22%, Figure 1.2). This is a particular challenge when full-time teachers and trainers have experience in industry dating from some years ago.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary years aged dating trainers|9.064143|2.6055164|3.0627143
10318|Most of the poor are working adults and children. Household incomes are threatened by worsening labour markets with declining employment opportunities and decreasing real wages, especially for workers in low-wage sectors. Many of those currently employed have just escaped poverty and are therefore highly susceptible to modest falls in income and economic activity, pushing them back into poverty (World Bank, 2010b). Women are especially threatened: in most countries, labour market participation of women is lower and unemployment rates are higher.|SDG 1 - No poverty|threatened especially susceptible pushing worsening|7.2741785|5.696328|4.940823
10319|However, water utilities are largely dissatisfied with the prices set as they do not cover full service costs, but rather a fraction of operating and maintenance costs. Prices are far from being economically viable and are indeed one of the main reasons for the poor state of the water supply infrastructure and especially that of wastewater management. There is no area-w'ide hydrological monitoring network and flood protection installations are not reliable and often not functional, due to poor maintenance and war damage.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|maintenance prices poor costs hydrological|1.3964635|7.3159175|2.4920957
10320|The average age of teachers is 48.1 years in primary education and 48.9 in secondary' education. Some 41% of primary teachers and 44% of lower secondary teachers were 50 years old or older in 2014, which are significantly higher than the OECD averages (30% and 34%, respectively). The cognitive skills of the teaching workforce are a significant determinant of international differences in student performance (Hanushek, Piopiunik and Wiederhold, 2016).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers secondary hanushek primary determinant|9.49053|1.4937358|2.6450522
10321|If the capacity of national data centers is limited, storage and cloud computing applications will be located abroad, adding to the need and subsequent costs of international bandwidth as well as increasing dependency on external networks over which there is no control. See: Alaerds et al. This section reviews domain name developments among LDCs. It explores the important benefit that can accrue for LDCs by bundling domain names with local web hosting to build up the national Internet ecosystem, develop skills and generate employment.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|domain ldcs bundling bandwidth hosting|4.7727532|2.9266577|1.6728046
10322|Only one centralized heating system remains in Dushanbe. The old Dushanbe CHP plant and the eastern and western boiler facilities, with total capacity of 190 MW, can cover only 60 per cent of the overall need for heating in the city. Because of the lack of gas and furnace fuel, the Dushanbe CHP plant runs on only 20-25 per cent of its designed capacity and its equipment is obsolete and outmoded.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|dushanbe chp heating plant cent|1.8870053|2.2751255|2.6330771
10323|Most developing countries rely at least partly on international development finance to fund climate-resilience investments (Pervin et al., In Bangladesh, 23% of climate-relevant expenditure w'as financed by external grants or loans in 2010/11. The Adaptation Fund provides finance for the implementation of priority adaptation projects and funds, using resources from a levy on Clean Development Mechanism projects, supplemented with other funding sources.|SDG 13 - Climate action|fund adaptation finance projects supplemented|1.6095337|4.239845|1.4225658
10324|Poor learning environments can also result in negative early childhood outcomes (see Box 3.1). In addition, an unfavourable start can have a lasting impact later in life. Children who do not receive adequate educational attention and care early on have a higher risk of grade repetition, incompletion of a school degree, unemployment and earning low wages (Barnett, 1995; Heckman, 1999; Leseman, 2002).|SDG 4 - Quality education|early heckman unfavourable repetition earning|9.368012|2.6399605|2.485378
10325|Access to safe public spaces greatly informs the perceived and real sentiment of urban safety, which is itself a key prerequisite for protection against physical and sexual harassment. These safety measures in return determine the level of accessibility and inclusivity in use of public spaces, particularly for the vulnerable urban populations (including women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities). Indicator 11.7.2 aims to measure the proportion of persons who have experienced physical or sexual harassment with various forms of disaggregation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|persons harassment spaces sexual physical|10.050296|5.507999|7.4346375
10326|"This figure was set to target the fund at medium-sized EE projects, such as replacement of air conditioning chillers in a commercial facility or the installation of EE equipment at an industrial site. The government overcame the first obstacle by organising a series of seminars to familiarise and train bankers on EE projects as well as renewables. However in the words of a former minister in Thailand: ""It is not about the training of the banks.-ifs just about whether you are able to find a champion"" (Personal conversations with the author, March 2010). The total project costs for that period were close to USD 180.5 million, with only USD 94.7 million coming from the fund loans, which were all paid back and contributed to the next phases of the project."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ee fund usd project million|2.3951862|3.2043014|1.7417667
10327|"The landmark Paris Agreement, signed in April 2016 by 175 Member States, attempts to mitigate climate change and accelerate and intensify actions and investments needed for a sustainable, low-carbon future. Central to the agreement is the need to strengthen the global response to keep global temperatures from rising no more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue further efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement requires parties to identify their ""intended nationally determined contributions"" (INDCs)."|SDG 13 - Climate action|celsius agreement degrees paris landmark|1.1710159|3.6660552|1.2894878
10328|Recent OECD research, however, points to a number of key principles for enhancing the efficiency, sustainability and inclusiveness of urban transport financing in general, w'hich could perhaps help inform the current policy reflection in Korea (Table 1.6). Experience in OECD countries suggests that strengthening economic appraisal procedures and eligibility criteria for subsidies could improve the cost-efficiency of transport projects. Social inclusion can also be reinforced through land-value capture mechanisms, targeted subsidies for the neediest users and reasonable fare levels.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|subsidies transport efficiency fare inclusiveness|4.0515924|4.8746176|0.900007
10329|Also, a quarter of Brazilians live in dwellings with no access to a sewage network or septic tank, w'hile 7 % of dwellings have no access to piped water or wells. The perceived quality of public services, in particular in light of Brazil’s high tax burden (see Chapter 1), was one of the issues that prompted many Brazilians to take to the streets in June 2013, which highlights the importance of improvements in this area. Beyond that, for municipal services, the size of a municipality may not necessarily coincide with the most efficient scale at which to provide a given service, in which case there is scope to improve service efficiency by having several municipalities join hands for the delivery of services, but this involves significant coordination challenges.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|dwellings services tank service septic|4.061191|5.746475|2.0728457
10330|In addition to the changes in France, Portugal and Ireland discussed above, measures to reduce employer social contributions for all new hires were introduced or extended focusing on groups such as mid- to longer-term unemployed (Hungary, Hirkey) and peripheral regions (Finland). In the United States, firms making new hires from February to December 2010 of people who have been unemployed for at least two months will be exempted from payroll taxes. Public finance issues have forced the Czech Republic to terminate temporary reductions in non-wage labour costs targeted at low-wage workers. Take-up has been highest in Belgium, Turkey, Italy, Germany and Luxembourg, accounting for over 3 to almost 6% of all employees. With the exception of Belgium, few employees were participating in short-time work schemes prior to the onset of the crisis. Participating in training is compulsory for workers on short-time work in the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands and Portugal.42 While training is not compulsory, it is publicly-subsidised for short-time workers in Finland, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Poland, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Norway and Switzerland.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|hungary belgium portugal short workers|7.8966384|4.4972005|3.9954393
10331|This can also improve opportunities for women within firms (such as more equal wages and greater women in management) and help the recruitment of a diverse workforce. This is especially important for low-income workers, who often struggle to find consistent and reliable childcare w'hen their shifts change erratically. Field research in Mexico confirms that employees are reluctant to leave the workplace while their manager is still on-site.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hen manager confirms reluctant struggle|9.4888|4.60496|5.82224
10332|These centres constitute an extended network for the primary care system, offering maternity services, intermediate care beds (to avoid hospital admission or expedite early discharge), ambulatory surgery, rehabilitation, speciality clinics (such as pain management), and diagnostics such as x-rays. The CAIS also hold workshops in order to support typical local EBAIS by comparing and discuss their performance indicators, offering telemedicine and home-visits, and by keeping a focus on preventive care. In 2015 one of the CAIS established a local commission on domestic violence and most of its 15 000 home visits were for health promotion and preventive care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care preventive visits offering home|9.255823|9.072976|1.6451428
10333|This must be balanced with its own objectives of protecting the interests of its customers, which implies keeping bills for consumers as low as possible, monitoring and comparing the services the companies provide, scrutinising the companies’ costs and investment and encouraging competition where this benefits consumers. Necessary actions, including legal steps such as enforcement actions and fines, can be taken in case of non-compliance. The direct regulation of water companies in England and Wales is complemented by two other regulators, one responsible for environmental affairs and the other for drinking water quality, to protect public health.4 Another example is Portugal’s national water and waste services regulation agency, ERSAR, created in 1997.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|companies regulation consumers water actions|1.2009571|7.0498457|1.8148454
10334|The various institutions of the criminal justice system need to work together in a coordinated manner to respond to violence against women. The criminal justice sector should also promote the involvement of all relevant government sectors, as well as relevant sectors of civil society to ensure a comprehensive response to victims of violence. For instance, support agencies could work with police and prosecutors to ensure support to victims during statement taking and providing information on the progress of the case. Specialized approaches to violence against women may include establishing special police and prosecutorial units and special courts or dedicated justice system personnel and dedicated court time, and adequately funding specialized training, as well as multidisciplinary approaches such as one-shop centres (which provide multisectoral case management for victims such as health, welfare, counselling and legal services in one location).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|victims justice violence specialized criminal|10.008194|5.210855|7.5757504
10335|Data of India relate fiscal years. Investments in quality transport infrastructure result in benefits to the communities directly affected. They can directly generate employment opportunities related to construction, operations and maintenance; indirectly improve opportunities for individuals and firms; improve the efficiency of existing forms of economic activity; and generate various social and environmental benefits. Affected communities also benefit from spillovers such as lower input costs, increased choice in input supplies, expanded local trade and access to new markets for output (White and Raitzer, 2017).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|input generate affected directly communities|4.144472|4.8338723|1.1091995
10336|Teachers need support to actively participate in this transformation and demand high standards from all students, while taking into account the increasing diversity in their classrooms. In most countries, teachers undergo pre-service training, followed by a selection process, with subsequent in-service training provided mostly through courses and workshops. New evidence shows that the proportion of certified teachers and most forms of professional development have a weak impact on student performance. Thus, many reforms aim to improve the quality of teacher training, make selection procedures more demanding, develop new forms of professional development and raise curricular standards.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers training selection professional forms|9.466922|1.2550974|2.146402
10337|Thus, the strategic combination of fossil fuels and clean/renewable energies can forge a clear path for sustainable energy transition for the Participating States of APTA as well as Central Asian and South Asian countries without sacrificing growth. As APTA is open-ended, it is easy for any ESCAP member to seek accession, which would also facilitate the free flow of goods and technological know-how for creating energy efficiency. Energy Outlook for Asia and the Pacific. Available at www.adb.org/sites/ defa u I t/fi les/pu b/2013/e nerg y-o u tlook.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|asian energy forge fi accession|1.4365044|2.291646|2.5189393
10338|Therefore, the ten most important cities of the region, which concentrate 82% of the total population, mainly rely on the 14 (overexploited) aquifers to extract water resources rather superficial waters. On average 90% of total water consumption (and more than 96% of groundwater) is devoted to agriculture creating related significant challenges for the sustainability of the agri-food industry. Water scarcity is even more exacerbated by the bilateral water transboundary agreement signed between Mexico and the United States; the State of Chihuahua has been the main net contributor providing 431 million m to the US, without benefitting from the 1 800 million m3 given by the US to other Mexican states.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water overexploited million extract chihuahua|1.8231494|7.1252584|2.0172472
10339|Improved forecasting tools can help to improve forecasted unit commitment plans of variable renewable power plants by reducing uncertainty. Gate closure is usually situated between 36 hours and 1 hour ahead of real-time operation. The prediction accuracy is improved by a factor of two when moving from a gate closure time of 36 hours ahead to 3 hours ahead (Luickx, Delarue and D’haeseleer, 2008). With the introduction of large amounts or variable renewable energies in power systems and improved forecasting tools available system operators and regulators should reconsider gate closure rules.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gate closure ahead hours forecasting|1.5293643|1.4113022|1.8826407
10340|But it is not the only determinant. And for this reason it is not axiomatic that falling household income must always mean rising levels of child deprivation. The governments that are most successful in protecting children from poverty are likely to be those that strive to reduce the number of low-income households and help to provide essential goods, services and opportunities for children growing up in such households.|SDG 1 - No poverty|households strive children determinant income|7.2325683|6.243651|5.1319046
10341|Despite the success of China, it still had more than 100 million people living on less than US$ 1 per day in 2005, 90 per cent of whom were rural. In India, the number of extreme poor remains stubbornly close to 300 million, with 74 per cent of that number rural inhabitants, even with large subsidies to their farmers. In the past it was just inequality at the local level that affected individuals’ utility, but the information and communications technology revolution has increased awareness of income differences not only within local regions but also nationally and internationally. At the national level, there are concerns about rural-urban inequality as well as inequality within each of those broad geographic zones.|SDG 1 - No poverty|inequality rural million cent revolution|6.046614|5.8162694|4.801229
10342|Sharma (2005) also found many cases where an import surge occurred even while domestic prices continued to rise, leading him to conclude that imports have been ‘pulled in’ through prior shortfalls in domestic production rather than higher imports causing domestic production to fall. Thus, the consequences of increased imports for food security need to be carefully evaluated before deciding on the appropriate response. During this period, many countries pursued trade and domestic policy responses intended to stabilise domestic markets and protect urban consumers (Abbott, 2009; Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|domestic imports abbott pulled surge|4.3224125|4.975737|4.230214
10343|Immigrant women are more likely to go into occupations where other immigrant women work, regardless of their nationality, than into jobs beside co-ethnic men (Wright and Ellis, 2000). This gender-based convergence is also strongly related to value systems, as ethnic female entrepreneurs perceive and approach business ownership differently than ethnic male entrepreneurs (Baycan-Levent et al., For example, the study of Baycan-Levent et al. (|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ethnic immigrant entrepreneurs wright nationality|8.855563|3.693008|6.265241
10344|In order to mobilise them, medication adherence needs to be placed on the national policy agenda, starting with adherence being routinely observed and continuing towards the development of adherence quality and performance indicators. Such indicators could help in improving health system efficiency through establishing and influencing the relationship between the spending on pharmaceuticals and the gains in health outcomes. Improving how patients take their medicines requires that health professionals are equipped with skills specific to delivering care in a person-centred instead of the disease-centred model, i.e. that the providers should seek and gain understating of patients’ individual needs, perspectives, and values, convey to patients the information they need to participate in their care, and build trust and understanding. Avoidable costs in U.S. healthcare: The $200 billion opportunity from using medicines more responsibly.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|adherence patients medicines centred health|8.734561|9.453923|1.9700763
10345|All grain prices decline in real terms, and they will fall below current levels at the end of the projection period (Figure 1.15). Because of the significant fall in coarse grain prices described above, a shift in land to oilseeds is anticipated in 2014/15 which should contribute to further declines in the prices of oilseeds. In the oil sector, a strong demand for food and fuel will push the price to increase as of 2015/16.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|oilseeds grain prices fall coarse|3.8892953|5.007339|4.4125586
10346|These required attributes are also on occasion expanded to include leadership, motivation, discipline, self-confidence, self awareness, networking, entrepreneurship and capacity to embrace change. These skills are regarded as generic or transferable since they are “seen as having a broad application across a wide range of employment contexts and as transcending individual subjects” and are argued to be the basis for a “flexible” and “multiskilled” workforce (Keep and Payne, 2004: 57). Using average years of schooling as an education measure implicitly assumes that a year of schooling delivers the same increase in knowledge and skills regardless of the education system. For example, a year of schooling in Papua New Guinea is assumed to create the same increase in productive human capital as a year of schooling in Japan.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schooling year self occasion skills|8.512105|2.8667915|3.1525545
10347|The plan will be adjusted based on careful monitoring of the drivers of risk to obviate the need for emergency measures (Wong and others, 2014, box 5-1). It may be noted that the newly revised estimates of the speed of melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet highlighted above has implications for the options under the plan. This stems from the fact that incremental policies designed to address immediate needs must be consistent with longer-term investments and initiatives aimed at facilitating the more substantial transformative changes required to address the underlying determinants of poverty, marginalization and vulnerability to climate hazards.|SDG 13 - Climate action|address plan antarctic sheet marginalization|1.3799646|4.0954323|1.8496282
10348|The payments can be made ex post or ex ante and are directed towards activities expected to improve co-ordination, notably establishment of a care plan, collaborative care meetings or improvements in the management of a health care structure. These types of payment can also be made to meet other health policy objectives. Additional payments for extended consultation hours to improve access to health care, for example, exist in a number of countries, but are not discussed here further.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care ex payments health improve|8.855602|8.975837|1.6926701
10349|Existing remote sensing and biodiversity databases should be used to derive harmonised biodiversity variables of all the countries, when possible. The use of modern monitoring techniques for enhancing implementation of the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBV) concept in ecosystem assessments (e.g. for CBD and IPBES) has been recently suggested (Skidmore etal, 2015; Vihervaara etal, 2015). During the Nordic introductory and scoping study, a simple Excel metadatabase with information on the main literature and sources identified for the Nordic Assessment forming annexes to this project plan has been constructed, see Annex 2.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity etal nordic variables scoping|1.4481608|5.3866334|3.9117446
10350|Primary care nurses performed better diagnostic and prescribing functions with quick access to tools and health information resources to the point of care. This innovative strategy is likely to be more successful in countries where the medical infrastructure is not well developed. Countries with comparatively well-developed medical infrastructure usually face more challenges and resistance to implementing and enforcing innovative policies due to different positions among special-interest groups.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|innovative medical prescribing developed infrastructure|9.313082|8.9869|1.7032055
10351|In around 2008, the income of the 90th (i.e. richest) centile of households was three times higher than the income of the 10th (i.e. poorest) centile of households in several Eastern European and Nordic countries (Figure 5.4). But this ratio stood above 6 for Chile, Israel,6 Mexico and Hirkey. Also, cross-country differences in the share of top income earners (99th centile) in total income are very wide, ranging from 4.5% for Sweden to 18.1% for the United States (Box 5.1).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|income households hirkey stood richest|6.9261003|5.417833|4.898386
10352|Researchers in Norway disagree with some of the interpretations made by the DET on the AfL programme and some researchers also disagree about the implementation strategy used by the DET. These mixed signals are challenging for schools. The programme initiated by the Directorate for Education and Training has, to some extent, succeeded in setting up an infrastructure for knowledge development in the teaching profession. School leaders and teachers who have been involved in the project know some of the theoretical literature and research on assessment, and are able to find new literature and build on theories that can give new insights in their daily work with students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|disagree det researchers literature interpretations|9.684925|1.6451796|1.3617053
10353|In relative terms, DDC represented around 1% of total French bilateral ODA (OECD, 2017). Decentralised Development Co-operation targeting water and sanitation sectors reached a total of USD 12.25 million in 2015. This represented 1.5% of French ODA targeting the water sector, and 21% of total DDC reported by France in 2015 (Figure 5.2). As reported by the Treasury of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the Creditor Reporting System only tracks aid extended by LRGs, and does not include financial flows by French basin agencies. It is worth noting that the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses the same figures as PS-Eau when reporting water DDC flows. Over the period 2006-16, PS-Eau reported that LRGs of all sizes and basin agencies in France spent close to EUR 250 million on drinking water supply and sanitation services in developing countries, of which 80% (EUR 200 million) were mobilised thanks to the Oudin-Santini Law.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|french ps eau reported water|1.5600705|7.2723055|2.0316246
10354|Nonetheless, it the most isolated people and those belonging to most wealthy socioeconomic group also have a disproportionately high perceptions of exclusion. Thus, objective situations of social isolation that have been mentioned in the literature as factors that diminish capacities to deal with the crisis among the poorest population groups and influence the reproduction of poverty, would strengthen the effect of relative deprivation. This is expressed in psychologically negative sentiments, but.|SDG 1 - No poverty|wealthy diminish belonging isolation disproportionately|6.7337494|6.105164|4.782617
10355|We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision-makers and civil society. The ITF's Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy. This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the International Transport Forum. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of International Transport Forum member countries.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport forum itf gathering summit|4.116471|4.9158287|0.78556854
10356|This practice was seen as requiring knowledge integration, decision-making, working together with others, and communicating with patients (Barrows, 1983; Barrows and Tamblyn, 1980). Yet, medical students lacked clinical reasoning, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills. There was concern that medical schools put a too heavy emphasis on memorisation of -potentially irrelevant or soon-to-be-outdated - facts instead of skills necessary to practice medicine (Barrows, 1983; Savery, 2006).|SDG 4 - Quality education|medical practice irrelevant skills reasoning|9.382626|9.203129|1.3952185
10357|Thirdly, high aquaculture production volumes contribute to the policy objective ‘food security'. There is however an ongoing discussion about the ‘fishmeal trap’, which questions the ethical acceptability of using fish from capture fisheries for the production of high-value fish. Finally, aquaculture product safety and hygiene is important to ensure consumer protection.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture fish trap thirdly fishmeal|0.19659339|5.978721|6.513723
10358|The advantage is that transporting water is less strenuous for the elderly and children and allows transportation of a larger quantity of water, thereby reducing the number of trips needed. These innovations have somewhat assisted those with basic drinking water needs, but the lack of access to safely managed drinking water is still a persisting problem.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water drinking persisting transporting safely|1.2353126|7.4171762|2.513292
10359|In the professional realm, fields of study that are more likely to be chosen by young women, such as humanities and social sciences, may not be as appealing to employers as the male-dominated technical and scientific disciplines. Thus, their skills are seldom the primary barrier to their participation in the economy. At the same time that the youth population has expanded and become more educated, domestic and foreign companies have expressed an increasing unwillingness to invest in the region.209 The overall scarcity of jobs can exacerbate traditional barriers faced by women in the workplace.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|realm humanities appealing seldom disciplines|9.108603|4.0404067|5.9973726
10360|To maintain the long-term resilience and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem, the ecological benefits of forests are not adequately balanced against commercial and recreation interests to achieve conservation goals, especially those related to clear-cutting patterns and the age limit of harvested species. Still, the formulation of these key documents for the forestry sector mainly involved institutional actors, and professional forestry and academic communities, and lacked active participation of the private sector, local communities and civil society organizations. Also, the consideration of cross-sectoral aspects such as biodiversity conservation and climate change was insufficient and a monitoring system for the Forestry Development Strategic Plan’s implementation is not yet defined. The status of the forestry industry has been at the centre of political debate in recent years, as it is considered rather underdeveloped given the vastness of the resources.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forestry conservation biodiversity communities underdeveloped|1.5634934|4.7836637|3.8161457
10361|These grants finance quality certification processes, product and process development and pre-competitive R&D. The grants have a maximum amount of $150,000 and should not exceed 50 per cent of the total value of the project. The remaining share must be invested by the beneficiary. More than 540 projects have received funding, at a total of $12 million, through this programme.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|grants total beneficiary invested exceed|5.819981|3.1803167|2.6240458
10362|However, seizing these low-hanging fruit opportunities has exacerbated the urban-rural divide with respect to access to electricity. In all developing regions, electrification rates are significantly lower in rural areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, while 58.3 per cent of people living in cities have access to electricity, only 8 per cent of those living in rural areas have similar access (table 1). One of the most commonly cited successful electrification programmes is that of China, which has reached a rate of more than 98 per cent in less than two decades (1985-2000).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification cent rural access living|2.3154576|1.8284423|2.6652
10363|"Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), p. 53. See also ""Beijing and its follow-up"", available from www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/ (accessed 8 November 2013), and Sally Engle Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence, Translating International Law into Local Justice (University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 21. In the earlier global 1975 and 1980 world conferences on women, gender violence was not treated as a major issue. Country visits by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women have shown that domestic violence remains widespread and affects women of all social strata (A/66/215)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence beijing press university women|9.921883|5.056154|7.561496
10364|The larger geographic scale at which metropolitan planning is conducted offers a useful lens for a comprehensive vision of the diverse policy streams at play in the functional territory. Throughout the OECD, the focus of spatial planning is increasingly shifting from imposing restrictions towards promoting development - at least in the official rhetoric. In practice, when metropolitan spatial plans do exist, they may still be narrowly framed around physical infrastructure and remain disconnected from regional development plans and/or economic development plans, which sometimes command larger funding (e.g. in the case of EU countries that receive Structural Funds).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|plans metropolitan spatial larger rhetoric|3.9048762|5.441445|1.5497992
10365|This could be achieved through natural resource sustainability, updating the regulatory framework to protect the sector's interests abroad, the integration of productive chains, the continued support for innovative projects throughout the country, and encouraging regional development by promoting small-scale projects within the rural sector. National production in recent years has remained constant with a slight upward trend mainly because of growth in aquaculture production. Major species include shrimp, clams, crab and tuna. ( The main destinations of Mexican fish products exports included the United States, Hong Kong and Spain. Exports included species such as shrimp, tuna, lobster, octopus and sardine. (|SDG 14 - Life below water|shrimp tuna exports species included|0.38167584|5.9818254|6.569327
10366|Collaboration is the watchwordfor developmental continuity, and is explored here for a range of actors involved in child development, including children themselves, their parents, ECEC and primary school staff, and community services. The chapter draivs on a survey of OECD countries and partner countries to outline key trends across jurisdictions, as well as similarities and differences. It describes five main challenges highlighted by participating countries that are hindering developmental continuity, along with a wealth of practical strategies for tackling them.|SDG 4 - Quality education|continuity developmental similarities hindering outline|9.33567|2.6558802|2.0263364
10367|Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would like to acknowledge helpful comments from OECD and IEA colleagues Jane Ellis, Simon Buckle, Christina Hood, Raphael Jachnik, Lauren McNicoll, Mariana Mirabile, Andrew Prag, Guillaume Simon and Manasvini Vaidyula. The authors would also like to thank delegates to the September 2017 CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change for their comments on earlier versions of this paper, in particular delegates and experts from the following countries and organisations: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Moldova, Mexico, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, CITEPA, ICAT, ODI, UNDP and UNFCCC Secretariat.|SDG 13 - Climate action|simon delegates comments authors organisations|1.2437634|4.053539|1.2055415
10368|Despite the importance of human capital in delivering quality, competitive tourism services, less attention has been paid to identifying new ways of organising and managing human resources within the sector to support innovation, boost productivity and enhance competitiveness. The hospitality sector - accommodation and food service activities - is used as a proxy for tourism, in the absence of more detailed and comparable information on tourism related employment. Tourism is composed of many branches and also includes the activities of travel agencies and tour operators, passenger transportation and cultural, sport and recreational services.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism human hospitality activities sport|6.4779906|3.8592443|2.9295757
10369|The broader entitlements approach proposed by Dreze and Sen does not specify a particular cause of famine, just a framework that identifies it as a w idespread failure of entitlements for a substantial part of the population. The causes are diverse, including droughts, floods, general inflationary pressure, sharp recessionary loss of employment, war, and can occur even without a decline in food output or availability per head. Food production is not only a source of food supply, but for large sections of the population it is also the main source of livelihood.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|entitlements food source famine inflationary|4.580932|5.625623|4.447357
10370|This proportion is much lower among 15-year-old girls (7%) than boys (16%). However, physical activity among adults in Denmark is higher than in most other EU countries, with nearly 80% of adults reporting doing at least moderate physical activity each week. The exception is regular heavy drinking among adults, which appears to be equally prevalent across different socioeconomic groups. Smoking rates among those with the lowest level of education are more than double the rates among the most educated.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|adults activity physical rates prevalent|9.2360735|9.495046|3.2401555
10371|The impacts of such assessments on students vary. In cases where students are provided with effective support for their learning, the results can be positive. However, if having a learning difficulty means students are withdrawn from regular classroom instruction and face lower expectations, a less demanding curriculum and lower-quality teachers, this can have a very negative impact on them. This is particularly the case when linguistic differences or the effects of trauma, such as witnessing violence, are interpreted as lack of ability.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students witnessing learning lower linguistic|9.507288|1.8874589|2.2969685
10372|It recommends a distinct set of actions on the basis of four types of settlements: agglomerations, cities of secondaiy importance (centres of oblasts), small towns and monotow ns. Most of the proposed actions were intended to revise legislation and create better conditions for uiban development. However, they were not fully realised. The RDP w;as extended by including sectorial programs, and the main implementation focus was switched to construction of infrastructure rather than development of institutional conditions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|actions switched conditions revise agglomerations|4.0322957|5.370277|1.9012158
10373|The welfare costs that this imposes on society are high and pressures from human activities are projected to grow. Though no single definition exists, MPAs are generally described as any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means so that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings. In addition to protecting habitats, and buffering against storms and erosion, MPAs can help ensure the provision of multiple other ecosystem services that are fundamental for human well-being, including for fisheries, tourism, recreation and carbon storage.|SDG 14 - Life below water|mpas marine enjoys surroundings human|0.08718864|5.5143924|6.0581307
10374|See J.H. Reichman, “The International Legal Status of Undisclosed Clinical Trial Data: From Private to Public Good?” [ However, in order for a competitor to be able to market a generic copy of the drug, the local DRA must still make a judgment about the efficacy and safety of the generic product, and this decision may require the authority to rely on the regulatory decisions made by a DRA in a country where the originator has actually been granted regulatory approval. Again, the originator company may argue that the generic producer free rides on the originator’s efforts, even though the domestic DRA in these cases makes no direct use of the test data in question (rather, it uses the foreign decision that is based on such test data).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|dra originator generic test regulatory|8.244033|9.670145|2.5211387
10375|In most jurisdictions, teachers reach the first level of accreditation from the relevant authority upon graduation from an approved initial teacher education programme. Currently, each teacher registration authority has its own distinct set of standards for registration/accreditation, however, from 2013 jurisdictions will be progressively introducing the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers2 (the Standards) which will provide a national measure for teachers’ professional practice and knowledge. Advancement to frill registration (or professional competence) is achieved after a period of employed teaching practice and, from 2013, an appraisal against the Standards at Proficient level. In all states and territories, after teachers have initially become registered within their jurisdiction, they must renew their registration.|SDG 4 - Quality education|registration standards professional jurisdictions accreditation|9.463153|1.2141281|2.1109178
10376|While the NHS Wales Planning Framework seems a useful step towards clarifying planning expectations, there still seems to be scope for the government to be more prescriptive about exactly what is expected -in terms of financing and budget allocation, performance and efficiency, and quality achievement and improvement - from Health Boards and the providers they oversee. The Welsh Government is already beginning to explore some of these issues for the health system as a whole, and for Health Boards, in the consultation document (Green Paper) “Our Health, Our Health Service” (Welsh Government, 2015 a), and with the Integrated Medium Term Plans. More also needs to be done to support Health Boards as they try to deliver meaningful, and more significant, system change, with a focus on good collaboration between the Welsh Government and the Health Boards, building technical, managerial and leadership capacity in Health Boards, and sharing of experiences and expertise across Health Boards and system-wide. Other OECD countries also struggle with the balance between national standards (and control), and local freedom and innovation, and some offer lessons that Wales could learn from (Box 3.1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|boards health welsh wales government|9.1026325|9.313427|1.6667206
10377|In practice, however, credits accrue to women to a much greater extent than men, given that women take on the larger share of caring work. Social pensions are particularly significant in countries where the coverage of contributory social insurance schemes is limited and the majority of the labour force is in informal employment. Because individuals with limited contributory records tend to be concentrated among low-income groups, non-contributory social pensions are essential for old-age poverty prevention. Older women have been at the forefront of these mobilizations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|contributory pensions women social limited|7.9845977|5.5716105|4.730322
10378|Mongolian forests harbour 140 species of trees and shrubs; the main forest-forming species are larch (Larix sibirica) - the dominant tree species in Mongolia , pine (Pinus silvestris), cedar, spruce, fir, birch, aspen, poplar, elm and willow. Mongolian fauna consists of 138 mammal species, 75 fish species, 21 reptile species, 6 amphibian species, over 500 bird species, over 13,000 insect species and about 30 species of molluscs. As for Mongolian fauna, as many as 41 animal species (11 mammal, 25 bird, 2 fish and 3 invertebrate) are considered globally threatened: 4 species are categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), 12 species as Endangered (EN) and 25 species as Vulnerable (VU). A further 28 fauna species are categorized as NT, 8 as DD and 509 as LC.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species mongolian fauna categorized endangered|1.3522455|5.314824|4.2267017
10379|In 2012, 48.4 per cent of deaths were of females and 51.6 per cent of males. About 52.3 per cent of deaths occurred in urban populations while 47.7 per cent were in rural populations. Around one third of deaths (33.8 per cent) are related to symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings that are not classified by specific origin.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent deaths populations symptoms laboratory|8.831569|8.472399|3.6161995
10380|Typically, some farmers adopt it quickly, while others wait for extension or the results of their neighbours to convince them to do so. They are crucial to facilitating the dissemination of new technologies and their learning and adoption by farmers. They provide a link between the generation of innovations by national and international research institutions and their mastery and adoption by producers at the farm level. They have been introduced on less than one third of the area planted with cereal grains in the developing world (Zepeda, 2001).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|adoption farmers planted cereal wait|3.6499228|5.3475175|3.9060483
10381|However, barriers to accessing care mainly affect the lowest income group: 6.8% of people with low income reported unmet needs for medical care, compared with only 0.8% among the highest income group (Figure 9), with financial barriers being the most important reason for such unmet medical care needs. However, there are large geographical differences in waiting times for these procedures, with over a three-fold difference between regions with the longest and shortest waiting times. Out-of-pocket payments, which include direct payments, cost-sharing for services outside the benefit package, as well as informal payments, account for 29% of all health spending in Hungary, nearly twice as high as the EU average at 15% (Figure 10).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payments unmet waiting care medical|8.749905|8.871351|2.2298179
10382|Some municipalities have also introduced postcode area policies and “central application” for registering students to a certain school on the basis of school needs and characteristics rather than giving full school choice to families (Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wctcnschap, 2008(9oi). In two other Dutch cities, Nijmegen and Deventer, the local government enforced integration as a criterion in the school choice process, with the aim of having 70% native students along with 30% immigrant students (Ladd, Fiske and Ruijs, 2009[7oj). More specifically, all primary schools in Nijmegen have agreed on a central subscription system based on the distribution of students in different categories in order to reach a share of 30% of disadvantaged students in each school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students school choice central subscription|9.867494|2.481177|2.603973
10383|The analyses based on the other countries’ cases attempt to examine whether local governments tend to pay little attention to education expenditure and education performance or not. The average government size of the other countries is approximately 46% of GDP (Figure 6.3). But Korean education expenditure is relatively high compared with other welfare-related expenditure and has been the most rapidly expanding spending item. The average ratio of public education expenditure to GDP in OECD member countries and partner economies ranges between 3-7% of GDP.|SDG 4 - Quality education|expenditure gdp education item countries|9.116535|2.0954962|2.7614737
10384|Municipal water providers spend resources on water supply projects that rely upon the same water or build parallel pipelines. All water supply projects must go through lengthy, adversarial processes to receive permits. In most drainages and even some basins, municipal, industrial, environmental and agricultural needs are met depending on which user has pre-existing rights or has the most financial and political resources. One less than optimal result is that in a drought, for example, one town may have a full water supply and a neighbouring community little or nothing.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water supply municipal projects lengthy|1.2383461|7.3999386|2.2854013
10385|Policy responses to reported abuses should focus on implementing existing laws and if necessary strengthening penalties for legal breaches by employers rather than restricting the market for temporary labour. This is unobjectionable as an aspiration, but is less clear as a policy, as the term “decent work” can conceal difficult tradeoffs. The goal of decent work should not be allowed to perpetuate or strengthen the current pattern of a core of well-paid labour market insiders existing alongside a similar number of excluded and impoverished outsiders, either jobless or pushed into the informal sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|decent existing tradeoffs impoverished aspiration|7.9993615|4.4251933|4.376814
10386|Key areas of ecosystem monitoring include mangroves and cloud forests. There is also an early warning fire detection system. The main objective is to provide information of national interest, through co-ordination and widespread adoption of national and international standards, in compliance with the SNIEG Law.|SDG 15 - Life on land|cloud detection warning national widespread|1.3937634|5.0511494|3.6836994
10387|This would result in a more diverse, nutritious, well-balanced and safe food consumption pattern, reflected through an increase in the Desirable Dietary Plan (PPH) score from 86.4 in 2010 to 93.3 in 2014. A National Workshop on Food and Nutrition, conducted in 2004, recommended that no more than half the required carbohydrate intake should come from rice with the remaining taken from tuber. Statistics show that the people of Indonesia consume more rice than the required carbohydrate intake, reaching 62.2% in 2007 (MoA, 2010). This has become an increasingly important priority with the gradual opening up of the domestic market to agricultural imports and the need to increase quality standards to compete in the global market. The objective requires an efficient production system, processing and quality control.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|intake rice required moa nutritious|4.0367956|5.215439|4.2785907
10388|In other (Ljubljana with one option and Riga with four options), the capital city with more options achieves higher public transport demand. Therefore, for a city where bus service is the only available option and the policy goal would be to increase the demand for public transport, the introduction of a second mode may be worth a relevant consideration, especially if peer cities offering more options do reach higher demand for public transport. For the length, it is interesting to note that the capitals with the density between 900 to 1,600 inhabitants per square kilometer reach similar results for both measurements (figure 2.17.).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|options transport demand option reach|4.319015|4.9202585|0.6254808
10389|Accordingly, education, awareness and training offer a long-term solution for the sustainable development of a coastal and ocean economy. The first part of the chapter will examine the past, current and future coastal and marine research priorities at various scales and how research has been or is conducted in the region. The second part of the chapter will explore the development of regional capacity for coastal and marine research and how' existing research has been supported in the past.|SDG 14 - Life below water|coastal research marine past chapter|0.03862063|5.65407|6.080854
10390|More ambitious and radical approaches are needed to further reduce demand and mitigate competition across water users. Allocation of water across users (including for ecosystems) will be an important challenge. The Nutrient Recycling and Reduction scenario assesses the impact of measures to reuse nutrients in agriculture and reduce both domestic and agricultural discharges of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|users reduce phosphorus radical reuse|0.9228366|6.881797|3.0046654
10391|Credible analysis of climate change issues can influence budget priorities if designed to feed into national policy planning documents (Drakenberg et al., From an aid donors perspective, financing for climate change programmes that also contributes to poverty reduction and development objectives can help avoid fragmenting funding sources (OECD, 2009). Preparing LEDS could also be a first step towards indicating a sufficient level of capacity to effectively absorb and manage the financing, through an understanding of institutional responsibilities. Table 1 outlines the range of possible functions that a LEDS could fulfil for different stakeholders, both domestic and international.|SDG 13 - Climate action|leds financing credible climate absorb|1.6700006|4.274013|1.4412105
10392|In addition, central gender institutions may play a stronger role in working with ministries to define and co-ordinate their needs for gender-disaggregated data. Even when such data exist, some governments still need encouragement to employ gender statistics in their planning and budgetary processes. Consequently, national gender institutions must often engage in developing guidelines, manuals and training materials to promote the development and collection of gender-disaggregated statistics, as well as designing methodologies to encourage their application. Gender-sensitive indicators provide a useful tool to communicate goals and objectives within an overall vision and strategy for gender equality. They are used to assess progress in achieving gender equality by measuring changes in the status of women and men, and may be used to measure a particular intervention towards achieving greater gender equality.14 Focusing on measuring what matters can help drive the achievement of results and monitor performance against the desired goals for gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality disaggregated measuring achieving|9.817056|4.216478|7.4296126
10393|Indeed, the World Economic Forum recently argued that some more advanced developing countries could leapfrog into Industry 4.0, and that its impact could be far-reaching for possibly attaining - within a generation - inclusive and sustainable industrial development. Once again, this clearly underscores the role of international organizations, including UNIDO. To address these challenges, UNIDO is closely partnering with other development organizations, including many of the lOs represented in this report. Partnerships are a fruitful way forward to make the best and most productive use of ICTs for ISID, and to ensure that everyone benefits equally from the opportunities brought about by ever-sophisticated advances in ICTs and their application in modern manufacturing.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|unido icts organizations leapfrog fruitful|4.774637|3.234494|2.1089797
10394|Within this process, agricultural extension and industiy expansion need to play a larger role in supporting modernisation and product development Harnessing new opportunities for creating non-farm employment will require improvements in the overall conditions for investment. A combination of institutional reform and investment in connective infrastructure are needed to create a business-friendly environment to foster rural entrepreneurship, and to attract foreign firms relocating from China. Furthermore, the government needs to continue its commitments to health, education and skills to ensure a healthy and capable rural woikfoice.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|harnessing rural investment modernisation capable|4.1578827|5.183674|3.5657098
10395|Not only have water reservoirs, pumps, treatment facilities and distribution networks been affected by military conflicts and occupation by foreign forces, but also have wastewater treatment facilities and irrigation networks been destroyed during military incursions. Operation and maintenance of water facilities is also limited during periods of insecurity and occupation, which have affected the availability of fuel for pumping water (e.g. in Yemen), the import of replacement parts (e.g. in Palestine), or access of employees to operate water facilities (e.g. in Iraq). In preparation, some officials have already considered relocating the capital to the coast.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|facilities military occupation water networks|1.3915106|7.2707415|2.63959
10396|However, funding from international co-operation is likely to gradually decline in the years to come. The MMA and ICMBio envisage the shift of the ARPA programme from donation based to government financed over 25 years and has set up a transition fund for the purpose. Brazil would benefit from developing a comprehensive financial strategy for the SNUC and for biodiversity policy more generally.|SDG 15 - Life on land|envisage mma years gradually financed|1.9895262|4.7349486|3.4510355
10397|Hulme and McKay, 2008). Secondly, contrary to the assumptions implicitly underlying monetary poverty counts, children are not sovereign consumers who can decide to spend their resources to cover their needs at subsistence level; consumption decisions are (most commonly) not made by children (White et al, 2003). This implies that even in households (just) above the poverty line children may actually be poor because the consumption decisions are not reflecting their specific needs (see also Gordon et al 2003; Minujin et al 2006; Minuji'n and Nandy 2012; White et al 2003; Waddington 2004, for similar arguments concerning children and monetary poverty).|SDG 1 - No poverty|al et children white monetary|7.103367|6.3428965|5.1860037
10398|Even in big schools, they are assisted by a deputy to deal with administrative matters but cannot assign them instructional leadership roles. Principals can pay surcharges to some teachers to take on different tasks (e.g. reviewing teaching plans, participating in a monthly committee) but none of these entail real responsibility and authority for instructional leadership in the eyes of other teachers. In practice, teachers receive little feedback and support to improve their practice either from school leaders or other peers. An increasing number of OECD countries have created such leadership positions to strengthen teacher professional development at the school level, building on research that shows teacher-to-teacher feedback and support to be one of the most effective means of improving teaching standards (See Box 3.3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|leadership teacher instructional teachers feedback|9.753982|1.3743279|1.8396095
10399|Along with the challenges of access to health technologies to address the burden of communicable disease, low- and middle-income countries are also increasingly grappling with the rising burdens of non-communicable diseases. Yet newer, patented treatments often carry price tags that are not affordable for the vast majority of patients in low- and middle-income countries. Taking a closer look at the growing interest in niche markets and personalized medicine”, World Medical and Health Policy, vol.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|communicable middle personalized newer niche|8.45832|9.434078|2.3960836
10400|"Source: Authors' calculations based on PovcalNet database. Haughton and Khandker (2010) go as far as stating that ""legitimate comparisons of poverty rates between one country and another can only be made if the same absolute poverty line is used in both countries"". The statement that the same line should be used depends crucially on the validity and legitimacy of that poverty line in both countries, which is likely to hold when both are low-income countries -because below a certain level of income, poverty lines are quite close to the dollar-a-day line—but not among two middle-income countries."|SDG 1 - No poverty|line poverty income countries crucially|6.368305|6.095048|5.040511
10401|There are new education and training options - some of them vocational - which may not be well understood by students, teachers and parents. With young people staying in education in many countries longer than ever before, they need access to better information about the consequences of their decisions from an early age and to build effective decision-making skills for their work choices. Research has shown how easy it is for young people, especially from more disadvantaged backgrounds, to get caught out as they seek to move into work after education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education young staying caught people|8.7079115|2.8014984|2.9497876
10402|Taking food availability as an example, risk comes from a shortfall in food supply due, for instance, to a significant crop failure. Government policies need to be able to manage, in a coordinated way, food supplies coming from production, imports and stocks so that the whole set of trade and agricultural policies play a role in responding to availability risks. As for access, it is the role of the government to enhance households’ access to efficient risk management strategies, whether through economic diversification or the use of community or market insurance or, in the most extreme cases, public safety nets that can be scaled up in the case of a crisis. Finally, as for utilisation, direct nutritional intervention may be needed.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food availability role risk shortfall|4.3735313|5.4391313|4.332585
10403|The ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEQ 2010-2015 served to advance cooperation towards energy security. The subregion has made good progress on several of its goals; six of the 16 planned interconnections under die ASEAN Power Grid and 12 bilateral gas pipeline interconnections have been commissioned. This work will continue under the APAEC 2016-2025 presented in October 2015; under the dieme of “Enhancing Energy Connectivity and Market Integration in ASEAN to Achieve Energy Security, Accessibility, Affordability and Sustainability for All”, diis plan provides enhanced goals and targets for the subregion.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|asean interconnections subregion energy cooperation|1.4755924|2.283494|2.4655004
10404|However, a given level of inequality can only remain constant if income growth is balanced (i.e. equal rates of income growth at all percentiles of the income distribution).1 When income growth is unbalanced, the level of inequality changes over time. It is one thing to say: “Australia is more unequal now than it was in 1980”, and quite another thing to say: “Australia is more unequal now than it w'as in 1980 and Australians can expect it to get ever more unequal each year into the indefinite future.” This paper therefore asks what the implications of ever increasing inequality might be and whether this can possibly be a steady state.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|unequal thing inequality income say|6.622732|5.069502|4.67308
10405|The global rate of decline in MTL in the three oceans is about 0.1 trophic level per decade. Climate change may affect the seasonality of biological processes and alter marine food webs with unpredictable consequences for fish production. For small pelagic fish stocks, such as anchovy, sardine, pilchard and squid, the effect of climate variability is decisive over that of fishing mortality.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish trophic unpredictable pelagic decisive|-0.21485157|6.0498023|6.1934347
10406|Food security is mentioned only once, although protecting people in the rural sector is acknowledged (for example the need to protect households against crop failure) but these connections (in formal documentation at least) are implicit rather than explicit. The focus is on social transfers, community-based insurance and school feeding programmes. Some operations do make transfers to food insecure people, though the links to food security are not made explicitly in programming operations are at a different level, for example tl improve the fiscal, legal and institutional frameworks and coherent design of comprehensive social protection programmes.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food operations transfers security tl|4.46406|5.452553|4.2853312
10407|In addition, development co-operation providers’ efforts to improve the environmental performance of businesses increasingly involve working through intermediaries such banks, business and professional associations, and companies with extensive supply chains. While this approach may be a necessary and effective way of reaching out to companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, it leads to significant difficulties in monitoring and verifying environmental impacts and outcomes. The lack of consistent monitoring is compounded by issues related to attribution of impact and to the establishment of baselines for the analysis. Efforts to mobilise private investment and work through the private sector should be aligned with local contexts and priorities e.g. through NDCs and national adaptation plans (NAPs).|SDG 13 - Climate action|companies monitoring efforts naps attribution|1.9036353|4.123083|1.5364608
10408|All these elements have caused chronic shortages of land, especially for the urban poor57 reducing the efficiency of the city. Several countries and cities are adopting and adapting this technique in order to accommodate a variety of legal frameworks and public-private relationships.63 Many others are improving the legal tools to assist with this process. In many cities, even long-established public spaces such as parks and open areas are under threat from development. The most common public space, street surface areas are being reduced in newly urbanized areas of both developed and developing countries.68 It is not only that the share of the public space is cut down, but also the very notion of the public realm.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|public space areas legal cities|4.1553826|5.14881|1.6484843
10409|Carework for the community enhances community well-being and improves social cohesion. A recent study based on a sample of50,000 adults in 25 countries concluded that daughters of working mothers who completed more years of schooling were more likely to be employed, especially in a supervisory role, and to earn a higher income. In the United States, where daughters of working mothers earned 23 percent more than daughters of stay-at-home mothers, some of these effects were stronger. What would be needed to translate such choices into an equitable balance between men and women in roles, responsibilities and outcomes for both paid and unpaid work?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|daughters mothers community working supervisory|9.083527|5.03508|5.9001827
10410|But between 2007 and 2012, these rates slowed to 2.5% per year for poverty, and 0.9% per year for indigence. In Ecuador, poverty was down by 3.1 percentage points (from 35.3% to 32.2%) and indigence by 0.9 percentage points (from 13.8% to 12.9%). In Brazil, poverty fell by 2.3 points (from 20.9% to 18.6%), and extreme poverty by 0.7 points (from 6.1% to 5.4%).|SDG 1 - No poverty|points indigence poverty percentage year|6.4058003|5.7076797|5.1766667
10411|For the tertiary level, the population used is the five-year age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age. The pattern is observed in all the countries analysed and is much wider in emerging economies than in the average OECD country. The gap is narrowest among the youngest NEETs (15 to 19 years old) and widens with age - a reflection of the fact that while the gender gap in school enrolment has disappeared in most countries, gender differences in labour force participation persist.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|age gap disappeared widens neets|8.553807|3.8406823|4.222171
10412|Establish a national long-term strategic vision that addresses infrastmcture service needs. Manage the integrity and cormption threats at all stages of the process, from project conception to delivery. Establish clear criteria to guide the choice of delivery mode (public-private partnerships vs. direct public provision, etc.).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|establish delivery conception vs integrity|3.7139406|5.47058|1.4958571
10413|These results suggest that, for some of these emerging pollutants, N BS work better than grey solutions and in certain cases may be the only solution. However, industrial applications of NBS, particularly constructed wetlands for industrial wastewater treatment, are growing. A review of 138 applications in 33 countries made clear that constructed wetlands have been used for many types of industrial effluents (Vymazal, 2014).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|industrial wetlands constructed applications effluents|0.9212881|6.7358313|2.8081176
10414|More specifically, definitions and measures of food insecurity are beginning to move away from focusing on siloes of access, availability and utilization, and consider factors such as food sufficiency, nutrient adequacy, cultural acceptability, safety, and certainty and stability of foods (Coates, 2013). Accordingly, using indices or scales has become a more common approach to capturing these different dimensions; leading to a more comprehensive understanding of food insecurity. In the global SDG indicators framework, it has been agreed to use the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) to estimate the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity food acceptability capturing utilization|4.40189|5.673149|4.684956
10415|This masks huge differences between the LDCs but reflects that some of them will have largely achieved the universality and affordability criteria by 2020. However, the prospects for widespread use of the Internet by 2020 are poor. At current growth, less than a quarter of the LDC's population will be online (Figure 6.1, bottom right). A key reason is that growth in the ability to use the Internet will not match that of coverage and affordability.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|affordability internet masks universality growth|4.83227|2.9221144|1.6039706
10416|The study argues, 'Capacity building programmes for women are good, but it is also important that men get education about the importance of women in politics. Excluding men from these education programmes will never lead to complete change, as male attitudes contribute to the problem' (Giving Voice to the Voiceless). Moreover, their husbands work on their behalf (Vissandjee et al.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men programmes husbands behalf argues|10.420751|4.4279013|7.203739
10417|This is why the first of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to eradicate extremes of both poverty and hunger. The World Bank (2004) emphasises that poverty is a root cause of hunger. These three factors are interlinked in such a way that each contributes to the presence and permanence of the others.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|hunger interlinked eradicate extremes poverty|5.861855|6.29701|4.7249055
10418|Given the scale of resources and the number of projects involved, BICRO has so far nurtured a small sector, essentially hedging its bets on a few contenders, each of which has an uncertain probability of successful employment creation and long-term sustainability. This approach can be useful for capturing serendipitous and radical ideas and has a non-negligible probability of a reasonably strong economic impact if pursued vigorously over a sufficiently long period. However it cannot be the main basis of support for business-sector innovation as a whole.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|probability hedging reasonably long radical|5.423423|3.556589|2.583988
10419|Retrieved from http://www.imshealth.com/deployedfiles/imshealth/Global/Content/Corporate/IMS Institute/RUOM-2013/IHII_Responsible_Use_Medicines_2013.pdf Ascertaining Barriers for Compliance : policies for safe , effective and cost-effective use of medicines in Europe Final Report of the ABC Project. ( Pharmaceutical Expenditure And Policies: Past Trends And Future Challenges. In OECD Health Working Papers (Vol. Medication Adherence: WHO Cares? Mayo Clin Proc, 86(4).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|retrieved adherence effective medication com|8.5485115|9.4713955|2.199973
10420|In addition, students are more dependent upon their parents and their parents' resources when they are younger. In systems that track students early, parents who are more socio-economically advantaged may be in a better position to promote their child's abilities than disadvantaged parents. In systems where these decisions are taken at a later age, students play a larger role in deciding their own education pathways, and teachers and parents have enough information to make more objective decisions. While the median age of first formal selection is 15 years in OECD countries (OECD, 2010a), in Finland and Spain, students are not separated into different tracks until the end of lower secondary education. However, in a few countries, such as Austria and Germany, selection takes place very early, when students are just 10 years old. Among the various academic selection systems, tracking is the most rigid because students are taught substantially different curricula.|SDG 4 - Quality education|parents students selection systems decisions|9.27037|2.6365895|2.7239394
10421|In meetings with the review' team, students emphasised its importance - suggesting that the role of upper secondary “is to prepare for matura.” Students allocate their time and attention to the subjects in which they will take matura examination. Families frequently invest in private tutoring to prepare students for matura examinations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|prepare students tutoring examinations emphasised|9.51495|1.8236771|1.6483235
10422|It can also promote synergies and knowledge sharing between teams working on different accounts. Chapter 8 concludes the Guide by reporting areas of existing and ideas for future research regarding the measurement of unpaid household service work. Simultaneous activities take place in parallel with each other, such as looking after children while cooking a meal. There are numerous solutions to recording the time spent in simultaneous activities.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|simultaneous recording meal activities cooking|9.002414|4.8458643|5.4869075
10423|Many of these changes have been linked to higher incidences of poverty. Smaller households, households headed by women and older people, and immigrant families all face higher risks of poverty. As family structures continue to change so too will the nature of poverty: as families become more fluid, individuals may face greater risks of falling into poverty at some point over the course of their lives.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty face families risks fluid|7.258869|5.885767|4.987697
10424|While there is no disagreement on this general notion, a look at the productivity literature and its various applications reveals there is no single purpose or indicator to measure productivity. The focus is on maximising the output with a given set of inputs and a given technology or on minimising the inputs for a given output. The focus is on minimising resource input costs.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|minimising given inputs output productivity|2.8048718|4.1107235|3.158255
10425|It could be argued, therefore, that the QOF indicators as they stand present GPs with a perverse incentive to not increase screening or depression diagnoses, as this would increase the follow-up and the severity assessments and screening required to meet the QOF targets. In 2013/2014, there are two indicators for depression - the percentage of adult patients with a new diagnosis of depression that have had a biopsychosocial assessment by the point of diagnosis (DEP001) and the percentage of patients with depression reviewed patients between 10-35 days after initial diagnosis (DEP002). For a list of the 2013/2014 indicators, see (BMA, 2014). Payment by Results (PbR) has been used since 2004 as a key provider payment mechanism in secondary care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|depression diagnosis qof patients screening|10.123449|9.218931|1.8297945
10426|National funds are allocated to the regions on a per capita funding basis for schools' costs such as salaries and learning materials. Regions and municipalities allocate these funds to schools, and school leaders are responsible for their financial management. Schools can receive extra national funding for students with special needs on a per-student basis, and they can apply for grants for socioeconomically disadvantaged students or additional funding for extra materials or personnel.|SDG 4 - Quality education|funding extra schools materials funds|9.379107|2.251574|2.239026
10427|This chapter examines the targeting and coverage of these benefits and their incentive effects and role in the labour market. The chapter first considers the Employment Insurance (El) system, focusing mainly on the cash benefits provided.69 A distinctive characteristic is that contributions to the regular El system are not payable on earnings from some types of non-regular work, in particular until 2009 any work expected to last for less than a year. Japan provides the clearest OECD-country example of an unemployment insurance (UI) system that allows for the continuing existence of an uncovered sector, and its detailed provisions merit careful study by any other country that is considering the introduction of a UI system that may at first cover only workers in relatively stable and long-term employment -although Japan’s recent reforms aim to extend coverage to short-term employment. The chapter then examines the management of Public Assistance, with a focus on the entitlement features and management practices that keep the benefit caseload particularly low.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ui chapter examines el employment|7.874409|4.9548573|4.0644193
10428|This pattern is reinforced by time and mobility constraints arising from sociocultural gender-based norms that impose a double burden in terms of unpaid care work and productive activities. It is also reinforced by gender segregation in the labour market, which confines women largely to relatively low-income activities, and by intra-household decisionmaking dynamics that limit their control over household income and their influence on spending priorities. Such biases are especially evident in gender-disaggregated household-level data based on “male-headed” and “female-headed” households.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reinforced headed household gender sociocultural|8.994888|4.9005055|5.9029226
10429|Southern Med Review, 4(2), 69. Time series analysis of the relationship between unemployment and mortality: a survey of econometric critiques and replications of Brenner’s studies. Does the economy affect teenage substance use? Reichman, N. E. (2013). Business cycles, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: Evidence from the Icelandic economic collapse.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|med hypertension teenage icelandic collapse|9.466599|8.914956|2.8624213
10430|Moreover, some studies (Khera and Nayak 2009) have shown that this programme brought significant benefits for women, including improvement of their food security and ability to avoid hazardous work. The sample covers married women aged between 25 and 54 years, who live in rural areas, and whose household participated in NREGA programme. In 2009, 12 701 women of the sample live in households that participated in the programme and 56 333 did not.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|participated programme sample live women|8.545957|4.530712|5.7826214
10431|Their results suggest that OLS estimates of skills premia in terms of both wages and employment outcomes may well provide a lower-bound estimate of the true returns to skills. But they report radically different pictures as regards the relative importance of the returns to problem-solving in technology-rich environments which 1 will refer to in shorthand as “ICT-literacy skills”. Lane and Conlon (2016), on the other hand, estimate larger returns to ICT-literacy skills and the impact of schooling on these skills is less marked than it is for literacy and numeracy1 .|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills returns literacy ict estimate|8.931934|2.5288055|2.9742558
10432|Yemen is experiencing a politically and economically tumultuous period, with both the public and private sectors having failed to address food, water and energy insecurities facing the country. The goal of this case study is to understand the processes that have led to water scarcity inYemen and, specifically, in its capital, Sana'a. Population vulnerability to water scarcity is being examined and identified, and particular focus is placed on the urban poor and those living in informal settlements within the city's peripheries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|scarcity water yemen politically failed|1.6490631|7.007035|2.6554565
10433|Because of poor maintenance of drainage infrastructure, waterlogging of agricultural land is a concern. In the Ukrainian section of the Prut in 2008-2009, BOD, nitrite, and suspended solids were the most common defects. Compared to 2005, there was a slight improvement of the water quality of the Prut River in the Republic of Moldova. In 2005, four monitoring stations of the seven fell in class III and three stations in class II. In 2008, all seven stations fell in class II. In Romanian territory, on the Prut River, there are 11 monitoring stations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|prut stations class fell seven|0.5207337|6.914498|2.7175531
10434|Employers who hire as regular workers new school graduates who are unable to find a job despite active job-search can be paid a gi ant of JPY 1 million per worker (or half of this sum for large companies) (MHLW, 2009a). The Japanese Dual System had about 28 000 participants and a budget of JPY 8.7 billion in FY 2006 (OECD, 2009a; see also Annex 5A). This is now one of the main forms of “commissioned-type training” accessed through the Job Card system (see Box 5.1).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jpy job mhlw fy hire|8.136938|4.884804|3.99771
10435|It is crucial to report the reference period together with the figures, as well as the international and national criteria for forced labour. The data collected should be comprehensive and their compilation sufficiently detailed, to facilitate international comparability based on the concepts and definitions provided in the ILO methodology concerning statistics of forced labour. Utilisation of the ILO methodology should help to facilitate the international comparability of forced labour statistics by minimizing differences across countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|forced comparability ilo methodology labour|8.2399025|4.4757137|4.5370708
10436|In Kyrgyzstan, 150,000 to 200,000 people have migrated to Bishkek from the provinces in the past five years. Osh, the country’s second largest city, has seen a similar influx, resulting in informal substandard housing on the outskirts. The housing units often lack basic necessities such as sanitation and running water (IFC 2006).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing osh migrated necessities influx|4.654548|5.4414754|2.0172136
10437|With differences among regions and countries, these transformations include: the stabilization of total capture fisheries production at 90-95 million tonnes since mid-1990s; the rapid increase in global aquaculture production, reaching about 74 million tonnes in 2014 and outpacing all other food-producing systems; the globalization of the industry, with substantial growth in world trade in fish and fisheries products, particularly in value terms; and the rising demand for fish and fishery products. However, many factors might affect the prospects for this sector. These include: land and water and associated conflicts; feed, seed14 supply and genetic resources; environmental integrity and disease problems; development and adoption of new and improved farming technologies; market, trade and food safety; climate change; investment capital impediments; and problems that can originate from unguided and unmonitored aquaculture practices.|SDG 14 - Life below water|tonnes aquaculture fish fisheries problems|0.32041216|6.042136|6.534005
10438|The general skills (functional literacy) level is typically achieved at the primary education level. Specific skills are acquired during secondary education and advanced scientific and technical knowledge obtained through higher education. However, formal education is not a sole source of human capital. In fact, recent studies suggest that in the Arctic human capital is less related to formal levels of schooling than it is in the south (Petrov, 2008; Petrov and Cavin, 2013).|SDG 4 - Quality education|education formal capital human skills|8.692118|2.641255|2.8966584
10439|Industry and waste are also of concern: cases of maximum concentration values for NH,, organic substances and Pb exceeding threshold values for drinking water have been recorded in certain wells in the area. All are, however, of low importance. Nutrient pollution has been observed in some vulnerable zones.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|values exceeding wells nutrient substances|0.8283453|6.765519|2.9051006
10440|A rule curve committee was appointed in 1988 to lower the water level of the reservoir during the monsoon period as near to the dead storage level as possible for flood control. The project has fallen far behind schedule during construction. This has resulted in more capital costs, interest charges and delayed returns. Industry and the agricultural community are in conflict about water allocation strategies. Mean monthly storages are likely to decrease in future scenarios.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|monsoon dead delayed appointed reservoir|1.0915198|7.308531|2.0396106
10441|In the harsh conditions of the mountains, natural ecosystems play an important role in ensuring an environment that can support life. While biological communities do not vary greatly in the Kyrgyz lowlands, the mountains support deserts, steppes, coniferous and deciduous forests, and alpine meadows, which can all be found within a few kilometres of each other. It is only such high levels of diversity that allow an environmental balance to be maintained effectively under the extreme mountain conditions.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mountains meadows alpine lowlands conditions|1.3161334|5.364152|4.1542263
10442|In fact, as ITU has long been highlighting, this can only be the case where an enabling environment with flexible and adaptive ICT regulatory frameworks are in place, to capitalize on the benefits of the digital revolution. Indeed, ITU organizes the annual Global Symposium for Regulators (GSR) to debate new and emerging ICT regulatory issues in ICT. Real-world drivers and constraints cannot be neglected at the expense of the virtual world - we need concerted efforts to harness the power of ICTs and the online world to enrich people's lives.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ict itu world regulatory symposium|4.8443236|3.0084171|1.8034211
10443|It delivers business counselling, training and micro-finance to these women in order to help them start and manage micro and small enterprises, as well as providing opportunities for them to participation in local and regional trade fairs. Its goal is to strengthen the role of businesswomen as leaders in the Palestinian economy through advocacy, networking, and the provision of business services. It serves its members and offers programmes and services to aspiring women entrepreneurs seeking to establish or grow their businesses.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|micro business aspiring businesswomen delivers|9.051723|3.336309|6.6637607
10444|Their work consists in maintaining laboratories, preparing experiments, and assisting teachers in conducting laboratory classes. A total of 13 other professional categories are stipulated to support the day-to-day operation of schools (e.g. accountant, psychologist, nurse, librarian, clerk, secretary, repair man, guard, doorman) (See Annex 4.A1). The number of positions per category depends on the type, level of education and number of consolidated classes of the school. Norms for teachers, student-teacher ratios and “sanitary” conditions of schools mean that, within schools, most students are supposed to encounter comparable conditions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools classes day teachers guard|9.63402|1.6845281|2.268275
10445|Tourism business owners have indicated that the burden of staff training and development is currently too great (Khowala, 2015). The World Travel and Tourism Council (2015) also maintains that tourism firms globally and across Africa should invest significantly in employee training to address skills shortages in the tourism sector. For instance, only about 3 per cent of African students are enrolled in technical vocational education and training courses, compared with 18 per cent of Chinese students (UNCTAD, 2014d). This could contribute to young talent being available to both large- and small-scale tourism enterprises and promote greater youth entrepreneurship in tourism. The section also discusses differential impacts of tourism on women and men to better understand the gender dimension of the sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism training students cent maintains|6.6464877|3.8060641|2.9967217
10446|There are some adaptation measures—the introduction and dissemination, for example, of adaptation technologies such as those involving drought-resistant seeds and solar-powered cooling systems for the home that expand access to electricity by reducing dependency on electrical grids while also reducing emissions—that align themselves well with business interests. However, in practice, kick-starting such adaptation measures requires a boost from the public sector. This being the case, the focus of the first policy scenario for increasing adaptation financing should simply be: more resources from the public sector.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation reducing kick powered resistant|1.8373356|4.165499|1.5190715
10447|Then it moves on to provide a rationale for strengthening the participation of women within security and justice institutions and information on how to overcome common challenges to the increased participation of women, including cultural norms and stereotypes, lack of education, discrimination, sexual harassment and sexual violence. The chapter concludes with practical recommendations for how to increase women’s recruitment, retention and advancement in post-conflict security sector institutions. In this context, the transformation of security sector institutions is one of the key activities necessary in order to provide justice and security and prevent the resurgence of conflict.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|security justice institutions conflict sexual|10.149496|4.8140316|7.51006
10448|In 2008, for example, 20 million people were displaced as a result of sudden-onset climate-related weather events, compared to 4.6 million internally displaced by conflict and violence.126 There is, however, no global database on migratory movements related to natural disasters. At best, there are estimates that can be derived from displacement data relating to particular crises. Although the number of disasters has increased significantly over the last two decades (see map 8 showing the change in the number of natural disasters between 1990 and 2009), there has not been a major impact on international migratory flows, as much displacement is short-lived and temporary, and those who are displaced do not have the resources or networks to migrate abroad.127 This is why it is often asserted that environmental change is likely to contribute to more internal rather than international migration. For example, environmental degradation may be the result of changes in average annual temperatures or rainfall levels, but it may equally be the result of deforestation or poor land management - or a combination of these factors.|SDG 13 - Climate action|displaced disasters migratory displacement result|1.5899796|5.197204|1.9981581
10449|As these models are based on projected unit cost per cost category, their respective projected cost risk and pair-wise projected covariances of cost categories among generating technologies these models can only be used for short- to medium-term, forward-looking analysis. Given their probabilistic nature, they can be used for short-term or (at most) medium-term, forward-looking analysis only. They use historical information in a semi-heuristic way to generate probabilities and tolerance margins of power systems.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|projected cost term forward looking|1.471557|1.6885549|1.841884
10450|This is typically a semi-formal value chain because prices are more attractive with a shorter value chain than those offered by processors. The animals may be slaughtered by the farmer himself and sold to a meat trader who will then sell it to a grocer or a restaurant. Cattle traders also buy live animals and organise slaughter. Individual farms sell cattle to feedlots and meat processing plants, and, like household producers, sell meat on the domestic market directly or through intermediaries.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|sell meat cattle animals chain|3.7418618|5.127168|4.2083383
10451|First is the increased linkage between energy and commodity markets. As agricultural production increasingly relies on energy inputs on the supply side, and is increasingly used as feedstock for energy production, commodity prices will tend to be increasingly linked with oil prices and the volatility of energy prices will be transmitted to them. Uncertain energy futures in the context of a recovering and expanding global economy, and apparently fixed supplies of conventional fuel sources, raises fears of “food versus fuel” in times of shortages.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|energy increasingly prices commodity fuel|3.823583|4.9571514|4.373939
10452|Groundwater accounts for 60% of supplies, desalination (reverse osmosis) for 30-35% and surface water via cisterns, 5-10%. A report on measures required was presented to the Minister in 2008 and in 2009 consultation process was undertaken resulting in a national smart utility metering plan, to be rolled-out between 2010 and 2013. The project will cost an estimated EUR 40 million or EUR 163 per electricity and water meter.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|eur rolled metering desalination reverse|1.0761288|7.609164|2.6341145
10453|Moreover, regional transfer systems can come with negative side effects if they are poorly designed. For example, transfer systems aimed at equalising revenues across regions can cause moral hazard, leading to a distortion of sub-central tax structures and less efforts for increasing tax bases and enforcing tax collection (OECD, 2013). If incentives for tax revenue generation decrease, less redistribution takes place, which directly affects income inequality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tax transfer distortion equalising bases|6.930552|5.1867657|4.364923
10454|A study commissioned by the Board estimated that the potato industry accounted for CAD 1 billion of economic activities, representing 9% of the island's gross domestic product. Opponents argued it would result in groundwater depletion, as well as deter groundwater dependent springs, rivers, and ecosystems. They also worried about increased pesticide run-off, resulting in annual fish kills, and groundwater nitrate contamination and erosion.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater cad deter springs pesticide|1.418747|7.363823|2.7503943
10455|They rarely enforce their posturing on women’s inclusion when it comes to negotiations in reality. For instance, in her discussion of the Taef Agreement (1989) in Lebanon, Kari Karame (Chapter 12) notes that even though the negotiation of the agreement was supported by the United Nations and the United States, only men were invited to the negotiation table. As Vanessa Farr shows in Chapter 11, more than 20 years later, “Contrary to the clear directives given in SCR 1325 to include women in all aspects of decision-making in a conflict zone, Palestinian women are routinely excluded from all high-level negotiations on the Israel-Palestine question - by Palestinian males, the state of Israel and the international community.”|SDG 5 - Gender equality|palestinian negotiation negotiations israel agreement|10.352704|4.797067|7.57909
10456|On balance, they suggest that trade is likely to become increasingly important as a supplement to domestic production in ensuring adequate food availability (and as a source of export earnings and income as will be seen in the following section). The Global Harvest Initiative’s 2012 GAP report compares the growth in projected demand in each region with the growth in projected supply based on a continuation of current growth rates in agricultural total factor productivity. It concludes that, on this business-as-usual scenario, 74% of the growth in total demand can be met by maintaining the current TFP growth rate, leaving a significant gap to be met by imports. In South and South-east Asia, the proportion is 82% and in the Middle East and North Africa it is 83%.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|growth met projected east gap|3.9730992|4.940525|4.25417
10457|The budget for evaluation activities also increased and was secured by law. In real terms, INEP’s annual budget more than quadrupled in a decade - growing from USD 104 million in 2000 to USD 460 million in 2011. Further pursuing these reforms is essential to ensure that all students acquire basic skills and effectively move on to upper secondary education. The greatest challenge ahead is to improve teaching practices, which is also the most promising lever of student learning. Developing a common understanding of good teaching should be the first step to formulate an ambitious policy for their professionalisation, and address concerns over their poor preparation, recruitment and support.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching budget usd million lever|9.434902|1.7147282|1.8087956
10458|Consequently, more efforts are still required to ensure that a critical mass of women are elected into positions of authority and at all levels of decision-making. In order to have effective and competent women holding positions of leadership, the political space has to be opened up for more women to participate in politics. Hence it is crucial to deal with the systematic and endemic barriers that hinder the effective participation of women in politics.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|politics women positions effective endemic|10.452125|4.4569507|7.211916
10459|It is anticipated that children in the lowest decile of the income distribution will have higher rates of deprivation than other children and that they live in the types of households that had already been more vulnerable before the crisis, and have been hit hardest by the economic downturn. These will include family structure (single parent), family (household) size, migration status or parents' employment (low work intensity) and education.2 Further, the paper will assess the relative importance of these characteristics in determining relative disadvantage, and consider whether these features are common across European countries. Additionally, it compares the rates of child material deprivation for the most disadvantaged with that of the total child population. It will also look at child-specific items in Europe over four years to analyse the changes during the Great Recession specific to different dimensions of child material deprivation (based on EU-SILC 2009 and EU-SILC 2013 child-specific material deprivation module).3This will illustrate how deprivation translates into childhood experience.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation child material silc specific|7.1729436|6.4868326|5.210761
10460|It is provided mainly in institutional settings with little emphasis on community or home care. There is no properly integrated longterm care system coordinating between providers and this is reflected in fragmented service provision and disjointed governance (Normand, 2017). The current work on a Long-Term Care Act aims to address these challenges (see Box 1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care longterm coordinating fragmented properly|9.156866|8.796094|1.8060035
10461|They w'ere developed according to EU standards, and are therefore mostly consistent with them. The most important water-related outcomes of the Midterm Development Strategy were the transformation of the water management institutions from public companies at the municipal level to water management agencies, including local offices at the entity level; implementation of the new water laws including sublaws; and harmonization of guidance, rulebooks and standards. Given that the previous strategy expired in 2007 and although preparation of a follow-up strategy is in progress, there is a policy discontinuity in this important area.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|strategy water standards discontinuity expired|1.0629137|7.0713816|1.7110288
10462|Productive land, clean and abundant fresh water, healthy oceans and a stable climate are arguably the foundation of all the other socio-economic goals. The rationale is simple: we are not going to build a just and prosperous future for all of us, on a degraded planet with an impoverished nature. The most common threat to declining populations is loss and/or degradation of natural habitat, but unsustainable exploitation, invasive species and pollution are also major threats.|SDG 15 - Life on land|impoverished prosperous invasive planet arguably|1.6039091|5.1589484|3.494233
10463|Second, GTEs generally do not follow' established intervention rules for purchasing and releasing stocks and rarely commit to floor and ceiling prices (Poulton et al., This lack of transparency and predictability’ is detrimental to the well-functioning of the scheme as it diminishes the confidence of consumers and private traders in buffer stocks (Jayne, 2012). In addition, they also hold stock for food security and famine relief.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|stocks releasing famine diminishes predictability|3.8442755|4.992733|4.0783873
10464|Nine education systems refer specifically to working time, teaching time and time available at school, while the remainder cite them in different combinations. Among those countries that regulate both total working time and obligatory availability at school, the gap between the two (in hours) varies greatly. Teachers are, thus, on average expected to spend a higher proportion of their total working time teaching in the classroom and to be present for a greater amount of time at school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|time working school teaching obligatory|9.4519415|1.6248724|2.819362
10465|Finally, conditional cash transfers are responsible for 13% of the declining inequality, although Brazil spends less than 1% of GDP on these. This is a first indication of how effective conditional cash transfers are in the quest for more income equality, an observation on which there seems to be broad consensus in the literature (e.g. Barros et al., Source: IPEA (2012). Household data for 2009 suggest that almost half of the differences in labour incomes can be explained by education as measured by years of schooling, even after controlling for other differences (Ferreira de Souza, 2012). Indeed, youth are staying in school longer than in the past, and the starkest changes have occurred among people from the lower income strata (Figure 11, Panel A). Among the two lowest income quintiles, enrolment rates of 15-17 year olds have more than doubled to 42%, while for ages 6-14, more than 98% of children are in school (PNAD, 2011), Higher school attendance has also translated into higher educational attainments.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|conditional school cash income transfers|6.860146|5.071985|4.762902
10466|In addition to this remark, it should also be pointed out that the amount of the transfer in relation to the average consumption of poor households is higher in rural areas than in urban areas, regardless of whether or not the cost of living is taken into account. The policy is therefore more effective at lowering the number of children living in monetary poverty in rural areas. This finding suggests that instead of distributing the same nominal amount of transfer to every recipient, it is important to find an optimal allocation of the national transfer budget. Indeed, the disparity in the effects of the crisis and policy responses is also seen at the regional level (figures 17 and 18; tables a7 and a8). In the other three regions, the transfer is not enough to completely counteract the effects of the crisis on monetary poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|transfer monetary areas crisis living|7.3556004|5.8839035|4.5324035
10467|Covers the prevention, control and reduction of water-related diseases in Europe. Requires member states to establish national/local targets for drinking water quality, discharge quality, water supply performance and wastewater treatment to reduce water-related disease outbreaks. Provided the basis for bilateral and multilateral conventions e.g. 1994 Convention on the Co-operation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water outbreaks danube related conventions|0.89562964|7.0253105|1.9189258
10468|To monitor the progress, the MOLIT will provide quarterly reviews on the performance indicators set by each regions, and then the results will be reflected in the next year’s implementation plan. For example, the concept of Happy Living Zones has been derived from the need for regional perspectives to support self-sustaining development of rural areas. Although Korea’s public finances are fiscally sound, it is a priority to pursue fiscal efficiency to prepare projected long-term fiscal challenges (OECD, 2018[i2j).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fiscal fiscally happy quarterly finances|4.058974|4.860018|0.888615
10469|"This criticism seems appropriate again today, given the number of “new city” projects which in many regions seem to emulate the modernist designs of Le Corbusier, i.e. “vertical"" cities of skyscrapers and urban highways. Rather, lessons from several decades of policy practice and programme assistance should be reflected in the design of urban extensions and infill projects in existing cities and towns. In this respect, public authorities can learn from the experience of international development assistance and, more positively, carefully selected best practice."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|assistance practice cities infill highways|3.9363399|5.2738976|1.7305167
10470|An effective caucus relies on strong links with national women’s groups, CSOs and research institutes and universities. The Council continues the work of the post-Beijing Interagency Council and the White House Office for Women’s Initiatives and Outreach. It aims to provide “a co-ordinated federal response to the challenges confronted by women and girls” and to ensure “that all Cabinet and Cabinet-level agencies consider how their policies and programs respond to women and girls’ needs and impact them.”|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cabinet women council girls caucus|10.155226|4.411284|7.2987876
10471|Many SCP problems are of a global nature due to the increasingly global nature of production and consumption and product life cycles, however the main institutions are generally set up for dealing with national or sub-national issues. The experience in cross-agency collaboration, especially horizontal collaboration, is often quite limited. In the case of incomplete scientific knowledge they have to rely on precaution to avoid undesired consequences, which is not always easy to argue due to a lack of tradition in precautionary policy approaches. The program is a regulatory approach administered by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and does not provide any economic incentives.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|collaboration nature scp precautionary global|1.841903|3.452486|2.280068
10472|Participative defence review processes that ensure the full participation of men and women from different segments of society have a more accurate understanding of the security situation and build national ownership and civilian trust. These projects have been implemented by the national armed forces of countries such as Benin, Ecuador, Madagascar, Mongolia, Paraguay and the Ukraine. The projects contain strong components of training and awareness-raising on a variety of issues, such as HIV/AIDS prevention and maternal health. This focus on reproductive health has been an entry point to address gender-based violence and gender equality issues.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|civilian projects issues madagascar benin|10.172569|4.834891|7.524569
10473|For example, in Poland the mean family transfer is $799 and the proportion who receives it is 39%. A targeting of this transfer to poor children would greatly increase the take-up rate among poor children as well as the amount per poor child to $2969.9, helping to raise these children out of poverty while having a minimal adverse impact on children above the poverty line, as the proportion receiving the benefit was already low, as was the amount. Similarly, the proportion receiving family benefits is comparatively low in Canada (48%), Czech Republic (47%), Greece (48.8%), Lithuania (45%), and especially Mexico (6.2%).|SDG 1 - No poverty|children proportion receiving poor transfer|7.4960814|5.924573|4.653427
10474|The implementation of incentive structures through quality contracting and targeted reimbursement would further enhance performance. In Norway, the health care system is semi-decentralised, with municipalities responsible for the primary health care sector and the central government responsible for the specialised health care sector. Nevertheless, there are areas that can be strengthened given its recent health reforms.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care responsible reimbursement contracting|8.668801|8.955195|1.77095
10475|In 2011, a team at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science reported the creation of a portable biosensor that could detect marine pollutants, including oil, much more quickly and cheaply than current technologies (Spier et al., If deployed near oil facilities, such sensors could provide early warning of spills and leaks and track dispersal patterns in real time. These tools have a range of applications; they enable the detection of genetically modified organisms and aquaculture escapees, validate the identity of species, and alert environmentalists to the presence of invasive species.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine species oil leaks genetically|0.1570857|5.834909|5.975878
10476|It is also possible for a master's degree holder to take one year of pedagogical studies in the faculty of educatioi gain a formal teacher qualification. Teacher candidates are not only expected to become experts in pedagogical content knowledge, but they required to write a research-based dissertation as the final requirement for the master's degree. Upper-grade teachers major in an academic subject area of their choice; primary-grade teachers major in educational sciences.|SDG 4 - Quality education|master grade pedagogical teacher degree|9.4849|1.2011377|2.3550937
10477|The energy intensity of water supplies depends on the structure of the water resource, the water demand as well as the need to rebalance regional demand and supply by transporting water over long distances (KAPSARC, 2015). Surface water typically requires little energy to be extracted. Also groundwater generally needs barely any intensive treatment before making it usable In contrast; extraction can be very energy intensive when deeper aquifers are used.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water intensive energy extracted usable|0.928503|7.360898|2.844232
10478|It should also provide incentives for fathers to take leave. Specific legislation prohibiting discrimination in hiring and pay on the basis of gender should be introduced when absent. Discrimination against pregnant women must also be addressed. Access to the legal system should be made as simple as possible, and the costs of legal action kept low to allow poorer workers to file complaints against abuses. When discrimination is the result of persistent stereotypes and misperceptions, affirmative action can play an important role by helping women to seize good job opportunities and prove their worth. Careful behavioural design can help overcome deep-seated gender biases in hiring and management practices.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discrimination hiring legal action prohibiting|9.430453|4.678648|6.31649
10479|In 2005, the overall efficiency of global energy conversion (from primary energy to services) was about 11 per cent (Cullen and Allwood, 2010a). In other words, global primary energy demand could be reduced to only one ninth, while the same energy services were provided, if all energy conversion devices were operated at their theoretical maximum efficiency. In more practical terms, but still assuming an almost perfect world, global primary energy demand could be reduced by 73 per cent (or to less than one fourth), while the current level of energy services were provided, mainly through a shift to passive systems (Cullen, Allwood and Borgstein, 2011). This is in line with the popularized overall “factor 4” and “factor 5” improvements (von Weizsacker, Lovins and Lovins, 1998).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy conversion primary global factor|1.8071306|2.6874845|2.5196006
10480|"Article 24.1 of the UNDRIP is illustrative of such an autonomy. It states, ""Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals"". The process has displaced them from their lands and alienated them from their natural resources."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicinal illustrative minerals displaced medicines|9.614054|8.264425|3.3253884
10481|This requires creating safe spaces and trust, as well as long-term, contextualised, tailored approaches that take intersectional concerns into account, rather than relying solely on easily replicable and transferable quick fixes. This requires more long-term engagement and funding, the latter in particular for staff salary' costs. While these are often not very high, they can be very challenging to fundraise for, given the preference of many donors for flinding activities rather than salaries and reluctance to allow overhead costs to be included. It aimed at changing harmful gendered dynamics in the justice sector (including harassment and inappropriate behaviour in the courtroom, including against women judges), reducing gender bias across the sector and improving the responses to domestic violence. Much of these intrinsically required changing notions around what is and what is not considered acceptable male behaviour, and a key component of the training programme with judges, clerics and prosecutors was shifting gender norms and attitudes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|judges behaviour changing requires fixes|9.975467|5.163523|7.4953094
10482|These incentives include smaller class size, shorter class teaching time, a stipend in addition to the salary, an opportunity to choose the next school of assignment and advantages for the promotion to administrative positions preferred as the final stage of the teaching career (Kang and Hong, 2008). However, at the same time, it can have unintended consequences widening the gap between students from different socio-economic backgrounds. Particularly, disadvantaged students may not have parental guidance and support to do homework, a quiet place to study at home and time allocated to after-school learning due to family and other responsibilities (OECD, 2014a, 2016a). Schools can therefore work with parents to encourage their involvement with children at home and help parents to better support their children with school work.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school class teaching parents time|9.436599|2.1359084|2.6283376
10483|Satellite data, including that generated by the US NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), have been able to provide overall monthly and yearly changes in groundwater stock in multiple regions. It demonstrated, for example, the diminution of resources in California over time (e.g. Famiglietti et al., Smaller countries, for which groundwater is a major source of freshwater and which have more homogeneous geological profiles of agricultural land, and where data is collected and shared, are able to properly track groundwater resources over time. An example is Denmark's National Groundwater Mapping and Management program, financed by private and public water consumers, which uses new tools to track groundwater (DWF, 2012).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater track able homogeneous gravity|0.7885221|7.3221197|2.7112782
10484|In its simplest sense, effectiveness of climate finance can be defined as the extent to which an intervention achieves its stated aim(s). Thus, according to their varying aims or objectives, each community may emphasise different aspects when assessing the effectiveness of their intervention. A key pillar to this is the development community’s Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005).|SDG 13 - Climate action|effectiveness intervention simplest community achieves|1.8102645|4.204489|1.1923662
10485|Further, the Abu Dhabi Declaration1 adopted by the High Level Event on the Blue Economy in January 2014 stressed the contribution that an oceans economy can make towards the alleviation of hunger, poverty eradication, creation of sustainable livelihoods, and mitigation of climate change. Oceans and marine ecosystems have also been discussed in the Open Working Group set up by the UN General Assembly to prepare the sustainable development goals. Oceans matter for the environment. They also matter for the economy and for humans.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oceans economy matter dhabi abu|0.11563359|5.6904044|5.9927297
10486|Through interviews, views were elicited from selected international climate finance stakeholders representing climate finance recipient and provider countries, as well as experts from international organisations and research institutions. Identified enabling conditions reveal common grounds and differences across stakeholder groups. This offers a possible starting point for further dialogue aiming to advance the international climate and development finance agendas in a harmonised manner.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate international harmonised agendas|1.8289965|4.076121|1.1269679
10487|The analysis is by no means an attempt to provide a full picture of adaptation costs for the agricultural sector; instead, it aims to provide an estimate of the orders of magnitude of the potential expenditures that would be needed to support some adaptation measures. The purpose is also to complement the cost estimates provided by the World Bank in its 2009 Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC) study, where the costs of adaptation in agriculture were calculated for developing countries (Nelson et al., Based on the same methodology, this report presents the projected adaptation costs in agriculture for OECD countries.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|adaptation costs agriculture nelson orders|1.5532179|4.9040813|2.0426338
10488|For example, if they directly reward evidence-based preventative medicine and other actions designed to reduce future demands for health services, they may serve to promote the cost-effectiveness of the health system. If, on the other hand, they offer no reward for timely intervention and mitigation of future ill-health, the financial incentives may be dysfunctional and serve to exacerbate cost pressures, for example by encouraging referral for unnecessary specialist diagnostic tests, or indeed by discouraging necessary' referrals and thereby increasing future healthcare costs. In the same vein, non-financial instruments, most notably performance reporting requirements, might reinforce or work against cost containment objectives, depending upon their design. The next section examines three fundamental functions of primary care that may contribute to this objective: reducing or delaying the onset of disease; reducing the use of specialist care once a clinical condition has been identified; and reducing the intensity of use of specialist care once a need for such care has arisen.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|specialist reward care reducing future|8.875255|9.06253|1.7666086
10489|Furthermore, it was conceived to allow for an examination of the “tools” in the fisheries manager’s “toolbox” in terms of their suitability in the face of climate change, as well as to develop an understanding of the economic, social and environmental information that can underpin decisions on climate change adaptation. The Workshop findings included in the Chair’s summary are intended to inform governance considerations that are important to national and international efforts to manage and conserve aquatic resources while adapting to the effects of climate change, as well as other pressures that influence fisheries resources, whether they be natural or man-made. Specifically, the OECD's role and expertise regarding economic and policy analysis, coupled with the COFI’s analytical work regarding to fisheries economics, management, policy development and governance will assist in shedding light on the economic and institutional aspects of climate change.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries climate change regarding governance|-0.21710388|5.8370204|6.450483
10490|In the United States a recent crisis in Flint, the fourth-largest city in the state of Michigan, revealed the dimensions of this problem. Flint is an industrial city with an official poverty rate of over 40%, a majority African-American population and a femaleheaded household rate of almost 30% (US Census 2015, State of Michigan 2015). Residents (especially mothers) complained about poor water quality almost immediately following the switchover, but the authorities repeatedly dismissed their concerns and issued strong denials that there was a problem.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|problem city dismissed repeatedly rate|1.9034001|7.147394|2.7792563
10491|Schools developed a small resident training structure with focal teachers, who were the first to be trained and became responsible for replicating and disseminating the training in the school. Still, education colleges and university departments kept a role in monitoring and supervising the way the programme was carried out. Its focus on the school and classroom are most likely the key to its success.|SDG 4 - Quality education|supervising training resident disseminating school|9.572132|1.5169952|1.9369341
10492|"2012.""Institutional and Demographic Explanations of Women's Employment in 18 OECD Countries, 1975-1999.”Journal of Marriage and the Family 74, no. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, no. Women's Earnings and Household Inequality in OECD Countries, 1973-2013.”Acta Sociologica 60, no. 2016.“Has the Potential for Compensating Poverty by Women's Employment Growth Been Depleted?”"|SDG 5 - Gender equality|journal women compensating depleted explanations|8.778229|4.76553|5.8927007
10493|The empirical approach can easily be repeated with data for later periods. However, while the size of groups is likely to change as the labour market recovers and cyclical unemployment is absorbed, the more structural barriers are likely to persist while underlying policy and related constraints remain in place. Results point to ten clusters of individuals with low or weak labour market attachment, and distinct combinations of employment barriers.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|barriers attachment likely absorbed combinations|7.808984|4.554396|4.2253
10494|Recently, with assistance from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the government of Tajikistan has been implementing a nationwide programme for rehabilitating WSS infrastructure. At the same time, it is studying whether regionalisation of water utilities could improve operational efficiency. As a consequence of poor management in the 20 years following the country’s independence, the quality of WSS services has drastically deteriorated. Providing sufficient volume of quality water to individual consumers is still a challenge. The participation of private entities in the WSS sector in Turkmenistan is marginal.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wss rehabilitating deteriorated ebrd drastically|1.5040398|7.130594|2.2332537
10495|While this is not a comprehensive list (see Bours, McGinn and Pringle, 2014), and none of the challenges are unique to climate change adaptation, their combined scope and scale are. Each challenge is briefly explored below. This is particularly the case when countries take an integrated approach to adaptation. This means that adaptation considerations are integrated into all national planning and budgeting processes.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation integrated briefly budgeting explored|1.2776632|4.721312|1.5633183
10496|Similarly, India has a National Database for Emergency Management which is a GIS-based repository of data at varying scales which uses core data, hazard-specific data, and dynamic data in spatial as well as temporal form. This is based on an inventory of hazards and vulnerabilities, taking into account the frequency and intensity of hazards, including floods, landslides, earthquakes and tsunamis. Vulnerability is quantified using socio-cultural, economic, physical, and environmental parameters. It also takes into account the regulatory and institutional capacities of local governments, as well as the effectiveness of early warning systems, vocational education system, and mitigation and preparedness systems. The IRBI, which is updated every two years, categorizes 497 districts as being at high, medium or low risk (see map below). These data can then be used to derive a risk index at the provincial level.|SDG 13 - Climate action|data hazards repository account gis|1.5197371|5.134934|1.7091901
10497|The problem is worse among indigenous and Afro-descendent children: just 80% complete this cycle (ECLAC, 2008a). This is because when access to primary education is widespread, the investment needed to promote enrolment among disadvantaged groups (the extremely poor, inhabitants of rural areas, indigenous and Afro-descendent groups) is substantial and should focus not only on increasing the supply of education but also on ensuring the conditions for effective access to these services. This often involves action in multiple sectors.|SDG 4 - Quality education|afro indigenous groups access worse|9.86491|2.5809312|2.7498374
10498|More detailed information on the policy context and trends children’s living standards is provided in Annexes A and B of this document. Measuring and comparing child poverty (or any other population group) requires arbitrarily defining an income threshold below which all members of a household will be considered poor. This level of income is meant to synthesize differences in purchasing power and standard of living between households and for this reason is used as a proxy to categorize household members as poor or not.|SDG 1 - No poverty|members living annexes household poor|7.176968|6.268353|5.1499043
10499|It can provide a better understanding of the biological and economic risks associated with variations in stock productivity and distribution. It can analyse the economic and ecological linkages within fisheries that affect the degree of impacts and adaptation (FAO, 2006). It can also result in improved information systems to integrate knowledge from different coastal sector and plan for strategic response (Daw et al.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|analyse economic biological integrate ecological|-0.22620802|5.852087|6.6133237
10500|These statistics should also be interpreted with caution, as expenditure is also influenced by the extent to which these indicators cover private settings and private expenditure, by the decision of some countries to consider some ECEC programmes outside the scope of the ISCED 2011 classification, or by the impossibility of providing reliable statistics to international organisations. For example, the absence of data on private expenditure and private institutions in Brazil and Switzerland is likely to understate the true level of expenditure and enrolment in early childhood education programmes (ISCED 0), and may affect the comparability of the data with other countries. Inferences on access to and quality of ECEC should therefore be made with caution. Consequently, early childhood educational development programmes (ISCED 01) are not reported in some OECD countries, namely Belgium (French Community), the Czech Republic, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, and Switzerland; or data are missing in some countries, such as the Flemish community of Belgium and the United States.|SDG 4 - Quality education|isced expenditure private caution ecec|9.351862|2.7729778|2.245383
10501|While the term is mostly interchangeable with “green transport” or “sustainable transport”, the former tends to draw more attention to types of transport modes, and the latter to the comprehensive impact of transport across environment, economy and society. An additional message that “eco-mobility” conveys is the cultural aspect of transport. It interprets roads not as an exclusive property of cars, but as a recreational space.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport message recreational exclusive modes|3.9157135|4.7896013|0.7313262
10502|Namely, EVs are designed to sit parked (and therefore charge over long periods), rather than drive, for the great majority of their time, which makes them less suited for high utilisation. The available charging infrastructure, moreover, was not originally designed for shared use. Given their long charging times, their locations outside of city centres, inside garages and lacking access or amenities, it is clear that EV charging infrastructure was designed for customers and commuters rather than for shared use purposes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|charging designed shared sit ev|2.6121118|2.533669|1.8077613
10503|The present paper explores early marriage as a risk factor explaining early childbearing and mistimed pregnancies. Data collected from an adolescent survey of 11,609 girls between the ages 12-19 years are analysed in conjunction with in-depth interviews (n-12) with adolescents living in three districts in South-Western Bangladesh. Life histories of girls who experienced an early pregnancy were explored to elucidate how high modern contraceptive use and replacement level fertility in the region coincided with high levels of unintended pregnancy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|early pregnancy girls coincided histories|9.3973055|5.496555|6.239718
10504|Materials are often washed or blown away into the environment, contaminating adjacent land and watercourses. There are no licensed waste incineration facilities for the treatment of MSW. It is common to burn household and other waste in the open. Some wastes, including used tyres and wood waste, are burnt in lime kilns. At Sharra, which is the main disposal site in Tirana, the old disposal area has been recultivated. Sharra Phase I is developed as lined landfill and partially filled; Sharra Phase II, which is financed by the Italian Government, is lined and will soon be ready for operation.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste disposal phase watercourses italian|0.37157282|4.107306|3.177704
10505|In Mozambique, for example, the national approach to adaptation is situated within the National Development Strategy to ensure a climate resilient future. As part of the Development Strategy, each sector is responsible for identifying individual indicators and targets on adaptation (IIED, 2013b). In order for a co-ordinating unit to be in a position to draw on this information it would ideally be connected to the national planning process from the outset and collaborate closely with key stakeholders. To illustrate, Mozambique initiated work on its monitoring and evaluation framework in 2012 when the National Strategy for Climate Change was introduced. The framework will be developed on an incremental basis, building on lessons learned.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mozambique strategy national adaptation iied|1.2209944|4.678261|1.3749646
10506|Part of the broader initiative is to reduce the impact of fisheries on the natural environment while not compromising the profitability and competitiveness of the sector. On-board innovations such as sustainable fishing gear and facilities to aid processing and survival of bycatch are financed. Strong emphasis on technological solutions and knowledge transfer is seen as a solution to reviving the industry. The initiatives include, for example, investments in research on fuel saving demersal gear and testing its environmental effects. The objectives within this priority are laid down in the National Strategic Plan. Part of the remaining budget is intended to fill the knowledge gap related to marine litter and underwater noise, an important issues pertaining to the marine environment.|SDG 14 - Life below water|gear marine knowledge bycatch demersal|-0.05378221|5.695823|6.297721
10507|Milk production increased over six times, from 20.8 million tonnes in 1970, to 133 million tonnes in 2012. Production of beef from the buffalo herd has recently been undertaken for export shipments, putting India into the top three bovine meat exporters in the world (Box 7.2 in Chapter 7). As the second largest producer of fish in the world, India’s production has grown almost four times since 1980, including a 12-fold increase in aquaculture production during this period. Both events are described below. To ensure market support, the Food Corporation of India and the mechanism of market support prices were established in the mid-1960s.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|production india tonnes times million|3.7751591|5.0177474|4.4018183
10508|Classically, polychaete worms predominate in the macrobenthos, followed by crustaceans, molluscs and echi-noderms (Gray and Elliott 2009). The benthic infauna, be they deposit-feeders from sediments or suspension-feed-ers from the water column, or those which are capable of both, provide an important link to higher trophic levels like the demersal ichthyofauna. However, studies of benthic macro-infauna of tropical marine sediments are far fewer than their temperate counterparts (Alongi 1990) and, as with the paucity of information on sediment characteristics of the region, there are very few infaunal studies on shelf sediment habitats in the WIO. Consequently, literature on these fauna from the region are limited (Mackie and others, 2005).|SDG 14 - Life below water|benthic sediments sediment studies wio|0.052799206|5.9592767|5.9062605
10509|The change took place during the 1990s. In 1991, the responsibility for compulsory and upper secondary school provision was transferred to the municipalities along with a less centralized system of targeted grants to schooling. In 1993, a major grant reform transformed the system of targeted grants into a general grant system. The latter reform implied a fundamental change of the organization of school funding. In 1996, teacher wages, which until then had been set through central negotiations implemented nationwide, started to be set at the local level (Ahlin and Mork, 2007).|SDG 4 - Quality education|grant grants targeted reform set|9.493699|2.1871862|2.175026
10510|Since 1970, the tax base is common to property tax on developed land, property tax on undeveloped land and the residence tax (cadastral income). During the past twenty past years, the economic contribution has been reformed to encourage investment. It also creates an incentive to attract new residents and businesses in order to expand the tax base.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tax base property past undeveloped|4.4190574|5.623865|1.9219686
10511|Central concerns for electricity security are fuel security and adequacy and security of energy systems (IEA, 2016e). However, its interpretation is heavily influenced by national contexts, for example in terms of energy access, the energy mix and dependence on energy imports. For energy-importing countries (developed as well as developing), particular concerns are the resilience of energy systems to external supply shocks, the balance-of-payments effects of changes in international energy prices and diversification of energy suppliers (Yergin, 2006).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy security concerns systems importing|1.1755619|2.0202749|2.0071564
10512|Created by the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) in 2003, the WLSG is not a formal decision-making forum, but a platform aiming at sharing information, fostering a common vision, influencing policy and building consensus. Members include high-level representatives from relevant government departments such as Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Environmental Affairs, Agriculture, Energy, Human Setdements, Mineral Resources, Trade and Industry as well as the Planning Commission, the Presidency and National Treasury. Other members include water institutions such as catchment management agencies, water boards and water users’ associations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water affairs members presidency treasury|1.0934634|7.011456|1.6532398
10513|Due to their proximity or historical ties, such areas may show similarities in economic development and culture, or perhaps share the need to overcome peripherality with respect to economic and political centres in their respective countries. Transnational approaches for such macro-regions have been the subject of trade arrangements around the world. They have also been considered in Asian co-operation approaches.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|approaches similarities ties transnational proximity|4.856854|4.0832415|2.9765928
10514|The intersection approach is at the opposite side of spectrum, identifying people as deprived only if they are deprived in all specified dimensions or indicators. The intermediate method, as the name suggests, is a middle way, classifying one as deprived if the number of deprivations a person experiences is equal or above a pre-determined cut-off point. They use the union approach since they selected the variables as to measure any circumstance that is ‘highly likely to have serious adverse consequences for the health, wellbeing and development of children'. They identify children as living in absolute poverty if they suffer from two or more severe deprivations of basic human need (Gordon et al.,|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprived deprivations intersection gordon classifying|6.849322|6.4925833|5.182939
10515|In 2008, the number of women contesting elections and running for office further increased. Dr Fehmida Mirza became the first female Speaker of the National Assembly in Pakistan’s democratic history, and initiated the network to harness their collective ability and start a dialogue on women’s rights and empowerment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|speaker dr harness elections running|10.442003|4.4480643|7.175079
10516|Changes in consumer prices and the reduction in income from self-employment in the non-agriculture sector are the major contributors in the increase of child poverty. As for the “consumer prices” component, non-food items (not shown) are the main channel through which children are affected by the crisis. The fall in wages affect child poverty relatively more in Cameroon, representing roughly a sixth of total child monetary poverty increase. It is noteworthy that changes in the informal wage sector affected children relatively more than the formal sector, with the exception of Cameroon for 2011.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cameroon child consumer poverty sector|6.951162|6.2341757|5.085163
10517|For example, according to NDHS, in 2006 the infant mortality average in Nepal for indigenous peoples was 55 deaths per 1,000 live births while the national average was 59.8 Viet Nam appears to be doing better in terms of reducing the infant mortality rate, but it has not been successful in reducing the disparity between its vulnerable ethnic minorities and the majority population. Given the highly variable information availability we have information on the indicators for only few countries. In South Asia, for example, Nepal provides a glimpse of the situation in all three aspects of child mortality based on the further analysis of the national data. For India, Mohindra and Labonte (2010) have analysed the time trend information from the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-1), 1992-1993; NFHS-2, 1998-1999; NFHS-3, 2005-2006. Bennett and Dahal (2008) did same for Nepal using the data set generated from National Demographic and Health Survey 2006.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nepal mortality infant national information|8.863916|8.429781|3.5901248
10518|In Mexico, reporting practices are moving towards including primary' care in their National Registry', while Slovenia is working closely with Danish experts to modernise and adapt their reporting system. Sweden is currently implementing medical record review in home care settings in combination with a global trigger tool following similar guidelines as to what has already been put in place for adverse event reporting in hospital settings and psychiatric care. In other words, where are the value and the ’best buys' where the benefits outweigh the costs of implementation, the costs of harm, and the opportunity' costs of other priorities?|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|reporting settings costs care modernise|9.250798|9.501694|1.7352033
10519|Although the plan does mention the importance of energy savings and energy management programmes, most of its financing programmes target the renewable sector. It remains to be seen whether these are indeed implemented. They are only meant to stand as an intermediary vehicle until agreement is reached on the nature of the financial architecture. The EE investment gap is still tremendous.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|intermediary tremendous programmes mention architecture|2.2592564|2.979306|1.8162743
10520|Food insecurity and malnutrition within a country tends to occur in geographical clusters, and the forces that lead to food insecurity can vary by type of geography. Consequently, a place-based or territorial approach to food insecurity can potentially improve current food security and nutrition (FSN) policies in all types of countries. This reflects two important realities. The first is that it is in rural areas where food is mainly produced, and to the extent that shortages in supply contribute to food insecurity, they must be addressed through improvements in agricultural productivity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity food fsn geography realities|4.368584|5.4209156|4.1717806
10521|This is not intended to shift responsibility from the entity causing an adverse impact to the enterprise with which it has a business relationship. B. Enterprises are encouraged to: 1. In consultation with the OECD member countries, and on the basis of the human rights issues revealed in the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, he provided recommendations on the main human rights elements the update should include in order to meet its goal of ensuring “the continued role of the Guidelines as a leading international instrument for the promotion of responsible business conduct.”|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|business rights human remedy entity|5.7366204|3.9296403|2.4010777
10522|Around 80% of JSC participants find a solution (either employment or retraining) within a period of seven months, and this high number was sustained even during the crisis of 2008-10. Counselling services are provided during the notice period, preparing workers for their displacement. When the planned dismissals are of particular importance to the local community, additional funds are available.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|dismissals retraining period notice displacement|7.987001|4.6287746|3.8422592
10523|Regional governments' housing subsidies accounted for the major share of spending on access to basic services. The projections of social protection spending in Chapter 3 of this study include scenarios whereby humanitarian relief is included in total social protection spending as well as a scenario where it is excluded. Spending by the federal government increased at the fastest rate among these four sources between 2012/13 and 2015/16, growing by 24% per year on average.|SDG 1 - No poverty|spending protection fastest humanitarian relief|7.1703124|5.8054214|4.14397
10524|With just under 10% of its 270 total staff under permanent contracts and a lack of specialised personnel, its organisational capacity was constrained. The World Bank reports that reorganisation initiatives further debilitated the institution, leading to the discontinuation of some of its most important functions.6 This example confirms that high-level leadership committed to gender equality goals with access to potential political allies can be crucial to the mechanism’s effectiveness and long-term viability. These areas, however, have been identified among the top barriers for promoting gender equality by OECD countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality reorganisation confirms gender viability|9.907454|4.167781|7.163998
10525|This is of particular concern in private groundwater wells located in agricultural regions with overlying permeable soils. The US Environmental Protection Agency requires that public water systems not exceed a nitrate concentration of 10 mg/L, because nitrate above this level, causes infant methaemoglobinaemia. Transformation products and metabolites of man-made chemicals that are produced from biological, chemical and physical breakdown reactions. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|nitrate mg reactions geneva wells|0.74629974|6.7736783|2.8657725
10526|Reforms that increase the autonomy of the universities have been introduced or planned in all of the Nordic countries. Among other things, it is important that gender equality is integrated into the agreements entered into between the ministries and the institutions. Before introducing reforms or new research policy strategies or measures, an analysis should be conducted of the ramifications of these for gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reforms equality ramifications gender entered|10.048133|3.9210508|7.504221
10527|The specific target was to increase their market size by 70 trillion yen (14% of GDP) by 2015, based on a detailed action plan, entitled “Toward Innovation and Productivity Improvement in Service Industries”. Many OECD countries have increased spending on ECEC in recent years. First, governments have started to consider public spending on ECEC not as “consumption” but as an “investment” to improve the development of children.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ecec spending trillion entitled started|1.5919039|2.8836246|2.2589035
10528|The two following practices are good illustrations of this process. In the city of Gothenburg (Sweden) a detailed working plan was finalised in 2010 and adopted as the regular system, with the goal to encourage more use of public transport and so-called flex-lines and bicycles, and to decrease the use of the expensive -municipality-paid - Special Transport Services (STS)6 and taxis. The project succeeded in that many STS passengers switched to using buses and trams (again). From 2008 to 2009, the number of STS trips decreased by 32 000 (5%) while the journeys with flex-lines increased from 132 000 to 137 000.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|lines transport switched journeys bicycles|4.265211|4.811396|0.7010887
10529|This would allow for information to be aggregated in order to provide an overview of aggregate financial support. However, as noted in Table 3, there are currently significant (and sometimes strongly-held) differences between countries on some of these issues, rendering the possibility of agreement unlikely. A second way of improving transparency and consistency of information submitted to UNFCCC on support provided and mobilised would be if countries reported highly disaggregated data (e.g. by recipient country, type of flow). This would allow for users to identify specific areas of interest (e.g. climate finance for Least Developed Countries) and aggregate the raw data.|SDG 13 - Climate action|aggregate allow rendering countries aggregated|1.395093|3.737738|0.64627165
10530|No deadline was set for assuring adequate wastewater treatment in urban areas smaller than 2 000 people (it was 2005 for earlier EU members). As with wastewater connection rates, drinking water supply coverage shows regional differences: the Bratislavsky and Tmavsky regions in the west have the highest connection rates (99% and 97%, respectively) while in the TrenJiansky and the Presovsky regions 73% of the population is connected. Faecal contamination, nitrates and iron are the most frequent parameters exceeding the limits.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|connection wastewater regions assuring nitrates|1.4312845|7.0203695|2.5132058
10531|Data from European Union household and time-use surveys, for instance, have been used to estimate that the market value of women's unpaid work could range from one quarter to one third of a country's gross domestic product.* In developing countries, women spend on average th ree hours more per day than men on un paid work, and i n developed countries, two hours more. See abstract and section 4.3 of the publication, available from httpY/ftp.iza.org/dp5046.pdf. Available from hupY/unstats.un.org/unsd'gendet/docs/WW2015%20at%20a%20Glance.pdf.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pdf org hours iza docs|8.907764|4.7050815|5.2663655
10532|It also confers on Governments the primary responsibility for mapping out the roles of different actors; establishing rules of engagement and ensuring their enforcement; setting technical and safety standards; and planning for human development. Consumer protection, and protections against the abuse of market power, may also be a consideration where micro- or mini-grid owners attain effective monopoly status locally. A transition to more environmentally sustainable systems can lead to shortages of generation capacity — as has been the case even in some European countries (Deloitte, 2015). Most regional generation projects are started by electricity utilities, although there are exceptions, such as the Manantali dam completed in 1987, a joint initiative of Mali, Senegal and Mauritania to develop the agricultural and hydropower potential of the Bating River, which was initiated by their joint water organization (Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du fleuve Senegal).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|senegal joint generation mise deloitte|0.98616743|7.027286|2.1221964
10533|The built environment also reveals itself as a threat when children and their caretakers cannot evaluate risks, be prepared or be safe. Given the global trend in urbanization, there is significant potential to engage with children in the decisions that affect their physical urban environment, their interaction with urban resource systems and shape their behaviour. The recognition of childhood as a crucial time for children to gain access to the urban setting and enjoy its advantages, is key to define spatial solutions for all ages. Child-responsive urban settings resonate qualities that many scholars have described as conceptual standards for sustainable neighbourhoods and cities: urban scales, proximity, walkability, mixed use, public space, independent mobility and connectivity. Planning urban space at various scales. Area-based urban programmes enable better service delivery for children, as well as a clean and safe built environment.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban children scales environment built|4.306175|5.1384826|1.9559221
10534|Second National Review of the Application of Environmental Indicators. Enforcement of game management plans is the responsibility of the MoAFWE Forest Police Department (see Section 9.5 below). Since then, 82 more areas have been added to the system, expanding it to a current total of222,204 ha (8.6 per cent of the territory). Since the first EPR in 2002, the system has grown by 40,731 ha (1.5 per cent of the territory) through addition of new areas and expansion of existing areas.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ha territory areas epr cent|1.4942969|4.835206|4.0591264
10535|Renewable technology deployment offers many benefits beyond its contribution to climate change mitigation, which need to be assessed and valued. However, the benefits may fall short in justifying the extra cost. Indeed, as will be shown, the energy options displaced by RE technologies would have also provided, at least in part, similar benefits.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|benefits displaced valued extra deployment|1.6124657|1.9965357|2.0202065
10536|Accordingly, an overdraft facility represents the most usual means of accommodating such a requirement, and this typically requires the use of personal guarantees rather than other forms of security that would take longer to verify and value. It is unusual to seek equity funding for working capital, except in the start-up funding context discussed above. First, there appears to be a market failure to value intangibles properly, especially in debt markets.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|funding intangibles overdraft accommodating unusual|3.0695963|3.8284626|2.0030673
10537|The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.|SDG 13 - Climate action|group ccxg delegates industrialised opinion|1.2059326|4.0699434|1.2042762
10538|The incumbent telecom operator, SOTELMA was privatized in 2009, when a 51% stake was sold to Maroc Telecom. Orange Mali is 70% owned by Orange France managed through its subsidiary Sonatel, an operator in neighboring Senegal. Orange has been aggressive in terms of expanding the network, partly because it has direct access to submarine cable via Senegal. Despite a duopoly and Orange's high market share, the mobile market has grown tremendously with ongoing promotions and steadily falling prices.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|orange telecom senegal operator submarine|4.965105|2.951558|1.3924191
10539|Whether an individual receives SA is the result of an administrative decision about eligibility where, by definition, eligibility depends on the income of the claimant’s family or household. Low income arises from low pay or especially unemployment. Also, SA benefit levels in most countries would give SA recipients an income lower than or similar to the official poverty line, so most SA recipients are also poor (see Section 1). Furthermore, eligibility for SA also depends on household size and composition, so there may also be a role played by demographic changes.|SDG 1 - No poverty|sa eligibility recipients depends income|7.3523984|5.789254|4.513734
10540|Likewise, bicycle use has been growing and many schemes for public bicycle sharing are emerging. China, Japan, India, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Thailand are in various stages of rolling out or encouraging bicycle sharing. These systems, enabled by mobile phone technology, RFID cards or other payment systems, allow transit users to reduce the time of last-mile trips from the public transport station.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bicycle sharing rolling mile cards|4.159676|4.981582|0.48060092
10541|At the same time, generous tax exemptions have supported firm-level collective contracts that offer, on average, more extensive coverage with reimbursements recently capped at a high level (Bruant-Bisson and Daude, 2016). In addition, collective employer-sponsored plans became mandatory for private-sector employees in 2016, enabling care coverage to be extended. The separation of individual from collective contracts, however, limits risk pooling between employees and riskier households. Indeed, the generalisation of collective plans for employees concentrates individual contracts on higher-risk households.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|collective contracts employees coverage plans|8.541302|8.660407|2.1028693
10542|Each vessel is regulated with Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQs) set at a level where the vessel is guaranteed its quota, or at a level which implies moderate competition between vessels. Guaranteed IVQs mainly regulate vessels holding a licence or an annual permit while quotas that involve competition mainly regulate smaller coastal vessels. Tables in the Annex provide additional details.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessel vessels regulate guaranteed quotas|-0.2274141|5.732812|6.951883
10543|Although well recognised and widely disseminated, there are no requirements or incentives for clinicians or patients to follow them in practice, as discussed in Chapter 1. Nor are there any monitoring mechanisms in place to indicate the extent to clinicians routinely measure and treat blood pressure levels, blood sugar and cholesterol levels or other clinical parameters in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, rates of cardiovascular mortality and rates of admission to hospital for diabetes remain some of the highest in the OECD.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|clinicians cardiovascular blood patients cholesterol|9.296923|9.472384|2.299846
10544|Latin America recorded the most significant improvements, particularly in Chile and Costa Rica where the participation gap has been narrowing by 1 percentage point per year since the mid-1990s. Large gender gaps in labour force participation persist in the Middle East and North Africa (Chapter 20), India and Indonesia. The most remarkable improvements have been recorded in Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, China, Turkey, Indonesia and India.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|recorded indonesia improvements india participation|9.064873|4.356624|5.7339516
10545|International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights”, Treaty Series, vol. Enhancing social protection and reducing vulnerability in a globalizing world”, (E/CN.5/2001), accessed from http://www.icsw.org/un-news/pdfs/csdsocprotect.PDF on 5 October 2010. Human Development Report, 2010 (New York, Oxford).|SDG 1 - No poverty|covenant cn oxford news treaty|9.19185|4.9126287|7.107869
10546|National responses to this shortage, to entice students into science and technology studies after compulsory education, will have particular benefits for climate change policies. Lifelong learning can also play an important role in providing older workers with the key foundation skills they may lack and contributing to improve environmental awareness, and thereby the resource efficiency and consumer habits, of the wider population. Apprenticeship training and other types of hands-on experience are seen as particularly valuable in increasing workers’ adaptability in changing labour markets, with countries operating dual systems of vocational education and training, such as Austria and Germany, particularly well-positioned.|SDG 4 - Quality education|workers adaptability training particularly positioned|8.260973|2.8165014|2.819418
10547|On the other hand, there is a tendency to attempt to deal with climate change as a stand-alone issue in both developed and developing countries. This could potentially limit cross-sectoral capacity development and co-ordination opportunities between environment, energy, agriculture and finance sectors/ministries of a country. This offers opportunities for Ministries of Environment to work more closely with central agencies like Finance and Planning (or a Prime Minister’s office, for example).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ministries finance environment opportunities tendency|1.7147458|4.217594|1.4947581
10548|Nevertheless, small businesses account for less than 2% of banks’ lending portfolios, compared to an average of 12% to 15% in some more developed countries. Government, women's business organisations and banks are working together to create an environment that will nurture the development of women-led businesses. The National Bank of Abu Dhabi plays a leading role in this effort.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|banks businesses dhabi abu nurture|8.681249|3.4307277|6.3832245
10549|Individual transferable quota came into effect from 1 May 2012. The revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework. The revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework. For example, Northern Prawn Fishery vessels must now use turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices.|SDG 14 - Life below water|species triggers introduces harvest devices|-0.30656058|5.7899904|6.83904
10550|This includes, among others, the expansion of pre-primary education so that by 2020 all children from disadvantaged communities have access to high quality pre-primary education, preferably from the age of three, and the expansion of full day’s schooling especially for children from these communities. In those municipalities where the school population is expected to decrease the EU funds can be used, for example, to create appropriate conditions for school transportation. The OECD review team also recommends the use of EU funds to support networks of municipalities and self-governing regions to design and to implement education development plans that improve the efficiency of resource utilisation, including moves towards a more rational design of provision. The OECD review team recommends the creation of a specific action line in the 2014-20 programming period of the European Social Fund that would support the creation of a school network planning platform in one or two regions, including a careful monitoring of the process.|SDG 4 - Quality education|recommends team school expansion pre|9.347619|2.4081862|2.1910033
10551|With the existing regulatory framework, power plant developers do not have incentives to consider electricity transmission costs in their investment decision and hence locate generators close to primary energy sources. In this context, plant location incentives would improve system planning and allow for a total-cost optimal site selection. This could be obtained with geographical differentiated tariffs or competitive tenders for targeted geographical locations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|geographical plant incentives locate tenders|1.8715565|1.8031912|2.1122198
10552|Women are more likely than men to work part-time or have temporary contracts, which is largely explained by their family care responsibilities. While such work arrangements can help balance work and family life in the short and medium-terms, part-time or temporary workers may have fewer career development opportunities, face lower pay rates and higher rates of old-age poverty. These work arrangements are also viewed as less compatible with executive leadership and management positions: less than 1% of women employed part-time are in top management jobs.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|work temporary arrangements time family|9.144637|4.8774114|5.6531115
10553|Moving forward, it is therefore essential that these non-economic barriers are overcome for ASEAN to meet its target on renewable energy development. In contrast, the Indian government permitted renewable energy projects to receive up to 100% funding from foreign investment as part of the 12th five-year plan (2012-17), in order to accommodate private sector investment in renewable energy (The Climate Group, 2015b). This issue could be dealt with by creating an independent body that is provided with the mandate to decide various aspects related to the FIT system including tariff levels, contract formulations and permit process (Yuliani, 2016). In Viet Nam, for instance, Article 23.5 of the Electricity Law (No.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable energy investment dealt permitted|1.6685396|2.0522168|2.601309
10554|Part III presents education policy country snapshots for the 34 OECD member countries. In addition, education contributes to social cohesion, better health and enhanced participation in civic and democratic aspects of society. Ensuring that education and training are of high quality and that education systems are equitable can contribute to growth and progress (OECD, 2012a). Governments need to make sustained efforts to adapt and improve their education systems.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education systems civic cohesion oecd|8.99824|2.3544147|2.2830558
10555|Factors associated with this include: the initial “grandfathering” of fishing rights, which began in 1984 under the current quota system; how resource rents are distributed between industry and the general public (the actual owner of the resource); and the effects of quota consolidation on small communities. The tax is comprised of two parts, a fee and a resource-rent tax, and identifying an approach that ensures the resource rent tax fisheries pay reflects the real economic rents accrued by the industry is an ongoing current policy objective. Since 2015 the fishing fee has again been calculated and levied as a single fee. This form of support has gradually been reduced over time, falling to zero for the first time in 2015 when a special tax concession for fishermen ended.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fee resource tax rents rent|-0.20673153|5.6483893|6.972057
10556|The plan supports the sustainability of fisheries, food safety and fishing communities. The new integrated plan aims to increase policy effectiveness, by harmonising previously fragmented plans. Support policies for the sector continue to provide low interest loans to small fishers to secure their businesses, and vessel decommissioning to maintain fleet size at sustainable levels.|SDG 14 - Life below water|plan decommissioning vessel fragmented fishers|-0.18747425|5.671814|6.6654315
10557|For this purpose, OECD countries are increasingly using such tools as gender impact analysis and gender-responsive budgeting to implement gender mainstreaming and to evaluate the different effects of any policy, legislation or practice on gender equality. In fact, while several countries employ some form of gender analysis, the Palestinian Authority is the only country in the region that has established mechanisms for regular assessment of impacts of all draft laws and policies. Sufficient good quality data provide the basis for sound performance measurement, monitoring and evaluation activities. Nevertheless, the general practice of citizen engagement and public consultation remains limited and sporadic, and often involves only certain stakeholders within or outside the government (see OECD, 2013).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender practice sporadic analysis palestinian|9.867474|4.179919|7.3459063
10558|This new methodology offers an up-to-date and more precise measure that allows for better comparability with the measures of other Latin American countries. Its advantages include updating continually consumption habits and using a better measure of income. Extreme poverty also decreased, dropping from 18% to 11% over the same period.|SDG 1 - No poverty|measure continually better dropping updating|6.5014515|5.719781|4.9735293
10559|Key factors contributing to the perception that EE investments are riskier than other investments include (i) the intangible nature of energy efficiency, as its 'output' cannot be directly measured; (ii) the added complexity that energy efficiency sometimes brings to operations in buildings or factories; and (iii) costs associated with additional details of preparation and implementation, plus the scale of EE projects relative to other investments. Contrary to other investments, energy efficiency cannot be directly measured in terms of incremental physical production. Rather, it is measured as a savings or decrement against a baseline of consumption or expense.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investments measured ee efficiency energy|2.1802554|2.6164842|2.2083619
10560|For certain substances or in certain contexts it can assume a pathological pattern that needs to be addressed. Throughout the history of human civilization, societies have displayed varying levels of tolerance and permissiveness towards, and control over, the use of psychoactive substances. Some of those substances, such as tobacco and alcohol, have been regulated more or less strictly in most societies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|substances societies certain psychoactive displayed|8.443732|10.129264|3.494905
10561|This is particularly relevant for young people who do not finish school or do not go on to third-level education, as a post-secondary education is not always a requirement for employment in the sector. Attention also needs to be paid to those working in the sector. These efforts can be supported by actions to streamline training opportunities and put in place structures and systems outlined previously. Proposed actions include the creation of a dedicated careers portal and a promotional campaign for the sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sector actions promotional finish streamline|8.526901|2.6984887|2.6176076
10562|Delaying or neglecting to systematically integrate climate change into water management policies, planning and practice can threaten water security and make its achievement more costly over time. To address this gap, the OECD Secretariat undertook a survey of policies for water and climate change adaptation across all 34 member countries and the European Commission. The results provide an overview of general trends and lessons learned, sketching a broad picture adaptation in practice.|SDG 13 - Climate action|water adaptation practice delaying undertook|1.3639802|4.986127|1.72309
10563|Target E, to be met by 2020, is a small indication of what is required to accomplish the goal and outcome of the Sendai Framework. It is a stepping stone towards achieving this by 2030. Again, there are good examples of countries implementing this at national level, but so far, there has been insufficient time and information to determine whether these measures are affecting the outcomes of development planning, in particular to prevent the creation of new risk. The evidence gained from country practices is that it has not been undertaken by many countries so far (Chapter 13).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|far stone accomplish sendai stepping|1.8198574|5.1612105|1.7990689
10564|More flexibility in the system aims at better utilisation of national quotas. The changes in the sector are demand driven, following a growing interest in sustainable production techniques. The effort aligns with the goal of Good Environmental Status by 2020, following the definition from the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.|SDG 14 - Life below water|following utilisation directive techniques quotas|-0.16864716|5.794946|6.992584
10565|Teachers typically enjoy helping children develop and making a contribution to society, and have no reason to shy away from the challenges of teaching disadvantaged students. But teachers are also more likely to want to work in disadvantaged schools if they feel they have support from principals, can collaborate with colleagues, and are provided with adequate resources to deal with the problems they face. School leaders who support and empower teachers can not only attract more and better-qualified teachers to work in disadvantaged schools, they also have a positive impact on the school climate more generally.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers disadvantaged schools school collaborate|9.521971|1.4854232|2.3229806
10566|This chapter discusses the potential bias of existing estimates of income inequality in China and considers how inequality would be affected by the recent changes in labour market and social policies. Taking advantage of national data, the authors calculate biased and unbiased inequality indices respectively and find that ignoring the data on migrant workers would lead to overestimating inequality. In addition, poverty trends and China’s social assistance system are also discussed. In addition to describing institutional changes in the Chinese labour market, the chapter also tests the impact of these changes on inequality, and concludes that recent labour market changes are promoting income equality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality changes labour market china|6.678865|5.068127|4.6459823
10567|All of these factors play an ever increasing role in commodity price formation suggesting a continuation of volatile and uncertain agricultural commodity markets. The most recent years have been characterised by significant price volatility and a sharp rise in the numbers of malnourished people. Coming years will also be characterised by continuing economic, demographic, market and environmental pressures that will bring both opportunities and challenges to farmers, food businesses, consumers and governments. Although the world now produces enough to feed its population, the number of undernourished has increased since the mid 1990s, reaching more than one billion persons in 2009, in part as a result of recent price spikes and the global economic recession.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|price characterised commodity recent spikes|3.9998746|5.323286|4.4380245
10568|Following passage of the Energy Act of 2003, in India some state governments decided to facilitate permitting for decentralised energy production under 1MW. Is procurement for new clean electricity generation part of a long-term grid infrastructure development strategy? Are the long-term clean energy objectives backed with capacity building strategies?|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|clean energy passage permitting term|2.0086493|2.2494597|2.0160053
10569|The PNE portal allows sophisticated comparisons of quality of care indicators and is highly customizable, making the selection of specific parameters possible for benchmarking. The system is, however, only accessible to registered users through reserved credentials. The results of the PNE have been variously reported by the media, in terms of comparison of hospital performance within and between the regions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|credentials portal reserved benchmarking sophisticated|9.135416|9.486924|1.7981616
10570|Crustaceans continue to be the most important species landed in 2012 in terms of value, followed by shellfish and molluscs and tuna. ( The number of people employed in the fisheries sector decreased 19% between 2011-12 and 2012-13. ( The Offshore Constitutional Settlement 1983 (OCS) is the jurisdictional arrangement between the Commonwealth and states/Northem Territory that sets out responsibilities for offshore activities, such as fisheries, mining, shipping, navigation and crimes at sea. However, Commonwealth and the states/Northem Territory' fisheries legislation allow alternative arrangements to be made for a fishery that override the existing jurisdictional lines set out by the OCS.|SDG 14 - Life below water|jurisdictional fisheries offshore commonwealth territory|0.0064186924|5.6464434|6.3821926
10571|We would thus expect that the way they analyse the role played by nuclear energy in improving the security of electricity generation is directly or indirectly based on simple, but also perhaps incomplete or biased, indicators that need to be elucidated in order to understand the public attitude towards nuclear energy in ensuring security of supply. They also seem to be fairly knowledgeable of the energy dependence rate of their country. The 2007 Eurobarometer highlights the fact that there are some false beliefs concerning the energy dependency of the European Union. The import ratio for the countries of the OECD Pacific and Europe remains higher than the other regions in terms of import dependency (around 50% by 2007).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy dependency import nuclear knowledgeable|1.0575559|1.770995|1.8530732
10572|This is because of the need to address leakages and losses from water delivery systems on and off-farm, and also that in most cases no contingency has been made for capital investment for system renewal given that typically publicly owned irrigation systems have only charged farmers for O&M costs and not capital renewal costs. In addition, there are the financial costs for controlling nonpoint pollution from agriculture, and flood control costs, such as on-farm drainage. The transfer of financial control and investment management requires water user groups to seek private-public partnerships to raise capital and develop skills in long term asset management for renewal of irrigation infrastructure.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|renewal costs capital farm irrigation|1.2774246|7.571198|2.5678306
10573|Methods of collecting and calculating the data vary across and within countries and are also subject to errors of measurement. Sources of data for irrigation freshwater withdrawals include sample surveys of irrigators, and are sometimes estimated using information on irrigated crop acreages along with specific crop water-consumption coefficients or irrigation-system application rates. In other cases irrigation water withdrawal data may reflect water allocations, which may differ substantially from actual withdrawals depending on annual climatic conditions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation withdrawals crop water data|1.1677334|7.430316|2.9106297
10574|At the end of the year, the activity indicators of China were generally stronger than expected, providing further evidence of an economic rebound in the last quarter. On the demand side, growth was supported by domestic consumption and capital formation, partly reflecting the positive effects of policy easing (cuts in interest rate and reserve requirements) that had been put into place early in the year. Investment in real estate development grew in 2012 but at a rate lower than in the previous year.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|year easing rate rebound estate|5.469406|4.774793|3.670251
10575|The average net efficiency of gas-fired power generation was 41.9%. A major part of the capacity (16 GW) has been added over the last two decades, closely linked to the development of gas production and infrastructure (Platts, 2010). Gas plants are located close to the gas production areas on the east coast, in Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat and Maharashtra on the west coast, where the LNG import terminals are located, as well as in Assam in the northeast. Almost one third of the Indian gas-fired capacity is located in Gujarat. Early development of the gas infrastructure in this state favoured the uptake gas use in power generation, especially for captive plants in industry.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gas located fired coast plants|1.4308442|2.1625743|2.3844087
10576|In addition, the cap on the number of students that any university may enrol will be lifted. Victoria and its tertiary education sector have also made considerable strides in widening access to education, strengthening university-industry collaboration and improving the overall relevance of educational provision. At the same time, however, the current extent of locally or regionally relevant activities by Victorian tertiary education institutions are in many cases not fully reflected in tertiary education policy or institutional set-up. There are gaps in important areas such as lifelong learning, entrepreneurship education and support for small and medium-sized-enterprises.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary education university victorian strides|8.058127|2.5549772|2.6058064
10577|And it focuses on priorities for tackling Ethiopia’s linked economic and climate-related problems, offering some compelling evidence that improves confidence to invest in greener growth paths. A ‘totally comprehensive’ approach has tended not to work, from the experience of most countries’ earlier national sustainable development strategies, since they were ‘all things to all people’ and hence owned by few (Dalal-Clayton and Bass, 2010). The CRGE’s Green Economy Strategy has a clear focus on GHG emissions reduction, mirroring global attention on the world’s biggest environmental problem - climate change mitigation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|totally greener compelling crge climate|1.9281119|4.356721|2.3059933
10578|In the same vein, Article 3 of the Paris Agreement implies that developing countries, particularly CDDCs that are forced to strand their natural resources, will need assistance in implementing the mitigation and adaptation measures required to address climate change. However, given that many Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) submit information on their commitments through nationally determined contribution (NDC) documents by sector, it is possible to identify the key commodity sectors of CDDCs that will be impacted by climate change and the implementation of the Paris Agreement. By 23 June 2019, 81 of the 88 CDDCs had communicated their first NDCs to the UNFCCC secretariat.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cddcs unfccc paris climate change|1.1989853|3.581752|1.1397136
10579|In that case the outcome is similar to capacity markets discussed later. In any case, such option products require well-functioning energy markets, in particular, that electricity prices can be high enough during scarcity conditions. This may be the case for products to solve network congestion (counter trading), products to ramp-up or ramp-down capacity to follow demand and renewable output variations, or products for voltage control during certain hours. Some countries such as Spain are considering the creation of new short-term, flexible products markets, using existing electronic market platforms as the tertiary reserves market.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|products ramp markets case voltage|1.7929947|1.7432617|1.8254552
10580|The UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance (SCF) provided in its 2014 Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance (UNFCCC SCF, 2014) an estimate of alLclimate-related financial flows from developed countries to developing countries, concluding that on average between 2010-12, these ranged between USD 40 to USD 175 billion per year, including USD 35-50 billion through public institutions and between USD 5-1255 billion of private finance. It is therefore unclear to what extent these estimates of broader climate finance flows can tell us about progress towards the USD 100 billion goal. Separately the Biennial Assessment presented aggregates of (predominately) climate-specific public finance and core multilateral support (including non-climate finance) to developing countries provided and reported to the UNFCCC by Annex II countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance usd billion unfccc biennial|1.5182526|3.7997513|0.7618978
10581|This accounts for little more than one in three of the young migrants between the ages of 5 and 19 that arrived in Finland over the course of 2014/2015. The large degree of school autonomy alongside the lack of data linking participation in preparatory classes with educational pathways, render the drivers of poor outcomes among young migrants hard to evaluate. Further efforts should be made to monitor the integration support tools employed, and the outcomes these achieve.|SDG 4 - Quality education|migrants young outcomes render preparatory|9.796428|2.6241045|2.7012517
10582|There is an overprovision of initial teacher training which has an uneven quality and professional development opportunities lack both structure and a school-based focus. Similarly, school leaders and other education leaders are not well-prepared, supported or recognised, and their role lacks a focus on educational improvement. They have undertaken an approved programme of teacher preparation or its equivalent elsewhere.|SDG 4 - Quality education|leaders teacher focus school lacks|9.43439|1.2508326|2.1263607
10583|Once in employment, training and continued professional development should provide youth with a means to forge a career in the sector, rather than simply working in it by accident or because of a lack of other opportunities. The initiative also recognises that success depends on the sector’s ability to empower and develop the skills and talents of young people (Box 6). The paper identifies three barriers which prevent young people from entering or staying in the hospitality sector: i) lack information about the nature and extent of meaningful careers in the hospitality industry; ii) skills mismatch, many youth are not suitably qualified for entry-level or advanced opportunities; and iii) high turnover, many talented young people do not pursue long-term careers in the industry.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|hospitality young careers youth people|6.7326126|3.7827413|3.0080156
10584|The increase in the proportion of single parent families thus seems to be an important determinant of the growth in the proportion of children living in a household whose standard of living is below the mid-2000s poverty line but who are not counted as poor on the basis of a floating poverty line due to the drop in median income that followed the great recession in a large number of countries. This effect is stronger when considering the poverty rate with an anchored poverty line in 2005 and holds also when focusing on within country trends (column 4), which suggests that in many countries the relative stability or even the increase in mothers’ employment despite the great recession has been an important safeguard against the increase in child poverty8, while it has increased significantly in countries where maternal employment has declined (e. g. Spain, Estonia, Greece, Ireland or the Slovak Republic). Note that the effect is also robust no matter the chosen model specification (see Annex C Table C 1 and Table C 2).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty line recession great increase|7.349503|6.118166|5.108833
10585|Severance pay creates its own moral hazard problem, by encouraging workers to quit their jobs to some extent, although it does not reduce job search efforts. This could lead to an increase in investments in the workers by that employer; but it also reduces worker mobility, which affects allocative efficiency in the labour market. Second, the same increase in firing costs represents a considerable complication for SMEs when they have to pay multiple severances at the same time, because it could generate liquidity and solvency risks. Lastly, in several cases workers do not receive their severance pay owing to the difficulties mentioned above, and because firms do not comply with the laws owing to the weakness of legal frameworks and inadequate law enforcement. As in the case of unemployment insurance, most of the benefits defined depend on the design of the mechanism.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|severance pay workers owing firing|7.829314|4.709625|4.1271725
10586|Because hypoxia can make deeper, cooler waters unavailable in the summer, or overlaps with nursery habitat, the combined effects of temperature and oxygen can result in habitat compression or squeeze that affects both pelagic and demersal species (Coutant 1985; Niklitschek and Secor 2005; Pearce and Balcom, 2005). The location and seasonal persistence of hypoxia appears to be particularly damaging to anadromous and catadromous species that require use of, and transit through, both saline and freshwater portions of systems to complete life cycles (Breitburg etal., Large stretches of river estuaries such as the Mersey, Thames, Elbe, and Delaware have been described as devoid of fish prior to implementation of primary sewage treatment (Thiel etal.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|hypoxia etal habitat species demersal|0.04492379|6.1050053|6.088828
10587|Another indication of the path of income inequality in South Africa between 1993 and 2008 is given by the generalised entropy measures of inequality (see Annex III, Table A.3.9). The GE(0) and GE(1) measures across the country as a whole increased monotonically from 1993 to 2000 to 2008 and the same trend as with the Gini coefficient is displayed when disaggregating by racial group. There have been significant changes in the composition of racial inequality in that income inequality within racial groups has become increasingly more significant than inequality between racial groups.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|racial inequality disaggregating generalised displayed|6.4747105|5.381585|4.8424153
10588|Their and other species' biomass (abundance) is unknown. Studies of microbes and their roles in the deep pelagic ecosystems are only just beginning to reveal the great diversity of such organisms. The nekton (the organisms that swim independently through the ocean), include many species offish, crustaceans (such as krill) and cephalopods (such as squids).|SDG 14 - Life below water|organisms species offish crustaceans pelagic|0.0668523|5.983783|5.9245453
10589|The Green Growth Working Group of the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (DCED) has brought together lessons learned in Green Growth and Private Sector Development: Stocktaking of DCED Experiences (DCED, 2014). For example, small businesses that engaged in an Asia-wide program on sustainable production and consumption did so to improve their competitiveness and reduce costs (EU Switch Asia Network Facility, 2013). Investors face several barriers when investing in green growth, particularly in the context of infrastructure projects, including the real and perceived risks of investing in developing countries, lack of medium-term to long-term finance, and a lack of bankable projects.|SDG 13 - Climate action|green investing growth asia bankable|2.3490674|3.8664553|2.037217
10590|Women still earn substantially less than men and over the last 10 years the gender based wage-gap has only marginally decreased. The wages of women who did not complete upper secondary education amounted to only 66% of men’s wages in 2011, compared to 62% in 2000 (OECD, 2013). Hence, even though it is important to acknowledge the progress that has been made in the past decades, substantial inequalities remain.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|wages men marginally acknowledge amounted|9.111616|4.312716|5.6957355
10591|It begins with an overview of the historical evolution of science, technology and innovation policy in the Netherlands. It then examines the main policy actors and governance arrangements, with particular reference to the top sectors approach. The chapter then reviews current policies under the light of the observations made in earlier chapters and outlines areas in need of dedicated policy attention.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|policy begins observations chapters outlines|5.2903767|3.5938687|2.5375164
10592|Table 8 lists the number of vessels with annual permits and the type of permits they hold (referred to as the coastal fleet). As indicated in the tables, a particular vessel may hold several different types of licences or annual permits. Regarding licences, a vessel may or may not, in the course of one or two years, participate in all fisheries for which it is licenced.|SDG 14 - Life below water|permits vessel licences hold annual|-0.13233216|5.7923446|6.910046
10593|Within the Rijkswaterstaat, the Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (RIZA) played a significant role in the national supervision of industrial pollution, conducting research and providing advice on water-pollution control. The PSWA was the country’s first law on water-pollution control. It defined institutional responsibilities for water-quality management and introduced two pollution-control instruments -discharge permits and wastewater-discharge levies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pollution water control discharge levies|1.0656168|7.0004234|2.1088698
10594|The training period also allowed teachers and workers to discuss issues related to workplace training for students and improve training plans and assessment methods. Participants improved their skills and self esteem, and disseminated knowledge to other colleagues. This exercise was evaluated by the Economic Information Office in Finland as one of the best ways of developing teachers’ professionalism.|SDG 4 - Quality education|training teachers professionalism disseminated esteem|9.515887|1.370908|2.059742
10595|When transferring responsibilities to local governments, Kazakhstan may wish to ensure that the functions are relevant to the communities. Action by city governments is particularly valuable where policies need to be tailored to local circumstances and responsive to local constituencies. Central and oblast levels of government are best positioned to act where economies of scale are possible, where cross-jurisdictional co-ordination is necessary, and where standardised approaches are needed to avoid free-riding.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|local jurisdictional constituencies governments transferring|4.420057|5.476984|1.8214042
10596|It also includes synthetic information on the existence of caps, reductions and exemption for user charges. Coverage for pharmaceutical spending is typically lower, due to often-higher cost-sharing and the possibility of self-consumption. Basic health coverage schemes cover about half of spending in dental care in a handful of countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Slovak Republic, and Slovenia) and three-quarter in Japan.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage spending republic caps handful|8.541885|8.791639|2.1934972
10597|For example, in the Mediterranean, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) is promoting the concept of allocated zones for aquaculture (AZAs) (Sanchez-Jerez et al., Some initiatives in wider marine spatial planning processes integrate the spatial concerns of fisheries and aquaculture with those of other users of the marine space (Meaden et al., In addition, a sound legal and regulatory planning and development framework should be in place.|SDG 14 - Life below water|mediterranean aquaculture spatial marine fisheries|-0.014628259|5.697253|6.348538
10598|However, approximately 95% of current paddy land meets the wet-paddy land definition. Using an average agricultural household income of VND 1.458 million (USD 70) per month and assuming the household farms 2 ha of wet-paddy land, the payment represents almost 6% of annual income. A further objective of the programme was to create employment for 2 million people and increase incomes of people in forest areas as a contribution to poverty alleviation, hunger eradication and the development of rural mountainous areas. A number of policy measures were implemented under this programme including loans to large SOEs involved in forestry and direct support to households to establish forest plantations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|paddy wet land forest million|3.0471876|5.183064|3.6680467
10599|Fertility matters for societies because it can impede or accelerate progress towards greater prosperity, equitable and sustainable development, and well-being for all. In European countries in the late nineteenth century and in English-speaking countries on other continents, changing economies presented new professional and job possibilities, motivating couples to have fewer children so that they could seize these opportunities. As more girls enrolled in school, literacy increased.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|motivating nineteenth continents seize impede|9.282704|5.3950877|5.965643
10600|These developments invite reflection about the role of education, so often seen as primarily for the young. The chapter ends with a look at how using different versions of the future can help us better prepare for the unknown. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of tire Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tire versions unknown ends reflection|8.433641|2.878844|1.6918408
10601|See: http://www.energy.eu/http://www.nordicenergysolutions.org Orkustofnun (2010). Energy Statistics in Iceland 2009. Primary energy refers to energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process, e.g. coal, lignite, mineral oil, natural gas, uranium (nuclear energy), water (hydropower), solar radiation, wind. Final energy is a form of energy available to the user following the conversion from primary energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy conversion http www primary|1.6225586|2.4821503|2.5047448
10602|It distinguishes between basic functions, i.e. frequent low complexity treatments, which do not require centralisation, and special functions, which are to be provided by a limited number of hospitals, depending on their complexity. This is in line with international evidence showing that efficiency thresholds tend to increase with the complexity of the treatment. For emergency wards, a population base of 200 000 to 400 000 is recommended, implying a reduction from about 40 currently to 20-25 (Andersen and Jensen, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|complexity functions jensen andersen centralisation|9.119525|8.959915|1.9856275
10603|However, the burden of mental ill-health is challenging to measure, especially across countries, and efforts to measure the prevalence of mental disorders, and the burden of mental disorders, vary across OECD countries. Countries have not been successful at addressing unmet need partly because it is so difficult to identify and quantify. A starting point to identifying unmet need is household surveys that use a variety of screening instruments to identify individuals at risk of or suffering from mental health problems. These instruments are not standardised, however, and estimates of the prevalence of mental health problems can vary widely within the same population. Such surveys suggest that around 5% of the working-age population have a severe mental disorder and a further 15% have a common mental disorder (OECD, 2012). Some, but not all, OECD countries report having a national survey to measure the prevalence of mental disorders (Table 4.1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental disorders prevalence disorder measure|10.287916|8.848318|1.9346831
10604|As in other EU countries, there are large disparities in self-rated health by socioeconomic status: 80% of people in the highest income quintile population report being in good health compared with 48% of the population in the lowest income quintile (Figure 4). These include the living and working conditions of people, the physical environment in which people live, and a range of behavioural risk factors. In fact, more than 35% of the overall burden of disease in the Czech Republic in 2015 (measured in terms of OALYs) could be attributed to behavioural risk factors, including dietary risks (contributing 18%), smoking (13%), alcohol use (4%) and physical inactivity (3%) (IHME, 2016).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|behavioural quintile people physical ihme|9.202006|9.247893|2.8990324
10605|In addition, the directive obliges member countries to prepare action programmes for the designated nitrate vulnerable zones so that the objective of the directive can be realised, as well as to conduct suitable monitoring programmes to determine the extent of nitrate pollution in waters from agricultural sources and to assess the effectiveness of the action programmes. Instead, in conformity with the Nitrates Directive, it informed the European Commission in 1994 that it would prepare an action programme for its entire territory . Accordingly, in the Netherlands, the Nitrates Directive action programme is applied throughout the country. Even so, legislation distinguishes between soil fertility and types (in the Netherlands, the most important main soil-type regions are sandy, loess, clay and peat).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|directive action nitrates nitrate prepare|0.79489446|6.689012|2.607347
10606|In countries with a poor fisheries management record or capacity to implement sustainable and responsible fisheries, globalisation may lead to increased fishing pressure, thus endangering the resource. Managing sustainably and responsibly can, in principle, be done through biological management approaches including ecosystem-based approaches to management that cap the total harvest. Concurrently, however, increased competition from external sources (alternative wild fish or aquaculture) may put price pressure on the harvesting element of the value chain. Depending on how access to the fishing sector is managed, fishers’ income may subsequently come under pressure.|SDG 14 - Life below water|pressure fishing management fisheries approaches|-0.18149295|5.81668|6.7064724
10607|In response, the city embarked on a resilience-building project which integrates climate vulnerability assessments and micro planning and implementation. It was designed, implemented and monitored using a community-led bottom-up approach which began with the identification of climate vulnerabilities. Some key lessons have been derived from that experience.|SDG 13 - Climate action|embarked integrates climate vulnerabilities identification|1.517922|4.9347773|1.7319266
10608|For this reason and in order to incorporate income measures at the same time, the current study was based on household surveys, which are available for all countries in the region and include satisfactory data for implementing both methodologies. To make these estimates, the indicators were adapted to the data available in household surveys. Not only did this meet the data availability criterion, it also recognized the necessary sociocultural relevance of the exercise of rights, especially to determine the thresholds for identifying when a child or adolescent was experiencing extreme child poverty or total child poverty.2 The deprivation thresholds established in the 2003 global measurement based on the Bristol indicators had been confined to the severest situations of child deprivation. For Latin America, it was decided to follow the above criterion but to also define thresholds to identify situations of moderate deprivation, as they too reflect needs that, when unmet, affect children's well-being and development.|SDG 1 - No poverty|thresholds child deprivation criterion situations|6.9543233|6.462039|5.1668205
10609|Today's students will only be able to cope with the ongoing technological and digital revolution if education systems improve their quality, leading to better student performance, equitable outcomes and the acquisition of new skill sets and greater knowledge. What matters most is what and how they teach and for how long, how they motivate students and how they demand high standards from all students, while taking their differences into account. This requires continuously updating the knowledge that is being generated, integrating digital technologies, incorporating horizontal and socio-emotional skills, and promoting team work, critical thinking and complex problem-solving.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students digital knowledge motivate updating|8.782354|1.5897791|2.0130002
10610|To support the development of effective and state of the art policies on air quality, a quick update of the WHO air quality guidelines is necessary. The current version stems from 2005 and there is sufficient evidence that a tightening of the values would be justified. It would be recommendableto invest in a thorough study of the actual effects of green in cities and how it can be used in the most efficient way. A first step would be to inform, regional and national authorities, asthere appears to be a big difference in actual knowledge from the government side. It is important to find communication strategies that will reach as many stakeholders as possible. In order to guarantee reliable and harmonized information, there is an important role for international organisations such as the EU, UNECE, WHO and UNEP.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|actual air tightening harmonized thorough|3.3463464|4.752922|1.2151253
10611|However, expanding economic activity, population growth and rising living standards are increasing the need for energy, food, minerals and other resources, amplifying environmental pressures in both rural and urban areas. Based on indicators from national and international sources, the chapter reviews progress against national policy goals as well as international commitments and targets, focusing on the period since 2000. To the extent possible, it compares the state of the environment and key environmental trends with those of OECD member countries and the other emerging economies in the BRIICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa).|SDG 15 - Life on land|briics environmental minerals compares international|1.8542513|3.8794372|2.131571
10612|Analysis shows that school attendance declines as the number of hours spent on household chores increases — and declines more steeply for girls than for boys. Women continue to be underrepresented in national parliaments, where on average only 17 per cent of seats are occupied by women. The share of women among ministers also averages 17 per cent. The highest positions are even more elusive: only 7 of 150 elected Heads of State in the world are women, and only 11 of 192 Heads of Government.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|heads declines women elusive cent|10.464516|4.277819|7.0428853
10613|Of the 134 countries for which data were available for 1990-2008, 98 are reducing energy intensity below those rates or are even increasing energy intensity. Indeed, in 35 countries energy intensity grew at an average cumulative rate of 3.1 percent over the period. There is considerable scope for raising industrial energy efficiency in these countries, which stand to benefit from such efforts.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|intensity energy countries cumulative stand|1.8486954|2.7527108|2.5625854
10614|For example, in Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, civil society partners are consulted on legislation and regulations in sectors identified as key priority areas by the country’s main gender institution. In Jordan, a “list of requests” is made on behalf of the country’s gender institution, and civil society organisations are consulted accordingly. Similarly in the Palestinian Authority, the cross-sectoral strategy identifies the specific sectors relevant to the promotion of gender equality for inclusion in the public consultation process with civil society partners and parties affected by the legislation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|civil consulted palestinian society jordan|9.910231|4.303097|7.3664255
10615|Median estimates of total system costs show a range of costs of USD 15 per MWh for onshore wind, USD 20 per MWh for solar PV and about USD 25 per MWh for offshore wind at a penetration level of 10%. At 30% penetration level, system costs increase significantly, reaching about USD 25 per MWh for onshore wind and about USD 40 per MWh for solar PV and offshore wind. In comparison, system costs of dispatchable technologies, such as coal, gas, nuclear or hydro, are at least one order of magnitude lower.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mwh usd wind onshore costs|1.4615923|1.7137946|1.9598087
10616|It would be timely for governments to review the existing institutional structures in place and what they are intended to achieve, and consider updating these to reflect evolving policy needs and priorities. Moreover, once challenges or issues arise, these need to be addressed. It is also important to note, however, that these inter-ministerial committees do not need to be biodiversity-specific.|SDG 15 - Life on land|updating need evolving ministerial timely|1.6558548|5.279472|3.7938302
10617|Nonetheless, the planning of a city or region needs to engage with organisations above neighbourhood level. For instance, collection and disposal of solid waste and sewage in Almaty, Astana and Shymkent can lead to large-scale environmental and social problems that require civil participation as well as state action. Special strategies for targeting groups that are hard to reach (the disabled, youth and the elderly) would be implemented to ensure their participation in public events and forums.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|shymkent participation forums astana neighbourhood|3.8909714|5.303109|1.8384017
10618|Its use in agriculture in Australia is estimated to contribute AUD 11 billion annually to the economy (Deloitte Access Economics, 2013). Second, it flows at a much slower pace than surface water (OECD, 2013e). Third, its quality is generally superior to that of surface water, in particular with regards to bacterial contamination (hence its importance for drinking water).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|surface water deloitte aud superior|1.2056766|7.244722|2.882585
10619|It begins by reviewing the constellation of urban planning and management documents at the municipal and regional levels and their impact on coherent urban development. This is followed by an analysis of four policy areas with significant implications for national urban programming: land use, housing, transport and the environment. The General Law contains the principles, attributes, responsibilities, rights, sanctions and other statutes governing the institutions, individuals or professionals involved in urban planning, urbanisation and construction.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban planning sanctions reviewing attributes|3.944788|5.350552|1.6620867
10620|In addition, a student competency - itself a result of a combination of knowledge, skills, values and attitudes that are adapted, combined and applied in a specific context - must also be perceived as an outcome. Traditionally, a standards-based curriculum is directed toward mastery of predetermined standards, which generally include content standards and performance standards (UNESCO-IBE, 2013). Performance standards specify what levels of learning are expected and assess the degree to which content standards have been met.|SDG 4 - Quality education|standards content performance predetermined competency|9.389114|1.3615558|1.8724972
10621|In parallel, consecutive dry days (CDD) are projected to increase by between 15-21 days, exacerbating the hydrological stress.21 Coupled with a projected increase in cooling demand and associated electricity demand (as a result of reduced precipitation), a potential reduction in hydroelectric power plants is envisaged. The shortening of the winter season is expected to reduce hydro potential even further. Despite the potential of hydroelectricity to alleviate energy security in the country, there are unintended ecological and agricultural consequences of utilizing these resources. Additionally, there are 30.8 MW of installed capacity, with the potential to double this figure to reach 60.3 MW, including river and non-river sources.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|potential mw days projected river|1.3888776|1.6657714|2.1265583
10622|The contribution of the distribution effect is rarely as great. Even when it is the predominant factor, its contribution to the decline in poverty is usually under 60%. It did exceed 100% in El Salvador and Mexico, but both are countries where the total change in the poverty rate was veiy small (see table 1.2).|SDG 1 - No poverty|contribution veiy predominant poverty salvador|6.438151|5.4903207|5.2037315
10623|Agricultural producers in ASEAN are expected to be able to rise to these challenges over the medium term, with regional production growth rates projected to exceed world averages for many products, including animal-derived products (OECD-FAO, 2015). This will also increase the importance of ASEAN for world supplies of agro-food commodities. Across individual countries, however, changes in the production of key commodities are more mixed. This will require a continuation of past trends in total factor productivity growth - trends underpinned by continued efforts at policy reform and additional investments by governments and producers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|asean commodities producers trends products|3.960006|5.1127768|4.1992173
10624|Having their own bank account increases the autonomy of women within a household. Making access to finance easier may also facilitate start-ups or self-employment among women. Infrastructure is another significant positive determinant of female labour force participation, while labour market regulations lower female participation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female participation labour determinant ups|8.7745|3.664075|6.3520837
10625|As a result, near-term technology and policy decisions are critically important for leveraging long-term change. But the temporal dimensions of this technological differentiation in energy systems are extremely long. In the medium-term (2030), only modest, niche-market inroads of solar PV into the global energy system are expected. Only by 2100 have scenarios clustered either around relatively small solar PV markets (0-80 EJ), assuming no or low C02 emission constraints and high investment costs, or around relatively large solar PV markets (100-180 EJ), under stringent C02 emission constraints and low investment costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|pv solar term emission constraints|1.3967265|2.3102741|1.9965727
10626|Under the direction of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Economy, the AIFA co-ordinates all activities related to pharmaceuticals and it operates autonomously and transparently. Pharmaceutical policies are set by the agency and are supposed to be applied uniformly across the country. Through negotiation with phannaceutical companies, it determines the price of medicines reimbursed by the NHS. The value and cost of medicine are also managed by the agency in order to ensure rapid access of innovative and efficient drugs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|agency ministry uniformly reimbursed ordinates|8.526046|9.434243|2.1020389
10627|It guides the reader through what makes water governance improve in practice and how to foster peer-to-peer dialogue and bench learning across cities, basins and countries facing similar types of water governance challenges. The chapter provides lessons learnt at various levels (local, basin, national) as well as for policy frameworks, institutions and policy instruments, and could help with fiiture implementation of the OECD Principles. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.”|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|peer governance guides reader learnt|1.0948358|7.000702|1.5571923
10628|Consequently, the pattern of water availability and intrinsic characteristics in each water basin is heterogeneous and very relevant to all water supply-side decisions. For instance, the Sebou water basin holds 30 per cent of surface water resources and groundwater and, although it represents only 6 per cent of the total area of Morocco, 18 per cent of the country’s population lives within it. The northern (Loukkos, Tangier and Mediterranean Coastal) and Sebou basins cover nearly 7 per cent of the area of the country and more than half of the surface water resources. Conversely, the Tensift, Bouregreg and other southern water basins exhibit water security insufficiencies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water cent basins surface basin|0.907611|7.3432713|2.775903
10629|Awareness-raising and education regarding human rights with security and justice personnel - as well as the general public - is also important. Harassment based on gender, sex, race, sexual orientation, age, disability or other 'difference' is unacceptable. Gender training should occur on multiple levels, and should be mandatory for female and male security personnel of all levels/ranks.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|personnel security unacceptable gender levels|10.082028|4.8323174|7.526344
10630|The OECD Metropolitan Governance Survey has found that the share of residents who are satisfied with the public transport provision in their cities is 14 percentage points higher if a transport authority exists (Figure 2.2). It appears likely that this is at least partly due to the better integration of public transport in these cities. For example, a metropolitan transport authority could be autonomous exclusively in charge of transport issue, or part of a metropolitan authority in charge of w ider policy issues at the metropolitan level.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metropolitan transport authority charge cities|3.9998367|5.26497|1.1070808
10631|Accordingly, these precipitations generate average runoff modules varying between 5 and 15 1/s/km2. In the highest parts of the Kotel Balkan, rainfall reaches more than 750-800 mm and the runoff module up to 10 1/s/km . In the low'er parts of the Kamchia valley precipitation falls to 550 mm per year, and the runoff module drops to 2 1/s/km2 on the Kamchia River and to 1-2 1/s/km2 on the Great Kamchia River.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|runoff mm module parts river|0.58515424|7.2416244|2.7834032
10632|The Ministry of Social Security is responsible for social policy and oversees public institutions funding health care, sickness leave and long-term care. Since 2012, which saw a significant increase, per capita spending has consistently been the highest in the EU and was 82% higher than the EU average in 201S (see Figure 6). Financing of health care insurance is based on a system of shared charges with 40% of contributions paid by the state and the rest being shared between the insured population and employers. As nearly half of Luxembourg's workforce are cross-border employees, one third of those insured with the CNS actually live outside the country (Box 1; ADEM, 2017; IGSS, 2016).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insured care shared eu oversees|8.628031|8.941021|2.162536
10633|Tirpak et al (2010) recommend that, given the contextual nature of adaptation, adaptation financing should only be counted for projects that are directly linked to or emerge from climate vulnerability or impact assessments, a recipient country adaptation planning document, a climate risk screening or another study on climate risk. This is significant given budget support may become a more prominent funding approach to deliver climate-related ODA as support continues to move towards programmatic forms. One way to track any climate-specific elements of general budget support would be to request recipient governments to report their GBS spending ex-post, and classify how the funds were used according to specific sectors and themes. If such data could be provided, GBS could be incorporated into any ex-post analysis on climate finance flows to recipient countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate recipient adaptation ex post|1.5004978|4.1994762|1.1335429
10634|Essentially, this share of the population can be thought of as not enjoying the benefits of the post-war economic growth boom, which over the period 1947-65 saw average real GDP growth exceed 4% on an annualised basis, according to statistics available from the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Economic Analysis. The same data also shows that personal consumption expenditure over this period increased roughly 3.7% annually and durable goods consumption increased 5.2% annually over the period, so clearly some part of the population enjoyed benefits of the post-war economic expansion. It is clear from the stability of relative poverty figures over this period however that this expansion did nothing to bring the poorest fifth of the population closer to the living standard enjoyed by the middle of the income distribution.|SDG 1 - No poverty|period enjoyed war annually population|6.44003|5.216439|4.633571
10635|Exclusion and relative poverty are also challenges for advanced economies, and obstacles to growth opportunities for all economies (OECD, 2015a). Many innovations remain small in scale and scope. Scaling up innovation requires initiatives that are built around: 1) financially sustainable business models; and/or 2) participation by lower-income and excluded groups, thereby supporting their integration in the formal economy. Meeting this objective, however, is challenging.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|economies scaling financially obstacles innovations|5.4937625|3.575763|2.627632
10636|In comparison, mortality rates are higher in the North and highest in the South region. Interestingly, the data show slightly lower mortality rates for the Badia region. While mortality rates are highest for the lower two quintiles, they are lowest for the middle quintile, and substantively higher for the upper two quintiles. It is worth noting that the lower quintiles are overrepresented in our sample as poorer households tend to have more children than richer households.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|quintiles mortality lower rates highest|6.8403153|5.863599|4.984788
10637|However a judiciously prepared business plan requires expert tools and professional advice which may be inaccessible to many women entrepreneurs. This is especially relevant as previous studies show that women entrepreneurs have a strong preference for banks as “partners” rather than dealing with them in a merely transactional relationship (Vital Voices, 2012). They tend to have more rigorous due diligence requirements for SMEs than banks in other regions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|banks entrepreneurs inaccessible diligence voices|8.763124|3.437|6.3344116
10638|In any case, old trees are generally more valuable for biodiversity than young trees (cf above), although for ground-dwelling fungi age may be less important than continuous presence of the associated tree species. Such information, as well as data on stand age or development class, will often be available from forest inventories, thereby allowing a linkage to data on tree biomass and carbon stocks. Annex I lists 81 different forest types of European conservation interest, of which 19 are represented in the EU members of the Nordic countries and seven of these are listed as priority habitat types (Table 4.2).|SDG 15 - Life on land|tree trees forest types fungi|1.221892|4.696769|3.9589496
10639|The number of children (age 0-14) killed in traffic was reduced from 1 148 in 1993 to 99 in 2013, representing a 91% improvement, compared to the overall improvement of 57% (ITF Road Safety Annual Report 2015, chapter on Korea, 2015 - data provided by KoROAD). This success followed a decision by the government to designate the improvement of children safety in traffic as one of the nation’s top priorities. This decision was supported by a range of effective safety measures.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|improvement safety traffic decision itf|4.23543|5.213191|-0.011122099
10640|To arrive at detailed insights about cooperation decisions an in-depth analysis of the application cases was conducted12; by doing so the crucial decision criteria were investigated and highlighted. The relative importance of decision criteria varies with the field of cooperation that is evaluated, for example, for smart metering, different factors appear to be of importance, whereas for network operation other factors come into play. In addition, stakeholders have their own focus regarding the importance of specific criteria (e.g. for DSOs exerting control on an ICT network that is used for grid operation is of great importance13).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|criteria importance cooperation network operation|1.9340676|2.1061215|2.1338828
10641|Their combined trend trajectory (Figure 4) is highly influenced by catches in area 87, the Southeast Pacific, where El Nino oceanographic conditions strongly influence the abundance of anchoveta. The overall trends in the two areas are opposite: In area 34 catches have grown to a peak of 4.8 million tonnes, and in area 47 they have progressively decreased from the overall maximum reached in 1978, although they have been recovering in the past three years. In contrast, total catch in area 87, even if analysed excluding anchoveta, has been decreasing dramatically since its peak in 1991.|SDG 14 - Life below water|area catches peak oceanographic overall|-0.034788553|6.0672464|6.353723
10642|The benefit of Povcal is that given the mean welfare measure and several points on the Lorenz curve for any dataset, Povcal will estimate the parameters of the entire Lorenz curve, which in turn permits poverty simulations based on any poverty line the analyst chooses (expressed as monthly per capita figures in international PPP dollars.) Povcal is most widely known for allowing national poverty and distributional data to be made comparable at the international level through the use of international absolute poverty lines, such as the dollar-a-day (USD 1.25, PPP) and two-dollar-a-day international standards. However, nothing prevents Povcal from being used to evaluate and simulate poverty at other poverty lines, including relative ones.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty international curve dollar ppp|6.3939486|5.9456377|5.0741143
10643|Evidence from a previous PISA report suggests that low-performing students appear to benefit the most when more resources are allocated to disadvantaged schools than advantaged schools, but not at the expense of the highest-performing students in the education system (OECD, 2016a). It is therefore hardly surprising that governments have invested substantial resources on computers, Internet connections, software, and information and communications technology (ICT) more generally. But this investment has not always produced obvious gains in student learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performing schools students hardly surprising|9.340871|2.036853|2.7963946
10644|"For each of these seven dimensions, they identified the thresholds of severe deprivation, i.e. ""those circumstances that are likely to have serious adverse consequences for the health, well-being and development of children"" (Gordon et al, 2003: 31). Absolute child poverty was then measured as the condition of children suffering from two or more different types of severe deprivations. They found that over a third (37%) of children in the developing world lived in absolute poverty and over half (56%) suffered from at least one form of severe deprivation, using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys. Their work became part of the UNICEF Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities. Using internationally recognized children's rights to inform the construction of child deprivation dimensions and counting the number of children suffering from several deprivations to produce the deprivation headcount rate became known as the Bristol method."|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation children severe suffering deprivations|7.00116|6.555729|5.198556
10645|For instance, in 1999-2000, 71 per cent of children in age group 15-19 had not completed a secondary education; and 4 out of 5 households did not have access to public-health facilities. Household consumption data for India reveal that 62 per cent of the population do not have an intake of 2100 calories per day! Using the international poverty lines employed by the Asian Development Bank in the recent revised estimates of poverty based on PPPs for 2005, headcount poverty is estimated to be in the range of 54.8-65.3 per cent using a $1.35 poverty line; and at 60 per cent using a $1.25 line without a distinction between rural and urban (Himanshu, 2008, p. 42).|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent poverty using line calories|6.1062527|5.939569|4.924873
10646|Nevertheless, these estimates provide an up-to-date aggregate picture of climate finance in relation to the UNFCCC goal based on a transparent accounting framework. We hope that this new information about the volume of mobilised climate finance will be helpful in the context of the international climate negotiations leading up to COP21 in Paris at the end of 2015. Part I outlines the accounting framework for measuring and aggregating climate finance estimates. Part II describes progress towards the USD 100 billion a year by 2020 goal, looking both at estimates of public and private climate finance mobilised.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance estimates mobilised accounting|1.5221549|3.8051164|0.7935961
10647|It is influenced by demand from industry, transport and households, by national energy policies and by national and international energy prices. The main renewable forms are hydro, geothermal, wind, biomass, waste and solar energy. In some countries the decrease was due to the transfer of energy-intensive industries to other countries. Such outsourcing may increase pressures on the global environment if less energy efficient techniques are involved.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy outsourcing geothermal hydro influenced|1.695369|2.1809554|2.3035383
10648|The Government Debt-GDP ratio declined in Egypt and Lebanon (see table 26), and public sector employment also declined, especially in Egypt. While it is difficult to offer reliable statistics, widely accepted estimates put the overall ESCWA unemployment rate in 2008 at 13 per cent, while youth unemployment stands at between 25 and 30 per cent. These figures are approximately twice as high as the international average. In conflict areas such as Iraq and Palestine, unemployment rates in 2004 were 27 and 29 per cent respectively.34 Worse still, in 2005 youth unemployment rates in Jordan and Egypt were 3.6 and 5.9 times higher than adult unemployment rates, respectively.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment egypt cent rates declined|8.000804|3.987185|4.399944
10649|In addition, in Kuwait and Yemen, gender committees are active in supervising compliance with relevant national and international standards and disseminating relevant information. Additionally in Bahrain and Kuw'ait, gender committees also examine individual complaints. In Bahrain, the committee supports the integration of women’s needs in the government’s work plan.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bahrain committees relevant supervising disseminating|10.018285|4.2522616|7.31158
10650|Two thirds of health spending is publicly funded, but the share of out-of-pocket spending has increased. However, a range of co-payment exemptions ensures financial protection and the affordability of services for vulnerable groups. Portugal has among the lowest avoidable hospital admissions rates in the EU.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|spending avoidable exemptions admissions pocket|8.6648035|8.838443|2.2468095
10651|The same experiences are seen in Copenhagen with f0devareBanken. As it mostly are food producers in the neighbourhood to the food banks that donate food, it is quite clear that there are big amounts of food that is not covered by the food banks today, and that either is collected by the charity organisations themselves or is a potential for increased amount of food being donated. Both f0devareBanken in Copenhagen and Matsentralen in Oslo have been able to establish a large network of local charity organisations, not only in Copenhagen and Oslo, but over larger geographical areas.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food copenhagen charity oslo banks|4.3456|5.3056493|4.57289
10652|This paper investigates the effect of the economic crisis on child poverty and severe material deprivation across the enlarged EU,31 Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Evidence from previous recessions in industrialized countries suggests that children tend to suffer disproportionately. However, given the two- to three-year lag with which household income data become available, it is only recently that statistics on the circumstances of children have started to emerge.|SDG 1 - No poverty|enlarged investigates recessions industrialized children|7.319969|6.421058|5.197721
10653|In the last decade, many of the peace processes on the African Continent between 1991 and 2012 had no women as lead mediators. Maximizing the benefits of women's engagement in conflict prevention and peacebuilding calls for moving from inclusion to partnership for social change. Women’s absence from peace processes cannot be explained by their alleged lack of experience in conflict resolution or negotiations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peace conflict women processes maximizing|10.322047|4.8542733|7.6072106
10654|The Government believes the sector has huge potential to help address major national problems, including unemployment and underemployment among youth (MED 2016). However, the investment in agriculture was less than 2 percent of the state budget in 2016. From 2010 to 2013, the size of the labour force rose from 150,900 to 213,200, but the number of subsistence foodstuff producers fell from 206,300 to 178,900 (SEPFOPE and ILO 2016). A characteristic of subsistence farming is low productivity and risk adverse decision-making that is based on household needs more than maximizing output.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|subsistence med maximizing underemployment characteristic|4.356272|5.487335|4.2218633
10655|However, this investment in empowering the grid will probably increase future electricity prices in Norway. For example, government and industry together established the non-profit organisation INTPOW in 2009. Ministries of local government and regional development and agriculture contribute to the national RE policy through Innovation Norway (IN), the government’s most important agency for innovation and the development of enterprise and industry. It provides advice, financing, promotional, competence building, and networking services.5 One area where IN is active is in promoting bioenergy for heating.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|norway government innovation industry promotional|2.1054163|2.3578846|2.287005
10656|The Paris Agreement and associated decision (1/CP.21) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recognise this, and reinforce the international framework for adaptation action by establishing a global goal of enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability. The Paris Agreement also states that Parties shall as appropriate engage in adaptation planning processes and the implementation of adaptation actions. Decision 1/CP.21 (paragraph 90) stipulates that provision of information shall be done “no less frequently than on a biennial basis”, although least developed countries (LDCs) as well as small island developing states (SIDS) may submit this information at their discretion.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cp adaptation shall paris agreement|1.1132708|4.730738|1.4117179
10657|As noted in the Committee’s earlier work on IUU fishing,9 IUU fishing is generally an economic activity that will continue as long as it is profitable for fishing vessels to be engaged in such activities. The information available on IUU fishing on the high seas suggests that it targets fish stocks of predominantly high commercial value with easy marketability. As a result, IUU fishing has received increasing attention from policy makers due to its negative economic, social and environmental impact, both directly on the resources and indirectly on the domestic fisheries economy. It is therefore important that domestic fisheries policies ensure that fishing overcapacity is dealt with in an appropriate way through scrapping and through legislation that does not allow for fishing capacity to be exported and re-flagged to countries that do not co-operate.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing iuu fisheries scrapping domestic|0.11037685|5.578581|6.7980466
10658|Water management is an inherently risky business, where although it is in the interest of most stakeholders to minimise the water risks, it is not the responsibility of most stakeholders. The framework is comprised of four main components, described in the following section. Risks arise not only from physical phenomena but also from the social context. Societies vary in the ways in which they select which problems are identified as risks, and which risks require attention and response.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|risks stakeholders inherently phenomena risky|1.3156652|7.0517263|2.5438857
10659|Case studies are based on the group work during the Regional Seminar on Integrated Approaches for SDG Planning: The Case of SDG 6 on Water and Sanitation, (28-29 November 2016) and follow-up research work of the ESCAP team. There is a need to develop the scientific, technological and social innovations necessary to build this new resilient city and to manage our transition to a more liveable and sustainable future. Only recently, however, has research begun to develop an integrated analysis of urban services at the system level to increase the efficiency of the resource streams and improve the resiliency of the overall urban system .|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sdg integrated develop seminar research|1.7297868|6.5698414|2.0614753
10660|Examples abound in the agriculture and energy sectors: typically farmers in several OECD and non member countries do not pay the full price of electricity used to pump groundwater. Reforming those harmful subsidies should also be part of the water financing agenda: for instance, it could free public financial resources (which could then be used for water policies), generate more revenues to invest in water-related services and infrastructures, make water pollution more costly and create markets for water-efficient technologies and practices. A set of principles can usefully guide policy decisions. For example, the Polluter Pays principle (PPP) is a basic element of all European environmental policies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water polluter usefully pump reforming|1.4128864|7.2190185|2.209082
10661|The first step for the city is to improve pollution monitoring systems by allocating the necessary resources. In addition, financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve the emission treatment system should be considered urgently. Continuous investment to improve productivity and energy efficiency in the production system will create opportunities to make industiy more competitive and at the same time more environmentally friendly.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|improve urgently allocating sized environmentally|2.006912|3.2117834|2.3571174
10662|International agencies and external support—regional and global—are important components of this greening programme. Covering the equivalent of 35 football grounds and generating 160 MW in phase 1, it works by concentrating heat from the sun using parabolic mirrors to generate heat in turbines, from which electricity can then be generated. In 2009 the country imported 97 per cent of its energy needs, at a cost to the state of Dh62 billion ($6.2 billion) a year. With rapid growth in energy demand, Morocco needed to take a decisive step in a new direction (Financial Times, 23 November 2015).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|heat billion sun concentrating decisive|1.8221807|1.9406596|2.3353426
10663|This relationship should be developed and formalised in order to make it more effective and proactive. At present, there are limited mechanisms with which the state government can express its expectations in relation to higher education institutions. The same is true of the local government in relation to higher education institutions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|relation formalised institutions express proactive|7.75161|2.4850254|2.4767594
10664|"The terms ""sex"" and ""gender"" became interchangeable. Even now, gender is often used to mean women. The Conference highlighted the fact that women were disproportionately impacted by poverty: ""Women's poverty is directly related to the absence of economic opportunities, autonomy, lack of access to economic resources, including credit, land ownership and inheritance, lack of access to education and support services and their minimal participation in the decision-making process. Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14June 1992 (United Nations publication, Sales No."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|conference nations women lack janeiro|9.424638|4.5560865|6.907429
10665|Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@copyright.com or the Centre franqais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development are the OECD’s tool to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact.|SDG 4 - Quality education|copyright com higher education cfcopies|7.7583923|2.4678893|2.463147
10666|According to 2013 data, less than a third of poor Nigerian children between 15 and 17 years of age had entered primary school at the correct time, though nearly all of the children from richer households had (see Figure 2.5). The gap continues to widen at the start of each level of education, as greater proportions of poor children drop out. By the start of upper secondary education, only 7 per cent of poor children enter school, compared to 80 per cent of wealthier children.|SDG 4 - Quality education|children poor start cent widen|9.456096|2.819131|2.7788737
10667|Meat tariffs are 31%, while those for dairy products are 36%. Applied tariffs on a number of commodities were lowered during the prices spikes after 2008. The impacts of these bans are evident in the charts of Box 2.2. They indicate a calibrated trade policy designed to stabilise prices in domestic Indian markets. In addition to these, some nontariff barriers also exist, such as sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures which may affect India’s trade.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|sanitary tariffs prices trade charts|4.0737076|4.875844|4.219093
10668|A lack of general skills, in particular literacy and numeracy, can be an issue for employability in the longer term as it makes it more difficult to retrain to adapt to changing labour market needs. Delaying the tracking of students would contribute to tackle this lack of general skills. Tracking into general, vocational secondary and vocational training schools (the latter giving the most emphasis to practical skills and regrouping a quarter of students, Figure 12) currently takes place at age 14, as against 15-16 in most OECD countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|general skills tracking vocational lack|8.789222|2.746743|2.9142592
10669|Free lunch programmes or free textbooks for disadvantaged families are examples of these policies. A mix of policies targeting low performance and socio-economic disadvantage can be most effective in these cases, since universal policies may be less effective in improving both equity and performance simultaneously. As noted above, PISA consistently finds that high performance and greater fairness in education opportunities and outcomes are not mutually exclusive.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performance free policies textbooks effective|9.779358|2.157136|2.8115258
10670|Moreover, female migrant entrepreneurs can act as role models and potential employer for other migrant women. Indeed, family migrants, who, due to immigration rules, usually do not depend on benefits, are often neglected by integration policies - such as active labour market policy measures — which are designed for and sometimes even restricted to benefit claimants. Underlying the neglect is the assumption that female family migrants are cared for by their sponsor, who can provide them with all necessary support, and that the women therefore have less or no need for professional counselling on integration services. Some countries even explicitly target less educated women with regional programmes to help them develop new skills and increase their participation in the labour market.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migrant migrants integration women female|8.7051525|4.9111524|6.864358
10671|Minimum standards of teacher education are ensured by the accreditation and approval of all teacher education programmes by the NZTC. All teacher education providers with programmes approved by the NZTC must demonstrate how they enable students to reach the Graduating Teacher Standards. Providers guarantee that students have met these standards and are “fit to be a teacher” when they graduate from the programme.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher standards providers education students|9.494371|1.1099919|2.1012096
10672|What role, if any, should RFMOs and/or fisheries management systems have in fisheries subsidies issues? How to define subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fishing and what subsidies disciplines should apply to these sectors? How could an agreement on fisheries subsidies address the future development needs of developing and LDC members without undermining sustainability?|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries subsidies artisanal rfmos undermining|-0.06587236|5.5086513|6.77613
10673|Information comes in various forms: oral testimony, documents, video material, photographs, personal observations and satellite images.33 In particular. Human Rights Officers should map out the most relevant sources of information that would contribute to a gender analysis. Besides giving their own account of the events under investigation, these actors might be willing to assist the investigation by providing relevant documentation, reports and information gathered on the ground and serve as intermediaries to contact other victims, witnesses or sources. While many of these documents may have been gathered in the preparation phase, additional documentation may surface or become known through interaction with different actors at the local level when gender-sensitive questions are asked. At the same time, it is important not to make assumptions about a victim's needs or condition based on stereotypical views. For example, it should not be assumed that all victims of sexual violence would find the process of recounting their experience traumatizing.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|investigation gathered documentation victims documents|10.006311|4.8556004|7.659806
10674|A forthcoming review of the capitation formula ought to consider the utility of introducing new variables that reflect determinants of health care need, such as morbidity, mortality and socio-economic differences across the country. The government can also extend efforts to steer where resources are directed. In this manner, future capital planning ought to be skewed towards locating services closer to those who need them most.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ought locating capitation skewed steer|8.908307|8.751765|2.2412422
10675|Where school authorities have failed to acknowledge its existence, it has often flourished and become institutionalised. Efforts are needed to empower girls and women and to sensitise men to the needs and rights of girls and women (UNESCO, 2003). When schools are located far away from home, students cannot attend because of safety issues and economic reasons.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls institutionalised acknowledge empower unesco|9.71447|4.863046|6.250629
10676|This concept is the most comprehensive as it also takes into account in-kind transfers, such as education and health care spending. Data issues are discussed in Box 1 and different income inequality measures are discussed in Annex 1. Among the OECD countries, earnings inequality for full-time employees is highest in Chile, the United States and Portugal, while Switzerland, Belgium and Denmark are the most equal countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|discussed inequality belgium kind switzerland|7.0322576|4.8767586|4.580276
10677|In Arab countries, the high rates of gender inequality coincide with a lack of economic opportunities among women (figure 4.2). The failure to protect them exposes an entire generation to damage, thwarting their dreams and pushing them to rethink their future. Fleeing conflict does not mean young women are safe; displacement still leaves them at great risk of gender-based violence, including rape and forced marriage.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pushing coincide gender displacement rape|9.503579|5.1661153|6.9574375
10678|First, GVC participation helps explain only a small part of the variation in wage inequality across the sample, implying that there are other more important determinants of wage inequality. Second, the employment reallocation effects arising from enhanced participation in GVCs are not directly captured (since the dependent variable is wage inequality).7 Nevertheless, the results hold when using the more holistic OECD inequality measures which do account for incomes of the unemployed. For example, somewhat different evolutions can be perceived depending on whether the analysis uses measures of inequality derived from; WIOD; the University of Texas Inequality Project; the World Development Indicators; or the OECD inequality indicators. They suggest that offshoring can give rise to a positive productivity shock which ultimately benefits the type of workers whose tasks have been offshored. The intuition is that offshoring is tantamount to “labour-augmenting technological change” or in other words it acts like technical progress which increases the productivity of the labour whose task has been offshored.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality wage productivity indicators gvc|6.865843|4.7911477|4.5353203
10679|High rates of economic growth and increasing incomes during the first decade of the 2000s help to explain the reduction in labour force participation of the population aged 65 and above (see also Chapter 2). The same is suggested by the pattern of unemployment across age groups. The ratio of the youth unemployment rate to the adult unemployment rate was close to two for both foreign-bom and Ghanaian-born workers in 2000, but had become far less favourable in 2010 for young Ghanaian-bom workers than for foreign-bom workers (3.0 and 2.0, respectively; Table 3.1).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom ghanaian unemployment workers foreign|7.7700024|3.9749384|4.2823443
10680|Excessive wage bills pose a threat to the wider social fabric. The Survey also noted that “rising public sector salaries made the largest contribution to inequality between 2010 and 2014, particularly salaries of qualified workers in public agencies outside central government” - such as the CCSS (OECD, 2016a). As noted in Section 1, for example, obesity rates are higher in Costa Rica than most OECD countries. In most OECD health systems, the central budgetary authority (e.g. the Ministry of Finance) sets expenditure ceilings for the health sector, annually or over multi-year cycles.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|salaries noted oecd central fabric|8.976928|8.749112|2.6113503
10681|This raises two issues for urban water governance: i) re-scaling metropolitan governance may (positively or negatively) affect water governance frameworks; and ii) strategies for metropolitan governance reform may offer interesting models for application in the urban water sector. Evidence from selected OECD metropolitan areas is provided in Table 3.7. The largest functional area, often referred to as the Southeast Region, extends to the Gyeongnam province and Ulsan Metropolitan City. At 6.6 million people, it covers the four largest Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht), a large number of medium-sized cities, as well as small towns and villages.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|metropolitan governance water largest cities|1.1482416|7.0787764|1.4757136
10682|They have a mixed trade-union, professional rules of conduct and scientific development role. There are also 70 specialty/sub-specialty boards. The Association has cited concerns that recent reform efforts to achieve greater standardisation of health-care practice may limit professional autonomy. Recently the Ministry of Health has established a Professions Council that has been given the authority to deal with curriculum and complaints/malpractice issues.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|specialty professional standardisation professions complaints|9.264794|9.226163|1.6223302
10683|The authors specifically stressed the importance of focusing more upon learning, and less upon testing, and claimed that the new assessment programme could be seen as a way of doing this, giving Norway a new start after the introduction of the national tests, which they believed was part of an old-fashioned system. In one article in Fredrikstad Blad (24 August 2012), the journalists described two schools sending their teachers to Dublin as part of the AfL programme in order to study how Irish students work with AfL. In an article in Bedre Skole three schools working on the Better Assessment project were presented and teachers, students and school leaders were interviewed about their experiences. The message was positive overall. A 14-year-old student was quoted as saying: “It is much easier to study for tests when we know what will be on the test and also know the criteria for each grade” (Ruud, 2009, p. 15).|SDG 4 - Quality education|afl tests know article old|9.70254|1.7221974|1.3930789
10684|A considerable potential for increasing the nutritional status of people and the efficiency of the whole food chain lies in encouraging changes in diet and consumption patterns, as well as designing pro-nutrition policies in other sectors, such as health and education. In addition, reducing food losses is a cost-effective means of increasing the availability of safe and nutritious food for all. Preventing food wastage would also reduce the challenge of how to increase production in a world with limited natural resources. In particular, the livestock sector, which has grown rapidly to meet the increasing demand for meat, is a prime contribution to water scarcity, pollution, land degradation and greenhouse gas emissions.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food increasing nutritious diet lies|3.8212292|5.2555304|4.4653826
10685|Regulatory agencies are also required, and they must be credible, legitimate and efficient. This must not be underestimated when it comes to contemplating private sector participation since it raises the issue of how such entities are going to be financed to avoid the economic and financial “capture” of the regulator by the granting authority or the operator. They often lack the competence and information to monitor contractual arrangements, investment plans, etc. The issue of accountability to and independence from the political power is also important to prevent decisions based on vested interests. Some MENA countries lack basic water institutions - others display fragmented institutional structures or overlapping decisionmaking structures, which often exclude users’ demands and civil society. Moreover, water is a matter of regional co-operation with many MENA countries facing similar challenges, and many sharing basins and rivers.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|mena structures issue lack vested|1.1927584|7.1678386|1.5521076
10686|Thus improving overall job creation is likely to reduce marginal employment among poor women. It is consistently negative across education levels in rural regions, but only begins to gain importance from primary education onwards in urban regions. However, the magnitude is higher with each additional educational level for urban regions. While in rural areas, the household head with a university degree decreases the probability of women’s participation by 5pp compared to the illiterate household head, the same factor decreases the probability by almost 13pp in urban areas.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|head decreases regions probability urban|8.873778|4.4232054|5.878809
10687|The buyback programme aims to reduce water abstractions by around 25% to achieve sustainable diversion targets set by the basin water resources plan. The ANA implements the national water resources management system and regulates water uses in federal water bodies. State water agencies define rules and issue entitlements for state water bodies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water bodies abstractions regulates ana|1.1046734|7.2838407|2.0410955
10688|Irrigation often is needed for 100% of crop water requirements in these arid, southwestern states. Assuming an average irrigation delivery of 10,000 m3 of water per hectare, these costs would be equivalent to USD 19 per 1,000 m3 in California and USD23 per 1,000 m3 in Arizona. The national average cost of pumping groundwater, as reported in the 2003 FRIS, was almost USD100 per hectare (Gollehon and Quinby, 2006).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hectare irrigation arizona arid california|1.0548897|7.626177|2.7483134
10689|Some intermediaries have had to use bridging funding to enable projects to progress because of the delays in receiving the programme funding. Others, such as state governments and municipalities, have preferred not becoming intermediaries in some cases because of the delays involved, and have sought to find other ways to provide direct support to companies, albeit with less resources. State governments, for example, have in some cases sought to be agile enough to try and work at the same speed as industry, but feel the support of the national federal programme - while potentially enlarging the pool of funds - slows down their ability to respond to local business need.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|intermediaries delays sought funding cases|5.130252|4.3132877|2.5103545
10690|Median income is expressed in 2007 prices, national currency. Notes: No data for Cyprus, Croatia, Slovak Republic and Turkey. In 2012, in Greece, the median income for households with children was one third lower than it was in 2008; the decrease was also severe in Iceland and Latvia where in 2012 the median income was almost a fourth lower than in 2008. Decreases in the -12.8/-15.9 % range were also recorded in Luxembourg, Lithuania, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain.|SDG 1 - No poverty|median income lower croatia cyprus|7.0199223|5.7616305|5.0676765
10691|If increased CAPEX leads to reduce fuel costs and maybe other OPEX, an agreement between the owner and charterer needs to be found. For example, production ranging from a few tonnes a day to millions of tonnes a year; storage in atmospheric tanks or in pressurized tanks; storage of less than 30 m3 up to storage of several hundreds of thousands of m3; and transport by sea, rail or road. Figure 12 provides an overview of the complexity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|storage tanks tonnes maybe thousands|-0.041630212|5.8573747|6.9057894
10692|Distributional considerations should only come into play to avoid extreme income inequality, which should be reduced mainly through expenditures (e.g. Engel, Galetovic and Raddatz, 1999). Although it was clear that the reduction of progressive taxation would increase inequality, there was little popular opposition to it in the developed countries, because the tax reforms, similar to labour market reforms, were widely believed to be the only way to restore growth and keep companies from relocating production abroad. Similarly, in developing countries, policies that provided extensive tax privileges to owners of capital, in particular to TNCs, were considered “socially acceptable” or “desirable” because they promoted foreign capital inflows. Note: Data refer to the five-year average of the mean observation of general government revenue, a Includes capital revenues.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|capital reforms tax inequality privileges|6.5134254|5.0445356|4.2876897
10693|Against this backdrop, this Report addresses an old question: whether rising (or high) income inequality is an inevitable outcome - or a necessary factor - of economic development; or whether it is possible, and even desirable, to reduce income inequality, in order to achieve more inclusive growth as well as to overcome the present economic challenges and create the conditions necessary for a more sustainable and rapid development process in the long run. In contemporary debates, a distinction is often made betw'een equality before the law (or formal equality), and equality in terms of income and wealth. The latter form of equality is affected by ownership structures as well as by market processes, social stratification and political systems which may deny tme equality of opportunities to a large segment of a society.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|equality income necessary inequality deny|6.687043|5.010668|4.6137977
10694|This analysis only includes national-level documents that target the main climate change impacts (the composition of sectors will depend on specific country contexts). Some countries have published sub-national adaptation strategies or plans concerning specific sectors or geographic regions, which can contribute to preparations for climate change but have not been included in this analysis. In addition to this, it shows there is widespread discussion of adaptation options and of policies synergistic with adaptation - 31 countries cover adaptation options in their NCs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation options ncs sectors preparations|1.3282813|4.7018695|1.600087
10695|Similarly, Korea, Mexico, Portugal and the United States underperform in the treatment of infectious diseases. In practice, however, except for the preliminary data on amenable mortality recently developed at the OECD, comparable cross-country data on outcomes by disease are seldom available.12 Measuring inputs and costs per disease also faces obstacles (Heijink and Renaud, 2009) as the lack of information on ambulatory care practices and pharmaceutical consumption makes it difficult to fully document a care episode. Deriving cross-country efficiency estimates at the disease level, except for a few specific illnesses, is thus currently not possible.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disease cross deriving amenable seldom|8.811406|9.231398|2.6374333
10696|Real prices for most other agricultural commodities are also projected to attain levels significantly higher than in the past. Average prices for the ten-year period 2014-24 are projected to be higher than those in the 1992-2006 period by 15% to 35% in real terms for cereals, oilseeds and sugar, by 40% to 60% for poultry meat and dairy products, and by 25% for beef/veal (Figure 2.2). Only pigmeat prices are projected to remain slightly below their 1992-2006 average. Relative to the base period 2000-06, which does not include the above-trend prices of the mid-1990s, the projected increase of real prices in the coming ten-year period is even larger, for some products reaching as much as 80% (Figure 2.2).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|projected prices period real products|3.8964026|5.034811|4.4285426
10697|"Traditional analysis of poverty focuses on monetary well-being and utilizes income or expenditure measures to assess the poverty status of the household that individuals live in. However, children generally do not participate in household spending and consumption decisions and their needs can differ from those of adult household members (see de Neubourg et al. Goal 1.2 states: ""By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions."""|SDG 1 - No poverty|household poverty neubourg children ages|7.087057|6.324686|5.1413713
10698|Thanks to tube well irrigation, crops in Northwest India are less vulnerable to drought than other regions, ensuring them the lowest inter-annual production variability (Kawashima, 2012). However, the actual pace of groundwater depletion threatens the sustainability of this system. If Punjab had no access to irrigation, the maximum attainable yield for wheat w'ould fall by half compared to the current local yield, and by more than two thirds for rice (Bruinsma, 2003). A collapse of the groundwater irrigation system would be all the more dramatic in Northwest India since rainfed crops are particularly exposed to climate change in this region.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|northwest irrigation yield crops groundwater|0.82594067|7.4117427|2.9383557
10699|Unlike crude oil and petroleum products, gas is produced and exported mainly by LDCs in Asia, accounting for between one quarter and one half of the exports of Myanmar, Timor-Leste and Yemen. Their exports are mainly absorbed by East Asian markets. They generate more than 10 per cent of the merchandise exports of a group of African LDCs that are not producers of crude oil, namely, Benin, Djibouti, Niger, Rwanda and Senegal. One half of these exports are absorbed by other countries in their respective subregions, and the other half goes outside the continent. As new mines came into operation, the country’s exports leapt fivefold in 2012 with respect to the previous year and rose further thereafter.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|exports absorbed crude half ldcs|4.1812005|4.5387926|3.9894547
10700|"While international human rights treaties refer to ""equality"", in other sectors the term ""equity"" is often used. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has emphasized in its general recommendations and concluding observations on different countries, e.g., in its general recommendation No. The word ""equity"" has sometimes been understood as more accessible to a broader public and suggests a need for redistribution."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equity general word treaties concluding|9.667869|4.7703195|7.1923156
10701|Mean annual precipitation is very significant, around 1,250 1/m2. Total resources are estimated at 38 billion m3, of which 36 billion m3 are internal and only 2 billion m3 are external (excluding upstream Sava River). Total renewable freshwater is considered to be 9,781 m3/year per capita (FAO Aquastat, 2015).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|billion sava total upstream precipitation|0.7540559|7.2991652|2.8417525
10702|As they work in Luxembourg they are automatically insured with the CNS but, understandably, they seek care mostly in their country of residence. This group represents the largest share of cross-border patients. The second and much smaller group comprises Luxembourg residents who seek specialised health services that are unavailable in Luxembourg (e.g. paediatric cancer care, organ transplant).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|luxembourg seek group unavailable insured|8.667342|9.055757|2.1236792
10703|As a result it is not possible to investigate the issue of gender gap in VC financing using these databases. Finally, these datasets mainly focus on the US market, and cross-country evidence on the importance of the phenomenon cannot be assessed. Crunchbase, a popular online platform, connects venture capitalists with seed stage start-ups.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|vc connects datasets investigate seed|8.932448|3.3898056|6.256616
10704|By the end of 2016,32 LDCs had commercially deployed 4G/LTE networks. Though coverage is mainly limited to urban areas in most LDCs, it is growing rapidly. Some such as Rwanda and Senegal have established targets, with Rwanda aiming for 95% coverage by 2018 and Senegal looking to have 90% of the population covered by 2025. A number of LDCs including Bhutan, Cambodia, Comoros, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Vanuatu have allocated the band for LTE. The model allows for fast deployment of broadband network and helps LDCs leverage the national backbone for extending access to the Internet to underserved areas.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ldcs rwanda lte senegal coverage|4.8336906|2.8603761|1.4775629
10705|Tunisia and Morocco could register GDP gains of 1.4 and 2.5 per cent, respectively (figure 3.24). Equally, oil-producing countries could benefit from the regional integration process as they would make profits from improved market access and from migrants that have a larger propensity to consume in hosting countries. The impact is most significant in the non-oil producing countries that could experience a reduction in the unemployment rates of both unskilled and skilled labour by around 5 basis points.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|producing oil hosting propensity countries|5.347791|4.592302|3.720703
10706|Retrieved July 02, 2009, from SouthAfrica.info: http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm State Electricity Regulatory Commission (2009). Survey on basic status of no power villages and families in the whole country. Credit Suisse/Power Economic Research Institute, Jiang Liping, September 18, 2009, Beijing Clean Energy Conference.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|info retrieved power facts htm|2.1774497|1.8769475|2.5822566
10707|The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. The agreement is to be adopted by 2015 and come into effect from 2020. An effective agreement would include quantitative mitigation commitments from all major emitters and result in concrete actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while catalysing long-term transformations to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies. The aim of this paper is to explore what mitigation commitments put forward under the 2015 agreement might look like, what guidance might be agreed regarding the type of commitments proposed, and which “rules of the game” would need to be agreed before draft commitments for the post-2020 period are put forward.|SDG 13 - Climate action|commitments agreement forward agreed mitigation|1.305408|3.5315995|1.525372
10708|The assumption that general inflation is a proxy for health price inflation ignores empirical evidence of health prices rising faster than overall inflation. Alternatives include using a health price index or adjusting a general price index for excess health-price inflation as reported in the literature. Advances in computing and in detailed health data are opening up new possibilities for the generation of helpful decision-support tools.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|inflation price health index general|9.053285|8.90314|2.701355
10709|Using life expectancy a proxy, health outcomes are much lower than expected in Latvia Given the level of GDP per capita (Figure 1.12). Chile, Poland and Hungary have higher life expectancies for a similar per capita GDP - and all these countries spend a larger share of GDP on health. This suggests that increasing spending on health should be an option that Latvia considers. Improving health system efficiency will also be critical. The number of hospital beds has fallen from 8.8 per 1 000 population to 5.8, approaching to the OECD average of 4.8 (Figure 1.14). The length of hospital stay is 7.6 days on average for all causes, shorter than the OECD average of 8.1 (OECD, 2015e).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gdp health latvia hospital average|9.126791|9.030764|2.314428
10710|The contentious question is whether such win-lose policies should be allowed in the absence of actual inter-temporal compensation or compensatory action. Where there is a risk of catastrophic consequences in the future/present that can’t be mitigated or compensated for adequately, it makes sense to adopt a more precautionary approach. Ecosystem services can be defined as “the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems”. All three provide ecosystem services.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ecosystem contentious precautionary mitigated compensatory|1.7323458|5.2722836|3.622105
10711|In Australia, the department responsible for regional development policy takes part in the Water Co-ordination Group, the central government primary co-ordination vehicle on water issues. Italy has set up a national strategic framework (NSF) within which the Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea has identified quality standards for water services. In Mexico, CONAGUA and other federal institutions provide strong support for the Desarrollos Urbanos Integrates Sustentables (DUIS) for the building of cities with basic services that do not damage the environment and quality of life. In Korea, the government is building new cities with waterfronts and is restoring riversides by rehabilitating urban rivers into eco-friendly ones.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ordination water cities building rehabilitating|1.3405868|7.062833|1.5632311
10712|Time-use data should be taken into account to incorporate the gender perspective when designing poverty-eradication programmes, or when evaluating the benefits of such conditions, and to promote shared responsibility between men and women and between the State, the market and families (ECLAC, 2016a), and when coordinating these programmes with others and strengthening health and education policies so that they reach the poorest sectors and are not supported by conditional transfer programmes and the unpaid work of women. The reasons vary, and include the cost and organization of health services, which complicate access to medical care, especially for people in the lowest-income households (Ferran, 2008). In order to produce estimates of the activities that directly affect the health of household members, time-use surveys must distinguish between care activities relating specifically to health care and other activities. If this heavy burden is maintained over time, it can influence the physical and mental health of the caregiver, who will then also need care.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|health care activities programmes time|8.994715|4.976858|5.5858107
10713|It identifies ten levels of learning achievement, and includes three sub-frameworks covering: i) General and Further Education and Training Qualifications; ii) Higher Education Qualifications; and iii) Trades and Occupations Qualifications. It is expected that these reforms should help to improve articulation, and to support more effective career guidance and recognition of prior learning, while also improving co-ordination across the different institutions and shareholders involved in the educational system. However, this approach has become a source of concerns for many countries, which increasingly question its rigidity. Increasingly, therefore, countries are implementing smoother learning recognition approaches, which enable job seekers to put a stronger emphasise on the actual work experience and training of job candidates, rather than the formal learning routes followed and outcomes, In this light, Box 4.6 presents the two interesting experiences being pursued by the United Sates and Iceland.|SDG 4 - Quality education|qualifications learning recognition increasingly job|8.389297|2.7522354|2.7516546
10714|This creates serious environmental and health risks given the inadequate wastewater and solid waste management system. Inadequate maintenance, and the possibility of accidental releases of unmonitored toxic chemicals and waste from industrial and port areas, require upgrading of the city’s storm drainage systems. Other “hard” infrastructure elements include eco-based adaptation measures such as retention ponds, creation of public open spaces or zoning restrictions in flood-prone corridors, early warning systems for floods, business continuity plans (BCPs), and disaster insurance and funds. Green infrastructure in particular includes adaptive solutions that allow “making space for water”, a concept now widely adopted in flood-prone countries like the Netherlands.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|prone inadequate flood waste ponds|1.3694038|6.6868076|2.3553035
10715|Because of the Bay Management Area Plan, put in place to create a fallowing period and contain diseases, only 2/3 of the sites (i.e. 64 sites) are active in any given year. If each site was designed to have eight seaweed rafts (38 ropes of kelps, 35 m long and supporting a biomass of 15 kg/m), there would be 512 rafts producing 10 214.40 tonnes fresh weight (FW) of seaweeds. With an average of 0.35% nitrogen content in FW kelp tissues, the harvesting of kelps would equate to the removal of 35.75 tonnes of nitrogen from the ecosystem per year.|SDG 14 - Life below water|nitrogen tonnes sites equate seaweed|0.3289179|6.118252|6.2915606
10716|One key law we passed during my term was one that established salary equality between men and women performing the exact same function. Today, women from the three lowest-income quintiles of the population, 60 per cent are working women will be guaranteed with a pension starting when they turn 65 whether they have worked outside of home or not and regardless of the type ofjobs they held. Clearly, we have seen that the work we have done for women has benefitted society, in general.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women benefitted quintiles exact salary|8.506581|5.381713|5.40392
10717|Limited female participation in structures of governance where key policy decisions are made and resource allocations decided often has a negative impact on women’s political, economic and social opportunities. At the time the Beijing Platform for Action was adopted in 1995, women accounted for on average 10 per cent of members of the lower or single houses of national parliaments. This figure had increased to 17 per cent by April 2009 (table 5.1). In all sub-regions of Africa and in 4 out of 5 sub-regions in Asia, the average proportion of women in the lower or single houses of parliament doubled or more than doubled.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|houses doubled single sub women|10.521997|4.316727|7.11273
10718|This change created greater synergy and interaction between training for ECEC professionals and training for primary school teachers to better support children’s development and learning and foster co-operation between teachers during children’s transition from kindergarten to primary school. Teachers can study for a fifth year if they wish to obtain certification for both levels. Articulation pathways have been created between the Vocation and Education Training sector and the Higher Education sector to support students through new training opportunities. They are also considering whether other qualifications can be taken into account for the job of pre-primary teacher. This is still in a preparatory phase.|SDG 4 - Quality education|training teachers primary created synergy|9.287854|2.5809689|1.892256
10719|While the Farmland Law states that the central FAB has the duty to provide guidance on shifting cultivation, its rules discourage such cultivation and promote terrace farming to replace it. However, shifting cultivation can have positive agronomic and environmental impacts in a context where demographic pressure is relatively low. While the VFV Land Law does include provisions recognising and respecting the existing land use of farmers, even if it has not previously been formally recognised, these provisions remain relatively vague and do not mention customary rights.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cultivation shifting provisions law relatively|3.0999973|5.2286882|3.698121
10720|Tariffs on products on the Sensitive list will first reduced to 20% by 2012 followed by subsequent reductions to the 0-5% tariff band by 2018. For Highly Sensitive products, tariffs have to be reduced to no more than 50% by 2015. The Indonesian government has included 400 products on its sensitive and highly sensitive lists. The “highly sensitive list” includes rice, sugar, soybeans and maize, along with motor vehicles, motorcycles, ethyl alcohol and ceramics.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|sensitive highly products list tariffs|4.0184045|4.756778|4.203686
10721|It is difficult to behold, especially when it afflicts children. However, even the apparently well fed - those who receive sufficient calories to fuel their daily activities - can suffer the ‘hidden hunger’ of micronutrient malnutrition: deficiencies of such essentials as vitamin A, iron or zinc from fruits, vegetables, fish or meat. It has many short- and long-term consequences, including delayed mental development, heightened risk of infectious diseases and susceptibility to chronic disease in adult life.20 In low-income countries, child undernutrition is likely to be a consequence of poverty, characterized as it is by low family status and income, poor environment and housing, and inadequate access to food, safe water, guidance and health care. At least a quarter of urban children under 5 were stunted, indicating that they had been undernourished for some time. Income was a significant factor.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|income micronutrient zinc undernutrition stunted|4.552009|5.8200254|4.6487966
10722|How do we tap local agro-biodiversity potential to meet nutritional requirements? They include wild or semi-domesticated varieties and non-timber forest species that are not typically traded as commodities (Padulosi etal, 2013). Among NUS, those that are nutrition dense, climate resilient, economically viable, and locally available or adaptable offer the potential to address hunger and malnutrition. From a food system perspective, dietary and production diversity need to improve to address malnutrition.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|malnutrition address nus adaptable potential|3.375669|5.4191785|4.114437
10723|Due to the relentless efforts of women's rights advocates from across the globe, the 2030 Agenda's commitment to gender equality is prominent, comprehensive and cross-cutting, building on the commitments and norms contained in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The 2030 Agenda makes clear that development will only be sustainable if its benefits accrue equally to both women and men; and women's rights will only become a reality if they are part of broader efforts to protect the planet and ensure that all people can live with respect and dignity. What is needed to bridge the gaps between rhetoric and reality?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|reality women agenda rhetoric efforts|9.573366|4.642223|7.323115
10724|Do national government transfers for social programmes take into account the share and diversity of an urban area's immigrant population? How strong is the urban dimension of policies aimed at addressing population ageing (e.g. attention to infrastructure needs and access to healthcare services for an ageing population)? Given that urban policies affect multiple sectors and multiple levels of government, both horizontal and vertical co-ordination is needed.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ageing urban population multiple policies|4.54648|5.3245387|2.0614514
10725|Food and nutrition security is achieved when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO, WFP and IFAD, 2012). The challenge of achieving Zero Hunger becomes more profound if contextualized at a global scale, especially when considering climate change. During previous decades, crop production has focused on the cultivation of several starchy crops.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food wfp nutritious ifad profound|3.9819531|5.436264|4.3335266
10726|In addition to the fulfilment of fundamental rights for women and girls, gender equality has recently been hailed as a 'breakthrough' strategy for promoting inclusive development and reducing poverty. Understanding the nature and extent of the obstacles to gender equality is therefore critical to designing effective policies to promote equality between men and women, and consequently, to improving development outcomes. Higher levels of discriminatory institutions in origin countries hinder the likelihood of female migration, reducing the migrant share in origin populations, which consequently is too low to positively shift discriminatory norms towards greater gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality discriminatory origin consequently gender|9.366177|4.753472|7.00356
10727|Such information is critical for knowing whether the school system is delivering good performance and for providing feedback for improvement. A comprehensive system of evaluation is a requirement not only for the development of improvement strategies al all levels (teacher, school, administration) but also for measuring the success in achieving the goals of reform and for establishing a regime of accountability. Evaluations and assessments are requirements for an equitable regime of accountability, efficient management, effective decentralisation, and for devolution of autonomy to individual schools (OECD, 2011 a). Without such information, it is difficult to monitor the performance of schools and students and measure the achievement of learning objectives.|SDG 4 - Quality education|regime accountability improvement devolution performance|9.774239|1.8305486|1.596513
10728|Expected average wage increase for 2017 taken into account by the Tripartite Council was around 8%, so that the minimum wage to average w'age ratio would slightly decrease. Wages have proved highly flexible during the crisis. To preserve employment, public wages were significantly cut (Chapter 1), including by decreasing or suspending payments agreed in collective agreements21.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|wages wage tripartite average preserve|7.7966194|4.54135|4.37003
10729|Hence, with the declining costs of renewables over the past few years, their use as an alternative energy source offers significant cost-reduction potential, as well as an opportunity to mitigate GHG emissions. In this context, some emission mitigation measures, in particular those that improve energy efficiency, have been shown to lower costs or even result in cost savings. In South Africa, for example, 66 per cent of the GHG mitigation potential in the mining sector could be realized at negative marginal abatement costs, so that these emission reductions would pay for themselves (Department of Environmental Affairs, 2014).|SDG 13 - Climate action|emission ghg costs mitigation potential|1.6233499|2.9272482|2.1263301
10730|On the other hand, knowledge about assessment (e.g. diagnosis principles, evaluation forms and procedures) is mentioned in only one area, and knowledge of instructional processes is also mostly limited to teaching strategies for diverse classrooms. While there is no reference to any particular scientific discipline, meeting the standards would require knowledge of certain areas of psychology (e.g. child development), educational sociology (e.g. the impact of culture, cultural identity and linguistic background on education) and perhaps more broadly learning sciences (e.g. research into how students learn). Descriptions in this area use active verbs such as plan, set, identify, describe, include, referring to teacher’ actions rather than their knowledge.|SDG 4 - Quality education|knowledge psychology area referring descriptions|9.544115|1.6381471|1.3796284
10731|It is found that these responses have strong implications, including on the ability of different policy instmments to reduce farming risk and increase farmers’ wellbeing. If there are risks that are somehow covered by government programs, the incentives to use other strategies (e.g. insurance or diversification) are then reduced. A good understanding of the net impact of government policies related to risk management in agriculture necessarily includes the analysis of interactions between different sources of risk, and different farmer strategies and government programs.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|programs risk different government strategies|3.5500913|5.483899|3.864681
10732|Few are covered by social protection systems, and they face the constant risk of slipping back into poverty. Much work needs to be done to raise productivity, promote sustainable structural transformation and expand social protection systems for the poorest and most vulnerable workers and their families. The most significant progress has been made in Eastern Asia, where the proportion of people in vulnerable employment has dropped from 71.2 per cent in 1991 to 39.6 per cent in 2015.|SDG 1 - No poverty|vulnerable protection cent systems dropped|6.7448297|5.593978|4.3307543
10733|The most remarkable growth was in wind power, solar photovoltaic power (although from a small base) and biodiesel transport fuels, which only appeared in the mix in 2006. In compliance with the EU Renewable Electricity Directive (2001/77/EC), it established a target of 39% of gross electricity consumption to be met by renewable energy, including large hydropower, by 2010. This target translated into source-specific targets for installed capacity, which, however, can diminish investor flexibility and raise overall costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewable target electricity power appeared|1.4583951|2.1088793|2.482878
10734|"Concluding Observations Jamaica Sixth and Seventh Combined Periodic Report. Asshe points out: 'Owing to gender stereotypes related to family and work, such as ""male breadwinners"", ""women as carers/nurturers”, this generally means that women assume the bulk of the work, to the detriment of their human rights enjoyment’(UN General Assembly 2013, para. Indeed, she argues The unequal distribution of unpaid care work is highly reflective and determinative of power relations between women and men."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|work women breadwinners reflective seventh|8.992333|5.0003|5.8755813
10735|The global dimension is most obvious in the case of climate change, but problems of food insecurity and deforestation have significant cross-border effects as well, stemming, for example, from food price instability and greenhouse gas emissions. Through international trade and investment, incomes and consumption in one country are linked to the ecological footprints left in the country of production. Multilateral environmental agreements, trade and investment rules, financing facilities and intellectual property rights regimes would all need to be aligned so as to facilitate the green technological transformation.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|trade footprints food investment stemming|1.8621875|3.7878904|2.3086097
10736|Reduction of livestock numbers (especially cattle and pigs) has cut the use of manure in fertilisation. However, in some regions, agriculture run-off pollution is a concern, especially in western Slovakia, as there has been a rise in surpluses of nitrogen (but not phosphorus) as a result of a growing use of nitrogenous fertiliser since 1999 (OECD, 2008). The increase, which accelerated in 2008, will translate into increased pollution of surface water and groundwater in some intensively farmed areas.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pollution pigs farmed especially intensively|1.1107671|6.3044|3.1162486
10737|Those factors include mother’s age, urban/rural residence and key characteristics of the child, such as sex, birth order, length of previous birth interval. Therefore, health policies that focus on reducing inequalities, as proposed by the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), seem more likely to yield large returns on the investments being made by countries, averting more child and maternal deaths than policies focused on improving overall levels of health and mortality without attention to the role of inequalities. While it is important to invest globally in maternal, adolescent and child health (Every Woman Every Child, 2015), it is critical that these efforts target the most economically vulnerable children and their families.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|child maternal birth inequalities health|8.780193|8.410529|3.6247737
10738|In 2014, Indian law enforcement agencies seized 32 kg of ketamine, a significant decrease from the 1,353 kg seized in 2013. Seizures indicate that ketamine trafficking may now be declining as a result of the authorities’ stringency that followed the recent amendments to the Act. Most countries in South Asia do not regularly carry out national drug surveys; information on abuse and prevalence therefore needs to come from other sources. Cannabis is the most common drug of abuse in the region.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|seized kg abuse drug cannabis|8.278939|10.298179|3.5971236
10739|As a result, a new legal framework and regulations for the management of protected areas could be developed. But there are several problems associated with the Red List and the Red Book. The de-listing and down-listing criteria and procedures are not defined, and there is no stated objective to de-list or down-list the species after inclusion in the Red List. No time frame is provided after which the list must be revised and updated.|SDG 15 - Life on land|list red listing book frame|1.5370057|5.217341|4.177996
10740|All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. The author is grateful to Harry de Boer, Elise Miller and Akiyoshi Yonezawa for country case studies that helped to inform this work. Collaborations, alliances and mergers among higher education institutions may seek to enhance academic performance, to achieve economic efficiencies, or to better align the network and performance of institutions to public needs. Institutional collaboration occurs less frequently and successfully in the design and delivery of instruction than in other domains, owing largely to the traditionally autonomous and solitary role of faculty in this area.|SDG 4 - Quality education|collaborations performance rights alliances institutions|7.6338882|2.5035121|2.4646435
10741|In the case of infrastructure it requires coordinated, long-term planning that stretches across geographic, political and cultural boundaries. We know, however, that a hospital cannot function without a solid waste system, and a waste system, in turn, cannot function without the acquired and applied knowledge, institutions and underlying resources necessary to manage it. Yet when we talk about infrastructure, this understanding beyond the immediate is still too often overlooked.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|function waste talk infrastructure overlooked|3.7928672|4.070914|1.9869933
10742|Similarly, it is reasonable to expect that in some cases, even where a NUP is given a high level of priority in national policy development, resources are still lagging or uncoordinated. This includes national-level investment in linkages between major urban settlements. In the region, waste management has been a particular priority as has been the development of durable and affordable housing. Similarly, land management has been a target of resourcing. In some cases, national-level resourcing of urban infrastructure has been used as a wider economic stimulus. This is in addition to considerable levels of urban housing, infrastructure and transport development by sub-national governments, though not necessarily under the rubric of a NUP.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|resourcing nup national urban similarly|3.5623772|5.0236025|1.7117779
10743|To launch the programme in Egypt, the AUC created the Women’s Entrepreneurship and Leadership Programme, which serves as a regional hub for teaching and research regarding women’s leadership in the Arab region. Since 2008, AUC has graduated 235 women entrepreneurs from the Goldman Sachs programme. The underlying premise of the Initiative is that expanding the entrepreneurial talent and managerial pool in developing and emerging economies, especially among women, can reduce inequality and ensure inclusive economic growth.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women programme leadership sachs graduated|9.058068|3.4415677|6.606647
10744|Compared to the Nordic countries, the Baltic countries show higher electricity prices in the long term. The main explanation for this is a lower penetration of renewable energy and the strong connection to Continental Europe (through the reinforced LitPol interconnector), which exhibit higher electricity prices. Renewable energy resources, especially wind power, and balancing options are better in the Nordic countries compared to the Baltic countries and Continental Europa. Therefore, options for electricity import from the Nordic countries to the Baltic countries appear favourable in comparison to imports from Continental Europe.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|continental baltic nordic countries electricity|1.7955834|1.8977885|2.1135142
10745|It examines how competition for water resources is growing due to shifting demand, climate change, and changing societal preferences. The chapter also discusses how these pressures increase the value of well-designed allocation regimes that perform well across a range of conditions (averages as well as extremes) and can adapt to changing conditions at least cost. They trace their roots to previous decades or even centuries and have usually evolved in a piecemeal fashion.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|changing trace conditions centuries extremes|1.0933162|7.4767275|2.4492614
10746|Every employer is required to apply the measures needed to effectively protect the life, safety and health of its workers, for which it must provide suitable premises, provide work equipment and adopt methods aimed at reducing and eliminating occupational hazards in the workplace. Specifies the just causes that allow the worker to terminate the employment relationship, with entitlement to compensation for unfair dismissal. The wage is unattachable up to the amount of the legal minimum wage. Also unattachable, among other things, is the full amount of the sums received by the worker in respect of retirement and pensions.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|worker wage sums specifies premises|8.061121|4.623801|4.285653
10747|Thus, even though gender equity may have positive supply-side effects on the quality of the labour force over the long run, in the short run gender equity may generate shocks that could push economies off their long-run growth paths. Further analysis of the duration of these departures from the long-term trend is called for (Berik, Rodgers and Seguino, 2009). As this trend unfolds, feminization stimulates investment (since wages are low and these workers have limited bargaining power —a situation that generates pay gaps). As investment strengthens, it drives up the initially low equilibrium point.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|run long equity trend stimulates|8.941798|4.560517|5.762847
10748|For further details, see box 1.1. Compared to 2006, poverty declined by 2.2 percentage points, while extreme poverty decreased by 0.7 points. These variations, following those achieved in earlier years, place the poverty and extreme poverty rates 9.9 and 6.8 percentage points below the 2002 figures, which is significant progress.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty points extreme percentage details|6.2587147|5.7763314|5.0242305
10749|The main addition to the UNICEF approach is active labour market interventions, such as skills-building and job matching. However, ILO considers both social protection and social security as largely interchangeable concepts (ILO 2017:194-5). Social security is a human right and it aims to reduce and prevent poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion throughout the life cycle. Social protection floors constitute the most innovative contribution of the ILO approach. They are nationally defined sets of basic social security guarantees - in terms of both essential health care and basic income security for children, adults and older persons - that ensure, as a minimum, that, over the life cycle, all in need have access to goods and services defined as necessary at the national level (ILO 2012). The framework also outlines urban-specific vulnerabilities to be considered and identifies some key issues in urban areas such as targeting and transfer size.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ilo social security cycle defined|7.090028|5.8996706|4.2656374
10750|They can also potentially reflect individual characteristics if the data used are differentiated accordingly (e.g. by number of jobs available to people in a certain age range or income group). For instance, while transport planners tend to focus on the transport component of accessibility, urban planning practice has often placed more emphasis on metrics reflecting land use factors. Practice has shown that breaking this silo-type of thinking promotes a more holistic approach and could be achieved by using a combination of indicators and conducting coordinated analysis by relevant authorities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|practice transport silo breaking planners|4.219825|5.2365594|0.73237634
10751|In the G20 Labor and Employment Ministers’ Meeting, recommendations to the G20 Leaders noted that measures needed to ensure that employment recovers quickly. Employment and poverty alleviation must be prioritised as they lay the foundation for strong, sustained and balanced growth that is beneficial to all. Early results have been very encouraging, and lessons have been learned that can improve future programme design to maximise the development gains and cost efficiency of these efforts and lead to sustainable long-term growth.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment lay prioritised alleviation labor|6.113224|4.6797533|3.8896601
10752|For example, the United States nuclear regulatory authority permits load changes only under direct control of the staff. Automatic load following or frequency regulation in response to a control signal from the grid operator is therefore not possible in American nuclear power plants. In addition, for economical considerations, many utilities prefer to use nuclear power plants as pure baseload technologies, leaving load following, frequency control and other ancillary services to generating plants with higher marginal costs of operation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load nuclear plants control frequency|1.3372375|1.3371253|1.8537642
10753|At the same time, beginning teachers should be given every opportunity to work in a stable and well-supported school environment, and the probation decision should be taken by a panel which is well trained and resourced for assessing new teachers. First, initial teacher education can be made more selective as no teacher shortage exists. Potentially useful initiatives include: providing more information and counselling to prospective student teachers so that better informed enrolment decisions are made; procedures that try to assess whether the individuals wanting to become teachers have the necessary motivation, skills, knowledge and personal qualities; incentive schemes to recruit candidates with high-level competencies; and flexible programme structures that provide students with school experience early in the course, and opportunities to move into other courses if their motivation towards teaching changes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers motivation teacher resourced recruit|9.54955|1.2366441|2.1525996
10754|This would enable each city to plan and invest in its urban environment based on its long-term vision, and allow localities to have more control over private developers to ensure that projects contribute to a high-quality urban environment. There must be an explicit recognition of the importance of preservation on existing cultural heritage in Viet Nam. When streets become recognised as public spaces in cities, they can be both planned and designed in a way that increases the quality of life of urban residents and supports more environmentally sustainable and productive cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban cities environment localities streets|4.208878|5.0566807|1.6680841
10755|Gender gaps in the labour market are small and continue to narrow (Figure 32). Illustrative calculations show that increases in female employment account for 15% of total GDP per capita growth over the past 40-50 years (OECD, 2018(76]). The full-time work gap is defined as the difference between men and women in the shares working fiill-time (at least 30 hours per week).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|illustrative calculations time narrow week|9.055136|4.333015|5.659127
10756|European countries achieve an average of 4 percentage points of inequality reduction through direct taxes (Atta-Darkua and Barnard, 2010). Taken together, transfers and direct taxes reduce inequality by around 10%, which compares well by Latin American standards, but European countries manage to achieve a reduction of around one third through these instruments (Higgins and Pereira, 2013). Given that Brazil’s level of taxes is not far away from European levels, this comparison suggests that more could be done to raise the distributional effect of direct taxes in Brazil.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|taxes direct european brazil achieve|6.7659745|5.100079|4.613341
10757|They are often focused on the adoption of a comprehensive, whole-of-government approach. Since then, Sweden has consolidated its gender mainstreaming strategy, which aims at achieving equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for women and men, progressively into all policy areas. The initial phase included collection, analysis and dissemination of knowledge of, and experience with, gender mainstreaming. Training models for key groups within the government offices were developed and tested in 2008, and were intended to be incorporated into regular training courses given by the central government administration.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mainstreaming government training gender consolidated|9.964891|4.025248|7.407561
10758|Although Belgium performs relatively well in terms of level of resistance for most bacteria under surveillance by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC, 2017), the incidence rate of hospital-acquired antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus infections is relatively high (Vrijens et al., Amenable mortality rates in Belgium are among the lowest in EU countries, owing in part to low and decreasing mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Relatively high and increasing survival rates for people admitted to hospital for a heart attack or stroke and for people diagnosed with different types of cancer indicate that the health care system is effective in treating people with life-threatening conditions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|relatively belgium hospital mortality people|8.848588|9.333068|2.480807
10759|However, the differential narrows if the analysis looks only at secondary school teachers. These data therefore do not include bonuses or other allowances to which not all teachers are entitled. Lastly, salaries are converted into US dollars (USD) on the basis of purchasing power parties (PPPs) which equalise the purchasing power of each country's currency.|SDG 4 - Quality education|purchasing teachers equalise power bonuses|9.494254|1.7089806|2.640915
10760|It is expected to fulfil the manpower demands of the economy, provide equality of educational opportunity for all and promote national unity in the plural society of Malaysia. Education in Malaysia is overseen by two government ministries: the Ministry of Education for matters up to the secondary level, and the Ministry of Higher Education for tertiary education. The main legislation governing education is the Education Act of 1996.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education malaysia ministry overseen manpower|7.549635|2.4805517|2.4256227
10761|However, it is still higher than some EU countries and there is a striking disparity in the rate for men and women (Figure 9). In this respect, it is noteworthy that there are no population-based or systematic cancer screening programmes in Greece, so preventive screening uptake is low, making timely treatment problematic. In addition, the current primary care system is not geared towards health promoting or prevention activities, with great variations in doctors' training and awareness of early detection methods. On the positive side, a new set of diagnostic tests, many used for screening, have recently been added to the list of reimbursable examinations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|screening geared noteworthy striking detection|9.24529|9.584729|2.5891855
10762|Wind resources have potential, although not on a large scale, with biogas and biofuel also having limited capability. However, there is potential for tidal resource although cyclones pose a serious problem. In 2015, renewable energy accounted for approximately 9 per cent of total electricity generation, and this is expected to increase to 13 per cent in 2016 on the completion of already confirmed and funded investments.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tidal cent cyclones biogas potential|1.4978213|1.8794756|2.269265
10763|This rise in educational attainment has contributed to the large increase (11 percentage points) over the past 15 years in the female employment rate to 70% in Germany: the highest proportion of women in the paid workforce outside of the Nordic countries and other OECD countries where women are frequently in part-time employment such as the Netherlands. This increase in labour force participation was associated with a decline in time spent on unpaid home and care work, but in Germany as elsewhere in the OECD, women still bear the brunt of unpaid work and fathers spend a lot less time with children than mothers. German parents are more likely than their fellow Europeans to report work/life conflict and, despite recent increases, the total fertility rate (TFR) in 2014 was 1.47, below the 2013 OECD average of 1.67 (Chapter 2). However, since the mid-2000s social policy reform has increased opportunities for parents to find a better work/family balance.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|work unpaid germany parents time|9.213432|5.212299|5.341409
10764|Furthermore, the new World Bank line is not based on the United States rate of inflation; had it been taken into account, the original $1.08 would have become $1.45 for 2005, with obvious implications for the corresponding estimates of numbers of persons in poverty, and hence for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals poverty target by 2015. In addition, the new round follows an inconsistent procedure with regard to correcting for rural/urban price differences, applying it only to the cases of India and China and there, too, essentially using urban prices, thereby introducing what Himanshu calls an urban bias. In either case, the present world poverty estimates are flawed and an odd aspect of this is that the selective urban-rural adjustment now made reduces measured world poverty, whereas in an earlier paper Chen and Ravallion (2007) had reported that world poverty at 1993 PPP $1.08 increases by about 2 percentage points when such a rural-urban distinction is made. In 1997, UNDP topped this absurdity by suggesting that the US criterion of $14.4 per day might be applied to the OECD countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|urban poverty world rural estimates|6.201432|6.0766854|4.968747
10765|The same trend was reported in Australia, Canada, Chile, Japan, Korea and New Zealand for the same period, but 20 other OECD countries achieved a reduction in air pollution-related deaths (OECD, 2014). Information provided by the Ministry of Environment of the Federal District (SEDEMA). It included restricting the circulation of private cars on certain days, depending on registration plate.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|circulation restricting cars registration oecd|3.4765759|4.692019|1.0103267
10766|The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities thus seems to be gradually releasing its grip in the climate regime. Most scientific evaluations state that if we intend to keep the temperature rise below two degrees above pre-industrial levels, global emissions should be at their highest in 2015 decreasing steadily thereafter with the legal treaty entering into force as late as 2020. In the most recent 2007 Inter-Governmental Panel assessment on Climate Change, both Polar Regions were deemed to be experiencing the ongoing impacts of climate change (as they were in the 2001 IPPC Assessment). The impacts on the Arctic are, however, much more pronounced.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate assessment impacts releasing intend|1.2159423|4.1452193|1.8101705
10767|It should also be determined whether progress made would have been made without the negotiated target and, hence, whether public money could have been spent on more effective and ambitious programmes. The cost-effectiveness of such voluntary agreements needs to be thoroughly assessed and compared with other possible policy instruments to make sure that the instruments used are those that allow to achieve environmental objectives (e.g. GHG emission reduction targets) at the lowest cost. All governmental institutions are required by law to develop green procurement policies, define annual targets for the purchase of selected eco-products, and annually report to MOE.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|instruments targets thoroughly cost moe|1.6916854|4.0938582|2.0900836
10768|"Moreover, there is a poor record of civil society participation and partnership in the implementation of plans and strategies that exist to support cultural and heritage preservation. For cities, culture appears as an economic asset, a social good and a productive and dynamic process that undergoes continuous change.*"" Many cities around the world contain a historical core with various forms of cultural and natural heritage that have resisted forces of urbanization and modernization."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|heritage cultural cities modernization preservation|4.113475|4.9853115|1.8852247
10769|Donor support through increased official development assistance (ODA) is just one option to support a longer-term and more systematic approach to financing social protection and food security. Other options include considering reallocation, improving efficiency, and potential engagement with non-state actors (Hagen-Zanker & McCord, 2010). The most compelling evidence regards the role that social protection plays in supporting people’s access to food, in particular resulting in the consumption of more and/or higher-quality food.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food protection reallocation compelling regards|4.4174585|5.4132657|4.2436843
10770|Because the teachers produced this material on behalf of their employers and used their schools’ own resources, all intellectual property rights to the material belonged to the regional educational authority. The material they produced was combined with content purchased from publishers and media companies. All materials were scrutinised by university experts before publication and then issued in digital format using Creative Commons licenses. This project is still ongoing.|SDG 4 - Quality education|material produced commons format licenses|8.888853|1.7617172|2.1601133
10771|However, it can also inadvertently increase vulnerability, for example by concentrating assets in high-risk areas. Integrating climate into these choices can enhance resilience, thereby supporting development in a changing climate. As well as climate-proofing existing development objectives, this may require changes in the objectives themselves. Climate-resilient development thus implies a continuous and integrated process of addressing risks from current climate and preparing for future changes (Sperling et al., Thus, adaptation is understood as a process, while climate resilience describes the outcome of adaptation and other, often unrelated, socio-economic trends and policy choices.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate choices resilience adaptation objectives|1.4392668|4.938751|1.7983676
10772|Developing countries argue that developed countries have fallen short of their promises on providing climate finance and want assurances of predicable financial flows from developed countries (ENB 2018). Thus the Paris Agreement has not overcome the general lack of trust between developed and developing countries that has marked the climate negotiations since the start. It is perhaps here that the US decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement has its biggest effects, since the dwindling climate finance contributions of the US will be difficult to compensate for by other countries. In Katowice, countries such as Germany and Norway announced increases in climate finance, and it was decided that discussions on a long-term finance goal would be discussed at the climate change conference in 2020.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance countries developed paris|1.4525982|3.7933226|0.9954094
10773|Thereafter, we briefly discuss some of the possibilities and limits of international human rights in achieving concrete changes to women’s lives and look at some of the strategic considerations that inform a politics around women’s rights. Thus, equality in marriage is referred to specifically in the ICCPR (article 23) and CEDAW (article 16). Women’s representation in political structures is also a regular concern of the HRC and the CEDAW Committee. There is overlap between the CESCR and the CEDAW Committee on some of the major social and economic rights,such as health and education.120 Women's rights in relation to housing, social security, food and water are also increasingly gaining the attention of the committees and special mandate holders.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cedaw rights women article committee|9.764485|4.7859893|7.1773605
10774|Where questions diverge considerably from the definition, countries should be encouraged to align questionnaires. Cost sharing between governments and households can be efficient and equitable if there are no credit constraints. But even if returns on a university degree make private expenditure worthwhile, poorer students must still be able to afford it.|SDG 4 - Quality education|diverge worthwhile questionnaires align afford|8.845675|2.275268|2.8847466
10775|The EDF measures what the service frequency would be if the service were available without having to walk. This allows a comparison of routes according to service frequency: routes with the highest service frequency score are assigned a weight of 1, while all others have a weight of 0.5 (TfL, 2015). A separate accessibility indicator (Al) is initially calculated using this methodology for various modes, including bus, rail, underground and tram.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|frequency service routes weight tfl|4.268016|5.16913|0.5676633
10776|This figure accounts for 22 per cent of inbound mobile students worldwide. The inbound mobility rates8 were 1.6,1.3 and 0.1 percent in the UNESCO subregions of Central Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, and South and West Asia respectively in 2013. Some countries have a relatively large share of graduates at ISCED level 5, such as China (48 per cent), the Lao People's Democratic Republic (55 per cent) and Viet Nam (48 per cent). In other economies, students are more likely to attain a tertiary degree at ISCED levels 6 and 7, such as Macao, China (91 percent), Mongolia (97 percent) and the Philippines (87 per cent). Less than 2 per cent in the region are graduates at ISCED level 8.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cent isced percent asia graduates|9.007642|2.5740464|3.0527973
10777|Some researchers have incorrectly described virtual water as analogous to, or consistent with the economic theory of comparative advantage. The virtual water concept is applied most often when discussing or comparing water-short and water-abundant countries. By focusing on the water resource endowment alone, virtual water represents an application of absolute advantage, rather than comparative advantage. For this reason, policy prescriptions that arise from virtual water discussions will not maximise the net benefits of engaging in international trade.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|virtual water advantage comparative endowment|1.2982|7.4853992|2.4113364
10778|Gender Equity Research Grants of up to $10,000 support research investigating or addressing gender equity, with preference given to projects that advance Waterloo’s IMPACT 10x10x10 commitments or projects of demonstrated relevance to the University of Waterloo. Our focus on outreach to local communities and within our campus community is engaging key stakeholders of all genders in being equity champions. We are creating opportunities for education, advocacy and activism for all on our campus while moving the needle on gender equity.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equity campus gender projects activism|9.861537|4.2737327|7.418794
10779|Even where national laws have been harmonised with international and regional standards, implementation and enforcement remain critical challenges. It is also important to work with traditional/customary justice mechanisms to ensure that they uphold women's rights. Procedural barriers can include fees required to lodge complaints, practice of discriminatory customary laws, and physical inaccessibility.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|customary laws uphold procedural harmonised|9.706447|4.9618125|7.3036323
10780|Several DAC members are scaling up its support towards research and innovation. However, while part of these funding are aimed to strengthen the research capacity of developing countries, a large share is directed towards research projects at universities and research institutions in donor countries. In the United Kingdom, several universities have developed manuals for researchers of how they can apply for ODA-eligible funding.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|research universities funding manuals scaling|4.9523726|3.4470372|2.0926516
10781|The results in Figure 1.10 are restricted to countries having replied to both the 2010 and 2011 OECD questionnaires. This qualitative evidence, together with that reported in the 2009 and 2010 editions of the Employment Outlook, does suggest a break with the historical pattern in which spending on active measures was essentially acyclic (OECD, 2009a). Other components of the social safety-net can also provide income support for certain groups of the unemployed during an economic downturn.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|editions questionnaires downturn break essentially|7.661404|4.8744645|4.0456033
10782|The seven crops represent 65% of the value of total crop production, and the six livestock products 90% of total livestock production. The corresponding data on domestic, external reference prices, and transportation, processing and handling margins have been collected and price gaps calculated for all 13 products. For the purpose of calculating the price gaps, five products - wheat, rice, maize, barley, and cotton - are treated as exportable products over the whole period. Five commodities - sunflower, potatoes, milk, poultry meat and eggs - are considered as the importable ones.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|products livestock gaps sunflower barley|3.9855194|4.8521776|4.31742
10783|A comprehensive IWRM plan for the Araks/Aras Basin is under preparation, according to the Islamic Republic of Iran. A wastewater treatment plant is required from new industrial facilities, and the existing small-medium industrial facilities are required to complete their wastewater treatment plants. Any direct discharges into groundwater bodies are not allowed.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater facilities treatment industrial required|0.7310247|7.205197|2.3762298
10784|This may imply that widespread engagement with science does not come from high academic proficiency alone; nor can positive attitudes compensate for low proficiency. If educators focus on one to the exclusion of the other, then the influence of each is, most likely, undermined. Rather, these results indicate that positive attitudes and strong knowledge and competence reinforce each other in sustaining lifelong engagement with science. All citizens, not just future scientists and engineers, need to be willing and able to confront science-related dilemmas.|SDG 4 - Quality education|science proficiency attitudes engagement positive|9.001721|1.1372255|2.355991
10785|Finally, this paper stresses the importance of these findings for the economy at large, and supports the use of carefully designed chronic disease prevention strategies targeting people at higher risk of adverse labour market outcomes, which may lead to substantial gains in economic production through a healthier and more productive workforce. An assessment of the labour market outcomes of chronic diseases should rely primarily on analyses of longitudinal datasets based on statistical approaches that permit to gauge the causal impact of chronic diseases and their risk factors. The findings presented in this paper also support the claim that policies for the prevention of chronic diseases and their risk factors have important social outcomes, in addition to health benefits, which should be accounted for in evaluations of the impacts of such policies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|chronic diseases outcomes risk prevention|9.370444|9.029747|2.7246666
10786|The needs of those with more severe mental health problems are monitored through a national register of individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Specialised care for people misusing alcohol and substances is available through the national Institute for Alcoholism and Drug Dependency. There is also a national mental health committee, with representation from citizens and service-users, to monitor the accessibility and quality of mental health care services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health national schizophrenia disorder|10.365336|8.9134655|1.7514713
10787|A second tracking stage occurs at age 13/14 (6-year gymnasium). Around 13% of students in the relevant age group are enrolled in these tracks (Strakova et al., Students are selected into the different pathways by admission examinations and aptitude tests, and those with the strongest academic performance usually opt for general tracks such as gymnasium and lyceum.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tracks aptitude age students opt|9.247025|2.4456367|2.7052195
10788|Reduced tax rates for electricity and heat produced from RES, support to biofuels (tax exemptions and quotas), and financial incentives for heating installations and renovation of buildings have also contributed to RES development. In 2009, the Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energies in the Heat Sector increases the compulsory share of RES in final energy consumption for heating and air conditioning in new buildings (from 6% in 2009 to 14% by 2020). Finally, to limit competition coming from nuclear power and to internalize decommissioning costs of nuclear power plants, a nuclear fuel tax was introduced in 2010.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|res nuclear tax heating heat|1.5902461|2.2560067|2.1229255
10789|Soil erosion releases fine particles of soil and nutrients into rivers and lakes after precipitation and floods. The accumulation of soil in rivers and lakes reduces the capacity of water basins to store water. In the Khomyn Tal area in the western part of the Mongolian sands, a large sandy desert land with brown soils was brought into cultivation, though it is not suitable for cropping.|SDG 15 - Life on land|soil lakes rivers mongolian desert|0.9325354|6.571896|3.3142078
10790|The plan includes Marine Mammal Sanctuaries in which rules regulating non-fishing activities (tourism and mining) apply. The Ministry of Fisheries monitors the effectiveness of these measures through data collection and will review the Threat Management Plan in 2013 if necessary. Fishers are, like all other members of society, entitled to standard social security provisions. All fish exports (about 90% of New Zealand’s commercial catch) are regulated by the Animal Products Act. Moreover, because fish sold in the New Zealand market is generally processed through exporting premises, most fish for domestic consumption is also covered by the Animal Products Act. However, exemptions allow some primary processors for the domestic market to operate under the Food Act 1981, by either complying with the Food Hygiene Regulations 1974 or implementing a registered Food Safety Programme (FSP).|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish act animal food zealand|0.18149453|5.8711004|6.646967
10791|In a society where forests will also be harvested for various human needs, the challenge is how protected areas and the various forest management measures shall be allocated in space and time to achieve an optimal balance between the policy goals of biodiversity conservation, climate mitigation, and economically and socially viable forestry. Table 6.1 illustrates how various forest management measures may affect biodiversity conservation as well as maintenance of forest carbon stocks. From a global perspective, Huston & Marland [2003] argue that forest harvesting [for fossil fuel substitution and other purposes] should be allocated to the most productive forest areas, whereas more marginal forest areas should be conserved for maintaining carbon stocks as well as biodiversity.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest biodiversity various stocks allocated|1.4208151|4.766382|3.8179545
10792|Meeting that commitment will require rapid transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and ocean power. Energy consumption is currently highest in developed countries, but the biggest consumers include large emerging economies, prominently China and India. Rapid increases in energy use are projected in other developing countries if poverty reduction strategies are successful; many of these countries are pursuing more sustainable energy supplies and end-uses (Leach 2015, Pearl-Martinez 2014, OECD 2007).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy rapid leach prominently martinez|1.6195248|2.5592513|2.5100057
10793|First, the time pedestrians are given to cross the street has been calculated not with their real needs in mind (especially for the elderly) but considering the needs of moving cars. Second, at many intersections, turning on red has been allowed (i.e. cars can turn into an intersecting street and go over a crosswalk when it is green for pedestrians). Both decisions can make crosswalks more dangerous for pedestrians, especially those who walk more slowly or have vision problems. Green time for pedestrians remained the same, but it was enough for the smaller distance.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|pedestrians street cars green intersections|4.269211|5.185973|0.02576195
10794|The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for the Slovak Republic such as the re-structuring of the school network in light of demographic developments, better integrating students with special needs, improving the educational opportunities of the Roma community and expanding the provision of pre-primary education. It also reviews capacity and co-operation at the local level for education provision, synergies across education subsystems, co-ordination for educational regional planning, and the use of EU structural funds in education. The chapter further highlights the importance of implementation aspects of education policy and the need to assess the impact of policy interventions. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education educational provision subsystems structuring|9.3032675|2.4176135|2.2202022
10795|This may be related to low payment rates and/ or the Zakat system covering only a part of the poor population. In Azerbaijan, targeted social assistance was introduced in 2006 which the number of families receiving assistance tripling over the 2007-14 period to almost 145 000, but with the slump in oil prices and oil revenue the number of families receiving support fell to just below 100 000. In China, the number of social assistance recipients in 2015 amount to about 67 million (18 million in urban areas and 49 million in rural areas), and payment schedules seem to affect financial incentives to work for recipients, as in so many OECD countries (OECD, 2017, forthcoming).|SDG 1 - No poverty|assistance million recipients receiving payment|7.478865|5.8711877|4.511191
10796|Given seasonal and inter-annual variability of demand and supply, and the wish to maintain an environmental flow level, high ratios imply a high risk that water supply will be inadequate. Agriculture was the largest user of water, accounting for about 70% of total global freshwater demand (OECD, 2008c). The largest global water demand after irrigated agriculture in 2000 was for electricity generation, primarily for cooling of thermal (steam cycle-based) power generation. This is despite increases in abstractions for public water supply and, to a lesser extent, irrigation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water demand supply largest generation|1.1122402|7.320838|2.9336004
10797|The premise of the campaign is to pull evidence-based medicine out of scientific journals and into the public domain. The overarching objective is to reduce unnecessary care and harm, while at the same time reducing costs to the health care system. Encouraging continuous medical education (CME) and continuous professional development (CPD) and changing scope of practice (for nurses, for example) are two ways to maximise the contribution of health professionals in delivering high-quality care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|continuous care cme cpd premise|9.366972|9.228884|1.5545169
10798|These include the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and disaster risk reduction, notably the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. A number of other goals also relate to climate change adaptation to various degrees, including, but not limited to, Goals 2 (food security), 3 (health), 6 (water and sanitation), 7 (energy), 9 (infrastructure), 11 (cities), 14 (oceans), 15 (biodiversity, forests and desertification). Global monitoring is a vital complement to ensure global co-ordination and support strategies to manage global public goods.|SDG 13 - Climate action|goals disaster global reduction sendai|1.6894859|4.8208036|1.7794844
10799|Understanding and addressing the potential distributional impacts of biodiversity policies and reforms are important to ensure their political acceptability and success (OECD, 2008). A study of Eastern Cape in South Africa, for example, showed that a change from livestock forming to eco-tourism resulted in the doubling of the number of jobs per hectare and a fourfold increase in income per hectare (OECD, 2013c). Finally, information on existing biodiversity finance, including needs and gaps, is also required to help plan and implement effective mainstreaming policies (discussed in Section 2.6). While a number of these have been undertaken, they vary greatly in terms of their objectives, scope and type.28 An example of a high-quality National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA) is that of South Africa (DEA and SANBI, 2011) which is at the forefront of international practice in terms of methodology, quality of data and level of analysis (OECD, 2013c). It presents the state of biodiversity across terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine and marine environments.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity hectare oecd south africa|1.6471193|5.310208|3.8221653
10800|Alternatively, broadcast content may be simulcast in both a DTTB and an IP network (such as LTE) to allow reception in areas where either the broadcast or IP signal cannot be received adequately. To date, however, such concepts are still under development. Such packets should be ignored by existing TV receivers.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadcast ip lte tv ignored|4.871208|2.8141415|1.4357644
10801|The internal water footprint of a nation is the volume of water used from domestic water resources to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The external water footprint of a country is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country.” The sum of the internal and external water footprints is the country’s water footprint.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water footprint country consumed inhabitants|1.1244363|7.072176|2.6260543
10802|The surface pedestrian crossing model includes requirements and standards in terms of visibility, drainage, lighting, pavement, road signs, traffic timing and other factors. For instance, for traffic crossings, there is a requirement that the green crossing signal be open for sufficient time to allow the whole track to be crossed at a speed of 0.4 m/s. To facilitate the crossing of the visually impaired, the model requires traffic lights to be equipped with mechanisms that emit sounds and vibrate.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|crossing traffic model pavement emit|4.2639604|5.188958|0.048051164
10803|Whilst the speciality of general practice or family medicine has yet to take root in Japan, efforts are underway to establish a more holistic and co-ordinated system of community-based health care. Out-patient care is provided by both hospitals and community clinics. With regard to the latter, there are just under 100 000 community clinics in Japan.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|clinics community japan speciality underway|9.653761|8.893144|1.7174506
10804|These include Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM), a national energy research centre established in 1998 as a not-for-profit company under the Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia (MECM). In 2002, the government created the Energy Commission (EC) to replace the Department of Electricity and Gas Supply as the primary regulator of electricity and gas supply. Besides its enforcement activities, the commission is responsible also for other aspects of the energy sector including heat, renewable energy and energy efficiency.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy commission gas electricity multimedia|1.943465|2.5160415|2.2140846
10805|This allows Georgia to export an additional 700 MW of electricity to Turkey. The backbone of the transmission network is a 500 kV line connecting Georgia to the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan, and running through Tbilisi and northwest Georgia where the largest power plants (Enguri and Vardnili HPPs) are located. Its share in total energy consumption is about 20 per cent. Firewood is mainly consumed in rural areas for cooking and heating purposes. For these purposes, the average rural household consumes 5-15 m3 of firewood annually.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|georgia firewood purposes hpps tbilisi|1.666196|2.089057|2.3814647
10806|Gender-sensitive indicators can enhance accountability and aid in prioritising gender equality and making the case that gender issues should be taken seriously. Finally, they can enable better planning and actions by providing information for adjusting programmes and activities to increase their impact and by measuring gender mainstreaming within organisations. Women’s empowerment, therefore, cannot be measured by a single indicator and requires both quantitative and qualitative indicators (see Box 4.14) that can draw data from censuses, labour-force surveys, etc.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender indicators prioritising censuses adjusting|9.704177|4.2990775|7.4505706
10807|For instance, in the late 2000s it launched a new national insurance system providing free health coverage to households below' the poverty line, up to an annual limit. The scheme is still being phased in and expanded to those above the poverty line. States have also started various programmes the aim at extending health care coverage.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage line phased poverty extending|8.520319|8.610302|2.230638
10808|In December 2005, the Ministry of Fisheries launched a website containing information on the status of New Zealand’s fish stocks (www.fish.govt.nz/en-nz/SOF/default.htm). The Ministry is working with tangata whenua and stakeholders to develop 26 management plans covering all of New Zealand’s 618 different fisheries management units or “fish stocks”. Fisheries plans will describe how to get the best value from fisheries within environmental limits, or standards, set by the government. So far the Minister has approved the Deemed Value and QMS introduction standards.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries nz fish stocks zealand|-0.06323279|5.7759056|6.799888
10809|They are therefore difficult to deal with in any one way. Strengthening of developing country institutions related to fisheries management institutions is critical to taking up those options effectively. If resources are in excess of domestic needs, foreign fishing companies can be brought in through licensing, FDI or as harvesting services.|SDG 14 - Life below water|institutions fdi harvesting licensing excess|0.035828136|5.6234155|6.840171
10810|For example, the emergence of new players in global R&D affects countries with a strong R&D base in a different manner than it affects countries with more limited R&D capabilities. This section explores some of the key issues in setting a national agenda for innovation and how initial conditions - in terms of economic performance and structural features - affect this agenda. Innovation is considered important for growth and competitiveness, but also in helping address social and global challenges.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|affects agenda innovation global emergence|5.4658413|3.3808048|2.5073528
10811|Energy efficiency resulting in reduced energy demand can assist with all of these. In the 2011 IEA publication Saving Electricity in a Hurry the benefits of emergency energy efficiency measures to energy security are measured by the absolute electricity demand reduction. That study indicated energy savings ranging from 0.5% (France) to 40% (Juneau, Alaska). These savings helped countries avoid blackouts and other costly results of power shortfalls.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy savings electricity efficiency demand|2.0180604|2.6886773|2.4927423
10812|Strategic suggestions were made by leading experts, the details of which are presented in Chapter 14 Conclusion: Way Forward. A detailed analysis of each country's results is illustrated in Part II. They have an important role to play in sustainable agriculture due to their agility and adaptability to low-input systems, climate resilience and high nutritional values. Several of these FSF are fruits, cereals, pulses, roots and tubers, and vegetables.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|adaptability pulses roots suggestions fruits|3.849415|5.2882185|3.9296582
10813|Spaces for public debate and democratic decision-making must be created to define national priorities, identify what is working well and where the gaps are, agree on pathways for transformative change and determine the roles and responsibilities of different actors. Women's rights organizations were extremely effective in building coalitions and alliances across different interest groups to put gender equality at the centre ofthe new agenda.9 Such participatory processes and strategic alliances are also needed to ensure effective and gender-responsive implementation, follow-up and review. Both chapters provide powerful evidence for the interlinkages between these gender equality targets and other parts of the 2030 Agenda, underlining the need to break down policy silos and move towards integrated strategies for implementation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|alliances gender agenda equality underlining|9.862874|4.3447413|7.352473
10814|At the same time, the percentage of women-owned and managed enterprises also increased (OECD, 2014a: 60). In Tunisia, the share of men and women driven by necessity increased from roughly 22% in 2009 to 35% in 2012 (GEM country' report 2012). They are more likely than men to cite work/life balance as their motivation for becoming an entrepreneur rather than growth or profits.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gem men cite entrepreneur increased|8.98844|3.7023141|6.227035
10815|For example, freshwater lakes have been predicted to increase in productivity across trophic levels as a consequence of the effect of warming on metabolism and production (Regier and Meisner, 1990). However, the warming effect is often associated with other physical changes which can have countervailing effects, such as thermal stratification resulting from lighter winds. These may result in anoxic conditions or less intense upwelling and/or seasonal mixing, which may cause fish mortality or reduced primary productivity.|SDG 14 - Life below water|warming productivity upwelling effect countervailing|-0.12993687|6.0772104|6.1167955
10816|If the abstraction charge reflects the opportunity cost of water in regions where water is abundant (i.e. the opportunity cost will be low), the investment is likely to materialise and could be located anywhere, including in water scarce regions, generating a cost that is not covered by the charge. If the abstraction charge reflects the opportunity cost of water-scarce regions, water availability will be protected but water abundant regions will lose the opportunity of a new activity. This measure would be an incentive for local authorities to disclose information on water use and water expenditures. It would also be an incentive to revise water entitlements so that over time they reflect actual use, thereby generating more flexibility to reallocate available water, possibly to new comers, in basins where water was over-allocated but not over-used.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water opportunity charge regions cost|1.4823139|7.5834126|2.3642957
10817|This reduces the likelihood of taking advantage of these services due to higher costs and longer travel times. Difficult terrains, distance from export markets and growth centres, and other geographical and socio-political reasons may underlie a particular region’s remote location. The disruption of roads, markets, food crops, and other institutions resulting from conflicts can have an immediate and long-term impact on poverty and hunger. Thus, peace, economic growth, and the creation of an equitable society are important cornerstones of an effective poverty and hunger reduction strategy. In most countries, the location of a household is important in determining its likelihood of experiencing poverty and hunger.|SDG 1 - No poverty|hunger likelihood location poverty markets|4.776044|5.5872703|4.397606
10818|In other words, even if the coverage of benefits is good - as it appears to be the case for instance for single parents (see Figure 18) - this leaves the question about their adequacy unanswered. For the measured income of a young person, her living arrangements are moreover arguably as important as the labour market situation. For young people, labour market entry is often associated with the move out of the parents’ home, financial independence from the parents and possibly with family formation. This is especially true in times of meagre entry-level wages and a high incidence of part-time work among the young employed. Finally, intra-family transfers from parents or close relatives may be an important source of revenue especially for youth in education and for NEETs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|parents young entry family especially|7.7251673|5.569216|4.716996
10819|This represents a very large improvement for boys, 26% of whom had reported repeated drunkenness in 2001-02. Based on 2014 self-reported data (which tend to underestimate the true prevalence of obesity), about one in six (16.1%) adults in Portugal is now obese, which is nearly one percentage point above the EU average. Consistent with the pattern in other EU countries, the obesity level among those with the lowest level of education is more than twice as high as the level among the highest educated. Rates of physical inactivity for both adults and 15-year-olds are among the highest in EU countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu obesity adults reported highest|9.225649|9.47825|3.2220495
10820|The targeting process considered two different steps: first geographical targeting according to the incidence of child labour; second household targeting via a proxy means test. Thanks to this detailed methodology, the programme achieved a good targeting performance, given that approximately 66 per cent of benefits reached households in the poorest quintile (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). The amount of the monthly cash transferred was different according to the recipients' area of origin, ranging from R$25 in rural areas to R$40 in urban areas for each child registered.|SDG 1 - No poverty|targeting according child different quintile|7.2978907|6.054567|4.4159555
10821|The IPCC AR5 (Smith et at., Forests hold large carbon stores within their living biomass (above and below ground), in dead organic matter (litter/dead wood) and in soil. Enhanced mitigation action could involve enhancing carbon stocks in new or existing forests, changes to forest management, and increased reforestation and afforestation. This is followed by a review of the range of available forest-related mitigation options.|SDG 15 - Life on land|dead forests forest mitigation carbon|1.2790565|4.465485|3.7912056
10822|But when sociologist Donald Flemandez applied a '50% of median income’ poverty line to contemporary census data he found that the percentage of the population living below this level was 32%.' Again, the idea that poverty should be defined in relative terms was not intended, and Orshansky drew the line at a fixed number of dollars. But Census Bureau data for 1963 show that the ’Orshansky line’ of $3000 for a family or $1500 for an individual corresponded to approximately 50% of median US income at the time.|SDG 1 - No poverty|line census median drew corresponded|6.3989162|6.203678|5.121671
10823|The Government of Bangladesh is aware that maintaining this commitment to the education sector is imperative for Bangladesh to achieve its Education for All (EFA) goals and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Bangladesh Ministry of Education, 2012). When implemented, the central government will be responsible for policies, financing, quality standards, and monitoring and evaluation, while administering schools and related services will be the responsibility of sub-national organisations. It was established in 1991 with 15 members, and by 2011 it comprised more than 400 organisations (Campaign for Public Education, 2012). The system caters to approximately 60,000 students annually - 28,000 at the primary level, 22,000 at the secondary level and more than 11,000 at the tertiary level. There are 23 government secondary schools in Barbados, most of which are co-educational.|SDG 4 - Quality education|bangladesh education organisations government goals|9.290477|2.0071905|2.1774848
10824|Equality of coefficients for men and women rejected at the 5% level. Equality of coefficients for men and women rejected at the 10% level. The causes of intimate partner violence and sexual violence are best investigated through the use of longitudinal studies of victims. These studies track people over time to document their experiences of such violence and how these experiences relate to other factors at various stages of their life. Unfortunately, few such studies exist, as the measurement of social and cultural conditions that could be thought of as risk factors (i.e. the status of women, gender norms) pose serious challenges, especially across countries and different cultures. Poverty and the associated stress are key contributors to intimate partner violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence rejected intimate coefficients studies|10.049623|5.502218|7.432965
10825|Collaboration on innovation, with any type of partner, is important in manufacturing as well as in services, notwithstanding some differences among countries. Industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals and information and communication technology (ICT) typically have higher levels of cooperation. In all countries except the United Kingdom, manufacturing firms co-operate more on innovation than service firms (OECD, 2009a, p. 57). In the majority of countries, collaboration with foreign partners is at least as important as domestic co-operation (Figure 2.8).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|manufacturing collaboration firms innovation notwithstanding|5.349933|3.3621144|2.4951446
10826|Innovation-oriented public procurement, innovation-related regulations and standards are principle instruments. Tax policies aimed at raising investment demand are also relevant. With the exception of experiences in the United Kingdom, Finland and the European Union, demand-side innovation policies typically target specific sectors.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation demand policies procurement exception|5.2868843|3.5705466|2.539262
10827|The Global Energy Assessment (forthcoming) has estimated that the required share of zero carbon energy in 2030 would need to be about 22 per cent, in order for the target of staying below a 2° C increase from pre-industrial levels to be achieved with a probability of at least 50 per cent. Only the most ambitious technology-optimistic scenarios achieve such a high share, as illustrated by a literature review of renewable energy scenarios (Hamrin, Hummel and Canapa, 2007). The most technology-optimistic of the IEA scenarios (IEA ETP tech plus) barely reaches this level; the others include the EU World Energy Technology Outlook-2050 (WETO-H2) scenario with C02 constraint, and the Greenpeace “revolution” scenario. Assumptions in these scenarios are heroic indeed, requiring unprecedented technological progress, international cooperation and transfers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|scenarios optimistic energy technology iea|1.4514097|2.6945353|2.0068436
10828|These rewards also benefitted 28 455 education assistants with an average annual extra amount of USD 267. Of the total schools rewarded in 2010-11, 52.7% are within the municipal sector, 46.0% in the private-subsidised sector, and 1.3 are schools with delegated administration. Also, of all the schools evaluated in the 2010-11 SNED, 57% had been rewarded at least once in the eight applications of the SNED since 1996-97. In the municipality of Concepcion, for example, there is a technical team at the municipality level that maintains contact with teachers and visits schools to observe classrooms. The municipality also conducts trial SIMCE tests to obtain information about learning outcomes across schools and classrooms.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools municipality rewarded classrooms conducts|9.882538|1.7605135|1.9746099
10829|Of those countries, all report some requirements for gender budgeting at the central level of government (Figure 4.12). Several countries report establishing these requirements in regions (Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority); Egypt and the Palestinian Authority also report to have done so on a more local level. In the Palestinian Authority, these requirements are implemented at different levels and are expanding slowly to all sectors.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|palestinian authority requirements egypt report|9.761509|4.085371|7.488536
10830|The implementation of the different water projects is not necessarily co-ordinated across administrative bodies (according to water availability in the river basins for example) but rather work on a case-by-case basis. Projects are improvised, approved and financed without any water resource management strategy. A significant obstacle to effective co-ordination in Guatemala is the disconnection between top-down designed policies and their implementation. The Water Specific Cabinet (GEA) is the line authority, but many operational technical levels are neither managed nor assessed and therefore do not follow national policies, but rather sub-level engineers’/technical recommendations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water technical projects implementation case|1.2181778|7.2131124|1.6027218
10831|Iraq and Turkey set up a Joint Technical Committee (JTC) for Regional Waters to determine how they would allocate a reasonable amount of water to each country and exchange data.” In 1983, Syria joined JTC, creating a trilateral forum. After 16 meetings, JTC came to a deadlock in 1992 over the question of whether the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers constitute a single system or not (Box 3).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tigris euphrates syria iraq joined|0.60305744|7.221977|2.0881596
10832|Research outputs have various impacts, and it may be difficult to identify them all in order to evaluate the contribution of a specific output, 1 et alone that of the research investment. In many cases, it is difficult to give a monetary value to impacts in order to make them comparable. Even if non-economic impacts can be identified, they may be difficult to value.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|difficult impacts order value research|4.492583|3.713698|2.6457114
10833|Most of the country’s agricultural policies in the next decade will be focusing on food security and how to invigorate agriculture to promote growth and employment in populous rural communities. Production increases were particularly pronounced for cereals, especially for wheat and maize which rose sharply to record levels due to good growing conditions in the main producing countries. Driven by soybeans, global oilseed production is setting a new record in 2013/14.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|record populous oilseed soybeans production|3.9085|5.207733|4.11909
10834|This progress occurred despite the addition of some 94 million people to India’s population during that time frame, indicating more rapid progress in reducing food insecurity. However, with about one-quarter of the world’s food insecure people within India, improving its nutritional status remains a significant challenge. Undernourishment has a significant impact on child development, which in turn influences adult productivity and economic growth.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|india progress food significant undernourishment|4.4705973|5.6794357|4.577403
10835|However, these market failures imply that competition alone is not sufficient to guarantee cost control and that measures are also needed to improve the functioning of the market both on the supply and on the demand side. This replaced a dual system where public insurance was mandatory for about two-thirds of the population while the other third relied on voluntary private insurance. In the new system, all citizens have to pay a flat rate premium (freely set by the insurer) to their chosen health insurer and an income-related contribution to a risk-equalisation fund, which covers 50% of total health expenditure.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurer insurance equalisation freely relied|8.526875|8.721893|2.0939875
10836|Any poverty line intended to represent a minimum acceptable standard of living in the industrialized world today implies higher standards of food, clothing, housing, water supply, sanitation, health care, education, transport and entertainment than were available to even the wealthiest households of previous eras. Unless we wish to argue that the threshold should be set at the minimum income necessary for sheer physical survival then there can in fact be no such thing as an absolute poverty line. If the decision is taken, for example, to draw an ‘absolute’ poverty line at some fixed point and to update it only for inflation, then this means that a relative poverty line is being anchored to an arbitrary point in time.|SDG 1 - No poverty|line poverty absolute minimum point|6.416156|6.177033|5.065523
10837|The outpatient model, where specialists see a selection of cases preselected by the primary care physician, is quite widely used in OECD countries. In such instances mental health specialists visit primary health clinics to review, with primary health clinic staff, a small selection of cases, sometimes including a clinical meeting with the patient. The whole mental health network would usually meet together on a regular basis for co-ordination, training or other purposes. Are primary care physicians required or incentivised to comply with treatment guidelines or practice protocols established?|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|primary specialists health selection mental|10.108891|8.834429|1.6112618
10838|For production this includes: environmental degradation and habitat destruction, overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU), climate change, transboundary issues with respect to natural resource utilisation, poor governance, invasion of non-native species, diseases and escapes, accessibility and availability of sites and water resources, as well as to technology and finance. From the perspective of market access, issues include those related to food safety and traceability, the need to demonstrate that products are not derived from illegal and proscribed fishing operations, and uncertainties around the international trade environment in the short to medium term.|SDG 14 - Life below water|illegal fishing invasion traceability issues|0.24324945|5.6894765|6.7670846
10839|Most basins have been subject to discussion and negotiations between riparian states, and some, most notably the Jordan River Basin, have been overshadowed by sustained political conflict. A wealth of literature exists on these disputed basins, although not necessarily on all relevant aspects. For example, the literature on the Jordan River Basin and, to a lesser extent, on the Euphrates and Tigris River Basins, is dominated by a focus on political relations, occupation and power asymmetry.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basins river jordan literature basin|0.6676656|7.260417|2.280412
10840|International academics have variously extolled the country as having “one of the world’s most successful systems” (Alterman, 1997), as being a “world-wide lead” in the co-ordination of spatial and transportation systems (Hall, 2007), as “the most planned country among the European nations” (Dutt and Costa, 1985) and as no less than a “planners paradise” (Burke, 1966). Fainstein has dubbed Amsterdam a “grounded utopian actual city that, w hile not, of course, really utopia, offers a picture of possibility, at least in relation to the Anglo-American city” (2005: 127). In sum, there is strong consensus among many experts that there is much to leam from the Netherlands’ oft-studied spatial planning system. What some view as success - such as “the containment of open space in the Green Heart and buffer zones between agglomerations” - others view as problematic (Roodbol-Mekkes, van der Valk and Altes, 2012: 378).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial view city hall containment|3.9344347|5.295634|1.6916916
10841|Given that married girls have a very high unmet need for contraception compared to other age groups, targeting them within existing family planning and contraceptive efforts would go a long way in terms of realizing their rights, achieving equity and better health outcomes, and efficiency within systems. This includes supporting advocacy efforts to lift legal and policy barriers impeding access to health services; partnering with governments, civil society and young people to develop and strengthen national programmes delivering quality adolescent sexual and reproductive health services and strengthening young people’s leadership and voice in the process. Service providers should therefore increase the numbers and reach of skilled health workers to provide antenatal, delivery, and post-partum care to adolescent girls. Access to emergency obstetric care is especially important since it would help prevent maternal death and morbidity, including obstetric fistulae.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|obstetric health adolescent girls young|9.494431|5.838426|6.203499
10842|One of the root problems is infrastructure, already mentioned above, but there are other causes that need to be addressed as well. Water tariffs are still highly subsidized, hindering efficient water use; water reuse is not promoted; and the installation of water meters is proceeding at a very slow pace. Water user associations require further capacity, and in some cases more responsibilities and joint work with the public sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water proceeding hindering subsidized meters|1.4438051|7.3929067|2.3810117
10843|Although Article (58) of Family Law (Part 1), requires women to stay in the accommodation provided by their husbands, women have the right to apply this article if it is so stipulated in the marriage contract or if a substantial hindrance is proven before the judiciary. This text is intended to address the husband’s responsibility of providing accommodation rather than to hinder the wife’s mobility (information provided by the government of Bahrain). Two types of custody exist in Bahrain: i) custody that gives preference to the father, related to financial issues and marriage, stated in the law of custody on financial issues; ii) custody that gives preference to the mother, w'hich is related to maternal custody and breast-feeding, stated in the Family Law Article (132) (information provided by the government of Bahrain). Physical abuse includes hitting, slapping, punching, choking, pushing, burning and other types of contact that result in physical injury to the victim.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|custody bahrain article accommodation preference|9.581493|5.2580066|7.0483108
10844|The combination of clear and straightforward international provisions, together with longterm domestic legal frameworks that provide confidence that climate policies will be enforced, would also enhance the strength of the signal sent to the private sector and other investors that governments remain fully committed to achieving long-term transitions to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies.|SDG 13 - Climate action|longterm climate straightforward sent enforced|1.747522|3.679922|1.2706625
10845|It assesses the current innovation strategy, including priorities and budget, and it reviews the existing policy mix for innovation, comparing it with those of peer countries, including the Dominican Republic and Uruguay. The chapter concludes by identifying some areas of improvement as an introduction to Chapter 3 which focuses on the evaluation of the implementation of innovation policy in Panama.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation chapter panama assesses dominican|5.339848|3.5579042|2.5540957
10846|The rapid urban expansion has increased the city’s exposure to flooding, as people are settling and building in flood-prone areas (Tarigan et al., The northern half of Bandung, encompassing territory in four of the BMA's five local government units (LGUs), has been the focus of intense and uncoordinated development pressure (ibid). The impact of these new population centres in undesirable geographical locations in the north may increase the risk of flooding in southern parts of the city.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|flooding city uncoordinated bma bandung|3.68751|5.007453|1.8471266
10847|Most small business entrepreneurs are men, but there is an increasing share of women among new entrepreneurs. In Sweden, as in many other countries, mostly highly educated women from both the public and private sectors have left their jobs to start micro firms in recent years (Abbasian and Bildt, 2009). According to the report of the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth (Tillvaxtverket, 2009), in 2008, around 25% of the entrepreneurs in Sweden were women and 32% of the new businesses were started by women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurs women sweden new swedish|8.90646|3.6371555|6.205366
10848|The costs of not taking the opportunity will undoubtedly be even higher. Children need to be supported and protected from avoidable ‘falling behind’ at all stages of their development, but the point of greatest leverage is the point at which the process begins. In this sense the metric used -the degree of bottom-end inequality in child well-being — is a measure of the progress being made towards a fairer society.|SDG 1 - No poverty|point fairer undoubtedly avoidable metric|7.2773576|6.4256177|5.149161
10849|Thus, it is timely to explore possible elements of an adaptation communication that is conducive to enhancing the national and global benefits while maximising synergies with existing reporting practices (e.g. National Communications). The table illustrates that there is a good match between the information that countries need to meet national aims on adaptation, information that countries are asked or encouraged to report in their National Communications, and information that the Paris Agreement indicates may be included in adaptation communications. This structure could thus alternatively be used for the adaptation chapter of a country’s National Communication to minimise reporting channels. This information also coincides with information identified by the Least Developed Country Expert Group as useful for countries in establishing a National Adaptation Plan.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation communications national information communication|1.055211|4.743482|1.3242956
10850|"The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Andrade and O.F.A. Bueno (2008), ""Contribution of Education, Occupation and Cognitively Stimulating Activities to the Formation of Cognitive Reserve"", Dementia and Neuropsychologia,Vo\. 2, No. Working Paper ROA-RM-2010/1, Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA), Maastricht."|SDG 4 - Quality education|maastricht dementia cyprus stimulating relates|9.007204|2.4732559|2.4248133
10851|However, the gap between women and men in economic participation and political empowerment remains wide: only 60% of the economic outcomes gap1 and only 21% of the political outcomes gap have been closed (World Economic Forum, 2013). Disparities remain in access to education, employment and entrepreneurship, as well as access to social and political opportunities. This gap is also present in the public sector. Women are still underrepresented among public sector decision-makers in the legislature, the political executive, the courts and senior levels of administration.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|political gap economic outcomes legislature|9.199477|4.398008|6.1518197
10852|In light of this, the application of a “gender lens” approach to public policy and decision making has grown as a practice across the OECD membership, which provides a growing body of good practices that Kazakhstan may draw upon. Over the past decade, Kazakhstan has made important progress in promoting women’s empowerment in public life. In 2009, with the strong leadership of many members of the parliament pushing for the promotion of gender equality in Kazakhstan, the parliament enacted two important laws: the Law on State Guarantees of Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women (hereinafter the 2009 Law on Equal Rights and Opportunities) and the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|kazakhstan equal law parliament rights|9.577551|4.095129|7.462791
10853|This makes it possible to avail oneself of all services with the utmost convenience without the need to move from one point to another. By placing many interconnected services under one roof, the Huduma Kenya programme has succeeded in improving overall compliance. As a result, citizens often lose faith in the governments ability to provide services of acceptable standards.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|services faith convenience succeeded interconnected|4.3928146|4.5365987|1.7556052
10854|The Netherlands report compulsory cost-sharing in health care insurance and in Exceptional Medical Expenses Act under social security rather than under private out-of-pocket, resulting in an underestimation of the out-of-pocket share. Data refer to total health expenditure (= current health expenditure plus capital formation). The CCSS is financed through wage taxes and general taxation, as well as specific taxes such as taxes on alcohol, perfumes, luxury goods and products produced abroad, while the private sector is financed mainly through out-of-pocket payments but also through private insurance schemes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pocket taxes financed private insurance|8.608936|8.841587|2.2372534
10855|By the end of the pilot, programme participants had a significantly higher likelihood to be employed than non-participants. Unfortunately, participants were not assigned randomly, however, and it is therefore difficult to judge whether this positive result was driven by the programme or by the characteristics of programme participants. First, ALMPs remain heavily focussed on the most employable workers (e.g. the most motivated, better skilled ones).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|participants programme almps judge focussed|8.045446|4.1857104|3.7798498
10856|This is particularly true for investment in general skills that are useful in other jobs or companies, such as skills in languages, problem-solving and coding. The returns on education - greater productivity for firms, and/or higher wages for workers - materialize only after investments are made. Reasons for this include concern that the borrower has limited skills that will stymie future earning power (known as adverse selection), the risk that the borrower may not take full advantage of skills programmes (moral hazard), and a lack of information about programme outcomes and the borrower’s ability to reimburse dues.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|borrower skills materialize coding moral|8.637385|2.8541234|2.846032
10857|It details the important trade measures currently affecting imports and exports of agro-food products, including price based instruments (e.g. tariffs and other import duties, and export taxes), quantitative restrictions (e.g. import quotas and export bans) and regulatory requirements (e.g. licensing and quarantine arrangements). Multilateral, regional and bilateral trade relations are also discussed. An important objective is to keep domestic retail prices of essential, strategic commodities relatively stable in order to alleviate poverty and avoid antagonising the urban population. For import-competing products, such as rice and soybeans, this objective is usually sought through a combination of policy measures, in particular low tariffs and quantitative restrictions on imports.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|import quantitative restrictions imports tariffs|4.076262|4.834307|4.1736307
10858|Every year about a third of the net electricity produced in India goes unaccounted. A large fraction of that is theft, along with poor technical management of the power supply system. Although India has initiated programmes to improve the electricity situation, the progress has been slow and limited to very few areas. For example, in Delhi, the use of advanced technology in power delivery and metering, as well as commercial incentives to power distributors has brought down the losses in the low-voltage electricity distribution from nearly 50% to 20% of the net supply in just five years (Central Electricity Authority).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity power net india theft|2.0772111|1.8768568|2.5510855
10859|This period was a critical one for global organizing as women learned to reach across the continents even though it was still the pre-Internet communications era, and to understand their diversity as a source of both strength and creativity. However, continuing crises shaped policies even as feminists began making links and connections among issues such as macroeconomics, ecology and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) as a substitute for traditional population control policies. The ability of the developmental state to respond to feminist demands at the national level was eroding, as its institutions fragmented under the neoliberal onslaught.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|macroeconomics continents neoliberal organizing feminist|9.775077|4.673609|7.2413945
10860|Withdrawal and covert forms of resistance may have been natural responses to lessons that they could not follow and in which they had no control. But even these behaviours put students at risk of failing examinations, and consequently dropping out or being lastingly labelled as failures. Students from poor households had few support mechanisms if they were doing badly, and unlike middle class students, could not take it for granted that they would pass their SSCs one way or another.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students badly labelled dropping failing|9.517174|1.9781169|2.505581
10861|The content and method of examinations regulated by the chamber are defined by local chambers following the national legal framework and broad guidelines of the national chamber association (Fazekas and Field, 2013). A chamber-regulated examination can receive federal recognition if it exists in a few different states (Lander), has been in place for at least five years, and attracted at least 500 candidates over a specific period of time (Hippach-Schneider et al, 2012). The federal administration approves examination rules submitted by professional organisations and provides support in organising examinations. It provides detailed guidance on how the exam should be conducted (e.g. main parts of the exam, their relative weight in the final score, types of assessment); who the examiners should be (e.g. experts coming from outside the professional association), and what level of competency the examinees should demonstrate.|SDG 4 - Quality education|chamber exam examinations examination regulated|9.601669|1.8899341|1.5067614
10862|In many cases they are linked to, or subordinate to, conditional transfer programmes and they create connections between poor sectors of the population and the State, the resources available on the market, and the communities themselves. The health-care reform in Uruguay, the universal access and specific health guarantee plan (AUGE) in Chile, the pioneering Single Health System (SUS) of Brazil, the targeted welfare health scheme (seguro popular) in Mexico and the health-care reform in Colombia all come close to the model of social risk management or to a solidarity- and citizenship-based emphasis in the area of health care. Examples in the area of pensions and retirement benefits include the pension-system reform and solidarity-based pensions in Chile, universal non-contributory pensions in Mexico City and their extension, with certain variations, to a number of States elsewhere in Mexico, the reform of the retirement benefits system in Argentina, the “continuing benefit” provision in Brazil and other innovations which are being discussed or implemented in the region.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|health reform pensions solidarity mexico|7.629161|5.983103|4.0717797
10863|This is a somewhat logical finding, as active practices could be thought of as more risky than direct-teaching methods. It can be challenging to use ICT in your teaching or have students work in groups if you are not confident that you have the skills needed in pedagogy, content or classroom management. The data indicate that when teachers direct student learning, students are slightly more likely to be successful in solving the easiest mathematics problems in PISA.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching direct logical students confident|8.791242|1.4897504|1.9097358
10864|Governments need to devise institutional designs that ensure a science-based reality check of energy technology policies. A wide range of policy instruments are available, including economic instruments, regulatory measures and cooperation (table II.5). In-depth analysis needs to be included in the process of designing policy packages, while simplified prescriptions can be counter-productive. However, insights from past experience suggest broad guiding principles and performance targets which should guide the analysis (Griibler and others, forthcoming; Wilson and Griibler, 2010).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|instruments wilson devise analysis prescriptions|1.9103854|2.7431657|2.2262175
10865|In a context where much of the population is sensitive to or supportive of Islamist-oriented political projects, Islamic feminist movements have emerged. Groups taking this approach concentrate on the radical transformation of Islamic jurisprudence or otherwise use Islamic arguments to challenge gender inequality (box 4.3). Examples include movements that focus on challenging male guardianship laws or that use religious texts to challenge domestic violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|islamic movements challenge guardianship texts|9.859278|4.7289753|7.3247476
10866|At the other extreme, minimum wages in Nepal appear high relative to both GDP per capita and the poverty line. Indeed, average wages are estimated to be around 110% of the nominal minimum wage (ILO, 2010c). In a number of countries, in Latin America,12 but also in Indonesia (Harrison and Scorse, 2003) and elsewhere, the wage distribution has a spike at the minimum wage: a sizeable share of the workforce earns exactly the minimum wage.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|minimum wage wages earns exactly|7.852762|4.3908377|4.528664
10867|While it is correct that, aside from hydro (the potential of which is low but of high quality) and wind (which provides low-quality power), modern renewables continue to be significantly more expensive, economic limits are ultimately a lesser constraint, as they can be overcome with political will and special efForts. In fact, most energy technology debates completely disregard associated socio-political limits. In pluralistic democracies, the “not-in-my-backyard” (NIMBY) attitude is a powerful factor.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|limits political disregard attitude aside|1.6372077|2.0156612|2.2049432
10868|The UWI HARP is also responsible for continuous updating of the university's HIV/AIDS policy and for facilitating research on the impact and control of the epidemic in the region. Haiti is low income, for example, and Guyana is lower-middle income. Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago are all defined as upper-middle income and yet vary greatly in their ability to invest national resources in public health. Table 4.5 shows the public health expenditure as a percentage of GDP for selected Caribbean countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|st middle income barbados belize|8.33181|8.894786|3.3033702
10869|In 2002, the Supreme Court established that drinking water services are not “products” that can be charged by the utilities, but “rights” against service provision by government institutions, and therefore utilities are not entitled to approve tariffs, only state congresses can. There is some flexibility, though, as the state of Jalisco reported that the capacity to set tariffs had been taken away from Congress and given to citizen boards. Overall, there is not a single model on how tariffs are set, but a heterogeneous situation across the territory.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tariffs utilities approve set supreme|1.340921|7.4576697|2.0686817
10870|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan successfully tested the use of this coal with an ash content of less than 0.2% in gas turbines (SKM, 2009). This impurity level should not cause major problems in the gas turbine. Initial estimates suggest that the fuel cost in Australia would be rather high, ASD 0.05 to ASD 0.08 per kWh, compared to ASD 0.02 per kWh for regular hard coal. Cost may come down as the technology develops.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|kwh coal gas ash turbine|1.2905627|2.4083192|2.2909522
10871|The main institutional partners include the environmental authority and the NSO, along with other institutions that may conduct surveys of environmental perceptions (e.g., local governments or polling firms). These statistics are produced through surveys designed for data collection on this topic. Statistics that fall under this topic are primarily qualitative and are compiled at both the subnational and national levels. Environmental engagement involves the transformation of perceptions and attitudes into concrete, pro-environmental actions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|environmental topic perceptions surveys statistics|2.088196|4.5649905|2.0748525
10872|These results may reflect prospective teachers' exposure to teaching as part of pre-service education and/or different levels of support provided to new teachers as part of in-service training. But the data reflect only teachers' feelings of preparedness. It is much harder to find systematic evidence on the actual prevalence of pedagogies in classrooms. The teacher has planned the lesson, knows the content he or she needs to cover and delivers it to the students, who are expected to master that content and apply it to their homework or a test. This kind of teacher-directed instruction might also include things like lectures, lesson summaries or question-and-answer periods that are driven by the teacher. Thus student-oriented teaching strategies are increasingly finding their way into classrooms of all subjects.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher lesson classrooms teachers content|8.990567|1.4217356|1.8595641
10873|This study therefore investigates whether children's material circumstances deteriorated during the Great Recession to a greater extent compared with the population as a whole. It is expected that children suffered more in the countries that were hit by the crisis more severely. However, research on previous downturns in industrialized countries suggests that economic crises tend to affect children excessively.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children excessively deteriorated investigates downturns|7.2807493|6.0962462|5.07981
10874|At the community level, fisheries activities provide essential income for certain parts of the population and are a driving force for regional economic development. It also has a privileged location with the influence of important marine currents that provide a large biodiversity in marine, brackish and fresh waters. There is a particular focus on improving the competitiveness of the fisheries sector.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine fisheries brackish currents privileged|-0.01830046|5.84998|6.543142
10875|Carbon prices will thus be an increasingly important tool to differentiate between low-carbon and high-carbon dispatchable technologies. By virtue of being connected to the same physical grid and delivering into the same market, they exert impacts on each other as well as on the total load available to satisfy demand at any given time. The interdependencies are heightened by the fact that only small amounts of cost-efficient electricity storage are available.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon interdependencies virtue exert differentiate|1.4990642|1.87697|1.8291446
10876|Given that the health needs of populations are becoming more complex, the occurrence and the consequences of harm can be expected to increase unless concrete action is taken. Available evidence estimates the direct costs of harm - the additional tests, treatments and health care - in the primary and ambulatory' setting to be around 2.5% of total health expenditure - although this likely underestimates the true extent. Harm in primary and ambulatory care often results in hospitalisations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|harm ambulatory health primary hospitalisations|9.092396|9.47258|1.564209
10877|These trust funds are independent entities financed by a range of international and national sources. As of April 2015, total commitments to endow Mauritania’s trust fund (BACoMaB) had reached EUR 22.3 million, with funds sourced from the Mauritanian Government via the EU FPA as well as from a range of international donors. Guinea-Bissau’s more recent BioGuinea Foundation, established in 2011, has received commitments of EUR 5 million, including EUR 1 million from the Guinea-Bissau government. Building a shared understanding of the economic benefits that marine conservation can bring to the fisheries sector was vital. This required lobbying, consensus building and co-ordination by non-government organisations (NGOs) acting as brokers. Both cases also highlight the importance of a secure legal and institutional basis for MPA management and financing to prevent wavering political support and changing priorities threatening the long-term stability of conservation financing.|SDG 14 - Life below water|eur bissau guinea million trust|1.7158723|5.084202|3.5604868
10878|The HEAT target “Deliver faster access to mental health services by delivering 18 weeks referral to treatment for psychological therapies from December 2014” was approved by the Scottish Government in November 2010 and is currently being implemented in Health Boards. The objective is to deliver on-time8 evidence-based psychological therapies to efficiently and effectively treat mental disorders. For instance, the Psychological Therapies “Matrix” has been developed as a guide to help Health Boards to deliver efficient and effective psychological therapies. In order to achieve this objective, the Matrix summarises the most up-to-date advice on evidence-based interventions, provides the necessary training for delivering safe and effective therapies, and identifies the key gaps in mental health services. The Driver Diagram has been developed to support the implementation of the target across the Health Board activities. It is a method conceived to identify the parts of the mental health delivery system that need to be improved, and then to make recommendations for specific changes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|therapies psychological mental health deliver|10.381533|8.917754|1.7379857
10879|In 2007-2008 at least 27 cities in the region —including 10 capitals— exceeded the particulate matter (PM10) limits recommended by WHO. At least 100 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean are said to be exposed to air pollution at levels that exceed WHO-recommended limits (Cifuentes and others, 2005). The groups most vulnerable to the effects of air pollution are children, the elderly, people with certain pre-existing health conditions and those in poverty. In a period of around four years from 2004 to 2008, less than a third of the countries (seven of 24) were able to reduce the number of deaths from causes related to air pollution.|SDG 1 - No poverty|air pollution recommended limits capitals|3.4760356|4.736183|1.1151457
10880|For instance, in pre-primary and primary education, inspections provide input into the central decisions about the distribution of staff positions in schools, and decide about the distribution of targeted programmes to individual schools. Also, concerns about infrastructure needs can be passed on from schools through the inspection to the central level. In addition, inspections play an important role for the implementation of the decisions about the organisation and operation of schools taken at the central level.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools inspections central decisions distribution|9.80009|1.8777566|1.6765965
10881|Funding “followed the student”, providing a significant incentive for school systems to expand enrolment. Similarly, states were required to share resources across municipalities so that all state and municipal schools could reach the per student spending threshold. As a result of this investment, Brazil’s math scores on the Programme for International Student Assessment rose 52 points between 2000 and 2009, the third-largest leap on record. Previous Human Development Reports have shown that human poverty is multidimensional.|SDG 1 - No poverty|student math human leap scores|9.454203|2.293137|3.0292883
10882|In general, the most successful PWPs have been implemented under favourable macroeconomic conditions. Their impact and cost-effectiveness depends not only on the way they have been designed, but also on the overall macroeconomic framework in which they are implemented. Training programmes for young workers generally have little positive impact on their employment prospects or post-training earnings.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|macroeconomic implemented training impact favourable|8.132426|4.0058627|3.630476
10883|Mass development of algae can occur in hot summer periods, which causes elevated oxygen demand and affects water quality, especially in reservoirs. Due to erosion during flood periods, the level of turbidity of rivers becomes too high. There is no public information available on water quality for human consumption and there has not been positive evolution regarding the monitoring of water for human consumption, such as expansion to uncovered areas, an increase in the number of measured parameters and increased frequency of measurement.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|periods water consumption human algae|0.7662496|6.7705426|2.850176
10884|His conclusions seem to indicate a success-story. The author reports that the FCI has been successful at providing remunerative prices for wheat and rice and that the FCI reduced price volatility of wheat and rice during the period 2006-12. The author also show's that consumer prices were more stable with than without the FCI reserve policy. First, the study ignores the impact of trade policies on prices.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|author prices wheat rice remunerative|3.9857733|4.96257|4.2457943
10885|Cotton is the only crop for which the %SCT was at a relatively high level in 2009-11 (13%). This reflects the significant rise in domestic prices during this period which resulted from a considerable fall in local supply. Cotton production fell every year in 2008-10, and in 2010 was almost at half the 2007 level; although in 2011 production picked up.21 The domestic market deficit was exacerbated by the hike of cotton prices on external markets in 2010-11. In 2009-11, the SCTs varied across the livestock group from 29% for eggs, to 0.1% for sheep meat.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cotton sct prices domestic eggs|3.9055161|5.024136|4.354091
10886|The results are therefore based on the simplifying assumption that these ceilings are the same proportion of standard housing benefits in 2005 and in 1995. New Inequalities: The Changing Distribution of Income and Wealth in the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. Inequality, Growth, and Poverty in an Era of Liberalization and Globalization, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|cambridge oxford pp press university|6.7748666|5.316936|4.727676
10887|The “team leadership'’ and the relationship between the school leader and teachers can therefore be seen both as a strength and challenge for the implementation of programmes such as AfL. When teachers agree on new initiatives, their teams and networks can be an efficient structure for implementation. If teachers resist the programme, the same spirit can be a major challenge for the school leader. One school leader explained how the local municipality level had cut back on central positions, and stakeholders with knowledge in the field had taken up new positions. There w'ere also reports of several job changes among central leaders during the implementation phase, which was not easy for the participants interviewed. One school leader reported that it was hard to know which person to call if problems occurred, and as a result, he felt that no one w'as available to help him.|SDG 4 - Quality education|leader school teachers implementation positions|9.748063|1.4447743|1.5093038
10888|Huber’s (2010) research on school leadership development indicated a number of characteristics evident in CIEL. This is a key expectation for CIEL participants and is central to their individual inquiry initiatives. Second, is the intense exploration of case studies from the OECD/ILE “Inventory” of innovative learning environments (see OECD, 2013, Annex A) as a way to prompt new thinking and action based on experiences in other parts of the world.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ile prompt inquiry exploration expectation|9.661174|1.3809543|1.7445267
10889|Studies indicate that street children who use drugs were more likely to have been abused by their parents, have a history of arrests and engage in sex work, exposing them to sexually transmitted diseases. Drug abuse also affects children in conflict areas. In some regions, drugs are used as an instrument to engage and retain children and young people as child soldiers in civil wars, armed conflicts and regional conflicts and in terrorist activities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drugs conflicts children engage wars|8.360999|10.150336|3.603371
10890|Mozambique has for instance included nine climate change questions in its household survey in 2014, on topics including perceived climate impacts, information sources on disaster and weather risks, and approaches taken to adaptation and sources of support (INE, n.a. Countries also may separate the upfront resource implications of building the monitoring and evaluation system and agreeing on what to measure, with the ongoing resource implications of routinely running the monitoring and evaluation processes. Bilateral development co-operation providers have supported several countries on building monitoring and evaluation systems by piloting local or national approaches.|SDG 13 - Climate action|evaluation monitoring implications approaches resource|1.2562408|4.7120333|1.4100621
10891|These issues are being addressed by the Government, which is improving access to financial services for smaller enterprises and rural households and strengthening social safety nets, but it will take time for the reforms to have an impact on household and corporate behaviour. In Japan, productivity gains are difficult to achieve due to ageing and declining population size. In the Republic of Korea, relatively low productivity in non-manufacturing sectors is a result of the favourable treatment given to the export-oriented manufacturing sector, and this situation has yet to be adequately resolved.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|manufacturing productivity resolved nets favourable|6.3003407|4.74626|4.0119805
10892|While there are an increasing number of recycling projects, few countries have adopted system-based approaches or invested in the promotion of the circular economy (waste reduction, reuse and recycling). Further, the methodology (this is a Tier III indicator) and data are issues. Although Target 12.6 focuses on sustainability reporting, its methodology is still work in progress, with a Tier III indicator whose methodology is yet to be agreed upon.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|methodology tier recycling iii indicator|0.6200477|3.9159205|3.0120258
10893|It took negotiators three more years to agree on the so-called Paris Rulebook at the 24th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP24) in Katowice, Poland, in December 2018.47 The Rulebook contains guidelines that define how climate action is implemented, including the need for transparency and reporting on progress on the implementation of the NDCs. The Rulebook also includes provisions for developed countries to report on the climate finance they provide. Countries are required to submit their first reports and national emission inventories by 2024 at the latest, and biennially thereafter.|SDG 13 - Climate action|negotiators inventories climate submit ndcs|1.2539694|3.7053192|0.9148665
10894|All these factors contribute to a relatively wide gender gap in working hours and eamings among German couples with children. There need to be institutional changes in the provision of care for young and school-aged children, cultural changes and changes in the labour market, if German women are to have the opportunity to increase their working hours and/or participate in fulltime work. It finds that German women are more likely to work part-time than women in most other OECD countries, and that Germany has large within-couple gaps in working hours and eamings.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|german eamings hours working changes|9.17125|5.115479|5.299886
10895|This model does not simulate benefits and the study is therefore limited to the tax side only. The figure below shows that pre-tax inequality (which includes benefits) has risen substantially. The rise was particularly notable between 1978 and 1992. The Gini coefficient has increased by some 8 points (or 24%) over the period as a whole.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tax simulate benefits notable gini|6.7810683|5.1314435|4.7251563
10896|Train the investigators in the data collection tasks. Perform the statistical analyses of the data collected. Provide a public-access information base to engage all stakeholders, including national policy makers and health systems planners, in planning and decisionmaking processes about mental health care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|planners decisionmaking train data health|10.344053|8.999891|1.8022835
10897|International experience has shown the importance of primary care, with a focus on prevention, to enhance health outcomes a while containing costs. The government plans to expand primary care in rural areas by establishing county level hospitals and local health care facilities (Eggleston, 2012). In China, as in other the BRIICS and developing countries, social-insurance health care systems face the challenge of collecting social security contributions because of large labour market informality and other issues, such as lack of information sharing among funds and scarce use of ITC. The government has launched different initiatives to tackle these problems including the integrated collection of contributions for five social insurance programmes and more advanced use of ITC (ISSA, 2013).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|itc care contributions insurance health|8.605093|8.805201|2.1652832
10898|The study did not, however, look at system cost and the authors do not speculate on whether they believe that the interventions saved money overall. The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained was GDP 64 097 between domiciliary care and stroke unit care, leading the authors to conclude that cost perspectives are important when stroke services are evaluated and that the improved health outcomes in the stroke unit come at a higher cost (currently in excess of the usual threshold for accepting new technologies in England). This outcome is particularly likely to arise in systems where hospital and social care are delivered by separate agencies. In England and Wales, the health services have the power to fine local governments a daily tariff for delays in discharge caused by local social care failures. An alternative model was that local hospital and social care services were encouraged to work collaboratively by applying for special grants to improve community services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|stroke care cost services england|8.97264|8.980208|1.7702202
10899|See Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA). Statistics and Tariff Information in Telecom, Media and Postal Service as of the First Quarter 2017. Bangladesh has deployed the Union Information Service Centers (UISC) in all 4,498 its Unions, the country's lowest administrative division. Inaugurated in November 2010 and operated by a team of two entrepreneurs including at least one woman, the UISC offers Internet access, training and other services such as mobile recharges.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|telecom service centers deployed information|4.8021927|3.0516071|1.6929117
10900|As a mechanism to pool resources and capacity across municipalities within the metropolitan area, metropolitan governance can help handle interdependencies across authorities and reduce fragmentation to manage water resources and water services more efficiently. In a context rife with financial constraints, this form of governance arrangement gains traction. Central governments have a role to play in incentivising cities to explore it more systematically among the range of options for co-ordinating cross-scale water management. Where established, they are seen as an institutional arrangement that can address several of the governance gaps identified above, promoting transparency; policy coherence and co-ordination; continuity, predictability and credibility of decision-making; and accountability to users.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance arrangement metropolitan water traction|1.1905509|7.0803246|1.5121442
10901|The targets range from indicative targets of increasing the large-scale hydropower capacity, in the case of Myanmar and Lao PDR, to targets specifically aimed at boosting technologies that are only commercially viable with additional support. While Cambodia has no specific renewable energy target, the country aims to supply 2 241 MW of hydropower by 2020 under the Power Development Plan (ASEAN Centre for Energy, 2016). In 2010, the Malaysian Cabinet approved the target of increasing the installed capacity of biogas, biomass, small-scale hydropower and solar PV to 4 000 MW in total by 2030. While the 2011 Renewable Energy Act established that this target were to be achieved through the feed-in tariff system, Malaysia also expects the installed capacity of large-scale hydropower to increase further, which is not reflected in Figure 3.5.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydropower targets target mw installed|1.4865406|2.0965312|2.5924087
10902|Some of the MDBs and climate funds (e.g. the International Development Association of the World Bank Group and the Global Environment Facility) also provide grants and concessional finance to the EECCA region. For instance, technical assistance contributes to filling knowledge gaps and raising countries’ awareness of climate risks and the importance of addressing them. This leads to increasing the capacity of stakeholders to design and implement policies to tackle climate risks.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate risks mdbs filling eecca|1.8416344|3.9896967|1.3494105
10903|The existing climate funds have been criticised by some developing countries for their complex and differing procedures which make access to funds difficult, in particular for countries with capacity constraints (ODI, 2014). The Paris Agreement instructs the financial mechanism of the Convention to simplify approval processes and enhance readiness support to improve access for developing countries in particular LDCs and SIDS (Article 9.9). Progress on reducing fragmentation of climate funds over time could also help to reduce the complexity of the climate finance landscape, recognising however that dedicated climate funds only account for a small component of the overall climate finance flows. In the short term, while the GCF gets to scale, continued support to the Least Developed Countries Fund, the Special Climate Change Fund and the Adaptation Fund is one way of ensuring there is no gap between current provisions and a future streamlined financing landscape (OECD, 2015g).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate funds fund landscape countries|1.7933035|3.8578804|1.2258414
10904|This already poses a challenge for those public health centres that wish to use their resources to get full-time physicians on-site or deliver community services on their behalf. Consequently, public health centres are usually only staffed by part-time physicians, younger nurses and social workers which are a poor model for chronic diseases. Since there is widespread variation across municipalities in funding levels for public health centres, this means that relying on them would lead to wide variations in the quality of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|centres physicians health public staffed|8.973256|8.705383|1.7830169
10905|"This is the first of seven planned 10 GW mega wind farms in China. The Chinese government is pursuing wind energy development with the same vigour they showed for hydro. Their approach is increasingly known as 'Three Gorges on the Land"" with reference to a massive scale of development comparable to that of the Three Gorges Dam."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind mega gw massive dam|2.1800306|1.8945245|2.107919
10906|It is argued that this has not been the only cause, however, as inequality has also been falling in countries that are semi-industrialized or heavily dependent on remittances. They suggest that a situation could be occurring in which sectoral composition, heavily influenced as it is by natural-resource-centred economies, is generating greater relative demand for low-skilled workers, thereby narrowing the gap in returns on education. Rather than a sign of development being reconciled with equality, this would be a warning that the combination of stagnating productivity and the region's specialization pattern are sending out signals that discourage educational progression and capability development. While this evidence is not yet conclusive and the debate is still open, it is necessary to consider this possible scenario and assess the potential implications of this interpretation of the region's recent decline in inequality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|heavily inequality stagnating specialization conclusive|6.7580357|4.8477726|4.565152
10907|"This approach represents the product of collaborative work of many national and international experts working in different fields (transport, ecology, engineering, energy efficiency, spatial planning, etc.). It combines new and old Soviet-era ""micro-rayon’’ solutions, including territory of a smaller size (15-20 ha vs 50 ha), housing with a reduced number of storeys (S 5), more compact development, underground parking to provide more space for common areas, job opportunities within walking distance in ecologically friendly industries, energy efficient buildings, and a choice of centralized or decentralized utility systems. Emphasis is given to the development of intimate spaces with good quality infrastructure and amenities."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ha ecologically centralized ecology underground|3.7963736|4.951271|1.8953271
10908|In Southeast Asia, moreover, prices of staple crops of rice, maize and cassava are projected to rise by more than average world prices, due to the influence of maintaining current agricultural domestic support and restrictive trade policies - particularly those related to rice - which compound some of the price effects of climate change. In addition, as a consequence of these production and price effects, if current policy settings are not reformed, agricultural trade between ASEAN and the rest of the world is also projected to be lower compared with a situation of no climate change. Finally, these price effects, and falls in trade volumes, can have implications for the ability of individual countries to respond to shocks that can disrupt production, and thus negatively influence food security.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|price effects trade rice projected|4.014494|5.08228|4.1949506
10909|Often the bunkers need to be emptied with shovels (hand labour) and are not emptied for quite a long time, generating a number of hygiene and health-related problems (for example, presence of rodents). Recycling facilities are very limited, and composting is only done by some farmers for their own use.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|composting hygiene recycling generating presence|0.5006659|4.110484|3.1894214
10910|Social cohesion involves the inclusion of citizens and groups across the entire distribution of living standards - all need to share understanding of, responsibility towards, and a sense of belonging to their society. What, then, are the different social cohesion challenges facing each part of the income distribution? First, it considers disadvantaged groups in a different light: in countries where growth has lifted large numbers of people out of extreme poverty as defined by common international standards, many still remain disadvantaged by socially relevant standards, such as relative poverty lines.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|standards cohesion disadvantaged distribution groups|6.842702|5.6998825|4.5719767
10911|Preliminary assessments for Denmark also indicate an increase in forest carbon stocks during the last decades. Hence, forests in Fennoscandia contribute to approximately 1% of the global forest carbon sink. There are insufficient data to assess the contribution of old forests to the total carbon sink in Fennoscandia.|SDG 15 - Life on land|sink carbon forests forest preliminary|1.1749613|4.544542|3.9525187
10912|However, the Annual Health report 2012 indicates that since 1990, suicides have decreased in every age group except among 15-24 year-olds, where it has become somewhat more common, reflecting the overall trend of increasing mental ill health amongst youth in Sweden. On the other hand, suicide rates have declined the most among senior citizens, especially among men, and differences between the age groups have decreased. Differences between levels of education are more significant among men: the number of men holding a lower secondary level degree is twice as high as those with a post-secondary education.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|men decreased secondary differences suicides|9.744788|8.90336|3.0588608
10913|Telecommunication networks are interconnected on a national, regional, and global basis, and the quality of telecommunication services applied in one network or one country influences the end-to-end quality of that service, so the quality cannot be considered only at national or regional level, but also needs to be considered globally. A harmonized and common approach to regulating QoS would enable greater quality prospects irrespective of the locations of the consumer and service provider. It is intended to be used as a guiding tool for telecommunication national regulatory agencies (NRAs) or government ministries in charge of QoS and QoE (quality of experience) parameters and measurements as defined by ITU-T, as well as enforcement mechanisms.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|telecommunication quality national end considered|4.868901|2.914583|1.6039388
10914|Article 23 of the Code of Personal Status, according to which “a wife shall respect the prerogatives of her husband and shall owe him obedience” has been replaced by a provision which obliges each spouse to treat the other w ith consideration and co-operate in managing the family’s affairs. In fact, spouses must treat each other with kindness, live together and avoid causing harm to one another, perform his/her part of the marital duties according to what is accustomed, co-operate in the process of family household issues and in the children’s education including their schooling, travel and financial matters. The husband, as the head of the family, is responsible for the financial support of his wife and children, w ithin his financial means; the w'ife also has to financially contribute to the family life if she has the financial means (Article 23).18 Such an obligation constitutes recognition of the economic role of women and brings a new' order to her status w ithin the family.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|family ithin financial wife treat|9.312802|5.2066755|6.784606
10915|Rather, they are Secretariat information papers intended to inform Member countries, as well as the UNFCCC audience. As OECD member countries, Korea, Mexico, Chile, and Israel are also members of the CCXG. Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would like to acknowledge the helpful comments from their OECD/IEA colleagues Simon Buckle, Juan Casado Asensio, Jan Corfee-Morlot, Takayoshi Kato, Nicolina Lamhauge, Sara Moarif, Michael Mullan, Lola Vallejo as well as Jake Werksman (EC). The authors would like to thank the participants in the adaptation session of the March 2015 CCXG Global Forum for their insightful comments, specifically Emma Balman, Marianne Karlsen, Xolisa Ngwadla, Emily Park, Dawn Pierre-Nathaniel, Linda Siegele, Dina Spoerri and Marianne Tegman.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ccxg comments authors intended member|1.2125341|4.0707355|1.1645094
10916|At the national level, the central government has standards, targets and a programme (Master Plan 7) to increase energy efficiency in manufacturing. At the city level, the Hai Phong Green Growth Strategy for Industry in 2020 (with the target for 2030) formulates a vision for modernising industry and encourages energy-effective production. Based on this plan, the city will help the 120 casting companies that use coal to transform their manufacturing process. The city is already supporting firms in energy auditing and has provided consulting solutions to save energy.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|energy city manufacturing plan industry|2.0045347|3.2985415|2.4307408
10917|The study found a correlation between the two forms of vulnerability, but further work would be required to determine whether the results apply more widely. In addition to this mapping, the NAS identifies a number of key research questions on social vulnerability that remain to be answered. This requires a long-term, planned approach. In fulfilling this objective, the NAS applies the typology of sustainable development, noting the importance of making Austria’s society, economy and ecosystems more resilient to the effects of climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|nas vulnerability answered typology fulfilling|1.3398083|4.8070984|1.7939332
10918|Short-term consequences in terms of learning disability, as well as long-term economic consequences, can be expected, since lower education levels lead to lower income opportunities. In developing countries, 163 million children were estimated to be vitamin A-deficient, with a prevalence of more than 30 per cent in 2007, down from approximately 36 per cent in 1990 (United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition, 2010). Women who suffer from undernourishment are more likely to give birth to underweight babies, whose development will then be affected throughout their life.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|consequences deficient babies cent underweight|4.5630918|5.7770615|4.639074
10919|Share of population with access to electricity. Each indicator was normalized to the 0-1 range using the min-max method. To net out the effect of non-energy commodities, mining-related data have been weighted by a coefficient reflecting the overall weight of energy-related commodities in total minerals exports.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|commodities related minerals energy weighted|1.5215335|2.550257|2.5125709
10920|This would appear to be a weakness in the standards as currently agreed, and Scotland should consider whether patient-reported measures (including patient satisfaction and experience) should be included. Several OECD health systems (in the Nordic countries and in Canada, for example) are increasingly using patient-reported measures in accountability and contracting frameworks (OECD, 2015) in an effort to make services more responsive to patient needs and preferences. The inclusion of this target helps underline the need to see a whole-system approach to targets and system performance relative to targets, considering the inputs and drivers behind successfully, or unsuccessfully, met targets.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patient targets reported underline measures|9.175988|9.499846|1.7279184
10921|As part of the women in leadership programme, MWA champions evidence and research to demonstrate the downsides of these norms. As stated by MWA, unconscious bias in the way that we see and evaluate women creates invisible barriers to women’s leadership (MWA 2013). Related to the social norms described previously, unconscious bias often manifests in the behaviour of senior leaders and decision-makers, whose negative attitudes may hinder the progression of women into senior roles.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mwa bias women senior norms|10.126865|4.1477804|6.999357
10922|Details regarding the survey method, questions and respondents are provided in Annex A. As safe primary and ambulatory care is critically important in all countries strengthened through policies -striving for - universal access to health care, this report considers where possible low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) and upper-middle and high-income countries (henceforth ‘developed countries’ or simply HICs).4 In a sense, less developed nations have the advantage of building the necessary structures and institutions into their health systems as these are built and established. Developed nations, on the other hand, have the difficult task of retrofitting safety into fully formed systems (WHO et al 2018). While the findings and recommendations will be of interest to healthcare providers and organisations, the principal audience of this report are policy makers looking to improve patient safety in primary/ambulatory care in a context of constrained resources. They are similar to the terminology in the previous report but are modified to the characteristics, priorities and specific risks of the primary and ambulatoiy setting.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ambulatory primary report developed care|9.114824|9.541483|1.4471349
10923|The aggregate rate hides large differences by gender: while the male employment rate is among the highest in the OECD, the female rate is only around average. Another factor increasing total employment is the high share of men who work after the age of 64 (see below). Nevertheless, at 5.1% in 2009 and with an annual low of 3.9% and high of 5.4% over the past decade,9 the LFS unemployment rate in Japan is still within the lowest third of rates in a ranking of OECD countries and has remained, with few exceptions, below the rate for die United States. In the mid-2000s, the average number of unemployment benefit recipients (600 to 700 thousand people) was slightly less than a quarter of LFS unemployment, but in 2009 it rose rapidly to around 1 million, and by end-2009 remained significantly above its 2008 level. In 2008, almost half of those currently unemployed had been out of work for over six months, and one-third for over a year. The share of part-time employment in total employment, 20.3% in 2009, is high by OECD standards, with one in three women and one in ten men usually working less than 30 hours per week in their main job.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|rate lfs employment unemployment remained|7.780369|4.6735406|4.279736
10924|In the past, labour market institutions, public policies, and social norms reinforced traditional gender roles, especially in West Germany, but social policy reforms over the last decade have increased opportunities for parents. The new German family policy approach aims to provide parents and children with more time together by fostering a more equal partnership in the sharing of work and family life responsibilities (“Partne rschaftl ichke it'). In line with international best practice, the 2007 reform also led to an increase in the number of fathers taking leave.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parents family reinforced fathers fostering|9.264356|5.233476|5.286588
10925|Employee resource groups are networks of employees that aim to foster diversity and inclusion in the workplace while also providing valuable advice to companies on issues related to human resources and organisational management. In the United States, many private sector companies have created such groups to foster great employer-employee dialogue w'hile providing workers more opportunities to problem solve, thinking innovatively, and develop leadership skills. This strategy also identifies a number of critical sectors for growth including digital and creative technologies, life and health sciences, financial and professional services, as well as advanced manufacturing and engineering.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employee foster companies providing hile|7.844488|4.064372|3.8191626
10926|The federal government is leading the policy changes and states are responding in different ways. Neither has Santa Catarina taken an active role in the MEC’s distance learning programme (E-Tec) for EPTNM. Significant differences in student participation in different types of courses are also observable between the practice in Brazil as a whole and Santa Catarina, reflecting the strong industrial-agricultural basis of the state and the take up on production-related profiles.|SDG 4 - Quality education|santa observable different profiles responding|9.582929|1.8433415|2.1094842
10927|Corporate disclosure practices are increasingly supported (or required) by legislation or stock exchange regulations that make ESG disclosure mandatory. Experience shows that for companies above a certain size and complexity, ESG disclosure can be an important tool for identifying business risks and opportunities (Baron, 2014). Indices such as the Low Carbon 100 Europe or the FTSE4 Good Index Series permit dedicated tracker funds to offer investment opportunities for investors interested in financial products with an emissions metric. The majority of G20 countries now have some kind of corporate reporting scheme in place that requires disclosure of climate change-related information (Box 2.3).|SDG 13 - Climate action|disclosure corporate opportunities metric interested|1.4691654|3.6085172|1.030244
10928|Korea - another East Asian high performer in PISA - relies on the teacher candidate-selection process, pre-service teacher training and national evaluation process - all of which serve to ensure that only the best and the brightest join the ranks of teachers (OECD, 2014a). Similarly, Webb et al. ( Even when teacher quality is similar, the available evidence suggests that autonomy has a positive impact when it is given in return for accountability.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher candidate process ranks join|9.607766|1.5584534|2.36153
10929|Future PFBRs are estimated to cost nearly INR70 000/kW or around USD 1250/kW (Kakodkar, 2008). Based on experience with the imported LWR types under construction or planned, India may also decide to develop its own LWR type, with the longer-term opportunity to export this technology to other countries. Indeed, for the Russian LWRs currently under construction, most of the work has been undertaken by Indian staff. Government incentives on a central and state level - largely through capital subsidies, tax incentives, feed-in tariffs and RPOs - has been pushing the deployment of renewable technologies in recent years.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|kw construction incentives pushing decide|1.4227248|1.8351153|2.1089194
10930|Together with the 2010 Public Health Regulations (Effluent Quality Standards), the goal is to achieve considerable environmental improvement of rivers within five to ten years. Drinking water is routinely checked for chemical (including heavy metals), physical and radiological quality. Pollution is not high with respect to international guidelines9 except in Haifa Bay and at some other locations.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|checked effluent routinely bay quality|0.959737|6.772417|2.6815982
10931|It contains a range of contextual, capacity and student outcome information, including data such as student numbers, attendance rates, teaching and non-teaching staff numbers, average school performance in national assessments and school financial information. It contains a set of quality data that teachers, schools, parents and the wider community can use, along with other information, to help ensure that every child in every classroom receives a high-quality education. This is the first time that the broader Australian community has had access to this data.|SDG 4 - Quality education|contains numbers information teaching student|9.673249|2.0825634|1.8686274
10932|In Bolivia (Plurinational State of), following pension reform in 2010, mothers can also benefit from a contributory credit equivalent to one year of contributions per child, up to a maximum of three years. Women can use this credit either to get better benefits from the solidarity pillar or to anticipate retirement (ibid.). Some countries that do not have contribution credits can achieve similar results with other gender equality-enhancing elements in pension design, such as short vesting periods and progressive benefit formulas.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pension credit benefit formulas pillar|8.395549|5.432205|5.2589636
10933|Brazil still imports considerable amounts of coal and, to a lesser degree, electricity, the latter being obtained in particular from Argentina (EPE, 2008; Costa et al., This makes Brazil the largest electricity market in South America (IEA, 2009c). Large hydroelectricity supplies 72.6% of all electricity, followed by thermoelectricity generation (14.7%) (EPE, 2008).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity brazil hydroelectricity lesser supplies|2.0971684|1.925915|2.4298265
10934|This part of the population can be considered as potentially poor. In other words, despite receiving transfers to avoid poverty, they are still considered at risk. One explanation may be that, although those people are considered at-risk-of-poverty with regard to their current income, they do not fulfil the conditions to receive social assistance (for example because of their level of wealth or the low housing costs/rent).|SDG 1 - No poverty|considered risk poverty explanation rent|7.0461125|5.863733|4.8204026
10935|In 2013-14, adaptation-focused ODA accounted for 25% of total climate-related ODA, and a further 12% of climate-related ODA targeted joint mitigation and adaptation actions (OECD, 2015b). Nevertheless, recent estimates of international adaptation finance indicate that this represented only 16% of total mobilised (i.e. public and private) climate finance in the context of the USD lOObn goal - with a further 7% addressing both adaptation and mitigation goals (OECD, 2015d). As highlighted in Section 3.1, this overlaps to some extent with other information requests relating to adaptation under the UNFCCC. In addition, as highlighted in Section 2.1, there is an extremely large diversity in countries’ adaptation responses as outlined in their NC, INDC or other reports. This includes variation in the scope, timeline(s),8 content, clarity and specificity of adaptation plans and actions. Some INDCs provide specific, quantified adaptation-related goals or targets (with a few INDCs indicating how progress towards these goals will be evaluated) and specified timeframes.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation oda indcs goals highlighted|1.450802|4.340162|1.2486649
10936|Income distribution will deviate from the distribution of earnings, as there may be social programs or support initiatives for those who receive low pay. For example, there may be supplementary welfare payments or reduced taxation for low-paid workers. Furthermore, for an analysis of the income distribution, also the household composition and the income of other household members have to be considered.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|distribution income household supplementary low|6.9084044|5.3846765|4.5457797
10937|In general, monitoring of groundwaters is less advanced in terms of quantity, and especially in terms of quality. For many countries (particularly for non-EU countries), either quality or quantity monitoring has to be improved or still needs to be established. Some countries have jointly carried out a groundwater body characterization according to the requirements of the WFD, e.g., Austria and Slovenia characterized the Karstwasser-Vorkommen Karawanken/Karavanke aquifer.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|quantity monitoring groundwaters characterization terms|0.6131685|7.170826|2.7297072
10938|It would be desirable to ensure both that groups such as the elderly have good access to GP services, but also that they have equally good quality of care in primary care, including diagnosis and referral. Current and future efforts to strengthen the quality of primary care in Denmark (see Chapter 2) should include considerations of possible impact on equity. Data showing a pro-poor inequities in GP utilisation suggest that the lack of financial barriers have a positive effect on equity in health utilisation, and the high level of public financing of health care in Denmark generally has the desired effect in promoting equitable access to health care for all.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care gp utilisation denmark equity|9.215844|8.981136|2.0875382
10939|Gender identity is the internal sense of being a woman or man, or some other category (transgender). Gender equality is not a women’s issue but should concern and fully engage men as well as women. Equality between women and men is seen both as a human rights issue and as a precondition for, and indicator of, sustainable people-centred development.” Key phases of this process are summarized below.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|issue women equality transgender men|9.776244|4.6182127|7.4053626
10940|Commit to research, development and innovation for longer-term energy balance and transitions. The mix of baseload and flexible peak-load capacity is a classic example to deal with variable load. Fuel switching, storage (see below), physical exchange with other regions through cross-border interconnectors, liquid energy markets, parallel supply paths and sufficient redundancy through standby components are all part of this effort.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load redundancy liquid baseload switching|1.4946908|1.4431381|1.8524337
10941|Intimate partner violence affects women of all ages and ethnicities, regardless of their socioeconomic status and educational level, in all countries. According to the latest available data from 106 countries, 18 per cent of ever-partnered women and girls 15 to 49 years old experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the 12 months prior to the survey. On average, the prevalence of FGM has declined by one quarter since around 2000.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|intimate partner violence fgm partnered|10.080997|5.5438523|7.4094296
10942|Progress in this area is complex and takes longer to achieve since it requires redistribution of power to shift unequal norms, relations and structures of discrimination and inequality. The issue of sustainability of results thus comes to the forefront in addressing gender equality results. Gender analysis and monitoring the evolution of gender results (including pushbacks and steps forward) within a context is crucial to learning and refining programming for greater effectiveness.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|results gender refining forefront programming|9.812232|4.2079973|7.4532137
10943|The report matches patents granted between 2000 and 2011 to administrative databases of firms and workers housed at the US Census Bureau, using inventor information in addition to the patent assignee firm name to improve on previous efforts linking patents to firms. Patenting is a relatively rare event among small firms, but most US patenting firms are nevertheless small, and patenting is not as rare an event for the youngest firms compared to the oldest firms. Patenting firms are more likely to create jobs in their first five to 15 years after grant, and less likely to destroy jobs longer term, than those without.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|firms patenting patents rare event|5.38873|3.303273|2.5205927
10944|This is of particular concern where groundwater provides a major share of drinking water supplies for both human and the farming sector (Chapter 9 and OECD, 2010a). Water stress is based on the ratio of total water withdrawals (across all uses in the economy, including agriculture) to total annual renewable freshwater availability. For most OECD countries this ratio is low and below 10%, but some countries are experiencing medium water stress above 20%, where water supply and demand needs to be managed to resolve conflicts between competing uses (OECD, 2010a).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water stress ratio uses oecd|1.0886662|7.316648|2.8999689
10945|"This is of concern to developers, as the process is increasingly considered as tedious and highly uncertain. As such, the process discourages project developers from applying for such investments. Furthermore, EE projects that end up generating CERs are mostly from the large industrial sector, not in end-use energy efficiency, a sector that remains largely untapped. Kyoto Protocol Article 12 paragraph 5.c. For more information on this issue please refer to Buchner, B. and P. de T'Serdaes, ""How to trigger energy efficiency: The case for carbon finance?"" ( The complexities of the CDM approval process only increases the complexity and uncertainty of EE financing and result in higher transaction costs for project developers."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|developers ee process end buchner|1.656961|3.037775|1.8383152
10946|These indicators include, for example, the ability to register people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses and a range of screenings (BMI, alcohol consumption, blood glucose) for patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses. There is also a QOF indicator for “The percentage of patients on the register who have a comprehensive care plan documented in the records agreed between individuals, their family and/or carers as appropriate” (BMA (2014). For a full list of QoF indicators 2013/14 see BMA, 2014).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|bma schizophrenia qof disorder register|10.179295|9.199722|1.8398691
10947|The second is related to the quality of urban development. It is observed that some reclamation project sites are yet to be fully integrated into existing urban systems. While strategic location of reclaimed land demonstrates potential, isolated reclaimed areas with monotonous land use and poor public transport accessibility may significantly lose the attractiveness of the areas for investors.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land urban reclamation attractiveness demonstrates|3.7920718|5.2592506|1.5107771
10948|Upstream and downstream industries have strong links to the primary agricultural sector, and understanding the implications of policies for farmers’ decisions and incomes requires broadening the view beyond policy transfers directly to the agricultural sector. Fertilisers represent a key input into crop production. Increasingly, high energy prices and limits to mining resources have resulted in increased fertiliser costs for farmers, and several emerging economies have identified fertilisers as an important angle to improve agricultural production and incomes.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fertilisers agricultural incomes farmers broadening|3.6582098|5.1554236|3.8646894
10949|It serves as an overarching framew'ork for further, more issue-specific guidance in various areas and contains a number of important provisions related to women’s participation in public life and the necessary institutional tools and preconditions. While MENA countries have not yet adopted this recommendation, its provisions may serve as useful guidance for focused action to close the remaining gaps in the region (Box 2.2). Ensuring that boys and girls have equal access to good-quality education, equal rights and opportunities to successfully complete schooling and in making educational choices.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|provisions guidance equal preconditions framew|9.694111|4.8340235|6.422054
10950|The Women's Budget Group in the United Kingdom has generated research and analysis tracking inequalities between women and men in the implementation of the United Kingdom's austerity programme following the 2008 global economic crisis. The broad aim of the Initiative is to make decision-making processes on policies, budgets, taxes and debts more democratic, participatory and responsive to the needs and demands of marginalized women and their communities. Budget planners in priority sectors, as well as members of Parliament, are sensitized regarding the importance of gender-responsive resource allocation. In addition, TGSP Mtandao organizes local and regional courses on gender budgeting and macroeconomic policy for policy makers, practitioners and civil society activists.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|responsive kingdom budget women organizes|9.673444|3.9123294|7.6093
10951|The French Ministry of Education has set national targets that hold schools accountable for holding high numbers of students back and has implemented a reform that ensures individualised support two hours per week to those students who need it. This has also created various opportunities for students who have been lagging behind their classmates to catch up in the last two years of primary school. In 2014, an amendment to France’s school reform law declared that grade repetition should only be considered for exceptional cases (OECD, 2015a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|students reform individualised exceptional school|9.36874|1.8732389|3.1693552
10952|Section 3 (“Climate Change: The state of policy today”) describes how a prudent response to climate change involves a two-pronged approach: ambitious mitigation policies2 to reduce further climate change, as well as timely adaptation3 policies to limit damage by climate change impacts that are inevitable. Mitigation and adaptation policies are essential, and they are complementary. Most countries have begun to respond through actions at the international, national and local levels, drawing on a mix of policy instruments that include carbon pricing, other energy-efficiency policies, information-based approaches and innovation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate change mitigation policies pronged|1.4375348|3.881371|1.8999534
10953|Estimates for 2009 suggest that poverty and indigence rates might increase by 1.1 and 0.8 percentage points, respectively. This would raise the number of poor persons in the region by almost nine million, over half of which would be indigent. During the 1995 Mexican crisis, per capita GDP dropped by 1.2% at the regional level and by at least 2% in Argentina, Mexico and Uruguay.|SDG 1 - No poverty|indigent indigence mexican dropped uruguay|6.4336085|5.6628485|5.2197094
10954|The question remains whether these savings are sufficient and could have been achieved at a lesser cost through a combination of policy instruments, including economic ones. The development of the Smart Water Management in Korea (see Chapter 4) confirms that Korean authorities are looking for alternative options to address water scarcity and flood risks and make the best use of available w'ater and assets, while minimising or postponing investment in additional infrastructure to augment supply. Economic instruments can play an important role and complement the technical fixes used so far in Korean water management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|korean water instruments fixes postponing|1.5681733|7.3847427|2.1532004
10955|In addition to general programmes, junior colleges also offer several types of special programmes (e.g. advanced specialist or customised programmes) but these represent less than 10% of junior college enrolment. But following a previous period of expansion, the number of junior college students has been falling over the past ten years, in particular in the fields of science and engineering (Kim, Woo, Ryu, Oh, 2011). The number of junior colleges has also fallen from 158 in 2005 to 145 in 2010 (MEST, 2010). Almost 95% of junior colleges are private (136 out of 145) and enrol about 97% of over 767 000 junior college students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|junior college colleges programmes customised|9.048584|2.4579117|3.0801177
10956|In the literature, targeting and beneficiary selection are often collapsed into the former, but the distinction is crucial to understand anti-poverty programmes (Barrientos, 2013). Ethical perspectives have a stronger bearing on the issue of targeting, while beneficiary selection rules are shaped by perceptions of their relative effectiveness. Alternatively, one could consider a threshold, such as a national poverty line, which households need to meet in order to live with dignity.|SDG 1 - No poverty|beneficiary selection targeting barrientos collapsed|6.913085|6.1830745|4.5017323
10957|Table 4 presents the distance of the toilets from the households. The closest distance ranges from 1 to 50 feet, while the greatest distance ranges from 251 to 300 feet. The encouraging finding is that the majority of people (73 per cent) had access to toilets within the lowest range (1-50 feet). Table 5 shows the latrine-sharing pattern in the selected slums, where a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 66 households shared one latrine. The table shows that less than half of the households (48 per cent) fell in the lowest range (1-15), while the larger portion of the households (52 per cent altogether) shared latrines with 16-75 households.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|feet households distance toilets ranges|1.8434267|6.89102|2.5892005
10958|At its 5th meeting, on 7 May, the Forum had before it a draft ministerial declaration on the future international arrangement on forests we want (E/CN.18/2015/L.1), submitted by the Chair (Gabon) on the basis of the informal consultations held by Working Group 1. At the same meeting, following the statement by the Chair, statements were made by the representatives of Peru and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Also at the same meeting, statements were made by the Secretary of the Forum and a representative of the Forum secretariat. At its 9th meeting, on 14 May, the Forum had before it a revised draft ministerial declaration on the international arrangement on “The forests we want: beyond 2015” (E/CN.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forum meeting cn chair statements|1.5441763|4.6376214|3.6837351
10959|The fact that the bulk of productivity enhancements achieved in LDCs have come from increased yields (rather than from labour productivity) points to the importance of technology embodied in higher-yielding varieties or in superior species of cattle, which can improve the well-being of farmers. Technology directly influences not only variety yields, but also the adaptation of plant and animal varieties to local agroecological conditions, the quality of inputs (seeds, fertilizers, machinery), the choice of cultivation and rearing techniques, etc. Producers' capacity to learn and adapt to new technologies and circumstances is partly determined by the quality of their human capital. The importance of agricultural R&D is highlighted by the fact that the modest recovery in productivity gains in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s has been attributed to increased spending on agricultural R&D and extension services, as well as improved price incentives (Fuglie and Rada, 2013; Block, 1995).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|varieties productivity yields importance fact|4.0583096|5.1386604|3.745014
10960|This section has analysed land-use and transport policy. A key lesson-learned indicates it is unlikely that m2aking more land available to accommodate the increasing population and the increasing traffic will solve the transport and spatial challenges. Sustainable solutions will require diversified policy instruments, particularly addressing land-use efficiency.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land transport increasing lesson solve|4.02156|5.0712214|0.8692639
10961|The school stresses both theory and practice, and places a strong emphasis on the development of problem-solving skills, group-work skills, and self-directed learning skills. Also in the Dutch Radboud University Nijmegen, teaching is increasingly delivered in project-based and contextual manner to enhance skills such as communication and cooperation (OECD, 2008). In France, the students of the MSc in Management programme in EM Lyon Business School are required to create a virtual business project as part of their studies.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills lyon em business project|7.221717|2.733113|2.57483
10962|Resilience means that the risks have been considered and managed to achieve an acceptable level of performance given the available information, and that capacities to withstand and recover from shocks are in place (OECD, 2014a). In the case of protective infrastructure (such as flood defences) this will be the assets protected by the defences. For other infrastructure, it will be the costs resulting from damage or disruption to the asset (e.g. business interruption from loss of electricity supply). Considering climate impacts for individual assets, such as a bridge or a railway line, is necessary but not sufficient to ensure that the system functions reliably despite a changing climate.|SDG 13 - Climate action|defences assets reliably withstand interruption|1.6349113|4.9307575|1.7823305
10963|Public transport-oriented mobility education for children and youth will be introduced into the school curriculum. The general purpose is to raise children’s awareness on the history' of how automobiles have become a dominant mode of urban transport, its negative impact, as well as general road safety instructions. Suwon is also developing a set of eco-mobility evaluation indicators in reference to the national and international examples such as KOTI’s Green Growth Evaluation Indicator and the OECD Green Growth Indicators.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility evaluation green transport automobiles|4.033049|4.8722906|0.801143
10964|While some surveys allow respondents to report both primary and secondary activities, secondary activities are not consistently reported or analysed. This is especially important when measuring women’s time use as their time spent on paid and unpaid tasks often overlap. Research conducted by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) in India, Nepal, Rwanda and Tanzania found that women multi-task over 11 hours on average throughout the day combining child care with different household tasks such as cleaning and cooking and paid work (Chopra and Zambelli, 2017).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|tasks paid secondary cleaning activities|8.996849|4.8112864|5.443323
10965|Ces enfants sont souvent confrontes a de multiples aspects de la privation materielle (y compris de mauvaises conditions de logement et un manque de possibilites d'education), ce qui appelle une strategic globale de lutte contre la pauvrete dans toutes ses dimensions. Changes in living standard of children in two-parent very low income families, 2007-2014.58 Figure 21. For instance, the child poverty rate is lowest in Denmark at around 4%, but almost 25% in Israel and Turkey.|SDG 1 - No poverty|la logement ses ce ces|7.394472|6.362447|5.193967
10966|The targeted learners are young apprentices and students in the Swiss vocational sector in schools mainly in the industrial and commercial fields. It is supporting the spread of innovative practice and change across a self-elected, bottom-up community of practice of schools. It has lead Partner Schools, Pathfinder Schools and then a larger group of less active Network Schools across the country (mainly England), all supporting and learning from each other. Several are directly led and organised by the national ministry of education but in others the ministry has more of a support role or else the initiative is not happening at the national level or it is being led from elsewhere altogether, such as by foundations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools supporting led mainly ministry|9.244349|2.2891994|2.0961092
10967|Women human rights defenders are subject to the same types of risks as other human rights defenders, but as women they are also targeted for or exposed to gender-specific threats and gender-specific violence.31 The reasons for this are multifaceted and complex, and depend on the specific context in which the individual woman is working. Often, the work of women human rights defenders is seen as challenging traditional notions of family and gender roles in society, which can lead to hostility by the general population and the authorities. They are therefore stigmatized and ostracized by community leaders, faith-based groups, families and communities that consider them to be threatening religion, honour or culture through their work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights human specific gender women|9.925092|4.913605|7.41924
10968|As the OECD Competition Committee highlights, this intermittent generation therefore raises the challenge of how to maintain the balance of supply and demand when renewable supply varies (OECD Competition Committee, 2010). A more flexible allocation of power production can enhance the ability of the electric system to accommodate high shares of renewable energy. This is an advantage of wholesale markets over power purchasing agreements, which -despite their convenience - reduce the flexibility of the power park to adjust rapidly to sudden increases in renewable energy production. Many factors enter in the choice of which technology will be used to match supply with demand (e.g. cost of production, ability to ramp up or down the power supply, etc.).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power supply renewable production competition|1.6697713|1.5860441|1.8442392
10969|The implementation of the 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive will provide an opportunity for regioas to become involved in a national RE strategy. It will be important to address both the social concerns around wind, bioenergy plants and transmission lines by engaging fully with local and regional actors. It lies between 68 and 70° north, approximately 350km above the Arctic Circle.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|bioenergy circle arctic lies engaging|1.7940696|2.2364383|2.0779397
10970|The key objectives are to increase aquaculture output by 25%, increase ecological production to a minimum of 10% of the total production, increase export of aquaculture products by 25% and increase export of aquaculture technology and fish feed by 200%. The “National Strategic Plan for Development of Sustainable Aquaculture 2014-2020” develops these goals as part of an EU-wide initiative to promote aquaculture (see EU chapter). In 2017, Denmark will conduct a review of support to fisheries and aquaculture activities for the remainder of the 2014-2020 period and implement changes in the areas identified as needing adjustments.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture increase export eu needing|0.27926457|6.034741|6.5819454
10971|Offset programmes most commonly seek to deliver a neutral outcome on biodiversity from development projects, or no net loss of biodiversity, though some have adopted a more ambitious goal of delivering a positive outcome, or net gain, for biodiversity. Biodiversity offsets are typically only used to deliver compensation for the residual impacts on biodiversity after measures have first been taken to avoid, minimise and then restore adverse impacts on biodiversity at the development site (i.e. the mitigation hierarchy). Biodiversity offsets may be implemented using one-off offsets, biobanks or payments in-lieu.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity offsets deliver outcome net|1.7830857|5.4998503|3.9571438
10972|At either poverty line the African share of poverty is over 95 percent in both years. The coloured poverty share accounts for nearly all of the remaining poverty with 1 percent of poverty or less being attributed to the other two groups. In both periods, rural poverty rates are substantially higher than urban poverty rates (regardless of the poverty line chosen).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|poverty percent line coloured share|6.269607|5.835211|4.9247427
10973|There can also be important economic externalities, which result in use costs (e.g. subsidence and salination), as well as damages to non-use values, such as the life-support function of water (Figure C.l). In Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, the estimated economic cost (foregone extractive uses) of full groundwater depletion is in the range of 1 to 2% of GDP (see below). Between 1980 and 2009, global economic losses were estimated at USD 15-30 billion per year for floods and USD 10-15 billion per year for droughts (OECD, 2012). Damage from floods in the United States is now estimated to be USD 5.2 billion each year (Brody et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|usd billion estimated floods year|1.3761837|7.052578|2.7924976
10974|Increasing public spending on health to encourage participation of informal workers and their dependents will expand the coverage of health insurance as well as help relieve financial constrains in the longer term. The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we will provide an overview on the development of the Vietnamese health-care system, with a discussion on its current state and the challenges in financing and the delivery of services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health dependents constrains vietnamese organized|8.526175|8.6552925|2.2565742
10975|Microfinance institutions are valuable channels in this respect for small enterprises to access formal credit lines. Indeed, in many LDCs, and Bangladesh in particular, such institutions have served as effective instruments for including a large group of poor people in formal financial channels. Despite their benefits, however, these channels cannot be relied on as sources of credit mobilization for productive asset creation and the development of a dynamic enterprise sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|channels credit formal institutions microfinance|8.2988615|3.3273437|6.194515
10976|However, we will first introduce our products to domestic and regional markets before going global. We aim to be among the SMEs that help foster intra-Africa trade and contribute to ending waste of cashew nuts in the Gambia in the near future. For Africa's agricultural production to increase, governments need to invest heavily in infrastructure, with access to local markets and seaports given priority. As a result, we spend high amounts on transport and on costs related to strict border measures. Inadequate infrastructure also causes delays in our shipments, with the quality of products deteriorating.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|africa products markets gambia cashew|4.3638744|4.778767|3.7817147
10977|Some Member States have already created platforms to share best practices and information between all LNG stakeholders. It is found that harmonization of the latter is difficult to achieve due to the fact that each Member State has transposed their own interpretation and implementation of the directive in their legislation. For non-Seveso LNG establishments and activities, EU-wide harmonization of the risk assessment approach seems feasible.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|harmonization lng member establishments feasible|1.241608|6.505175|1.694934
10978|Rural poverty and food insecurity are frequently the result of “institutional failures” (including coordination failures, land insecurity, gender discrimination and marginalization of indigenous populations), which prevent the development of more dynamic food production systems. To a large extent, low income and food insecurity among small-scale farm holders can be traced back to the lack of adequate access to land. Traditional land reform designed to improve access to land and provide support to different forms of association among farmers would help to effect economies of scale in production and, most importantly, in the marketing of food crops.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity land food failures scale|4.1918178|5.39823|3.8527133
10979|Key to this was a substantial budget allocation to settlement and job creation in farming areas -thereby reducing dependence on forests - as well as policies supporting broader economic growth and urbanization. Nevertheless, there were some challenges in the early years, such as the wishes of private forest owners being ignored at times and low initial survival rates of seedlings. Forests are now valued largely for their contribution to local and global public goods: a systematic assessment estimated their public good value in 2015 at USD 126 billion. By contrast, the direct economic benefits from forest products (including timber, nuts, fruits and wild vegetables) are USD 8.3 billion per year.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests forest usd billion nuts|1.5552351|4.689201|3.8702495
10980|The stewardship domain could not be assessed because of a lack of data for the selected indicators, signalling where infonnation systems capabilities need to be improved to support monitoring and evaluation efforts. This first HSPA now serves as a baseline to gauge any improvements in domains of evaluation over time. In particular, obesity prevalence is the highest in the EU and represents a major public health challenge.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|evaluation infonnation stewardship signalling gauge|9.17119|9.274732|2.6169524
10981|Large variations exist within middle-income countries, ranging from 20.3 employed females per 100 males in the Islamic Republic of Iran to 95.7 in Kazakhstan and even 100.5 in the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 2013. Smaller proportions of the female populations are employed compared with the male populations in each subregion. The difference is widest in South and South-West Asia, where in 2013 approximately 3 of every 10 females were employed compared with more than 7 of every 10 males.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employed males females populations republic|9.020012|4.3814225|5.8283024
10982|There needs to be greater gender equality in both paid and unpaid work participation, while workplace practices will have to become more efficient to meet the demand for formal and informal labour. A no-change scenario: the gap between male and female labour force participation rate remains at the levels observed in 2010. Gender gaps reduced by 50%: the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level and the gap between male and female labour force participation rates is halved by 2030. Convergence in participation rates: the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level, while the gender gap in labour force participation levels disappears by 2030.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|participation male labour remains force|9.122328|4.3371735|5.7883024
10983|This report also underlines the difficulties to get accurate data (on water use and non-water costs) at the river basin level to conduct such an assessment. In this framework, the environmental costs are approximated by looking at the costs of measures w’hose primary aim is to protect the water environment (cost-based approach). Examples of ex ante assessment of economic costs associated with water use (cont.)|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|costs water assessment underlines ante|1.3225552|7.4775643|2.5296214
10984|Industry associations are beginning to emerge, such as BREA, which provides a much-needed industry voice to the many development issues of the energy sector and, along with the local UWI campus, helps to raise awareness among different government institutions, industrial bodies and the general public. This challenge stems from the general low level of energy awareness among Caribbean populations. Many companies and institutions are under informed as to the potential for energy reduction and potential cost savings from first pursuing energy management and energy efficiency options, and of the impact that distributed renewable energy can ultimately have on their lives. The transition towards a clean, sustainable energy sector offers a chance for nations to reclaim their energy systems through citizen/co-operative ownership of large-scale renewable energy plants. This model has been shown to create a more harmonious relationship between renewable energy operators and their surrounding neighbours.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy renewable awareness industry harmonious|1.7433851|2.3968148|2.3511775
10985|Other OECD countries also saw big rises, including the United Kingdom and Australia. As well as looking at the top 1% of earners, they argue, we should also look at an even smaller segment - the top 0.1% of earners (1 in 1,000), and even the top 0.01% of earners (1 in 10,000). As the Nobel laureate Paul Krugman has noted, data from the U.S. Congressional Budget Office shows that between 1979 and 2005, the after-tax income of Americans in the middle of the income distribution rose by 21%; among the 0.1% it was up 400%.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|earners paul americans segment rises|6.88397|5.061826|4.4405155
10986|The chapter suggests a number of policy recommendations to improve the governance of school resource use. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The central level governs at a distance and sets central conditions and guidelines within which municipalities and schools exercise their autonomy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|central golan distance heights jerusalem|9.400152|2.25315|2.1294758
10987|According to the UNECE’s Third Environmental Performance Review' no conflicts between different water users in Georgia are reported. The MENRP is not required to be informed about conflicts between water users and is not involved in negotiation meetings (UNECE, 2016), However, this does not apply to some transboundary' rivers and groundwater aquifers. Currently, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) support Georgia in facilitating co-operation with Azerbaijan over protection and sustainable use of the water resources of the Kura River basin. The agreement seeks to resolve inter alia the issue of shared water from the Kura River for agricultural use. Since 2010, a number of bilateral consultations between Georgia and Azerbaijan took place with the objective of developing a text for the future bilateral agreement on the shared water resources (UNECE, 2016). The conflicts between the use of water for hydropower, the development of irrigation in the Alazani-Iori Basin and the preservation of water flow for aquatic ecosystems are a source of increasing concern.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|unece water georgia conflicts kura|0.81081563|7.0793757|2.0621881
10988|In its general recommendation No. The Committee against Torture, which monitors the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, also regularly addresses issues of violence against women and girls. These include the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|torture rights human court american|9.905137|5.1941485|7.4729886
10989|Beyond school, better work-life balances would allow more women to enrol in on-the-job training and professional courses. Women could better pursue their individual and professional aspirations. Improved job satisfaction exerts a protective role on physical health and shields against mental disorder (Barnay, 2014).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|professional job balances better enrol|9.304944|4.7990217|6.2096543
10990|Climate sensitivity values above 5 °C, such as 8 °C or more, cannot be ruled out, which would shift the estimated temperature increases for existing emission levels even higher (Meinshausen et al. The concentration of C02 alone is projected to be around 530 ppm in 2050 and 780 ppm in 2100 (Figure 3.9). The Outlook Baseline scenario suggests that these GHG-concentration levels would lead to an increase in global mean temperature at the middle of the century of 2.0 °C-2.8 °C, and 3.7 °C-5.6 °C at the end of the century (compared to pre-industrial times).|SDG 13 - Climate action|ppm temperature concentration century ruled|1.2094741|2.9563286|1.9846189
10991|Consequently, actual land use plans will be more constrained by regional, metropolitan and common issues and be less about very local issues of any given commune that retains the ultimate responsibility for generating a plan that will become the actual law establishing allowable land uses. With these current legislative changes the government is establishing a system that privileges regional and inter-municipal levels of governance (over individual communes) and prioritises the planning tools at those levels. It is at this level that the private interests of the land owner are confronted with the public interest embodied in zoning restrictions and specific development ordinances.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land establishing actual privileges issues|3.9092908|5.6050615|1.7060429
10992|In the BLUE Map Scenario, these investment needs increase to USD 4.0 trillion. The addition of almost 50% in the BLUE Map Scenario may initially appear huge. Comparing the investment needs for the power sector, however, with India's cumulative gross domestic product (PPP based in 2008 prices) of USD 855 trillion between 2010 and 2050, the total investment needs related to power generation in the Baseline and BLUE Map scenario represent only a range of 0.3 to 0.5% of total cumulative GDP.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|blue map scenario cumulative trillion|1.2395275|2.4259214|2.3369045
10993|Definiciones Instrumentos de Planificacion Territorial IPT” (Definitions of Territorial Planning Instruments TPI), MINVU, Santiago, Chile, uiwui.minvu.cl/ opensite_20070427120550.aspx, accessed 13 September 2012. Jr/Ies-plans-de-prevention-des-risques-naturels-ppr, accessed 23 September 2012. World Cities and Urban Form: Fragmented, Polycentric, Sustainable?, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|minvu accessed september territorial risques|3.9768612|5.5767426|1.7350836
10994|Obviously, in such a world the number of undernourished people may remain high. The results present possible futures but need to be interpreted carefully. This is mainly driven by increased demand as the global population increases by 2 billion within the next half century. An evident price increase is observable for high-protein commodities such as beef and poultry: by 2050, prices increase by 23% and 18%, respectively. These results are driven mainly by an increase in the global middle class and the corresponding demand for more meat and higher-quality food.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|driven increase mainly results demand|3.9410162|5.275918|4.4216657
10995|A number of examples have suggested that new treatment modalities are cost-effective. These disorders usually have less severe and debilitating symptoms than other (for example, psychotic) mental disorders, and this chapter deliberately excludes more severe cases of mental disorders, including the more severe cases of common disorders such as depression and anxiety. Severity of the disorder is determined by the number of and severity of symptoms, the degree of functional impairment, and the duration of symptoms. Mild-to-moderate disorders impede the health, daily functioning, and quality of life of affected individuals, and require appropriate diagnosis, treatment and care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorders symptoms severe severity mental|10.280074|8.84521|1.9200062
10996|Two concluding sections then analyse the implications for the reconfiguration of care relationships within families and the reconfiguration of‘care diamonds’and social reproduction. These three dimensions are not mutually exclusive; indeed, their overlap is what makes care a complex phenomenon. The complexity deepens when we consider that care work may be paid or unpaid, be performed by women or men, and can take place within the household or in institutions such as hospitals, residential care homes, nurseries, day-care centres, social and community work settings, schools, offices and hotels. Care has become a central concern of social policy because of its crucial relationship to production, welfare regimes and social reproduction, as well as its implications for gender equality (Razavi and Hassim 2006).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|care reproduction social implications razavi|8.994417|5.1688504|5.9300737
10997|The teaching workforce of Lithuania, although trained to a bachelor degree level, displays numeracy skills lower than those of other tertiary graduates, and lower than the average level of teachers in OECD member countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (Figure 3.5). Competitive scores used in higher education admissions, which are based upon matura examination scores, show that the minimum score required for entry teacher education programmes is consistently much lower than that required for the most popular and selective field, medicine (Table 3.6). The principal provider of teacher training programmes, the nation’s pedagogical university, has received a limited institutional approval from the nation’s higher education quality assurance body, and debates are underway about the way in which programmes and institutions can best perform initial teacher education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher nation scores education lower|9.47405|1.6168047|2.5261278
10998|An established definition of gender budgeting refers to “a gender-based assessment of budgets, incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality” (Council of Europe, 2009). The nature and quality of these approaches appear quite variable, ranging from a pro forma statement of impacts on gender equality attached to all new policies coming before government, to more structured and systematic “gender impact assessments”. A few countries reported that gender equality is “mainstreamed” in the sense that the responsibility rests with line ministries to advance this agenda within their respective policy domains, and consequently no particular role for the budget process is envisaged as necessary.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender equality rests process mainstreamed|9.693707|3.9330106|7.5967736
10999|The chapter closes with a review of the impact of industrial-nation imports for developing countries using the Poverty Intensity of Imports indicator. The Implications for policy section looks at national and international measures to improve the situation for the poorest people in poor countries. Some believe that greater integration in world trade has been detrimental to the poor in developing countries, while others contend that considerable reductions in global poverty have been made possible by greater participation by developing countries in world markets.|SDG 1 - No poverty|imports developing countries greater poor|5.5201526|4.9288144|4.3074484
11000|Even so, the interlinkages between climate change (and hazards) and multidimensional inequalities have yet to be fully explored. The role of the underlying structural causes of inequalities is also poorly understood. The objective of the present chapter is therefore to bridge these gaps, which will in turn provide the foundation for a discussion centred on the policy challenges related to building resilience to climate hazards.|SDG 13 - Climate action|hazards inequalities interlinkages climate bridge|1.5049542|4.950406|1.9998126
11001|It introduced the Ordinance 22/2008 on energy end-use efficiency and promotion of renewable energy source utilization by the end-consumers based on EU Directive 2006/32/EC on the energy end-use efficiency and energy services, envisaging the establishment of a legal framework for the development and application of the national energy efficiency policy. In its present form the law translates the provisions of the Directive 2009/28/EC into internal legislation. It ensures co-financing of the projects whose direct beneficiaries are the local public administration authorities relating to the following types of investment objectives: rehabilitation and modernization of the district heating systems, thermal rehabilitation of certain public buildings and modernization of interior and exterior public lighting.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy modernization end ec rehabilitation|2.1112633|2.6193132|2.3196073
11002|There may be a difficult trade-off between ensuring that the costs to firms investing in apprenticeships are not too high and ensuring suitable working conditions and quality of training for apprentices. In many emerging economies, specific work schemes and training programmes exist that can complement apprenticeship programmes. They include on the job training programmes in Hirkey, the BECATE programme in Mexico and the Joven programmes in Chile, Argentina and Colombia, which combine education, job training and internships.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training programmes ensuring job hirkey|8.36959|2.8079653|2.8778245
11003|Some 81% of respondents mention oil as one of the most-used energy sources, 77% gas and 36% nuclear energy, followed by coal at 35%. Their high degree of awareness of the energy mix can thus explain why respondents are focused on fuel price volatility: in the case of oil for example, which is the most-used energy source for a majority of Europeans, the signal transmitted by the price of the barrel can be considered as an indicator of consumers’ confidence in the security of energy supply of its country. To explore the possibility of correlation between the security of energy supply concerns and public attitudes towards nuclear energy that have been developed in the first part of this chapter, it is not sufficient to provide a snapshot into the state of public opinion on these issues.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy respondents nuclear oil price|1.0686923|1.8287134|1.8824041
11004|Resolution 1888 (2009) focuses on strengthening leadership, expertise and other institutional capacities within the United Nations and in Member States to help put an end to conflict-related sexual violence. In response to resolution 1888 (2009), the Secretary-General appointed a Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict. Resolution i960 (2010) also calls for the establishment of monitoring, analysis and reporting arrangements specific to conflict-related sexual violence. Resolution 2106 (2013) calls on all Member States and United Nations entities to do more to implement previous mandates, and affirms the centrality of gender equality and women's political, social and economic empowerment to prevent sexual violence in armed conflict and post-conflict situations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|conflict resolution sexual violence calls|10.073108|5.01449|7.5688763
11005|The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMC Climate) manages co-ordination between federal ministries. It is chaired by the BMLFUW and includes working-level representatives from various ministries. Representatives of the main interest groups and the Lander are invited to its meetings on an ad-hoc basis.|SDG 13 - Climate action|representatives ministries bmlfuw chaired invited|1.611525|4.280927|1.381165
11006|Yet, across Europe, the within-couple gap in working hours - the male partner’s hours less the female partner's hours in couples where the male partner works - is generally sizable (Figure 4.8). With German mothers so frequently working less than 30 hours per week and fathers putting in long hours, the within-couple hours gap in Germany is amongst the widest at over 25 hours per week, together with Austria and Switzerland. Gaps are wide, too, in Southern Mediterranean countries, because so many women are inactive.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|hours partner couple week male|9.162265|5.1081214|5.330185
11007|These low levels also apply to the lowest income quintile, where reported unmet need stood at 0.1% compared to 4.1% in the EU (2015). For example the minimum share of costs covered is 90% for urgent interventions and intensive therapy, 80% for specialist surgery, orthodontics and other aids; and 70% for pharmaceuticals on the ‘positive list covered by the HIIS. Children and students up to the age of 26 as well as vulnerable groups are exempted from all co-payments.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|covered therapy exempted surgery stood|8.632638|8.775926|2.1548882
11008|"Data refer to 2000-10 for Estonia and Finland; to 1999-2010 for France; and to 2002-09 for Mexico. Data refer to 1997-2006 for Australia; to 1995-2006 for the Netherlands; to 1995-2005 for the United Kingdom and to 1992-2002 for Germany. For details on the definition of unpaid work and total work see Miranda, V. (2011), “Cooking, Caring and Volunteering: Unpaid Work around the World"", OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|refer unpaid work cooking caring|8.918206|4.787649|5.2914124
11009|This would increase resource requirements for reporting, but would allow Parties and the international community to undertake a variety of assessments and analyses. Disaggregated reporting by Parties (and potentially also by other organisations) on a consistent and comparable basis to the UNFCCC would facilitate transparency, and could also help to fill current reporting gaps, such as reporting on mobilised climate finance. Transparency of climate finance information would be further facilitated if it is communicated in the form of a searchable database or worksheet (e.g. an Excel spreadsheet - as Annex I countries do when communicating annual emissions inventory data) rather than as tables within reports in PDF format as at present. These could include encouraging voluntary reporting (e.g. in Annex I national communications and biennial reports) of items that will become mandatory under the Paiis Agreement (such as developed country reporting on mobilised climate finance).|SDG 13 - Climate action|reporting mobilised finance transparency annex|1.3231107|3.724496|0.72499657
11010|In other countries the latter is often a key sticking point in reform, particularly where there is rural depopulation and when local authorities own hospitals. Clalit, as direct operator of primary care services, shifted towards more clinic-based care more or less directly, while the other funds used a combination of dialogue and financial incentives to persuade independent operators to move to clinic-based systems. The economies of scale in clinic-based services have, for instance, facilitated round-the-clock accessibility and capacities for supporting patients with chronic diseases.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|clinic based care shifted operator|8.9713545|8.801755|1.7267122
11011|Also, the measures that promote continued employment with the same employer, preventing older-worker unemployment, should be strengthened. Moral hazard may also take the form of reduced intensity of job search and willingness to accept job offers. Recent Japanese research has continued to report evidence of significant disincentive effects to job search during the benefit period.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|job search continued disincentive moral|8.069168|5.0003695|4.1698413
11012|While in the short run, these effects on inequality are likely to be dominated by the direct inequality-reducing effect that stems from the income support for the unemployed (see Joumard et al., However, cutting back on benefits may help to reduce the income gap between immigrants and natives as the former appeal- to suffer more from adverse employment effects (Causa and Jean, 2007). At the same time, the impact of product market liberalisation on labour income inequality is uncertain: while higher employment should reduce inequality, ceteris paribus, this may potentially be offset by a wider earnings dispersion.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality income joumard effects paribus|7.2323394|4.906748|4.39136
11013|Inaction on climate change could lead to a continued rise in global temperatures by 2100 ranging from 2.5°C to 7.5°C above pre-industrial levels (IPCC, 2014a). This would increase the severity - and in some cases the frequency - of extreme weather events, with potentially catastrophic consequences for stable economic development, human life and prosperity. Doing nothing could be costly, equating to a permanent loss of over 14% in average world consumption per capita (OECD, 2012). Developing countries stand to be disproportionately affected by unabated climate change, eroding development gains made to date (IPCC, 2014a). Assessments suggest that a sizeable share of development assistance activities might be affected by climate risk, with estimates ranging from 10% to 40% per country depending on the development co-operation portfolio in each country context, when measured as a share of total official development assistance (ODA) (OECD, 2005).|SDG 13 - Climate action|development ipcc ranging climate affected|1.4573021|4.094741|1.5735492
11014|The health of prisoners will therefore have an impact on the general population. Ultimately, the elevated risk of tuberculosis in prisons is likely to affect the burden of tuberculosis on the general population. In high-income countries, it has been estimated that 8.5 per cent (1 in every 11 cases) of tuberculosis in the general population is attributable to exposure in prisons.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tuberculosis prisons general population prisoners|8.43452|9.512241|3.4280891
11015|Such surpluses could then be used to increase demand for rural-non-farm goods and services. Increases in farm-based income are closely linked with increases in non-farm income, such as from vending, petty trading and transport services. Non-farm income is especially pronounced in broad-based smallholder-led agricultural growth, because as local labour is hired, income is typically spent locally (Deichmann et al.,|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|farm income non increases surpluses|4.244181|5.272659|3.759233
11016|Instead of small-sized facilities, investments would need to be directed into an environmentally friendly large scale MRF which has a higher capacity to process waste for a given number of barangays. Consolidating the MRFs produces value for money and helps introduce technological innovation and efficiency which is not viable on small scales. Though this could temporarily create job losses for some workers in this area, these people can be shifted to other associated areas where opportunities would be created in material collection, processing and manufacturing.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|consolidating small temporarily shifted produces|0.43554217|4.091086|3.1329632
11017|"The objective of the Act is furthermore to counteract direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of gender."" ( Statistics Greenland recently published a study on incomes in 2013 (Statistics Greenland 2014). The overall difference, roughly one third in men's favour, not only reflects gender differences but also differences in education and position in the different hierarchies as well as the fact that men are overrepresented in age groups characterized by higher incomes."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|greenland incomes statistics differences counteract|9.451268|4.512645|6.837412
11018|In this way, a more exact picture of the developments is formed and the search for explanations is more focused. A past decrease in crashes is no guarantee that crashes will decrease in the future. Only if there is a better understanding of the reasons for the decrease will it be possible to formulate expectations about future developments. There are indicators for (unsafe) traffic behaviour (e.g. speeding, driving while intoxicated), the safety quality of vehicles (e.g. NCAP stars), the safety of roads (e.g. International Road Assessment Program [IRAP] stars) and the quality of the trauma system (e.g. arrival times of ambulances). Analysts can consider to what extent the execution of policies has influenced the SPIs and to what extent a change in SPI has led to a change in the number of casualties.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|decrease crashes developments safety extent|4.2317543|5.23123|-0.050388385
11019|In 2013, CPI tracked USD 10 billion in climate finance flows between non-OECD countries (Buchner et al., In 2014, eight non-Annex I countries provided development co-operation funding of more than USD 500 million, led by Saudi Arabia and the UAE; for most countries, it is not clear what share of these resources is being used for climate purposes.17 Given their importance, having more clarity on these flows would allow for a better overview of where and how support is being provided. Some developing countries are starting to report on financial support provided for development purposes more systematically, via bilateral or multilateral flows, for example in publicly-available government documents (e.g. Brazil, Mexico) or through reporting to the OECD DAC (e.g. Korea, UAE).18 In 2014, the OECD estimated the development co-operation flows of the seven non-DAC and non-OECD developing countries that do report to the DAC at USD 19.4 billion.|SDG 13 - Climate action|flows dac uae non usd|1.6429468|4.0072236|0.8546244
11020|Estimations of equations 2-5 confirm the indirect links between the level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions and income. Table 5 shows a strong negative and significant relationship between the SIGI and both total factor productivity, labour force and human capital, whatever the specification used (Annexes E, F and G present the full regression results). The SIGI coefficients remain significantly negative while introducing additional control variables, controlling for potential endogeneity and performing robustness checks.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sigi negative annexes endogeneity equations|9.201953|4.5880218|6.7566495
11021|In addressing this policy challenge, OER can work against “silos of knowledge” (Plotkin, 2010:5), regardless of whether these stem from differences between educational institutions, countries, or formal, informal and non-formal learning settings. In each case, the sharing of resources made possible by OER is most valuable when the resources are released as full OER that allow not only reuse but also remixing and repurposing.|SDG 4 - Quality education|oer formal silos reuse resources|8.754057|1.7849083|2.042691
11022|In Colombia, the Subsidized Compulsory Health Plan (POSS) for older persons enables all those aged 45 and over to undergo a complete medical examination and laboratory tests every five years to detect preventable diseases in good time. Although these packages are not the solution for the major diseases, they are undoubtedly examples that can be replicated and extended to countries that still have a long way to go in upholding the universal right to health. According to WHO (2003), it is therefore vital to reinforce health systems and establish priorities for developing health systems if such gaps are to be addressed. Diagnosis and treatment of medical and surgical emergencies (max.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health diseases medical detect surgical|8.683223|8.732806|2.5862126
11023|Similarly, pollution charges are explicitly included in the wastewater bill in the Handers and Brussels regions in Belgium, in Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Portugal and Spain. Other taxes are levied in Denmark, France and Spain. Different economic signals are sent to both consumers and producers: VAT and other taxes can affect final demand and the affordability of services, but do not contribute to cost recovery. This information is not comprehensive, as tariff structures are often decided at local the level and are not consistent within a country; other structures could be found in countries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|spain structures denmark taxes france|1.7020571|7.5909925|2.2721431
11024|Elements which are common to these three standards are identified as a “Common Core”. The value of the Common Core is to assist program authors to exchange declarative applications internationally using these standards. To allow the possibility of interaction between different interactive platforms, a common instruction set (see Recommendation ITU-R BT.1722-2 [10.14]) and a common application environment for digital interactive television services consisting of basic architecture of the environment, structure of execution engine and the structure of a presentation engine (see Recommendation ITU-R BT.1889 [10.15]) are additionally defined.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|common bt interactive engine itu|9.314594|1.349437|1.8398663
11025|Indeed, allocating water risks between residential, agricultural, industrial and environmental uses raises a significant political economy question. Taking a broader view on interconnected and sometimes conflicting policy objectives, such as tensions between food security (and the willingness to secure domestic production) and water productivity (and the allocation of water to activities which add more value), trade-off choices can be improved. This requires a coherent approach between water policies (as described above) and other (sectoral, environmental) policies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water environmental interconnected conflicting allocating|1.3074561|7.2176247|2.4321628
11026|The integration and balance of these uses and users requires a watershed approach. The city has the largest unfiltered water supply system in the world, and its reservoir system extends nearly 200 kilometres north of the city limits, within the Catskill/Delaware and Croton watersheds, supplying water to the 8 million residents of the city. The city has a Department of Environmental Protection, which administers a comprehensive watershed programme, including protective (or pro-active) and corrective (or reactive) measures. For example, the city has invested more than USD 300 million to buy upstate land around the reservoirs, in order to improve source water quality and eliminate the need for building expensive water quality treatment plants.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|city watershed water million reactive|1.30622|7.282137|2.2649937
11027|This multi-actor complexity means taking into account the different perceptions with respect to the problems, interests and positions of the stakeholders, which can be addressed by involving stakeholders across the water chain, related sectors and levels of government in an iterative dialogue process. The adoption of effective policy instruments could also help to remedy this challenge. The water cycle generates important externalities in domains that are critical for development: health, agriculture, land-use and spatial planning, poverty alleviation and energy. Policy making in these areas tends to be done in silos; further improvement, therefore, is often needed to ensure coherent, holistic and integrated consultation, participation and co-ordination of stakeholders.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|stakeholders silos remedy iterative actor|1.1588886|6.901299|1.4917433
11028|Helping girls and boys to develop the habit of reading for pleasure pays dividends throughout students’ school years and far beyond. Yet many boys do not read for enjoyment and are poor readers. Some of these initiatives aim to improve reading skills by challenging and encouraging students to read more, while others focus on raising awareness of the benefits of reading among parents and encouraging them to participate in reading activities with their children.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reading read boys encouraging readers|9.7424345|2.2028766|3.0161774
11029|The vegetation density on planted areas is some 625 trees per ha. In the valleys of the Kopetdag Mountains, for instance, specially planted oaks can be found, which are 100 years old (and more), and there is also evidence that oriental plane, mulberry, walnut and other trees were planted. It was in 1968 that planned and systematic work aimed at creating artificial (human-made) plantations really began on a full scale. These efforts involved planting trees in mountain areas, in the desert and on irrigated land specially created within the confines of the territory owned by the State forestry authorities.|SDG 15 - Life on land|planted trees specially valleys desert|1.4003456|4.7064447|3.89492
11030|In the State of Mexico, the Ministry of Communications (through the department in charge of roads) always issues an opinion on the feasibility of incorporating road and pedestrian flows generated by developments in the existing road infrastructure. A positive opinion is required for the State Commission of Urban Development and Housing (which includes representatives of various ministries including the Ministry of Communications) to issue a proof of viability. This document is needed in turn for the Ministry of Urban and Metropolitan Development to grant construction authorisations.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ministry opinion communications road urban|4.0491233|5.3685083|1.1098561
11031|Climate risks can be unintentionally imported or exported across countries, for instance through international business supply chains and trade (Dellink et al., As an example, the 2011/2012 US drought contributed to an increase in the price of soya, causing up to an estimated 25% of UK pig farmers leaving the industry by the end of 2012 (Benton, 2012 in CCC, 2017). Mindful of the transnational nature of flood risks across the Lower Mekong Basin, the Mekong River Commission promotes co-ordinated management between Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam. The Commission is looking to harmonise climate change adaptation planning and implementation through the development of a climate strategy, which would be integrated to the Commission’s monitoring and evaluation framework (Mekong River Commission, 2016).|SDG 13 - Climate action|mekong commission climate river risks|1.3219631|4.876609|1.6545414
11032|This defines the stability dimension of food security that is the focus of this report. Policies in place need to be capable of managing of potential risky scenarios that threaten food security due to various alternative causes, whilst also being compatible with a policy environment that stimulates income growth and that reduces food insecurity across all scenarios including those where there is no particular shock. Therefore, several indicators have been developed to measure different aspects of food insecurity (OECD, 2013 a), most of which are based on estimates of the share of the population that is under a given threshold of a relevant variable, such as calorie consumption, food expenditure or anthropometric measures indicating child malnutrition. According to Sibrian (2009), the most appropriate variables to measure food insecurity include dietary energy consumption (i.e. food consumption measured in energy units, e.g. kcal) to measure food deprivation, expenditure or income available to meet dietary energy needs to estimate food poverty, and weight- or height-for-age to quantify child under-nutrition.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food insecurity measure dietary consumption|4.435701|5.681149|4.676448
11033|The central bank is also looking to lower the reserve requirement ratio further in line with the reductions in March and June 2018. The capacity to meet the infrastructure plan while limiting associated fiscal risks remains a prominent near-term challenge. Concrete policies for continuing to develop regions outside Metro Manila, particularly in agriculture-dependent areas (Box 1.2), are crucial to spreading economic opportunities and managing population concentration and activities in the coming years.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|manila spreading reserve prominent metro|3.3896434|5.084285|1.6559298
11034|Motor vehicle speed management and speed control will play a central role in achieving a safe overall environment. This gap in the regulation of the industry should be closed as quickly as possible. Mandatory driving ability tests for bus drivers are being discussed. Again, these deliberations should be concluded as quickly as possible and regulation introduced. Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. Studie im Auftrag der MA 18 Stadtentwicklung und Stadtplanung, Endbericht, Municipality of Vienna.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|quickly speed regulation possible und|4.322537|5.132938|0.027630227
11035|Mental health concerns are also included in some of the work across other part of ministries (beyond the Mental Health and Welfare Division), for example in employment policy attention is paid to mental health concerns in areas such as supportive employment and return to work, and in education. This legal framework is one of the central government’s two key tools to enact change in line with policy direction. Through this Act, which is discussed in detail in Chapter 1, the MHLW indicates the national policy direction and secures funding required.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental direction concerns health policy|10.342292|8.933789|1.7179918
11036|Such a leadership system appears to provide a supportive framework for professional accountability in which teachers feel more accountable to one another for their performance, unlike the United States form of administrative accountability, in which teachers are made accountable to the principal and others in supervisory positions. This differs from the United States where, for example, a teacher can apply to train as a principal or school head, and then apply for a position in a school. In Singapore, young teachers are continuously assessed for their leadership potential and given opportunities to demonstrate and learn by, for example, serving on committees, then being promoted to head of department at a relatively young age. Some are transferred to the ministry for a period.|SDG 4 - Quality education|accountable teachers head principal accountability|9.856513|1.3786944|1.8100753
11037|Indeed, the novelty of the technologies considered and the probable fluctuations in renewable energy supply (including dependence of generation on weather, seasons and time of day) have specific implications for managing project risk and accurately assessing market capacity. Table 6.1 lists the different risks faced by clean energy infrastructure projects, and Table 6.2 illustrates how different modes of allocating these risks can best be suited to various forms of PPP projects. The level of risk will depend on the maturity of the technology and the track record of the technology provider.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|risks technology table probable novelty|2.0443096|2.2111886|1.7939115
11038|Gangwong is a top performer in safety and access to services compared to other selected OECD TL2 regions (Figure 1.13). Approximately 97.2% of the region’s households had a broadband connection. Moreover, the region had about 4.5 percentage points lower unemployment rate than the average of selected OECD TL2 regions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|selected regions region broadband oecd|4.783095|3.015487|1.305632
11039|Population peaks in 2070, GDP growth is moderate, and inequality declines steadily, GDP shares of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia rise significantly. Rapid population growth, moderate economic growth and slow technological change in the energy sector. High inequality leads to reduced trade flows, leaving many parts of the world vulnerable, and with low adaptive capacity. Rapid development of low carbon energy technologies in key GHG emitting regions leads to relatively large mitigative capacity, but in other regions development is slow, inequality high, and adaptive capacity limited.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptive inequality moderate slow leads|1.6334065|2.816042|2.5056045
11040|For instance, male wages may contribute to growing overall inequality because they become more dispersed, while the composition effect, e.g. increased participation in part-time/part-year jobs, may be the main channel through which women affect overall inequality. To test this hypothesis, this section applies an analysis that decomposes earnings inequality (measured by the Theil coefficient) by subgroup (between men and women from four different employment groups, i.e. full-time full year, full-time part-year, part-time full year and part-time part year). In Australia, Canada and the United States, the increase in wage dispersion within the groups was even large enough to outweigh a significant negative (i.e. equalising) effect of the between-group component. In most countries increases were primarily driven by growing wage dispersion among full-time full-year (FTFY) workers, both male and female (except in the Netherlands where this concerned only men).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|year time dispersion inequality male|7.4260993|4.6736255|4.68412
11041|In Germany, the national average skills level of adults (16-64 year-olds) is below the average for literacy among countries participating in the 2012 Survey of Adult Skills and above the average for numeracy. Young adults (16-24 year-olds) have, on average, higher skills proficiency levels than 25-64 year-olds in Germany, and their skills levels are at or above the average of their peers in other participating countries. Germany’s unemployment rates are among the lowest across OECD countries (5.7% of 25-64 year-olds in 2011, compared to the OECD average of 7.1%), and Germany is the only OECD country where unemployment rates fell between 2008 and 2011 (in March 2013, unemployment was 5.4%, compared to the OECD average of 7.9%). Young people are well integrated in the labour market, and only 11 % of 15-29 year-olds were not in education and not employed in 2011 (compared to the OECD average of 15.8%) (Figure 4).|SDG 4 - Quality education|olds average germany year skills|8.748888|3.0894039|3.3764544
11042|In fact, oceans are essential in providing invaluable ecosystems and climate regulation, as well as important cultural support to the millions of people who live near the sea. Today, our oceans are threatened by a range of factors, from many forms of pollution to climate change and unsustainable fishing practices, all of which are results of human activity. This is why the international community, in approving the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically established SDG 14, charging us to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”. This is essential for sustainability, and there is a lot to be done.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oceans essential invaluable approving sustainable|0.056083918|5.582222|6.047729
11043|In advanced economies, such systems are usually linked to unemployment benefits. Without a link to benefit collection, which exists in only three countries in the sample, it is difficult to ensure widespread participation in a particular government information system. However, they generally focus on the most easily placed unemployed and concentrate on metropolitan areas, ignoring the other parts of the country (Angel-Urdinola et al., In this sample in only one country are more than 50% of the young registered. Young people with expectations of a lifetime job in the public sector will spend much time looking for such a job even if their chance of obtaining one is very small. Employers everywhere prefer candidates with experience over those without it.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sample job young angel ignoring|8.067643|4.4661665|3.952145
11044|Developing a primary care nurse role or care co-ordinator role can not only help manage the increasing demands for health care, but it is also an essential step to help reduce dependency on the hospital sector and increase care co-ordination and integration. The introduction of new roles for nurses or other allied health professionals will require an enabling legislative and regulatory framew ork, and often needs to overcome opposition from medical professionals. Care managers carry primary responsibility for ensuring the coordination of care for elderly individuals with complex needs, and are a first point of contact for such patients and their families.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care professionals ordinator primary allied|9.356728|8.842927|1.6826029
11045|Additionally, training and awareness-raising with business leaders could also be useful in promoting a wider understanding and recognition of the importance of RBC. Educational institutions such as business schools can be important platforms. Adoption of the Guidelines and the UN Guiding Principles should be actively encouraged, as promoting local capacity and adopting practices that permit the transfer and rapid diffusion of technologies and know-how is encouraged under the Guidelines.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|encouraged guidelines promoting business guiding|8.076544|2.4062047|2.2723806
11046|The invocation of individual and inclusive rights is more likely to have a desecuritizing impact, while the claim of exclusive rights for one group may result in further violation of human rights. The individual/collective and inclusive/exclusive dimensions of rights formulation are very important to gender, in peacetime3 as well as in war. This definition points to an interdependency of the individual/collective levels, as the claims of human rights of “women” hinge upon individual rights as well as on a collective identity. In the context of war, collective women’s rights claims, especially when invoked exclusively, can have securitizing impacts by reifying gender identities and playing into ethno-political strategies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights collective individual claims exclusive|10.02765|4.8673267|7.467661
11047|The proposed revision of the Federal Law on Epidemics offers an opportunity to better define clear lines of accountability and improve international linkages. This would help Switzerland respond more rapidly and effectively to future challenges. With an incomplete picture of how health risks vary across the population, it is difficult for governments and health providers to target policy.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|epidemics incomplete revision health picture|8.59837|9.082862|2.7298877
11048|Around 7.5 million Mexico City residents live below' the poverty line. A high percentage of young women have no check-up during their pregnancy. Elderly people and disabled people cannot access health services because they are unable to go to the hospital or health centre. As part of this programme, the city sends physicians directly to the home of residents so that they can conduct check-ups and deliver prescriptions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|check residents city sends prescriptions|8.608081|8.575853|2.4469068
11049|To increase access of the poor to credit would require the implementation of a long list of arcane, technical fixes to the system. Although promoting institutions that make microloans would constitute one step, to date these institutions account for not even 1 per cent of the credits provided by commercial banks in Latin America. As argued in United Nations (2006a), expansion of microcredit schemes critically depends on development of broader networks of institutions, including credit unions, savings banks, development banks and special lending windows of commercial banks.|SDG 1 - No poverty|banks institutions credit commercial microcredit|8.322278|3.3257437|6.213088
11050|Health centres commonly have General Practitioner (GP)-run inpatient units, largely for chronic and long-term care patients. Tertiary care is delivered in five university hospitals. Patients need a referral to access specialist care, except for emergency cases. Emergency care is provided 24 hours a day/7 days a week by health centres and hospitals, while changes are being implemented to concentrate a wide scope of emergency care in 12 major hospitals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care hospitals emergency patients centres|9.236217|8.867267|1.6584114
11051|It first looks at the role of the overall investment climate in promoting agricultural investment. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to ensure that environmental costs and benefits are appropriately included in incentives to invest in agriculture in order to promote sustainability and socially beneficial outcomes. Less has been given to how important these factors are for investment in agriculture.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|investment agriculture appropriately socially looks|3.5416226|5.1504555|3.532698
11052|Do rent controls and other aspects of tenancy law strike a balance between landlords’ and tenants’ interests? National and local policies to decrease the level of spatial segregation have been developed in many countries. The effectiveness and the unintended consequences of these programmes, as well as their integration with social elements, are important for social policy makers and should be further explored. More data and knowledge are needed to estimate the affordable housing deficit and enable better policy planning.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|landlords strike tenants unintended explored|4.884667|5.6570015|2.1463506
11053|This suggests that paying providers based on the number of activities being undertaken gives a strong incentive to hospitals to extend patient stays. In addition, the provision of long-term care in hospitals also increases the average length of stay (Jones, 2010). As a result, primary care providers have a financial incentive to become mini-hospitals that provide surgical procedures, often when not appropriate or safe.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospitals incentive providers surgical mini|8.834139|8.884036|1.7629628
11054|Online communities blur the lines between consumers and producers, making consumers part of the co-production process.22 YouTube and Facebook are filled with user-generated-content. New business projects now involve consumers in product design, production and delivery. Open-source coding communities cooperate in creating algorithms for various businesses.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|consumers communities facebook algorithms coding|4.9747424|3.1238265|2.2542937
11055|These are often not managed properly, with inadequate maintenance of equipment and no specific water protection zones. Since small systems are not controlled regularly, quality data are sparse. Where information is available, it shows that these systems have frequently been affected by faecal contamination, particularly in western and southern Slovenia (i.e. Koper, Nova Gorica and Novo Mesto).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|nova sparse systems contamination properly|1.3219163|6.93709|2.614029
11056|While initially focusing on the CRGE’s primary environmental aim of cutting back GHG emissions, an effective green growth strategy will also need to make far better use of natural assets within ecological limits. Green growth is also about understanding, developing, investing in and earning more from Ethiopia’s soils, water bodies, forests and biodiversity - and then accounting for changes in environmental stocks and flows. Green growth will also need to tackle the possible, if unintended, environmental and social problems and trade-offs that might arise from a focus on GHG reduction.|SDG 13 - Climate action|green environmental ghg growth crge|1.9648068|4.311232|2.3115692
11057|As an illustration, the triangles show that Portugal and the United States achieve broadly the same reduction in inequality through transfers, both being below the OECD average. The bars show that, in the United States, the limited reduction in inequality is due to the small size of transfers (compared with the OECD average) whereas in Portugal it is attributable to their low progressivity (compared with the OECD average). Data for France and Ireland refer to the mid-2000s.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|portugal average transfers oecd inequality|6.8621597|5.064519|4.524842
11058|This constitutes a real problem of inequitable access; more deprived socioeconomic groups, and more deprived states, can expect to have access to much more limited services. High out-of-pocket payments, which make up a quite significant proportion of health spending, risk being a significant financial burden for Mexican citizens, especially those least able to pay. Later codifications, such as the 1984 General Health Law, draw' on this constitutional provision. The Ministry of Health and Assistance (Secretaria de Salubridady Asistencia, SSA) w'as formally established in 1943, by merging the Ministry of Public Assistance and the Public Health Department with a mandate to extend coverage to the poor and to set overall public health policy.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health deprived assistance public ministry|8.576272|8.72015|2.3311074
11059|Furthermore, a higher share of students in Chile, compared to the OECD average, did not reach the baseline level of proficiency that is required to engage with science according to PISA test measures. Chile was also one of the countries participating in PISA 2015 where the socio-economic background of students most influenced performance. Socio-economic status explained 17% of the variance of Chilean students’ science performance on PISA 2015, which was higher than the OECD average of 13%.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pisa students science chile socio|9.762796|2.1612225|3.0818691
11060|Scandinavian Journal of Economics 110, pp. The purpose of this indicator is to assess the prevalence of extra paid rights for care responsibilities in order to facilitate the reconciliation between care responsibilities and work. Care leave should be included regardless of whether the employer continues to pay the wage or salary, whether (parts of) the wage or salary paid as a social benefit or whether the care leave is unpaid (see recommended breakdowns).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|care salary leave responsibilities wage|8.256578|4.8254247|4.613588
11061|Safety refers to the degree of physical and emotional security in the school, and to an orderly disciplinary climate (Goldstein, Young and Boyd, 2008[89i; Gregory, Cornell and Fan, 2012[90i; Wang and Degol, 2016, p. 3[87j). Institutional reflects the organisational and structural features of the school environment associated with effective teaching and learning (Thapa etal., School climate: A review of the construct, measurement, and impact on student outcomes”, Educational Psychology Review, Vol.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school review orderly psychology wang|9.809214|2.0259218|2.030228
11062|As fleet capacity adjustment programmes are implemented in OECD countries, the need for access arrangements should diminish over time. By the same token, as developing countries’ capacity to fish and process fish domestically is augmented, they may find it more appropriate and wealth-creating to fish, process and trade fish themselves, rather than selling access. This is clearly a trade-off that resource rich countries need to address in light of how best to use their fisheries resources.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish token augmented trade process|-0.013268028|5.663102|6.8366737
11063|According to Charbit and Romano (2017[i7j), the CPERs fall under the category of “empowerment contracts”. Empowerment contracts are tools for transferring responsibilities to subnational governments while gradually building capacities for policy implementation. It is also the intention of these types of contracts that sub-national authorities acquire in the middle-long run the necessary capacities to develop their own strategies and co-ordinate with lower levels of government (e.g. municipalities) or private actors. Central governments can include incentives as conditions for signing the contracts, such as partnering with private actors, involving neighbour local governments or adopting specific regulations, among others.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|contracts governments empowerment capacities actors|3.3598814|5.494063|1.6773889
11064|The fact that countries like China and India use more coal is not because they prefer it, but because of their abundant supplies of coal and its relatively lower price compared with its more environmentally friendly substitutes. Thus, while some countries or regional agreements (e.g. North American Free Trade Agreement) may have a negative list on services or on investments in certain technologies which are restricted, it is most unlikely that countries will broadly agree on a list of goods that need to be banned. Moreover, arguably, for the purpose of meeting a climate change mitigation objective, any likely ban or restriction would tend to be on goods that emit high levels of GFIGs. This will face resistance from countries that object to the use of trade restrictions based on process and production methods (PPMs), partly because it is difficult for customs officials to distinguish between high and low GHG-emitting products.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|coal list goods countries emit|1.473717|3.0073848|2.0853975
11065|In the short run, while the current structure of the power generation mix remains in place, all dispatchable technologies, nuclear, coal and gas will suffer due to lower average electricity prices and reduced load factors. Due to their relatively low variable costs, however, existing nuclear power plants will do relatively better than gas and coal plants, which are already suffering substantially. Final outcomes will depend on the amount of variable renewables being introduced, local circumstances and, of course, the level of carbon prices. One needs to remember that while nuclear power has some system costs of its own, it remains the only major dispatchable low-carbon source of electricity that is not limited in supply.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear dispatchable power coal variable|1.3345957|1.8931842|1.8107069
11066|Indian companies do not currently cover the entire PV value chain from silicon supply, through ingot and waver production to cell and module manufacturing. They focus on the more labour-intensive and less technologyintensive part of cell and module production. Therefore, India's PV industry depends largely on the import of silicon wavers as input for its PV cell production.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cell pv silicon module production|1.2939099|1.9014738|2.2063837
11067|According to the Enuironmental Outlook Baseline, this will probably have to be achieved with less water, mainly because of pressure from growing urbanisation, industrialisation and possibly climate change. The directive has a number of objectives. The key ones are general protection of aquatic ecology, specific protection of unique and valuable habitats, protection of drinking water resources, and protection of bathing water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|protection water bathing ecology industrialisation|0.98560673|6.946404|2.092981
11068|Almost 30 per cent of arthropods and nearly 60 per cent of molluscs are thought to be endemic. Species conservation measures are restricted by establishment and management of protected areas and few rehabilitation centres (e.g. the ex-situ measure), mostly associated with the protected areas (see section 8.3). The only' exception is Ovis ammon: a national programme was developed and adopted for this species’ conservation in 2004.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected conservation species molluscs situ|1.5445689|5.159475|4.0496845
11069|However, it also operates in EU waters, notably under agreements with Spain (on trawling, long-line and seine-net fishing) which involve about 60 vessels, or under border agreements. In Norwegian waters, Portugal’s distant-water fleet operates under the reciprocal fishing arrangements agreed in 1980, but observes the fishing quotas (for cod and redfish) fixed by Norway in the context of the European Economic Area. Thus, in 2010 nine more vessels, with a total tonnage of 1180 GT and total engine power of 3 334 kW, were withdrawn. 424-A/2008 of 13 June 2008 and No.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing operates vessels waters agreements|-0.035041478|5.8050346|6.9711204
11070|Other events that could disrupt delivery of imported surface water include a breach in the levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in northern California and extreme droughts. Extreme droughts would also limit the capture and reuse of local runoff and could impair the quality of imported water. The USGS used a groundwater simulation model to generate response functions representing the basin-wide hydraulic impacts of different scenarios of disruptions and utilisation of groundwater during emergencies. These response functions were coupled with cost coefficients, a discount rate, and a probabilistic representation of the likely additional groundwater use to estimate the emergency benefits of groundwater management strategies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater droughts imported functions extreme|1.0163176|7.3773003|2.7789416
11071|However, the waste reception area is still under development as part of the Sharra II project. Under development are landfills in Rreshen and Bajram Cuiri. Feasibility studies have been prepared for sites in Kor9a, Saranda and Vlora. These are co-financed by international donors and the Government of Albania.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|landfills albania feasibility sites financed|0.38417986|4.1004376|3.1729708
11072|Both aggregate national estimates and individual-level survey data show that trends over time in overall alcohol consumption remained virtually stable over the past 20 years. However, the same is not true for all population sub-groups. In particular, higher-risk drinking behaviours were found to be on the increase in young adults, especially women, in several countries examined. Evidence from Finland shows that the rise in drinking among adolescents can be explained with an increased alcohol availability and an increase in money available to young people for their leisure time activities, including alcohol consumption (e.g. Finland, as discussed by Rahkonen and Ahlstrom, 1989). In addition, alcohol products have become more affordable in many countries, and this is notably true for younger consumers (Rabinovich et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol true drinking finland young|9.299033|9.687929|3.5586586
11073|Investment in the highly mechanised sugarcane plantations is expected to increase during the outlook period, leading to marginal yield improvements which nonetheless, do not reach previous peaks. Similarly, oilseed yields are not expected to improve substantially in the course of the next ten years. In contrast, productivity gains in cereals - coarse grains, wheat and rice - increase substantially, while cotton yields increase more moderately (Figure 2.7). Currently, Brazil is the second largest producer behind the United States but during the outlook period, the difference is expected to narrow as soybean production in Brazil will continue to expand.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|expected outlook yields substantially increase|3.7102008|5.036651|4.0784445
11074|Concerns may also arise related to differences in the level of assistance provided by UB and SA, and the extent to which households need to “fall into poverty” before becoming eligible for social assistance. The generosity of SA is assessed separately for single persons with and without children. From the figure, it is clear that benefits are often quite low compared with commonly-used definitions of relative poverty, especially when housing-related benefits are not included. Typically, the level of social assistance is lower for single individuals than for single parents.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|single assistance sa ub generosity|7.3543053|5.81997|4.5059805
11075|The main problems are organic matter concentration and microbiological levels due to untreated municipal loads. Nutrients are also a problem. However, annual average values vary from river to river and from year to year without a clear trend and without a cause-effect relationship from agriculture or urban pressures.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river untreated loads year nutrients|0.9381688|6.765681|2.8784778
11076|Because individual teachers and schools are given a lot of freedom and resources to a larger extent follow needs, teachers are also made responsible to reach this goal. This responsibility is reinforced by peer pressure within schools. The special teacher is tasked with early identification and intervention, helped by a multi-professional care group consisting of the principal, the special teacher, the school nurse, the school psychologist, a social worker and the class teacher.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher special teachers schools tasked|10.127859|2.312748|2.0429723
11077|The teacher census provides a range of high quality data but there is no information on teachers’ linguistic background. The Pasifika Group within the Ministry of Education also noted that the basic information on students’ first languages and their level of proficiency in their first language was inadequate. They acknowledged the need for enhanced research in the area of bilingual learning. Considering the importance of the language in education, it is unfortunate that such important data are not gathered nationally.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language bilingual linguistic gathered languages|10.091922|2.5918202|2.554741
11078|Under PROMAR, up until the end of 2009, EUR 25 million had been allocated to support total investment of around EUR 59 million in facilities for preparing and conserving fresh and chilled fish. 719-B/2008 of 31 July approved the regulations for the regime to support investment for the development of new markets and promotional campaigns. The projects associated with this regime are concerned with different ways of advertising and promoting fisheries and aquaculture products, quality accreditation, fact-finding missions and regional, national or crossborder trade missions, and market studies.|SDG 14 - Life below water|missions regime eur promotional million|0.28849307|5.9123945|6.702776
11079|Mexico has also progressed towards an education and training system that is more relevant to the labour market. Despite this progress, the country still faces major challenges. To make headway on its path of educational improvement, Mexico's system-level policies should maintain their focus on improving the educational success of students from diverse backgrounds and delivering quality education across all types of schools, including upper-secondary and vocational education and training institutions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|mexico education educational progressed training|9.89702|1.9881073|2.2658908
11080|Some will move for sheer survival, others as part of a family strategy to maximize household incomes. Equally, not all migration arising from environmental change effects will be long term. Natural disasters tend to generate temporary movements if the affected area is still habitable, while slow-onset processes may lead to long-term or permanent migration. In making a case for migration capacity-building in response to future challenges arising from the effects of environmental change, the need for policymakers to be able to justify their priorities is evident in this report.|SDG 13 - Climate action|migration arising effects sheer term|1.6038965|5.1478686|1.9206318
11081|An exception is the area of labour regulation where Olney (2013) and Davies and Vadlamannati (2013) find that reductions of labour standards in one country can trigger similar changes in countries nearby. Consequently, weakening privacy and personal data protection in one country to gain competitiveness in digital sectors may lead other countries to follow suit. A mechanism behind the Porter hypothesis could be selection effects whereby regulation shifts resources to the most innovative and productive firms by driving less productive firms out of the market (Qiu et al., While empirical evidence in this area is inconclusive (Ambec et al.,|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|productive regulation firms porter area|4.8228183|3.489322|2.7575676
11082|This simple yet insightful approach consists of a fish population dynamics model as the biological component and a market model for catch as the economic component, with a production model of fishing effort bringing the two together. The response of the fish stock to human activities and the subsequent economic performance of the fishery can be examined through simulations with the bio-economic model of the fishery.|SDG 14 - Life below water|model fishery component fish economic|-0.10785223|5.9552073|6.6145797
11083|Programmes specifically designed to raise social and emotional skills in schools have shown positive results in the short term but there are rarely long-term rigorous evaluations. The few available ones, mainly aimed at disadvantaged children, have shown long-lasting effects on social and emotional skills development. Successful early childhood intervention programmes directly involve children and parents, and tend to include parental training, counselling sessions and mentoring.|SDG 4 - Quality education|emotional shown skills term long|9.310592|2.6527202|2.136331
11084|Labour market policy settings also appear to influence how strongly participation rates are reduced by recessions. The estimation results indicate larger medium-run declines in participation in countries where employment protection regulation is relatively strict or the generosity of unemployment benefits drops off sharply with the duration of unemployment. For further details, see OECD (2010e).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment participation generosity recessions drops|7.6621375|4.5651755|4.2021694
11085|At the local level, the collection and reporting of attendance information can help ensure that all important actors -notably the school administration and the municipal social services - quickly become aware of attendance problems as they arise. The regular reporting of attendance information to the responsible education authorities at the national level can moreover ensure that teachers, schools and municipalities take non-attendance seriously. It is managed and supervised by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), which is an independent public body. This information is particularly important for youth belonging to disadvantaged groups. The resulting transparency of outcomes helps parents make educational choices and creates a sound basis for schools and communities to improve their performances.|SDG 4 - Quality education|attendance reporting information schools performances|9.639266|2.0004303|1.8478422
11086|Hence, ecological distinctions among the zones are somewhat blurred across the transitions. The abundance and biomass of organisms generally varies among these layers from a maximum near the surface, decreasing through the lower layers, but increasing somewhat near the seabed. Although abundances are low, because there is such a huge volume, even species that are rarely encountered may have very large total populations.|SDG 14 - Life below water|layers somewhat near distinctions seabed|0.057121415|5.966579|5.9323583
11087|Gender wage inequality may also improve the balance of payments, reducing the need to rely on currency devaluation as a means to improving competitiveness, resulting in a “feminization of foreign exchange earnings” (Samarasinghe, 1998; Seguino, 2010). However, that gender inequality may, in some circumstances, contribute to aggregate growth, underscores one of the potential pitfalls of relying solely on economic efficiency arguments to promote gender equality. Early studies found a positive correlation between growth and a variety of measures of women’s w'ell-being and gender equality, including those relating to education, life expectancy, the United Nation’s Gender Development Index, female labour force participation, employment segregation and the gender wage gap.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender wage equality inequality seguino|9.087724|4.442427|6.0263352
11088|This tends to dilute responsibility for tariff-making, and does not contribute to well-balanced relations between private operators and municipal, regional or federal authorities. To address the issue, recently the decision was taken to transfer responsibility for tariff setting from local level to subjects of the federation, except for big municipalities. As of 2008, private operators delivered water supply and sanitation services to 20.5% of residents of these countries, which is considerably higher than the world average (it is estimated that private operators serve about 10% of the world population).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|operators tariff private responsibility world|1.5582321|7.429783|2.1348429
11089|Furthermore, human-induced forest fires are also common in the GMS during the dry period. Typical reasons behind these fires are land clearing, hunting, swidden agriculture, pest removal, promoting grass growth for cattle grazing burning stubble, honey collection and accidental burning. Among the indirect drivers, population growth, socio-economic progress and weak governance are the main causes of forest loss.|SDG 15 - Life on land|burning fires forest gms grass|1.2878958|4.7421374|3.7417054
11090|More recently, it was developed in a series of studies undertaken for UNCTAD (Cottier, 2006a; and Cottier and Baracol-Pinhao, 2008). In the first instance, members would have to do some scoping. They may opt to implement the entire range of activities and sectors under the Kyoto Protocol, including electricity generation, transport and industrial processes, or they may agree on a particular sector to be taken as an initial target, e.g. electricity generation. For instance, renewable energy obligations for electricity imposed on grid operators and retailers constitute commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and may be specified in their schedules accordingly.42 A potential overlap with certain aspects of GATS negotiations on energy services is not without problems, in particular with respect to the scheduling of commitments. Traditionally, the industry has not distinguished between energy-related goods and services. In ofher words, an energy-neutral classification can always be made energy-based in a schedule of commitments of a member.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gats energy commitments electricity services|1.6957844|2.6433797|1.9214092
11091|However, technological advances are not a guarantee of greater or of stable trade growth or economic integration. In fact, over the past two centuries, it has been the ability to manage technology-driven structural changes that has largely determined whether global trade integration has progressed or regressed. The Internet of Things (loT), artificial intelligence (Al), 3D printing and Blockchain have the potential to profoundly transform the way we trade, who trades and what is traded.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|trade integration profoundly progressed centuries|4.6439795|3.0175667|2.4177558
11092|The gap between the richest and poorest urban quintile is at least 18 percentage points in half of the countries assessed, and in one-quarter of the countries it is 35 points or higher. This may be due in part to the fact that access to water and sanitation facilities helps determine a household's value on the wealth index that we use; see the Annex for further discussion of this matter. In half of the countries analysed, children in the poorest quintile are at least twice as likely to die before their fifth birthday as their richest urban peers. The relative disparity is even more pronounced for stunting, where prevalence in the poorest urban quintile is at least twice as high as for peers in the richest quintile in approximately 8 out of 10 of the countries analysed, and at least four times higher in 2 out of 10 countries. For both stunting and under-five mortality, relative inequality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas - a pattern opposite to that of the other indicators.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|quintile richest poorest urban stunting|6.964065|5.944719|4.933441
11093|An additional solidarity complement is also always awarded automatically to those receiving the social pension benefit. One way to reduce the overlap and improve targeting would be to consider a cap on accumulated social benefits, which would also improve the monitoring of total benefits received by households, including those provided by local governments. The authorities should examine the cumulative effect of these programmes and rationalise them as needed to strengthen the social safety net.|SDG 1 - No poverty|social improve benefits accumulated solidarity|7.3494744|5.825563|4.254647
11094|Labour markets have proven robust even in the midst of the weak global environment, and unemployment remains at low levels. The jobless rate in Japan stood at 4.3% at the end of 2012, whereas it was 2.9% in the Republic of Korea, in each case lower than it had been in 2011. In both countries, however, there are concerns that the quality of new jobs being created is declining, especially insofar as many new contracts are short-term and in the service sector. The urban unemployment rate in China was at 4.1% in the second quarter of 2012, although the quality of labour market statistics is not fully comparable with those of other major countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment insofar rate jobless stood|7.6869497|4.4115276|4.3054705
11095|This involves changes in content, approaches, structures and strategies, with a common vision which covers all children within an appropriate age range. Schools should accommodate all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other impairments. They should provide for disabled and gifted children, street and working children, children from remote or nomadic populations, children from linguistic, ethnic or cultural minorities and children from other marginalised areas or groups.|SDG 4 - Quality education|children linguistic impairments nomadic marginalised|10.090773|2.4736977|1.9975411
11096|Nuclear energy as a provider of dispatchable back-up capacity has a lot to gain from electricity markets that allocate the costs and benefits of electricity production at the system level in a more precise manner. In liberalised markets, however, their integration represents a challenge as they are not yet competitive against conventional sources of energy. A broad array of quantity- or price-based support mechanisms (IEA, 2008) have therefore been put in place in OECD countries to make renewable energies attractive for private investors by isolating the investment decisions regarding renewable energies from the conditions prevailing in electricity markets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energies electricity markets renewable liberalised|1.5585997|1.8220786|1.8194551
11097|"This means that there should be a high degree of certainty that the improvements in ecosystem management are attributable to the PES programme. It also means that the services should not be lost to deteriorating ecosystems elsewhere, as environmental pressures (for example from logging activity) move from an area protected via PES, to an area which is not protected. This situation, known as ""leakage"" only has real significance to a PES programme if the area where ecosystem services deterioriate, is important for the provision of the ecosystem services. If a critical watershed is protected via payments for hydrological services, and logging activity moves out of the critical watershed, then the desired ecosystem services in that watershed are still secure."|SDG 15 - Life on land|ecosystem watershed pes protected services|1.737018|5.401231|3.4029858
11098|Impacts may be felt more keenly in certain sectors, while others may be relatively immune to climate change risks. See Annex 1 for a description of the individual sub-sector areas. As with the risks and vulnerabilities businesses face, the availability and extent of these opportunities will vary depending on the sectors and industries in which businesses operate.|SDG 13 - Climate action|businesses risks sectors immune felt|1.4591944|4.8243566|2.016207
11099|This chapter builds on international evidence and the findings in this report to offer some final reflections, and highlight some key principles that the Chilean government should keep in mind as it implements and adapts education policies. These final reflections build upon elements that are transversal across education levels in Chile. They refer mainly to: I) ensuring that the Chilean government constantly puts student learning at the centre of education policies; 2) supporting key actors across the system in order to deliver education policies; and 3) aligning policies for coherence, while also adapting them as needed to ensure that structures, resources and processes effectively continue to converge towards a national vision of education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education chilean policies final converge|10.175705|1.9910886|2.4434605
11100|In the past, they were not often known for being very dynamic or innovative. This chapter argues that such institutions need to fully embrace change and become ‘cautious revolutionaries' to remain relevant. Such a development would not necessarily benefit either SMEs or inclusiveness, as weaker economic players are most likely to suffer from market failures and malfunctions that non-profit service providers can address, but private sector players are free to ignore.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|players ignore cautious embrace inclusiveness|5.5401073|3.5768313|2.6529562
11101|That is to say that the Gini does not allow one to capture whether the inequality is driven at the top or the bottom of the distribution which may be relevant for policy. The more disperse the distribution, the higher the sum of the differences from the mean, therefore the higher the index. More precisely the Theil index is a weighted sum of the log ratios of each observation.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|sum index distribution log precisely|6.6851172|5.1656704|4.859871
11102|There is also more accountability and demand for results across the different levels of education systems to deliver good quality education. From 2005 to 2011, expenditure per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions increased by 17 percentage points on average across OECD countries, but between 2009 and 2011, investment in education fell in nearly one-third of OECD countries as a result of the economic crisis, resulting in a decrease of expenditure per student in a few countries. Evidence on student performance shows that efficient investment and distribution of resources, according to countries’ needs, priorities and capacities, is important at both system and institutional level (OECD, 2012b; OECD, 2012c; OECD, 2013).|SDG 4 - Quality education|oecd student expenditure countries education|9.143807|2.1774814|2.7031
11103|The gaps between males and females differ considerably by race; the highest gap between males and females was for African American students, with almost 12.5% more females graduating. The next largest gap was among Alaska Native students, with almost 11% more Alaska Native females graduating than males. Alaska Native males had the lowest graduation rate - 47.7% - of any ethnic/gender group (Brian Laurent, personal communication, 3rd November 2013).|SDG 4 - Quality education|males females alaska native graduating|9.364458|4.2155204|5.7650175
11104|Investments preferentially target early-stage companies, and account for 10% to 30% of company shares. To that end, financial education courses should focus on increasing the target group’s awareness of the existence and conditions of the forms of finance available to them, and on strengthening their skills in making effective decisions in different financial contexts (OECD/EU, 2015; OECD/EU, 2016). Such measures can include training to build entrepreneurship skills, coaching and mentoring schemes, business development support (e.g. counselling, technology transfer assistance) and support for building networks.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|target eu skills financial coaching|6.961084|2.9479709|2.7167153
11105|It is equally crucial to manage local communities' expectations of the mining industry and its ability to deliver socio-economic benefits beyond its core business. Participants in the Tenth Plenary Meeting of the Policy Dialogue highlighted the need for a compelling business case as an important prerequisite for mining companies to promote the shared use of their renewable energy infrastructure (OECD Development Centre, 2018). For instance, consideration is being given to transferring the wind farm at the Diavik mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada after its closure to a nearby local community. The Diavik mine, owned by Rio Tinto and Dominion Diamond Corporation, will also share the experience with local communities in developing and maintaining a wind farm in subarctic conditions (CANWEA, 2013).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mining wind local farm communities|1.731356|2.282677|2.0564942
11106|Governments also need to take account of the perceptions of the most excluded members of their population, regarding their sense of belonging in society, since these groups would be most prone to feelings of disorientation and uncertainty generated by globalization processes, which would compound the potential adverse psycho-social repercussions of opportunity structures that are traditionally highly asymmetric. At the same time, a widening of the gap between expectations and effective material achievement among the poorest members of society could threaten inclusion and cohesion policies, owing to their potential effects in terms of frustration and destabilization of democracy. Nor have any regional quantitative studies analysed the perceptions and feelings of exclusion and gaps between aspirations and expectations of mobility prevailing among the poorest and most excluded sectors, against a backdrop in which major inequities converge with changes in economic, social, and cultural structures. In particular, repercussions on the social structure of the transformations associated with globalization (Hopenhayn, 2001), greater precariousness in the labour market and a weakening of the social protection system, revealed the need to take a broader view of problems of deprivation.|SDG 1 - No poverty|repercussions feelings globalization perceptions social|6.8093677|5.989509|4.8039684
11107|"More teachers are needed where more preparation time is given and class size remains constant. See Chapter 2 for details on the index of adaptive teaching. Hirt (2004), ""Comparing the teaching effectiveness of part-time and full-time clinical nurse faculty"", Nursing Education Perspectives, Vol. Org/l 0.102 3/A: 102 3200500215."|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching time faculty nurse nursing|9.44825|1.6419091|2.73246
11108|Information on future availability of funding is particularly important to provide certainty and to enable planning activities of developing countries. The Subsidiary Body of the Convention (SBSTA) has been mandated to develop modalities on accounting of financial resources provided and mobilized by public interventions. Ongoing efforts by financial institutions on the tracking of climate finance will provide the basis; however, they may be affected by different perspectives of Parties regarding, for example, questions of additionality of climate finance versus ODA and the role of public versus private support.|SDG 13 - Climate action|versus finance mobilized additionality subsidiary|1.5161821|3.8054743|0.77023655
11109|A group of some fifteen very large grain holdings had also emerged by the mid-2000s, which account for a significant part of grain exports from Kazakhstan, but exact share is difficult to estimate. Three agroholdings (KazExportAstyk, Atameken-Agro and Alibi) became public companies and issued bonds to finance their operations. Exact data on the sizes of agroholdings are not available, however some estimates indicate that the biggest agroholding controls more than 1 million hectares and at least 10 agroholdings operate arable land of more than 100 000 hectares each.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|exact hectares grain holdings arable|3.851904|5.0571723|3.9697945
11110|Due to their lack of access to infrastructure, a higher proportion of people suffer from undernourishment than their peers in coastal countries. Worst still, if the neighbouring countries are also poor, their landlocked-ness even becomes a poverty trap (Collier, 2007). It helps to connect poor people to the growth process by improving their access to growth poles.|SDG 1 - No poverty|trap poles poor undernourishment landlocked|6.235888|5.7658095|4.744692
11111|While the federal government provided the broad criteria and objectives for management, commercial fishers were empowered to develop a system that would attain these objectives. The implementation of ITQs for all species (including non-directed catch) combined with a rigorous monitoring system provided a compelling incentive for harvesters to curtail their catch of species undergoing rebuilding. However, through the flexibility afforded by the tradability of quotas, the integration programme also allowed harvesters to achieve economic efficiencies and thus maintain a high level of economic viability. Although catches have decreased dramatically under the rebuilding plan, the landed value per vessel has decreased for some types of boats and gears while it has remained stable for others.|SDG 14 - Life below water|rebuilding catch decreased species gears|-0.32454926|5.7106366|6.822617
11112|Backman and Ferrarini, 2010[8]) point out two mechanisms by which family transfers contribute to reduce child poverty: a direct effect via the support in-cash provided to traditional one-earner families; and the support to dual-earner families which operates by enabling both parents to work and raise market income. ( For instance, they point out the low efficacy of social spending in reducing child poverty is in Southern Europe countries due to scarce social services and modest family benefits. By contrast, pensions are found to have a noticeable impact on child poverty in countries where family and kin continue to play an important role in providing welfare, while other types of transfers are much more limited (Chzhen and Bradshaw, 2012[10]); (Petmesidou et al.,|SDG 1 - No poverty|earner child family poverty transfers|7.4341793|5.8731833|4.636285
11113|India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) links a national level social security programme with local governments to successfully scale up employment-intensive infrastructure creation and maintenance as a mechanism for social protection and employment generation (See also Section 3.4 of this report). Since 2005, NEGRA’s has benefited forty-five million households who have contributed in excess of 2 billion days of labour (World Bank, 2010). National poverty alleviation programmes such as these have held a dual-purpose in labour intensive approaches for both temporary crisis relief and long-term poverty reduction.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment intensive national nrega poverty|8.288938|4.4795485|5.5782003
11114|Under such circumstances, higher labour standards and risk-mitigation schemes could be both efficient (inducing an economy towards a “high productivity, high wage equilibrium”) and equitable (enabling vulnerable workers to better deal with labour market risks). As a result, employment has become increasingly precarious (Rodgers and Rodgers, 1989; Standing, 2011). Part-time employment, self-employment, fixed-term work, temporary work and other non-standard forms of employment have grown.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment inducing precarious labour equilibrium|7.789935|4.431295|4.165335
11115|According to regulations, the teaching plan of the resource centre must take into account the plans and conditions in associated small-class schools and be approved by the consultative council of the centre. This institutional arrangement fosters cooperation between schools and allows for proper accounting of the needs of all students. School principals are responsible for the preparation of the annual school budget, with the assistance of school deputies and the school accountant.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school centre schools fosters consultative|9.728853|1.7982293|2.018407
11116|Following the findings of this investigation, a Mental health care reform (Psykiatrireform) was carried out in 1995 in Sweden. Changes in legislation were accompanied by increased funding for the target group in both health and social care sectors (Tuori et al, 2007). The main objective of the reform was to enable long-term psychiatric patients to live outside psychiatric institutions and nursing homes and to integrate these patients into the community.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychiatric patients reform investigation care|10.334533|8.930228|1.7775192
11117|Whereby today some approaches exist, their restricted interoperability leads to a fragmented landscape of systems, thus hindering widespread adoption among customers and businesses. Blockchain technology can enhance the effectiveness of such solutions, by providing the overarching standard to unique identification and recording transactions of e.g. carbon certificates, their trading, and even the origin of GHG emissions. This transparent and immutable record makes it easier to monitor and incentivise, or impose penalties on, certain industrial practices. Building on existing carbon market models, more efficient and highly integrated trading platforms could be established. A detailed consideration of how these benefits can be leveraged is presented in section 3.2.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|trading carbon leveraged interoperability hindering|3.9694266|2.5410223|2.0516405
11118|However, regulatory provisions should better target nature protection in forests (through, for example, conversion permits or fees) while improving economic efficiency (e.g. by considering the opportunity cost of not converting forest to other uses). In 2012, an estimated 7% of Polish forest habitat was under legal protection for nature conservation. The share is expected to increase to 36% with implementation of the Natura 2000 network.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest nature converting protection polish|1.5559673|4.9744883|4.030555
11119|The company Eurocopter approached CONALEP to include a specific module on helicopters. First, it could be improved by having more teaching in English, thus increasing opportunities for placements in multinational companies. Second, co-ordination of efforts between the Secretaries of Economy and Education at state level to decide strategy and funding would also improve effectiveness. In Queretaro, for example, currently there is no collaboration on sets of skills needed between the Secretaries of Economy and Education at state level.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|secretaries queretaro placements economy approached|8.511118|2.9114492|2.8022943
11120|The ILO Skills for Trade and Economy Diversification tool is being used to identify how skills can boost productivity and competitiveness in the sector. The project focuses particularly on the skills needed for the success of small and medium sized tourism enterprises and is partnering with provincial government departments of tourism and labour, employers, workers and education and training institutions. Based on identified skills gaps and needs, the project is preparing a skills strategy which recognises the need to upgrade skills in SMEs and improve marketing and planning business capabilities, with capacity develop implications for relevant technical vocational education and training institutions and local government stakeholders.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|skills tourism project training partnering|6.454717|3.7462282|2.9083982
11121|These fish spawning grounds and migratory routes are not protected or managed sustainably, and infrastructure development projects, planned or existing hydropower plants, pollution of rivers or the coastal zone and extraction of sand and gravel are ongoing. These developments have damaging impacts on sturgeon populations. Two major types of logging can be distinguished - for fuelwood and for construction timber. Many rural households cannot afford to purchase alternative energy resources such as liquified gas.|SDG 15 - Life on land|sturgeon fuelwood spawning distinguished sand|0.15574759|6.109411|6.366672
11122|An enhanced understanding of what works and why can help to scale up certain types of interventions and/or flows, which is particularly relevant for pilot or innovative approaches. Sharing lessons-learned is important both within and across institutions. It is unclear to what extent private suppliers of climate finance are prepared to publicly share their lessons learned. These results frameworks can help stakeholders build up a knowledge base of what has worked and what not, and can increase transparency and accountability.|SDG 13 - Climate action|learned lessons help unclear publicly|1.8051646|4.158824|1.1538938
11123|However, connecting these factors with overall earnings inequality and household income inequality is not straightforward, as regulatory and policy reforms may have counteracting effects on employment and wage inequality among workers. When assessing the possible causes of increased inequality, three main issues require particularly precise definition. They are: i) inequality itself, ii) globalisation, and iii) reference populations.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality globalisation precise straightforward connecting|6.9420958|4.8513308|4.6142926
11124|It also enabled Governments to circumvent coordination challenges through centralized planning and system design. Since the 1973 oil crisis, it has also been widely recognized as a strategic resource. Energy security — defined by the International Energy Agency (IEA) as “the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price”' — is thus a major priority, whose absence threatens serious economic and social impacts.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy threatens centralized enabled recognized|1.2506037|2.1045697|2.0196128
11125|Capacity building has also been strengthened within the nursing workforce. Although the number of practising nurses (8.0 per 1000 population) is still slightly below the EU average, numbers have increased by a third since 2009. Looking at trends over time reveals impressive falls in amenable mortality over the past 15 years. This reflects the overall progress in providing better availability of, and access to, an increasing range of different services, medicines and medical technologies Examples of success include the remarkable improvements in survival for some treatable cancers, such as breast and testicular cancer.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|practising amenable cancers impressive breast|9.243945|9.337535|2.5561514
11126|In 2014, an average of 77% of 3-year-olds were enrolled in either early childhood educational development programmes or pre-primary education across EU22 countries (compared to the OECD average of 71%). Between 2005 and 2014, enrolment of 3-year-olds in pre-primary education rose from 69% to 76%, and enrolment of 4-year-olds rose from 84% to 89%, on average among countries with data for both years. In Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, at least 95% of 4-year-olds are enrolled in pre-primary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|olds pre year enrolled primary|9.433828|2.8065472|2.5073771
11127|Despite the importance of capturing multi-tasking to capture the intensity of how women’s time is spent, there is no international standard on how to measure simultaneous activities. The OECD Time Use database aims to improve comparability between OECD countries (see Box 3). Based on this methodology, the OECD has undertaken analysis on four additional countries to explore the impacts of unpaid care work in low and middle-income contexts: South Africa, Peru, Ethiopia and Bangladesh (see Annex A).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|oecd simultaneous capturing comparability time|8.986986|4.8174567|5.427539
11128|In Kazakhstan, TL2 regions correspond to the regional level (including Astana and Almaty City), while TL3 regions are districts (rayons) and cities of regional significance. Cities of regional significance have district-level administrative status and prerogatives, in addition to municipal-level tasks and prerogatives. The four largest cities of Kazakhstan, Almaty City, Shymkent, Astana and Karaganda, are divided into city districts that are subdivisions of the municipal administration.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|prerogatives astana almaty city cities|4.4218736|5.4347987|1.806318
11129|As a result of the greater control over inflation achieved by the Plano Real, however, real wage rigidity was introduced and firms could no longer use wages but instead had to use employment reductions to make wage bill adjustments. Young, inexperienced workers would have been the most likely to suffer from such redundancies. As will be discussed below, high turnover is one of the reasons why youth unemployment in Brazil is so high. Youth are also more likely to work in the service sector, which is characterised by higher turnover rates.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|turnover youth real wage rigidity|8.082445|4.0562735|4.134845
11130|All the accompanying coefficients to these variables are different from zero, as certified by the F-test results. Overall the model's explanatory power (r-squared) is strong (53.0%). Significant at the 1% level. Estimation based on robust standard errors. It further provides an understanding on how these changes will affect national ICT policy and regulatory frameworks and identifies measures policy makers and regulators can take to be prepared to respond efficiently to the new challenges raised by the digital economy. Chapter three looks at ways to accommodate broadband spectrum expansion through new modes of sharing and innovations in licensing.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|squared explanatory accompanying regulators certified|4.865603|2.885712|1.6451555
11131|However, a larger number of these countries do not have specific laws prohibiting discrimination in pay and hiring on the basis of gender and pregnancy (WBL Database, 2016). Indeed, the only countries that have such legislation are Chile, Costa Rica, Egypt, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and TUnisia. Existing evidence from OECD countries shows that the public is often ill-informed about workers’ rights (OECD, 2008, Chapter 3).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|prohibiting countries hiring tunisia ill|9.223971|4.5993266|6.1493526
11132|Is in-depth training on specific gender issues - such as interviewing victims of sexual violence or recruiting women from minority groups - being provided to necessary personnel? • Do they include female stakeholders such as women's organisations? • If not, how could they be engaged to support gender initiatives? •|SDG 5 - Gender equality|recruiting gender minority personnel victims|9.971821|4.5196548|7.5932145
11133|It is therefore important to determine what type of policy will be the most effective in reversing poverty as rapidly as possible. The question, then, is: Should poverty-reduction policies focus on raising mean income levels or on decreasing income inequality? Based on the results of this study, an effort is made to identify the most influential factors in terms of poverty reduction.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty reduction reversing influential income|6.3271637|5.706624|4.8846602
11134|A widow will receive one-eighth of her deceased husband’s assets or one-fourth if he has no children. For example, it is not uncommon for the family to pressure female heirs into relinquishing their full inheritance rights in favour of male relatives. Many women do not know that they can refuse to cede their rights or can appeal to the courts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|widow rights deceased uncommon eighth|9.225364|5.2110376|7.074158
11135|Group study as well as peer review and support among teachers have also been found to be useful. In Japan groups of teachers work together to plan, execute and evaluate individual lessons and instructional strategies to achieve specific learning objectives. They visit each other’s classrooms to understand their colleagues’ teaching practice. In Finland, teachers are given one afternoon each week for joint planning and curriculum development (Barber and Mourshed, 2007).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers execute colleagues instructional visit|9.227129|1.4828869|1.8960338
11136|In this way, cities may more effectively deliver on national-level environmental and economic objectives - whether or not they are identified as “green growth”- than national-level policies. Ultimately, the key metric here concerns not employment growth in the green sector but the aggregate employment impact of moving to a low-carbon economy. As an indicator, this must be seen as second-best, but a feasible second-best. Increasing the supply and demand of regionally produced green goods and services, which we define as those that reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the pressure on ecosystem services.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|green best second environmental impact|2.783919|4.188897|1.993714
11137|Such a move w'ould allow for a more integrated, national system for ownership and management of hospital estates. The NHS could strengthen monitoring and evaluation of provider activities, selectively contracting with better-performing providers to drive quality improvement. In the same vein, the NHS could look to contract more often with independent providers, on clear cost/quality criteria, with expected outcomes specified in contracts. Selective purchasing could be applied also by the private voluntary health insurance schemes by focusing not only the cost but also the quality aspects of health care. Alongside these efforts, public reporting of provider assessment should also be developed as such information could be used to promote user choice of provider. Such a plan should consider training needs, based on expected retirement rates.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|provider nhs quality providers estates|8.791072|9.104172|1.6881613
11138|It was launched in 2003 and has become one of the largest programmes for payments of watershed services in the world (Stanton et al. The design of PSAH has been improving over time to increase its cost-effectiveness, but there are concerns about its conservation impact (see Box 3.8). Trading or swapping irrigation water is common practice in Mexico (OECD, 2003). Water trading increased in the 1990s, partly due to the recognition by the 1992 National Water Law of the possibility of “transferring” water rights (Rubinos-Panta et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water trading al transferring et|1.6096827|7.3406157|1.9674486
11139|Today virtually all secondary care hospitals and most hospital day care services are fully funded using DRGs. The expectation is that this will stimulate hospital productivity, since increasing the number of episodes of care spreads fixed costs over a larger number of patients, and encourage the development of day stay procedures in lieu of inpatient admissions. This is intended to support highly specialised tertiary care irrespective of provider ownership, but may also be distorting the distribution of resources.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care hospital day lieu episodes|8.9632845|8.867195|1.638489
11140|Thus it may be considered desirable to take into account the particular factors pertaining to some people or some groups— by designing and implementing the necessary policies to facilitate better health outcomes in groups that are disadvantaged, so as to reduce the disadvantage. In this regard, it is up to each society or nation to define what it considers as desirable with respect to the distribution of health and what people expect from their governments in terms of achieving those goals. Further examination of these issues is beyond the scope of this Note. Simply put, this Note argues that large inequalities in health outcomes, such as exist in many countries and across countries, are generally undesirable.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|desirable note health outcomes groups|9.139999|9.089316|2.8464963
11141|Of the 203 Australian Government-funded Indigenous-specific primary health care organisations that provided data in 2013-14, around one-third (33%) were located in very remote areas, almost one-quarter (22%) were in outer regional areas and 21% were in inner regional areas. A smaller proportion were in remote areas (13%) and major cities (11%) (AIHW, 2015a). Of Australia’s 746 public acute hospitals, only 71 are in remote areas and 83 in very remote areas, where full hospital services are not viable.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|remote areas outer regional inner|9.3549595|8.805735|2.2681174
11142|There has been a growing recognition of the importance of women’s participation in politics. The United Arab Emirates’ Parliament became in 2015 the first Arab country to appoint a woman as speaker of Parliament, and women have obtained positions in the top ranks of political parties in Algeria and Palestine.66 Women’s dynamic participation in the protests that swept through the region beginning in late 2010 has also been widely noted as a testimony of women's willingness to join in civic and political engagements.67 This activism may be a precursor to more women assuming political roles in the Arab region in the future. Most recently, women have been allowed to stand for municipal elections in Oman since 2011 (Royal Decree No.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women arab political parliament engagements|10.395475|4.4139752|7.15041
11143|This has major impacts for the provisioning of water, sanitation and hygiene services in areas affected by disasters, due to damaged water and sanitation infrastructure and water quality issues. It is also a very significant challenge to provide adequate water and sanitation services to the areas that receive people who have been displaced from disaster-struck areas. The magnitude of these displacements is extremely high in Asia and the Pacific, with respectively 4.4 million and 1.2 million people internally displaced in the People’s Republic of China and India in 2017 due to floods, and 2.5 million people in the Philippines due to typhoons the same year (IDMC, 2018). In addition to hitting the poorest, disasters can also cause the near poor — those living on between US$1.90 and US$3.10 per day — to fall into poverty, as shown in Figure 9.5 (UNESCAP, 2018). With over 50% of urban residents living in low-lying coastal zones, these cities and towns in Asia and the Pacific are particularly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters. Disasters are also found to have impacts on gross domestic product (GDP), school enrolment rates, and per capita expenditure on health (UNESCAP, 2018).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|disasters unescap sanitation displaced people|1.6985567|6.2236524|2.4543328
11144|The SDG 5 is a stand-alone goal to achieve gender equality and empower all women. The other 14 goals (e.g. on health, well-being, education, clean water, industry and infrastructure) aim to integrate gender-sensitive indicators in their implementation and monitoring. Kazakhstan can strongly benefit from raising the awareness of its senior managers, as well as all public servants on these levels of gender equality policy to generate understanding and buy-in of all ministries in embedding gender-sensitive indicators in their field of activities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender sensitive equality indicators embedding|9.457951|4.2209287|7.382715
11145|Digitalization is expected to lead to a significant increase in self-employment (the “gig economy”), as firms will in-source more services through peer-to-peer networks. This will further weaken the capacity of trade unions and employers’ associations to guarantee common labour standards and employment conditions through collective bargaining agreements. Available from http://www.nber.org/papers/w22252.pdf; Daron Acemoglu Pascual Restrepo, “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets,” NBER Working Paper No. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2017.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|peer employment robots weaken labor|4.900653|3.0639286|2.4661245
11146|Equally, existing national climate change strategies may not necessarily be integrated with development planning. Whether a LEDS is primarily a development strategy with a strong climate component, or vice versa, is likely to depend on the country’s national circumstances and priorities. Countries should consider carefully how these planning tools fit together and build upon each other.|SDG 13 - Climate action|planning leds versa climate vice|1.5475125|4.3391404|1.4791894
11147|"Rights that are junior to an ""administration date” set by the State Engineer can be curtailed. Uses that are not prioritised can apply for a “replacement plan”, for a maximum duration of two years. Water users are also allowed to submit joint ""replacement plans” or to find voluntary shortage sharing agreements, through negotiations (Romero-Wirth and Kelly, 2012). Associations managing communal irrigation canals."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|replacement engineer junior canals prioritised|1.0714592|7.488405|2.159245
11148|Nevertheless, although the new coal plant may be retrofit-able with carbon capture and storage at a later date if this technology becomes proven and cost-effective (assuming an effective future pricing regime for carbon emissions), there are significant technological and policy risks in going down this path. Policy makers can begin to address this dilemma by separating the potential risk of lock-in to coal generation plant per se, from the risk of lock-in to unsustainable industrial structures in the wider economy. The risk of creating stranded assets in the energy sector (discussed in the next section) may be dwarfed by the risk of creating stranded assets in the wider economy. Using cheap electricity to grow energy-intensive industry at the expense of more value-added economic activities may be unwise given the eventual need to internalise the cost of environmental impacts including carbon emissions, and the costs of industrial re-structuring this would imply in the future.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|risk lock carbon coal plant|1.5348669|2.260002|1.9179826
11149|In SIDS with more diverse economies that are less dependent on tourism, the proportion of foreign workers may not be so high. As data from other SIDS are very limited, the assumption is that most SIDS employ more foreign workers when mass tourism and the all-inclusive market dominates the sector, rather than other forms of tourism. Figure 1.6 shows the number of people employed across all accommodation types in Jamaica (2009 and 2010).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sids tourism foreign workers dominates|6.457622|3.8844843|2.9820905
11150|Stunting prevalence is high at around 50% in Papua New Guinea, while it is below 10% in Hong Kong, China; Singapore; Fiji and China (Figure 2.9, left panel). As for wasting, if there is no severe food shortage, the prevalence is usually below 5% even in poor countries, but it is much higher than this threshold in some countries such as India, Papua New Guinea and Bangladesh (Figure 2.9, right panel). On average, the stunting and wasting prevalence across Asian countries was 28% and 8% respectively. In order to reduce under age 5 mortality, countries need to not only implement effective preventive and curative interventions for newborns, children and their mothers during and after pregnancy (see indicator “Infant and child health” in Chapter 3) but also to promote optimal feeding practice (see indicator “Infant and young child feeding” in Chapter 2).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|prevalence wasting stunting papua guinea|4.523463|5.767005|4.5974517
11151|In 2009, the Kazak government launched a new initiative called the ‘Road Map’ aimed at addressing rising unemployment, raising the purchasing power of the population, slowing down internal migration and improving core services (Gavrilovic, et al. The central focus of the programme was job creation through a combination of public works and vocational training. The programme created 252,277 jobs according to a report from the ADB (2009, cited in Gavrilovic et al.,|SDG 1 - No poverty|al programme et slowing adb|4.6456695|5.387216|1.7707187
11152|The effect is larger still in Italy, where at a participation rate of only 42%, an unemployment ratio of 10% translates into an unemployment rate of 24%. When comparing joblessness across countries or over time, it should be considered that higher unemployment rates may reflect both a higher incidence of joblessness but also a lower participation rate at given levels of joblessness. Trajectories are constructed from the raw data as ‘chains’ of activity states over the observation period, with each sequence consisting of 48 monthly activity states. Four types of activities are distinguished: in work, in education, NEET unemployed, and NEET inactive.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|joblessness neet unemployment rate activity|7.933224|4.5688562|4.0447106
11153|Chile’s Prototypes of Social Innovation programme issues calls for innovative solutions to local challenges on an online open innovation platform. Candidates present their ideas on the platform, where they interact with mentors and local communities in order to develop and improve their ideas. Final proposals are submitted for funding and the best solutions are selected.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ideas platform solutions innovation mentors|5.528412|3.7473903|2.529859
11154|The Water Convention fosters sustainable management of shared water resources through stable and predictable cooperation. An important obligation for Parties to achieve the Convention’s aims is to carry out. Indeed, accurate assessments of the status of water resources, and the nature and magnitude of water problems, are essential for preparing proper policy actions at the local, national and transboundary levels.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water convention fosters predictable resources|0.984602|7.0380206|1.7776604
11155|Overall, it is also characterised by high fragmentation and low co-ordination as well as slow' planning and delivery' performances relative to a dynamic economic and social context. The elements included in this section combine considerations on the causes of inefficiencies and drivers for possible change and describe initiatives that the government has recently undertaken or is currently considering to address the challenges. These two acts also regulate the process for applying for and issuing construction permits (Box 9.8 below').|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|performances issuing inefficiencies regulate fragmentation|3.8889892|5.4613132|1.5846174
11156|Some, however, state whether the wells have pumps, which enables application of the criterion of the necessary effort to obtain water (per the international standard). As in the case of water sources, a usual practice in the evaluation of improved sanitation is consideration of the features of the surroundings. For example, in some rural settings, households, irrespective of their poverty status, would not have access to a sewerage system or to mains water. Households in urban areas are deemed not to suffer deprivation if they have sanitation systems for removal of waste into a sewerage system or a well with a septic tank.|SDG 1 - No poverty|sewerage sanitation water tank surroundings|1.5901083|6.904529|2.5859754
11157|Lastly, the adjusted deprivation headcount (Mo) is designed to capture both the incidence and the depth of deprivation, and is calculated by multiplying the headcount with the average intensity (Mo=H *A). These indices are calculated following the Alkire and Foster (2011) methodology, and are useful as summary statistics. In this report the results of the add-on consumption module are used and are analysed against nationally-set poverty lines measuring food and overall consumption poverty experienced by children. In addition, various analyses are made comparing the experience of child monetary poverty with (multidimensional) deprivation. Moreover, the analysis can be complemented by further research, as is done with the regression-based analysis and simulation provided at the end of this report.|SDG 1 - No poverty|mo deprivation headcount calculated poverty|6.840667|6.486474|5.194829
11158|In this chapter, we review the effectiveness of social protection interventions in reducing poverty, raising food consumption and diversifying diets. We review a broad range of social protection measures, with the main focus on social assistance interventions targeted at poor households, rather than other social protection measures. The majority of these people are in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where social protection coverage is widespread. Far fewer people are protected in sub-Saharan Africa, where coverage is lower and less than 1 percent of the population moves out of poverty each year as a result of social protection transfers.|SDG 1 - No poverty|protection social interventions coverage review|6.756548|5.862306|4.2480702
11159|Pharmaceutical companies do not always seek patent protection in every country, due to, inter alia, a perceived lack of market size. Therefore, it is possible that in some countries, despite the existence of a national patent law, certain pharmaceutical substances remain off-patent and may be freely used, made and imported in that country. Should the original inventor change his/her mind seek patent protection at a later point, the application would be rejected for lack of novelty if the substance at issue has been made available to the public prior to the filing of the patent application.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|patent pharmaceutical seek application inventor|8.255112|9.667275|2.5114353
11160|All cowsheds must be covered in the winter (rainy) season, so that rain does not wash the manure into the lake. Food and water for cattle are located away from streams in all watershed pastures. Bacteriological standards, tightened in 1989, state that water is unfit for drinking if it contains more than three coliform microbes and/or one faecal coliform per 100 millilitres (ml).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ml wash rainy tightened pastures|0.9936397|6.986689|2.7539952
11161|Conflict may also prevent families from allowing girls to attend school, since travelling to a distant school during periods of insecurity is viewed as more dangerous for girls than for boys. Hence, in some indigenous communities, the levels of illiteracy among girls remain high, as do their dropout and failure rates. There are still residential schools in parts of English-speaking Africa. The long distance between village communities and secondary schools often render those schools inaccessible to students, including indigenous students, which is why many students drop out of school after completing the primary level.|SDG 4 - Quality education|girls schools students school indigenous|9.714151|4.8002615|5.986757
11162|Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennial publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries' educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries. Editorial support was provided by Lynda Hawe and Susan Copeland.|SDG 4 - Quality education|comparative policies policy editorial sectorial|9.024426|2.3058562|2.2727284
11163|In nominal terms, average fish prices are all expected to decline in the first part of the projection period before recovering in the last five years of the outlook period. In 2025, average producer prices are projected to be slightly higher than during the 2013-15 base period, as demand growth is expected to outpace supply. However, the average prices for traded products for human consumption, fishmeal and fish oil are projected to be slightly lower in 2025 relative to the base period.|SDG 14 - Life below water|period prices projected slightly average|0.554565|6.08506|6.670149
11164|Much of the investment is intended to contribute towards the use of renewable energy. Policies and measures within the region identify the need to create stronger power systems that take advantage of domestic energy resources, while also increasing grid capacity and resiliency. Resources being tapped for generation are numerous, though solar and wind power dominate recent developments in the sector because of broad availability of resources, rapid deployment timelines, low environmental impacts and increasingly affordable technology prices. In urban areas, rooftop systems have the advantage of locating generation supply at the demand centre. For residential, commercial or industrial consumers who are also suppliers, those systems can offer the benefit of avoided costs of electricity, and, depending on local policy frameworks, revenue from power sales to the grid. As an example, power market liberalization in Japan along with its feed-in tariff system has created a boom in small-scale solar power producers, which include individuals and small businesses.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power grid solar advantage systems|1.8718827|1.7331028|2.2311356
11165|This challenge has been recognised by MoES in its policy analysis and planning. School characteristics such as location and school size are taken into account for the calculation of the student basket, thus small schools in rural areas receive higher per pupil funding than their urban counterparts. However, socioeconomic disadvantage per se is not an element in the student basket methodology, and the OECD School Resources Review for Lithuania recommended assigning weights in the student basket methodology to socio-economically disadvantaged students (Shewbridge et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|basket student methodology school pupil|9.593616|2.1265082|2.5762467
11166|"Across much of the Circumpolar North, Indigenous peoples had common experiences within education systems based on ""Western"" ways of teaching, learning and knowledge and operating with the intent of assimilation. Now, across the North and elsewhere, such as New Zealand and Hawaii, Indigenous peoples are working to create Indigenous-controlled education systems based not on the Western form of schooling imposed on them for the past century (or longer) but rather based on Indigenous epistemologies and worldviews. In some circumpolar regions, these efforts are happening alongside the dominant Western education system, while in others, the Western systems are being replaced entirely."|SDG 4 - Quality education|western indigenous circumpolar peoples systems|10.155383|2.779647|2.5977066
11167|Assessing the relative costs and benefits of reform in education is also difficult because of the large number of intervening factors that can influence the nature, size and distribution of any improvements. The investment may be expensive over the long term, while in the short term it is rarely possible to predict clear, identifiable results from new policies, especially given the time lags between implementation and effect. Teachers also tend to command greater public trust than politicians, so any resistance to reform on their part is likely to be effective. Even when parents have a poor opinion of the education system, they will generally view their children's school and its teachers positively.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reform teachers intervening identifiable term|9.267608|1.9252232|2.355569
11168|Over the last fifty years, diversification as an approach for buttressing Dominica's production and services sector has been emphasised. In 1834, some charitable funds were used for the education of the liberated slaves, the goal being to afford them elementary education, as well as training for native teachers (Honychurch, 1995). The Mico Charity was non-denominational but did much work in Catholic islands like Dominica.|SDG 4 - Quality education|dominica charitable charity elementary emphasised|10.052826|2.4927998|2.628367
11169|Hence, to include water use in this model, data for these 150 industries on water use has to be at hand. Until recently, such figures have not been available and water has been excluded from the analyses on the interactions between the Finnish economy and the environment performed by using this model (e.g., Koskela et al. In the international scientific literature, modelled data, prone to errors and inconsistencies of an unknown level, are almost exclusively used for the water-related input-output analyses (e.g., Steen-Olsen etal.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water analyses model inconsistencies modelled|1.370808|7.301476|2.7919228
11170|Responsibility for secondary care has been transferred from counties to five regions, with populations ranging from 600 000 to 1.5 million. Some responsibilities concerning health promotion, prevention and rehabilitation are transferred from counties to municipalities, which have to sign co-ordination agreements with regions to specify the division of tasks and information channels. The National Board of Health has provided obligatory guidelines for hospital planning.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|counties transferred regions obligatory specify|9.034917|8.6983185|1.8322538
11171|Since it does not receive general budget funding, INFONAVIT does not require periodic appropriations from federal ministries or Congress. While subject to some oversight by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit INFONAVIT has considerable flexibility in setting its own priorities. For the first 30 years of its existence, virtually the only source of funding for these operations was the funds in housing accounts. Thus, historically it has had no obligation to pay competitive returns on housing accounts to obtain its funds or to maintain the confidence of those supplying funds, for, unlike depositors in a mortgage banks, the holders of housing accounts have no right to withdraw their funds.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|funds infonavit accounts housing funding|4.8171782|5.7310596|2.180383
11172|However, care must be taken that school self-evaluation is not designed and interpreted as a mere routine bureaucratic obligation. For that reason, self-evaluation must be organised so that it is comparable between school units and so that it can be validated and supplemented by external evaluation. This would facilitate using the self-evaluation results as a basis for establishing greater accountability for schools and their managers, so that ultimately schools may be granted more autonomy and may assume greater management responsibilities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation self schools greater validated|9.820298|1.7339462|1.4953936
11173|In 1981, an Advisory Council for Industrial Policy (the so-called Wagner Committee) was asked to develop a new, future-oriented industrial policy. This “independent committee was to have a large influence on transforming traditional industrial policy into innovation- and market-oriented policy” (Boekholt and den Hertog, 2005).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|industrial policy oriented committee transforming|5.1964593|3.642777|2.6038482
11174|Due to the larger amount of field trial survey material in TALIS 2018, a rotated questionnaire design was implemented that required a sample size per country' of 600 teachers and 30 principals from 30 sampled schools for the ISCED level 2 core and each international option. Each participant was required to run this field trial, including administering all agreed upon language versions according to standardised procedures. Technical standards and corresponding quality control measures based on those implemented in TALIS 2013 were in place to ensure that the 2018 study implementation yields data comparable with the 2013 data.|SDG 4 - Quality education|talis trial field implemented required|9.515007|2.236874|1.8805333
11175|This is comparable to the G7 and OECD average, but is significantly higher than in France where the 20% heaviest drinkers consume only about half of all alcohol (OECD, 2015). Data for Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States are for 2012 rather than 2013. Despite a decrease in the suicide rate in 2012, which based on estimated data from the Korean authorities continued in 2013 moving from 29.1 per 100 000 population in 2012 to 28.7 in 2013 (Korean Ministry of Health, 2016), suicide remains one of the major causes of death among teenagers in Korea.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|suicide korean teenagers drinkers united|9.6707|8.999876|3.1956928
11176|The partnership has emphasised the importance of country strategies for aligning climate finance with domestic resources and development objectives (OECD, 2015h). Bringing the climate and development agendas together can also reduce competition for resources and minimise the risk of resources being taken from one agenda to meet another. This this is an opportunity for countries to shape their own priorities, to capture common themes, to avoid inconsistencies, and to maximise synergies between the SDGs. Then, the extent to which this is possible will depend on leadership at the highest levels of government, as well as the availability of human and financial capacity at the country level.|SDG 13 - Climate action|resources inconsistencies aligning climate emphasised|1.8474635|4.0903673|1.2799343
11177|Grundsatze und Umsetzung in den Kantonen, BBT, Bern. Identifying alternatives that work is not an easy task. In Germany for instance, a ‘transition system’ to take care of low performing students at rsik of dropping out of education has developed into an intransparent ‘jungle’ of unrelated measures that often do not even lead to transition. The OECD Policy Review of Germany has criticised this arrangement as costly and inefficient (Hoeckel and Schwartz, forthcoming).|SDG 4 - Quality education|transition germany und unrelated criticised|9.124402|2.3902507|2.505462
11178|In short, ICT infrastructure and connectivity should not be seen as isolated developmental challenges, but should be integrated with human capacity development and the wider infrastructure landscape.1 The second element of the system illustrated in figure V.1 concerns enterprises and enterprise development. As described in earlier chapters, enterprises in developing countries vary enormously in scale, character and economic impact. They range from large-scale production and service businesses, tightly linked into global trading networks, to the micro-enterprises of the poor.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|enterprises scale enormously tightly infrastructure|4.847743|3.1460147|2.0388217
11179|While health care policy appears to be evolving rapidly to resolve a number of important issues discussed in this chapter, longer-term success will depend on how easily a competitive model can be introduced into health care and insurance systems and sustained over time. This text identified a number of key problems of health care provision at all levels of the system. In an important shift in approach, the “Concept” set key goals to be reached by 2020 as well as intermediate timing of individual policy areas.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health key resolve timing|8.736075|8.882089|2.1119177
11180|However, voluntary measures (e.g. payments to farmers to incentivise pollution reductions) have generally had limited success (Shortle and Horan, 2013), and regulatory measures to control diffuse water pollution are typically poorly enforced (Parris, 2012). There is evidence that voluntary participation may not reach the major polluters (OECD, 2012, 2004) and subsidy-based programmes can have limited impact due to public budget constraints (Shortle and Horan, 2013). Indeed voluntary codes of good practice have not proved able to remedy a problem that does not stem from a lack of information, but from the absence of internalisation of pollution costs (OECD, 2004).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|voluntary pollution limited internalisation polluters|1.4571012|7.108122|2.1655588
11181|They are neither monitored nor organised to voice their needs and concerns. The informality of irrigation units also limits their application for government funding, and complicates the oversight and monitoring role of CONAGUA and other institutions. The National Water Programme (2007-12) established a target to strengthen the organisational capacities of 10% of the 40 000 irrigation units formalising their legal status. This rather low (but already challenging) target reveals the complexity of addressing the issue.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|units irrigation target complicates conagua|1.022157|7.1981444|1.7360677
11182|The third irrigation scenario is designed to test the effects of interaction between the irrigation efficiency and irrigation expansion scenarios. In addition, there are also international spill-over effects. World prices for maize and wheat are lower by 3% and 1% respectively compared to scenarios where the improved varieties are adopted only in the United States, and by 4% and 2% respectively when adopted throughout the OECD (Figure 13). For those regions that are currently battling water stress, e.g. the Mediterranean, irrigation efficiency measures contribute to improved yields on the order of between 3% and 5% in irrigated areas growing mainly maize and vegetables.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|irrigation maize scenarios respectively adopted|1.1182439|7.361023|3.051538
11183|Fruits and vegetables in particular, have clear advantages for Chihuahua. They are crops where labour can be effectively substituted for capital, and they are crops where high efficiency drip irrigation systems can be applied successfully. Thus employment is expanded and a major environmental problem is reduced.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|crops substituted drip chihuahua fruits|3.76401|5.24428|4.0630994
11184|"Accordingly, efficiency gains in supporting functions and administrative processes can be realised on treaty-level, as well as for local government- and company-levels. By deploying ""track & trace” functionalities, blockchain can uniquely identify and keep track of movements of physical or virtual goods. The tracing of tangible objects is often achieved by using hardware (e.g. near-field communication “NFC” chips), and intangible objects could be represented by certificates."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|objects track trace hardware deploying|4.0290523|2.559729|2.068017
11185|When collecting further data from cities, the ITF will propose collecting travel durations in addition to distances. For a given user group, it is now possible to compute the total number of fatalities in crashes involving this given user group. In Bogota, Paris City and Inner London, the total number of vulnerable road users killed in collisions with cars is four to seven times higher than the number of car occupants killed in traffic.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|killed collecting user number group|4.2133975|5.2039375|0.0005700953
11186|When instruction is narrowly focused on specific knowledge, skills and question formats test results become an increasingly misleading measure of student achievement (Hout and Elliott, 2011). This problem is often exacerbated when teachers perceive tests as high stakes as a result of incentive systems; it can also be caused inadvertently if tests are not updated frequently. For example, in Sweden the Year 5 standardised test is used over 2 successive years and teachers may inadvertently “teach to the test” in the second year leading to score inflation and reducing the validity of the results (Nusche, forthcoming). In Denmark, teaching to the test takes the form of increased focus on tested content areas and reduced focus on creative, innovative and oral skills (Wandall, 2010 cited in Shewbridge et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|test inadvertently tests teachers oral|9.712873|1.7741313|1.4176073
11187|For a complete and in-depth analysis of inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean, more light must be shed on the distribution and use of time by men and women. Social inequality in the region is strongly determined by the production matrix and ownership structure, as well as other structural determinants like the dominant gender system, which in turn intersects with factors such as life cycle stages, area of residence, ethnicity and race (ECLAC, 2016f).The analysis of inequality, its dimensions and how they interconnect is fundamental to the design of public policies that would allow society to achieve sustainable development and the Goals set forth in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (ECLAC, 2016c, 2016d). A transformative approach that incorporates the entire development agenda is needed to make real progress towards reducing inequality. This implies taking a number of steps that, in addition to eliminating discrimination and violence, increase the number of women with sufficient income of their own, shatter the glass ceiling, increase women's access to the labour market, make personal and work life compatible for men and women, and ensure that domestic care work is shared fairly, among other measures.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|inequality eclac women agenda life|9.206451|4.6707315|6.4792933
11188|Examples are the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Finland, Ireland, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as non-OECD countries like Morocco and Hinisia.) To be effective, this organisational framework requires strongly co-ordinated and coherent policy development and implementation. In addition, frameworks that combine gender equality with family and/or children’s affairs may risk confining women narrowly to their roles as mothers and caregivers. To oversee gender equality issues, others have independent commissions (Australia, Belgium, Israel, Luxembourg and New Zealand) and/or human rights commissions (Australia, Ireland, Mexico and New Zealand). A number of countries use “ombuds-offices” to oversee the implementation of gender initiatives and to keep gender concerns on the policy agenda (including the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Mexico, Norway, and Sweden). Such violations include issues of equal pay for equal work or equal access to education (OECD, 2008, describes measures against labour market discrimination in greater detail).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|oversee gender equal republic commissions|9.866282|4.18349|7.1351533
11189|Strategies for women’s economic empowerment have to be cognizant of differences in women’s experiences, needs and priorities. There are strong developmental rationales for enhancing women’s access to a range of economic and financial resources. One set of rationales revolves around the implications of women’s access to resources for the welfare of their children.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rationales women resources access developmental|9.095882|4.796974|6.4087667
11190|Consequently, renewables also will have to play an increasing role to balance the network during low load situations. Figure 16 shows this issue with a modelled load duration curve corresponding to 80% of renewables in an isolated balancing area. During periods with low load or excess generation, wind and solar will probably have to reduce their output to maintain network security. As more wind and more solar power plants are coming on line, granting them priority dispatch only constrained by security of supply reasons may become highly uneconomical.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load renewables solar wind network|1.60481|1.3800853|1.9630735
11191|Finally, there is a need to address discriminatory laws, such as labour laws that limit the maximum amount of part-time work and family laws that limit decision-making power and/or the land rights of female family members. An example includes adequate parental and child-related benefits, such as parental leave that is fully funded by the Government14 and for which a component must be used by male parents. Another example is taxation frameworks that encourage mothers to work by reducing the net tax liability, such as taxing individual income rather than family income and tax-deductible childcare payments (Elborgh-Woytek and others, 2013).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|laws family parental limit tax|9.250563|5.0438766|6.324488
11192|They also have a direct impact on women's ability to access and control resources. Some of these countries - including Morocco, the Republic of Korea and Turkey— began the period with extensive discriminatory provisions, but have since advanced significantly towards more gender-equal family laws. However, as of 2005, eight countries—Algeria, Bangladesh, Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia— had maintained highly discriminatory laws that, for example, endorse men's authority over women in marriage, give men greater rights over property and limit women's ability to file for divorce.15 These countries span different regions but all apply a conservative interpretation of Islamic family law. Minor reforms of the family law took place in 1993, but major changes were resisted.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|islamic family discriminatory laws ability|9.609695|5.079971|7.10322
11193|Limited financial resources and lack of supportive infrastructure are expected to hinder rapid adoption and deployment of electric vehicles in the Commonwealth Pacific small states. As Fiji is the major regional petroleum distribution hub in the Pacific, where fuel is bunkered before being transported on smaller ships to other countries, a change of fuel standards in Fiji would influence outcomes in downstream countries. Fiji currently uses Euro 2 standard fuel (Australia is on Euro 5 and 6) but could reduce emissions by raising the standard to Euro 4. Euro 5 is likely to be cost prohibitive at this stage as it requires the use of diesel particulate filters.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|euro fiji fuel pacific standard|1.852209|2.2250934|2.5496922
11194|Australia stands out as the only country where a small part-time wage premium is found for female workers. While the wages of temporary workers increase with age and skill level, they grow more slowly than those of standard workers. As a result, the wage differences between temporary and standard workers tend to widen with age or skill. This implies that years of labour market experience may not be valued in the same way for temporary workers as for standard workers. Having a higher education level does not eliminate the wage disadvantage faced by temporary workers. In most countries, those with a university degree are still at a considerable wage disadvantage compared with peers in standard work.|SDG 1 - No poverty|workers temporary standard wage disadvantage|8.0422945|4.206376|4.2582846
11195|The Norwegian coast guard makes nearly 2 000 at-sea inspections every year, compared with the Norwegian fishing fleet of over 6 000 vessels, not to mention foreign vessels fishing in Norwegian waters. As is the case for most countries, Norwegian law allows Norwegian vessels to fish only in areas which are subject to some national regulation or to a regional management scheme in which Norway participates. The success of all these efforts at conservation depends strongly on enforcement.|SDG 14 - Life below water|norwegian vessels fishing participates guard|-0.020096906|5.825044|6.89883
11196|Though amounts to the South and Central Asia region declined by USD 1.2 billion, Far East Asia increased by USD 5.1 billion, mainly due to major commitments to Indonesia (energy) and the Philippines (transport and storage). It should be noted, however, that allocations to Asia fluctuate significantly from one year to the other. In general, this is caused by large biennial commitments from Japan and the ADB towards economic infrastructure.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|asia commitments usd billion fluctuate|4.500822|4.1273174|2.6470382
11197|Public-private partnerships (PPPs) could help meet the growing demand for quality seeds and could be supported by regulations governing the introduction of such seeds. Chemical nutrient application in Myanmar is about 10% of the South Asia regional average and less than 7% of that of Viet Nam. Low fertiliser use is due particularly to limited access to seasonal credit and the relatively high level of adulterated fertilisers on sale.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|seeds ppps fertilisers nutrient governing|3.806421|5.1715636|3.9421303
11198|The median salaries of women remain lower than those of men, which may also reflect the philosophy of the male “breadwinner” model. There are also many important remaining gaps in domestic labour legislation, including workers’ protection, work areas and night work provisions. In addition, in most MENA countries, the employer has to cover the direct and indirect costs of maternity leave, w'hich may result in discriminatory attitudes for employing women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|breadwinner philosophy night employing maternity|9.112182|4.825085|5.824116
11199|In 2010, women’s labour force participation rates remain below 30 per cent in Northern Africa and Western Asia; below 40 per cent in Southern Asia; and below 50 per cent in the Caribbean and Central America. The gap between participation rates of women and men has narrowed slightly in the last 20 years but remains considerable. The smallest gender gaps are in the early adult years and the widest in the prime working ages. In the more developed economies, the labour force - especially the female labour force - is employed predominantly in services.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|force cent labour asia participation|9.11952|4.3443623|5.718107
11200|Data from France, Poland and Switzerland are obtained from representative surveys of new enterprises. They are tabulated by gender of the enterprise’s (sole) founder rather than by the gender of the sole proprietor. The dataset is produced by the OECD on the basis of data provided by Bureau Van Dijk Publishing.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sole founder gender dataset publishing|9.067495|3.7422347|6.124847
11201|However, half of lifetime mental health problems (excluding dementia) begin to emerge by age 14 and three-quarters by the mid-20s, making this a crucial age group for the early identification of problems and swift and effective intervention. By 2007, suicide had fallen to the lowest rate in 150 years and there had been a marked fall in suicide in young men. The most recent National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide (July 2014) shows that the long-term downward trend in patient suicides continues.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|suicide problems confidential dementia suicides|9.686534|8.93308|3.1632025
11202|Moreover, Article 28, paragraph 2 of the convention adopts the impermissibility principle contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which states that a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of a convention shall not be permitted. It has consistently called upon states parties to withdraw them and ensure that their legal systems conform to the convention in general and to Article 16 in particular. The committee has stressed that Article 16 (among others) is “central to the object and purpose of the convention and that the reservations impact negatively on the enjoyment by women of their rights.” As such, the reservations to Article 16 contradict the convention’s core principles of equality between men and women, and can undermine countries’ efforts to achieve gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|convention article reservations object purpose|9.77901|4.876345|7.1972218
11203|Waste prevention efforts usually do not involve high costs and are often regulated by administrative and economic instruments. From all the waste fractions, food waste is of particular interest from methane perspective-good practice to reduce food waste is being developed and shared at the EU level. Anaerobic digestion is also efficiently used for household organic waste treatment. Methane measurements and gas leak identification systems are important measures to reduce leakage from organic waste treatment and biogas production facilities.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste methane organic treatment fractions|1.2773949|3.6982007|2.8908894
11204|As with the earlier industrialisation process, other circumstances w ere also supportive of growth in the mobile telephone business. The fragmented historical structure of Finnish telecommunications meant there was local strength in network interconnection issues, which are fundamental to mobile systems which initially functioned as access networks to the existing wired infrastructure. The state was part of the Nordic consortium that developed the second-generation Nordic Mobile Telephone standard, upon whose system architecture the third-generation GSM system was built. Nokia was therefore well placed to ride the wave of expansion as the technological shift to the third generation transformed the mobile phone into a mass-market product.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mobile telephone generation nordic functioned|4.89463|2.8391068|1.4261657
11205|Part II will investigate the impact of different risk management strategies and policies on farm welfare and behaviour, as well as the interactions between farmer’s strategies and government programme. The risk environment analyzed in Part I is used to calibrate a stochastic model of a representative risk averse farmer in the UK and Australia confronting uncertain yield, output price and cost, and simulates farmer’s response to risk and government policies. The main focus of the stochastic simulation is to analyze the policy impact on the distribution of farm income, farm welfare and farm risk management behaviour.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farm farmer risk stochastic behaviour|3.4710133|5.5713463|3.8642788
11206|As a result, it is not surprising that some shared vehicle drivers, for instance, report that the biggest obstacle to driving an EV in the network is a lack of rapid charging stations in areas of high mobility demand (e.g. downtown centres or airport queues). The need for time-consuming charging, often multiple times per day, for example, reduces drivers' availability for offering rides and earning fares. Drivers report that range anxiety can lead them to decide to cancel trips.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|drivers charging ev report fares|4.186135|4.79218|0.4704958
11207|Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would like to thank the following OECD and IEA colleagues for their helpful comments on this paper: Simon Buckle, Jane Ellis, Takashi Hattori, Christina Hood, Takayoshi Kato and Raphael Jachnik. This enhanced transparency framework will play an important role in tracking progress towards the individual and collective goals agreed at COP 21 and in understanding achievement of nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement. This paper unpacks the transparency-related provisions within the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 relating to mitigation and support. It also explores the relationship between the existing and future transparency framework, information required to track progress towards nationally determined contributions for mitigation, and fulfilling reporting provisions on finance provided, mobilised and received.|SDG 13 - Climate action|transparency nationally determined provisions paris|1.2575418|3.6537957|0.8600683
11208|The shares of threatened species are 12% for mammals, 8% for birds and 11% for vascular plants. Among the 34 OECD countries, Poland ranks seventh best for mammals, third best for birds and fourteenth best for vascular plants (OECD, 2013). These ecosystems require particular attention to preserve habitats of sensitive species. In particular, the 1997 National Forest Policy provides for i) increasing forest resources, ii) improving their state and providing comprehensive protection, and iii) promoting multifunctional forest management according to criteria formulated by the Helsinki process.4 The National Forest Policy (NFP) sets key forest policy objectives, some with quantitative targets and timetables.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest mammals best birds species|1.5184741|4.989257|3.9823377
11209|There has been overfishing for more than ten years and current management measures appear to be insufficient to end overfishing in the short term. Recommendations are to reduce fishing by 36 per cent compared to 2008-2011 levels. Largely targets skipjack and to a lesser extent yellowfin but may catch multiple species. Larger vessels usually have their own freezing equipment and are based outside the Pacific and smaller vessels, which use ice, are based in Pacific ports.|SDG 14 - Life below water|overfishing vessels pacific ice ports|-0.1848053|5.929994|6.535851
11210|When appropriately set, w'ater tariffs and abstraction charges can inform abstractors about the value of w'ater and provide incentives to use water efficiently, including in episodes of droughts. They can also provide incentives to direct economic and urban developments in regions where water is more abundant, avoiding creating additional liabilities as regards water security (See Box 3.5). Well-designed water tariffs and abstraction charges can also stimulate innovation and private sector investments (in water-saving technologies and practices or in water storage) and allocate water where it creates more (social, environmental and economic) value.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water ater abstraction charges tariffs|1.443704|7.504573|2.3063347
11211|The most extensive areas under irrigated paddy are in Indonesia, followed by Viet Nam, the Philippines and Thailand. The largest area under upland paddy is also in Indonesia, and significant amounts of land are planted in flood-prone areas in Cambodia, Myanmar and Viet Nam. While the per capita demand is expected to decrease in the future, total demand for paddy in Southeast Asia is expected to increase to more than 160 megatonnes per year by 2020 due to population growth (Mutert and Fairhurst, 2002).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|paddy viet nam indonesia upland|3.750026|5.282263|4.1496844
11212|Some schemes involved land-related transactions: the commune of Saint-Ivy, France, bought former farming land and converted it to woodland to protect the aquifer, partly because landowners in France cannot impose crop choices on tenants (Barraque et al., In other cases, the schemes involved designing performance contracts: in Santa Cruz County, California, the Resource Conservation District and the Driscoll’s strawberry company piloted a performance-based conservation initiative to monitor and improve groundwater quality, and better manage quantity. The plan includes targets, new monitoring mechanisms and incentive payments for conservation to participating farmers (Levy and Christian-Smith, 2011).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|conservation france schemes involved woodland|1.1387205|7.478108|2.6506183
11213|If the cost per unit of landed fish goes up as the stock is depleted, this provides some protection against a serious stock depletion resulting from a breakdown of sharing agreements. And the sharing agreements themselves could be resilient against variations in fish migrations. Oceanographic conditions vary a great deal from year to year, due to factors that are unlikely to be related to global warming, and so do fish migrations.|SDG 14 - Life below water|migrations fish stock agreements sharing|0.1891191|5.8233953|6.558799
11214|Second, the combination of relatively high minimum wages, taxes on labour and dismissal costs discourages employers from hiring inexperienced youth. Finally, despite some recent initiatives, labour market measures available at the public employment service for unemployed youth are not subject to the mutual-obligations principle and their effectiveness is unknown. The Papandreou government is proposing to cut social security contributions for each new employee aged 30 or younger hired by an SME, provided the firm does not fire any worker to take advantage of the subsidies. The subsidies would last four years and would amount to 100% of social security contributions for the first year, 75% for the second year, 50% for the third year and 25% for the fourth year. The government also plans to introduce a 5-year tax exemption for small businesses owned by young people in rural and semi-rural regions. In addition, an overhaul of work-experience programmes is envisaged so that the new programmes are six-month long, focused on practical learning, limited to the private sector, offered only once per beneficiary and targeted on post-secondary graduates.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|year contributions youth subsidies second|7.902211|4.668414|3.945533
11215|Biodiversity also provides the poor with a form of cost-effective and readily accessible insurance against risk, particularly food security risks, health risks and environmental hazards (Vira and Kontoleon, 2013; Roe and Mapendembe, 2013). Conversely, the loss of biodiversity also imposes huge costs on the economies of developing countries - damages due to crime related to natural resources and the environment in developing countries are estimated to be more than 70 billion United States dollars (USD) a year (World Bank, 2014). Agriculture supports more than half of the world’s population, including 1.5 billion people living on small-scale farming in developing countries.|SDG 15 - Life on land|developing biodiversity billion risks imposes|1.6373408|5.3038573|3.6951222
11216|People, enterprises and destinations with the right skills mix can share in the potential economic benefits. Jobs which provide opportunities to gain experience, up-skill and move into higher level positions promote economic mobility and lead to better outcomes for people. Workforce development initiatives that specifically target existing workers often aim to promote employment sustainability and career progression for low paid workers which better meet industry needs (Froy and Giguere, 2010). High skilled workers have access to more jobs as well as better quality jobs, while the opposite is true for both youth and low skilled workers across all three dimensions of job quality (earnings, labour market security and quality of working environment).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers jobs better skilled quality|7.69592|3.873398|3.6172366
11217|For example, once fisheries have depleted the large, typically higher value, predatory fish at the top of the food web, they have been seen to then progressively redirect effort towards smaller, often less valuable, species at lower trophic levels (Pauly et al., This situation, referred to as fishing down the food web, can also be associated with increased fishing intensity to offset the lower value of the smaller species, which can further negatively affect diversity and productivity (see Folke et al., Once these effects take place, an ecosystem might lose its resilience and become more vulnerable (Folke et al., Once an ecosystem has shifted, the process may be difficult to reverse (Scheffer and Carpenter, 2003; Scheffer, Carpenter and de Young, 2005).|SDG 14 - Life below water|web al et ecosystem fishing|-0.04296059|5.97256|6.3652563
11218|Such finance can come from domestic or international sources. Developed countries committed at the 16111 Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC to mobilise USD 100 billion per year by 2020 of climate finance for developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation action and transparency on implementation. This commitment was reiterated in Decision 1/CP.21 (hereafter referred to as the Paris Decision), which indicates that funding will continue at this level until 2025, by which time a new target figure will be set. The transparency framework of the Paris Agreement covers only a subset of climate finance, i.e. finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries, climate finance provided and mobilised by “other” countries for developing countries, as well as climate finance received by developing countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance countries developing climate mobilised|1.4460287|3.7630115|0.88837844
11219|In 2008, the Ethiopian government introduced a policy designed to shift the balance of subjects in all public universities away from the humanities and towards the sciences and technology, on a 70:30 basis. The strategy is based on an assessment that graduates of medicine, engineering and technology generally have better employment opportunities inside and outside the country than graduates in the social sciences and, to some extent, the natural sciences (UNECA, 2011). This approach also includes more and better guidance to students to steer them towards employment in the private sector, away from enrolment in traditional public sector entrance subjects in the arts, humanities and social sciences.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sciences humanities subjects graduates away|8.826878|2.7844625|3.1365418
11220|One and a half decades later, PISA 2015 results show that Lithuania ranks among the countries with high school autonomy in the curriculum development (Table 3.2). While MoES sets general policy framework and standards, school teachers and principals are largely responsible for the curriculum design and implementation. They broadly regulate the implementation of education curricula in order to ensure consistency, availability and quality of education across the country.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curriculum moes implementation school ranks|9.58871|1.9586234|2.3577178
11221|And in any studied case, one should specifically decide to which extent the possible risks and opportunities are examined. An example of a functional model for a hydropower plant is shown in Figure 11.5. The seasonal plan helps to determine how climate change could affect a power plant’s typical seasonal practices and routines. An example of seasonal plan for a biomass-based power plant is shown in Figure 11.6.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|seasonal plant shown plan power|1.4509484|1.7032213|2.0818105
11222|Moreover, the electricity grid runs mostly north-south with a few interconnections with adjacent Norwegian regions, northern Sweden and northern Finland. Finally, Troms County has significant resources for RE production, both actual and potential (Table 13.3). For instance, there is abundant wind along the seashore.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|northern troms interconnections abundant runs|1.9910924|2.0353322|2.3131428
11223|To do so, there have to be technological advances in energy conservation in several key sectors, namely construction, industry, transport and power generation. Emission-reducing measures include the import of advanced technologies and the wider use of alternative and renewable energy sources. Tax and subsidy policies can play in important part in promoting emission reduction.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emission energy advances subsidy import|1.6495292|2.8885915|2.1005547
11224|Of Kaskelen’s employed population, 31% commuted to Almaty City in 2009. The Almaty metropolitan area also includes the cities of Talgar (35% of employed population commuted to Almaty) and Essik (21% of employed population commuted to Almaty City). The share of employed population commuting to Almaty City was even higher in Boraldai (51%), Otegen Batyr (45%) and Pokrovka (46%).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|almaty employed population city commuting|4.5202866|5.440144|1.8751749
11225|The purpose of the Rio markers was originally to track the mainstreaming of environmental considerations into development co-operation rather than providing a quantification of finance. This regulation stipulates that “where relevant or applicable” under the UNFCCC, member states “shall endeavour to provide information on financial flows”. Information on climate finance mobilised is available in the MDB’s latest report (MDBs, 2016).|SDG 13 - Climate action|mdb finance endeavour mdbs quantification|1.6045837|4.0122585|0.78749645
11226|Investments in energy efficiency will reduce energy costs, creating fiscal space for other governmental priorities. Opportunities for energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings are significant. However, there are a number of factors that discourage investment in energy efficiency, including a lack of capital for the up-front costs, a desire for very rapid payback periods, and financial risk aversion.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency payback aversion costs|2.1040983|2.6149187|2.4391012
11227|The aim is to reach zero net emissions by the second half of the century, with developed countries taking more ambitious actions. The UNFCCC’s Financial Mechanism and its Green Climate Fund (GCF) will serve the Agreement. Developing-country Parties are to receive support for strengthening technology development and transfer. Capacity-building: all Parties agreed to cooperate to enhance the ability of developing-country Parties to implement the Agreement.|SDG 13 - Climate action|parties agreement gcf cooperate developing|1.7354532|3.6863773|1.1735095
11228|In Sweden, among native students of mixed heritage, non-native speakers were 17 percentage points less likely to be academically resilient compared to native-speakers. The difference was at least 20 percentage points in the European peer-learner countries. In Canada, nativespeaking and non-native speaking students with different immigrant backgrounds were equally likely to attain baseline academic proficiency.|SDG 4 - Quality education|native speakers points percentage academically|9.856617|2.585026|3.1377065
11229|Although it has made progress on many fronts and has a high standing on international assessments, there is a general appreciation that the system must strive for the next level, although the nature of that level has not yet been specified. One of the themes of this report is how evaluation and assessment, broadly conceived, can support the attainment of whatever educational goals are decided upon. The core logic of criterion-referenced evaluation and assessment systems rests upon the alignment of goals for student learning, specific content for learning, pedagogical approaches and evaluation and assessment approaches (OECD, 2013). In the Netherlands, building such alignment is challenging, given the lack of a national agreement on specific educational priorities and standards.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation alignment assessment approaches goals|9.606685|1.7106122|1.4137441
11230|"But as gross domestic product (GDP) rises, the growth in domestic cement demand is expected to remain strong and to rise to between 400 kg/cap and 460 kg/cap in 2050. Annual production could reach 646 Mt and 742 Mt by 2050, increasing production by between 3.8 and 4.4 times in 2050 compared to current levels. They refer to the core process excluding options for heat Page | 81 cascading and the process integration of material flows in individual plants on a site and for combined heat and power (CHP) systems."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mt cap kg heat domestic|1.4541559|2.916469|2.5731468
11231|Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, Vol. Jahrhunderts” (Social exclusion of people with mental disorders. Balance and outlook of community psychiatry at the beginning of the 21st century), Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, Vol. Repper (2000), “Employment, Social Inclusion and Mental Health”, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental vol journal health psychiatry|10.343411|8.837022|1.8235134
11232|Especially in Tajikistan, where the natural resource base is declining, the 2030 Agenda emphasizes its conservation, for which conscientious reporting frameworks (SDG 12.6) can help monitor progress. Economic productivity (SDG 8.2) depends on fresh water-use efficiency (SDG 6.4), which is enhanced by capacity-building support for water harvesting, desalination, recycling and waste-water treatments (SDG 6.a). Improving water-use efficiency (SDG 6.4) also feeds back into reduced water pollution and sustainable wastewater management (SDG 6.3).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sdg water efficiency feeds emphasizes|1.654816|6.64058|2.0493479
11233|The number of poor families in the city as provided by the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board is 320,000. The city’s poor population, based on an assumption of 3.83 members per family (based on the survey), is 1,225,600, and accounts for 18.53 per cent of the city’s population. This indicates that 19 per cent of the city’s population contributes to nearly 14 per cent of the city’s economy, which is not a negligible amount.|SDG 1 - No poverty|city cent population tamil poor|6.110078|5.790943|4.8422484
11234|The additional post of vice-chairperson of the country's Upazila Parishads was created exclusively for female candidates. Candidates are elected by direct vote, even though the post is reserved for women (The Daily Star 2009). However, female vice-chairs of Upazila Parishads throughout the country could not start their jobs following the 2009 elections, as the government did not issue a circular regarding the newly created posts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|vice candidates post created female|10.468211|4.386195|7.16225
11235|A micro-simulation model has been developed jointly by the OECD and the WHO, to estimate the long-term population-level effects and costs of preventive interventions to tackle chronic diseases. Modelling across several countries found that health information and communication strategies that improve population awareness about the benefits of healthy eating and physical activity are cost-effective and able to generate substantial health gains. Fiscal measures that increase the price of unhealthy food content or reduce the cost of healthy foods rich in fibre also emerged as cost-effective.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|healthy cost unhealthy eating effective|9.122519|9.022261|2.862815
11236|Water and wastewater fees were increased in 2007. Rates for households were set at 0.14 to 0.18 (in larger cities) manat/m3 for households and 0.70 manat/ m3 for the remaining consumers, and 1.2 manat/m3 for consumers who use water as a raw material. Reportedly, in 2009 all companies and industries connected to the grid had meters, w'hile slightly over 50 per cent of the households connected had meters. In this way, the rate of fee collection from consumers increased in larger cities from 63.1 percent in 2006 to 71.7 percent in 2009.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|consumers meters households connected percent|1.6069958|7.6013303|2.3279428
11237|This allows tourists to see the complex communities of flora and fauna found in the ecosystem and revenue earned from the boardwalk is used for community development projects. Such community initiatives provide an incentive to conserve resources, as well as education for local people who live far away from mangrove forests. Other examples are found in Kenya, where women in Gazi and Wasini operate similar projects.|SDG 15 - Life on land|community projects conserve flora fauna|2.284559|5.2358775|3.8323321
11238|They also have high rates of illiteracy: in 2010, 34.5% of indigenous women were illiterate (SEP, 2015). However, these rates have been improving across cohorts: by 2015, only 1.2% of women aged 15 to 29 were illiterate (INMUJERES data provided to OECD). Mexico also underperforms in reading: Mexico’s average score is 72 points below the OECD average. The percentage of low achievers among boys and girls in Mexico is also twice as high as the average percentage in the OECD across subjects, but the figures may mask even greater differences; many disadvantaged 15-year-olds leave school and are thus not captured by these statistics.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|illiterate mexico average oecd percentage|9.769349|4.212264|5.520071
11239|In the fishing villages of Navagaon in Maharashtra in India, for instance, all fish processing activities take place on community land, whose unofficial ownership and management lies with the traditional village-level governance body, or panchayat. This land is divided among fishing families, and passed down to the daughters-in-law of the house. These drying areas may be rented out to others for drying fish, but they cannot be sold, as the community owns the land. Women invest in the maintenance of these fishing grounds and contribute their own labour. Customary rights over this land are fiercely maintained by the fishing community (Peke, 2016a). Thus, customary practices help to retain control over assets necessary for fish processing, and prevent them from being diverted to other purposes.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing drying land fish customary|-0.019391466|5.8174706|6.545351
11240|With a few cows, a household could meet its own consumption needs and help relatives and friends. Sale of surplus milk and calves was a source of cash for other essential purchases. Cows also provided organic fertiliser and fuel. Indeed, with six or seven cows, a family had no need for coal through the harsh winters (van Engelen, 2011).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cows harsh friends purchases relatives|3.7743115|5.0554624|4.259021
11241|"Social barriers include the lack of knowledge of their rights, illiteracy, lack of information and dependence on male relatives for assistance and resources. Philippines (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, communication No. According to the Committee, it was clear from the judgement that the assessment of the credibility of the complainant's version of events was influenced by a number of stereotypes, the complainant in this situation not having followed what was expected from a rational and ""ideal victim"" or what the judge considered to be the rational and ideal response of a woman in a rape situation. In addition to ordering the State party to pay adequate compensation, the Committee ordered the State to ""ensure that all legal procedures in cases involving crimes of rape and other sexual offences are impartial and fair, and not affected by prejudices or stereotypical gender notions."""|SDG 5 - Gender equality|committee rational ideal rape situation|9.83878|5.2542043|7.36629
11242|While the difficulties of such an integrated approach are significant, especially in view of capital constraints and often weak institutional capabilities, the benefits of a sustainable energy transition are substantial (Johansson et al., Alongside this historical emphasis is an analysis of how technological change is represented in future scenarios. Both sources of evidence are used to draw implications for the ongoing development and diffusion of clean energy technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|johansson energy diffusion alongside draw|1.8295155|2.7345595|2.092079
11243|Independent variables include activities of daily living, chronic diseases, and interactions of ADL categories and disease conditions. Ever having smoked, residing in the Northeast, mortality, obesity, and physical health status (measured by number of ADLs and admission to nursing home) have considerable effects on expenditures. Further, individuals who die during the year have substantially higher medical expenses than survivors.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|northeast survivors nursing admission expenses|9.260752|8.972517|2.8674839
11244|Although this has recently been described as a component of a new “second safety net”, there is a risk, when income support is available only on condition of participation in training, of participation in training without appropriate selection and motivation. With a view to promoting the transition from non-regular to regular employment, in particular for young people, the so-called “Job Card system” was set up in 2008. The Job Card itself is a document which records the education and training backgrounds and employment history of its holder, updated after any further training.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training card regular job participation|8.150269|4.4298415|3.8523612
11245|More generally, they keep prices artificially high and therefore depress average real wages for the economy as a whole. By restricting output, they tend to reduce employment levels in the affected sectors, except when a protected environment allows over-staffing to be maintained, and labour demand may be further reduced if wages in these sectors contain an element of product-market rents. Combining PMR indicators with measures of labour market regulations, Boeri et al. ( Using time-varying indicators of PMR, Nicoletti and Scarpetta (2004) find that product market reforms contribute to increasing non-agricultural employment rates.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|wages market product indicators sectors|5.914392|4.629323|4.0955157
11246|However, these documents lack a green growth perspective. The first two documents focus on the process rather than the outcomes of urban development, such as the procedures for developing urban masterplans and for obtaining development permits. Green growth is not clearly mentioned in the objectives, and the only links to green growth are policy targets on green spaces, number of trees and environmental impact assessments.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|green documents growth urban trees|3.3243747|4.7089634|1.9316524
11247|In the context of adaptation, these local biodiversity and environmental impacts can be inter-linked. For example, a forestry project that decreases soil erosion may increase the local water table. In turn, more sustainable access to groundwater for agriculture can help to increase food security, a key component of adapting to a changing climate.|SDG 13 - Climate action|local adapting increase erosion decreases|1.3804421|5.142521|2.538224
11248|However, it has been the experience in many countries that acts of violence against women are not investigated thoroughly or documented precisely, and that domestic violence continues to be regarded as a private matter and not a criminal offence, while complaints of sexual violence continue to be treated with scepticism. Experience has shown that the establishment of such units may facilitate the development of expertise in this area and may result in an increase in the number of cases investigated and a better quality and more efficient process for the complainant/survivor. However, in some countries, experience indicates that establishment of such units may result in the marginalization of women’s issues.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|investigated violence experience units establishment|10.038909|5.4210916|7.4629526
11249|For example, in 1962, a pioneering study group of India's Planning Commission set a monthly per capita consumption level of rupees (Rs) 20 in 1960-1961 prices as the bare minimum level-of-living threshold. This excluded expenditure on health and education, since it assumed that such needs would be covered directly for all and for free by the State, as enjoined upon it by India's Constitution. The State's obligation has not been fulfilled but the assumption of its fulfilment has nevertheless survived. In India, the official poverty line does not cover education and health needs. Factoring these in on the basis of the actual expenditure pattern of the median household reveals that the poverty line would need to be raised by 10.4 per cent for rural areas and by 15.6 per cent for urban areas.2 The rates of rural and urban poverty would increase from the official estimates of 28.3 and 27.5 per cent to the revised estimates of 36.4 and 35.8 per cent, respectively (Ravi and Dev, 2008, pp.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent india poverty official expenditure|6.066035|5.902849|4.8910832
11250|Similar issues can arise for employment-conditional in-work benefits although these transfers are generally more effective at accentuating the income difference between working and not working. Since the mid-1980s, support for low-wage workers has been expanded substantially in the United States (Earned Income Tax Credit) and the United Kingdom (Family Credit, later Working Families Tax Credit, now Working Credit), especially for families with children (both FC and WFTC were only available to families with children). As a result, in 1999, the EITC reduced (official) child poverty in lone-parent households by 4.5 percentage points to 25.1% while, in 1990, the reduction was less than 1 percentage point (House Committee on Ways and Means, 2004, Table H-21, cited in Haskins, 2006).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|credit working families percentage tax|7.4661303|5.88025|4.852686
11251|Practices related to monitoring, evaluation and appraisal (e.g. supporting and observing teachers, and observing students and classrooms), furthermore, constitute fundamental elements of pedagogical leadership focussing school leaders’ attention towards teaching and learning. School leaders’ essential role in internal teacher appraisal processes should be reflected in the appraisal of school leaders (e.g. through evaluating school leaders’ competencies to manage staff; to authentically evaluate teaching and learning; to understand, observe and recognise good teaching; and to give developmental feedback to teachers). School leaders should equally be held directly accountable for and receive feedback on their ability to lead their school’s self-evaluation processes, for their school’s collaboration during external evaluations, and for the communication of external evaluation results to their school community.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school leaders appraisal observing teaching|9.925768|1.2269477|1.5501132
11252|Given the significant amount of fossil fuels consumed in the transport sector and the lack of action in achieving solutions in this area, this area needs greater focus if the Pacific is to achieve the SDGs by 2030 and become an energy secure region by 2050. Incentives such as concessional or guaranteed lease financing of efficient buses could be used. Any extra cost of a more energy efficient vehicle is likely to be repaid through fuel savings in the average life use of the vehicle.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|vehicle efficient repaid area lease|1.7506146|2.869379|2.0385675
11253|This requires a more flexible policy process, capable of incorporating lessons derived from each step of the process, for improved outcomes. However, as mentioned above, there are deeper underlying reasons why vulnerable groups are disproportionately at risk from climate hazards, which must not be left unexamined. Building greater resilience for long-term sustainable development requires addressing those underlying factors through transformative policies capable of closing the remaining development gaps which leave people exposed and vulnerable to shocks. This will benefit from a more flexible, participatory and integrated policy process.|SDG 13 - Climate action|capable process underlying flexible vulnerable|1.512954|4.960889|1.8345165
11254|Donors have a great deal of experience in approaches that seek to involve and empower poor people including participatory planning, participatory rural appraisal and community based management. These approaches have been used in donor funded projects, the development of Poverty Reduction Strategies and the design and delivery of sector programmes. Most general budget support programmes involve associated donor support for the role of organised civil society in policy making and programme planning at national and local level in order to strengthen the voice of poor people and improve accountability to them.|SDG 1 - No poverty|participatory donor involve approaches planning|5.4217668|4.5615664|2.6553378
11255|Another positive feature is the fact that five-year budgets provide enough flexibility for adjustments in annual education budgets. However, the budget documents do not typically provide clearly defined educational objectives, actions, goals and target results. The budget requests submitted by ANEP to the MEF are typically not presented with a vision of the school system as a whole and do not clearly establish priorities for public spending.|SDG 4 - Quality education|budgets clearly typically budget anep|9.483584|2.114101|2.231482
11256|Given the severity of the current economic downturn, a temporary reduction in the contributory history required to qualify for unemployment insurance would help prevent some youth from disconnecting from the labour market. Alternatively, the Greek government could extend the allowance paid to long-term unemployed youth without work experience to include the short-term unemployed and 16-19-year olds. If this were to occur, it should be matched by stricter job-search requirements backed by the threat of moderate benefit sanctions in order to avoid benefit dependency.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployed youth benefit greek stricter|7.932098|4.5292087|4.001503
11257|This was clear when the United Nations convened the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012. The outcome document, “The future we want” makes references to the role of the private sector in promoting inclusive and sustainable development in various paragraphs. We support national regulatory and policy frameworks that enable business and industry to advance sustainable development initiatives, taking into account the importance of corporate social responsibility.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|rio sustainable nations janeiro development|2.274293|4.022454|1.7285972
11258|Initiatives by New Zealand’s Ministry of Women’s Affairs include investigating and addressing barriers for women within male-dominated industries. The Ministry initiated Women in Trades networks run by tradeswomen for tradeswomen, which aim to build support for women working in trades. Featuring case studies of highly successful women in male-dominated jobs aims to promote further involvement of women in those professions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women trades dominated male ministry|9.865588|3.9560447|6.8749557
11259|Under the recent reforms the majority of commissioning is from public providers, principally NHS Foundation Trusts, but commissioning authorities are allowed to buy services from “Any Qualified Provider”, including private and non-governmental providers. “ Any Qualified Provider”, which w'as introduced starting from April 2012, gives patients the power to choose from a list of approved service providers - NHS, private and voluntary - for care that would then be paid for by their commissioning authority (for further details see Department of Health, 201 If; Department of Health,, 201 lg, NHS, 2013). There are 12 “Special Health Authorities”, which provide a particular health service to the whole of England, for example the NHS Blood and Transport Authority and the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE). These bodies are independent from the NHS governance system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nhs commissioning providers health qualified|9.228005|9.192185|1.6573575
11260|"The link between primary health care and health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians"". A Report for the Office for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health, Department of Health and Ageing. Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America 1994-2004. New York, NY: Palgrave McMillan."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|islander strait torres aboriginal health|9.592004|8.282972|3.2969317
11261|A broader rural development strategy is also required, including infrastructural investments to better connect producers and smallholders to output markets, including rural-urban linkages. Income poverty is a major factor preventing access to food. Therefore, increasing the income level of poor households will help them obtain food that is adequate in quantity and quality, thereby reducing the prevalence of undernourishment.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|infrastructural rural food undernourishment smallholders|4.345422|5.3990226|3.944415
11262|It then considers the role of poverty reduction strategies in extending and complementing the ethical principles implicit in the Constitution. It ends with an assessment of the strength of the current consensus on poverty and poverty reduction. In our view, this is because ethical perspectives describe and help us assess just institutions.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ethical poverty reduction complementing ends|6.6916122|6.212816|4.6132264
11263|The drawbacks of this single-species management approach have led to calls for an ecosystem based approach to fishery management, but, for most fisheries, this has yet to be operationalized in terms of setting the fishery reference points that dictate rebuilding requirements. Our current reliance on single-species population models and equilibrium reference points will become even more problematic as climate change alters the spatial ranges and productivity of fish stocks. A forward looking approach that attempts to anticipate future changes in ecosystems is necessary but presents a difficult challenge for fishery scientists and may require changes in legislation that currently requires managers to adhere to reference points based on single-species maximum sustainable yield.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery reference species single points|-0.27944255|5.913421|6.4919324
11264|Finally, it studies the emergence of new pedagogical models associated with e-learning, as well as their impact on the higher education paradigm. The second section frames these developments in the Latin American context and analyses their potential impact, as well as the challenges and opportunities that these may represent for the region's higher education system. Towards a new paradigm for teaching and learning in higher education?|SDG 4 - Quality education|paradigm higher education learning frames|9.5444355|1.7955749|2.1919713
11265|"In addition, according to the 2017 global mobility report,10 mobility should be equitable in access, efficient, safe, and climate responsive. Issues of public-transit-related crimes are identified as key focus areas under this element, which particularly constrain women's mobility and which, in turn, should be tackled. Transport efficiency applied in a macroeconomic perspective implies the optimization of resources—energy, technology, space, institutions and regulations—to generate an efficient transport system or network. For example, it is projected that by 2030, annual global passenger traffic for all modes will exceed 80 trillion passenger-kilometres—a 50 per cent increase compared with 2015 estimates, while an additional 1.2 billion cars will be on the roads by 2030—double the total in 2017.*"" Indeed, such exponential growth of transport will have significant socioeconomic impacts on the livelihoods for billions of urban dwellers, and significantly affect the urban environment."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility passenger transport efficient exponential|4.156654|4.8585916|0.67108846
11266|Subsidies do not always provide the right incentive to conserve water. Other economic schemes acting on land, encompassing trading, or supporting conservation practices can be effective at a local scale if the above-listed solutions are not implementable. These may be supported via research and development, information campaigns, advisory services or extension, or by altering other support programs in their direction.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|altering encompassing conserve acting programs|1.4159322|7.3644676|2.3716762
11267|Urban sprawl, pollution, deficient delivery public services (utilities), housing gaps and weak intra-city connectivity are all problems that derive from the lack of appropriate land-use planning and the implementation of regulation. The most urgent need is for urban policy packages promoting efficient use of land for proper allocation of real estate development, as well as the provision of efficient public transport (Ryser and Franchini, 2015). The misallocation of land resources is leading to a shortage of land for sustainable development of a city and its adjacent neighbourhoods. The main local-level actors responsible are direct representatives of the central government.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|land efficient city deficient urban|3.896818|5.3143926|1.5361985
11268|Moreover, developing countries in a position to do so are encouraged to also provide and communicate support to other developing countries.23 Finally, every party is required to regularly provide a national inventory report of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of GHGs, as well as the information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving its mitigation and adaptation targets.24 The Paris Agreement does not contain explicit language for specific economic sectors or activities. Therefore, its goals and obligations do not distinguish between commodity and non-commodity sectors. However, to comply with the transparency arrangements under the Agreement and the UNFCCC, Parties must submit documentation and data that are generally organized by sector.|SDG 13 - Climate action|commodity agreement sectors removals sinks|1.2413111|3.6390326|0.91132826
11269|Studies from Germany, Japan and other OECD countries, reported fewer influenza and respiratory disease deaths during times when unemployment was high as opposed to low (Suhrcke et al., Nevertheless, a country’s ability to respond to emerging risks is paramount to longterm health system goals. The dramatic rise in the number of new HIV cases reported since 2010 in Athens, Greece, among injecting drug users provides an example of this.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|reported influenza paramount respiratory longterm|8.554851|9.072828|3.044801
11270|Many victims who choose not to come forward do so in fear of shame, stigma, retaliation against themselves and their families, loss of privacy and/or possible prosecution, for instance where adultery or same-sex relations are criminalized. It leads to the creation, condoning or compounding of social exclusion for those who are (or are perceived to be) victims and survivors of sexual violence. The victims met by the Commission had rarely had access to medical care in exile, due to lack of information, fear of stigmatization or because the free services provided to refugees were not adapted, especially to male victims of sexual violence. These later often felt ashamed to seek and obtain the medical care that is generally provided to women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|victims fear sexual medical violence|9.717731|5.437457|7.3260903
11271|The Shigoto Joho Net (job information net) is a unique feature which was launched in August 2001. Any jobseeker can access it via internet using a PC or a mobile phone to search for and view information on job openings registered at various private employment agencies and the PES, using search keys such as place of work, type of job and wages. It recently was providing approximately 750 000 job openings, and was receiving about 1.23 million hits a day (about half of them from mobile phones connected to the Internet: Arellano et al., There are separate counters for those under 35 years of age and above.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|job search internet mobile net|8.195107|4.8256493|4.052215
11272|Available Monday through Friday from 5:30 to 19:00, the pilot sought to increase ridership on the light rail system and decrease car use for accessing the rail station or driving to Denver. The programme is currently (Spring 2017) under evaluation having run its initially planned course. Bus service was costly in those areas and in August 2016 LA VTA shut down an underperforming bus line1 with an eye to replacing it with ride-sourcing and taxis.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rail bus ridership underperforming taxis|4.239499|4.9338837|0.46623063
11273|The opportunity-driven TEA rate is 78% in Uruguay, 71% in Chile and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 69% in Peru, 68% in Ecuador, 61% in Brazil and 59% in Colombia and Argentina (Kelley and others, 2015). Women’s Entrepreneurship, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), 2015. The data by country indicate that the workforce share of women employers ranged from a low of between 1.7% and 2.3% in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Ecuador and Uruguay to a high of 4.9% in Paraguay. Although these employers are a heterogeneous group operating firms of different sizes, composition and origin, the great majority of female entrepreneurs’ firms employ fewer than five workers (ILO, 2014d). As yet, though, very little is known about them.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ecuador uruguay argentina entrepreneurship employers|8.774457|4.082966|5.9485445
11274|All six SEE economies operate subsidy schemes to encourage the use of renewables. Feed-in-tariffs (FITs) oblige the public energy supplier to pay an agreed tariff for the electricity generated from renewable energy sources which provides the generator with a guaranteed revenue stream and so reduces the risk profile of projects. The details of renewable subsidies vaiy by economy, for example the technologies that are covered, the tariff rate and the duration of the subsidy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidy tariff renewable oblige generator|1.8264747|1.9334688|2.176074
11275|La mesure la plus urgente consiste a mettre en place une infrastructure d'information integree permettant de deceler les dysfonctionnements tout en assurant la libre circulation des informations entre les prestataires, les patients et les structures. Au niveau des cabinets medicaux, la participation des patients a la mesure et a la notification des dysfonctionnements est essentielle. La reussite des efforts permanents mis en ceuvre pour ameliorer la securite passe par une culture active de la securite, axee sur l’amelioration collective et le travail d’equipe.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|la des les en une|9.044692|5.9015565|4.8747883
11276|A study finds that the lowest unemployment rates amongst graduates in 2008 were in the fields of health and welfare, engineering, manufacturing and construction, science, mathematics and computing (HEGESCO, 2009). Farcnik and Domadenik (2009) find that graduates in health, computing, engineering, manufacturing and construction fields have the highest likelihood of getting employed in the six months following their graduation. The number of science and technology graduates per 1 000 inhabitants aged 20-29 is significantly lower in Slovenia than the EU average (10.7 compared to 13.9, in 2008) and there are few signs of this gap closing (IMAD, 2010). Arts, humanities and social sciences graduates make up the majority of tertiary graduates. Although some incentives, such as greater availability of scholarships and grants for students going into these fields, have been introduced, the impact has been limited so far. Considering that a greater share of engineering and science graduates is associated not only with a greater innovative and technology absorption capacity of the economy but also with human capital spillovers and economy-wide productivity gains, boosting the number of graduates from these fields is a priority.|SDG 4 - Quality education|graduates fields engineering science computing|8.766963|2.8299322|3.2011802
11277|The National Sustainable Development Strategy 2013-2020-2030 includes a further range of activities that seek to reduce environmental hazards and to improve health and well-being. Romania has some of the highest levels of antimicrobial resistance in the EU. Surveillance data show that in 2015, 24.7% of Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections were resistant to carbapenems, a major last-line class of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. This percentage is much higher than the EU/EEA median (0.5%) and the third highest in the EU/EEA (ECDC, 2017b).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eea infections eu highest antibiotics|8.718525|9.360073|2.4894123
11278|Moreover, the studies do not examine the relationship between openness and vulnerability to poverty. This is because they generally overlook the possible impact of the opening process on households' exposure to risk as well the role of trade openness as one of the possible channels of risk. Vulnerability to poverty fell in Viet Nam during the Doi Moi period, together with an increased share of its stochastic (risk) determinant. The share of the vulnerable population in the relatively more trade-exposed sectors fell more slowly than in non-traded sectors.|SDG 1 - No poverty|openness fell risk vulnerability possible|6.201552|5.5636034|4.7353644
11279|In practice however, w'omen are often unable to access justice due to the relatively high litigation and lawyers’ fees. Provision of legal aid services has to be improved and implemented. For example, while national laws do not restrict women’s access to land or property ownership, bank loans or credit, adult women in MENA countries do not have the legal capacity to break a marriage contract. While the right of access to justice is guaranteed by the Kuwaiti Constitution, marriage and the traditions of Kuwaiti society have been cited as reasons for delays in equal access to justice for women compared with that for men (Article 166).33 Similar types of legal inequalities (e.g. custody of children, property division following divorce, inheritance rights) negatively influence women’s overall ability to protect their rights by reducing their bargaining power within the family. Family relations and other legal inequalities mediate women’s access to justice in ways that undermine their rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|justice legal access women rights|9.546224|5.1617236|7.099055
11280|As a result of lower earnings in the middle of the income distribution, the median income has fallen, thus resulting in a lower poverty threshold and less poverty in relative terms. Individuals that used to be poor in 2009 may have ceased to be so in 2012, not due to an improvement in their incomes, but simply because the poverty threshold declined together with median incomes. Seasonally adjusted harmonised unemployment rate.|SDG 1 - No poverty|median threshold poverty incomes ceased|6.457871|5.7630224|5.019099
11281|In both dense and low-dense urban settings, there is a growing lack of the human scale of the neighbourhood. Walkability in cities has decreased enormously due to car-oriented transportation policies and street design. The following highlight what urban planning sh in the first place (step 1). In such a scenario, large, private economic sectors - an exclusive partner privileged to create and implement policies - tend to influence urban planning.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|dense urban planning enormously privileged|4.21487|5.0774765|0.8854652
11282|Mitigation, adaptation and reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation plus conservation (REDD+) initiatives across a variety of sectors are outlined by examining data available through the Climate Funds Update (CFU). As the analysis of regional trends undertaken is affected by the lack of coherent data, this paper focuses on selected regional experiences with the aim to shed light on relevant programmes across the region.3 Finally, the paper provides recommendations for policymakers on how to effectively address identified challenges and mobilize additional resources for climate finance across Asia and the Pacific. Significant knowledge and data gaps that complicate understanding of the issue and hinder the ability to adequately address investments in climate change-related activities exist.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate paper data address complicate|1.6684746|4.474267|3.2556095
11283|This greatly increased the possibility' of physical access to energy services for the entire Tajikistan population and to balance electricity' supply by moving voltage between areas in need. It consists of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant and several large district heating systems. Several other cities have district heating systems based on heat-only boiler plants.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|heating heat district chp voltage|1.9656816|2.225731|2.5827484
11284|Better access to business and management education will enable economies to tap into the “the exponential power of women as entrepreneurs and managers.” Through partnerships between universities in Europe and the US and business schools in emerging and developing economies, the programme is active in more than 40 economies. The Initiative seeks to have a lasting impact on the quality and capacity of business education in the economies where it is active. The women selected for the programme enrol in customised certificate programmes lasting from five weeks to six months.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|economies lasting business active exponential|8.896709|3.3831706|6.4313045
11285|Some statistics have been developed by the ILO to measure outcomes of labour inspectorate. The same survey also show that punishment for such cases is perceived to be high in Lithuania (11% very high and 44% high), the highest in the Baltic Sea region. Some conferences were organised during the New Social Model process to which social partners where convened, together with researchers and representatives from public institutions, during which they could express their opinion and possibly influence the experts. Source: European Working Conditions Survey.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|high survey convened punishment inspectorate|8.087779|4.474766|4.31104
11286|The adult literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged 15 years or older, and the youth literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged 15 to 24 years. Aggregate calculations for adult literacy rates: UIS. Collected from survival rate school registers, school surveys or censuses, national population censuses, and household and labour force surveys. Data obtained: May and June 2013.|SDG 4 - Quality education|literacy censuses rate adult persons|9.503875|2.5556479|3.270691
11287|In the judiciary, gender parity has been reached in professional judicial appointments, with women accounting for 54.7% of judges OECD-wide. Yet, women’s representation, while high in lower courts, progressively falls in the higher courts. As of 2016, nine OECD countries had introduced gender quotas for the boards of publicly listed and/or state-owned enterprises. Other countries have taken an approach that is not legally binding, involving voluntary targets, corporate governance codes and/or disclosure rules.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|courts judges appointments disclosure judiciary|10.293149|4.1345096|6.87713
11288|Cancer is a major health challenge and its burden is increasing in Kazakhstan. Survival rates are a key indicator of effectiveness, capturing the impact of both detection and treatment. In 2013 Kazakhstan’s five-year relative survival rate in cervical cancer was less than 57%, well below the OECD average of 66% of detected cases. Kazakhstan's five-year relative survival rate in breast cancer was only 53% in 2015, comparing very unfavourably with most OECD countries (five-year relative survival rates of at least 80% in 2013) (OECD, 2015). Similarly, in colorectal cancer the survival rate of 44% puts Kazakhstan behind even the most poorly performing OECD countries, and well below the OECD average of 62%.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|survival cancer kazakhstan oecd relative|9.203588|9.432409|2.7232332
11289|The index is built to be internationally comparable (see the PISA 2012 Technical Report, OECD, 2014a). Students are considered socio-economically advantaged if they are among the 25% of students with the highest ESCS in their country or economy; socioeconomically disadvantaged students are those among the 25% of students with the lowest ESCS. Schools are defined as socio-economically advantaged (disadvantaged) if the average ESCS of students in the school is statistically significantly above (below) that of the average school. These patterns reflect, in part, the inherent advantages in resources that relatively high socio-economic status provides.|SDG 4 - Quality education|escs students socio advantaged economically|9.696256|2.2333345|3.0653815
11290|Social spending, however, did not decline as a proportion of the budget in most countries, as the political pressure to sustain civil service jobs and wages, which account for the bulk of social expenditures, was considerable. In addition, user fees introduced to cover the costs of complementary inputs—for example, books and medicines—were viewed as serving not only to reduce the fiscal burden, but also to improve the efficiency and quality of social service delivery. Although the remnants of the old policy provided limited job guarantees for that proportion of (generally urban) workers employed in government services or large modern enterprises, the policy adjustments left most of the rural and urban poor with hardly any form of social protection. New, targeted social programmes were therefore introduced to protect the poor from the unfavourable macroeconomic environment. The new programmes included social emergency and social investment funds that received financial support from the multilateral banks.|SDG 1 - No poverty|social introduced proportion service poor|7.1456676|5.8169394|4.204137
11291|Meeting the environmental standards set by the EU and other trading blocs will be essential to SMEs seeking opportunities in export markets. However, in light of evidence that this network may not be focusing adequately on facilitation and diagnostic services to help start-ups and micro- and small enterprises overcome their problems (as opposed to primarily offering information), the provision of services being offered to entrepreneurs and SMEs by the KSU and KSI networks should be examined. To encourage the development of more high-growth firms, policy measures will have to be strengthened in the areas of seed and venture capital, advice and counselling, mentoring, diagnostics services, provision of value-added information on technologies, business models and business and market opportunities (both domestic and global).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|smes services provision business diagnostics|5.5042987|3.4686153|2.5548391
11292|This is because low-carbon options (nuclear and carbon capture and storage, CCS) already exist in the electricity sector, marginal impacts of R&D on energy efficiency are decreasing, and learning effects in renewable energies fade. Even with pricing of GHG emissions and without political uncertainty about the future path of carbon prices, the development and diffusion of Iow-emission technologies would still be less than is socially optimal. An important reason for this conclusion is that firms investing in R&D are typically unable to appropriate all or most of the social returns they generate owing to the public-good nature of knowledge. Much of the social return on R&D investments will acciue as spillovers to competing firms, downstream firms that purchase the innovating firm’s products, or to consumers (Griliches, 1992). Empirical evidence suggests that social rates of return to R&D are substantially higher than private rates of return (Griliches, 1992) and that consequently, R&D investment is below the socially optimal level.|SDG 13 - Climate action|return firms carbon socially optimal|1.9265269|2.8943396|1.9033449
11293|First, causal interpretations of the identified relationships may be invalid, as the effect of time-invariant city characteristics is not controlled for. Second, the analysis cannot shed light on whether the identified relationships change over time. Even though changes in urban structure are relatively slow, changes in air pollution and the relative contribution of different sources in total emissions (e.g. road transport, manufacturing, electricity generation) may be more rapidly evolving over time.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|relationships identified time invalid interpretations|3.703426|4.85674|1.0833452
11294|Multi-disciplinary settings are more efficient than traditional practices, particularly for the more integrated maisons de sante, where doctors see significantly more patients and perform more services. Multi-disciplinary practice is motivated by improved working conditions for health professionals and the add-on payments led to more effective organisation of care through greater collaboration and co-ordination between health professionals (IRDES, 2014a). There has been a reduction in repeat examination and better patient-centered collaboration between doctors.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disciplinary doctors professionals multi collaboration|9.095463|8.996138|1.6618559
11295|Other key policy areas requiring heightened attention include: integrating the mining sector’s energy needs into long-term national policies; ensuring the existence of adequate energy infrastructure; reforming fossil fuel subsidies; and providing support to bridging remaining risk gaps for continued technological advancement and innovation. It is equally crucial that the need for low-emission energy transition is clearly recognised in mining companies’ business strategies that will guide their performance in the coming decades. This will ensure they remain coherent with the changing international policy landscape and the global energy transition priorities, as envisaged by the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy mining transition bridging heightened|1.6432589|2.4245007|2.025818
11296|The average HbAlc for primary care patients has not changed in recent years and improvements appear unlikely unless clinical practice is modified. The proportion reaching the blood pressure goal of <130/80 mm I-Ig was 23% in 2011, with a two-fold variation between counties. The proportion with blood pressure lower than 140/80 mm Hg was about 61%. The results point to under-treatment and the potential for improvement in all regions. However, there is scope for improvement, as only 46% of diabetic patients under age 80 achieved the LDL cholesterol goal, with county level variations of between 36-58%. On several indicators for stroke and acute myocardial infarction, treatment in line with guidelines and outcomes have improved significantly.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mm blood pressure patients goal|9.269498|9.383115|2.377006
11297|Spatial integration of youth constitutes a major challenge in Africa, where poor and low-income youth are marginalized or excluded from employment opportunities and are often “trapped” within their neighbourhoods by virtue of ethnic, class, religious and other types of segregation. For example, the colloquial Swahili adopted by Tanzanian youth, especially in Dar es Salaam, should be drawn into the culture of the city rather than disparaged. Despite their critical role in African urban food security, informal urban agriculturalists are mostly tolerated rather than supported. In this respect, the protection of valuable urban agricultural lands from encroachment is a linked challenge, one which requires a response to the broader challenges of unplanned informal settlement growth.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|youth urban informal challenge virtue|4.4993944|5.130214|2.3344388
11298|There are strong arguments to strengthen the quality information infrastructure around hospitals and to develop new policy orientations to drive improvement in hospital outcome of care. Plan to specialise and more clearly differentiate the function of hospital beds is an essential step to ensure an appropriate use of hospital resources and improve both the outcomes and efficiency of care. Based on some OECD indicators related to five-year survival estimate for cancer, Japan appears to be performing well.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital orientations specialise differentiate care|9.333791|9.093999|1.9943225
11299|In addition to this programme, the BEE, in collaboration with Alliance to Save Energy and the IFC, has developed guidelines to facilitate municipal EE projects. By aggregating similar requests, the scheme reduced associated transaction costs for investors while building the profile size of the projects. The focus was on appropriate technologies for process improvement, energy efficiency, pollution abatement, low-cost automation, introduction of management information systems, and above all, creation of an Pa8e I 39 improved working environment. In a similar vein, SIDBI appointed the National Productivity Council to work on reducing heat losses from locally fabricated furnaces in more than 1 000 aluminium, brass, and steel utensil manufacturing units in Jagadhari (Haryana).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|similar aggregating projects vein aluminium|2.0657625|2.775164|2.326122
11300|No specific policies for tourism-related mitigation appear to be in place or planned. No specific plan is presented of how to reduce emissions, but meeting international commitments as well as exploring the potential of voluntary carbon offsets are mentioned. More comprehensive information is provided in the National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012, where all emission sectors are considered in detail.|SDG 13 - Climate action|offsets specific exploring mentioned voluntary|1.50514|3.4856718|2.0205276
11301|Regarding digital skills, ITU distinguishes between basic skills, intermediate skills and advanced skills (Figure 26). Many experts advise that basic digital skills should be included in the compulsory school curriculum. Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in the compulsory school curriculum prepare students for the advanced digital skills they will acquire in tertiary education. They also need a thorough understanding of the platform economy, including the role of financial information in that environment.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|skills digital compulsory curriculum advanced|8.674537|1.5185983|2.2278109
11302|The analysis will utilise a range of measures reflecting basic barriers on the one hand, and assistance on the other, to women's engagementas productive economic agents in Commonwealth countries. According to the World Bank (World Bank 2018a). These restrictions encompass decisions affecting their movement, in gettingajob. For many women, these decisions cannot be made without their husband's permission.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|decisions bank utilise world permission|9.477101|4.5172267|7.032233
11303|Similarly, Aymara students score 12 points less in reading, 4 points less in mathematics and 13 points less in science than non-Indigenous students (see Figure 3.2). This difference holds for all income quintiles (see Table 3.2). This is consistent with the urban-rural gap in mathematics results from SIMCE (Figure 3.3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|points mathematics students figure quintiles|9.778241|2.4213405|3.1302364
11304|In contrast, between 2000 and 2004, foreign investments in developing countries stagnated and those in the OECD declined following the bursting of the dotcom bubble (Figure 1). Yet, between 2004 and 2006, FDI to developing economies rose faster than the total, following the introduction of legal changes allowing majority ownership by foreign investors, liberalization of profit remittances and gradual elimination of clauses on minimum domestic content, minimum export requirements, exclusion of strategic sectors and indigenization of management (UNCTAD, 2007, table 1.8). This leads to the conclusion that FDI reduces income inequality in Iow-wage, labour-abundant countries by accelerating capital accumulation, raising the demand for unskilled workers and offering higher wages than those prevailing in the informal or domestic formal sectors.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|fdi foreign minimum following clauses|5.9414043|4.7772183|4.1820955
11305|These plans represent a voluntary initiative for reduction in energy use and development of RES. These plans include the evaluation of specific local problems and potential (including developing a local cadastre of emissions), development of local priority pathways in CO2 reduction and a set of concrete measures, and envisage active engagement of the public and other stakeholders. These initiatives are seen to provide good examples for Belarus's other cities. It defines relations and processes in the development of engineering systems, transport infrastructure systems, site improvement, recreational facilities and infrastructure for physically handicapped persons, along with specific requirements for the formation of the living environment.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|local plans envisage reduction cadastre|3.767672|4.888723|1.9174123
11306|No cases have been identified since then, but the source of the outbreak remains uncertain. In 2000, 291 cases of waterborne viral hepatitis A were reported in Uvurkhangai Aimag. Compared with 2015, an decrease in congenital syphilis cases was observed in 2016. Indeed, 42 cases of congenital syphilis were registered in 2016 (52 cases in 2015), 25 of which were registered in Ulaanbaatar. This decrease in congenital syphilis cases was attributed to improved pregnancy monitoring.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cases registered decrease hepatitis ulaanbaatar|8.517012|9.024392|3.412693
11307|The assumption can be made that car occupants will use their seatbelts (of course, encouragement and enforcement will be needed to achieve this). In many cities in Europe it is now the norm to have 30 km/h speed limits on residential roads, but it is still common to have the speed limit on urban arterials set to 50 km/h. Serious and fatal accidents with pedestrians tend to occur precisely on those urban arterials. Yet these roads also have intersections where serious and fatal crashes are often concentrated.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fatal roads speed km intersections|4.326559|5.195981|-0.031175898
11308|They tended to report more often that teamwork improves their own efficiency, that they prefer working as part of a team to working alone, and that they think teams make better decisions than individuals. Schools that succeed in building on those attitudes by designing collaborative learning environments might be able to engage disadvantaged students in new ways. For a start, parents need to play their part.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teamwork working succeed prefer improves|9.059676|1.6812245|1.9745244
11309|It will also be important to learn from the specialisation of the various funds so that lessons learned and expertise gained informs any new model of international climate finance. The governing instrument for the Green Climate Fund sets out the Fund’s role in relation to complementarity and coherence, stating that “The Board will develop methods to enhance complementarity between the activities of the Fund and the activities of other relevant bilateral, regional and global funding mechanisms and institutions, to better mobilize the full range of financial and technical capacities” (Decision 3/CP. It also emphasises coherence at the national level; “The Fund will promote coherence in programming at the national level through appropriate mechanisms” (Ibid). Climate finance will need to be delivered in line with national strategies and plans if it is to avoid competing with or distorting development priorities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|fund coherence complementarity climate mechanisms|1.7902261|3.85718|1.1911463
11310|Water charges collected cannot be easily used because of a rather cumbersome and lengthy bureaucracy in the tendering procedures of public agencies. Users, who pay charges as a contribution to improve basin conditions, do not always see the benefits of such charges in improving overall water outcomes in the basin, which may generate a disincentive to pay water charges in the future or accept increases. The approach adopted by Ceara, in which water is charged by a company, not as a natural public resource but rather as a service provided to the user based on infrastructure management, may be a way of circumventing the deadlock, although very much tailored for Ceara conditions and a little artificial under different circumstances (Box 2.7). If there is a difference between the capacity needed to shoulder water responsibilities and the local authority’s organisational, technical, procedural, networking and infrastructure capacity, consequences for the implementation of national water policies are unavoidable.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|charges water basin pay bureaucracy|1.2483858|7.5044107|2.0659862
11311|They also help individuals integrate into society, trust and help others, and participate in various activities. Finally, with a strong skills foundation, individuals are likely to transmit healthy behaviours to their children, and help them when needed (OECD, 2013a). To employers, education degrees and certificates signal the level of skills a prospective employee, including a recent graduate, will bring to a job.|SDG 4 - Quality education|help individuals skills transmit prospective|8.896797|2.5981536|2.4477782
11312|Sex discrimination in employment persists and is reflected in the increasing gender gaps in earnings, hiring and promotion to the management level (Chi and Li, 2014). Achieving more equal relations within the household is crucial to the attainment of gender equality since women's lives are often structured around their responsibilities as mothers and wives. Becker (1981), in particular, developed a unitary household model which argued that men and women specialize in market work and household work respectively based on comparative advantage.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|household chi becker unitary persists|9.22192|4.640623|6.1620607
11313|The CCCIF co-ordinates the efforts of all state agencies previously mentioned in the fight against IUU fishing and is led by the Royal Thai Navy. It is chaired by the Prime Minister and involves relevant public officials, private sector representatives and fisheries experts. The Committee is also responsible for formulating policies and control measures concerning fisheries, both inside and outside of Thai waters.|SDG 14 - Life below water|thai fisheries royal chaired ordinates|-0.21061826|5.58199|6.57862
11314|Fuel imports accounted for 6 per cent of GDP and 14 per cent of merchandise imports in 2014. The transport sector and the electricity sector are the largest users of fossil fuels (Figure 9.3). Roads are being upgraded and Port Vila has a unique minibus service that serves as the main public transport system.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|imports transport cent upgraded merchandise|1.7397611|2.4304888|2.504259
11315|While the Global Compact for Safe and Regular Migration positions international migration as a shared responsibility, education is not prominent on the agenda (United Nations, 2018). The role of teachers and the fight against school segregation deserve wider recognition. The chapter highlights disadvantages faced by immigrants and reflects on policies and practices that can expand access to education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|migration deserve fight disadvantages compact|9.975364|2.6727264|2.7212105
11316|"The lack of domestic supply leaves families, especially children, vulnerable to ""life-threatening diseases, dangerously low water consumption levels and very poor sanitation standards and hygiene practices, in the home and at school""47 It is estimated that 50 to 55 per cent of Sana'a is connected to public sewage, while the rest relies on individual solutions, which negatively affects the underground water reservoir. “^The combination of dwindling domestic water resources with poor access to sanitation is a catalyst for enteric illnesses that drive malnourishment rates upwards. Importantly, water scarcity affects sub-populations of the city differently, with the most vulnerable being refugees, asylum seekers, IDPs, migrants and, more broadly, poor residents in informal settlements."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water poor affects sanitation vulnerable|1.7689414|6.899981|2.5860116
11317|Commercial, institutional, and C&D waste may or may not be the responsibility of the municipality. In practice, in lower-income countries, where environmental legislation may be weaker, these tend to fall under municipal responsibility. They can either manage the waste themselves or contract a private sector waste management company, or they may sometimes be offered to pay to 'opt-in’ to the city’s municipal waste management service and generally are expected to pay a higher price for the service so as to not further burden the municipality that delivers the sen/ice, and instead to improve cost-recovery by cross-subsidizing the service.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste municipality service municipal responsibility|0.5094855|4.01677|3.0701404
11318|Also required is a LURC, meaning that documentary evidence of property must be provided, which is often difficult as the majority of land transactions occur informally. Granting processes for BOLUCs and LURCs are also lengthy and involve costs for the cadastral survey, mapping and registration in the form of taxes, levies and fees that most people cannot afford and avoid by deferring regularisation (Wilson, 2016). The complexity of land registration procedures can be illustrated by the multiplicity of agencies involved: the Land Use Right Registration Office, the tax office, the state treasury and the notary’s office.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|registration office land multiplicity wilson|3.7067218|5.7376018|1.7565198
11319|The BWF organises specialised training to encourage women to integrate in the business sector and to develop their abilities to run companies, strengthens networking between Palestinian businesswomen with their counterparts abroad, represents and defend the interests of its members within the appropriate authorities, and hosts seminars and workshops on various topics, such as dealing with the regulatory and legal environment. The BWF also cooperates with the global BiDNetwork project in delivering the “business plan competition for women entrepreneurs in emerging markets” project in the Palestinian Authority. Its major role is providing training to Palestinian women on how to do a business plan so they can compete. (|SDG 5 - Gender equality|palestinian business women plan project|9.042258|3.354204|6.634609
11320|They are directed by the prefect, who has a key role at the local level in planning civil emergency and crisis management within the relevant administrative boundaries, i.e. the district. The river basin council’s main responsibility is to organize and coordinate emergency plans and implement the measures defined. They are responsible for drafting the water resources use inventory, in quality and quantity, and producing periodical update reports for the river basin councils.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|emergency basin river organize drafting|0.8787095|7.1095533|1.7079536
11321|Among other tasks, NFA Romsilva is responsible for developing and implementing national forest policies, ensuring the sustainable management of forest resources, and conducting forest resource monitoring. It also deals with nature protection, preservation, nature tourism and sustainable development issues. Subordinate to it are 41 forest directorates, one directorate in each county and the Forest Research and Management Institute.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest nature directorates subordinate sustainable|1.5496148|4.9660726|3.8857384
11322|The elasticity of health spending to GDP is 0.8. Price and health technology developments are an important determinant of health spending growth. De la Maisonneuve and Oliveira Martins (2013) show that for OECD countries they explain about 50% of the public health care spending variation from the 1990s to the late 2000s and 40% for the BRIICS countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|spending health briics determinant elasticity|8.872374|8.8177185|2.5594578
11323|The Danish Agricultural Agency runs the system and publishes annual guidelines for individual farms, including the maximum total amount of nitrogen that can be used on the farm within a season. Farmers are responsible for completing their annual fertilisation account by the end of March each year. Furthermore, under the fertiliser accounting system, nitrogen standard quotas are calculated annually at the farm level. These quotas depend on crop and soil type, climatic conditions, irrigation, precipitation, and the pre-crop. The quotas are set at least 10% below the estimated economic optimum for the various crops. With the targeted regulation, the farmer's fertilization and cropping management will be restricted based on the sensitivity of the aquatic environment and local conditions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|quotas nitrogen crop farm annual|1.2795949|6.11323|3.2744048
11324|While the instrument was initially designed for flood risk assessment, it can be adapted to reflect risks of scarcity or the costs of supplying water in a water scarce region. If they do not, there is a risk that the supplier overspends in infrastructure development. This is one of the major roles of the economic regulator in England and Wales (see Box 3.2). In the Netherlands, recent discussions on financing flood protection by the Regional Water Boards indicate that expenditures should not be driven by the capacity to raise funds (OECD, 2014b).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|flood water risk regulator supplier|1.4792407|7.1973886|2.1878383
11325|Most important was the relaxation of restrictions on rice exports. The export quota was increased from less than one million tonnes in 1992 to 4.5 million by 1998. However, the right to export was limited, allocated to two central government established SOEs - Vinafood I (also known as the Northern Food Corporation) and Vinafood II (Southern Food Corporation) - and a number of provincial SOEs (Kirk and Nguyen, 2009).6 Internal barriers to trade in rice that had restricted the flow of rice from the south to the north were relaxed.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rice soes corporation export million|4.044185|4.8667455|4.1579037
11326|This is a common feature of many resource-rich developing countries. For instance, while some natural resources might be more useful when converted into other forms of capital, considering the cost this may entail in terms of additional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions suggests that some natural capital may have to be stranded. However, stranding could have far-reaching consequences for CDDCs that are dependent on the stranded resource, as they would lose an important source of revenue from no longer being able to exploit that resource.|SDG 13 - Climate action|resource natural capital cddcs converted|1.2074711|3.3809037|1.3064845
11327|"Energy Efficiency in the Public Sector identifies where the energy efficiency potential lies in the public sector, and how governments can capture it. Policy measures are described for public buildings, transportation, utilities ranging from public lighting to heat providers, and other facilities. The Policies and Instruments section covers crosscutting energy efficiency programmes, procurement, facilities construction and retrofitting, operations and maintenance, utility management, and capacity development programmes. It covers six municipal sectors: passenger transport, municipal buildings, water and wastewater, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat in three modules: an energy benchmarking module which compares key performance indicators (KPIs) among peer cities, a sector prioritization module which identifies sectors that offer the greatest potential with respect to energy-cost savings, and an intervention selection module which functions like a ""playbook"" of tried-and-tested measures and helps select locally appropriate interventions."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|module energy public lighting efficiency|2.0906484|2.6504946|2.421479
11328|Data for the Netherlands refer to 2009-08 differences. For Switzerland, statistics are tabulated by gender of the enterprise’s (sole) founder rather than by gender of the sole proprietor. Countries are arranged from left to right in ascending order of change in births of female-owned enterprises. Policies to stimulate entrepreneurship among women should be based on thorough analysis of the factors that prevent or discourage them from going into business.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sole founder thorough gender discourage|9.007288|3.711313|6.14946
11329|This is the case for lower secondary education programmes in Norway, for upper secondary programmes in Finland, and for both types of programmes in the United Kingdom. In Canada, lower and upper secondary school students generally repeat only courses that they have failed and not whole grades, while primary students are typically not made to repeat grades. It reaches 2% in lower secondary general programmes (this excludes adult learners) and increases with higher levels of education. Grade repetition is relatively uncommon in lower secondary general programmes and is below 5% in most countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary programmes repeat lower grades|9.426093|1.9366875|3.1977506
11330|Of the EUR 47 million to be transferred to federal ministries, only EUR 34 million were effectively applied to the water resources management system. States and municipalities received EUR 422 million, but the application of those financial resources (representing over 85% of the total financial compensation) is not committed to the water sector. Overall, only a small part of the revenues is invested in the implementation of the WRM system, as most of the revenues are invested according to the respective governments’ general priorities. The revenue generated by the water use charges must be invested in the river basin where it was collected, according to the respective water resources plan.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|invested eur water million respective|1.5827628|7.3154497|2.135401
11331|This tendency, as Hirschman recognized, is particularly acute in developing countries. While individual projects associated with softer infrastructure are often smaller compared to harder projects such as in energy or transport, the difficulties of excluding some users and their nonrival nature means they are likely to be provided at less than full cost to users. Therefore, they have usually relied on significant and continuous public sector financing. Moreover, while recognizing the potential long-term benefits of these types of infrastructure spending in terms of productivity, innovation and employment creation, it can be difficult to measure these benefits in the short term, making them vulnerable to political expediencies and budgetary pressures.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|users hirschman projects infrastructure benefits|3.8363452|3.9869652|2.0234144
11332|They can help to address (mis)representations of employment in the sector and encourage a broader, more realistic view of the different types of roles a career in tourism offers. Policy and industry initiatives have focused on promoting and communicating the job opportunities offered by the sector to raise the profile and improve the image of tourism careers. An important starting point is to make young people in second-level education, along with their parents, careers advisors and other “influencers”, aware of the opportunities and show that there are good jobs in the sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|careers tourism sector representations advisors|6.619281|3.8103585|2.9673464
11333|By participating in international research groups or taking advantage of foreign technical assistance and technology transfer in specialized energy-efficiency fields, countries have tapped state-of-the-art advances. It signed agreements with the German and Finnish Governments and with Siemens AG, a major German power equipment manufacturer. The German Energy Agency is advising its local counterpart on the design and implementation of innovative and promising approaches for energy efficiency, while the Finnish authorities provide expertise in technologies for cold climates.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|german finnish energy ag climates|1.9525334|2.6447642|2.1695967
11334|Women’s rising levels of educational attainment - and the associated nanowing of the gender gap in education - are one of the main drivers of change, with major implications for gender equality, the formation and/or dissolution of partnerships and childbearing decisions (van Bavel, 2012). Educational attainment paid off for men both in the labour market (giving them access to higher salaries) and the marriage market (making them more attractive partners) (Becker, 1991). The traditional marriage pattern was also compatible with the gender imbalance in higher education in favour of men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|marriage attainment gender educational dissolution|9.315697|4.555763|5.859053
11335|Transmission losses probably differ among production technologies, a main factor being grid versus off-grid technologies. However, we found that using the production mixes was the best proxy we could get for the consumption mixes. Those mixes are obtained from World Bank data (World Development Indicators 2008).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mixes grid technologies production world|1.6047562|1.9998534|2.256078
11336|Particular examples are the countries that have decided to phase out the nuclear power in the past: Belgium, Italy and Sweden. Ukraine - the country that suffered the most from the Chernobyl accident - approved in 2006 a strategy to build 11 new reactors to strengthen its energy independence (NEO, 2008). It is therefore only illustrative.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|reactors illustrative accident suffered ukraine|1.1233631|1.7513105|1.8931466
11337|In 2014, nearly half of all African countries had reportedly achieved gender parity in primary' school enrolment (UNECA, 2015: para. Many countries have made huge strides towards gender parity in primary school education by legislating free and equal access to primary' education, implementing policies such as free school uniforms and meals to encourage girls’ attendance, and engaging in community initiatives around awareness-raising and mobilization. As a result, the gender gap in primary education has almost been closed in sub-Saharan Africa (figure 3.8).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|primary parity school gender free|9.639547|4.310154|5.8879757
11338|Some of the indicators compile information about several species and are included in the NNI as indices. The NNI also includes indirect indicators that represent important resources for species, such as dead wood that makes up an important habitat for several forest species. During the intricate calculations, the transparency of simple indicators has been lost and the final results yield no understanding of cause and effects.|SDG 15 - Life on land|species indicators dead important indices|1.5777699|5.297835|3.91452
11339|In addition, a representative of the state where the RBO is located, as well as representatives of the municipalities within the boundaries of the RBO, can participate with voice and vote. A representative from users can also participate, but without the right to vote, or representatives of the river basin councils (RBCs) can take part on the consultative council. According to the 2004 National Water Law (Article 13 BIS), the RBCs are composed of a mix of representatives, from the federal, state and municipal government, as well as users and civil organisations. Conflictos y Riesgos para el Diseno de las Politicos Publicas, Senado de La Republica, Mexico D.F., Mexico. La Expericncia de los COTAS”, based on a presentation during the CIESAS-IRD workshop ‘Transiciones en materia de tenencia de la tierra y cambio social”, 9-11 March 1999, Mexico City.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|representatives la vote mexico representative|1.0854397|7.2164555|1.7073116
11340|A Law on Concessions was promulgated in 2007, but the implementing sub-decree was never approved and accompanying policy and institutional frameworks have not been sufficiently developed. The government has recently made high-level political commitments to adopt necessary reforms. A central PPP unit and risk management unit are to be integrated into the Ministry of Economy and Finance, and a viability gap fund is being considered to subsidise or guarantee investment projects to make them bankable for the private sector. Aspects of Cambodia’s infrastructure challenges are also covered in other chapters.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unit promulgated bankable subsidise accompanying|3.1864965|4.414913|1.8828896
11341|Notwithstanding the diminishing growth rate, the total amount of fisheries production will remain higher than that of the individual beef, pork or poultry outputs. About 89% of total fishery production, or 166 Mt, is estimated to be destined for direct human consumption. Developing countries are expected to account for about 96% of the projected production growth, and their share in total production will increase from 82% in the base period to 84% in 2023.|SDG 14 - Life below water|production total pork diminishing notwithstanding|0.44223225|6.028098|6.640205
11342|"There was an understanding amongst the journalists, women and men that these questions were meant for the men around me. On the last question then one of the female journalists brought the microphone to me and said, ""Miss Mtintso, in your new responsibility, what are you going to do for women?'"". Examples include 'COPE's eager new girl on the block' (Lynda Odendaal) in The Sunday Independent (Ngalwa 2008); 'Woman with her heals on the ground' (Wendy Luhabe) in The Sunday Independent (Forde 2008); 'On campaign with superwoman' (Helen Zille) in the Saturday Star (Warby 2009) and 'Die-hard had to eat her words' (former Deputy President, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka) in The Sunday Independent (Forde 2009). During the swearing-in ceremony after the elections, the then Minister of Defence (now Minister of Public Service and Administration) Lindiwe Sisulu was said to have added 'a touch of glamour to the proceedings' (Smith 2009)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|journalists independent minister said star|10.326007|4.5437326|7.2894073
11343|Okun (1975) argued that pursuing equality could reduce economic efficiency. This suggests that more equal distribution of incomes could reduce incentives to work and invest. This argument also points out that efforts to redistribute incomes through minimum wages, taxation and other public policies can be costly.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|incomes reduce redistribute argument pursuing|6.7279415|4.998083|4.566162
11344|Even so, there are no cases of an overall national physical shortage of water, as the share of total water use in total availability of annual freshwater resources is low. As a result competition for water between agriculture, other users (e.g. industrial, urban) and the environment, especially in drier regions, is becoming a growing concern in many countries. This region in 2002 accounted for 51% of US cropland, 76% of the US irrigated area.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water drier cropland total irrigated|1.2407012|7.2590375|2.8691146
11345|To fully appreciate the role that governance can play in reducing poverty, it is important to make a distinction between public policy, on the one hand, and governance, on the other. Public policy is made—and implemented—within a governance framework. The latter can facilitate the policy process, but it may also hinder it.|SDG 1 - No poverty|governance policy appreciate hinder distinction|6.224176|5.508476|4.33138
11346|The conference is located at the centre of government (within the Office of the Chancellor), and therefore serves an important role in carrying out the necessary cross-sectoral policy co-ordination between different branches of the national government. In France, the newly created territorial conferences for public action will promote dialogue between regions and local authorities on thematic areas. Both Austria and France have established regular conferences that provide such structure, but at different scales and for different topics.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|conferences different france branches carrying|3.8385339|5.646229|1.6863606
11347|Besides, the agricultural region is expanding to the north, and thus the arid steppe zone of eastern Mongolia is pushing the forest steppe zones to the north. As a result, the size of the high mountain and forest steppe zone is decreasing, and the size of the steppe and desert steppe zone is increasing. Several principal processes are likely to lead to a decline in agricultural productivity as a result of land degradation. These include reduction in effective rooting depth, loss of plant nutrients and soil organic carbon, loss of plant-available water, loss of arable land area and damage to seedlings.|SDG 15 - Life on land|steppe zone loss plant north|1.3725346|5.44133|3.9723518
11348|Student performance started to fall already in the 1980s, but it seems likely that extensive reforms undertaken in the 1990s added to the decline (Holmlund et al., Decentralisation from 1991-93 (Box 2.2) devolved the responsibility for primary and secondary schools from the central government to municipalities. Poor organisation, lack of expertise and unclear responsibilities are still major issues at the municipal level, two decades after the reform (SNAE, 2011), and suboptimal allocation of resources means that weaker schools are not sufficiently supported.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools suboptimal devolved decentralisation weaker|9.452952|2.0285587|2.0548675
11349|Where more adults move into work, the risk of moving into poverty decreases in Belgium, while increasing in Denmark, Iceland and Luxembourg. Meanwhile, remaining in a jobless household is associated with a higher risk of entering poverty in Cyprus, Estonia and Hungary, and with a lower risk in Belgium. Finally, children in households that are no longer jobless by time t+1, i.e. where at least one adult finds work, are significantly more likely to enter poverty in Estonia and Hungary. Using a moving poverty line produces qualitatively similar findings (estimates available from the authors on request).|SDG 1 - No poverty|jobless poverty hungary estonia belgium|7.3646216|6.053925|5.115807
11350|Efforts to improve the situation of women and girls in India (cont.) For instance, the Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) aims to promote women’s participation in the workforce by setting explicit quotas for female participation in the scheme; setting equal wages for men and women; by allowing childcare facilities to be provided on worksites; and by requiring provision of work close to participants’ homes (OECD, 2012a). The programme succeeded in granting women higher wages than in private rural employment (Holmes and Jones, 2011), but has been criticised for high costs and low efficiency (Niehaus and Sukhtankar, 2009), corruption (Liu and Deininger, 2010), and the lack of day-care facilities at or near the work sites (Bhatty, 2006). Men are 70% more likely than women to have an account at a formal financial institution (44% of men and 26% of women aged 15 and older in 2011 - Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women men wages setting facilities|8.519708|4.44933|5.7844543
11351|Community care services would need to be easy to get to, and allow individuals to live in communities where they have support systems - friends, family, social services and health care services -, and opportunities to work, socialise, and pursue interests. When existing psychiatric inpatient facilities are geographically isolated, or difficult to reach, a transformation of their function to emphasise outpatient care will not help secure high quality community-based mental health care. To make this happen the Japanese Government will have to take a strong stance: in other OECD countries where many hospital beds and institutions were closed they were state-owned, for example in the United States and the United Kingdom, while in Japan hospitals are 90% privately owned. The Japanese Government will have the difficult task of reducing demand for inpatient care by improving community services, and reducing the incentive for keeping beds open, by cutting back on reimbursement for inpatient care. Without access to appropriate out-of-hours care, hospital care is the default option after 6pm, which can drive up unnecessary emergency admissions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care inpatient beds japanese services|10.080338|8.896726|1.7066684
11352|For instance, the lack of gender-specific goals in most areas of developmental plans makes progress on gender equality difficult to gauge. Yet, little attention is given to gender mainstreaming in the design and implementation of mainstream sectorial policies as well as in the development of sector-specific guidelines and development of gender-disaggregated data (please also refer to Chapter 4). It would be important to maintain a clear separation between the objectives of family and gender policies in the new concept of family and gender policy, to ensure that the role of women is not confined to the family domain.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender family sectorial gauge specific|9.846249|4.2122045|7.305423
11353|Chalmers School of Entrepreneurship (CSE), www.entrepreneur.chalmers.se, is both an educational platform, where entrepreneurship skills can be acquired and a pre-incubator to developed early-stage business ideas and to start-up a company (most students start a legal company during the project-year). Core to this is a network that brings together innovative individuals, universities and firms interested in developing and commercialising early stage high-tech ideas with high market potential. Today, CSE practices an “Encubation” process, that is, offering a Master-level education combined with business incubation through an incubator organisation - Encubator - operating in symbiosis with the education but owned by Chalmersinvest. When participating as an idea provider, university researchers and other inventors, get an opportunity to test their invention in a one-year innovation project at CSE.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cse incubator ideas entrepreneurship stage|6.8712263|2.8983774|2.6374493
11354|Section 1 paints a comprehensive picture of recent trends in gender gaps, spanning a wide range of labour market outcomes and discussing their key drivers. Section 2 provides a comprehensive set of policy recommendations, drawing on recent OECD work, as well as on the efforts of other international organisations and on a large policy evaluation literature. The most notable improvements have been an unprecedented increase in female labour force participation in some parts of the world and a rapidly shrinking gender education gap. However, progress has been extremely uneven, both across and within countries, and female workers continue to have worse jobs than men. Significant improvements have been recorded in Latin America, particularly in Chile and Costa Rica where the gap fell by about 1 percentage point per year over the period analysed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|improvements comprehensive female gap section|9.057728|4.3753037|5.7147226
11355|For instance, it is considered a major and growing issue in Western Galilee in Israel and Laguna Region in Mexico (2014 OECD questionnaire). As a result of sustained groundwater pumping, saturated thicknesses and well yields can be reduced significantly. In some cases, reductions in aquifer viability have been severe enough that there has been a gradual transition from irrigated back to dryland agriculture (e.g. parts of western Kansas in the United States). In other areas, such as north Texas, irrigation is still possible but it is clear that the current intensity (in terms of irrigated area and application rates) cannot be maintained in the future.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigated western kansas saturated texas|0.7637733|7.447676|2.9013402
11356|In recent years, the role of Governments has also been vindicated by the experience of Latin America, where Government activism has proved very crucial not only in reducing external dependence and promoting aggregate growth, but also in reducing poverty directly through various innovative social policies (see, for example, Cornia (2010)). While there seems to be agreement about the importance of the role of capable developmental States, it is not clear how such States can emerge in countries that lack them. Grindle (2010) shows that developing countries vary widely with regard to the capability of their States, which range from “very capable” to “failing”.|SDG 1 - No poverty|capable states reducing activism role|6.195417|5.3207445|4.339484
11357|Many governments are recognizing this, and some have reformed their subsidies or are in the process of phasing them out. In 2015 and 2016, with low oil prices, around 50 countries increased or removed government controls on prices of fossil fuels, directly or partially removing subsidies. In 2013 Finland scrutinized 400 subsidy measures according to their environmental and social impacts and costs.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|subsidies prices phasing reformed recognizing|1.6044605|2.8455703|2.2695923
11358|Children of Austerity: Impact of the Great Recession on Child Poverty in Rich Countries, Oxford University Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0012. The Geography of Intergenerational I5! Uk/28401/l/Helping Patents to Parent report.pdf (accessed on 07 August 2018). Org/p/hdl/improv/1608.html (accessed on 11 April 2018). Org/file:///C:/Users/thevenon o/Downloads/4448-157-5923-l-10-20180213.pdf. Handbook of labor Economics, 4A, https://economics.ubc.ca/files/2013/05/pdf paper nicole-fortin-decomposition-methods.pdf (accessed on 10 April 2018).|SDG 1 - No poverty|pdf accessed org april economics|7.3025875|6.1543226|5.083776
11359|In particular, the significant drop in the number of students enrolled in short vocational programmes causes shortages of certain occupations. This number dropped by over 50% (from about 2 000 students to about 1 000) between 2007 and 2009. Middle vocational programmes also saw large declines in enrolment from over 18 000 students in 2007 to around 12 000 students in 2009.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students vocational programmes number dropped|8.668242|2.597616|2.8802717
11360|A reanalysis of the same data using the ratio measure found that increases in gender equality in education were associated with higher levels of growth for rich and poor countries alike (Klasen, 1999). Labour is generally taken as a given factor of production, like land and other natural resources, rather than as a resource that has to be produced through human effort. Much of this care work is carried out by women, often on an unpaid basis. In developing countries, where State or market provision of services and infrastructure and technologies that would reduce the burden of such work are largely missing, women spend considerable time on childcare, food preparation, fuelwood and water collection and caring for older persons and the sick, in addition to economic activities such as food production, income generation, cash crop cultivation, livestock care and home gardening.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|klasen fuelwood food alike production|8.964061|4.7872763|6.048191
11361|By weighting interruptions on the basis of interrupted load or non-supplied energy (instead of customer numbers), security indicators can more closely reflect the impact of interruptions. One example of such an indicator is energy not supplied (ENS). This indicator considers the amount of energy not supplied because of interruptions, which is typically normalised by the number of connected customers. In other words, it provides a metric of system failure independent of the total size of consumption.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|interruptions supplied energy indicator normalised|1.4371201|1.4539227|1.883293
11362|This broader well-being agenda does not abandon the objective to improve rural competitiveness; rather it recognises that competitiveness is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for well-being. A pooling of resources and capabilities across entities creates the ability to collectively accomplish what no individual actor can achieve independently. This demands the collaboration and engagement of government at multiple levels, and involvement of the private sector and third sector. Long term capacity building makes rural communities more engaged in processes of development and more resilient to shocks.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|competitiveness abandon accomplish rural actor|4.360003|5.366529|3.602758
11363|Moreover, entrepreneurship is a critical vehicle for the introduction of innovation. During the past decade, most OECD countries have started to promote entrepreneurship skills at all levels of education (Hytti and O’Gorman, 2004). Entrepreneurship education is a popular policy tool to develop entrepreneurial skills and encourage a more favourable culture and attitude towards innovation and the creation of new firms.|SDG 4 - Quality education|entrepreneurship innovation skills attitude popular|6.8900223|2.9244115|2.6672504
11364|In the case of asylum-seekers, it is very difficult to track whether children, some of whom end up detained, have access to education (Box 4.1). In the case of refugees, while it is easier to report on school enrolment of refugees in camps, enrolment data of registered refugees in urban areas are also frequently available. Few countries identify refugee status in school censuses explicitly. Turkey, where 93% of Syrian refugees live outside camps (UNHCR, 2018c), is an exception.|SDG 4 - Quality education|refugees camps enrolment unhcr censuses|9.954379|2.8562813|2.7542048
11365|The level of rural connectivity varies greatly among countries. In India, the World Bank found that expenditure on roads had the largest impact on rural poverty compared with other types of public expenditure.6 Another study, which was conducted in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, indicated that having access to allseason roads reduced the incidence of rural poverty significantly. This was supported by the finding that about 13 per cent of the decline in rural poverty incidence during certain periods can be attributed to improved road access alone.7 The results of the research confirmed that access to roads does reduce poverty with the level of the impact depending on the areas in which the road is located and the quality of road.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|roads rural road poverty incidence|4.3522778|4.727668|1.5760092
11366|The number of women for every 100 men in poorest households is used to assess women's greater risk of poverty. In addition, the proportion of female-only households among the poorest households assesses whether female-only households (households with no male adults) are over-represented among the poorest 20 per cent.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|households poorest female assesses women|7.398943|5.801958|5.369908
11367|And although women’s labour market participation is increasing among younger cohorts, long vesting periods will continue to limit women’s access to retirement benefits for some time if no adequate instruments exist to compensate for periods of time dedicated to unpaid work. This was common in the structural pension reforms in Latin America (Dion 2008). In Argentina, after contributory requirements to obtain a pension were increased to 30 years, coverage rates of the elderly population (aged 65 and over) declined from 86 to 73 per cent for men and from 73 to 65 per cent for women between 1994 and 2004 (Rofman et al.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pension periods women cent cohorts|8.337625|5.4638267|5.055099
11368|There are many answers to this question. The incidence and pattern of rural poverty are highly sensitive to the measurement approach taken. Re-estimating the incidence of poverty on the basis of two other specifications of the poverty line yielded different results. Second, a notional basket of items that would correspond to the poverty threshold based on local perceptions was composed through participatory interactions with village folk.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty incidence folk notional yielded|6.4291844|6.1453223|5.026375
11369|Countries that are clustered closer to the origin have large deficits in energy access, while the countries that are close to the top right corner, are performing relatively better in energy access. Hydropower contributed to 82 per cent of th is growth, followed by wind at 12 per cent, solid biofuels at 3.4 per cent and solar (both PV and thermal) at 2.9 per cent. This was due to the rapid increase in TFEC, which grew by about one and a half times in 2014 compared with the 1990 level.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cent clustered energy deficits access|1.5115821|2.2875147|2.5191743
11370|China is expected to overtake the United States as the world’s largest oil-consuming country by 2030, whereas South-East Asia will gradually transition from being a net exporter of oil into being a net importer. Furthermore, India will play an increasingly dominant role in the international energy scene. According to IEA projections, India is expected to overtake the United States as the world’s second-biggest coal consumer before 2020, and soon after to surpass China as the world’s largest importer of coal. China, India, Indonesia and Australia are expected collectively to account for over 70 per cent of global coal output by 2040.' The focus has changed significantly from the concerns of the 1960s and 1970s, when it was largely the perspective of OECD oil importers about ensuring a stable supply of cheap oil under threats of embargoes'5 and price manipulations by exporters.20 Later, with lessons learned from the realm of health care, the scope of energy security widened to include four criteria: availability, affordability, accessibility and acceptability. The World Bank Group refers to three pillars of energy security: energy efficiency, diversification of supply and minimization of price volatility.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|oil coal importer world india|1.36009|2.4942155|2.3712668
11371|To which extent does the choice of nuclear energy contribute to adequate investment in power generation capacity? To which extent does the choice of nuclear energy improve the functioning of power systems and transmission infrastructures? The previously mentioned joint IEA/NEA (2010) study provides some general information on the LCOE per MWh for different technologies.27 Table 1.1 shows that nuclear energy is a very attractive option at interest rates that are below or only slightly above 5% real. They thus indicate the discounted average (unit) cost of production.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear choice energy extent does|1.1513584|1.7385247|1.8345187
11372|These chronic illnesses represent a growing burden in all OECD countries, and their increased prevalence has been attributed to a range of causes, including the ageing of populations and lifestyle factors such as smoking, physical inactivity and excessive alcohol intake. Data refer to 2008 for TUrkey; and 2007 for Australia, Japan and New Zealand. Results for countries marked with a “1” are not directly comparable with those for other countries, due to differences in reporting scales, which may lead to an upward bias in the reported estimates.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|illnesses inactivity lifestyle countries upward|9.194247|9.231268|2.9353118
11373|It would also be useful to consider how such programmes could be better geared to serve the needs and priorities of the region. Experimentation with experiential and problem-based learning models in group setting could provide a solution that would bring benefits for a wider group of students. Furthermore there is a need to aggressively increase and improve entrepreneurship education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|aggressively group geared experimentation solution|6.9838343|2.8660836|2.6399055
11374|Resources have since been increased, but teacher salaries remain lower, also compared to other municipal employees. Headmasters were also left with more administrative tasks and less time for pedagogical leadership. Administrative complexity also increased due to the parallel school choice reforms and subsequent changes to school structure and content. Declining teacher skills and an increasing share of teaching staff without adequate qualifications followed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|administrative teacher school increased parallel|9.559085|1.7182915|2.509892
11375|The choice between the different assessment units is relevant for a number of - partially competing - policy objectives. Rosen (1977) has shown that an income tax cannot be progressive and also achieve both horizontal equity with respect to family income (same tax burden for families with the same total income) and marriage neutrality (same tax burden regardless of marital status). However, as long as income taxes are progressive, and ignoring employment gains and behavioural effects, assessing taxes based on family incomes is superior in terms of reducing the inequality of income as measured in this study. A table with summaries of 2005 social security contribution schedules (and also of other benefits and taxes considered in this section) is available in OECD (2007a) and through www.oecd.org/els/ sorial/worfeincentiues.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|income taxes tax progressive burden|7.0223637|5.1245203|4.4135265
11376|In surveys on subjects such as sexual violence, some level of under-reporting is to be expected. Differences in results across countries may thus in part reflect social climates that are more or less conducive to women speaking openly about such experiences. What is clear is that sexual violence is experienced by girls in ail countries and appears widespread.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sexual violence climates conducive speaking|10.085068|5.531333|7.4555244
11377|In consultation with concerned parties in the FAO, calling on both internal and external expertise, the objective of the priority-setting exercise was to identify NUS grounded on sustainable agriculture that are be climate-smart, nutrition-sensitive, economically viable and socially acceptable. The selections should also be functional to contribute to closing production and nutrition gaps for Zero Hunger. In-situ collections of NUS in different agro-ecological zones need to be carried out separately.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|nus nutrition collections situ grounded|3.4217148|5.4371653|4.065046
11378|Policies that target inequality directly can similarly advance further poverty reduction. At the same time, the countries that have successfully decreased absolute poverty face new challenges of fostering social inclusion. It then looks at the emerging need for converging countries to pay attention to relative deprivation in addition to absolute poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|absolute poverty converging fostering looks|6.479681|5.9014215|4.7836494
11379|Decentralisation could help SNGs assume control over the resources they administer and become more accountable to citizens. This needs to be a flexible process that allows the central/local dynamics to evolve. However, a clear plan for its implementation should be designed, with defined roles for the various management levels and linkages between them. Introducing co-ordination mechanisms among cities could facilitate joint investments and enhance metropolitan planning.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sngs administer evolve accountable decentralisation|3.8646867|5.4451795|1.5206727
11380|This higher prevalence of risk factors among disadvantaged groups contributes greatly to disparities in health status. Over 300 municipalities (local authorities) are responsible for the provision of basic services, such as education, health and social care, to their residents. Municipalities fund and organise (often jointly) the provision of primary care, and form 20 hospital districts to fund and provide hospital care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital care municipalities fund provision|8.961457|8.712402|1.9320694
11381|The popularity of Omega-3, in particular, is the source of a structural change in the ratio of these two prices since 2012. The resulting ratio is assumed to be maintained over the medium-term except in the years where the El Nino phenomenon occurs. For individual fishery commodities, price volatility could be more pronounced due to supply swings caused by changes in catch quotas, disease outbreaks in the aquaculture sector (for example, as the one affecting shrimps production in Mexico and Thailand at present) as well as fluctuations in feed costs. This is about 17% higher than in the base period 2011-13, but it represents a slower annual growth compared to the previous decade (1.2% versus 2.1%).|SDG 14 - Life below water|ratio popularity nino outbreaks fluctuations|0.5490358|6.060308|6.670158
11382|Women’s civil society organisations monitored government activities and also contributed to strengthening capacity building for women through the provision of gender-sensitive training at all levels of government including for parliamentarians, the judiciary and the media (Ogunsanya 2007). For the most part women went back into the private sphere once peace was declared. Levels of sexual and gender-based violence remain high in the aftermath of conflict, with little punitive action taken. Women remain underrepresented in governance (accounting for just 17 of 124 members of parliament) and women’s groups have been unsuccessful in instituting a 30 per cent quota for parliamentarians.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parliamentarians women remain aftermath judiciary|10.26544|4.6116047|7.3032265
11383|Overall, Korean cities have been developed in a physically compact way, without adequate consideration of urban amenities, including walkability, public transport, socio-economic networks and environmental sustainability. The process of rapid urbanisation has tended to neglect the provision of green spaces in cities, while prioritising economic growth. Furthermore, a study of urban forms reveals different priorities across and within cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities prioritising urban amenities physically|3.9981596|4.869195|0.9492416
11384|Given that Nordic development aid donors have a long track record in supporting Ethiopia in the implementation of its green growth strategy, they could either take ongoing development support activities as an entry point to enhance existing initiatives, or provide targeted aid in an attempt to help Ethiopia overcome individual barriers, by contributing e.g. to low-cost loan schemes, micro-finance solutions, specific grant schemes or further engaging in the issuance of risk guarantees and green bonds. Consequently, energy efficiency needs to form a considerable part of Georgia's plans for pre- and post-2020 climate change mitigation action. This is articulated in the country's INDC which aims for a 15% reduction of GHG emissions by 2030 compared to business-as-usual.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ethiopia aid schemes green issuance|1.9224143|4.2847|2.248095
11385|Thus, while some countries have achieved inclusive process without significant differences between the groups studied, in other cases the gaps have widened. Mapuche, Atacameno, Coya, Kawa : Guarani is only language spoken. Although the predominance of one or other of these factors varies significantly between countries, distributive changes are recognized as a key element for empowering the effect of growth on poverty reduction. Moreover, in this period, income growth in poor households has mainly come from an increase in labour income per employed person, unlike what happens when the longer-term variation is analysed.|SDG 1 - No poverty|predominance spoken distributive widened empowering|6.36494|5.6706347|4.9449654
11386|Traditional communities have increasingly requested the establishment of this type of protected area, which can provide a means of improving living conditions and getting access to public services and social benefits (Section 5.3). In 2014, over 50 new extractive reserve proposals were filed by traditional fishermen alone (Prates, 2014). In 2011,20% of the Amazon area was supposedly public land, which facilitates the establishment of protected areas, while only 4% was covered by valid private property titles (Figure 4.4).|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected establishment traditional filed area|1.5678964|4.949456|4.149626
11387|It also promotes a greater interaction between the budgetary plans and the programmes of various state agencies in order to ensure that interests converge towards common tourism development goals. However, Morelos’ tourism policy is being implemented through the use of instruments that are common to all Mexican states in their relationship with the federal government. These include agreements with the Tourism Promotion Council of Mexico (marketing) and its counterpart at the state level, but also agreements and reallocation of resources from the Ministry of Tourism of Morelos with its national counterpart (SECTUR). Spreading and promoting more effectively information on the strong tourism assets that exist in many areas of the state should be a central concern to Morelos’ destination development policy. Employment in the tourism sector in Morelos benefits 66 000 people, representing 8.1% of the economically active population (Ministry for Tourism, 2016a). The state is host to approximately 361 hotels, which are ranked 23rd in a national ranking.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|tourism morelos counterpart state agreements|6.3347383|3.869087|2.8649876
11388|But we also believe that in equal societies, inequality starts from the crib so that is why we have developed a childhood support programme with special emphasis on health and access to initial education and we multiply by 5 times the number of nursery facilities free of charge for the most vulnerable families and children, so that they can start having opportunities earlier on in their lives. In the meanwhile, in order for democracy to be fully achieved, gender equality must come about in the public sphere, particularly in politics. Gender quotas can help increase the number of women in public health - for example. First, we must eliminate discriminatory laws and practices and then we can encourage participation at the highest possible level right away.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|multiply nursery democracy gender starts|9.468325|4.857837|6.548018
11389|Global B2C e-commerce accounted for an estimated $1.2 trillion in 2013 (ibid.). Given this rapid expansion, it will not take long before this form of trading dominates global transactions. E-commerce presents much development potential, especially in mitigating some of the disadvantages arising out of smallness and remoteness, but numerous policy implications and challenges need to be thoroughly analysed to ensure this form of trading does not go unregulated and out of control. Impacts with regard to traditional ways of conducting business, revenue, origin of products and services, employment and intellectual property rights are among the areas that will require attention. Given the lack of a uniform and universally accepted approach, it is difficult to precisely ascertain the amount of trade being conducted through e-commerce.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|commerce trading form thoroughly remoteness|4.6907744|3.1293328|2.298623
11390|In addition, the current expansion of the metropolitan area towards its outskirts (the fastest growing LGUs are Carcar and Danao City) create increasing demand for public transport system in these areas. Similarly, road widths are not being maintained across LGU boundaries, which precludes good, co-ordinated transportation (and land use) planning. The same types of problems can be observed in other sectors, such as water supply and sanitation (see Chapter 3).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|lgu lgus fastest ordinated boundaries|4.0307684|4.9707046|1.1490974
11391|Metropolitan spatial plans typically aim to provide a medium- to long-term vision for development, which is, however, not always aligned with the timeframe of other plans at municipal or national levels. There is also a risk that such medium- to long-term plans may be considered too long to imply anything meaningful or realistically feasible for short-term political mandates. However, it eventually turned into gated communities (called fraccionamientos), whose development and public sendee provision mainly take place outside the control of public authorities and contribute to increasing socio-economic inequalities within the metropolitan region.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|plans metropolitan term long medium|3.9225302|5.5535655|1.4560541
11392|Specifically, it addresses the rights to work and to just and favourable conditions of work (articles 6 and 7), the realization of which is extensively explored in Chapter 2 of this Report. The Covenant also includes the right to social security and an adequate standard of living (articles 9 and 11), which are tackled in Chapter 3. In several of its articles the Covenant makes specific references to women's rights, including to equal pay (article 7) and paid maternity leave (article 10). The obligation to protect requires them to take measures that prevent third parties, including individuals and the private sector, from interfering with the enjoyment of rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|articles covenant rights article chapter|9.502228|4.8249407|6.7311797
11393|However, this may be explained by long average lengths of stay in Japan, particularly for some of the specific CVD such as stroke (OECD, 2013b). When this figure is compared to overall health expenditure from OECD Health Statistics, it shows that costs per diabetic patient are around 18% higher than health care costs for the general population. This is consistent with more detailed studies which reveal that most medical costs incurred by patients with type 2 diabetes are caused by their complications and comorbidities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|costs health lengths diabetic cvd|9.315905|9.140735|2.2846797
11394|The financing will come from the federal budget, the regional budgets, the Mill Fund and the Social Security Fund. The economic crisis has not affected the level of financing of the project, indicating the continuing high priority given to health and health care issues by the authorities. In 2010, the level of financing of the project remains similar to 2009 level and the main components left unchanged. But from 2009, the NPPH has given greater importance to prevention issues and the programmes have been restructured into four broad groups.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|financing fund level restructured project|8.538273|8.897637|1.9061263
11395|Means of implementation for sustainable forest management and forest law enforcement and governance at all levels. Enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination, including the provision of further guidance to the Collaborative Partnership on Forests. Adoption of the report of the Forum on its eleventh session.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest session collaborative forum enhanced|1.5454105|4.7390203|3.7862737
11396|Figure 1 illustrates where the activities are located. Not surprisingly, there are many projects in South-East Asia, which is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events, and Africa and South America, where many regions experience water scarcity. A complete list is outlined in Annex 1. The categorisation is based on the OECD DAC adaptation marker (OECD, 2010). The adaptation marker was introduced by the DAC to help identify funding flows related to adaptation to climate change in the Creditor Reporting System (OECD, 2010). The adaptation marker also gives an indicative, although not exhaustive, list of activities that can be considered relevant for adaptation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation marker dac list oecd|1.4949397|4.301654|1.0634203
11397|This example shows how women's customary rights over common lands allow them to retain exclusive use for fish processing. The SSF Guidelines recognize the importance of supporting such traditional practices, while also calling on States and development partners (Para 7.4) to support traditional associations of fishers and fishworkers. All over the world, poor men and women from fishing communities rely on common property resources, including inland water bodies, for fishing and food gathering.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing traditional common ssf gathering|0.010136324|5.8033195|6.5117345
11398|Two stocks were declared rebuilt in 2016. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquactilhire Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Fish stocks data were sourced from: the 4th Quarter 2016 Update of the FSSI and Non-FSSI Stock Status Table.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sourced aquaculture stocks production value|0.47864985|6.0841584|6.6717644
11399|The adoption of quotas in South Africa was part of broader measures intended by the Government to rectify injustices in the past by helping those who have historically been at a disadvantage, including coloured (mixed-race) South Africans and women. According to a 2013 PwC report on women in mining, a South Africa firm leads the way in the number of female senior executives (21 per cent) in the top 100 listed mining companies worldwide; by comparison, the senior executive percentages for the five companies immediately following the South African leader were between 4 and 12 per cent (PwC, 2013-2015). Proponents of WEGEB claim that, unlike provisions under Mining Charters, which allow extractive industry companies to renew their licences when they did not meet gender quotas, the new Bill will mandate a 50 per cent quota for women and stiff penalties for organizations that fail to comply. Beyond differences between mining and other industries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mining south pwc companies senior|10.205418|4.0879107|6.7852197
11400|In 2007, central government directly financed only 0.3% of total health spending but made earmarked transfers for health spending amounting to a further 5.6% of total spending. The bulk of budgetary expenditure on health is made by county governments. Hence, poor counties can only offer a low level of care to the local population. The provincial government provides supply-side subsidies to hospitals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|spending health total earmarked amounting|8.632268|8.775746|2.0498033
11401|To correct these failures, dedicated financial facilities and investment vehicles are increasingly being used, as part of agroterritorial development, to support farmers and agribusiness. For example, the Beira Agricultural Growth Corridor initiative in Mozambique envisioned three types of financial facilities for companies and farmers in the corridor: working capital to support agricultural production; social venture capital to promote pioneer investments; and long-term capital for agriculture-supporting infrastructure within the corridor. As part of the corridor's investment greenprint, several agribusiness firms collaborated with the Norwegian University of Life Sciences and the Sokoine University of Agriculture in the United Republic of Tanzania on a research project that examined the effects of best practices in sustainable farming.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|corridor agribusiness capital university facilities|3.7641842|5.0465136|3.5736341
11402|Environmental economics is currently still far from properly evaluating the impacts on land use and ecological systems of electricity generation. The important work on the health impacts of air pollution, for instance, still needs to be replicated in the area of land use. Direct land-use regulation, most often through zoning laws at the local and regional levels, are the most common and most widely used form of land-use policy. However, market-based schemes such as mitigation banking have been used in some countries to try to ensure that there is no net loss of sensitive ecosystems like old-growth forests and wetlands.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|land use impacts replicated used|1.6438118|5.3055763|3.3568134
11403|Farmers purchasing water in market transactions to finish an irrigation season or to ensure water supply for perennial crops might pay prices that exceed USD 100 per m3 for a portion of their irrigation supply (Wichelns, 2010b). It is equivalent to a water tariff a term commonly used in the domestic/urban water sector when differential charges are set. Sometimes the term water charge is replaced by the term irrigation service fee, as the term charge is disliked by some policy makers as it suggests water is taxed.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water term irrigation charge perennial|1.5092404|7.6293283|2.3164785
11404|Officials of the largest cities (Astana, Almaty, Shymkent and Turkestan) and private actors may be invited to some meetings when important urban/infrastructure projects are discussed, for example Almaty's new tram line, or the preparations for the Astana World Expo 2017. It could meet twice a year, with the MNE as Chair. The findings and recommendations that the Council provides could be used to revise the Regional Development Programme and other related programmes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|astana almaty shymkent revise preparations|4.2762713|5.332988|1.4891009
11405|"It also provides some training for school directors. Evaluations of the PEC programme have expressed some reservations about its ability to promote autonomy, or school-centred decision-making, in the Mexican context. Examples of these include Safe School (.Escuela Segura), ""Always Open to Community"" Schools (Escuela Siempre Abierta a la Comunidad), Enciclomedia, or the National Reading Programme (Programa Nacional de Lectura)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|school reservations programme programa nacional|9.866293|1.8388287|2.0483031
11406|The proportion of full-time fishers has changed little over ten years; in 2002 there w'ere 14 205 people employed in the sector, of which 81% were full-time. The gross tonnage of the fleet fell by just 1% to 200 697 tonnes in 2012. There were 5 032 vessels of 10 metres or less in length in 2012 (24 fewer than 2011) and the number of vessels over 10 metres in length went down by 1% to 1 374.|SDG 14 - Life below water|metres vessels length ere fishers|-0.045040835|5.8502297|6.953329
11407|Economic planning and physical planning should be co-ordinated. Move from administratively constrained, short-term subsidising policies to co-operative, multi-actor-based long-term investment strategies. This would make it possible to create mobile, resilient and green environments for residential and economic activities, while reducing the costs of development. Nowadays, rural communities adjacent to large cities are excluded from the official procedure of planning and management of urban development. Cities are treated separately from the neighbouring rural and other urban areas. Regional and urban development instruments are not coherent.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|planning urban cities administratively subsidising|3.921132|5.252784|1.7827231
11408|India, Pakistan, the Philippines and Viet Nam have a low vehicle share per 1,000 population, ranging from five to 22. Further, motorcycles constitute a maj or share of the vehicle population in cities in South Asia and South-East Asia. India, Indonesia, Thailand and Viet Nam have very high numbers of motorcycles. Growth was between 10-14 per cent in Brunei Darussalam, China, India and Thailand, while the growth was a low 1-2 per cent in Bangladesh, Japan, Malaysia and the Philippines.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|motorcycles india philippines vehicle thailand|4.1558533|4.9011793|0.5605949
11409|For instance, fiscal policies that are progressive and are able to strengthen accountability and transparency in collecting and using public resources may produce stronger effects on poverty and inequality. All of these policies contributed significantly to reducing inequality (UNCTAD, 2012; Boonperm, Haughton and Khandker, 2009). The Thailand Village and Urban Revolving Fund, which provided about USS22,500 to every village and urban community in Thailand as working capital for locally run rotating credit associations, started with about US$2.0 billion in 2001.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|village thailand inequality revolving urban|6.1323786|5.3124633|3.9999096
11410|In 2009, the programme started in 34 primary schools; by the 2014-2015 school year, all (350) primary schools of the country participated in the numeracy programme and almost half of them (149) participated in the literacy one. They also train them in how to transfer knowledge to other teachers and how to support them. Members of the RLTs then act as guides to their peers in their own schools observing and monitoring their work using “fidelity tools”, gathering data, providing formative feedback to teachers and helping them improve their practice through the use of innovative learning methods and techniques.|SDG 4 - Quality education|participated schools teachers observing primary|9.588339|1.9282892|1.9205633
11411|Despite this progress, an appropriate water quality integrated management strategy, such as water safety plans, including risk analysis - which is already used in various EU countries as a tool to achieve safe water - is lacking. They also monitor the quality of bathing water and water in swimming pools. Monitoring of drinking water quality is conducted on a regular basis by both the Institutes of Public Health and the operators of about 154 water supply systems in urban areas.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water quality swimming bathing pools|1.0171893|6.8746305|2.5299776
11412|Faced with the possibility that their marriage could end in divorce, women sought to obtain paid employment, enabling them to be independent in the event of the breakdown of their marital union (Hassani and Sjogren, 2014). It enjoins States Parties to ensure, on a basis of equality between men and women, “the same rights and responsibilities as parents, irrespective of their marital status, in matters relating to their children” (16.1(d)) and “the same rights and responsibilities with regard to guardianship, wardship, trusteeship and adoption of children, or similar institutions where these concepts exist in national legislation” (16.1(f)), adding in both clauses that “in all cases the interests of the children shall be paramount.” The husband is in general the legal guardian of his minor children during the marriage and in the event of its dissolution. The mother may retain custody of her children until they reach a certain age but, depending on the country, she will have to defer to the father in all or most decisions under the guardianship principle.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|children guardianship marital event marriage|9.376329|5.2377377|6.853379
11413|Each PISA cycle assesses three core domains (reading, mathematics and science), one of which constitutes the major domain in a given cycle (reading in 2000 and 2009; mathematics in 2003 and 2012 and science in 2006 and 2015). The major domain receives a larger portion of testing time and questionnaire items tend to focus on students’ engagement, attitudes and dispositions towards the main subject domain. Since 2015 the assessment was delivered by computer. Testing material in PISA is typically organised around subject specific clusters designed to take around 30 minutes to complete and each booklet contains four clusters of test items.|SDG 4 - Quality education|domain clusters reading testing items|9.732127|2.1109617|3.033197
11414|This chapter describes the ecosystem services that several economic sectors obtain from the marine environment. It examines the pressures on Sweden's marine environment and the status of marine ecosystems, habitats and species. The chapter describes Sweden's institutional and policy framework for the conservation and sustainable use of the marine environment. Finally, it presents how the ecosystem approach is integrated into Sweden’s marine policy, including through marine spatial planning and protected areas.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine sweden describes environment ecosystem|0.1239866|5.5924883|5.9826717
11415|There are groups with a specific advocacy focus, such as the International Coalition to Protect the Polish Countryside (ICPPC), which works to protect small, traditional farms in Poland, and the Rural Development Foundation, which focuses on non-agricultural initiatives in villages such as improving IT infrastructure. There is also a large network of formers’ associations, co-operatives and societies that represent their members’ interests.28 The National Union of Farmers, Agricultural Circles and Farm Organisations is among the largest of these groups, with around 1.1 million members. Poland has a long history of agricultural production co-operatives which help farmers pool their resources and collectively negotiate prices - functions which are particularly useful for smaller scale agricultural producers. There were approximately 1 000 farmers’ co-operatives operating in 2014; howrever, this number is declining and it bears noting that the market share of such co-operatives in Poland is lower than that of many EU countries (Matyja, 2016).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|operatives poland agricultural farmers protect|3.9203417|5.1546655|3.6447096
11416|For Estratos, studies by both the World Bank and the government suggest that this classification system no longer aligns well with the distribution of income (Figure 1.15). Some 90% of Colombians are in strata 1, 2 and 3. Moreover, because any house in a given area can be classified according to the mean for that neighbourhood, inaccuracies are inherent as many households living in these poor average strata belong to the upper income quintiles.|SDG 1 - No poverty|strata belong quintiles neighbourhood inherent|6.6001515|5.6457434|5.104472
11417|A considerable number of fossil fuel power plants are located near large cities in Emerging Asia (Table 3.4). In terms of total annual generation, the 27 coal plants near Shanghai produce an estimated 161 519.1 GWh per year, while Bangkok is highly exposed to gas-fired generation; 17 plants near the city produce an estimated 83 039.9 GWh. The countries in the region with coal-fired power generation (i.e. all except Brunei Darussalam) have established emissions standards for particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|near oxides gwh plants fired|1.3754797|2.246676|2.4394283
11418|In LDCs, a fixed-broadband plan with a minimum of 1GB of data per month still corresponds to over 60 per cent of GNI per capita. The service is sold at over USD 300 a month in Uganda, Chad and the Central African Republic, and remains very expensive and clearly unaffordable in some of the small island developing States. In developed countries, the minimum speeds of entry-level fixed-broadband packages have increased considerably in recent years. Developing countries, on the other hand, are only gradually upgrading broadband infrastructure to offer higher speeds.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband speeds month fixed minimum|4.840256|2.8594527|1.4926295
11419|Inevitably, this failure to own up to the consequences of previous policy recommendations will impair the credibility of IG, as well as dilute the differences between IG, the PWC and the original WC. In these cases, the poor need not be listened to.” Although the World Bank does not currently claim the laurels in every case of success (it is merely happy to welcome the relevant “leaders” in the CGD), the Bank continues to devolve responsibility for failure to the poor and transition countries: apparently, if some have succeeded, those who haven’t only have themselves to blame (see, for example, Besley and Cord, 2007, p. 20). Unless the World Bank accepts its share of responsibility for the economic underperformance of the poor, middle-income and transition countries, its claims to have—finally—nailed down the “correct” economic policies will ring hollow (see Cling and others, 2002, p. 9).|SDG 1 - No poverty|ig bank failure poor transition|6.2326155|5.8096495|4.6637096
11420|Management buy in and leadership are also critical. One of the key challenges is often the lack of sex-disaggregated data within portfolios and client bases; however, using proxy data can assist financiers to assess the opportunities. Internally, exploring where (if any) prejudices lie and understanding the status of women in the existing portfolio - from product and service use differences to repayment rates and portfolio shares - and comparing this to the broader market status quo are first steps towards identifying opportunities. The next step, through consultation with managers and staff across the institution, is to identify the target market and carry out an assessment of where this sits within the existing strategy, set aside resources (technical, physical and human), identify capacity-building requirements and set goals.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|portfolio identify status existing financiers|8.999651|3.5790286|6.5265226
11421|In a survey conducted by the WHO in 2000-11, Suhrcke et al. ( A discussion of patient satisfaction then follows, providing insight into another dimension of quality. The characteristics of good clinical cancer care are well established, and if evidence-based clinical guidelines are followed, an estimated one-third of cases could be cured with timely detection and appropriate treatment (OECD, 2015). As such, the outcomes of cancer treatment can serve as a measure of health systems quality.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|clinical cancer treatment detection insight|9.191781|9.412544|2.005327
11422|Data from this case study indicate that half of the municipalities were struggling with implementation of AfL, despite all the work and effort to ensure success. Governance actors and school leaders require training and support in the acquisition of research knowledge to develop greater competency in this area and enable them to facilitate change. They need knowledge about the content of the change process, about w'hat w'orks and what are the theoretical assumptions underlying the new teaching paradigm.|SDG 4 - Quality education|knowledge hat afl competency paradigm|9.716844|1.5555269|1.3349282
11423|The section concludes by presenting examples of specific policies aimed at changing initial socioeconomic and gender inequality. Specifically, they enable individuals to alternate time spent at work with time spent on caregiving within the family (Duran, 2004), transfer family care to services partly provided by the State, or regulate the purchase of private care by families. These types of State intervention are sequential, “defamilializing” (Martinez Franzoni, 2008; Orloff, 2009) and regulatory, respectively,4 and often addressing work-family tensions is not in fact their primary purpose; this is the case with preschool childcare services, for example.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|family spent sequential martinez caregiving|9.010813|5.133835|5.8797884
11424|Rebecca Kadaga, first woman Speaker of the Ugandan Parliament, also agrees that there is a need to focus beyond increasing the number of women in government to increasing their effectiveness in political positions and their impact on decision-making at all levels. The following are some strategies that have proved successful at increasing women's representation in decision-making across the Commonwealth. Endorsement of political parties - After studying the political processes in the selected countries, the incremental rise of women in these countries can be directly attributed to the political parties - especially the ruling party - taking a firm decision to institutionalise mechanisms favourable to women's access into power and positions of authority in party and governance structures at all levels of decision-making.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|decision political making women increasing|10.459444|4.4412193|7.2232833
11425|One immediate course of action would be to develop collection systems since these systems are often viewed as the backbone of any successful e-waste management system. In fact, informal collection systems were found to be rather efficient in countries like India and China because the daily informal collectors were able to penetrate each community and collect e-waste from house to house.57 The collectors were also able to earn reasonable pay; this in turn promoted a high collection rate. The box below depicts the results of this analysis.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|collectors collection house systems informal|0.4678038|3.9633288|3.0914497
11426|In Mauritius, for example, which has had a universal social pension scheme since 1958, the Basic Retirement Pension amounts to around $118 per month, equivalent to about five times the poverty line. To the extent that women rely more heavily on non-contributory benefits than men, the adequacy of these benefits is of major concern from a gender equality perspective. Combining contributory and non-contributory old-age pensions can be an effective way to advance towards national social protection floors.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|contributory pension floors mauritius benefits|8.129844|5.5200224|4.942857
11427|Development co-operation’s support for market conditions can also take the form of encouraging good practices with standard contracts and verification of quality or providing the private sector with the confidence to invest in green growth by insuring the monetization of environmental results. One example of the latter is IDB’s Energy Savings Insurance model which provides compensation to firms if projected financial savings associated with specific energy efficiency technologies are not realized. The country is one of the most affected by climate change — the 2016 World Risk Report ranks it third most at risk worldwide — and has been prone to more frequent and severe extreme weather events over the years.|SDG 13 - Climate action|savings idb risk realized verification|1.9872769|3.9087498|1.7412686
11428|"The Federal Budget Reform and the principle of outcome orientation are considered a great opportunity for gender budgeting and to promoting gender equality policies in Austria. It aims to employ existing funds in the equitable way in order to achieve effective equality of women and men within the national budget. The key foundation for gender-responsive budget management in all public authorities lies in the Austrian Federal Constitution: ""Federation, Laender and municipalities have to aim at the equal status of women and men in the budget management.”"|SDG 5 - Gender equality|budget gender federal equality men|9.7122345|3.9283354|7.5987287
11429|Peer networks tenc The few Latin American and Middle Eastern systerr scale. The table indicates where, among all teachers, a given teacher would from only one best practice, compared to those who benefit from five or ten as important. Table 2.1 shows a teacher's score on the teacher professionalism xpected to rank if he/she benefitted practices that the OECD identifies o fall among the bottom third of all profession and work environment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher table professionalism benefitted rank|9.626991|1.4993646|2.395378
11430|Within the broader context of that project, the Chronic Disease Prevention (CDP) microsimulation model has been developed. The CDP epidemiological model is able to simulate the population dynamics of lifestyle-oriented risk factors for selected chronic diseases. Neither the health impact of undertaking two interventions together nor the costs of their joint production are necessarily additive.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cdp chronic model microsimulation epidemiological|9.19432|9.067402|2.7259843
11431|However, national laws stipulate that rents can be raised in designated monument areas, which then impedes upon the desire for mixed neighbourhoods. Some academics have declared the end of the planning doctrine alongside a diminished role for the Dutch social welfare state. In particular, it has been argued that the “green heart” as a national policy concept was a cornerstone of the planning doctrine, and that its demise thus marks the end of this approach (Faludi, 1991,1999; Faludi and van der Valk, 1997; Roodbol-Mekkes, van der Valk, Altes, 2012). In support of this argument, between 1989 and 1993, the population growth rate in the “green heart” was 4.8% - which was higher than the national average over that time at 3.0%- indicating that the area does indeed face development pressure (Needham, 2014: 46).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|der van heart green national|3.4966607|4.873643|1.8643504
11432|Meanwhile, countries need to continue to strengthen underdeveloped grid infrastructure to realize the full potential of distributed energy. A comprehensive, well-aligned, and stable policy atmosphere is needed to create a favourable investment environment. The Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy scoring methodology set by the World Banks Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), indicates that many Asia-Pacific countries are not in a strong position to effectively mobilize energy investments (figure 4.10). The uptake of renewable energy is hindered by inadequate grid systems required to transmit energy from supply to demand centres and to provide sufficiently broad balancing areas to handle the variability of generation from resources, such as wind and solar.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy grid transmit mobilize scoring|1.6829506|1.8729084|2.320913
11433|"One of the women, aged 24, who was from Bishkek, told a story in her interview about how she was harassed by Kyrgyz males - whom she did not know - when she rode in an unregistered taxi with an Uzbek driver; in addition, she told another story about her Kyrgyz female co-worker who was a waitress in a cafe - her co-worker had been chased by Kyrgyz males because she was in a romantic relationship with an Uzbek cook. The woman reflected upon the influence that these episodes had on her choices; she said that now she would not consider having any relationship with a non-Kyrgyz male - although she would like to - out of fear of harassment by such groups as the ""Patriots of Kyrgyzstan"". The workplace is also likely to lead both female and male migrants to have mixed connections, while leisure pursuits and accommodations are settings where females are more likely to become acquainted with new people from countries other than their country of origin."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|kyrgyz told story males worker|8.77042|5.2820315|7.06383
11434|This programme provides a practical approach to reduce electricity costs to users while delivering broad social and environmental benefits. Provision of courses on managing household budgets increases the consumer's ability to pay for essential services such as electricity, while communicating the benefits of electricity increases the use of electric devices [e.g. lighting, refrigeration mechanical power) and thus ensures demand, which improves investment conditions. It can be mitigated by introducing penalty and reward systems (ESMAP, 2007), but smart metering may offer a more efficient approach.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity increases refrigeration approach mechanical|2.2334363|1.9888436|2.3054402
11435|This dynamic monitoring system will be expanded to 200 cities in China. However expertise is lacking at the local level as well as a systematic approach to collecting data from enterprises. The ILO, in collaboration with the Labour Ministry and the ADB has set up a tracking system w'hich followed 2 000 displaced workers over a period of six months. The tracking system followed where they went, how they searched for new jobs, w'hether and where they found new work, how' much they earned, etc.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tracking followed adb earned displaced|8.106835|4.589671|4.4101634
11436|In almost every OECD country, courts and tribunals attempt to broker a compromise solution between the parties at the start of formal legal proceedings. Typically, half to three quarters of cases lodged with courts and tribunals are resolved without recourse to a court decision (Venn, 2009). However, despite the widespread use of pre-court conciliation in labour law cases, there is little empirical evidence on its effectiveness.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|courts court cases conciliation broker|8.055985|4.5688047|4.2684317
11437|Secondary teachers on the other hand may have contracts ranging from 20 to 48 hours, which exceptionally may reach up to 60 hours per week. A teacher can also complement his or her teaching position with other functions in the public sector as long as he or she does not exceed 60 hours per week. Secondary teachers who additionally teach in a non-public school may exceed this maximum of teaching hours per week. Also, in a given school year, if the teacher is not able to have enough hours to complete a single teaching unit (20 hours or 40 hours), he or she can work a few hours in a supporting function (e.g. support teacher, pedagogical counsellor teacher; bibliographic counsellor teacher).|SDG 4 - Quality education|hours teacher week teaching exceed|9.496055|1.4989285|2.7047954
11438|However, the latter are often more easily obtained. Where economic data is used as a denominator for an indicator, the resulting indicator can be described as a decoupling indicator. An example is the generation of food waste per EUR of household expenditure on food. This would for example be quantities of food purchased by households, measured by economic value or preferably, by weight Trends in input-type indicators can provide some reasonable reflect the success of food waste prevention measures.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|food indicator waste denominator preferably|4.1542377|5.32406|4.638644
11439|Quality has not been sidelined, as evidenced by a recently introduced performance management framework for primary care doctors. A similar system for hospitals will soon follow. Patient groups report being well involved in policy making and several intersectoral memoranda of co-operation have been agreed - including w'ith industry - on key public health issues. Medical education is also excellent, w'ith Latvian medical schools having maintained their reputation as among the best in the ex-Soviet world.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ith medical intersectoral reputation latvian|9.119253|9.257191|1.7999943
11440|This suggests that negative personal income shocks are likely to result in lower private health insurance coverage. For instance, in the United States most uninsured people attribute their lack of health coverage to the high cost of premiums (OECD, 2011). Holahan and Chen (2011) report that between 2007 and 2010 the number of US adults without health care coverage increased markedly because of rising poverty rates in addition to a drop in employer-sponsored plans.14 The rise in adults without health coverage was concentrated among low-income people as they could no longer afford to buy private health insurance.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|coverage health adults insurance uninsured|8.569783|8.63825|2.3076658
11441|In the last few years, capital expenditure represents the greatest proportion of annual public expenditure in general programmes of upper secondary education (fluctuating between 10% and 18%). In the 2005-13 period, the proportion of capital expenditure has grown considerably in technical-professional programmes (from less than 2% to more than 8%) and less son in primary education (from about 4% to about 8%). Also, as depicted in Figure 3.14, in 2011, capital expenditure as a proportion of total expenditure in public institutions was lower in Uruguay (4.5% in primary education, 3.5% in secondary education) than in the average OECD country (7.7% in primary education, 7.1% in secondary education). For the same year, capital investment in school education was more significant in Argentina, Brazil and Peru than in Uruguay.|SDG 4 - Quality education|expenditure education capital proportion secondary|9.212341|2.0990534|2.7461298
11442|For example, those related to bulk water supply or to wastewater treatment could be attributed to the water supply and sanitation sub-sector, while expenditures to buy back water rights from farmers in stressed aquifers could be attributed to the irrigation sub-sector. Depending on how water expenditures are classified, CONAGUA will spend around MXN 10-20 billion on water resources management (see Figure 3.7) in 2012. In addition, municipalities finance flood protection and CONAFOR contributes to watershed management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water attributed expenditures sub conafor|1.5982504|7.348716|2.1243975
11443|What are the innovative features of the Paris Agreement? What is the outlook and prospects for effective climate change governance in the post-Paris era? Moreover, the article outlines the nature, strengths and limitations of the Paris Agreement and analyses the prospects for effective action on climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|paris prospects agreement effective era|1.1310679|3.7245708|1.4292033
11444|More interdisciplinary work, involving scientists, economists and others is required in order to shed more light on this region-specific question, and hopefully better and more conclusive information on this will become available in the coming years. Other examples are the development of new technologies or business models, or changing habits related to food consumption. In addition to these fundamental drivers, sudden and unforeseen events of natural or human origin may disrupt developments and it is important that these are also considered (Box 3.1).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|unforeseen conclusive disrupt interdisciplinary economists|4.223069|5.0387526|4.2694135
11445|This includes restoration of natural ecosystems alongside rivers, preservation of aquatic biodiversity, pollution prevention (e.g. enforcing the ban on effluent discharges to rivers), water resource management (e.g. restoration of flow paths), enhancing the ability of rivers to serve as drainage channels for flood control (e.g. cleanup of riverbeds), and promotion of the use of rivers for leisure activities and tourism. They are implemented on different levels, from specific sections of rivers to entire drainage basins. The RRA serves as a catalyst for implementation of these plans, particularly through funding the 30 regional river administrations, which group local authorities, drainage authorities, regional organisations and NGOs as well as an RRA representative.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|rivers drainage restoration authorities effluent|0.98231727|7.0171323|1.8499314
11446|Amendments to fisheries management legislation in 2010-11 enable AFMA to enter into co-management arrangements, giving powers and functions to primary stakeholders in individual fisheries. This new level of co-management strengthens the collaborative approach between AFMA and its stakeholders and further builds the industry ‘stewardship’ approach in managing the marine environment. These arrangements result in simpler and more efficient administration of Commonwealth fisheries and these benefits flow to industry. This Act also specifies that management should reduce the impact of fishing activities on non-target species and the long term sustainability of the marine environment.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries management marine arrangements stakeholders|-0.1757557|5.6808505|6.6065226
11447|Furthermore, elements of the women’s market intervention should be designed around the key barriers in order to temper their effect on financial access, while bearing in mind the financial institution’s strengths, strategic direction and mandate. In a global survey, of the 17 Commonwealth countries covered (incorporating responses from 57 banks), more than 3 documents were required in over 70 per cent of the countries (CGAP and World Bank 2009). Documentation requirements are usually a combination of proof of identity and proof of residential address. Banks in Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zambia require at least four different forms of documentation -including identity card and passport, letter of recommendation, wage slip and proof of address - as a prerequisite to open a current account, the first entry point into accessing formal banking services.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|proof documentation identity banks address|8.752076|3.6109772|6.428457
11448|It also conducts research on the adaptation of small and medium farm machinery to local field conditions and disseminates technical know-how on the use of farm machineries. The DOA plans training activities while the Centre provides them. In 2012-13, its budget was about USD 3.8 million. Its research focuses on increasing crop productivity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farm conducts research machinery know|3.884819|5.205991|3.8599396
11449|For example, the stocktake will consider the overall effect of NDCs, yet information on the expected impact of NDCs on future levels of GHG emissions is unlikely to be reported or available for many NDCs. Further, a large number of INDCs have been expressed in non-GHG terms (e.g. goals for renewable energy, energy efficiency, forest cover, creation of institutions), and estimating the expected impact of such goals on future GHG emissions is often challenging. Reporting by individual Parties on support provided under the Paris Agreement is unlikely to provide such an overview, even with voluntary reporting by a larger number of Parties.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ndcs ghg unlikely parties reporting|1.251109|3.6062543|1.0285544
11450|The first phase is to define and understand children's experiences of food insecurity to be measured; it involves gathering knowledge from key informants, developing an interview guide, selecting a sample, and conducting focus groups and/or interviews. The second phase is to break down the food insecurity experiences into measurable components; it involves summarizing the interviews, classifying children by types and severity of experiences, summarizing interviews across children by theme, and identifying domains of food insecurity that discriminate children. The third phase is to create questionnaire items to assess the domains of food insecurity experiences; it involves developing or adapting items and answers and then review by local informants and experts.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity experiences interviews phase involves|4.491441|5.759433|4.7978826
11451|Metro Vancouver also provides input to TransLink on its long-term transport strategies and ten-year transport investment plans along with input to the Mayors’ Council on proposed borrowing limit increases in ten-year transport investment plans. Translink has approximately 6 700 employees and TransLink receives its revenue mainly through taxation (mostly fuel and property taxes), user fees and government transfers. Total consolidated revenues for 2016 are expected to be CAD $1.4 billion on a funded basis. The RGS’ objectives are to co-ordinate action on housing, transport, infrastructure and economic development in recognition that collaboration at regional level will make individual municipal action more effective.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport input plans action cad|3.8798132|5.099658|1.1427948
11452|These tie social relief to a household to investment in its children’s education, in the form of education-conditioned cash transfers. Certainly, the education so targeted is only basic. However, as one step in an attack on the lack of even basic education among the poor, it has much to recommend itself, even though further study is necessary on issues about the quality of education received and the necessary additional measures to make it part of an overall approach to attacking the problem of education in these countries. Poverty, in the long run, is to be tackled through education and development, although an anti-poverty programme may have more immediate priorities in the short term.|SDG 1 - No poverty|education necessary basic conditioned recommend|7.353194|5.849181|4.4268413
11453|The crop selection criteria of women, compared to men, consist of multiple interests or concerns. Stability and productivity are the major concerns in landrace selection for men, whereas women consider meal quality, resource availability, ease in processing and multiple uses of the crop. Men prefer early maturing landrace Malliasamai, while the women choose Vellaperumsamai/Perumsamai because of their meal quality. Women, being responsible for cooking, explain that they value Vellaperumsamai/Perumsamai because of its taste and consistency.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|meal women men selection crop|8.820124|4.5222907|6.4893985
11454|"In this way, BIEM achieves the “critical mass"" needed to realise projects with wide ranging impact. The annual budget of EUR 100 000 EUR is financed by the European Structural Funds, the Ministry of Economics of Brandenburg, and other project-related revenues (e.g. fees for services). Each partner organisation runs additional projects and employs additional personnel according to projects or the overall management of an entrepreneurship institute/centre. This new ""structure” contributes to building stronger linkages between the university's internal and external support services and to integrate entrepreneurship education and start-up support services."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|projects eur entrepreneurship services additional|6.449618|3.1747599|2.6291714
11455|This is clearly important when resources are scare but it is also worth looking at how training can service employers operating at the “lower end” of the labour market. This means providing greater opportunities for modular and part-time training, which balances competing demands on individuals for work and family. Modular training involves self-contained units that can be stacked against each other to complete a qualification. Part-time training involves mixing the use of evening training as well as the block release of apprenticeships for the off-the-job training portion of their framework.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training modular involves mixing evening|8.224427|3.1158695|3.0719163
11456|The installation of community care services in many countries has led to a differentiated set of mental health services and various stepped rehabilitative services, which should meet the different degrees and kinds of patients’ needs in the areas of housing, activities and social relationships. It is generally agreed that mental health reforms have produced better outcomes in countries where the reduction of inpatient capacities has been compensated by a substantial building up of specialised outpatient and rehabilitative services. This holds also true for the United States (Glied and Frank, 2009). However, the reforms have not yet reduced the institutionalisation of people with mental disorders. Although institutions per se are not ineffective, community-based care has obviously not led to the desired degree of social inclusion, independent living, or to paid employment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental services reforms led community|10.325334|8.875933|1.7418685
11457|Etisalat first used femtocells in 2010 and is committed to deploying more 3G cells in public areas around the country to improve capacity. In fact, the rise in consumer data consumption may drive the need for further Wi-Fi investment. Mobile operators consider public Wi-Fi a necessary service, although it risks cannibalizing their mobile data revenues.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|wi fi mobile deploying cells|4.8871694|2.8349998|1.4666624
11458|Although public health care in principle offers free basic health care services to all, most states’ health systems suffer from insufficient spending and shortfalls in management, leaving many with insufficient care. As a result, most people turn to private health care providers, which range dramatically in quality and of course charge for their services. Public health efforts over past decades have contributed to these improvements, as most recently demonstrated through the recent eradication of polio after an ambitious immunisation campaign. Nevertheless, life expectancy remains behind most large middle income countries and health outcomes are strongly influenced by socio-economic factors, gender, education and geography (Balarajan et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care insufficient shortfalls geography|8.65321|8.831754|3.046783
11459|When disaggregating the EPR by origin and gender, the differences between both female and male Thai-bom and foreign-born workers become negative: both were higher for foreign-bom workers in 2010 but not in 2000 (Figure 3.2). For the LFPR and UNR, data for 2010 was not available. Foreign-bom workers were over-represented in the age groups 15-24 and 65+ and under-represented in all other age groups (Figure 3.3).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom foreign workers represented disaggregating|7.2098384|3.6099334|4.2291126
11460|Moldova has eliminated direct consumer subsidies and does not pursue a prosubsidy policy, either in relation to consumption or production. However, a combination of the bottom-up approach to subsidy identification and price-gap analysis has revealed several fossil fuel subsidy schemes in Moldova. The numbers given as the sum or the intermediate sums in the tables and those in the text may thus not always correspond to the arithmetical sum.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|moldova sum subsidy sums eliminated|1.5744506|2.6411004|2.259329
11461|"Data centres evolved from mere data containers to become centralized hubs that managed and distributed data across a network to end devices. Datacentres expanded into cloud infrastructure"". This may give a couple of false impressions: that technology is destiny and that everything digital is revolutionary."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|data false containers hubs cloud|4.815501|2.9860408|1.7916496
11462|In the Netherlands, inpatient services are also free of charge once the annual general deductible has been met. When treated as a private patient in a public or a private hospital, Medicare covers a reduced proportion of costs and the remaining cost is often paid by private health insurance, or otherwise out of pocket. In 2011-2012, public patients accounted for 51% of hospital admissions and patients covered by private health insurance 39%4 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|private hospital patients insurance health|8.577007|9.005023|2.064027
11463|As already mentioned, Rwanda has the highest number of women parliamentary representatives worldwide. Women’s representation has increased in other post-conflict countries as well. In Kosovo, women make up 28 per cent of parliamentary and municipal assemblies; 25 per cent of seats in the 2005 elections held in Afghanistan were reserved for women; and in the same year, women in Iraq gained 31 per cent of seats in parliament (UN Facts and Figures, cited in Binder et al. Scholars have theorised that having a ‘critical mass’ of women represented politically - 30 per cent is widely recognised as the minimum necessary - makes a difference in terms of implementing gender-friendly laws and policies (Dahlerup 1988; Jaquette 1997; Sainsbury 2004).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women cent parliamentary seats assemblies|10.522626|4.309135|7.155338
11464|However, evaluation policies and practices remain at an incipient stage, especially when compared to those of most OECD countries and other emerging economies in Latin America. The most significant gap is the paucity of national data on student learning outcomes, which makes it difficult to design effective policies to raise achievement and assess the impact of reforms, in particular the new curriculum. Also important is the need to reinforce national capacity to use information from monitoring and evaluation for policy-making purposes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluation incipient policies reinforce national|9.572232|1.8302186|1.7422652
11465|Under this approach, “there is no real difference between patent claims relating to the use of a substance and those relating to a therapeutic method: in both cases a new medical activity is claimed, i.e. a new way of using one or more known products. Under this approach, new medical uses of known substances could be considered to be patentable subject matter, if the member so desires. In these cases, producers meeting the novelty and non-obviousness requirements could obtain process patents on the relevant uses.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|relating known uses medical new|8.291773|9.648592|2.4844136
11466|While there is still a lack of unified vision on food storage regionally, the theme of the Arab Agriculture Day in 2014 (celebrated on 27 September) was “Arabic strategic stocks of food to cope with the global food crisis”. Individual countries have been active building their storage capacity, especially for cereals, with various levels of projections (see table 20). In an effort to reduce the high crop losses in Egypt, estimated at 10-15 per cent and costing around $280 million annually, the Government of Egypt is planning for a project that aims to build 25 new silos per year in an effort to increase substantially its strategic storage capacity. Available from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/temDlates/tci/pdfyMENA-WB-The Grain Chain ENG .ndf (accessed 30 March 2015).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|storage egypt food effort strategic|4.028521|5.1221952|4.0782332
11467|"As mentioned above, the Vienna Programme of Action also explicitly stressed the importance of eradicating ""any conflicts which may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism."" Stereotypes and cultural norms which dictate prescriptive roles for women in society also have a negative impact on women's enjoyment of their human rights. For instance, girls' lack of access to education has sometimes been justified on the presumption that, as mothers and wives, they will not enter the workforce and thus do not require education. She also points to women's lack of influence in decision-making processes which define the culture of any given community (A/67/287)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women cultural prescriptive rights eradicating|9.746615|4.953474|7.204179
11468|This was slightly higher than the OECD average of 1600 hours for primary and 1618 hours for lower secondary education. Net teaching time amounted to 662 hours per school year, which was less than in many other OECD countries (OECD average: 772 hours for primary and 694 hours for lower secondary education) (see Figure 4.1, OECD, 2015a).1 With the implementation of the 2014 Folkeskole reform, it is expected that teachers on average teach 80 hours more during a school year. A school year is usually 40 weeks in Denmark. Countries are ranked in descending order of the number of teaching hours per year in lower secondary education. Lower secondary teachers reported to spend on average 18.9 hours per week teaching, around the TALIS average of 19.3 hours, and 7.9 hours on individual planning or preparation (either at school or out of school), slightly more than the TALIS average of 7.1 hours (see Figure 4.2).|SDG 4 - Quality education|hours average school secondary lower|9.484196|1.6134907|2.7698567
11469|Conversely, electricity prices tend to be higher when VREs are not producing, since there is less electricity supply in the market. All studies surveyed show that the market value of VRE decreases significantly with penetration level and such decrease is more significant for solar PV than for wind power, since solar PV generation is concentrated around few hours in the day. Results confirm that the difference with baseload price is low for the first MW of wind energy or solar PV installed, ranging between EUR +6 and -1 per MWh depending on individual countries characteristics.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|pv solar wind vres electricity|1.4512239|1.7068859|1.904428
11470|"In the student questionnaire, students answered questions on whether or not they have a home computer to use for schoolwork, educational software and a link to the Internet; how many computers they have at home; whether they programme computers; and how many hours, on average, they spend repeating and training on content from school lessons by working on a computer (e.g. learning vocabulary with training software). As part of the school questionnaire, principals provided information on the availability of computers at their schools and on whether they feel that a lack of computers hindered instruction in their school. A new question in PISA 2012 also asked school principals to report on the extent to which students are expected to access the Internet to perform school-related work. On average across OECD countries, only 4% of 15-year-old students lived in homes with no computer, and 43% of them lived in homes with three or more computers. There is no single authority representing both ""IUrkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island."|SDG 4 - Quality education|computers computer school lived software|9.310144|1.9754918|2.815656
11471|Insights from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS) in the United States suggest that primary teachers who have a degree specialised in elementary education boost students’ reading performance, even compared to teachers who have more advanced degrees (Croninger et al., The effect of teachers’ qualifications is still more pronounced when aggregated at the school level: the higher the share of teachers holding advanced degrees in one school, the higher the impact on students’ performance (Croninger et al, 2007). Firstly, research finds that professional development is linked to higher quality skills among ECEC staff regardless of their educational background (Burchinal et al., Research on professional development for primary school teachers yields similar results (Angrist and Lavy, 1998; Bressoux, Kramarz and Prost, 2008).|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers degrees al school et|9.451722|1.2925965|2.10208
11472|Indicators of performance are mainly limited to grade repetition and student dropout, and school supervisors do not systematically evaluate school quality (see Policy Issue 3.2). A school census-based assessment would provide a stronger basis to identify where additional teachers should be allocated, focus incentives to attract high quality teachers, and target training to staff who face particularly challenging classrooms. These are critical measures to raise student learning and tackle dropout (see Chapter 4).|SDG 4 - Quality education|dropout school student teachers supervisors|9.656901|1.8917822|1.943888
11473|Those households above the poverty line will pay for their connection at prescribed connection charges and no government subsidy will be released for this purpose. In the case of decentralised systems, capital subsidies should not give rise to too many differences between the price that remote villages powered by DDG systems will pay for electricity, and the price paid by villages connected to the grid. But rural electricity tariffs are often lower than the average cost of electricity supply, and state governments are responsible for making budgetary provisions for subsidised electricity supply.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity villages connection pay price|2.2522993|1.8854246|2.5652637
11474|This EU challenge to UK policy was reinforced in 1999 by the passing of the EU Landfill Directive (99/31/EC), with targets to reduce the quantity of biodegradable municipal waste land-filled, with reference to that produced in 1995 to 75% by 2010, 50% by 2013 and 35% by 2020. The first, generalised response to the Packaging Directive was the landfill tax, introduced in 1996 at GBP 7 per tonne of active waste and GBP 2 per tonne of inactive waste. These rates were set to be equal to the estimated externalities of landfill, but the rates were soon raised above.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|landfill gbp waste tonne directive|0.44068214|3.9724743|3.1208956
11475|This is not true if changes in fish migrations or productivity occur suddenly and on a major scale as certain “threshold values” of environmental variables are exceeded.2 Such changes may be difficult to predict, and all the more so since they might occur even if the underlying change in ocean circulation and temperature is gradual; ocean conditions might suddenly reach a point where certain fish stocks can no longer survive, or radically change their migratory habits. The only certainty on what to expect would be if: 1) similar things had occurred in the past; and/or 2) if one had a strong understanding of the mechanisms and interactions underlying climate change and its impacts on oceans and ecosystems. It is useful to distinguish between two main types of changes that could occur, i) changes in the productivity of the ocean in a given location, and ii) changes in fish migrations or the location of their habitats.|SDG 14 - Life below water|changes ocean suddenly occur migrations|-0.23011331|6.0508904|6.212045
11476|The CCSS recently established quality monitoring programme in primary care (see Section 1), with plans to develop a similar programme for hospitals. Not enough is known about the quality and outcomes of care in Costa Rica. Although some important initiatives are underway, such as the primary care performance monitoring framework, quality does not emerge as the dominant governing idea within Costa Rican health care. “ Quality” is still thought of in limited terms (typically, waiting times) meaning that important gaps in the health system’s information infrastructure persist. Even though there is a national cancer observatory, for example, authorities were unable to produce data on the stage of cancer at diagnosis (vital for understanding the effectiveness of screening and prevention programmes) when asked.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care quality cancer costa monitoring|9.207192|9.312625|2.01339
11477|The systematic collection and analysis of appraisal results may, furthermore, provide information at a system-level for the further development of policies to strengthen leadership in schools. An increasing number of countries conducts appraisal to provide feedback and to inform professional development. In many of these cases, appraisal may lead to summative consequences for underperforming school leaders if a school leader fails to improve after an unsatisfactory rating and the introduction of an improvement plan, for example. The ways in which results are used may differ depending on a school leader’s performance in the appraisal as well as the school level and school type.|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal school leader underperforming unsatisfactory|9.957348|1.1502849|1.519019
11478|There were 69% and 75% reductions in death rate for diabetes, and 72% and 75% decreases for renal disease. In addition to better health outcomes, the study also demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of strengthening primary health care (Zhao et al., In some areas, a low volume of patients makes a hospital or a specialist unviable. These are also places that are not perceived by health practitioners as attractive to live.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health demonstrates diabetes practitioners decreases|9.188163|9.1575|2.2847836
11479|In 2013, environmentally-related taxes accounted for 13.7% of total tax revenue in India and 7.3% in China, but only 1.4% in Malaysia and 1.3% in the Philippines.2 A new law in China that came into effect at the beginning of 2018 introduced new taxes on polluters. It will likely affect these rates in future, although its main purpose is not to raise revenue. For example, the building sector - including space heating and cooling, water heating, lighting, appliances and cooking equipment in residential, commercial and industrial buildings - accounts for 55% of anthropogenic emissions of fine particulate matter, 5% of all nitrogen oxide emissions and 7% of sulphur dioxide emissions globally (IEA, 2016). Reducing emissions from this sector requires replacing kerosene lighting with electricity, and improving access to clean cooking facilities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|emissions lighting cooking heating revenue|1.6660457|2.902491|2.2129202
11480|Nevertheless investments in improvements in energy efficiency will need to increase by a factor of 3 to 6 in order to achieve the 2030 target. The UNECE region uses 39% of global TPES. North America has the main share (18% globally), followed by the 33 countries of Western and Central Europe with 12%.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tpes unece globally western followed|1.7352545|2.6991248|2.5241005
11481|Adding to these challenges, the rural poor without access to electricity either spend relatively large amounts of their scarce financial resources on energy, or a disproportionate amount of time collecting firewood. The benefits that electricity access brings to households and communities are justified not only on social and economic grounds but also on grounds of equity objectives. For over 30 years the World Bank and other organisations have studied the social benefits of electricity access and have noted that these benefits usually derive from the longer days that powered light bulbs offer to the household. When electricity is used for powering home appliances, household chores tend to become less tedious; when it is used for lighting, the relative brightness of the light bulb as opposed to candle light allows children to read or study in the later hours of the day, bringing obvious education and leisure benefits (Barnes, 2007).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity light benefits grounds access|2.1100962|2.3806353|2.6096492
11482|Developed countries commit to economy-wide emission targets for 2020 while developing countries commit to mitigation actions. In the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation, developed countries also commit to provide funding for developing countries to help with mitigation and adaptation. As the Accord was “noted” rather than agreed to, there are no binding commitments. Nevertheless, the Accord makes clear the broad lines of a future agreement. Developed countries will commit to emission reduction targets, and developing countries, especially the larger more advanced ones, must take ambitious mitigation actions commensurate with their capability.|SDG 13 - Climate action|commit mitigation accord actions countries|1.3697325|3.538133|1.4974849
11483|This circular relationship — the energy-transformation nexus — is central to the development process. It discusses the linkages between energy supply and sustainable and inclusive structural transformation. Following an examination of the patterns of energy supply and demand in least developed countries (LDCs) and their differences from other groups of countries in section B. Section C elaborates on the energy-transformation nexus.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|transformation nexus energy section supply|1.6689546|2.437932|2.2266529
11484|Reforms to increase supply flexibility should be pursued. All government funded schools should enjoy the same freedom in luring and wage setting to level the playing field across different school types. To better gauge progress and inform policy makers, schools and parents on educational outcomes, additional performance measures should be developed and steps taken to lessen the reliance on grades in performance management.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performance schools lessen gauge grades|9.610183|1.9623598|2.133368
11485|Many countries have adopted digital development strategies. Digital strategies are cross-sectoral plans that address policy objectives related to the development of a digital economy and society. Common objectives include developing broadband infrastructure; promoting digital firms, both international and local (the “digital sector”); strengthening e-government; and encouraging businesses and SMEs to adopt digital technologies, as well as promoting general ICT skills and competencies. The priorities in any country's strategy generally depend on the level of digital adoption in that country, with less digitalized economies focusing more on connectivity and promoting digital skills and adoption, and more digitalized economies seeking to upgrade to high-speed internet and to promote user and data protection.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital promoting adoption objectives economies|4.8321075|3.0482247|1.889331
11486|The core of the Archimedes model is hundreds of equations that represent human physiology and the effects of diseases. Attached to these equations are hundreds more equations and algorithms that simulate the health care system including processes such as tests, treatments, admissions and physician behaviours. Together with population data, the equations are integrated into a single, large-scale simulation model.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|equations hundreds model simulate algorithms|8.96909|8.7586975|2.7304099
11487|Also, since 2013, more than a hundred new diagnostic and treatment protocols have been developed, with a focus on cardiovascular diseases, 20 types of cancers, paediatrics and trauma care, which are currently being piloted in selected hospitals. Although the rate for women is much lower than for men, both rates are among the highest in the EU. Alcohol control policies introduced in 2007-08, including restrictions on advertising, sales and increases on taxes, resulted in partial and short-lived improvement Alcohol policy is a focus area of the government, and new legislation is coming into effect in January 2018.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol focus piloted advertising cancers|9.233612|9.673849|3.4034557
11488|Farmers and insurance companies have asymmetric information that can also increase the price of insurance: farmers who take greater risks tend to demand more insurance (adverse selections), and farmers tend to be less proactive in managing their risks once they are insured (moral hazard). Ad hoc disaster assistance and other support measures from the government also reduce insurance demand. Multi-peril crop insurance provides indemnities after individual yield or production losses due to any peril in a list. This is the most widely available type of insurance across countries, and it is the one proposed for cattle and rice in the pilot projects in Indonesia.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insurance farmers tend risks asymmetric|3.5305517|5.4595037|3.7658312
11489|The basic allowance is available to those who are over 20 years old. To qualify for an income-related benefit, the unemployed person must have been a member of a Ul fund for at least 12 months. For both types of Ul benefit, the maximum entitlement period is 300 days and 450 days for parents with children.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|days benefit qualify entitlement allowance|7.922496|4.79247|4.028858
11490|It also includes maintenance and capital renovation of state and municipal institutions of the public health system and the purchase of medical equipment. The Federal General Prosecutor’s Office has checked the tenders for buying equipment under the NPPH. They revealed that the prices in tenders were unjustifiably high, often by as much as 50%. For example, during the last three years RUB 3 billion were spent on new tomographic scanners.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tenders equipment scanners checked renovation|8.533981|9.20417|2.0353253
11491|These options were formulated primarily for water services and with the perspective of introducing greater private sector participation into the sector. The study considered different options for reforming the market, including having up to three operators for the country (as opposed to only one operator), i.e. one for Yerevan, one for AWSC as it currently exists and one or more for the existing regional companies, as the most interesting. Although the consultants recommended two WSCs as the most viable option, the government indicated a strong preference for forming a single WSC. These could be solutions for municipalities that might not be interested to join the regional operator.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|operator options regional consultants formulated|1.4930102|7.202165|2.0755694
11492|Water logics and hydrological boundaries cut across administrative frontiers and perimeters. Water governance and water resources management takes place at various spatial scales, both in their ecological and political dimensions. First, the hydrological system with its different levels from small catchments to large river basins plays a prominent role, from the individual water body to the global climate.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hydrological water frontiers catchments scales|1.1319299|7.126137|1.5321795
11493|1J0 Zetter (2009). A distinction is usually made between slow-onset processes and extreme environmental events or natural disasters -distinguishing, for example, desertification from floods. In this context, there is growing recognition that migration is not always the only response to the effects of environmental change - in the case of slow-onset events, for example, adapting settlement and land use practices may mean that people can remain at home safely and productively.|SDG 13 - Climate action|onset slow events productively safely|1.5749475|5.1440926|1.9631212
11494|In the Slovak Republic, Italy, the Russian Federation and Poland, less than 20% of low-skilled adults reported participation in any form of adult education. The gap in participation rates between adults with low and high literacy proficiency is on average 44 percentage points (30% compared to 74% respectively). In the case of formal education, this difference is 12 percentage points (6% compared to 18%). In relative terms, however, the difference in rates is even greater in the case of formal education, where highly proficient adults are three times more likely to participate than adults with low proficiency.|SDG 4 - Quality education|adults proficiency difference low formal|9.469919|2.5789475|3.258085
11495|In these countries, then, are not only are there more poor individuals, but the poor are deprived in more dimensions. In all the countries, a higher percentage of the population was poor in rural than in urban areas. The highest rural poverty levels were in Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras and the Plurinational State of Bolivia.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poor rural nicaragua plurinational honduras|6.4555116|5.8976793|5.124735
11496|The focus of this report is on instruments to promote gender balance in academia. Then an overview is presented of key policy measures and programmes initiated by government authorities to promote gender balance in research. Examples are also given of the actions taken by the Nordic national research councils and the joint Nordic institution NordForsk to address gender balance.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|balance nordic gender promote research|10.065405|3.9562361|7.5433655
11497|"Trade restrictions played a pivotal role for this differential outcome. While countries in developing Asia managed to insulate themselves from the price hike through export restrictions and ‘aggressive buying"", many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa experienced a sharp food price increase and had to bear the brunt of the price hike, with a marked increase in undernourishment. If these are insufficient, tighter disciplines on export restrictions and ‘demand-augmenting measures"" need to be envisaged in a second step. Over and above improving the trade disciplines, he suggested promoting public investment in agriculture and food safety nets. A well-functioning international trade system is all the more important in the context of increasing pressures on natural resources, especially land and water, and with the expectation of climate change affecting production potentials differently in different regions of the world. Dr van Tongeren considered that the present external economic, financial and fiscal environment was a good basis for further agricultural reforms."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|restrictions disciplines price trade export|4.3844223|4.931507|4.161509
11498|In Asia, the largest financing needs are estimated to be in the energy sector, followed by transport. Road density per square kilometre is a very rough indicator of the development of transport infrastructure, and it must obviously be seen also in the context of terrain, population density and other ecological considerations. Nevertheless, figure 4.4 points to truly shocking differences between Europe and the developing regions, while w ithin Asia (which shows slightly better levels) there are large differences between East Asia and most of the rest of the continent.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|asia density differences transport ithin|4.3956113|4.531612|1.279746
11499|The Strategic Environmental Evaluations (EAEs) are a promising tool for assessing the environmental impact of land-use plans, but could be broadened to evaluate the overall impact of urban growth on environmental performance and quality of life. Air pollution should be tackled through disincentives on car ownership, which may mean redesigning municipal revenue streams that significantly depend on vehicle taxes. Minimising natural hazards, notably flood risk, calls for a more comprehensive approach to managing storm-water drainage and mitigating the expansion of impermeable surfaces in urban areas. Mechanisms to offset biodiversity losses should be integrated into the EAEs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|environmental redesigning surfaces broadened disincentives|3.2853465|5.1481566|1.4494174
11500|The off-diagonal cases correspond to countries where the unemployment rate either responded particularly strongly to the output shock (countries in boxes above the diagonal) or particularly weakly (countries in boxes below the diagonal). Additional aspects of shock heterogeneity are captured by the letters C, X, L and H, which denote, respectively, unusually large concentrations of the decline in output in the construction and export sectors, a relatively long duration of the recession, or a sharp fall in housing prices. Even though the fall in GDP was not especially big in these countries, a sharp increase in unemployment occurred, especially in Spain, where the decline in employment was more than double that in GDP (cf.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|boxes shock sharp fall output|7.6298037|4.573519|4.2191443
11501|Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies 17:197-215. Trade liberalisation and poverty dynamics in Vietnam. Journal of Economic Integration 22(4), 819-851. The gender pay gap in Vietnam, 1993-2002: A quantile regression approach. Journal of Asian Economics 18(5), 775-808. Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty: A Proposed Measure with Application to Indonesia, World Bank Policy Research Department Working Paper No.2437, World Bank: Washington DC.|SDG 1 - No poverty|vietnam journal bank quantile quantifying|6.0736866|5.50886|4.6376834
11502|This normally refers to equity of education outcomes. One way to look at this is to compare student achievement in different schools in the education system. For example, in the 2009 PISA reading literacy scale performance variation between schools in Finland was 7.7% compared to the OECD average variation of 42% (OECD, 2010a).|SDG 4 - Quality education|variation schools normally reading compare|9.60198|2.2415326|3.0556219
11503|Moreover, this is also reflected in the institutional structure of MoEFWA, in which both land uses are among the competencies of one department, the Directorate of Forests and Pastures (DFP). Therefore, timber consumption by households has always been higher than by industry in Albania. In 2003, some 415 wood processing plants processed about 360,000 m3 of timber, while simultaneously the documented level of fuel-wood consumption was 1.6 million m3 per year. They result from the subsistence needs of the rural population and commonly understood traditional right to use the natural resources of the area, to a large extent tolerated by the authorities despite the legally imposed sanctions and fines for such law infringements.|SDG 15 - Life on land|timber wood consumption pastures fines|1.4724706|4.599363|3.9205456
11504|Furthermore there are examples where adaptation efforts have linkages to mitigation approaches, for instance Antigua and Barbuda where increasing desalination capacity will be achieved through use of renewable energy sources. For each issue, more detailed discussions and examples are provided in the Annex. About one-third of the adaptation components of INDCs (the adaptation components) do not mention timeframes.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation components examples barbuda antigua|1.1953764|4.7061625|1.4235462
11505|This measure allows for adjusting tariffs for cost declines in renewable energy installations as the technologies mature. Notably, the unit costs of these technologies will decline as the cumulative capacity increases, owing to economies of scale and innovations. China and India have already experienced remarkable cost declines in recent years, and reached very competitive cost structures for solar power and onshore wind.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|declines cost technologies onshore mature|1.523222|1.895532|2.1237912
11506|However, the strategy was never actively implemented. The Ministry of Economy took action in 2007 to revise this strategy with the help of external assistance, but the revised strategy was never approved. It recognised that Lithuania already possessed some of the pre-requisites for developing its R&D system (such as pockets of high-level research, potential for industry-relevant applied research, some high-technology products and research-intensive services). Reaching European innovation practice for science-industiy collaboration, increasing gross expenditure for R&D (GERD) to 3% and business expenditures for R&D (BERD) to 2% and increasing high-tech share of gross domestic product (GDP) to 20% by 2010 (in seven years) were the ambitious, yet in retrospective highly unrealistic objectives set in the strategy.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|strategy gross research high unrealistic|5.518411|3.3286085|2.4640164
11507|The state benefits from a central position in the country and is accessible by various modes of transportation. As such, it presents numerous opportunities for short duration, one or two-day trips from Mexico City, whether organised by business organisations or families looking for recreational time in a greener environment. While access to the region may not be a primary issue, connectivity and accessibility within the region remains a major challenge.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|greener region recreational modes trips|4.067347|5.3929367|0.9844801
11508|Similarly, large digital divides persist within countries. Women, the elderly and people with lower education or living in rural areas have disproportionately less access to ICTs. If countries are to have the opportunity to leapfrog development stages, then it is not only important for ODA to continue to assist countries to overcome basic development challenges, but also to support countries to improve productivity through better use of new technologies and to help build capacity and incentives for further innovation. The paper seeks to complement analyses made by the United Nations Inter-agency Task Team on Science, Technology and Innovation in mapping existing STI initiatives, mechanisms and programmes by for the first time analysing development finance data at activity level using the DAC Creditor Reporting System (CRS). It is intended to highlight the possibilities and challenges in using the CRS as a source for tracking international government support to STI in an international development assistance context. The analysis on technology is somewhat biased towards international support for ICT development; however, efforts have been made to also include technology transfers in other sectors, in particular relating to green technologies and renewable energy.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|crs sti development technology international|4.876986|3.3700202|2.0369475
11509|They are accountable to the federal authorities, and, on the whole, more concerned with national development than with regional or local engagement. As in many other countries, higher education institutions in Malaysia do not have an explicit regional mission which is left to the individual institutions’ initiative. For research-intensive universities, the principal driver is scientific excellence.|SDG 4 - Quality education|institutions regional mission accountable excellence|7.407446|2.5268457|2.4688811
11510|A number of countries, including Austria, Germany and Switzerland, have well developed apprenticeship systems. This approach is being used in the United Kingdom to support career advancement. The Higher Apprenticeship in Hospitality Management has been developed to bridge the gap between supervisory skills gained in an apprentice’s early career and the strategic management skills required to work at a more senior level.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|apprenticeship career apprentice skills supervisory|8.26032|2.806722|2.839162
11511|Measuring the trade share in terms of the quantity of exports (thus avoiding problems due to varying prices over time) and comparing the ratio among the selected commodities, rice had the lowest share of production exported while whole milk powder had the highest. Liapis (2012) also shows that in most cases the export share of production has not changed dramatically over recent decades. Rice, sugar, whole milk powder and soybean oil have experienced rising export shares, shares for maize and butter have declined, and there is no discernible trend in the shares for wheat, soybeans and beef. The conventional view has been that developing countries are net agricultural exporters and developed countries are net agricultural importers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|shares powder milk share rice|4.1349206|4.816072|4.156647
11512|Cited in: Coles (forthcoming), What is known about the impact of structured demand activities on resilient food systems? Development Policy Review, 24(5): 579-599. Cited in: HLPE (2012), Social protection for food security. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food cited security rome structured|4.341438|5.461633|4.4254174
11513|Without reliable public transport, residents will continue to use their cars. Another crucial step would be to ensure sound financial mechanisms to help to invest in modernisation and expansion of the fleet, and exploring new modes of transport. In Astana, Almaty and Shymkent, urban transport policies require an investment strategy involving different levels of government, the private sector, investment banks and private operators.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport shymkent investment private astana|4.357401|5.110692|1.1368022
11514|Health systems of emerging economies face similar funding pressures, while also striving to attain and maintain universal health coverage. As a consequence, in 2013 the OECD started expanding the activities of the Joint Network to non-OECD countries, in partnership with the WHO, the Global Fund, CABRI, the Asian and Inter-American Development Banks (IDB, ADB) and the World Bank. The main objective of these expanded activities is to support the development of good budgeting and public financial management practices in countries, thereby helping achieve a sustainable Universal Health Coverage (UHC).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|universal coverage health idb activities|8.484682|8.88478|2.3373256
11515|For example, legal, regulatory and policy frameworks have enabled contract farming in the Greater Mekong Subregion corridor programme, which covers Cambodia, China, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. A fund created for the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania includes a facility for large-scale agribusiness companies that develop supply chains with smallholder farmers, as well as a social venture-capital fund that supports youth agro-enterprises. Agro-parks can help to reverse or mitigate this trend. In China, industrial parks have helped small-scale park tenants to grow into medium-sized and large enterprises (Dinh et al.,|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|corridor parks agro enterprises fund|3.7566543|5.066352|3.5728936
11516|"The convergence of and co-ordination among services, business models and disparate actors in today's rapidly evolving mobility landscape may lead to a situation where consumers no longer purchase and use vehicles or depend solely on providers of traditional public transport services to get around. Perhaps more telling is that 9 out of 15 of the world's largest automobile manufacturers (and four out of the top five) have announced a new focus on ""mobility services"" rather than depending only, or sometimes even principally, on vehicle sales and maintenance. In some cases, manufacturers have stated that a shift to selling mobility services to consumers will gradually become their core strategic focus (e.g. Ford, Daimler, PSA). Other companies beyond the automotive industry have announced visions that centre on rolling out fleets of shared and perhaps automated vehicles that will obviate the need for car ownership in many cities (e.g. Lyft, Uber and Waymo)."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility manufacturers announced services vehicles|4.2336535|4.949581|0.44552395
11517|The centre, located at the University Hospital of Dakar, also provides a methadone maintenance programme, drug dependence treatment services, outreach programmes and programmes for the treatment of HIV infection and hepatitis infection for drug users. Cabo Verde is piloting a “one-stop shop” for drug abusers, a centre offering multiple drug abuse treatment services in a vulnerable neighbourhood in the capital city of Praia, promoting the implementation of a community-based treatment approach. In Kenya, after an opioid substitution treatment facility (known locally as a medically assisted therapy clinic) was opened in Nairobi in December 2014, a second facility was opened in Malindi in February 2015 and two others were opened in Mombasa in September 2015.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug treatment opened infection facility|8.351138|10.184579|3.5326738
11518|From a social point of view, stable variable costs and stable electricity prices as provided by nuclear energy would, of course, be an advantage for investment, industrial consumers and households. Due to the peculiar price setting mechanism in the electricity market, however, only one technology (gas, the marginal fuel with the highest variable cost) profits from an automatic hedge through the alignment of its variable cost and electricity prices. In order to fully exploit its potential to contribute to adequate capacity and to the security of energy supply, nuclear energy would thus benefit from stable pricing arrangements either through regulated prices or through long-terms contracts.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|variable stable electricity prices nuclear|1.5320735|1.8792183|1.7501602
11519|These will help develop new indicators for comparing ageing-related issues and the policy impact of best practices globally. Non-profit organisations such as the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) in the United States have developed qualitative indicators for liveable ageing societies. These were developed with such stakeholders as community residents, representatives of particular groups and policy makers. Qualitative indicators, on the other hand, should be used not merely to compare results or rank communities, but to collect critical information that cannot be expressed or evaluated quantitatively. Some case study cities apply indicators to understand their challenges better and to monitor the progress of their policies. Cologne monitors the expansion of high-quality educational opportunities for older people, as well as the demand for and supply of social housing.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|indicators qualitative ageing quantitatively retired|9.081113|8.25034|2.5250175
11520|It starts w'ith a section on urban and regional development through w'hich metropolitan governance, mobility, spatial planning and environmental policies are reviewed. The next section examines rural policies focusing on the agricultural sector and non-fanning opportunities. The chapter then reviews infrastructure policies designed to enhance accessibility and connectivity.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|policies section starts hich reviewed|3.9709585|5.4448295|1.914247
11521|The impact assessment undertaken in the course of options appraisal highlighted the challenge of quantifying the costs and benefits of the reform options, for several reasons. It requires an understanding of the long-term future scenarios to take into account risks of future water scarcity. It involves the representation of complex trading rules and environmental standards linked to continuously varying water resources. It also involves the representation of short and long-term decision making on water management in the context of uncertainty.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|representation involves options water future|1.3133552|7.148581|2.5528047
11522|But some of the success has been due to ‘one-off factors such as the ‘dash for gas’, reductions in non-C02 greenhouse gases in the 1990s and the recent recession, rather than explicit climate-change policies. The pace of decarbonisation of the power sector has been slow and the spread of renewable energy technologies limited. Implicit carbon prices vary across sectors, and should be harmonized to increase the cost efficiency of policy. The unevenness partly reflects the way in which policies have proliferated and overlap and a simplified structure would be desirable.|SDG 13 - Climate action|decarbonisation harmonized gases implicit simplified|1.4615809|2.815327|1.9897008
11523|Many of the services are watershed related. The perhaps most important services the Heidmork ecosystem provides are drinking water and recreational services. The area is a key water supply area for the Great Reykjavik area, harboring the Gvendarbrunnar wells that supply drinking water to more than half of the Icelandic population.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|area drinking water services supply|0.69122493|6.720824|2.9060345
11524|We address issues of language of instruction in schools in terms of efforts to retain heritage languages and to ensure that students acquire the national languages of commerce and higher education. We also address Indigenous education, focusing on efforts to increase Indigenous control over education and new ways to use and transmit that Indigenous knowledge and ways of teaching and learning, whether within or external to the formal school systems. And finally we look at student achievement issues, focusing especially on the gender gap between females and males and on the continuing underperformance of Indigenous students across much of the North.|SDG 4 - Quality education|indigenous languages focusing ways education|10.144323|2.7671897|2.6497579
11525|To a lesser extent, overall disparity is growing between urban and rural areas, notably in three of the country’s six regions (Nord-Ouest, Centre-Ouest and Sud). This assumes that the government will maintain macroeconomic stability and tackle corruption. Growth will mainly be driven by strong performances in the industry and services sectors, and also by public infrastructure investment and other investments in priority sectors.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|performances sectors disparity assumes corruption|4.2307677|5.07294|2.0390322
11526|For example, Hjarnkoll utilises mental health ambassadors to talk to the media and other audiences (including workplace conferences, seminars or meetings) about their experiences of living productive lives despite their mental health conditions. The programme provides support on how to reach out to media and employers. In addition, to address the lack of understanding that exists among employers regarding the employment of people with mental health issues, the initiative gives practical advice on the support and management of individuals with mental health problems in the workplace.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health workplace media employers|10.268853|8.848727|1.751538
11527|These measures might encourage members of Group B to move into the formal sector of the economy if this is the reason why members of this group are reporting very low earnings to the survey. However, it is debatable whether this is relevant to Group B: one third are self-employed and so will not be affected by this, and even for those who are employed its relevance is doubtful given that they report earnings of less than a third of the minimum wage prevailing during the reference period. Measures to reduce informal working have recently been introduced in Estonia. A national register of employees was introduced in 2014, which has been estimated to have increased formal employment by 9,000 and tax revenues by €5.1 million in its first few months.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|group earnings employed introduced formal|7.927978|4.4835463|4.3702483
11528|In fact, the results of the two year EU-wide project point to unclear regulatory frameworks and a persistent lack of trust among industry actors as the two main barriers to cooperation. This should not be misunderstood as a call for more regulation. Instead, it is a call for better, more balanced and overall more sensible regulatory frameworks on national and international levels. The most important areas to address in cross-sectoral regulatory collaboration are common market definitions, common standards, a balanced approach to data flows in smart energy networks and ensuring their cybersecurity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|regulatory balanced frameworks common unclear|1.8902571|2.526079|2.067436
11529|Yet, commitments to promote the cohesion of families cannot be seen in isolation from two critical elements oftheSDGs:the realization of human rights of all; and the achievement of gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls (2030 Agenda, preamble).9 In fact under the SDGs, States explicitly commit to ensuring universal access to family planning (SDG 3.7) and the promotion of shared responsibility within the family (SDG 5.4). The impact of diseases is felt particularly in African countries. See, e.g., Mokomane 2012 and UNDG Western and Central Africa 2015.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|sdg preamble family commit realization|9.246876|4.827654|7.1136394
11530|In fact, although Chile and Uruguay have similar poverty rates, child poverty in Chile is 1.8 times greater than it is among the adult population, while in Uruguay it is 3.1 times greater. This would produce artificially high child poverty rates. This line represents the cost of meeting the basic needs of one person. Measuring poverty this way assumes that the per capita cost of meeting an individual's basic needs is unaffected by the number of persons living in a household or by the household’s demographic characteristics.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty uruguay meeting chile times|6.7434306|6.0491347|5.266334
11531|However, tests may add value to appraisal when used in combination with other instruments, especially to inform professional development (Claudet, 2002). The use of stakeholder surveys and questionnaires may serve to provide an additional perspective on a school leader’s performance and to provide information on the level of stakeholder satisfaction. Depending on the purposes and uses of an appraisal system, the results of surveys and questionnaires may be shared with the school leader, evaluators, and/or the whole school community. Some states and territories in Australia draw on information collected through parent surveys for the appraisal of school principals and on staff surveys when appraising deputy school principals.|SDG 4 - Quality education|surveys appraisal school questionnaires leader|9.983628|1.1950829|1.4710573
11532|Put differently, the industrialisation process and structural change pattern reveals an inverse U-shaped curve for emission intensity.3 This can be explained by the rise of energy- and resource-intensive industries (such as metals, non-metallic minerals, and chemicals and chemical products) in a middle-income stage and higher environmental productivity through emission-reducing technologies of high-tech manufacturing industries. This, however, requires knowledge and technology transfer, and sufficiently simple tools for the actual implementation of such technologies in developing countries. When countries diversify into energy-intensive industries, they can benefit from existing technologies and innovations to sidestep the environmental trade-off pattern.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|industries technologies pattern emission intensive|1.614385|3.0333734|2.3347778
11533|This may suggest, for instance, that the increase in unemployment benefit caseloads could be comparatively mild if generosity were increased. Spending on active labour-market policies includes: PES, training, employment incentives, disabled, direct job creation, and start-up incentives. Spending is per ILO unemployed and defined in % of GDP per capita. Net replacement rates are for a prime-age worker (aged 40) with a “long” and uninterrupted employment record and are averages over 60 months, four different stylised family types (single and one-earner couples, with and without children) and two earnings levels (67% and 100% of average full-time wage).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|spending incentives generosity earner employment|7.710769|4.862438|4.093482
11534|Private insurance and compensation for lost employment or illness do not have a major effect on average household incomes. Furthermore, such transfers tend to be concentrated in higher-income groups, as are educational scholarships given that the requirements for obtaining them are difficult for low-income students to satisfy. In response to more or less progressive ways. The ultimate aim was to increase the use of this information in public administration and social policy in the countries of the region.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|scholarships satisfy ultimate obtaining income|7.432417|5.882515|4.291998
11535|According to the UNODC early warning advisory, Costa Rica continued to report substances in the groups of phenethylamines, piperazines and other substances in 2015. Use of those substances may have serious health consequences, as the effects of such substances on the human body are not fully understood or known. In addition, the trafficking of those substances creates additional challenges for the regulatory and enforcement authorities. Cannabis abuse patterns and trends in the region have remained fairly stable. The prevalence of cocaine abuse in Central America and the Caribbean remains higher than the global average,30 with an estimated average annual prevalence of 0.6 per cent for both subregions. As regards the use of opioids in Central America, UNODC has estimated annual prevalence at 0.2 per cent, which is below the global average.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|substances prevalence unodc abuse average|8.331109|10.227405|3.5556293
11536|Small-scale aquaculture did not usually develop infrastructure, but the sector benefited from existing infrastructure. These systems showed profitability (although small) and improvement in household cash flow. The Nha Trang indicators are a useful step in this direction, but further refinements are needed to make the system more adaptable to the intricacies of diverse small-scale aquaculture systems.|SDG 14 - Life below water|small aquaculture scale adaptable infrastructure|0.35521212|6.0663776|6.5580683
11537|In some countries, family law conflates rape with adultery or premarital sex so that, if a woman cannot prove rape, she is liable to be tried for zina (fornication). In Morocco and Tunisia, personal status codes have been amended to support more egalitarian gender relations, and progressive amendments to laws and codes have been passed recently in Algeria and Bahrain. Numerical increases belie the complexities and conditions of women's entry into formal politics. In some places, the introduction of quotas has simply led to nepotism so that women relatives of sitting politicians are appointed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rape codes numerical complexities liable|9.712358|4.965264|7.170158
11538|Recent studies26 have shown that all countries in South Asia would derive huge economic benefits from transport connectivity improvements, irrespective of their size. The bulk of trade takes place through maritime corridors rather than inland corridors because of poorly developed road and rail connectivity, requiring multiple trans-shipments and explaining the high cost of bilateral trade within the subregion. A number of inland cross-border transport corridor development projects have already been proposed to remedy this situation. India, Myanmar and Thailand have been developing a trilateral highway (the IMT Highway) that links the key trade centres.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|highway corridors inland connectivity trade|4.3407836|4.5807967|1.1327285
11539|The spread of HIV/AIDS reverses that process as organisations experience disruption, and declining income undercuts the earlier gains achieved through specialisation and the division of labour. The potential fall in income for the individual arising from HIV/AIDS-related expenditure can result in a decrease in savings and a reorganisation of consumption patterns. Often it is the case that households are forced to redirect funds away from education, general healthcare for uninfected family members and even from food, into treatment and care for the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|aids hiv reorganisation disruption specialisation|8.354146|8.889498|3.2781572
11540|Mountainous areas will lace glacier retreat and reduced snow cover. In Southern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, climate change is projected to lead to high temperatures, droughts and water scarcity. In Central and Eastern Europe, summer precipitation is projected to decrease, causing higher water stress.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|projected europe central caucasus mountainous|1.280411|5.401766|2.2969005
11541|For example, Terres de liens, a national association whose activity is directed towards the protection and the renewal of land devoted to farming in per-urban districts. These initiatives are connected to others in the area, such as the recently launched policy by the Conseil Departemental to promote local food in school canteens and thus support local growers. There are many potential benefits from improved urban-rural co-operation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|growers urban renewal local devoted|3.7544506|5.273496|3.3405807
11542|"First of all, they show that ""risk-induced"" vulnerability is relevant and significant even in absence of ex-post shocks. Second, they demonstrate that the liberalization process needs to be accompanied by additional support to households engaged in those farm activities more exposed to international competition, since trade openness can magnify risk. This is because liberalization changes the riskiness of existing activities, altering the weight of foreign relative to domestic shocks faced by the economy and, as a consequence, the households' optimal economic activities. This is especially true for the smallholder because of their poor ability to take advantage of the positive opportunities created by trade reforms, their weak capabilities to insure themselves against adverse impacts and, possibly, the lack of information about the risks associated with the new activities induced by openness Interventions to address these issues should primarily target trade-induced vulnerable households."|SDG 1 - No poverty|induced activities openness liberalization trade|4.5531054|5.0570765|4.287742
11543|However, the level of violence varies greatly between and within countries. The review referred to levels of violence perpetrated by intimate partners affecting, according to the data, women ranging from 68 per cent in Kiribati to 6 per cent of women in Canada. It will also reviewdata available on girls aged 15 to 19 reporting forced sex before turning 18, and the experiences of married or co-habiting girls dealing with emotional, physical or sexual violence committed by an intimate partner during the last 12 months.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence intimate girls cent kiribati|10.079654|5.531121|7.4335732
11544|Together, the partnering authorities managed a USD 3.5 million US Department of Housing and Urban Development Sustainable Development regional planning grant towards planning initiatives building inclusive economic opportunities, using the regional public transport network, as well as supporting affordable housing development in the region. Projects submitted by the consortium include the development of Metro North commuter rail in the Bronx Corridor in New York City to encourage investments in lower income communities along the rail lines; and in the Nassau Hub Transit Area along the Long Island Rail Road System. In Stamford, Connecticut, the consortium contemplated the construction of a new commuter rail station.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rail consortium development housing connecticut|3.9326308|5.09727|1.0283663
11545|The effectiveness of changes will depend not only on the compliance of schools with new policies, but on the way educational institutions respond to incentives (and directives) for improvement (Elmore, 2008). The institutional responses can be influenced by different factors that are often related to the ability and quality of school leadership. These schools exist in a myriad of contexts with a myriad of specific conditions - language groups, income groups, community cohesion and mobility, etc.|SDG 4 - Quality education|myriad schools groups directives cohesion|9.773253|1.6361974|1.9156977
11546|Those who participate in paid care work —for example, paid domestic workers, nurses, educators and caregivers— face more precarious working conditions, with less or no access to social security and protection, lower wages and a higher probability of falling into poverty than those who participate in other sectors of the economy (ECLAC, 2013a and 2016b). Nonetheless, women remain unrecognized or unremunerated on a broader economic, political and social level, and this situation also has consequences for the wellbeing of households and the persistence of poverty (ECLAC, 2013a). Women assume the personal cost of a social function that is crucial for guaranteeing the reproduction of societies, and even the sustainability of public policies, particularly social policies.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|eclac social participate paid guaranteeing|8.973564|5.101394|5.902945
11547|This requires efforts to push ahead with grassroots economic strategies to empower women on their own or in family units; the introduction and support of micro-credit programmes for women; the promotion of labour, land and property rights for women, including through legal reform; and the integration of women into the transformation and management of post-war security institutions. We close with some recommendations for international state and local actors, including the United Nations, regional organizations and bilateral donors, but also national governments, civil society organizations and national and international research communities. Women are portrayed in their full complexity: not simply as helpless or innocent victims, but as both victims and active agents of change. The reflections from different parts of the world draw our attention to the differing dynamics of participation as they play out in various local, national and international settings.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women victims organizations international national|9.965847|4.825225|7.4501257
11548|"Indeed, in both developed and developing economies: ""Women have yet to attain equality with men on such measures as educational attainment, wages, political empowerment and economic participation.” ( Ernst & Young, 2009, p.6) Women also lag slightly behind men in health outcomes (World Economic Forum, 2015). Each year, the World Economic Forum (WEF) produces the Index, which measures the relative gap between men and women across four key areas or sub-indices— health, education, economy and politics—and tracks their progress over time."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men forum women economic wef|9.32982|4.517927|6.3846736
11549|It extends ITU regulation guidelines further by introducing more hands-on information regarding the QoS and QoE big picture, as well as outlining practical approaches in QoS regulation for telecommunication/ICT services. It puts forth the case that NRAs should have the appropriate skill-set to carry out QoS regulation, and how continuous capacity building is key to adapting to market and regulatory changes. The argument for cooperation between regulators is strong, bringing substantive benefits through the sharing of good practice and mutual learning. Twenty years ago, only one per cent of the global population had a mobile cellular subscription, and 11 per cent had a fixed telephone subscription.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|subscription regulation cent outlining cellular|4.883478|2.9177954|1.6444767
11550|A more decentralised solution is the Regional single payer system supported by the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The main objectives and elements of these proposals are described briefly below. A number of advantages are put forward. The proposed system would remove the perverse cost-shifting incentives created by the parallel financing system, which should improve efficiency and co-ordination of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|perverse briefly remove parallel decentralised|8.656782|8.882544|1.7654927
11551|Publicly-insured patients with certain medical conditions and disabilities are exempted or pay reduced co-payments in outpatient primary care, outpatient specialist contacts, clinical laboratory tests, pharmaceuticals and eyeglasses and/or contact lenses. People benefitting from a disability pension are fully covered for treatment of illness and during pregnancy, except for some designated medicines and homeopathic, which are either not covered or at a lesser rate. Seniors are exempted from co-payments for pharmaceuticals. For these individuals, the co-payment per month is means-tested on household income, and is limited to 10% of the costs for a medical service.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|exempted pharmaceuticals outpatient covered payments|8.49254|9.014879|2.0870693
11552|These factors include resource-based and geographic conditions, the relative maturity of the sector, capital cost and size of the investment projects, lack of institutional track record and the role of government policies. For example, the countries with the best wind conditions in Europe are France, UK, and Ireland (with Denmark and Germany being the largest wind power producers). Austria, Finland, Sweden, and Italy are among those with good conditions concerning hydro energy generation (Reiche and Bechberger 2004).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|conditions wind maturity hydro geographic|1.8159605|1.7944905|2.0280294
11553|Providing a managerial structure, an authority and the means to implement and co-ordinate the National Water Law, ANA-Brazil has brought a general improvement of water resource management in Brazil. It is in charge of the multi-sectoral and sustainable use of water resources and promotes the IWRM principles. It must also assure the environmental quality at the national level and develop co-ordination strategies among central, regional and local levels.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|brazil water iwrm assure ana|1.0871156|7.216806|1.6248602
11554|At the same time, the fact that young people not in education or employment are increasingly contributing to overall poverty in the countries with the lowest poverty rates raises the question of whether this indicator measures actual poverty or merely vulnerability to poverty. The shaping of policy and institutional architectures and responsibilities must therefore differ accordingly. Although this edition of the Social Panorama considers only some of the basic aspects of this type of poverty measurement, these suffice to illustrate the potentials and challenges presented by multidimensional measurements.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty panorama potentials edition shaping|6.7322435|6.410904|5.1019573
11555|What counts is not so much the distinction between domestic and foreign sources but the absence of efficient market signals and the degree of politicisation. Distributional conflicts in the coal industry of the United Kingdom are as detrimental to the security of energy supply as Middle East turmoil. Energy security begins at home.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|security counts detrimental energy begins|1.247924|2.0790925|2.0328064
11556|This compares with the estimated annual EUR 55-60 billion of legally conducted fishing. There is currently no clear solution to IUU fishing in sight, but it has reached such a scale that it is thought that it can lead to the uncontained depletion of fish stocks. This does not bode well for the future given the precarious state of many of the w'orld’s fisheries.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing orld sight iuu precarious|0.05958224|5.6165495|6.7752275
11557|"In recent years,"" it states,"" individual businesses have also found that improving their environmental performance can result in a reduction in operating costs."" Action to reduce GHG emissions is taken in line with overall government policy, the most relevant policy for tourism being the Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming (government of Japan, 1998). The contribution of the tourism sector to total national emissions is considered minor, but should not be underestimated due to its growth trends and the potential for reducing consumption through efficiency or technology supply conversion to renewable energy sources. Given the increasing risk of heat waves, energy demand and water consumption are expected to increase."|SDG 13 - Climate action|tourism emissions consumption underestimated waves|1.6159139|3.3986323|2.1056447
11558|Grynberg and Rochester conclude that This raises the key policy question of whether the current negotiations at the WTO on enhanced fisheries subsidies disciplines constitutes a 'second best' approach to fisheries management.' Countries with preferential access that do not have an adequate domestic fleet represent a captive market for these companies. A greater challenge relates to large developing countries— especially China—targeting fisheries in SVEs and other developing country EEZs and in the high seas.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries sves developing disciplines preferential|0.026668124|5.5186105|6.8037534
11559|There was swift recognition that while strong prices offer long term benefits for farmers, the short to medium term impacts on poor consumers are predominantly negative. The current emphasis on the harm that high prices inflict on developing country consumers, as opposed to the harm that low prices inflict on farmers with net sales, has led to charges of inconsistency being levelled at international organisations in general (e.g. Swinnen, 2010), although OECD was always careful to note that price changes in either direction create winners and losers. Distortionary policies are inefficient as well as being inequitable in terms of their domestic effects (OECD, 2001; OECD, 2003), and globally they prevent resources from being allocated in an efficient way - even if concerns about the pattern of winners and losers have shifted compared to the period when prices were low.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|prices winners losers harm consumers|4.041285|5.038102|4.0909734
11560|According to data from the Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality, the number of pedagogues in the Folkeskole increased from 3 961 in 2010/11 to 5 785 in 2013/14 (Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality, 2016b). Private school teachers are organised in a separate union and do not a take part in the negotiations for teachers working in the Folkeskole. Historically, working conditions for teachers in the Folkeskole have been determined in negotiations between the teacher union and LGDK.|SDG 4 - Quality education|folkeskole teachers negotiations union equality|9.843431|1.6477673|1.6191052
11561|Obesity rates are almost twice as high among people with the lowest level of education. These differences in the prevalence of behavioural risk factors contribute to health inequalities. Sixteen mostly autonomous regional insurance funds were established with the responsibility for contracting providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|contracting behavioural autonomous obesity twice|9.005144|9.066982|2.6085432
11562|Some countries and regions are still not on track to reach the Goals and require intensified efforts to reduce poverty and child and maternal mortality rates and to improve access to drinking water and sanitation. Globally, the 2015 target for income poverty (Target 1 .A) and the target for safe drinking water (Target 7.C) are on track to be met, while steady but insufficient progress has been made for other targets, including universal primary education (Target 2.A), reducing child mortality (Target 4.A), and combating malaria and other global diseases (Target 6.C). Furthermore, there has been either stagnation or regress for some targets: the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Target l.|SDG 1 - No poverty|target track drinking mortality targets|5.7450457|6.2120514|4.672408
11563|Another notable result is that long-term unemployment rose more sharply for medium-skilled workers (2 percentage points) than for both less and more educated workers. Annex Figure 1.A1.4 in OECD (2011c) shows that men accounted for the majority of the increase in the number of long-term unemployed persons in most OECD countries, as did prime-age and medium-skilled persons. However, some notable national exceptions emerge. For example, low-skilled workers accounted for more than half of the increase in long-term unemployment in Iceland and Spain (and 46% in Italy). The chart below shows that the post-crisis increase is unprecedented in recent decades.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|skilled notable workers term long|7.694236|4.5538397|4.269736
11564|Since 2005, there have been no significant changes in the industrial sector. Water pollution from industrial production is probably significant, but data about water pollution from industries are not available. Due to ongoing irrigation sector reform, an increase in water demand for irrigation can be expected.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation water pollution industrial significant|1.275639|7.2601895|2.8909338
11565|The differences betw'een the reference period 1961-1990 and the period 2000-2014 are higher than in the period 1981— 2010, ranging from 2.7°C in Sarajevo to 1.5°C in Bjelasnica. Positive deviations are evident for the spring and fall seasons, as well as for the growing period in all meteorological stations. On an annual basis, the differences between these periods are positive - in all meteorological stations, there is an evident increase in temperatures.|SDG 13 - Climate action|period meteorological stations evident positive|1.1955367|5.2606125|2.2811651
11566|The ability to align investment decisions with the global climate goal is ever more relevant in the context of increased ambition and the need to avoid carbon lock-in. Investment decisions taken today, in particular involving long life infrastructure, present a significant risk to lock in high carbon pathways. Such risk is increasingly identified by the investment community as it translates into long term financial risks as high carbon assets may become obsolete in the face of increasingly ambitious climate action. One approach4 to develop 2° C investing criteria took the range of 2° C scenarios as a basis to identify the relevance of different technologies and sectors for decarbonisation. The results show that the energy sector along with energy efficiency in buildings, industry and transport are of most relevance for the achievement of the 2° C limit.|SDG 13 - Climate action|lock carbon relevance investment increasingly|1.7582066|3.3481486|1.644826
11567|While regional and country-level frameworks can contribute to directing donor funds into the areas which need them most, it is also important for governments and multilateral groups to support networking and collaboration between different groups in order to avoid duplication, and foster complementarity and synergy between activities. However, there have been a number of promising collaborations on ESD between ministries and mass media outlets. In an innovative approach from Samoa, the Climate Change Quiz Competition involved colleges across the country, and was televised live over a period of several nights. This competition engaged students and teachers, and helped to raise public awareness of environmental issues and information. In Guyana, under the Mangrove Management Programme, the MoE developed teaching materials as well as a complementary DVD of a programme entitled Holding Back the Sea. On their own, these resources might be unremarkable, but what is special is that the programme is aired regularly on Guyana’s Learning Channel.|SDG 13 - Climate action|guyana programme competition collaborations complementarity|1.4800142|4.704558|1.4686062
11568|For example, only in 4 of the 16 countries in Africa with available data — Burundi, Malawi, Sao Tome and Principe and Zambia — were the poverty rates for female-headed households higher compared to male-headed households (figure 8.2). The largest difference, of 8 percentage points, is observed in Malawi, where 59 per cent of people living in female-headed households are poor compared to 51 per cent of those living in male-headed households. In the other countries or areas with available data in the region, male-headed households had similar or higher poverty rates than female-headed households. In Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger and Nigeria (all in Western Africa) the poverty rates for male-headed households were higher than those for female-headed households by more than 8 percentage points. For example, 44 per cent of people living in female-headed households in Nigeria were poor compared to 58 per cent of people living in male-headed households. Greater poverty rates for female-headed households, by more than 5 percentage points, were observed in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.|SDG 1 - No poverty|headed households female male living|7.1057134|5.966256|5.337182
11569|Technologies are also diffused much more rapidly across borders than in the past. Available from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/ publication/2017_Aug_Frontier-Issues-l.pdf. The United Nations Interagency Task team on science, technology and innovation (STI) for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has also begun exploring the impacts of exponential technological change, automation technologies and artificial intelligence on the SDGs. Energy: modern cook stoves; off-grid electricity; mini-grids based on intermittent renewables with storage; battery technology; heat pumps; desalination; small and medium-sized nuclear reactors; biofuel supply chains; solar photovoltaic, wind and micro-hydro technologies; salinity gradient power technology; water-saving cooling technology; LED lamps; advanced metering.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|technology technologies sdgs lamps exponential|2.1077065|2.7381935|2.1046636
11570|It is predictive of severe physiological outcomes such as stunting, but also of the more moderate nutritional deficiencies that precede those severe and sometimes irreversible outcomes [3]. Child food insecurity focuses attention on food, but also on other interconnected domains of children's daily lives, highlighting the role that food plays in children's choices between school and paid work, between their own well-being and their responsibilities to siblings and parents. Children experiencing food insecurity also means that they are under stress given the important role that food has in family well-being and functioning.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food insecurity severe children outcomes|4.5224752|5.7790375|4.791076
11571|However, the empirical results suggest that an equity-increasing use of educational resources may be obtained through policies that provide the relevant signals to schools and teachers: for instance, providing financial incentives to qualified teachers may prove to be an effective tool for targeting disadvantaged students or areas. Thirdly, this work fills a gap in empirical research by providing cross-country (as opposed to country-specific) evidence on the importance of early intervention policy for attenuating intergenerational socio-economic inequalities in educational opportunities. It suggests that childcare and early intervention policies could be effective to reach this objective. Finally, the cross-country analysis attempts to uncover the role played by social and labour-market policies in influencing equality of educational opportunities, given the positive relationship between intergenerational and cross-sectional (income) inequality.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cross intergenerational educational empirical intervention|9.179494|2.8217306|3.034387
11572|Consumers need to know how to put knowledge into practice. This is particularly challenging as it could demand engagement with partners who may not yet be interested or capable to suggest solutions to the challenges of private or organisational consumption. To act responsibly, consumers and other critical stakeholders require competencies that enable them to understand various positions and perspectives, figure critical factors that affect alternative directions of development, be able to evaluate the results and undertake further steps on the basis of such assessment.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|consumers critical responsibly directions capable|2.3858247|4.193786|2.5334394
11573|In Kamali, however, the early warning system worked, vulnerable people were alerted and brought to safety and no casualties were recorded. Filling these will require substantial additional investment, particularly at the local level to cover the ‘last mile’ - though it could just as well be called the ‘first mile’, given the importance of reaching the most vulnerable people who are usually at the forefront of any disaster. National authorities had accurately forecast this typhoon, and the accompanying seven-metre high storm surge, several days in advance.9 Nevertheless at least 6,300 people were killed, mostly by the storm surge. Subsequent research pointed to shortcomings at the ‘last mile’, including gaps in risk awareness, preparedness and communication.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mile surge storm people vulnerable|1.4791112|5.2455096|1.7329748
11574|Men smoke relatively heavily, and among older Arab women obesity is a concern. And, at least according to a self-reporting survey, both Arab men and women do considerably less physical exercise compared with the rest of the population (Figure 2.14). For example, the OECD’s report on the quality of health care draws attention to low uptake of cancer screening among Arab and Ultra-orthodox Jewish women (OECD, 2012).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|arab women smoke orthodox men|9.230483|9.260531|3.0578024
11575|Inclusion policies forbid discrimination based on disability and promote an educational approach to disability which focuses on the ability of education systems to meet the needs of young adults with disabilities. They have encouraged secondary and tertiary education institutions to include disability issues in their policies. They have also mobilised technical, human and financial resources so that institutions can ensure accessibility and young adults with disabilities can have the same access and opportunities to succeed as their non-disabled peers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|disability disabilities adults young institutions|10.259034|2.419077|2.010516
11576|This is a concern, as the tourism industry is highly dynamic and responsive to changing trends and markets. Tourism is the sum or final product of many highly co-ordinated products and services which include transport, accommodation and restaurants. Most of those products and services are not purchased at the destination, even though they are all consumed there; so there is a need for effective flows of information and highly co-ordinated action across a complex network that comprises producers, suppliers, purchasers and consumers to ensure that the ‘unseen’ product or service meets expectations.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|highly ordinated tourism product products|6.3546295|3.851749|2.8670266
11577|The Declaration has been accompanied by a series of events, including a promotion campaign for responsible behaviour, an international conference on policy issues and specific actions such as cleaning of neighbourhoods by corporate volunteers. Many business organisations and associations have recently developed specific initiatives aimed at increasing public and business awareness of environmental matters. Among the most active in this area is the International Chamber of Commerce-Ukraine, which has recently put in place a Green Commission, proposing a number of concrete measures to the government to encourage development of environmentally-friendly energy resources and technologies (Box 4.6).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|recently business volunteers chamber proposing|2.2665439|4.1827703|1.95797
11578|Given the more integrated and comprehensive data infrastructure in hospitals, safety in that setting is potentially seen as more inviting for researchers. Despite these difficulties, a number of highly innovative studies have examined safety in primaiy and ambulatory care. But the lack of consistent data and a range of methods used to measure harm have delivered very wide-ranging results. Systematic reviews suggest that safety lapses occur between 1 and 24 times in every 100 primary/ambulatory care consultations. The hann most commonly stems from diagnostic errors (and subsequent delays in treatment or therapy) and adverse drug events (ADEs).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|safety ambulatory primaiy ades therapy|9.091116|9.624481|1.4899231
11579|Excellent health care will be central to achieving this. Thus far, Japanese health care has performed well - life expectancy is famously long, at 83.2 years compared to an OECD average of 80.2 years, whilst health spending is at USD 3 649 PPP per capita per year, slightly higher than USD 3 484 on average. A striking feature of the Japanese health system is its openness and flexibility.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|japanese health usd striking openness|9.362014|9.076955|2.1418371
11580|However, MoES has an essential role to play in supporting their work. There have been important accomplishments in the development of the capabilities in the nation’s education system. However, four challenges must be addressed if monitoring and quality assurance are to lead to performance improvements. First, efforts must focus on the use of assessment results by teachers and school leaders who are not fully exploiting the potential of assessments to improve classroom practice and school leadership.|SDG 4 - Quality education|moes exploiting school assurance nation|9.709546|1.7776744|1.6108586
11581|It then applies this approach at a global level, using data from the literature, to identify future water risk hotspot countries for agricidture production. The evidence points to the People's Republic of China, India and the United States as the leading agricultural producing countries most likely to be impacted. Specific water risks within these countries, in the identified key agriculture production regions of Northeast China, Northwest India and Southwest United States, are reviewed. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|india china southwest hotspot northwest|1.2801663|7.1521215|2.9289155
11582|Metro Vancouver provides regional services, including three core utilities (water, liquid waste, solid waste), and co-ordinates regional planning by producing the Regional Growth Strategy (RGS). There is a separate metropolitan public transport authority called TransLink, which was created in 1998 and is responsible for setting and administrating fares for regional public transport services. Metro Vancouver is responsible for formulating the RGS and regional air quality objectives that TransLink must consider when developing long-term transport strategies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|regional vancouver transport metro responsible|3.8111694|5.094119|1.1365935
11583|Portugal, for example, promoted a study providing updated information on the phenomenon of the sexual and moral harassment in the workplace, which aimed to support the efforts of public authorities, employers, employees and their representatives to prevent and combat harassment in the workplace (Torres et al, 2016). Others, like the Czech Republic, have embedded sexual harassment within larger national strategies on gender equality or gender-based violence. Training on what constitutes sexual harassment has been found to help workers, particularly men, identify what constitutes unacceptable sexual behaviours (Antecol, 2015).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|harassment sexual constitutes workplace unacceptable|10.051867|5.4169455|7.4078593
11584|Nevertheless, the use of indices as a form of multidimensional poverty measurement is heavily debated,25 because aggregating various dimensions of poverty into one index involves a risk of losing valuable information on the multidimensionality of poverty. As Bourguignon and Chakravarty (2003) have pointed out, aggregating various attributes into a single index essentially implies reducing multidimensional poverty into a one-dimensional concept. They underline that a multidimensional approach to poverty ought to define poverty as a shortfall from a threshold on each dimension of an individual's well-being. To focus on the multidimensionality of poverty, they suggest establishing a poverty line for each dimension and to consider that a person is poor if he/she falls below at least one of these various lines (Bourguignon, Chakravarty, 2003).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty multidimensional bourguignon aggregating various|6.5097375|6.4555683|5.0853343
11585|"The Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2013"". Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. Tracking Climate Finance: What and How?"""|SDG 13 - Climate action|cambridge climate ny finance global|1.623152|3.8749363|0.7924786
11586|The activities of these social enterprises cover a wide range of services, for example, a social enterprise for the elderly’s health care offers medical services through medical cooperatives in areas of higher proportion of the elder residents. Not only providing medical services for the elderly, the enterprise functions as a vehicle for collaboration between various local actors including local government, volunteer organisation and private companies. Partly funded by the Provincial support fund and subsidies from municipalities, the social enterprises are operating with their own incomes from membership fees and medical service provision. Though the balanced development is not new in the Korean policy agenda, the focus has diversified from solely economic and industrial development, which in fact enhanced the national income and living conditions across the country while widened the regional disparity, to include securing quality of life nationwide.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|medical enterprise elderly enterprises services|9.182386|8.836588|1.864258
11587|Another dimension is the contribution that agriculture and agricultural policies in rich countries can possibly make to improving global food security. It does not affect the validity of the central OECD findings regarding well-performing agricultural policies. It does, however, highlight the importance of the results generated by OECD work on risk management, as summarised above.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|does agricultural validity summarised policies|3.9920878|5.3513794|4.0003314
11588|Commercialisation and industrialisation cannot protect hundreds of different types of landraces. I think no country in the world can protect that process. ” Countries face a difficult choice in envisioning their agricultural future: “Do you want to be a subsistent, highly diverse country full of biodiversity, or do you want to be modem, industrialised, but still using useful genes?”|SDG 15 - Life on land|want protect landraces industrialised commercialisation|1.7619499|5.383409|3.9753785
11589|Some of these opportunities stem from their own classification as LDCs; others, from their human and natural resources, or from the adaptation of capital, technology and knowledge to the specific needs of the population. This chapter focuses on the opportunities that information and communication technologies can bring to LDCs, particularly mobile technologies and ICT applications. It also examines some of the global initiatives and financial aid that governments, international organizations, the industry and other agencies have put at the disposition of LDCs to support them in the adoption of ICTs for development. All stimulate trade, create jobs, generate wealth and enhance social welfare.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ldcs technologies disposition opportunities stem|4.839028|3.079239|1.8986424
11590|Trends in these variables between 2003 and 2012 are examined when comparable data is available, and case studies, examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA, are highlighted throughout the volume. It provides the rationale for assessing problem-solving skills and describes performance within and across countries. In addition, the volume highlights the relative strengths and weaknesses of each school system and examines how they are related to individual student characteristics, such as gender, immigrant background and socio-economic status.|SDG 4 - Quality education|volume examining rationale solving strengths|9.719505|2.085291|2.9571996
11591|This measure was motivated mainly to meet the need for peak capacity during periods of drought, when the capacity of hydro would be reduced by 40-50% and by the perceived failure of the energy-only market to deliver enough capacity. However, to handle a network constraint, there may be a lack of competition to provide these as only a few power plants are typically located in the right place. Regulators should therefore keep in mind that targeted contracting can be subject to lobbying or gaming.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|capacity lobbying handle regulators constraint|1.532007|1.8586328|2.1497166
11592|While noting the challenges involved in calculating the amount of these transactions, it provides a number of estimates culled from international organizations, national authorities and the financial reports of some prominent technology firms. These estimates show the remarkable effects that technological change is having on the magnitude of economic transactions both within and across national borders. In the next section, the report looks more closely at the trade impact of these digital technologies.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|transactions estimates calculating noting remarkable|4.663618|3.1042898|2.3207452
11593|Why be concerned with integrating gender? What are the operational advantages? The emphasis throughout is on active engagement and initiative rather than passive observation. Megan Bastick and Kristin Valasek, Geneva: DCAF, UN-INSTRAW, OSCE/ODIHR. Involving women's organisations also increases the participation of women in security decision-making processes and ensures that their specific security needs are being heard. Parliaments, equal opportunity commissions, ombudspersons, ministries of women's affairs, public complaints commissions, police review boards and the like have a variety of ways to ensure the integration of gender issues.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|commissions women security parliaments heard|10.119289|4.4632797|7.4693527
11594|Hydrothermal plants have disturbed or destroyed some natural hydrothermal regions like geysers or hot springs (Kristmannsdottir and Armannsson, 2003). Land impacts from drilling operations can largely be mitigated once generation has begun. However, in more sophisticated settings, waste water can also be utilised for home heating or industrial uses (Kristmannsdottir and Armannsson, 2003).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|drilling springs destroyed mitigated hot|1.1496307|7.224002|2.7213836
11595|By 2010 their projects amounted to 13.8 TWh, of which 5.1 TWh has been completed (so they are below their target). Large investment in climate change mitigation technologies allows ENOVA to support several RE sectors. Since the parliament’s 2008 Climate Agreement, public spending on climate change mitigation has increased substantially.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|twh climate mitigation change amounted|1.4860907|3.7102156|1.498772
11596|In Sweden, gender analysis revealed that youth centres were used 70% by boys and 30% by girls. This led to re-modelling activities and use of buildings (Boman, 2013). Although there is general agreement that gender mainstreaming efforts are most successful w'hen they form part of an integrated approach to gender equality, this is frequently not the case. Many countries responding to the OECD survey acknowledged lack of co-ordination as one of the key challenges in gender mainstreaming (see Figure 4.1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender mainstreaming hen acknowledged revealed|9.943475|4.056099|7.411442
11597|Rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems and wastewater treatment facilities, and the creation of new systems and facilities in areas deprived of central sewerage systems, are inadequately financed. Within the framework of projects financed by international investors in 33 cities, regional centres and villages, KMK is working on the construction and rehabilitation of water and sewerage systems valued at more than US$168 million. Investment has increased substantially: in 2011, it amounted to 24.9 million somoni (US$5.4 million); in 2015, it was 2.1 times higher, at 52.4 million somoni (US$8.5 million).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|million sewerage systems rehabilitation financed|1.6299958|7.1795917|2.3004255
11598|This may be a sensible approach to building on current practices to save resources for developing INDCs. Nevertheless, given that Parties now recognise that adaptation is a key component of the long-term global response to climate change (Paris Agreement, Art 7.2), all Parties would also be encouraged to consider establishing long-term adaptation actions to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability. Evaluation of the progress is also important to regularly revisit and improve the effectiveness of such measures.|SDG 13 - Climate action|parties adaptation term long indcs|1.1363826|4.697005|1.3883048
11599|In the 1970s, mounting evidence of hunger and malnutrition in the United States led to increased funding for human nutrition research by the Federal Government. Since 1983, human nutrition research has been coordinated by the Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research (ICHNR). The ICHNR is co-chaired by the USDA and the DHHS and includes representatives from eight other federal departments and agencies as well as the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The ICHRN has been instrumental in strengthening procedures for the monitoring of the nutritional status of the US population and improving the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|nutrition human research federal mounting|4.4516797|5.697445|4.5693517
11600|Most teachers report having gained a better understanding of what creativity and critical thinking skills entail in a school context and are now more consistent in their efforts to foster them. At the same time, many teachers felt vulnerable when gaining a greater awareness of the changes required in their regular practice - including in their relationship with students. Having an explicit definition and clearer understanding of creativity and critical thinking and a few specific pedagogical ideas about how to foster them, teachers' intuitive beliefs ended up being challenged, including their confidence in being well prepared to teach those skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|creativity teachers thinking foster understanding|8.98707|1.4549197|1.7235014
11601|Of course, children learn subject-matter content and acquire a wide range of skills while they are learning to read. But after Grade 3 there is a tacit assumption that children can read fluently and comprehend curricular materials in subject domains such as health, social studies and science. The curriculum changes: students are expected to learn the languages of subject domains and use that language to think critically, solve problems and create new knowledge.|SDG 4 - Quality education|subject read domains learn curricular|9.726908|2.1954165|2.870839
11602|Students may prefer to enrol in the same courses as their peers, and some students will opt for easier courses to improve their grades or chance of passing. However, where enrolment options do not lead to ongoing education pathways or meaningful qualifications, they can result in dead ends for students tracked into these options. These negative impacts are stronger the earlier tracking occurs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students courses options passing opt|9.404114|2.3858018|2.6403635
11603|Indeed, it captures whether the global economic recession brought a trend reversal in the performance of child indicators with respect to the previous pattern in the countries under review. Then, country indices were averaged out by exposure group for each year.14 We have indexed the graphs to 2008 in order to focus on changes before and after the base year, so the figures show (relative/proportional) changes rather than levels. For negative indicators, such as child poverty, the higher the index, the worse the setback. In Annex 5 we report the trend lines disaggregated by 4 country group categories.|SDG 1 - No poverty|trend group child reversal indicators|7.188215|6.3467984|5.1773567
11604|For example, in the Slovak Republic and Spain, patients need to pay certain innovative pharmaceuticals which are provided free in the other countries. In Canada, patients are required to pay for the pharmaceuticals used for treating diseases/conditions other than cancer (for cancer patients below age 65), those used outside of hospitals in Denmark and Sweden, and those used in the private sector in Portugal. In Denmark and Sweden, there are also maximum payment limits (in the former, for chronically ill patients with permanent or high use of pharmaceuticals), beyond which pharmaceuticals are provided for free.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pharmaceuticals patients cancer denmark used|8.499209|9.349878|2.1915655
11605|The adverse trends of forest decline and degradation would immediately result in increased government expenditures on risk management, protective and emergency measures. Reforestation has to be perceived in the long term, as, due to climate and soil conditions in mountain regions, the success of such activities would require at least several decades of effort and investment. This is particularly so in the case of the 13 nature preserves, which are traditionally designated for 10 years only, which status is not always prolonged in a timely manner for the subsequent period.|SDG 15 - Life on land|prolonged reforestation protective mountain immediately|1.4672111|4.8447|3.8699129
11606|In multicultural societies, governments may want to create a skilled and knowledgeable workforce and prioritise shared values for building a sense of community. Meanwhile, some people may be concerned with transmitting specific languages and customs to children while respecting specific beliefs on child rearing. In the context of New Zealand, some of these considerations are given more specific weight and shape by the relationship between the Crown and Maori defined by the Treaty of Waitangi, and the unique status of Maori as tangata whenua (indigenous). Curricula can contribute to balancing different expectations of early childhood development in the curriculum and ensure that expectations and needs of different stakeholders are met (Bennett, 2011; Siraj-Blatchford and Woodhead, 2009; Vandenbroeck, 2011). A focused curriculum with clear goals helps ensure that ECE staff cover critical learning or development areas.|SDG 4 - Quality education|maori expectations curriculum specific multicultural|9.973043|2.5314338|2.252576
11607|Investments in an “end-users” system of water distribution networks and sewerage reached only EUR 0.9 billion, with many investments being postponed. The water and wastewater sector was expected to benefit from a further EUR 3.8 billion in investment during the period 2007-13. Average European funding of water and wastewater investment in 2000-06 was 63%, with this share expected to decrease to 50% (calling for greater self-financing of the programme) (GHK, 2006).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|eur wastewater water billion investments|1.5998583|7.2675424|2.2697477
11608|From both a research and policy perspective, it is vital to be able to accurately measure EPL in order to determine its labour market impacts, identify best practices and assess reform progress. The OECD has published estimates of the strictness of employment protection in member countries since the early 1990s (Grubb and Wells, 1993; OECD, 1994, 1999, 2004; Venn, 2009). This chapter presents the latest estimates for OECD and selected emerging economies (including all G20 countries). They are the result of a comprehensive effort to update the indicators, based on a more accurate collection methodology and taking due account not only of legislation but also of national or branch-level collective agreements and case law, where relevant.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|estimates oecd epl branch wells|7.622209|4.560234|4.2191706
11609|In all those countries (except Indonesia), women's labour market participation is about 50 percentage points below that of men. The gap remained low in China, South Africa and the Russian Federation. While highly-educated women have, on average, 16.5 percentage points lower participation rates than men, the gap is 41 points among less-educated men and women. Indeed, high levels of education translated into narrow gaps in labour participation even in countries where overall female participation is low.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|participation points men educated women|9.141667|4.2966094|5.7581267
11610|In un tabulated data, almost 78% thought that “The prospects of women academics will improve within the next 5-10 years” and a large majority (80%) thought that policies that are good for women are also good for promoting excellence within higher education as a whole. However, the rights of men and minorities also need to be considered. Is the legislation beginning to operate in a way that makes the men feel disadvantaged?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|thought good men academics minorities|9.676073|4.285428|6.9778795
11611|The regulations governing this support regime were approved by Order No. These initiatives encourage informed consumers to choose fisheries products that have been through a certification process and have been granted eco-labels. Portugal has already fulfilled all the formalities required to gain certification of the sardine fisheries as a sustainable resource (the first of the Iberian fisheries to do so), which will be granted in 2010. These initiatives help ensure that a greater part of the valued added goes to the producers.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries certification granted initiatives fulfilled|0.085028365|5.845332|6.6239676
11612|However, as the need for more comprehensive data on food waste generation increases it is expected that governments will invest in collection of more reliable data in a longer term perspective. Trends in food waste generation by households will be influenced by changes in diets and household income. Trends in food waste generation by the food production industry in Nordic countries would be affected by increased import of finished food products or economic downturns.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|food waste generation trends finished|4.1157303|5.2649364|4.6141033
11613|Used longitudinally, the HoNOS scales should be able to measure patient outcomes over time. In 2002, the Department of Health found that 61 trusts were using HoNOS in their services, with 5 having implemented the use of HoNOS across the whole service; most recent reports suggest that 21% of Mental Health Minimum Data Set records include HoNOS reporting (The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2011). The HoNOS tool has also formed the basis of the Mental Health Cluster Tool, which is to be the assessment mechanism for Payment by Results (PbR) in mental health (see section 5.2).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health tool trusts cluster|10.360683|9.0093775|1.7968571
11614|There is substantial heterogeneity among the EU-SILC countries in the rates of child poverty entry and exit. Scandinavian countries tend to combine lower exit and entry rates, while Southern and Eastern European countries tend to have higher rates of both poverty exit and entry. Household-level income events, i.e. relative growth in employee earnings, are found to be the most important predictors of transitions in and out of poverty, followed by employment events (i.e. changes in the number of adult workers), while the relatively rare demographic events have little bearing on child poverty transitions in the EU-SILC.|SDG 1 - No poverty|exit entry events poverty silc|7.189216|6.243324|5.162251
11615|The overarching purpose of the risk characterisation process is to produce the best possible estimate of the broader economic, social and environmental implications of the risk. This is one of the most challenging and controversial tasks in the risk management process (Klinke and Renn, 2012). Indeed water security touches upon the issue of allocating water risks between residential, agricultural, industrial and environmental uses, a significant political economy question, as each will define essential or adequate in different ways.s For instance, much of the current policy debate in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin is about reallocating water from irrigation to sustaining the ecosystems. The reallocation of water among users can be seen, in effect, as a reallocation of water risks. In this example, the shift in allocation increases the risk of shortage to irrigators in an effort to decrease the risk to the resilience of freshwater systems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|risk water reallocation risks darling|1.3050288|7.156683|2.5296042
11616|The portion of sales revenue that comes to the CTHRC supports the ongoing maintenance, administration and updating of emerit programmes. Changes to retail pricing, the split in revenue share with our partners and a streamlined administration of the programme has positioned the programme to be self-sustainable in the medium term and further strategies (including increasing the reach of the programme) are constantly being evaluated. These figures remain fairly consistent from year-to-year, but record increases when the programme is utilised as part of a broader education or employment initiative. The programme has evolved to a point where it has a rich inventory of training and certification products; but its distribution, sales, reach and industry impact are relatively static. The seasonality, transient dynamic and sheer size of the sector have kept the cumulative industry penetration rate around 1%. However, recent industry consultations indicated that those who use emerit consider it an excellent resource, and non-users, based on perceptions of the programme, see the value it brings to the sector.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|programme industry sales administration revenue|2.2897923|2.4794803|2.0895991
11617|As of 2012 some hospital services are subject to a straightforward 80% discount, thus strongly discouraging provision beyond the spending caps. In principle, this negotiation process adds a useful market-based element to the health-care system. However, this is somewhat compromised by the limited number of “market players” on both sides, especially since Clalit’s vertical integration means it does not really participate in this process.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|caps process sides discount discouraging|8.645084|8.9449835|1.6771779
11618|Altogether, in 2016, 30,273 cases of measles were reported in all 21 aimags. Globally, measles is still one of the leading causes of death for children less than 5 years of age, despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine that prevents this deadly disease. In addition, studies have show'n that measles virus infection often results in pneumonia or diarrhoea, which contributes to the total number of children who die of causes related to measles.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|measles causes virus vaccine pneumonia|8.73682|8.763961|3.392306
11619|But once it is analysed through the prism of security of energy supply, public attitudes are more encouraging. Having shown that nuclear can make a positive contribution to the security of energy supply, the object of this chapter was to identify the issues and indicators of how consumers assess their own views of security of supply. However, in the case of import dependency, for example, opinions are sometimes more difficult to perceive if only one indicator is used, even if it is simple, such as the import ratio.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|security supply import object perceive|1.0316641|1.8624363|1.8990471
11620|See Koch (1984) for detailed results of time dependent variations and trends in the car-borne recreational use of the four selected forest areas. Also detailed description of the methodology and discussion of counting errors are given. In 2006, the measurement scheme was expanded to include social indicators related to the recreational use of the Danish forests.|SDG 15 - Life on land|recreational detailed counting borne errors|1.3762636|4.7571163|3.8867922
11621|Belgium and Italy have quotas for listed companies to achieve 33% women on boards; this could be one factor driving the increase. Sweden, on the other hand, has a voluntary rule in their Corporate Governance Code “an equal distribution among the sexes shall be the goal”. Women occupied an average of 20.6% of seats in lower or single houses of parliament in 2002, 27.5% in 2013, and 28.7% in 2016. While women’s representation in lower or single houses of legislature has grown in some OECD countries -such as the United Kingdom, Mexico, Portugal and Spain - it has undergone setbacks in countries like Finland, Greece and Denmark (IPU, 2016).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|houses single women setbacks legislature|10.382429|4.1817274|6.9929094
11622|This may notably reflect supplier-induced volume growth in the segment B - as suggested by the differences between treatments provided by salaried and self-employed specialists - up-coding (classifying patients into higher priced diagnostic codes), and excessive billing (in about five per cent of cases) (Hasaart, 2011; Douven et al., Since 2003, hospital productivity has increased by 15%, partly thanks to a 35% improvement in labour productivity of nursing personnel (Blank et al., Further scope for efficiency improvements comes from the fact that general hospitals are often operating on an inefficiently large scale, reflecting a lack of specialisation and a tight network of large hospitals that ensures most people have access to an emergency unit within less than 15 minutes (Blank et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|al et hospitals productivity billing|9.146239|8.989375|1.9911004
11623|Low economic participation of women is attributed to interrelated socioeconomic, cultural, individual, structural and institutional factors. Women are over-represented in the public sector, which is perceived as more accommodating than the private sector, particularly for married women. While the share of women in agriculture varies across countries, evidence points to an increasing ‘feminization of agriculture’ in the region.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women accommodating agriculture interrelated feminization|8.987679|4.379861|6.198895
11624|This includes emissions trading through voluntary and compliance market credits for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and water and pollution trading schemes. For example, environmental pollution quotas for nitrate, phosphorus and/or salt discharges can be traded by low polluters to high polluters for whom the buying of permits is cheaper than installing anti-pollution technology. Despite initial difficulties, projects like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) where carbon credits can be generated through afforestation and sold in existing markets indicate a possible way forward on this. The World Bank BioCarbon Fund will purchase emission reductions of 600,000 tC02eq, while the Prototype Carbon Fund purchased 1.3 million tC02eq under a separate agreement in 2002. In addition to the World Bank and Moldsilva (the Republic of Moldova's Forestry Agency), 384 local councils represent the participating rural communities.|SDG 15 - Life on land|polluters pollution credits trading fund|1.808251|3.6877375|1.9306768
11625|This led to a serious energy problem, leading Kyrgyzstan to switch the mode of Toktogul Reservoir from irrigation to power generation. The new mode required less release of water in the summer (when downstream irrigation demand is high) and more release of water in the winter (when downstream irrigation demand is low). Three agreements, specifically on the use of the Naryn-Syr Darya Cascade of Reservoirs for energy and water, were signed between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in 1998, 1999 and 2000 (CAWATER, 2016a). The collection rate, however, is also very low. (|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation release kyrgyzstan mode downstream|0.56681085|7.0532193|2.4604707
11626|Sustainability in world capture fisheries can provide two major benefits to society, namely food and income security from both direct (harvesting) and indirect (for example, processing) industries associated with fishing activities. Through both wild capture fisheries and aquaculture, fish offer a major source of protein to much of the world’s population and can impart substantial economic returns, either in the short term, or in the long term if managed in a sustainable manner. The scientific evidence today, however, indicates failures in the sustainable use and management of fisheries resources, with researchers predicting a 90 per cent removal of predatory fish (Myers and Worm, 2003) and warning that shortfalls in the supply of fish could have devastating consequences for human populations. What we see today are many fisheries suffering from too many boats fishing too few fish (Pauly et al.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish fisheries capture fishing today|0.0079617435|6.105193|6.5151234
11627|Deforestation is known to cause severe floods, river-basin flooding, flash floods, mudslides and landslides (Hammill, Brown and Crawford, 2005) and leads to an increased number of disasters and extensive damage. Their vulnerability is linked not only to deforestation but also to other manifestations of climate change. Their close relationship with their natural environment makes them particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change (Baird, 2008). In the worst cases, their way of life, and even their existence, is being threatened by climate change.|SDG 13 - Climate action|deforestation floods climate change flash|1.2742655|4.8008885|3.5549371
11628|In other words - which are the 'best buys' where the costs of implementation clearly outweigh the costs of harm, and the resources are best invested in this way as opposed to other priorities. While an integrated EHR may seem an expensive undertaking, in reality such infrastructure serves several purposes - including safety. This includes physicians as well as community nurses, pharmacists and allied health providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|best allied pharmacists outweigh costs|8.823691|9.2619095|1.7893485
11629|It has been highly successful in seamlessly aligning its legal, policy and planning documents to build the gender perspective into all government action. Implementation has not been effective, how'ever. Although line ministries do in practice commit to implementing PROIGUALDAD, they fail to conduct solid gender analyses as part of the policy cycle. There is currently no systematic requirement to include gender analysis in the design and development of new policies, budgets or laws, or as part of regulatory impact assessments. Without a clear governmental mandate, gender impact assessments will remain the exception, rather than the rule. The manual contains the most tried and tested measures in the cross-cutting application of gender mainstreaming.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender assessments tried commit impact|9.950727|4.138655|7.3232794
11630|In the four focus countries under RI-ZHC, the government played a pivotal role in organizing and facilitating the preparation of the country study on NUS at the national level, coordinated by the National Focal Point of the Zero Hunger Challenge, including the nomination of a competent national institution and expertise to undertake and finalize the country study on NUS. Nominated international experts were grouped by discipline to offer technical assistance to support the country on prioritization through interdisciplinary reviews. From an agricultural production and ecological perspective, the FAO Special Ambassador in the International Year of Pulses 2016, ICARDA; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Bioversity International (Bl), the University of Western Australia (UWA), and the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences-Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute (CATAS-TCGRI) joined as partners to support the international review on agricultural traits and climate-resilience of NUS. From a socioeconomic perspective, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Crops for the Future (CFF), and the International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet) served as partners to support the international review.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|international nus tropical crops agricultural|3.3732893|5.3846397|4.0706387
11631|In other words, while 69 per cent of children move out of poverty in Norway each year, only 17 per cent do so in Portugal. For instance, Iceland and the UK combine some of the highest exit rates (i.e. one of the lowest rates of remaining in poverty) with some of the highest poverty entry rates in the comparison, suggesting a large degree of mobility in and out of poverty between any two waves over the 2010-2013 period. Persistent poverty is defined by Eurostat as remaining in poverty (with household income below 60% of contemporary median income) in the current year and at least two out of three preceding years.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty remaining rates highest cent|7.259371|6.2461534|5.1512957
11632|Early childhood education and care institutions are financed by local authorities through subsidies received from the central government. Parents pay a contribution for operating costs (with a discount for a siblings) and the local council must grant financial aid to eligible parents. Public schools are funded by municipalities, and it is up to each municipality to determine the funding and level of service provided to schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|parents schools siblings discount local|9.312152|2.3872375|2.2247171
11633|Based on harmonised 15-year old students' achievement data collected at the individual level, the empirical analysis shows that while Nordic European countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality, continental Europe is characterised by high levels of inequality - in particular of schooling segregation along socio-economic lines - while Anglo-Saxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position. Despite the difficulty of properly identifying causal relationship, cross-country regression analysis provides insights on the potential for policies to explain observed differences in equity in education. Policies allowing increasing social mix are associated with lower school socio-economic segregation without affecting overall performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|segregation socio inequality analysis occupy|9.240679|2.763464|3.1108243
11634|There is not the space to consider all of these multiple perspectives, therefore, the focus of this chapter is on summarising the approaches and findings of what are arguably the three dominant and distinctive schools of thought on the topic. These are firstly, human capital theory and a more recent variation on this theory that argues major changes in the labour market of developed economies, notably the rising demand for higher skills and qualifications, is a response to ‘skill biased technical change’. Secondly, comparative international studies find that the acquisition of high-level intermediate skills by a large proportion of a workforce depends on a set of interlocking institutional arrangements governing not just training but also industrial relations, industry policy, education and welfare.|SDG 4 - Quality education|theory skills distinctive arguably firstly|8.259135|3.058591|3.1276186
11635|However, the gap in labour participation between poor and non-poor women changed little between the start and the end of the first decade of the 2000s. Because socioeconomic and gender inequalities are closely linked, reducing any type of inequality necessitates tackling the work-family balance through public policy. Also, not all policies can promote socioeconomic and gender equality simultaneously.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|socioeconomic necessitates poor gender tackling|9.106322|4.750524|5.9724264
11636|Water supply and sewerage in major cities, such as Dushanbe, Khujand, Nurek and Rogun, and in Faizabad District, are organized under the auspices of die corresponding local authorities; however, they are advised and supported on technical questions by KMK. In early 2014, Barki Tojik was withdrawn from the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources as part of the efforts to separate policy development functions from operational activities (chapter 11). It also issues permits for special water use, which cover both water abstraction and wastewater discharge (chapter 2), upon coordination with various authorities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water authorities dushanbe auspices chapter|1.4028896|7.202005|2.1065676
11637|Renewable energy capacity, per source (megawatt) Quantitative indicators 4. Achieving this objective can be a challenge in a region where energy infrastructure -particularly electricity transmission and distribution networks - is sparse (e.g. in rural areas), or degraded due to, among others, underinvestment. Consumers and businesses in the SEE economies sometimes go without electricity due to issues with both quality of supply and affordability.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity sparse underinvestment degraded energy|1.514154|1.7765042|2.216393
11638|Referring to today’s shortcomings of the trading market, policy makers need to update the cornerstones of such a system. Markets that include the definition of caps and allocation of allowances, streamlining of processes, requirements and penalty schemes, are key factors, to name a few. Hence, nodes need to be set up and operated, which requires a minimal digital infrastructure with stable electricity supply, database technology, and broadband internet. An intuitive user interface is needed for the platform, so companies can easily trade their emissions certificates without the need to fully understand the underlying technology.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|need technology intuitive streamlining nodes|3.7055845|2.521214|2.006087
11639|As shown in figure IV.3, despite the fact that most countries display a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth, each person spends an average of 10 years in poor health (lost health expectancy (LHE)). Lost health expectancy is the difference between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth and is expressed as a number of years. In this case, health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) at birth corresponds to 2002 and life expectancy to 2005.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expectancy life birth health lost|9.098654|8.705332|3.194116
11640|A recent Norfund evaluation notes that increased investments in project development and improved coordination with Norwegian MFA, Norad and the Embassies have contributed to successful projects and up-scaling opportunities (Norad, 2015). Adaptation investments typically aim for saving on future costs of climate change, and this is not in line with thetypical investor's revenue creation objectives. It is therefore more difficult for investors to understand the business case compared with e.g. mitigation investments, where investments in new emission reducing technologies can be seen and demonstrated to have considerable return on investment potential.|SDG 13 - Climate action|investments investor scaling notes norwegian|1.7769604|3.9400928|1.4570314
11641|On average, an almost 40-point difference in literacy proficiency separates adults of highly educated parents from those whose parents have the lowest levels of education. On average, the likelihood of being a low performer is about 25 percentage points lower for adults with at least one tertiary-educated parent, compared with adults whose parents have an upper secondary education. Adults whose literacy is rated at Level 1 and below predominantly have poorly educated parents. On average, more than half of adults (52.2%) below the baseline in literacy proficiency had parents who had not completed an upper-secondary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|adults parents literacy educated proficiency|9.513655|2.5726764|3.3042357
11642|They usually do not pose an issue for the sustainable management of the resource, however there are some notable exceptions (see, for example, New Zealand). Most regimes define domestic and human needs as the highest priority use. Industrial users are the most frequently monitored (91 %) with agriculture and domestic users monitored in 88% of cases. Monetary fines are the most common type. Summary of main findings of the Survey of Water Resources Allocation (cont.)|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|monitored users domestic fines pose|1.312765|7.4737773|2.4235253
11643|With the new act this loophole was closed. In addition, new species were added to the system. Examples are Eastern Sweden and Finland, where fishing privileges have been controlled by local landlords or delegated by the King to certain cities. In Denmark the eel yard right gave farmers with property adjacent to the coast the exclusive right to set fish traps as far as a pole could reach the bottom-a right that could be leased onto others.|SDG 14 - Life below water|right landlords pole privileges leased|-0.035194322|5.843734|6.725752
11644|Nor does her employment allow her to fulfil herself in that it is meant only to help raise the family’s standard of living.” ( The stress of balancing family life with paid employment may dissuade them from looking for a job and encourage them to stay at home; it may also lead them to withdraw from professional life. The trend is reinforced when a wife has to ask her husband for permission to wrork outside the home.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|home life family wife withdraw|9.11039|4.9229736|5.909119
11645|Using an appraisal process for career advancement in to new roles, such as the one outlined above, would be a fairer and more equitable way to give teachers incentives to build competencies in many different areas associated with effective teaching. Teachers in Romania reported to the OECD Review Team that the merit grade salary bonus is currently needed to supplement their low salaries. Policy makers should also consider instituting a general increase in teachers’ salaries, particularly for new teachers, so that top candidates are attracted to the profession. The work to revise and evaluate the assessment process should involve stakeholders, including the teachers’ unions and teachers, and all changes should be clearly communicated to the education sector to increase the likelihood that the process will be accepted as valid and reliable.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers salaries process fairer revise|9.715488|1.2724324|1.6506616
11646|Note that in column [c] the statistical significance of the estimated coefficient of A/«[/>o.„.;] Thus, a 1.0% increase in per capita income results in a decrease of 0.68% in the percentage of poor individuals. An increase of 1.0% in the inequality index leads to growth of 0.78% in poverty levels. It is worth remarking that the estimated elasticity values agree with the theoretical elasticity introduced in section III.|SDG 1 - No poverty|elasticity estimated column increase theoretical|6.329594|5.6594276|5.0638075
11647|In view of these changes, it is useful to investigate whether the division of the labour market into formal and informal sectors gives rise to distinctive motherhood penalties. This is done by examining formal- and informal-sector wages for mothers and non-mothers in Argentina between 1995 and 2003, a period that spans the main liberalization policies set in motion in the early 1990s (Pastor and Wise, 1999). Our hypothesis is that the answers to all the above questions are affirmative because of the ways in which segmented labour markets differentially protect mothers working in the formal and informal sectors.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mothers informal formal spans sectors|8.844333|4.9234543|5.629522
11648|Over the seven years 1984-90 the fertiliser subsidy averaged almost IDR 650 billion (USD 440 million) per annum. Because of this, the programme was phased out over the 1990s by both gradually increasing MRPs and removing fertilisers from the scheme. As a result, the budgetary cost of fertiliser subsidies reduced to an average of IDR 350 billion (USD 160 million) during 1990-97 - averaging 17% of budgetary expenditure supporting agriculture production (Figure 2.4).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|idr fertiliser budgetary usd billion|3.737081|5.081166|3.868971
11649|For example, LEDS can provide information to better assess global climate change impacts and actions and how mitigation actions are expected to impact emission trajectories. Another important purpose of a LEDS could be to highlight gaps and identify priority actions for funding to the international community. The Rio Summit under Agenda 21, for example, introduced the concept of National Sustainable Development Strategies (NSDS), and suggested that all countries ‘should’ develop one. These strategies aim to build upon and harmonise the various sectoral economic, social and environmental policies and plans that are operating in the country.|SDG 13 - Climate action|leds actions strategies harmonise trajectories|1.5610567|4.306982|1.4844819
11650|A similar structure is proposed for multidimensional poverty, with national measures providing the basic tool for national policymaking, and a restricted yet comparable multidimensional measure providing insights and lessons learned across national boundaries. Some measurement considerations are similar to monetary poverty: in particular. Recommendations 1-4 of Chapter 3 also pertain to multidimensional poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|multidimensional poverty national similar providing|6.476548|6.4891567|5.0593443
11651|Her Farm Radio is not just about addressing women's needs, but also about promoting gender equality in radio initiatives for agriculture and health, affecting the quality of life of both women and men. Radio still remains a powerful ICT for small-scale farmers - one that does not require access to electricity or the Internet and has strong potential to include the voices and knowledge needs of women farmers. The initiative consists of various projects that engage women in audience research to ensure that the radio programmes meet their specific needs, focus on interventions with specific benefits for women, mother and children, share female voices and perspectives in each show, engage female broadcasters and guests, include episodes that explore gender relations and men's role in the family, air programmes at times when women are able to tune in, and establish women-only community listening groups. Her Farm Radio has also distributed mp3 radios to enhance access to radio for women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|radio women voices needs engage|9.431883|4.3192487|7.130831
11652|That contrasts with many global contexts, where the situation was more like that in Tonga (e.g. Ratha et al. The Reserve Bank of Tonga believed in 2011 that private remittances were unlikely ever to recover to the high level they had reached in 2008, highlighting the vulnerability of the country’s economy to fluctuations in the global economy; there was no obvious reason why they should recover. In Samoa, at least by early 2011, remittances had returned to normal’ pre-crisis levels, and perhaps exceeded them, as some overseas Samoans compensated for the previous difficult period.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tonga recover remittances economy contrasts|5.9101195|4.386099|3.8801668
11653|Substantial progress was made over the decade in reducing mortality rates for people admitted to hospital for heart attack through improvements in treatments and care processes (Figure 9). Data from the CONCORD programme show that the five-year net survival rate for cervical cancer in Polish women was 55% over 2010-14, one of the lowest among the EU countries. This is in spite of comparatively high cervical cancer screening rates in women aged 20-69 (OECD/EU, 20161 The five-year suivival rate for men and women diagnosed with colorectal cancer is also among the lowest in the EU, as is Poland’s colorectal cancer screening rate.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer colorectal cervical eu screening|9.205525|9.453881|2.7186677
11654|In particular, the objectives set by law are to: i) assess student learning; ii) work on pedagogical innovations needed to improve student learning; iii) exchange pedagogical experiences; iv) design teaching strategies for students; v) set criteria for improvement plans; and vi) receive technical assistance from the technical-pedagogical advisory services of the Ministry of Education (Asesores Tecnico-Pedagogicos, ATP) or independent advisory services (Asesorias Tecnicas Educativas, ATE). The channel, however, has reached very few schools (in total 1000 schools in Latin America) (https://escue!ap!us .com/). This programme was introduced in 2000 as a strategy to expand the Connections (Enlaces) programme to rural areas and included the provision of computers to multigrade classrooms as well as teacher training.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogical advisory student technical learning|9.700665|1.8508515|2.1526248
11655|The curriculum is flexible enough to cope with differences at the local level and in individual schools. At the school level, course studies can be complemented through collaboration with regional and local institutions, enterprises and civic associations. The new buildings are designed and built followed by principles of sustainability and energy efficiency standards.|SDG 4 - Quality education|civic local complemented cope level|2.5449243|3.5796826|2.2611008
11656|The commendable efforts by RFMOs that have undertaken independent performance reviews should be expanded and augmented through regular transparent reviews by the United Nations General Assembly to bring RFMO implementation in line with international commitments. Previous Assembly reviews of the implementation of fisheries management goals, such as on the driftnet fishing moratorium and on impact assessments for bottom fisheries, have resulted in positive reforms that would not likely have occurred without its oversight. General Assembly reviews of RFMO performance can be expected to improve its effectiveness and should generate the political will necessary to take critical action to restore fish stocks to sustainable levels.|SDG 14 - Life below water|reviews assembly fisheries performance augmented|-0.14163533|5.5799103|6.662568
11657|The new teacher standards (see Recommendation 3.1.1) should guide the revision of the definitivat exam to ensure that it assesses the competencies teachers need in the classroom. Romania might also consider adding more practice-oriented, open-ended questions to the exam so that it is a better measure of teachers’ competencies. In the future, Romania could reduce the weight of the exam in favour of a more authentic measure of teacher competencies, such as a performance-based inspection of new' teachers in the classroom.|SDG 4 - Quality education|exam competencies teachers romania classroom|9.631281|1.545729|1.4306242
11658|The findings of this year’s World Drug Report make clear that the international community needs to step up its responses to cope with these challenges. The opioid crisis in North America is rightly getting attention, and the international community has taken action. In March 2018, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs scheduled six analogues of fentanyl, including carfentanil, which are contributing to the deadly toll. This builds on the decision by the Commission at its sixtieth session, in 2017, to place two precursor chemicals used in the manufacture of fentanyl and an analogue under international control.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|international commission narcotic community precursor|8.402328|10.143358|3.4911947
11659|This last issue is particularly important when curriculum material or education tasks have little relevance or meaning to groups within the student population, including Indigenous students (Young, 2010). Compared to other students in their own countries, all three groups of low performers undertake less homework each week, and this indicator is particularly pronounced among low performers in Australia (Figure 6.3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|performers students groups homework particularly|9.89351|2.5681229|2.7939854
11660|The total benefits from river rehabilitation for 14 rivers were calculated to be 5 billion shekels (USD 1.3 billion). The benefits varied greatly by river, from 39 million shekel for the Southern Jordan to 1.5 billion shekel for the Yarkon. As a result, rehabilitation plans have been initiated and implemented by the National River Administration, the Yarkon and Kishon Authorities, in cooperation with drainage authorities. In a sense, water governance enables water stakeholders to enlarge the space of viable solutions that may result in the adoption of less costly solutions (from a society-wide perspective) than would otherwise be the case.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river billion rehabilitation solutions authorities|1.0443568|7.3123326|2.0202215
11661|Yield risk is equal to or more important than the price risk for farmers. Although the significance of the negative correlation between price and yield in stabilizing income is analyzed in the following section, any stabilization policy should take into consideration the degree of price-yield correlations. Moreover, the correlation of risk across farms is also an important dimension of risk at the farm level and affects the insurability of risks.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|yield risk price correlation analyzed|3.4647932|5.5312777|3.9019222
11662|It is calculated on the basis of the number of persons who, during the specified short reference period, were simultaneously: a) without work; b) currently available for work, but c) not actively seeking work, as a percentage of the youth labour force. In standard labour accounting the discouraged are not considered part of the labour force. Often discouraged youth are poor and disconnected from labour markets.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|discouraged labour youth work force|8.303179|4.3865595|4.410155
11663|This could be conducted as action research, where teachers themselves participate in trying out and evaluating different approaches. The Ministry should also explore, with embassies of sending countries the possibility of adapting literacy and language programmes that have been developed for use in those countries, to the learning needs of young people as well as adults now living in Denmark15. This section is concerned with those immigrant parents who, for example, do not speak Danish, who may not have been through the Danish education system or who have low levels of education, who live in immigrant neighbourhoods, who are from less advantaged socio-economic backgrounds, may be unemployed and who do not understand how the Danish education system works.|SDG 4 - Quality education|danish immigrant education sending speak|9.927332|2.7119322|2.4875154
11664|The debate over IWRM and the need for a nexus approach are thus often linked together, granting water a more prominent role in debates with other sectors. Hoff (2011) is explicit in placing water directly at the centre of the nexus. This being the case, water is established as the entry point for transboundary nexus assessments.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|nexus water iwrm placing granting|1.2242225|7.2451105|2.0444386
11665|For example, reducing overexploitation of aquifers requires consensus across sectors and water users (domestic, agriculture, industry, tourism) or accompanying measures to manage trade-offs. Without consensus, progress cannot be achieved. Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water and the largest beneficiary of subsidies, concessions and exemptions in Mexico’s water sector.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|consensus water agriculture overexploitation accompanying|1.6564802|7.1796584|1.9861522
11666|Timber is also traded illegally across borders in the GMS. Table 10 shows the perceived level of public sector corruption among GMS countries and their relative ranks among 168 countries considered for 2015. Based on the perceived level of public sector corruption in Table 10, forest cover should have declined in all GMS countries.|SDG 15 - Life on land|gms corruption perceived table illegally|1.5170662|4.5952888|3.9908864
11667|The South African government supports the principle that basic services should be available and affordable to all. For this reason, to ensure that the poor benefit directly from electrification, they are allocated a 20-amps connection free of charge. Furthermore, there is a 50 kWh free monthly allocation implemented by the municipalities insofar as this is possible for the municipalities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|free municipalities insofar kwh electrification|2.2229443|1.8453863|2.5351944
11668|The introduction of the eHealth system is expected to increase the quality of health care as well as system efficiency. For instance, health care providers can issue ePrescriptions so that patients can purchase their medications at any pharmacy in the country. This will also enable providers to monitor medication safety when multiple drugs are prescribed for patients. Likewise, coordination across providers is expected to improve by avoiding, for example, duplicated diagnostic tests and informing GPs when their patient is discharged from hospital.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|providers patients ehealth expected pharmacy|8.888209|9.441696|1.7733889
11669|Part of the explanation lies in the fact that we are looking at the (selected) wage sample. In the full sample, differences in wage dispersion across age groups are indeed more pronounced, as shown in Figure 14. This is particularly true in Canada, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Spain, and the United States.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|sample wage united dispersion explanation|7.814197|4.2977443|4.4259095
11670|In a security of energy supply perspective, nuclear energy seems thus well-positioned to reduce import dependency and to stabilise cost as well as to contribute to the diversification of electricity generation technologies in a manner that overall improves the security of energy supply. The following chapter will explore the extent to which the preceding considerations can be quantified in the context of appropriate security of supply indicators. London, United Kingdom, www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_intemet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|security supply energy preceding stabilise|1.0561204|1.7830523|1.8842657
11671|Many women may nonetheless switch to part-time work or reduce their hours once they resume work if they w'ant to spend time with their children or face childcare constraints. It is therefore probable that women’s average working hours will fall below' men’s even after the introduction or extension of childbirth-related leave. Leave policies can also have longer-term consequences for the total employment rates of women because normative attitudes to female employment change accordingly.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|leave hours women resume probable|9.101255|4.810042|5.6550303
11672|E-commerce enables women to run their businesses while managing household obligations, and to reach a much vaster market than they could offline. Thus, digital platforms help women to work and build companies in cultures where they are expected to stay at home and where they lack men's professional networks and resources (World Bank, 2016). For example, a 2015 survey of Pacific Island exporters showed that firms that are active online have a greater concentration of female executives under 45 years of age (DiCaprio and Suominen, 2015).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|executives cultures commerce exporters platforms|8.901539|3.5956666|6.415289
11673|Beyond the conventional dike-building measures, the management plans should pay due attention to improving the eco-morphological structure of riverbeds and the restoration of natural water retention areas. Here again, the costs are borne by the communes, which may however receive government subsidies amounting to 50% (or 80% for intercommunal works). In particular, new urban development must be prohibited in flood zones unless the retention volume lost can be offset and unless they do not increase risks downstream and upstream.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|retention unless intercommunal prohibited communes|1.4010028|6.861865|2.197785
11674|According to DIW estimates, the consumer price should increase only by 1.5% in 2011 and by 5% with the complete phase out of nuclear power (DIW, 2011). The main uncertainty comes from the cost of the investment needed to ensure a secure energy supply, which is difficult to assess. The government plans to accelerate the expansion of RES and to foster energy efficiency gains.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|res energy accelerate secure phase|1.5384943|1.9115914|1.8996565
11675|Teachers have the ability to influence each of these layers, and so designing pedagogy becomes a more complex - but potentially more rewarding - task. This is vitally important so that we can evaluate and appraise pedagogies from an authentic position, rather than trying to pretend that all pedagogies aim at the same goals. The above account also established that both discipline-centric and student-centric pedagogies are fundamental to achieving the purposes of education: the study of how expertise develops and of ‘cognitive load’ highlights that explicit teaching of knowledge and skills is a vital part of education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogies centric authentic rewarding layers|8.813301|1.5250139|1.8419529
11676|A minimum-cost solution is identified for the set of projects as a whole (as opposed to each project individually). All projects are taken into account by the Federal electricity commission which then undertakes technical studies to evaluate lowest-cost solutions for connection. Plans and costs are shared with the developers, who in turn shoulder these costs equally among themselves and then have to confirm commitment by making a 5% up-front payment. Transmission costs of extension are then included in the official budget, at which point developers submit 25% of the payment. Finally the Budget is officially published and bidding for construction is done, following which developers have to submit 100% of the shared costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|developers costs submit payment shared|1.4521025|1.7623496|1.7613854
11677|The congestion charge, increasingly applied in various metropolitan areas, has been shown to reduce congestion considerably, ranging from a 14% reduction in Milan (over 2008), 15% in London (2002-2003) and Singapore (1998) and 22% in Stockholm (January-July 2006) (Beevers and Carslaw, 2005; Olszewski, 2007; Milan municipality, 2009; Johansson et al. Not only did it create a cordon for vehicles entering the central city or the central business district, as is the case in London, Stockholm, Milan and several other cities, but it has also implemented congestion charges on expressways that are not in the central city, which Toronto might also consider. At present, there are 48 of these gantries: 30 form a cordon around the central business district, 13 others are located on selected expressway segments and five on radial arterial roads.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|milan congestion central stockholm london|4.3377366|4.7337317|0.71290976
11678|These include the rising age of marriage; greater social and legal recognition of a diversity of partnership forms; declines in birth rates as women are better able to choose whether and when to have children, and how many; and women's increased economic autonomy. These transformations are both causes and consequences of largescale demographic changes, dramatic shifts in women and girls’ access to education and employment, ideational and normative changes, and legal reform, often driven and inspired by women's activism. Concerted efforts to roll back the achievements of many decades of work for gender equality, by those who deny women the right to make their own decisions, have recently been cloaked in the rhetoric of 'family values'.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women legal rhetoric deny inspired|9.689978|4.840331|7.102083
11679|To make real improvements to teaching and learning, Romania will need to ensure that professional learning opportunities address teachers’ actual development needs and that schools have the capacity to implement collaborative learning activities which are embedded into teachers’jobs. As such, Romania lacks a standard, ongoing process in which teachers identify their learning needs based on observations of, and discussions about their teaching practice. A professional learning plan as a part of a regular appraisal process w'ould support this. These plans are annual and include teachers’ professional growth objectives, proposed actions and timelines (OECD, 2013c).|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning teachers professional romania teaching|9.603535|1.35707|1.6540905
11680|Their disappearance may be traced to the drainage and pollution of Israel’s water bodies. Only 67 of the endangered plant species are among Israel’s 268 protected plant species; 66 of the protected plant species are endemic native plants, and 203 of them are species whose habitat is highly threatened (MoEP, 2009, 2010b). As part of its legal obligation under the CBD, Israel prepared its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (or, more simply, National Biodiversity Strategy or NBS). The NBS was developed during the past decade and completed in 2010 (Frankenberg, 2005; MoEP, 2009, 2010a).|SDG 15 - Life on land|species israel plant protected biodiversity|1.5712637|5.359065|4.0034504
11681|The management and trade-off across various interests justifies public intervention. The quality of water has strong impacts on public health, w'hich justify the involvement of the ministry of health to define and set the quality standards for drinking water and wastewater treatment. The way wastewater is treated can also impact the environment, and, if ignored or badly managed, generate pollution and negatively impact other productive activities (farming, fishing and tourism).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater badly ignored justify impact|1.0916698|6.794515|2.6666074
11682|In some other countries, although the poverty rate is lower, the share of ultra poor is higher. This demonstrates the importance of examining various characteristics in determining the number of the poorest. In Bangladesh, for example, it is 61.3 per cent relative to 39.7 per cent in Lao PDR and 49.4 per cent in Timor-Leste.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent ultra leste timor pdr|6.1057143|5.8093076|4.860199
11683|Food security is therefore fundamental to their wellbeing. To date, the main source of food insecurity in LDCs has come from variations in domestic production consequent upon climatic shocks. However, many LDCs are already net importers of food and as their populations urbanise in coastal cities, a growing proportion of their populations will become dependent upon imported food rather than domestic production.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food ldcs populations domestic production|4.3535705|5.1866546|4.3066297
11684|To address the multiple barriers, EBRD partnered with the Kozloduy international decommissioning special fund financed by donors (predominantly the EU), which provided a grant for the substantial technical assistance component and incentive fees to participating banks and end-borrowers. The latter are paid upon project completion and represent between 15% (EE) and 20% (RE) of the sub-loan amount. The project has been very successful in that more than 150 small-scale EE and RE projects have been financed for a total project cost of €131mln, with electricity (equivalent) savings of 875GWh and emissions reductions of 570,000tCO2 p.a. By end 2008, some 240 residential projects have been financed to refurbish 11,000 flats.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|financed ee project end decommissioning|2.3040102|3.231811|1.7999356
11685|Astana and Almaty City are now allowed to issue bonds to cover budget deficits. To reduce the level of dependence on transfers from higher levels of government, certain taxes could be allocated to the local level. Moreover, more efficient and clearer property taxation in rural and urban areas is essential.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bonds clearer astana almaty deficits|4.486378|5.5059733|1.8199081
11686|An incident of great significance in the history of Japanese mental health care was the knife attack of the then US Ambassador to Japan Edwin Reischauer by an individual with schizophrenia in 1964. This attack led to significant public alarm, and contributed to further stigma towards mental illness, fuelled by a mass media campaign, on top of high existing levels of stigma directed towards mental disorders. This incident also contributed to the 1965 revision of the Mental Hygiene Law discussed previously. In 1993, the Mental Health Law was amended again, with a particular focus on care in the community, including the authorisation of the building of group homes in the community for individuals with mental disorders (Tatara and Okamoto, 2009). The Community Health Care Law introduced in 1994 and further supported the establishment of a community-based mental health system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental community incident attack stigma|10.270931|8.905132|1.7030184
11687|In 1960ies and 1970ies, fertilization indeed played an important role in Finland in enhancing timber production by increasing forest growth especially in upland area (Kukkola and Nojd 2000). Nitrogen addition to forests may also affect the pool of soil organic carbon as enhanced growth in foliage and leaf area result in increased litterfall (Hyvonen et al. Johnsson and Curtis (2001) showed that fertilization indeed increase soil carbon storage.|SDG 15 - Life on land|fertilization soil carbon upland area|1.1457316|4.4924207|3.8974304
11688|The necessary adjustments in legislation were passed on 15 October 2009. Currently, heroin can now be prescribed to a selected group of patients who meet the required indication. The study found that clients receiving both methadone and heroin, compared to clients who just received methadone, had higher health benefits, and created less costs for law enforcement and lower damage to victims.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|heroin clients prescribed indication october|8.371563|10.1753845|3.5176075
11689|These also P encourage the assessment and management of climate risk in relevant sectors. However, there is still a long way to go before the right instruments and institutions are in place to explicitly incorporate climate change risk into policies and projects, increase private-sector engagement in adaptation actions and integrate climate change adaptation into development co-operation. Ambitious mitigation action substantially lowers the risk of catastrophic climate change. The cost of reaching the 2 °C goal would slow global GDP growth from 3.5 to 3.3% per year (or by 0.2 percentage-points) on average, costing roughly 5.5% of global GDP in 2050. This cost should be compared with the potential cost of inaction, which could be as high as 14% of average world consumption per capita according to some estimates (Stem, 2006). Delayed or only moderate action up to 2020 (such as implementing the Copenhagen/Cancun pledges only, or waiting for better technologies to come on stream) would increase the pace and scale of efforts needed after 2020.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate risk cost change adaptation|1.3708241|3.8071785|1.8434491
11690|It may be caused by unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution or inadequate use of food at the household level. Food insecurity, poor conditions of health and sanitation and inappropriate care and feeding practices are the major causes of poor nutritional status. Food insecurity may be chronic, seasonal or transitory.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food inappropriate insecurity unavailability transitory|4.477835|5.6802135|4.624584
11691|This difference, however, varies significantly by socioeconomic group. While 44.1% of PIE students from low socio-economic status are diagnosed with a permanent special need, only 12% of PIE students from high socioeconomic status are diagnosed with such a need (see Figure 3.5). There are also differences by school provider: municipal schools are more likely to enrol students with permanent disabilities than private-subsidised schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|diagnosed students socioeconomic permanent status|9.715453|2.376168|2.8111024
11692|In particular, better utilising economic instruments (e.g. pollution charges, taxes or water quality trading) can create incentives to reduce pollution, and increase the cost effectiveness of and innovation in pollution control strategies. Recommendations include: i) providing overarching national policy guidance and minimum standards; ii) creating the institutional framework setting the distribution of responsibilities across levels of government; iii) stakeholder engagement on approaches to manage perceived and actual risks, and a commitment to reach solutions in partnership; iu) signalling policy changes and highlighting options for implementation; and v) stimulating the diffusion of innovative technical and policy approaches that minimise the cost of water quality management (including seed funding, space for experimentation and making pollution costly). Lastly, monitoring, enforcement and evaluation of policy implementation, ongoing stakeholder engagement, and reassessment of the risks, are necessary in order to adapt to future changes in climate, economic growth, population dynamics and advances in science and technology.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pollution stakeholder policy engagement approaches|1.1837544|6.6837006|1.8793154
11693|The government supported it by sponsoring student fees. Training and awareness workshops took place around the country to inform educators and the community about the importance of inclusive education. At the end of that year, the first six trainees graduated from the Faculty of Education, majoring in special needs education. Most are coping well and succeed in accommodating the various needs of children in the community.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education accommodating community graduated trainees|10.238026|2.3837519|2.0059423
11694|It is important to overcome those barriers. Families and communities have to be involved, as well as systematic actions at district and national levels, to improve adolescents’ access to skilled care services. However, countries are at different stages of health system development and access to facility care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care access facility overcome adolescents|9.064447|8.4280205|2.1083894
11695|Energy savings amounted to between 40 and 60 percent, which translated into a total annual savings of nearly 8.5 million kWh, as well as a 6,700-ton reduction in CO2 emissions. The project has altered the Government's backing scaled-up renovations with the funding of European Union structural funds. How Danish communal heat planning empowers municipalities and benefits individual consumers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|savings backing ton altered kwh|2.0288115|2.7135456|2.463408
11696|This makes the severity of the congestion challenge greater than it would otherwise be, particularly around the bridges. Prices for public transport are generally low in Russia, which is partly linked to the tradition of highly subsidised public transport in Soviet times, but also due to competition introduced in the market over the past decades. Privatisation of transport services has led to great fragmentation of the market however.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport privatisation bridges tradition market|4.306253|4.8845716|0.82955176
11697|This unequivocally states that it is a form of gender-based discrimination that 'seriously inhibits women's ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men'. These decisions have implications for the capacity of women to exercise their rights in both the public and private spheres. Increasing women's agency in intra-household decision-making is an important goal in itself and also has positive impacts on women's own well-being as well as that of other household members, especially children.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women inhibits rights household freedoms|9.566214|4.8728447|6.7254214
11698|It also sponsors a business plan competition for women entrepreneurs, “The Women in Business Challenge” that generates women’s interest in developing new business ideas and receiving training and coaching on how to do a business plan. ( However, significant gender distinctions existed in the depth of the needs identified and how to effectively deliver business development services. Time, mobility and socio-cultural constraints on women shape the focus, content and logistics that are fundamental to successful BDS provision for women (Box 6.1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business women plan distinctions bds|9.01539|3.339358|6.6183133
11699|Carbon labelling and poor country exports’, World Bank PREM Notes: Special Series on the Economics of Climate Change, World Bank, Washington DC. Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium. A Guide for the Concerned: Guidance on the Elaboration and Implementation of Border Carbon Adjustment, ENTWINED Policy brief No. Report on Company Feedback from the French National Environmental Labelling Pilot: Summary of the Report Drawn up by Ernst & Young. The moral duty to eat African strawberries at Christmas’, Oxford Energy and Environment Comment, October, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Oxford. Low-Carbon and Environmental Goods and Services.|SDG 13 - Climate action|oxford carbon labelling bank studies|1.457811|3.3996444|1.818739
11700|Further detoils on the survey methodology con be found in Arvis el ol. ( A decade ago, a study of the impacts of low transport accessibility was carried out in the United Kingdom (Social Exclusion Unit, 2003). National and local initiatives were developed to deal with these issues, including increased funding for rural and urban bus services, integration of routes and new ticketing systems, as well as a transport schemes to support access to work (UNECE, 2012). In rural areas, investment forexpanding/ upgrading the transport network is scarce, whereas, at the same time, expanding rural transport networks might have significant environmental impacts. In urban areas, the lack of space constrains expansion of and/or structural changes in the transport network; moreover, the environmental and health impacts of an expanding urban transport network may be very significant.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport network impacts rural expanding|4.2258167|5.1228685|0.7005209
11701|The majority of agricultural households in Asia grow rice and there is a correlation between the human intake of rice and the areas that produce rice. In Lao PDR, for example, 81 percent of the daily food supply consists of cereals. Agriculture has concentrated on a few staple crops, which in turn make up the bulk of people's diets.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rice pdr staple diets cereals|3.9954376|5.290596|4.323384
11702|Spain now presents Gender Impact Reports to the Parliament to accompany its General State Budgets. The legal framework for these reports was initiated in 2003 with a law on actions to introduce gender impact assessment in all government regulations. In 2009, the Spanish government approved a methodological guide for the elaboration of this report, which includes a gender impact guide. Nordic countries, too, have provided substantial leadership on GRB.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|guide gender impact reports grb|9.762609|3.970177|7.5418043
11703|It aims to provide those “who live or work with young people who have been exposed to chronic adversity” with knowledge and insight on how to care for these children and adolescents in non-clinical settings (Bath, 2016(233]). In 2018, appxoximately 35 schools across the country have participated in the training course and further courses are planned for 2019. The municipality had received many refugees from Syria in the period 2014-15 and the school staff felt that they did not have the right tools to best care for this group of students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|syria insight care felt refugees|9.921374|2.8540099|2.7346957
11704|"The Human Rights Committee recently confirmed that States Parties should provide ""safe, legal and effective access to abortion"" under certain circumstances and has called on States to end the criminalization of providers and women who seek abortion (see Box 3.4).’ As Chapter 4 shows, having an income of their own puts women on a more equal footing with men in their intimate relationships, strengthens their bargaining position within families, and enables them to exit partnerships if they need to. Putting economic resources in women’s hands is also associated with lower rates of poverty and greater investments in children's health and education."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|abortion women footing states strengthens|9.269173|5.29353|6.4084263
11705|In addition, whereas labour market opportunities in rural areas are likely to remain dominated by food and agriculture (a highly water-dependent sector), employment opportunities in urban and periurban areas may evolve rapidly as the result of current technological changes and the digitalization of the economy (or ‘Industry 4.0’). However, in terms of both the number of people affected and (especially) the number of people killed, the impacts of floods, droughts and conflicts are grossly outweighed by the number of those affected or killed by inadequate drinking water and sanitation services (Figure 1). However, there are no data available estimating what proportion of these people were ‘affected’, nor what the resulting overall economic damage would equate to. This steady rise has principally been led by surging demand in developing countries and emerging economies (although per capita water use in the majority of these countries remains far below water use in developed countries — they are merely catching up).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|killed affected water people number|1.5658538|6.9651704|2.7931058
11706|As the number of older people with complex chronic medical needs increases, so does the demand for integration of care, and personalized medical treatment will grow. Whether there will be a provider response to such demand is likely to depend on the reform of provider payment mechanisms, particularly for secondary care. At present, these usually reward discrete episodes of care. In the future, payment mechanisms are increasingly likely to reward ‘bundles’ of care, or indeed a whole year of care, for people with complex needs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care reward provider payment medical|8.86031|9.01033|1.6863133
11707|The APIDT advocated an increase of industrial R&D, supported by greater public resources via matching grants and soft loans, to reorient part of the activities of existing research laboratories and institutes toward industry-oriented and market-driven research (EPU, 1990). The plan aimed to promote cluster approaches where small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) could build upon their relationships with the MNEs they supply to enhance their capability (called “cluster-based industrial development” strategy). The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) can be seen as a key initiative in that regard: w'orld-class infrastructure is made available on a specific territory to attract the E&E leaders. The foundation acts as a broker, identifying both the needs and the relevant experts, and assists the commercial arrangement.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|cluster industrial orld multimedia broker|5.536019|3.3576972|2.4499931
11708|This question needs to be answered if technological change is to be beneficial for SMEs, which create employment for many of the world's poorest and most vulnerable households. In addition, automation has opened the door to new ways of interacting with clients, whether in delivering goods and services or providing customer service. From firms that own and control their resources to those that manage and orchestrate them, technological change has revolutionized production, connectivity and distribution.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|technological answered door automation opened|4.9598494|3.0765955|2.4973638
11709|With an increasingly knowledge-driven (global) economy and competition in the speed of innovation, governments, particularly in developed economies with the infrastructure and institutions in place, should prioritize the development and full use of a population’s available set of skills. Young girls are rarely encouraged to pursue maths and science, which are more likely to be presented as fields of study for boys. It is important that mathematics and science are taught in contexts that are interesting to boys and girls, and a positive attitude towards a subject is also related to positive teacher-student relations (OECD, 2010a).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|boys science girls positive maths|9.51136|3.6631513|5.685374
11710|Unpaid care and domestic work is also being measured as part of the official Labour Force Survey. Primary school fees were abolished, again, and farm input subsidies reintroduced, in part due to public pressure supported by the campaign. Gender budgeting initiatives elsewhere in Africa have drawn heavily on the Tanzanian experience as a model.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|abolished budgeting campaign drawn heavily|8.941814|4.8662734|5.884302
11711|Indeed, most individuals need to accommodate both in their daily lives. However, there continue to be pronounced imbalances between men and women in how this balance is struck and in the degree of freedom available to make choices in this respect. These lead to markedly different opportunities and outcomes for human devel opment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|struck imbalances markedly accommodate pronounced|9.346358|4.8527|6.4687157
11712|This implies that the two are interrelated and may serve as complements to one another. This implies that economic expansion raises energy consumption, but the process could possibly produce inefficiencies and a reduction of demand for goods and services, including energy. This hypothesis considers energy consumption to be a small component of GDP expansion and thus to have little or no effect on growth. Their findings are summarized in figure 2.7.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|implies energy expansion consumption interrelated|1.8981783|2.657365|2.5765162
11713|These measures are to be discussed with relevant member states having a direct management interest in the areas before being submitted to the EU Commission as Joint Recommendations in accordance with the new basic regulation under the Common Fisheries Policy. In the trials all catches of cod were counted against the quota and monitored by CCTV. The experience from the trials will assist Denmark in implementing the landing obligation under the refoimed Common Fisheries Policy and should result in a more sustainable fishery while simplify existing regulations. The strategic plan will contain a target for the increase in the production of fish and shellfish and for the increase in the export of feed, feed ingredients and technology for the aquaculture sector.|SDG 14 - Life below water|trials feed fisheries common simplify|0.048149858|5.8394575|6.7250257
11714|As a result, for employers, non-regular employment is generally cheaper than permanent employment, in addition to providing enhanced employment flexibility. In 2003, a survey covering young people aged 20-35 found that over 70% of non-regular workers wished to become regular workers. Another survey covering people of all ages reported that only one-fifth wished to become regular workers, but the share of persons working in non-regular jobs because of “slim chance of obtaining regular employment” was considerably higher than in 1994 (reaching 20% for part-time workers, 32% for contract employees, and 38% for temporary agency workers). Indeed, there is a lack of movement between the “regular” and “non-regular” segments of the labour force, trapping large numbers of employees in low-paying, short-term jobs with limited coverage by the social safety-net and limited opportunities to enhance their human capital.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|regular workers non employment covering|8.01434|4.3225956|4.1211267
11715|"In response, the Director-General presented a report ""Reform of WHO’s work in health emergency management: WHO Health Emergencies Programme.” The High-level Panel submitted a report ""Protecting humanity from future health crises” (A/70/723) to the Secretary-General. These include, among others, (a) a review The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises by the National Academy of Medicine (NAM),2 (b) a joint initiative by Harvard University and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Moon and others, 2015), (c) a review by an independent panel set up by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and (d) a review by MSF (2015)."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|review crises medicine panel health|8.339592|8.914654|3.076487
11716|For younger children (toddlers and infants), specialised and practical training seems to be more strongly associated with pedagogic quality and cognitive and social outcomes. Early childhood educators come across increasingly complex social environments and encounter a multiplicity of family backgrounds and experiences. These factors create imperatives to adopt new pedagogies and organisational practices to accommodate this pluralism (Elliott, 2006).|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogic multiplicity infants pedagogies encounter|9.20141|2.285479|1.9924798
11717|All components of supply will have to expand, especially harvest residues, but the projections seem sustainable for all countries in Europe. Total wood supply would have to increase by nearly 50% in twenty years (assuming no significant increase in imports from other regions). It considers that the colossal forest potential of the country is essentially under-utilised. However, developing a culture of innovation is a complex challenge, going far beyond the boundaries of the forest sector. However the challenges described in the study are exceptionally complex and long term and will require a high level of sophisticated cross-sectoral policy making to find the necessary balanced and sustainable solutions. Net annual increment, carbon stock and net ecosystem production are all expected to increase, despite increased losses from fires, wind, pests and diseases.|SDG 15 - Life on land|increase net forest complex increment|1.4220829|4.5797315|3.8344653
11718|Benin, for example, created a Vocational Skill Certificate (national diploma attesting to the attainment of skilled worker level through a reformed traditional apprenticeship) and the Occupational Skill Certificate (certificate attesting to the completion of an apprenticeship) to recognise the skills acquired through informal apprenticeships. It has also put in place a consultative mechanism involving the National Federation of Craftworkers, local craft workers groups and the relevant ministry to steer the process (AEO, 2008). In many African countries responsibilities for TVSD are scattered across a large range of ministries and agencies and are not integrated with the overall education system.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|certificate apprenticeship skill craft scattered|8.368699|2.8495128|2.7825809
11719|Furthermore, there are additional reasons why donors may prefer not to use country systems, such as the ability to account for taxpayer funds and the need to track climate-related results (OECD, 201 la). As transaction costs reduce the total amount of climate finance devoted to climate activities, reducing them can increase the effectiveness of climate finance. The performance/existence of specific national institutions can also affect whether a country meets the safeguards introduced by selected climate funds to limit potential negative impacts (e.g. social) of climate interventions, or to ensure that specific standards (e.g. fiduciary standards) have been met. However, there are several related challenges at both the national and international level.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate funds standards finance specific|1.7185545|4.232819|1.3252436
11720|Superficially very different from the first three groups of product-based economic instruments, EPR schemes typically take the form of legislation imposing various obligations on producers, including rules requiring them to recover and recycle end-of-life products. Producers - either individually or collectively - may comply with these obligations by setting up arrangements to encourage a high rate of product return and recycling.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|obligations producers product recycle epr|0.54851824|3.916127|3.0418918
11721|Moreover, the MDGs make clear that the global partnership is essential to securing progress towards poverty eradication. As such, the MDGs have been a powerful tool for galvanizing public opinion around a central ideal. The importance of such consensus and awareness should not be underestimated, considering that democratic governance of a fully integrated world requires shared commitments to global priorities, not only among Governments but also among the public at large. The aid allocated by the Member countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to basic social services increased from $6.1 billion to $17.4 billion in 2009, but then dropped to $13.8 billion in 2010 in view of fiscal adjustment in these countries. The proportion of aid allocation to basic social services also showed a steady increase from 15.5 per cent in 2000 to 21.2 per cent in 2009, but decreased to 15.6 per cent in 2010.|SDG 1 - No poverty|billion mdgs cent aid basic|6.6879315|5.9372954|4.357484
11722|"It is particularly crucial for national governments to empower local governments by providing adequate financial resources, legal and fiscal autonomy and by supporting local skill development, given their important role in the NUP processes. With clearer information on common implementation gaps, and the policy instruments that are available to address them, policy makers could better predict these gaps and undertake capacity building activities. As Table 7.1 illustrates, many of the SDGs have an evident urban dimension and cannot be achieved without being addressed in urban areas, making NUPs an important implementation and monitoring instrument. As an overarching process, the national urban policy will be able to anchor and influence many dimensions of sustainable development, such as air pollution control and regulation"" (United Nations, 2016a)."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban gaps policy anchor governments|3.611122|5.0054617|1.6832834
11723|After 2015, further disparities have emerged between large metropolitan areas, where unemployment rates have continued to decline, and other parts of the country. These dynamics create special problems for crafting appropriate policy responses as quite different labour market conditions can coexist across relatively short distances. Similar differences hold for unemployment, ranging from just 1.7% in Hawaii to 7.3% in Alaska. At the metropolitan area level the rates vary from 1.5% in Ames, Iowa to almost 18% in El Centro in California (where the State-w ide rate is close to the national average at 4.2%).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|metropolitan unemployment coexist alaska rates|7.737762|4.5029025|4.2324286
11724|Recent studies of high growth start-ups in the United States find that only 10-15% of them are founded by women (Brush etal., Looking more specifically at start-up funding, several studies have shown that women are extremely under-represented among venture-backed entrepreneurs in the United States. Gompers and Wang (2017[i2]) find that just 10.7% of US venture-backed founders were women from 2010-2015. 2014(H)) estimate the number to be 15% using data from 2011-2013.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|backed venture start women studies|8.908378|3.3816266|6.253899
11725|Part-time work, prevalent in jobs mostly occupied by women, and linked to family obligations and care, may also play a role in horizontal segregation. Data for the Netherlands is in full-time equivalent. Data for Switzerland on secretarial positions also include technical positions. Despite some important variation between OECD countries (from less than 10% in Switzerland, to 30% in the United States (US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011), to nearly 50% in Poland), women consistently occupy less than half of public service decisionmaking positions, on average accounting only for 28.6% of senior managers across OECD countries. Thus, on average, in OECD countries, 39.7% of middle managers are women, although there are important cross-country variations, with some countries (Estonia, Slovenia, Portugal and Poland) not only achieving gender parity but also having a majority of women in this occupational category.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|positions women managers poland switzerland|9.209918|4.1841993|5.9035006
11726|Note that there are significantly fewer CSP installations in the United States than PV installations; this difference limits the robustness of conclusions, and in particular, there are very few projects using certain CSP technologies. On average, based on evidence from the United States, tower systems have the greatest CSP land use requirements on both a capacity and energy basis. Towers use 50 per cent more direct land than troughs on a capacity (MW) basis, and use 20 per cent more on a generation basis.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|csp installations basis use land|1.6374935|1.7378558|2.1437197
11727|The main challenges for reporting information in this area are mostly familiar, unresolved issues regarding the availability and clarity of information requested and reported. Work is being undertaken by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) to improve the information available on public finance provided. Information on climate finance from countries that do not report to the DAC is currently more limited.|SDG 13 - Climate action|information dac unresolved finance familiar|1.5121139|3.8789337|0.6854874
11728|This analysis seeks to confirm, on the basis of the largest possible number of countries and observations, whether subjective well-being in Latin America is higher than would be expected on the basis of GDP per capita. It also examines the relationship between subjective wellbeing and indicators for the position and responsibilities of men and women in different stages of the life cycle (age, civil status and number of children), controlling for household monetary income and comparing the findings with other regions of the world. One of the most influential studies was conducted by Easterlin (1973, 1974), who observed that countries with the largest increments in GDP had stable levels of subjective well-being over time. These findings were corroborated by other research.|SDG 1 - No poverty|subjective findings largest gdp basis|7.428715|5.330955|5.046153
11729|The second stressed the importance of government support measures for innovation and technology-based business. They were the source of several follow-up programmes and initiatives, such as the establishment of business innovation and technology centres, viewed as “interface institutions” between universities/public research and industry, w'ith supporting institutions to assist companies through their startup and expansion phases. However, while they were seriously considered at the time, the centres never materialised.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|centres innovation business technology institutions|5.5524077|3.3139906|2.4727268
11730|However, from 2009 onwards, unemployment has decreased for men but not for women: by the last quarter of 2012, across the OECD, the unemployment rate was around 8% for both men and women (ILO, 2012; OECD, 2013b). Although the gap between men’s and women’s employment rate narrows considerably with higher educational attainment, on average the employment rate for tertiary-educated women is still 9 percentage points lower than that of men (Figure 4.5). The difference in employment rates between tertiary-educated men and women is particularly marked in Chile, the Czech Republic, Japan, Korea, Mexico and Hirkey, where it is as high as 29 percentage points.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men women rate educated employment|8.833936|4.4033136|5.559168
11731|Health care and education (excluding pre-primary education) are by far the most important components. In most countries, the imputed value of health care is higher than that of education; exceptions are Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Mexico, Norway and Poland, where education forms the largest category. The services for early childhood education and childcare increase household income on average by 2% but by more than 3% in Denmark, Finland, Hungaiy and Sweden. Long-term elderly care services raise incomes by 1% and are highest in the four Nordic countries and the Netherlands. In three countries, social housing increases household income by more than 1%, namely in the Czech Republic (1.2%), in Ireland (1.6%) and in the United Kingdom (2.5%) compared to an average of 0.4%.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|education ireland denmark care household|7.441831|5.8842516|4.9897485
11732|In general, the highest biomass and litter production of boreal forests are in Norway spruce dominated stands, where also soil carbon stock are highest. The most fundamental effect, however, comes with the removal of biomass from the forest. This directly reduces the carbon stocks represented by the tree biomass, and its wider effects on the global climate will depend on how this harvested biomass is used.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biomass carbon highest litter harvested|1.2009996|4.4600034|3.8575468
11733|The above provisions are stricter than the respective Community legislation. There is also a system of limited entry for sea bass and Gilthead sea bream in order to control their reproduction. No new licenses have been issued since August 1994. A limited entry of new licenses is in place for some Mediterranean species such as common sea bream, sharpsnout sea bream, white sea bream, red porgy and common dentex.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sea licenses entry common limited|-0.041975163|5.802206|6.7982845
11734|The premise is that the aid effectiveness principles of country ownership, alignment, harmonisation, results and mutual accountability can drive effective climate finance on the expectation that effective outcomes can be enabled through effective national and international processes. Some developing countries have however indicated that climate finance has “ignored” the aid effectiveness principles (Ma, 2013) or remains donor-driven (e.g. Nelson 2013; Norrington-Davies, 2011). Others cite poor access, lack of readiness and the inability to track climate-related results through country systems as barriers to applying the aid effectiveness principles to climate finance in practice (Zou and Ockenden, 2013).|SDG 13 - Climate action|aid principles effectiveness climate finance|1.8641951|4.1776733|1.1866142
11735|Mexico’s 1971 Agrarian Law granted women the same land rights as men, and consequently they were granted a voice and vote in domestic decision-making bodies. Available from www.fao.org/ gender/landrights/report/en/ (accessed 23 July 2013). In Zambia, the draft national land administration and management policy seeks to implement at least 30 per cent landownership for women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|granted land agrarian vote zambia|9.225696|5.02806|7.2167077
11736|There have been dramatic changes and losses in fundamental species such as phytoplankton and krill, changes in the growing season, and population distributions of commercial species are already changing in some ocean regions, driving dependent extractive industries to adapt. Ocean chemistry is also changing, and at a rate faster than at any other time over the past 55 million years. As the seas absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, lower pH levels - ocean acidification - are expected to retard rates of shell formation and growth.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean species changing phytoplankton chemistry|-0.07051025|6.0475397|6.0261846
11737|The ratio of poor children to poor adults increased in all of the countries of the region (except El Salvador, where it remained constant), with the greatest increases in Brazil, Panama and Uruguay. Efforts should be made to guarantee the rights of the child and to facilitate children’s access to basic goods and services that households cannot afford to acquire on their own. For each indicator, thresholds were defined for severe and moderate needs. The results indicate that almost half of all children in the region are poor, with at least one of the basic needs being unmet, either moderately or extremely.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poor children basic moderately region|7.0536866|6.2998443|5.152804
11738|By 2030, when most major countries will have middle aged or elderly workforces, India’s will still be young. Around 36% of the Indian population in 2011-12 was 17 years or younger and around 13% was between 18 and 24 years (Table 3.3). The informal economy also accounted for nearly half of the employment for those between 18 and 24.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|years indian younger elderly accounted|7.906216|4.304479|4.3713136
11739|Engineering services are particularly relevant to climate change technology (OECD, 2015c). Of particular concern is the recent prevalence of local-content requirements (LCRs) in the wind and solar energy sectors (OECD, 2015c). Some countries have also designed LCRs as eligibility criteria for direct financial transfers such as subsidised loans and loan guarantees from government agencies and national development banks, such as in Brazil.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|guarantees eligibility loan engineering subsidised|1.751672|4.0129685|0.9633149
11740|Nonetheless, given the timeframes involved in constructing nuclear power plants (there is no planning yet) and the difficulties in setting up large-scale hydroelectric plants in Mexico, nearly all of the investment needed to reach this level will come from non-conventional renewable energy sources. This provides the opportunity to consume electricity generated with renewable sources, for which a higher price is normally paid. Worldwide there are over 6 million customers with these systems, of whom 2.6 million are in Germany.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plants renewable sources million timeframes|1.3663384|1.7838901|1.946695
11741|Better co-ordination between care providers is seen as desirable because it can improve patient care and outcomes, and/or because better co-ordination can help to generate efficiency gains and overall cost savings. This review shows how payment is used to encourage greater co-ordination and integration of care across different levels of care in France and in Germany. They were made available to three different types of multidisciplinary primary care facilities: “maisons de sante” (multi-professional medical home), “poles de sante” (multi-professional medical facilities) and “centres de sante” (traditional health centre) aiming to enhance the organisation of care and providing new services to patients, and give a financial incentive for collaborative working structures. Centres de sante have been in operation for decades and mainly serve under-privileged urban areas.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|sante care ordination multi centres|9.083952|8.930653|1.6350962
11742|For accidents at crossroads, two types of accidents stand out: collisions between motorised vehicles directly on the crossroad (22.5% of total accident costs) and accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles in the vicinity of crossroads (5.6%). Accidents involving collisions between cars and jaywalkers, who cross the road on straight segments without pedestrian crossings account for the highest cost among pedestrian accidents (8.0%). Accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles also create high costs at pedestrian crossings (5.0%).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accidents motorised pedestrian involving vehicles|4.255979|5.2011456|0.008597075
11743|Finally, it is important to continue building regional-level capacity in planning, ensuring that the links between ERD and PROT are clearly understood and implemented. For example, PROT have not yet substituted Regional Plans for Urban Development (PRDU). As mentioned, only 3 regions have operative PRDU and 11 have a PRDU in the pipeline.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|substituted regional operative pipeline understood|3.9069233|5.4101353|1.745496
11744|As can be seen in Figure 8, young women enter the labour market at lower rates than males. From ages 35 to 54, however, women’s participation undergoes a drop that is not seen in male participation rates. One possible explanation for this trend is that women tend to withdraw from the labour market upon getting married and having children, without re-entering the workforce afterward.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|seen women participation withdraw rates|9.13826|4.3691783|5.711804
11745|For example, Orange and Maroc Telecom have been active in extending cross-border connectivity to their subsidiaries across Africa. These independent companies provide wholesale open access to their networks and since they typically do not have retail operations, have little incentive to charge significantly above cost prices. Phase 3 collaborated with ECOWAS as part of the Intelcom II initiative.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ecowas collaborated telecom orange wholesale|4.8784194|2.98363|1.5077055
11746|While Israel and Singapore did not quantify the finance provided, Korea reported providing USD 186.24 million of climate finance in 2013. Separately, in the CRS database, Korea has reported providing USD 224 million, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) USD 257 million, in climaterelevant ODA in 2014. Several developing countries have also provided or pledged multilateral support via contributions to the GCF and the GEF.|SDG 13 - Climate action|usd million korea reported providing|1.6926394|3.870839|0.8933083
11747|"School leaders are asked lo be more open to, and lo co-operate with, local community organisations, such as sport clubs, cultural centres and other associations. For example, schools can co-operate with local sports clubs to teach English or maths through physical exercise. In 2014, the government allocated funding to 15 schools, for the academic year 2015/16, to experiment with outdoor education and demonstrate how it could work. In 2014, the Danish government developed a booklet on the ""grey zone"" of language that can be used by volunteers working in homework cafes, a well-developed system of places, often libraries, where students can go after school to receive help on their homework."|SDG 4 - Quality education|clubs lo homework operate maths|9.503093|2.4940634|2.169781
11748|In Ethiopia, the deforestation rate between 1990 and 2010 was 1% per year (1,530 square kilometres). The trend changed in Kenya in 2000 and in Ethiopia in 2010 when larger afforestation efforts began (Figure 10 and 11). The Kenyan reforestation programme started way back in 1996 with the development ofthe Kenya forest master plan (Luukkanen, 1996). It proposed urgent studies on new patterns of forestry administration which would put an end to deforestation and improve forest management in Kenya.|SDG 15 - Life on land|kenya deforestation ethiopia forest kenyan|1.4465079|4.61768|3.7507026
11749|"Measuring child food insecurity requires accurate, reliable, and complete information from children themselves. Children have the most complete knowledge about their own lives and experiences [60, 61], and child self-report is widely seen as the ""gold standard"" for assessing children's internal experiences such as quality of life [60], exposure to domestic violence [62], and pain [60]. Although children are the only accurate reporters of their food insecurity, it is important to note that what they are reporting - child food insecurity - may be substantively different to adult and household food insecurity. Adult food insecurity has been shown to have four core domains: compromises in the quantity and quality of food, and psychological and social strains related to food hardships."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity food children accurate child|4.499693|5.7641335|4.800112
11750|National report of Ethiopia to Rio 2012. Grasslands of the World, FAO, Rome. Climate change and the Ethiopian economy: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Discussion Paper Series EfD DP 11-09, Environment for Development. Economic Reforms and Soil Degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A Micro CGE Model with Transaction Costs, Department of Economics and Social Sciences. World Economic Outlook 2012, IMF, Washington DC.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ethiopian highlands grasslands cge rome|1.8708618|4.45118|2.3252223
11751|The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Climate change adaptation is a newly emerging policy area that has recently moved into the implementation phase. This chapter outlines the challenges posed to Austria by current and future climatic conditions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|posed moved climatic arguments outlines|1.2857118|4.6936646|1.685903
11752|Voluntary health insurance has a small but rapidly increasing role in funding health. For a long time, there has been a substantial shift of resources and activities from inpatient to outpatient (or ambulatory) care, although strengthening primary care remains a challenge. Swedish life expectancy is 1.6 years longer than the EU average and is the fifth highest across the EU.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|eu care ambulatory inpatient outpatient|9.183061|8.907398|2.2401464
11753|Governments should regard family planning in the same way they view and prioritize other human-capital investments in education, labourforce participation and political participation. This is one more way of improving the bargaining position of women in society. In fact, family planning programmes and declines in fertility have their maximum impact in societies that are making complementary investments in increasing female schooling, expanding labour market opportunities, and experiencing economic changes that fundamentally change the cost-benefit tradeoff of high fertility.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fertility investments labourforce way family|9.235518|5.535125|6.0261025
11754|This contrasts with other models that do not explicitly include technological change. Administration and infrastructure costs that may be needed to meet projected health care demand are not included. Similarly, the model does not consider the impact of national income or health-care budgets on demand for health-care services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health demand contrasts explicitly|8.940313|8.719581|2.6297433
11755|Some countries, such as Afghanistan (27.7 per cent), the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (25.0 per cent), Australia (24.7 per cent), Viet Nam (24.4 per cent) and Kazakhstan (24.3 per cent), arc approaching the target. This is partly a result of quotas and reserved seats for women in parliament. Women’s representation in the Pacific lags significantly behind both other Asian and Pacific subregions and the world average.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent pacific approaching subregions lags|10.515137|4.2550435|6.9880557
11756|This is evidenced in the ‘Women, Business and the Law 2016’ report (World Bank, 2015), which finds that 90% of the 173 economies surveyed had at least one law impeding women's economic opportunities. In economies with legal differentiations, survey respondents at fi rms owned or managed by women report paying more bribes. This suggests that a lack of legal parity creates additional business costs for women. This inequality begins with inheritance rights. According to the report’s data, in 33 out of 173 countries sons and daughters do not have equal rights to inherit assets from their parents; 18 of those countries are in the MENA region.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women report legal economies law|9.018293|4.1927032|6.4094415
11757|Despite enshrining the principles of non-discrimination and equality between men and women in constitutions and labour legislation, gender inequalities in the broader legislative framework and in practice continue to affect women’s effective access to employment and career development. Furthermore, some sectors where women account for the majority of the workforce are not regulated or protected by labour law provisions. But challenges remain in ensuring that women enjoy equal opportunity to participate in and influence decision making in parliaments, governments and local councils.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women constitutions parliaments labour enjoy|9.767193|4.4292116|6.8953285
11758|As part of school staff, learning support staff can have an important role in improving teaching effectiveness by supporting teachers and providing children with additional support. The perspective of the paper is twofold: to analyse learning support staff as a resource in itself; and to analyse how learning support staff affect teachers’ use of time and impact on student achievement. The paper describes countries’ current approaches to the use of learning support staff, including the way their role and responsibilities are defined.|SDG 4 - Quality education|staff learning support analyse paper|9.666495|1.842729|2.0148222
11759|For example, they can be aimed at building international connections to facilitate exporting, or connecting with potential clients or suppliers. While face-to-face interactions are always the most effective, the creation of online entrepreneurial networks can be an effective complementary initiative (OECD/EU, 2016). To support SMEs in finding and recruiting highly skilled human capital able to manage and implement in-house innovation processes, the H2020 SME Innovation Associate programme, implemented in EU member states and other Horizon 2020 associated countries, provides grants to SMEs to cover the costs of employing a foreign post-doctoral researcher for up to one year (including salary and travel expenses).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|smes face eu innovation researcher|5.5500727|3.4850025|2.5766408
11760|Such policy strategies involve changes to how the roles of purchaser, provider and oversight are currently organised, how' the purchasing of goods and services and provider reimbursement occur, and how' the health system information infrastructure is set up. Some of these policy alternatives are identified in the light of international experiences in the OECD and elsewhere, and their feasibility assessed specifically in the Colombian context. Section 2.3 presents issues around qualify of health care provision, whilst Section 2.4 deals w-ith heightened concerns in Colombia about the health system’s financial sustainability.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|provider health section purchaser colombian|8.559358|8.685681|2.4072375
11761|Additionally, the recent strategy Educate for a New Citizenship (Educar para una Nueva Ciudadania) aims to ensure that key competences (e.g. sustainable development, digitalisation, global and local citizenship) are transversally addressed across all subjects of the curriculum. However, it is also highly ambitious in the context of Costa Rica’s school system. The full curriculum can only be applied in schools which are open for a full day; teachers have received little training to change their teaching style or leam how to assess competences so far; and limited teaching and learning resources have been provided to help them in these tasks (see Chapter 4).|SDG 4 - Quality education|citizenship competences curriculum teaching style|10.197741|1.6245937|2.6474104
11762|This percentage was similar to that recorded in 2013 and means that at least 133 million workers were informal in 2015. As the slowdown in regional economic growth has persisted (and some economies have actually shrunk), it is highly likely that informal employment has spread further in 2016. The latter have few workers, little capital and a small scale of operations, which makes it difficult for them to achieve an adequate level of productivity and sufficient production volumes.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|informal workers slowdown volumes spread|8.030704|4.2062306|4.7342653
11763|The more promising CO2 reduction potentials range from about 60-80%, but the mitigation benefit could well change significantly if LUC and ILUC scenarios relevant for an actual feedstock cultivation scheme are applied. Any climate mitigation benefit for a pathway may be fully offset, e.g. if land of high carbon stock is converted for feedstock cultivation (SWAFEA, 2011), as is for instance seen in the Partner 2010 study, where rapeseed oil HEFA has a 37% reduction without LUC effects, but a 12% increase for the considered LUC scenario. For other types of feedstock the LUC impacts can be even more pronounced, as demonstrated in the Partner 2010 study, where a considered scenario for palm oil (not listed in table) resulted in GHG emissions more than seven times higher than conventional jet fuel.|SDG 13 - Climate action|feedstock cultivation partner scenario oil|1.4951237|3.168782|2.8805544
11764|The conventional view is insufficient and potentially misleading because it decontextualizes poverty and obscures its origins and mechanisms of reproduction over time and across countries and regions. In minimally complex market economies, exclusion from local or international markets is normally not the cause but, rather, a consequence of poverty. In these economies, poverty tends to be created by the manner in which specific social groups are integrated into the dominant mode of social and economic reproduction.80 It is their modalities of economic and social integration that impose upon the poor highly exploitative labour regimes, including badly paid wage labour, precarious commodity production, insecure self-employment and, potentially, degrading forms of labour, such as child labour. In turn, these labour regimes are associated with low productivity, low incomes and precarious living standards.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labour precarious reproduction regimes poverty|7.0298543|5.9315643|4.9577155
11765|All necessary functions around patient safety, such as development, standard setting, monitoring and control and support for safety improvements in practice, are in place in Denmark. Formally however, all Israeli hospitals are expected to collect information on infections, and report this to the Ministry of Health. The Ministiy is responsible for analysing data to then develop prevention or improvement plans. This information is provided to the public in yearly summaty reports without disclosing hospital identity.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|safety ministiy infections yearly formally|9.187695|9.552596|1.678639
11766|"This sum, it was stressed, was only for subsistence and allowed nothing for the ""cheering luxuries which gladden life. Published in 1901, Rowntree's 'poverty line' (he was the first to use the phrase) claimed to be ""the first attempt to fix a poverty line on scientific lines."" Surveying living conditions among 10,000 working class families in the city of York, he proposed a minimum income level to ensure ""adequate nutrition and other essentials ""6 Rowntree proceeded to divide those judged 'poor' (about 25%) into two groups. The first group he defined as living in 'primary poverty' because they simply did not have enough income to meet their basic needs. Those in 'secondary poverty', on the other hand, were failing to meet their needs not because their incomes were too low but because they spent money on non-essential items (beer and tobacco being judged particularly non-essential)."|SDG 1 - No poverty|judged poverty essential meet line|6.458076|6.382078|5.0509887
11767|The landing obligation means that catches must be processed in land. The catches that are not landed locally on Greenland are, most often, the most profitable seen from a company perspective. The ITQ system which has created significant wealth and concentration of ownership has also been met with some public critique and has been subject to a resource rent taxation since its introduction.|SDG 14 - Life below water|catches critique itq landing landed|-0.18908736|5.725621|6.839203
11768|First, concerns about the physical decline of aquifer systems include changes in both groundwater quantity and groundwater quality available (including salinity), as well as the potential for irreversible land subsidence (e.g. Konikow, 2013). Second, interactions between groundwater and surface water systems have also been a major driver for changes in groundwater policy. For example, concerns over stream depletion have led to the introduction of regulations on groundwater use in a number of transboundary river basins in the United States, including the Pecos River (between Texas and New Mexico), Arkansas River (Kansas and Colorado), and the Republican River (Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado), as well as in other countries such as the Guadalquivir Basin in Spain. The adverse effects of stream depletion on instream habitat and endangered species have also led to regulatory action, for instance in multiple US states.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater river kansas colorado stream|0.7759327|7.4117293|2.7343655
11769|For these reasons governments should refrain from over-zoning and constraining the density of urban development, while still providing well-located industrial land and space for streets. Government intervention is also needed to foster social mixing and to reduce barriers between communities, including provision of affordable housing in a range of urban locations. Weak transport connections between industries and workers harm industrial productivity and job seekers.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|industrial mixing constraining urban seekers|4.0969267|5.211566|1.4077626
11770|Comparing Approaches to Measure Multidimensional Child Poverty, Innocenti Working Paper2016-29, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. Defining and Measuring Poverty and Inequality Post-2015, Journal of International Development, 27(3), 399-414. Using Non-monetary Deprivation Indicators to Analyze Poverty and Social Exclusion: Lessons from Europe?|SDG 1 - No poverty|innocenti poverty analyze defining unicef|7.031114|6.5539284|5.1280365
11771|Myanmar's new telecommunication law opened the sector to competition; in Bangladesh, spectrum for 3G was auctioned. Both nations have experienced operators with the resources to undertake the necessary investments amounting to billions of US dollars (Figure 6.4). Norway's Telenor, operating in over a dozen countries in the world, is active in both countries.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|dozen billions telecommunication amounting opened|4.88416|2.8491836|1.420047
11772|The Ethiopian experience shows that it is possible to implement a large-scale programme that builds assets even when infrastructure and resources are limited (Berhane etal., The average value of livestock holdings for IGVGD and RMP participants increased by 96 and 108 percent, respectively, compared with the control group; on the other hand, there was no statistically significant increase in the case of FSVGD and FFA participants. Households that received training in and undertook income-generating activities did particularly well.|SDG 1 - No poverty|participants undertook holdings ethiopian builds|1.9950728|4.4096894|2.3714864
11773|However, Figure 5 also show's dramatic differences in United States income growth rates in the 1940s, and since 1980. Evidently, there can be quite long periods of unbalanced grow'th. In the 1940s, bottom end incomes grew' much more strongly than those at the top end and American income inequality lessened dramatically - but the last thirty years have been dominated by the opposite dynamic. Real income is expressed at 2011 US Dollars. Tax units are families (see source for details).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|income end unbalanced thirty dramatic|6.7118773|5.232708|4.5972285
11774|There is a risk that education becomes our next steel industry, and schools a relic of the past. But to transform schooling at scale, we need not just a radical, alternative vision of what is possible, but also smart strategies that help make change in education happen. Should they pursue what is most technically feasible?|SDG 4 - Quality education|technically steel radical happen transform|9.157644|2.0006354|2.3700826
11775|The main ones are located in the states of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. To improve the rural extension support, especially to those fanners still not linked to the ATER system, the Federal Government created a National Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ANATER) in 2013. Its role is more oriented to the supply of inputs and technical assistance to the farmers but agricultural research in the private sector is also growing (seeds, equipment, machines, feed, agrochemicals, etc.).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rio extension assistance technical paulo|3.5800197|4.8084126|3.6402447
11776|Remarkably, the share of spending on repair of buildings has declined from a tiny 2.9% to an even tinier 2.3%, and a similar trend can be observed with the share of spending on equipment, which fell from 4.4% to 0.5%. This calculation is the ratio of total central budget by total number of students financed by State resources. The figures on state-financed students are given in Figure 8.3. According to verbal information shared with the review team by the Planning and Financing Unit of SAPTE, per-capita financing varies according to the area of study, and fluctuates from KGS 12 000 to KGS 15 000.|SDG 4 - Quality education|financed spending financing according students|9.148101|2.045772|2.6761
11777|This section discusses sustainable conservation based on the ecosystem approach as a new paradigm for risk management in fisheries. A significant positive correlation was observed between the Aleutian Low Pressure Index (ALPI) and carrying capacity at the species level. Residual carrying capacity was significantly positively correlated with body size and negatively related to age at maturity in chum salmon (O. keta) as an example of a density-dependent effect (Kaeriyama, 2008). On the other hand, the biomass of wild chum salmon populations in the 1990s decreased to 50 per cent of 1930s levels, despite a significant increase in hatchery populations (Figure 3.4.1).|SDG 14 - Life below water|salmon carrying populations maturity capacity|-0.15568447|6.05251|6.335667
11778|However, there is more that the country can do to strengthen teacher professional development in schools. Other research confirms that teacher professional development is most effective when it is collaborative and embedded in classroom practice (Cole, 2012). Notably, a stronger teacher evaluation system could inform career progression and differentiation in Costa Rica and the allocation of teacher allowances.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher professional confirms differentiation progression|10.036657|1.4371306|2.5299509
11779|But trends in poverty by age have been changing. The OECD (2008) reported that people who have seen the biggest income gains over the last two decades are those around retirement age (55-75), while young people (aged 16-24) and children have seen their relative income decline. As a consequence, the rate of pensioner poverty has fallen, with very large declines in some countries, and is now below the OECD population average. For older pensioners, those aged over 75, the risk of poverty also remains relatively high, at 1.5 times the population average with single older women being particularly at risk.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty aged older seen age|7.7016935|5.5734124|4.6666374
11780|In couples with a female partner aged 25 to 45 years old and at least one child, women's earnings in Germany account for just below one-quarter of household incomes on averages. Similar patterns can be found in Austria and Switzerland (EUSILC, 2012 and Figure 1.3, Panel B). By contrast, in France, Sweden, and Denmark, female partners contribute over 35% to household income, on average (Chapter 4). Couples with both partners not working are excluded.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|couples partners female household averages|9.1240225|5.1421156|5.3566623
11781|L’ instauration de droits de scolarite universels, parallelement a des prets remboursables en fonction des ressources, pourrait apporter une solution & ces problemes. Ce Document de travail se rapporte a VEtude economique de l'OCDE de la Slovenie 2011 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Slovenie). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. However, the system faces important challenges.|SDG 4 - Quality education|des etudes droits economique ocde|8.092406|3.0705612|1.5616428
11782|However, the implementation of enquiry-based science teaching is fraught with challenges. For instance, minimally guided discovery', project-based learning, and enquiry learning are sometimes lumped under the same heading even though the level of teacher involvement might differ from one practice to another. This results in the application of blanket criticism of strategies that, in practice, are very different from one another (Hmelo-Silver, Duncan and Chinn, 2007).|SDG 4 - Quality education|enquiry practice silver learning heading|8.996881|1.253607|2.2171474
11783|The result of these land-use changes is that significant quantities of C02 stored in the soil are released. Certification systems also emerge to promote sustainability of both first- and second-generation biofuels. A key advantage of second-generation biofuels is that energy yields are much higher, particularly outside the tropical regions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|biofuels generation second stored tropical|1.3986913|3.0411644|2.7370944
11784|Hence, federal revenues from irrigation districts were smaller then the costs of operating and maintaining the Central Valley Project. The United States Congress passed the Reclamation Reform Act of 1982, which required the price of irrigation water in all new contracts to fully cover operation and maintenance costs (GAO, 1991). In addition, a 1986 statutory requirement empowered the Secretary of Interior to adjust water prices if the rates were considered too low to allow full recovery of the appropriate share of the project’s capital repayment obligation by 2030.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation project reclamation empowered interior|1.2690213|7.6256995|2.5122364
11785|Section 3 investigates strategies to promote quality vocational training including apprenticeships, while Section 4 focuses on the support to at-risk students. For a more detailed description and assessment of the Latvian education system, see OECD (2015e). The national Ministry' of Education and Science (MoES) has a supervisory duty, and, through the subordinated National Centre for Education, sets national educational standards, and determines curricula and examination procedures. It provides the regulatory framework for the provision of vocational education and employs the heads of VET establishments.1 It also maintains the register of occupational standards, and studies the skill demands of the labour market.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education vocational national section standards|8.485277|2.7875023|2.7748053
11786|This means that information currently communicated by countries to the UNFCCC does not represent a complete picture of climate finance mobilised or received. Existing reviews only encompass climate finance provided by Annex II countries. Thus, information on climate finance provided by other developed countries is not reviewed, and neither is information on climate finance mobilised. Information on climate finance, whether provided, mobilised or received, is not currently included in the scope of multilateral assessment or facilitative sharing of views (though finance provided and mobilised will be included “multilateral consideration” under the Paris Agreement). Recent reviews of the second biennial reports (BRs) from Annex I countries indicate that almost half of the 24 Annex II BR2s reviewed provided complete information on climate support. This is a significant improvement from BR1, where information from only four of these countries’ was assessed as complete.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mobilised finance climate information provided|1.4060591|3.7493322|0.6719182
11787|Its aim is to shift generation of energy from conventional fuels, such as oil and coal, to renewable fuels. A proportion of the revenues under the initiative is earmarked for sustainable energy projects in developing countries. It is currently implementing the project on climate-neutral energy supply for rural areas in India, and a CDM project for local electrification/replacement of fuel generators in villages and small towns in Burkina Faso. Development and deployment of renewables constitute the lion’s share of registered CDM projects (60 per cent as at 1 July 200913). It includes a sizeable number of registered and validated projects involving fuel switching and the deployment of RETs, some of which concern rural communities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cdm deployment projects registered fuels|1.971052|2.4335463|2.314122
11788|The project has shown improved test results for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and liver function abnormalities. The service includes programmes that encourage older persons' participation in health promotion activities or reach out to those who are living alone to reduce health-related anxieties and prevent their isolation or neglect. The introduction of a maternity health check-up through video conferencing, which enabled die sharing of data between midwives in Tono City and physicians in other locations, made it possible for pregnant women to receive perinatal services. In 2008, that model was adapted for use in the health management of older persons in Tono City, where diere were few medical facilities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health persons older city midwives|8.844726|8.144475|3.8219495
11789|However, military conscription develops vocational skills in engineering and trades for the Jewish population. Legislative changes which occurred in 2002 and 2003 made eligibility for unemployment benefits stricter, particularly during vocational training. The result was a reduction in the scope of training for the unemployed, less participation in vocational training and shorter length of coursers (OECD, 2010a.) Policy maintains clear distinction between the university and college sectors, for example the state funding formulae differ. For both sectors student fees are regulated, uniform and fairly modest. The first universities were established in the 1920s, and the last was set up in the 1970s.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vocational training formulae sectors stricter|8.647736|2.6484733|2.8415399
11790|Chapter 2 then focuses on the national urban policy frameworks supporting urban development at the local and regional levels. Chapter 3 focuses on Viet Nam’s endeavour to foster green growth in urban areas. Chapter 4 evaluates Viet Nam’s urban governance architecture and institutions. They are subdivided into district-level administrative units, and further into municipalities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban chapter viet nam focuses|4.1162972|5.0805006|1.6943967
11791|These periods coincide with distinct phases in the population policy and family planning programmes in the Islamic Republic of Iran (see Abbasi-Shavazi, McDonald and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2009). There was no active family planning programme before 1985 and fertility was high during this period. The onset of fertility decline began in 1985 and was followed by the introduction of the family planning programme in 1989.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|family planning fertility coincide programme|9.139216|5.805439|6.0073485
11792|The prevalence of smoking is more than twice as high among those with the lowest level of education. More dramatically, the level of obesity among the population with the lowest level of education is nearly three times higher than those with the highest level of education. On top of this, CNS is also responsible for the financing of long-term care insurance. The Ministry of Social Security and the Ministry of Health are jointly responsible for health system governance. The Ministry of Health develops health policy and legislation, organises the delivery of care, authorises large hospital investments and directly cofinances public health programmes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health ministry level lowest responsible|8.760091|9.051058|2.2644207
11793|This is a 6- to 15-month learning system that brings together clinicians, managers and other individuals within a service to seek improvement in a focused area. An issue for improvement is identified; key individuals with the capacity or accountability to bring about change are brought together; objectives and metrics are agreed; the plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycle of change is started; and repeated as new learning or opportunities emerge. Some examples of improvements include the reliable implementation of care processes that prevent Intensive Care Unit acquired infections. Initiatives to prevent ventilator acquired pneumonia and central venous catheter related infections have been widely implemented, with evidence of improvements in clinical outcomes across Scotland.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|infections acquired prevent improvements improvement|9.228338|9.506511|1.577124
11794|Parents also prefer schools with populations ethnically and socio-economically similar to their own family (Crozier and al., In Sweden, access to tertiary education depends on the school-leaving certificate from upper secondary school or a municipal adult education progr amme. Grades thus play an important role. Students can also qualify for admission to a higher education institution by taking the Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test (Hogskoleprovet), which measures different knowledge and skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education aptitude school qualify admission|9.77585|2.5912752|2.6203876
11795|In 2012, about 10% of the variance in mathematics score to PISA test was explained by the socio-economic background of students in Korea. On average across the OECD about 15% of the variance in PISA mathematics score is explained by socio-economic background reaching more than 15% in countries such as France and Germany. As in most other OECD countries, the variation in PISA mathematics score is higher within schools than between schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|score mathematics pisa variance explained|9.698309|2.2038512|3.1043174
11796|A fall in earnings is more common in Estonia where more than 41% of persistent temporary workers experienced a fall in earnings, as shown by moving to a lower quintile. A related concern is whether this wage differential has a long-lasting impact on wages over the career, or whether temporary workers can catch up with their counterparts who started permanent jobs earlier. Spells of low-paid jobs may lead to depreciation in human capital, which may compromise the possibility to find better-paid jobs and thus generate persistence in low-paid employment. On the other hand, non-employment may lead to a larger loss of human capital and often has a scarring effect on subsequent employment; getting any job, even a low-paid, less stable job or one involving limited hours, is therefore often put forward as a way to improve future employment and wage prospects.|SDG 1 - No poverty|paid employment jobs temporary fall|7.887608|4.340526|4.3148427
11797|The project was implemented over the course of 15 years using a community forestry approach both to generate income and to stabilize slopes that had become exposed as a result of environmental degradation and were consequently at risk of landslides. The assessment of the project was conducted in close consultation with communities and the results encompassed a greater diversification of livelihoods and improved watersheds, together with a decrease in the risks from landslides. This highlights the importance of management of ecosystems and livelihoods as the basis for an integrated strategy for climate change adaptation and development (Renaud, Sudmeier-Rieux and Estrella, eds.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|landslides livelihoods encompassed project slopes|1.599239|5.002333|2.90669
11798|As noted, limited accountability mechanisms combined w ith a lack of aw'areness within the public service, have been identified as main barriers to advancing gender equality initiatives and mainstreaming by more than 40% of the countries responding to the survey. Strengthening implementation and accountability mechanisms, supported by a whole-of-govemment approach, could significantly advance the implementation of gender equality and mainstreaming initiatives to support the full empowerment of women for countries’ competitiveness and growth. A recent global synthesis report on national gender institutions concludes that legal reforms appear to be a major area of achievement for these mechanisms.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mechanisms mainstreaming accountability gender equality|9.880771|4.3481236|7.3135557
11799|Access to public goods remains highly unequal even within urban areas, often putting the social fabric at risk. African cities are facing an unprecedented combination of developmental challenges together with rising environmental risks such as unsafe sanitation, climate change and air pollution. Are urbanisation trends sustainable in your country?|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fabric unsafe unprecedented putting developmental|4.4531326|4.867544|2.1336386
11800|In such cases, the international community should ideally provide the finance, technology transfer and technical support needed for pursuing further decarbonization of LDC power sectors. Similarly, environmental sustainability considerations call for an adequate assessment of the options for the safe disposal or recycling of generation apparatus containing potentially hazardous materials (notably solar panels), or — in the case of large-scale hydroelectricity projects — of their potential social and environmental impact on river-based ecosystems and related communities. While the costs of storage technologies have declined rapidly over the last few years and may make battery storage a feasible option in due course, this is not yet the case in all LDCs (at least not at mini-grid or utility scale).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|storage decarbonization scale hydroelectricity mini|1.5893389|2.05168|2.1458733
11801|It gives member states considerable flexibility in terms of which elements are included within the SEA process, provided that the process achieves the overall objective of assessing (and, where necessary, addressing) environmental considerations. Again, the use of SEAs in Austria does not specifically require consideration of climate change adaptation, other than indirectly through the requirement to assess the likely evolution of the environment in the absence of the programme or plan being assessed. However, the absence of a requirement to assess adaptation does not preclude this step if it appears to be relevant. The test, applied whenever federal regulations were proposed or revised, covered both climate change adaptation and mitigation. Introduced in 2008 as part of the implementation of the Climate Change Strategy, it was supported by a range of capacity-building activities co-ordinated by the BMLFUW. The test started with an initial screening process to determine if climate change was likely to be relevant; if so, this was followed by an assessment process and then the consideration of options to address any negative impact.|SDG 13 - Climate action|process climate change adaptation requirement|1.2195333|4.775719|1.6354959
11802|Likewise, the equalising effect of benefits could be determined by comparing Gini values for net-of-tax incomes on one hand, and net-of-tax incomes plus benefits (= disposable income) on the other. The reason is that benefits and taxes interact with each other in different ways across countries. As a result, the sequence used for the Gini comparisons of the different tax/benefit elements matters, and can make a significant difference for the results (the sequence is obviously not an issue when calculating redistribution for the tax-benefit system as a whole).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tax sequence gini benefits net|6.870558|5.1325264|4.6447124
11803|In addition, being one of the instruments of the water resources policy, the fundamentals, concepts and guidelines to be followed should be consistent with those that guided the formulation of the Water Resources Management Systems - both at the national and state levels - especially in terms of decentralisation and participation. Should the national plan or the state plan be understood as a sum of the river basin plans? Conceptually, the answer is no. From this perspective, on the top of the tendency for “accommodation” and transfer of responsibilities, and resistances in the implementation of charges for water use, there will be a conceptual inconsistency leading to the substitution of an effective decentralisation by a deconcentration of tasks.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|decentralisation water plan fundamentals conceptually|0.9142977|7.200083|1.7955701
11804|A network of competent actors (the case managers) are mobilised to support the student in different tasks leading up to a full post-compulsory qualification. Support is designed to be tailor-made and empowering and can include support in choosing a pathway or finding an apprenticeship place upon finishing compulsory education, in getting back to education after drop-out as well as a range of additional support measures for young people with more general educational and social problems. Duration of case management is variable and depends on individual needs. They had to develop a concrete project proposal by 2007 which was approved by the Federal government (Bundesamt fur Berufsbildung und Technologie, BBT) who funds the initiative.|SDG 4 - Quality education|support compulsory und fur tailor|8.376657|2.3970678|2.4637885
11805|It means seeing students’ language capacities as part of their personal, social and cultural identity and welcoming it as a tool for learning and understanding (Holmen, 2009). This will help children bridge the gap between their home and school and ensure that their cultural and language background is valued as much as that of the majority (Brind et al., This can be a way to validate and signal proficiency in another language and to devise best suited support strategies in language learning for each individual child. Moreover, to acknowledge that a student knows a language other than Danish is a first step towards attaching a value to that knowledge.|SDG 4 - Quality education|language cultural learning devise validate|10.039326|2.7111518|2.5499706
11806|To now, the choice of pedagogy has often been made ad hoc or based on whatever a teacher had encountered in their teacher education or their own schooling (Lortie, 2002). But where teachers are supported by high quality teacher education and strong professional infrastructures, they are enabled to make concerted decisions about pedagogy, acting as designers of learning by selecting approaches with a clear sense of their intended impact (Jensen et al., But, developing and selecting pedagogies involves more than working out what is “effective” as indicated by impact on diverse measures of learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher selecting pedagogy jensen learning|8.842019|1.5035857|1.8280207
11807|These movements posed important questions about how' the education system defined the opportunities available to Chileans throughout their lives, and questioned unequal access to education in Chile. Activists called into question the structural constraints imposed by the market-oriented model, which was left unchallenged after the country’s return to democracy. The student movement demanded that the pow'er of education be returned to the state, that the voucher system be eliminated and that profit-making activities be banned at schools receiving state funds.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education pow demanded voucher banned|10.173138|1.9626094|2.445062
11808|The chapter furthermore discusses the recent increase in the use of certification schemes in fisheries and aquaculture, discusses the points of view of the consumers, retailers, processors and fishers. Who are the key stakeholders in the market for certification? How do they influence the market for certification schemes? These are key questions that are examined in this chapter.|SDG 14 - Life below water|certification discusses schemes chapter key|0.11550164|5.79023|6.714492
11809|In contrast, the share of renewables as a fraction of TPES remained at 3 per cent in high income countries and 46-45 per cent in low income economies. Renewable energy sources now account for the majority of TPES in Nepal (84 per cent), Myanmar (75 per cent), Cambodia (72 per cent),Tajikistan (64 per cent) and Sri Lanka (53 percent). However, there is no uniform definition of renewable energy (Box 1), and large hydropower plants can have undesirable environmental and social impacts.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cent tpes renewable undesirable lanka|1.4548682|2.374854|2.57133
11810|Thus, it is extremely important to determine the effects that each of these factors exerts on poverty. Since growth alone cannot explain alterations in poverty levels, we treat income inequality as a factor in these, seeking to evaluate the hypothesis that the more unequal a country is, the less effective economic growth will be at reducing poverty (Bourguignon, 2003). These latter variables are estimated by applying a dynamic econometric panel data model developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundel and Bond (1998).|SDG 1 - No poverty|bond poverty alterations bourguignon econometric|6.278059|5.535959|4.956405
11811|There are considerable wind, tidal, ocean, thermal and wave energy resources available in some ECOWAS countries. The region also has vast solar energy potential with very high radiation averages of 5 to 6 kWh/m2 throughout the year. The share of new renewable energy such as wind, solar, small scale hydro and bioelectricity (excluding large hydro) will increase to around 10 per cent by 2020 and 19 per cent by 2030. These targets translate to an additional 2.425 MW of renewable electricity capacity by 2020 and 7.606 MW by 2030.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mw hydro solar wind energy|1.5005931|1.9600446|2.4360337
11812|Nuclear energy, which produces electricity domestically, can obviously reduce such dependence. The internal dimension instead is about creating the appropriate incentive mechanisms and framework to allow public and private actors to invest in adequate levels of production and transport capacity that provide continuous access to energy services at stable prices. Again, as a continuously operating baseload technology with very predictable operating costs, nuclear energy is poised to play a positive role. However, one needs to point out that the stability of operating costs is an advantage that is not always fully transmitted to consumers due to the peculiar price-setting mechanism in electricity markets. This element notwithstanding, the advantages continue to accrue of course at the societal level even if they are captured by electric utilities rather than by the retail consumer. Chapter 3 subsequently developed a specific composite indicator that enables the measurement of the level of security energy supply as well as the contribution of nuclear energy over the past 40 years, for those OECD countries for which a consistent data set was available.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy nuclear operating electricity baseload|1.1424658|1.7769159|1.8485254
11813|Among the 62 countries where at least 5 per cent of the population practised open defecation in 2015,18 countries are currently on track to meet the 2030 target. In another 36 countries, the current rate of progress is too slow to reach the target. For the remaining eight countries, open defecation rates have actually increased since 2000. It can contaminate drinking water sources and limit opportunities for safe and productive reuse of water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|defecation open countries target practised|1.7848668|6.895348|2.5862918
11814|It examines how governance arrangements and policy practices have changed over the past two decades, and which challenges have been emerging, both as a result of processes such as globalisation and regionalisation, and new developments and innovations in the organisation of government and policy design and delivery. Key areas in which governance needs to be improved are discussed, including mobilising actors and resources for innovation; improving co-ordination and coherence of policies and different layers of government; addressing worldwide the great societal challenges that need to be faced on a global scale; setting priorities in resource allocation accordingly; and improving the measurement of innovation. This includes creating and maintaining favourable framework conditions for - and removing barriers to - innovation, as well as dedicated policies to foster innovation on a broad base: enhancing technology absorption and capacity building, notably in SMEs, fostering networking and clustering, and leveraging research and development (R&D) in various ways.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation governance improving challenges absorption|5.3618946|3.4824963|2.4877937
11815|The Directorate provides management for all three protected areas, based on an individual law for each one and corresponding management and business plans. Significant investment has been made in developing the infrastructure ofthese protected areas, including development of awareness and education programmes. Entrance fees were introduced in Biambare, which help to finance management activities. In Vrelo Bosne, new jobs have been created, as have additional sources of income for the local communities associated with this protected area (i.e. a special station for fiacre rides and an area for trade in souvenirs).|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected management area entrance station|1.910803|5.1652346|3.544695
11816|In the case of remote sites, cable routing is frequently required to cross rivers and dams, which has to be taken into account in the planning. In this context, a lot of new technology was invented by engineers. The project is a first in applying a communication project to water conservation, thereby filling a gap in terms of the acceptance of long-distance communication projects in water conservation. The story of this project can easily be copied and used by other countries or communities.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|project communication conservation invented cable|0.9882323|7.20389|1.9910102
11817|In particular, the two main policy tools are: i) statutory minimum wages; and ii) reductions of social security contributions paid by employers for low-pay/low-skilled workers, and sometimes young workers. The balance of this international empirical evidence suggests that minimum wages that are too high can have a negative impact on youth employment and on enrolment in education. This also serves to truncate wage distribution, and transforms the minimum wage into a reference wage for a large portion of the workforce. While a very large share of the workforce is paid at the minimum wage (SMIC) in France (15% versus an OECD average of about 5%), the share of workers aged under 25 on the SMIC is more than double that of their elders (35% versus 13% of workers aged 25 or more) (Groupe d’experts sur le SMIC, 2009). Ultimately, the over-representation of youth in France among minimum-wage employees is less pronounced than in the other OECD countries with a statutory minimum wage. For example, in Canada more than 60% of all minimum-wage workers are aged under 25 (OECD, 2008c) compared with only 17% in France.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|minimum wage workers aged france|7.899138|4.5086465|4.427354
11818|This can be achieved by building economic, social and environmental resilience for women and men, enhancing their productivity, and accelerating the pace of structural economic transformation in the region. This report explores where and how progress in gender equality has been made and how best to accelerate the pace of gender advancement in Africa. Its focus on gender equality comes at a time of tremendous change across the continent, including recent dynamics of social and economic transformation that have resulted in significant strides in Africa’s human development.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pace transformation gender equality economic|9.54201|4.492823|7.0777493
11819|Finally, gender inequality cripples economic growth by reducing women’s contribution in the economic, social and political spheres (Bandiera and Natraj, 2013). A gender analysis needs to take account of both gender perspectives and how policies can affect men and women differently. In 1985, at the Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi, participants agreed to develop or reorganise their national information systems to compile and disseminate statistics on women and men in order to better address gender issues.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender women men nairobi disseminate|9.4701|4.4663935|7.0161777
11820|Official support to research activities has grown steadily during the past years from USD 5.5 billion in 2010 to USD 7.0 billion in 2016. While research spending is increasing, concessional finance used for ICTs and technology transfers has been static following a decline between 2010 and 2012. Support towards innovation increased sharply in 2016 because of additional funding to innovative projects across sectors by several DAC members, including Canada, EU institutions, Germany, Sweden and the United States.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|usd billion research static concessional|5.084211|3.344025|2.1648798
11821|Many EECCA countries have already benefited from international climate funds that are either established as standalone funds or financed by bilateral and multilateral financiers. The GEF is also an operating entity for other multilateral environmental treaties such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification. All the EECCA countries have accessed climate-related development finance from the GEF No data on finance approved by the GCF is included in the analysis in this chapter (as the database used here covers the period 2013-14), while the GCF Board has approved two projects from the EECCA countries as of 1 July 2016.|SDG 13 - Climate action|eecca gcf gef multilateral approved|1.857528|3.7683327|1.2852747
11822|However, in the SNA ancillary refers to basic, routine services to support production activities that are required by all enterprises. When they are provided in-house, they are called ancillary activities, e.g. cleaning premises, running the staff payroll or providing the information technology infrastructure for the enterprise, etc. Health care classes involve final consumption and include all cost components, e.g. e-medicine is expected to be included in the resources accounted for. E-medicine is the use, in the health system, of digital data - transmitted, stored and retrieved electronically - in support of health care, both at the local site and at a distance.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ancillary medicine health retrieved sna|8.917332|9.506861|1.6683087
11823|However, the economy is now slowing at a time when inequality remains uery high, making future social progress challenging. This chapter discusses how to achieve greater social inclusiveness against the background of weaker medium-term growth. First, it argues that Chile needs to increase income redistribution through its tax and transfer system towards levels prevailing in other OECD countries. Although existing social transfers are effective in combatting poverty, their size remains small and many households at the bottom of the ladder are not reached by them. Second, the chapter argues that labour earnings should be less disparate, as they explain around 70% of income inequality.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|argues remains social inequality combatting|6.5846004|5.2941937|4.712594
11824|"Among the lessons learned is that these experiences facilitate the access of non-indigenous people to the indigenous health system and facilitate a ""dialogue of wisdoms"" between men and women practitioners in the health systems. Intercultural health experiences have led to mechanisms for coordination between indigenous and official health systems even where they do not share the same facilities. The coordination is based on referral and counter-referral agreements."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indigenous referral health coordination experiences|9.618419|8.258449|3.3264413
11825|The purpose of this project is to establish a closer cooperation between different Governmental agencies in the work against illegal, unregistered and unreported fishing. These ministries, in addition to the Higher Prosecuting Authority, are represented in the projects steering committee. The project is a network of professional analysts from the Directorate of Fisheries, Norwegian Coast Guard, Police, the Taxation Department, the Custom department and the Norwegian Coastal Administration.|SDG 14 - Life below water|norwegian department project unregistered guard|-0.0870719|5.702655|6.6969004
11826|"Following Spain, Japan will preside over the International Transport Forum and its annual summit in 2012. The 2012 summit on ""Seamless Transport: Making Connections"" will take place on 2-4 May 2012 in Leipzig, Germany. Our first duty as those responsible for this sector is to respond to this challenge in an appropriate manner. The panel sessions and discussions at the 2011 summit again provided ample proof of this. The range of issues which the Forum has been working on since its creation, and on which it has given interesting recommendations, reflect the challenges faced by transport in relation to society's demands."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|summit transport forum ample proof|4.115007|4.8751|0.8118223
11827|At present, different land uses—industrial activities, farming, natural areas, touristic zones, infrastructure, and residential zones—are sometimes located in close proximity to one another, which can lead to conflict. The increasing emphasis on natural resource based tourism is exacerbating some associated land use conflicts. Increased tourism numbers leads to congestion at a minimum and may reduce the inherent quality of the natural resources that are a primary reason for visiting the region, especially in the mountains and the hillsides near the city of Clermont-Ferrand.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|natural zones tourism ferrand exacerbating|3.9006436|5.852722|1.8101213
11828|The second section focuses on variations within countries and across time, and explores how changes in student-teacher ratios, class size, teacher compensation, and school autonomy for selecting teachers are related to performance trends across all PISA-participating countries and economies. The last section focuses on variations within countries, and explores how teachers' qualifications and experience, teacher turnover, and support for teachers' professional learning are related to school-level outcomes. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher teachers explores variations focuses|9.606617|1.6202562|2.5856264
11829|Prior to the project start, there was a clear expectation that there would be a majority of male participants. This assumption was based on the observation that by the onset of the project in 2011/2012 there was a situation in which many unskilled men had to find new (types of) jobs due to the financial crisis. It has turned out in the process, however, that women's unemployment increased, which has led to a gradual increase in the number of women on the teams. This means that the initial expectation that most men would take up the offer has been replaced by an even gender distribution, so that according to self-assessments of the project there is a 50% distribution between the sexes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|expectation project distribution men sexes|9.148595|4.200479|5.9368286
11830|Every year, CONAGUA draws up the Investment Program and Project Planning Document, which establishes the investment objectives, strategies and priorities for the development of the water sector in the medium term, according to the objectives and strategies defined in the six-year National Water Program. However, these documents focus on the use of federal budgetary resources and do not set targets across all sector actors for financing the policy objectives: they are public expenditure plans, rather than financial plans. At the local level, the Mexico City has included a financial plan in its 20-year water management plan (see Box 3.6).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|objectives program year water plans|1.6526866|7.1910024|1.8270112
11831|Turkey has various priorities to address, including improving equity between regions and urban and rural areas; addressing the needs of disadvantaged students; preparing quality teachers and school leaders; improving access to and completion of upper secondary education, vocational education and training (VET), and tertiary education; strengthening links to the labour market; and adequately funding the education system. The Basic Education Programme (1997) and the Secondary Project (2006-11), both with the World Bank, aimed to improve quality of education at these different levels. The Master Implementation Plan (2001-05) included multiple projects by UNICEF to improve both equity and quality of the education system. Initiatives in VET and tertiary education have been developed with the European Union to improve alignment with European standards.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education vet improve tertiary quality|9.063712|2.5270853|2.7077906
11832|New content included chapters in biology textbooks that describe the work of female scientists to illustrate women’s contribution to the progress of science. The sections entitled “Careers in Physics”, for example, cite women who have been successful in their fields of work. History manuals, too, discuss gender equality and the historical background to the changes in women’s traditional roles. One of the four key elements in the initiative is the expansion of Summer Schools for STEM students to include a greater number of girls and disadvantaged students. Under the National Innovation and Science Agenda (NISA), the Australian Government is initially investing AUD 13 million over 2016-17 to 2019-20 to encourage more girls and women to study STEM and pursue STEM-based and entrepreneurial careers. Opening Doors” is a project from the Institute of Physics that seeks to help schools and teachers counter gender stereotyping in STEM subjects.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stem physics careers women science|9.378635|3.5885313|5.8664317
11833|Practice models need to be innovative, with more scope and greater diversity. The poor take-up of some rural relocation incentives, despite two waves of reform, reinforces the international evidence base suggesting that financial incentives are often limited in their capacity to change preferences for where doctors work. Many Australian universities have taken the lead in encouraging student doctors to gain experience in rural areas. There is scope to make this obligatory, for instance in the form of compulsory rural rotations as part of medical internships.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|doctors rural scope incentives obligatory|9.342786|8.681787|1.9420077
11834|Funded courses will enable graduates to develop a career in engineering having achieved a first degree in a non-engineering discipline (typically, students are not eligible for additional student loans when pursuing a degree at the same level as one which they already have). About GBP 1.7 million has been allocated to 28 projects as part of the Engineering Conversion course pilot scheme. The funding will support one collaborative project with higher education and industry that improves graduate employability and addresses identified skill needs. The funding is available to HEFCE-funded higher education institutions with existing course provision in computer science or information technology.|SDG 4 - Quality education|engineering funded course degree funding|7.8198543|2.6139503|2.633989
11835|According to the latest PISA report on students’ well-being (OECD, 2017), 44% of students reported that they expect to complete tertiary education on average across OECD countries. Only 26% of students in the bottom quarter of PISA ESCS index reported that they expect to complete university, as compared with 66% of students from the top ESCS index on average across OECD countries. In Germany, the Netherlands, Slovenia, less than 10% of students reported that they expect to attain a university degree.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students expect escs reported complete|9.198928|2.5367055|3.1327236
11836|This is the concept of risk and is computed as the number of fatalities among a given road user group, divided by the total distance or total number of trips travelled by this group over a given period. Some would argue that time is a more appropriate choice, especially when comparisons are made across modes. Others, constrained by a lack of data, use trips as the denominator.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|trips group denominator travelled given|4.2172155|5.2034054|-0.0038031312
11837|Taxes on energy or energy-related CO2 emissions are now found in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom. In target-setting programmes that involve the use of energy taxes, such as in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, rewards for meeting agreed-upon targets are provided in the form of a reduction of the required energy tax. However, tax rates on energy use for agriculture are much lower than those imposed on the whole economy (Figure 5.2). One of the reasons for this is that fuel used in agriculture is often exempt from tax. Fuel tax exemptions provide no signal with respect to external costs, thereby encouraging over-use.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|tax energy netherlands taxes kingdom|1.6888463|2.7948313|2.1677399
11838|Ensuring equal access to finance for female and male entrepreneurs through actions that influence both the supply of and demand for finance by: easing access to finance for viable businesses owned by men and women; taking steps to improve the knowledge and attitudes of financial institutions; increasing the awareness of finance sources and tools among women entrepreneurs; and, encouraging more women to join business angel networks or venture capital firms. Specific examples of good practices ensuring gender equality and non-discrimination in MENA constitutions (cont.) These examples provide references for mainstreaming the principle of equality between men and women while protecting the family, motherhood and childhood in respect of their culture and social values. They also comply with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 3 of the International Covenants of 1966 and Article 2 (a) of the CEDAW (1979).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|finance women entrepreneurs article examples|9.319399|4.307016|6.8453035
11839|The challenge will be to orient the health care system to help people with multiple chronic conditions. Biomedical research on chronic diseases generally focuses on single chronic diseases like diabetes while often ignoring the co-existing conditions a diabetic may have. In fact, people with multiple chronic conditions are often excluded from randomised clinical trials which make it difficult to create an evidence base to guide their care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|chronic conditions diseases multiple biomedical|9.402167|9.168441|2.0752892
11840|In terms of small-scale fisheries, 91 000 fishermen are currently registered (Panel D). The Undersecretariat for Fisheries and Aquaculture defines policies and the regulatory framework. The National Fisheries Service and Aquaculture controls, monitors and inspects the enforcement of the national fisheries and aquaculture regulation.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries aquaculture fishermen monitors defines|-0.05849755|5.8458433|6.697825
11841|Thus the process of economic development is normally unbalanced, with some firms and sectors gaining market shares at the expense of others, and new products and production processes replacing older ones in a process of “creative destruction” (Schumpeter, 1942/2003). In this process, the accumulation of capital and knowledge (including that acquired through learning by doing) tends to concentrate wealth and economic power even further. But irrespective of cross-country differences in the level of effective inequality, the increase in inequality over time has given rise to growing concerns in many countries about its social and economic repercussions.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|process economic inequality unbalanced repercussions|6.5953355|4.8940153|4.5672226
11842|A national child benefit provides supplementary income for eligible low-income families in all provinces and territories, except in Quebec, where access is higher and eligible low-income families have free access to regulated ECEC. A national Universal Child Care Benefit program issues a taxable $100 monthly payment to families for each child under the age of six to help cover the cost of child care. Public primary and secondary education is provided free of charge to students who meet age and residence requirements, and some provinces and territories have extended the length of compulsory education from age 16 to age 18.|SDG 4 - Quality education|child age families territories provinces|9.358895|2.9459896|2.275164
11843|"But it can also be oppressive and exploitative, hampering caregivers’ opportunities and enjoyment of rights. As the feminist economist Diane Elson puts it, the fact that much unpaid care work “is done for love, does not mean that we always love doing it. Although the state may not finance or deliver all forms of support, it has a duty to ensure that such support is available, accessible and of adequate quality for everyone. But women's time is not ""infinitely elastic,"" and coping strategies can produce unintended outcomes.4 In the context of health crises, girls can miss out on school because of time spent fetching water and looking after bed-ridden family members."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|love elson hampering exploitative elastic|9.020816|5.1872873|6.032735
11844|The estimated correlation is 0.51. See OECD Employment Outlook 2014, notably Annex 3.A1. The need to tailor these models to the self-employed is recognised in the research literature and some progress has been made. For example, rather than autonomy, negotiation power is suggested to be a better indicator of job resources for this group.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tailor negotiation outlook correlation recognised|8.155828|4.2870855|4.5156064
11845|It is free of charge and comprises 26 weeks of full-time studies. The programme provides academic and work experience evaluation, training and career guidance, in addition to support from the Public Employment Service with internship placement and during the internship. The requirements to be accepted into the programme include having completed a minimum of three years of higher education outside of the Nordic region, to be enrolled in the Public Employment Service and to speak basic Swedish (A2 on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) (Stockholm University, 2018(142])- However, it is unclear how many teachers with an immigrant background participate in this training programme.|SDG 4 - Quality education|internship programme service training stockholm|9.912224|2.6328008|2.6251476
11846|Divergence between statutory (formal) law and customary and/or religious law can be addressed at the highest level, namely with constitutional protections. The Uganda National Land Policy (Final Draft) also commits to reform customary law, to modify the rules of transmission of land rights under customary land tenure, to guarantee gender equality and equity; and to ensure that the decisions of traditional land management institutions uphold constitutional rights and obligations with regard to gender equality. In this policy, the Government of Uganda specifically commits to protect the rights of access to, inheritance and ownership of land for women and children, and to address the existing gender inequality and ensure that both men and women enjoy equal rights to land before marriage, in marriage, after marriage, and at succession, without discrimination.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|land customary marriage rights commits|9.281472|5.078844|7.239448
11847|Sustainable urbanisation” and corresponding activities in the VGGS and VGGAP could also be fine-tuned to reflect the increasing role of cities. Policy solutions and activities within the VGGS and VGGAP relevant to urban green growth (cont.) Human resource training #38: Support development of human resources for green jobs and development Source: VGGS and VGGAP. All the PGGAPs examined for this report have a focus on urban areas and include concrete projects that encompass issues from urban planning to capacity building or urban infrastructure investment (wastewater treatment, public transport, renewable energy such as rooftop solar panels, etc.).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban green human activities panels|3.621376|4.868528|1.8360363
11848|One of the most obvious examples is how tax policies affect land use is the tax deductibility of commuting expenses. Commuting expenses are tax deductible in 12 of 26 analysed OECD countries (Harding, 2014). Given the marginal tax rates in OECD countries, this reduces the costs of commuting by up to 50%, which provides incentives to people to live further away from their place of work than they would otherwise.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|commuting tax expenses deductible obvious|7.087112|4.8839617|4.121755
11849|Following the arguments provided in detail elsewhere (de Neubourg and Plavgo, 2012), this paper and its companion background paper to the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Report Card 10 (Bradshaw et al, 2012) discuss monetary poverty and deprivation as related but conceptually distinct. The main arguments for this separate treatment relate to the fact that traditional monetary poverty measures and deprivation measures tell two different stories. While money-metric indicators of poverty give an indication of the Financial means of the household to satisfy its needs, deprivation indicators provide information on the degree to which some of these needs are actually met. The latter is the result of a mixture of variables including the income and resources available to the households, spending decisions by the households, the availability of (public) goods and services and the state of the economy in general. Mixing deprivation indicators with monetary poverty data in a single index leads to a loss of dimensions rather than further insights gained from adding dimensions.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation monetary poverty arguments indicators|6.6506534|6.4174147|5.0746174
11850|In Iceland, Ireland, Israel and Spain, young men are more likely than young women to be NEET, although the gap is small. Factors affecting NEET rates include high participation of youth in the informal sector, negative experiences at school as well as social and behavioural problems. In OECD countries, girls entering the labour market have comparable and often higher education levels than boys.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|neet young behavioural entering affecting|8.467554|3.935657|4.2007904
11851|In 2011 Mexico reported one of the lowest rates in the OECD (at just over 1 000 consultations1 per doctor, compared to nearly 2 500 OECD-wide). This is despite Mexico having significantly fewer doctors per capita than is typical in OECD countries. To take another pertinent example, day-case rates for cataract surgery are lower than the OECD average, whilst rates of caesarian section are the highest in the OECD, which may be due to a lack of guidelines encouraging international best practice, and/or the inadequate implementation of such guidelines.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|oecd rates guidelines mexico pertinent|8.908169|8.863153|2.4984493
11852|The same situation occurs in Azerbaijan, and the quality of the surface water in these rivers only improves where no population is settled, as in the section between the Georgian-Azerbaijani border and Mengechevir reservoir. According to MENR, the results of monitoring over the last ten years show that DDT is not present in drinking water sources. However, some traces of DDT are still found in the Kura River, particularly after heavy rains.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|kura georgian settled reservoir azerbaijan|0.6540818|7.050522|2.8325627
11853|Since rustication of the Convention, no plan of action for strategies to implement it has been developed, as required by the Beijing Platform of Action. Nor has Solomon Islands submitted a report to the CEDAW Committee’ (Corrin 2008: 169-194). The constitution also provided women with rights to equal opportunities in political, economic and social activities, employment, education and health care as well as the right to represent the Solomons in international organisations (Corrin 2008). Women are underrepresented in other high-ranking positions as well.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|action underrepresented solomon cedaw beijing|9.871435|4.6519394|7.2234826
11854|This provides additional time for physicians to spend on those medically complex patients with multiple chronic conditions. Some OECD countries have embraced the expansion of the workforce to include these personnel. Physicians, nurses, and other health professionals need to enter an environment that promotes the skills they leam in clinical training. Updating the education curriculum will not be very effective unless: 1) the research infrastructure creates the evidence base to guide education and patient care; 2) the payment and delivery systems help them administer the types of care they are trained to deliver; and 3) the quality metrics measure what they are being trained to provide.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|physicians trained embraced leam administer|9.328855|9.177031|1.6445819
11855|The first is to use a simple average supply cost of desalination of $ 1.15/m3 as a working estimate for the supply cost of desalination. This figure is based on a benchmarking exercise of 51 seawater RO desalination plants36 that led to a similar average supply cost and on previous studies that have taken an estimation approach to supply costs.37 The supply cost is irrespective of technology type and feedwater because reported costs are not tractable. The second method for calculating cost is to use an energy cost based method. The first is electric energy that is produced from a large number of fuel sources, including coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuel, photovoltaic solar and wind energy.38 RO plants use only electrical energy, while MSF and MED use some electrical energy. Thermal energy can be derived from many of the same fuel sources as electrical energy, including oil and natural gas, or from such alternative sources as solar thermal.39 MSF and MED plants primarily use thermal energy, while RO plants do not use any thermal energy. Water Desalination Report, vol.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|energy desalination thermal ro cost|0.94065106|7.7543764|2.7453542
11856|These countries have not set up river basin organisations, and mainly involve municipalities in public service delivery at local level. In Israel, the responsibility for managing water supply and sewage treatment is shared among the national actors, such as the Israeli Water Authority and five ministries (Environmental Protection, Health, Finance, Foreign Affairs, and Infrastructure). The final approval for issuing all water allocations, standards, tariffs and regulations is given by the Water Authority Council Forum.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water authority issuing sewage allocations|1.085323|7.231256|1.9255139
11857|Will the obstacles blocking her path to adulthood have been cleared by then? The challenge is considerable, but we must honour our commitments or the framework will ring hollow. The future hangs in the balance. Investing in girls makes good financial sense. Conversely, foiling to invest in them is nothing less than planned poverty (Bruce, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|ring honour adulthood conversely path|9.64207|5.143895|6.3657413
11858|When environmental reporting started in the early 1990s, for some the business rationale was initially to demonstrate compliance with the new environmental laws and regulations, as well as to demonstrate their ‘license to operate’, while others used their environmental report more like a marketing tool. It was especially the more polluting industries and organizations in consumer products that started to report on environmental performance. Later the reports were extended with health and safety information.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|environmental demonstrate started report polluting|1.8435827|4.153462|1.4740586
11859|As such, they play a pivotal role in promoting substantive equality for women. The availability of care services can help redress women's socio-economic disadvantage by enhancing their ability to engage in paid work. Care services also contribute to the transformation of gender stereotypes by allowing women to move out of the home and into the public domain. Data on early childhood education and care (ECEC) services illustrate this point.215 Across OECD countries, for example, coverage of ECEC services for children aged 0-2 years, when the care burden on women is largest, lags far behind coverage for children aged 3-5 years.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|care services women ecec aged|9.183367|4.897974|5.845182
11860|In a context of under-developed public transport, improvements in road infrastructure will transform motorcycle dependency into car dependency, but will not help manage overall motorisation rates. It is thus important for Hai Phong to plan upgrades and extend its road network in tandem with effective demand management policies. New road infrastructure should also take into account the need to prioritise road space for public transport. Examples from selected OECD and non-OECD cities exhibit complex policy options and their consequences (Box 2.5).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road dependency motorisation transport tandem|4.1240473|5.0067086|0.7734466
11861|Women, men, children and networks of kin or community may all be important contributors of unremunerated time into social reproduction. We also know, however, that women perform the bulk of unpaid household work whether or not they also participate in paid work (Budlender 2008; Charmes 2006; Folbre 2006). Because we concentrate on gender inequality,the division of labour between women and men as well as, eventually, women and the state, centres the analysis.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women kin men contributors concentrate|9.017161|4.9310336|5.7585588
11862|This indicator provides information regarding how efficiently people are being transported and is a common metric for measuring the efficiency for mobility systems. Some research also indicates that the efficiency of shared mobility services at optimising the movement of users while minimising that of vehicles is greater than previous point-to-point, on-demand mobility services (i.e. taxis). The capacity utilisation rate of UberX vehicles, for example, has been found to be an average of 38% greater than traditional point-to-point services in two large North American cities (Cramer and Kreuger, 2016). Preliminary indications also suggest that capacity utilisation in shared mobility networks is markedly higher in dense urban areas, indicating that higher density (of supply and demand) is correlated with higher efficiency.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility point utilisation efficiency vehicles|4.230505|4.9103303|0.6077564
11863|Firm size is an important factor for innovation, and differences among countries are less pronounced among large firms with 250 employees or more. Industries that may be regarded as less innovative, primarily because of their low R&D intensity, such as printing and paper products or textiles and clothing, frequently have as much propensity to innovate as those in communication or financial services, which are often regarded as the leading innovation industries (ABS, 2006a; Statistics New Zealand, 2007; OECD, 2010a). Sub-national innovation data from Australia have shown, for example, that less than 10% of firms account for 80% of innovation expenditure and innovation sales (Smith and O’Brien, 2008).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation regarded industries firms abs|5.4596725|3.380216|2.5068395
11864|As regards smoking and obesity, there is substantial knowledge concerning health risks, healthcare and productivity consequences. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of primary and secondary smoking prevention are well-known. In contrast, the current evidence concerning health risks associated with particular nutrients is in some cases ambiguous (saturated fat, certain carbohydrates, alcohol).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|smoking concerning effectiveness risks saturated|9.1912365|9.21069|2.9486892
11865|Of this amount, oil products received $126 billion, natural gas $85 billion, fossil-fired electricity $95 billion and coal $6 billion. Fossil fuel consumption subsidies in countries with low levels of access to modern energy11 amounted to $71 billion, and subsidies in these countries for residential use of kerosene, electricity and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (sometimes labelled “fuels for the poor”) were less than $50 billion (International Energy Agency, 2010b). Thus, the problem of energy access is one mainly of distribution, not of absolute amounts of available resources. However, it is clear that there are a number of barriers to deployment and adoption of more efficient energy converters, as well as techno-economic limits to be considered. Solutions to overcoming the known barriers exist, but they require long-term commitment and a stable systemic approach by decision makers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|billion fossil energy gas barriers|1.5898399|2.4899292|2.318154
11866|Coastal cities and human settlements often increase pressure on the environment. Indeed, pollution in oceans is often caused by pollution from cities. At the same time, achieving SDG 14 also reinforces sustainable urban planning and resilient settlements, given that urban development often occurs along coasts due to economic advantages and opportunities presented by coastal areas. The inter-linkages between SDG 11 on one hand and SDG 14 on the other are clear through the need to conserve our biodiversity.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sdg settlements coastal pollution cities|0.14140837|5.529799|5.9127026
11867|It aims to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative and secure growth, and by accelerating regional economic integration. Capacity-building projects target specific policy areas, from enhancing small and medium enterprise competitiveness to facilitating the adoption of renewable energy technologies in the region. It is an independent intergovernmental organization within the ASEAN structure that represents the ASEAN member States' interests in the energy sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|asean region accelerating energy prosperity|1.5229491|2.2725613|2.5019395
11868|The board regularly meets and evaluates the existing training programmes together with the Employer Federation of Pakistan. Based on the assessment results, they develop and implement short training programmes to fill the identified skills gaps. The council’s financial position allows the body to provide training for the poor free of charge.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training evaluates programmes meets pakistan|8.345294|2.8753572|2.7331147
11869|Standards have been introduced for providers to ensure a minimum level of quality and a new curriculum will for the first time establish educational objectives for children under the age of 4 years. Important planning tools are also under development, such as a unique child identifier and a geo-referenced database for care centres, to better target services towards those most in need. However, Costa Rica is lagging far behind most OECD countries and many Latin American countries in terms of the access, quality and equity of early years’ provision.|SDG 4 - Quality education|geo referenced lagging quality years|10.210476|1.6090977|2.6716526
11870|Commitments could be quantified in terms of a GHG-related metric where possible. This would help to inform estimates of future global GHG emissions and assessments of progress towards the 2 °C long-term global goal. It would also facilitate assessment of progress towards individual country commitments.|SDG 13 - Climate action|commitments ghg progress global quantified|1.2376349|3.5676928|1.2312146
11871|The share is highest in South and South-East Asia, in the Middle East and North Africa (Panel B), where it is typically above 50%. On the other hand, people have generally become less likely to declare that a woman earning more than her husband can be problematic (Panel C), but data are only available for a subset of countries. Only two decades ago, the percentage of respondents who agreed or strongly agreed with that statement in OECD countries was above 40%. Finally, the perceived value of female education has shown mixed trends.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|agreed panel east south subset|9.233134|4.455002|5.8536534
11872|India has enough hydro potential to meet this increase, but will require new line connections to the centres of demand. The environmental and social impacts of hydropower projects need to be carefully considered in the planning process. Grid expansion is needed to provide electricity access to areas that have been neglected to date.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|neglected hydro carefully connections hydropower|1.4188489|2.0725088|2.505515
11873|About 30% of 25-34 year-olds attain upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, compared to the OECD average of 44%, while 58% of 25-34 year-olds have at least an upper secondary degree in 2012, compared to the OECD average of 82% (Figure 2). Portugal has 41% of enrolments in upper-secondaiy VET in 2012, compared to the OECD average of 44%. These programmes target those who wish to pursue a vocational qualification as well as those who have dropped out - or are at risk of dropping out.|SDG 4 - Quality education|upper secondary compared olds average|8.767328|2.773945|2.87061
11874|When the agency in charge of the underground (STC) was created in 1967, the federal government funded its expansion and operational subsidy. After the 1997 reform, the government of the Federal District assumed responsibility for the underground system (Medina, 2013).32 As a consequence, under the current framework, the Federal District has to provide the operational subsidy for the underground in the State of Mexico, and is also responsible for the maintenance and management of this infrastructure (Medina, 2013). This is far from ideal, since better connections for population in the State of Mexico necessarily mean higher financial pressure for the Federal District, which is already operating the underground at a deficit.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|underground federal district operational subsidy|2.001334|6.9469085|1.8493438
11875|They would be paid on a new fee schedule with higher payments for preventative services, counselling, and management of chronic diseases. This would complemented by a P4P scheme to reward high quality primary care. Medical schools would create model primary care polyclinics to train future primary care physicians. With these reforms, Korea could develop a health system that is more efficient, with fewer avoidable hospital admissions, that achieves better outcomes for chronic diseases, decreases health inequalities, and improves social cohesion.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|primary chronic diseases care achieves|9.273472|8.972083|1.7325017
11876|The OECD review team was impressed by the professional commitment of the teachers in the schools it visited, but stakeholders reported that there were not enough resources to ensure teachers receive the necessary support and training. The context is also fast changing in many schools with growing and changing groups of students with immigrant backgrounds. They are therefore ill-prepared to address the needs of an increasingly diverse population. This saw the recruitment of many student teachers with immigrant backgrounds but either without a formal teachers' qualification or with a foreign teachers' qualification, but they are given opportunities (through a scholarship scheme) to obtain the Norwegian formal qualification.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers qualification backgrounds immigrant changing|9.906633|2.5576293|2.5881364
11877|On average, results suggest that about 50% of harm in primary' and ambulatory care is considered preventable in high-income countries, but estimates varied from over 80% to less than 20%. It should again be noted that preventability is not static and changes with new knowledge and innovation. Despite wide-ranging estimates, findings strongly suggest that there is a considerable potential for saving and liberating resources if patient harm is avoided.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|harm suggest estimates preventable static|9.129725|9.526037|1.4669822
11878|Strong household income growth in the Nordics has lifted incomes from the bottom to the top of the distribution from the mid-1990s to 2014 (Figure 3). This contrast with developments in Germany and the United States, were stagnating incomes at the bottom of the income distribution imply that material living standards have improved very little relative to the mid-1990s. National sources report an increase around four Gini points from 1990 to 2014 (Statistics Norway), but the applied household income definition is not fully comparable with the one used for OECD figures (see Causa et al.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|mid incomes income distribution nordics|6.9456053|5.2593646|4.745987
11879|Further, within health budgets there is even less standardisation and transparency on allocation decisions. Improving the capacity of district hospitals and managers of district health offices in budget formulation would be an important first step to ensure their needs are better reflected in budgets, and ultimately more strategic purchasing. However, despite good aggregate spending levels, there is great disparity in the way provinces execute their budget. Giving health facilities greater decision-making power, and clarifying and simplifying the delegation framework could help health facilities increase their responsiveness to changing needs during the fiscal year.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health budgets district facilities budget|8.5609665|8.807596|1.8420206
11880|The comprehensive action plan for improving the environmental situation in Azerbaijan (2006-2010) has increaseed the priority given to the protection of water resources, the restoration of natural water protection environments such as forests, and the provision of safe drinking w'ater to the population. Since 2001, the Asian Development Bank has approved loans for projects amounting to USS 800 million for water and sanitation in secondary cities and periurban areas. The World Bank has approved loans worth USS 490 million to improve w'ater and sanitation conditions in 43 districts. Furthermore, bilateral cooperation with such countries as Japan and with other financial institutions is continuing.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|uss ater approved loans sanitation|1.4563009|7.170492|2.166714
11881|The longer walking and bicycle trips on roads without any dedicated facilities for theses modes increase the risk of getting involved in a fatal crash. The current relocation policies increase the vulnerability of the current vulnerable road users. The land use policies must ensure that especially the poor households, who cannot afford any form of motorized travel, are located close to employment opportunities resulting in short travel distances.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|travel motorized current bicycle fatal|4.2434683|5.069307|0.43878496
11882|The value of forecasting models does not lie in their ability to “predict” the future - a task that no medium-to-Iong term model could realistically accomplish. Indeed if models based on current trends accurately predicted the future, it could signal a lack of innovation or policy development. As a recent report from the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs states, “Effective forecasts change the future, which means that they prove - and have to prove - wrong” (Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, 2010). Figure 1 presents public expenditure growth forecasts from models in five countries if no policy action is taken.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|models forecasts prove future affairs|8.811701|8.658797|2.6552231
11883|In addition, they have an important place in the food web and play a valuable role in carbon cycling by locking away carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which is eventually deposited on the ocean bottom, thereby slowing the impact of global warming. The ecosystem services provided by the marine environment are attributable to its vast size and to a large extent to its complex ecosystems and biodiversity. It is therefore most important to preserve the marine environment and its bioresources. Marine biotechnology can play an important role in reaching these goals. Biosensors are devices composed of a biological sensing component linked to a signalling component which can reveal the presence of an element, molecule or organism of interest. They can detect changes in analytical or biological parameters and may be useful for detecting quickly the presence of invasive species that can disrupt marine ecosystems and the habitats of marine or terrestrial organisms.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine biological presence component ecosystems|0.17132448|5.832387|5.975226
11884|Although public ownership of health centres is still the norm in many county councils, especially in rural and sparsely populated areas, the number of private providers increased significantly following the recent reforms. In some county councils they are significant players - in Stockholm, for example, about half of all primary care providers are private. Although there are no robust evaluations of the impact of the reforms, some positive impacts have been reported. The recent reforms are reported to have increased primary care capacity, reduced waiting times and improved access, including for low-income groups (Anell et al., The increase in primary care providers notwithstanding, relative shortages persist in rural areas because the expansion has occurred primarily in wealthier, urban and more densely populated areas. The reforms have also brought an increased focus on quality, efficiency and transparency, exemplified by the measurement and publication of information on performance to support patient choice (for example through the Open Comparisons website), and incentives to county councils and municipalities for quality improvement.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|county reforms councils providers populated|8.887929|8.756251|1.886134
11885|Pollution was greatly reduced in the last decades. However, there is still need for reduction of the amounts of agricultural fertilizer, as well as micropollutants from agriculture, households and industry. Further threats include erosion as well as pressures from navigation and tourism activities. The International Commission for the Protection of Lake Geneva (CIPEL), founded by an agreement between the governments of France and Switzerland in 1962, has been mostly focusing on the improvement of water quality.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|navigation fertilizer geneva founded lake|1.0252606|6.882952|1.8056654
11886|The first phase of the INDH, 2006-2010, had total budget support of some US$1.7 billion, which was raised to US$2.1 billion for the second phase, 2011-2015. Among the activities of the INDH is improving the conditions of access to basic infrastructure services such as education, health, roads, water supply and sanitation, and environmental protection. Pilot projects were developed by the private water companies in Casablanca, Tangier and Tdtouan as well as the public utility in Meknfcs, using output-based assistance. This project was also supported by subsidies from the Global Partnership for Output-based Aid, a World Bank programme.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|phase output billion water based|2.2672968|3.4514158|1.6208979
11887|These organisations have a primary mandate to reduce poverty' in rural areas and to seek to improve the employability and technical and entrepreneurial skills of the low-income population. Since Jordanian women are much less likely to be in the employed labour force than men and have fewer employment opportunities, they provide a larger pool of potential clients. Much of the BDS of these organisations is focused on helping women develop modest income-generating activities, primarily at the microenterprise level.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|organisations jordanian bds employability income|9.03298|3.3437443|6.6366615
11888|The commentaries are designed to be of value as free-standing reports, but are also prepared so that they can become the first phase of a full review, should a country so wish. The OECD study, Skills beyond School, is addressing the range of policy questions arising, including funding and governance, matching supply and demand, quality assurance and equity and access. The study will build on the success of the previous OECD study of vocational education and training Learning for Jobs, which examined policy through 17 country reviews and a comparative report.|SDG 4 - Quality education|study country standing matching assurance|8.587085|2.7264104|2.7270103
11889|With the implementation of the new laws on student assessment (Chapter 1), the College for Examinations will also oversee the quality of end-of-primary tests administered by schools. The responsibilities of schools and school boards include regular formative and summative assessment of students, performance evaluations of individual teachers, and school-internal quality care. In addition to the three traditional actors (the Ministry, the Inspectorate and the schools) a range of intermediate organisations have an increasing influence on evaluation and assessment in the country. The Primary and Secondary Education Councils play a key role in the collection and dissemination of data on the performance of individual schools, thereby strengthening both horizontal and vertical accountability.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools assessment performance individual primary|9.685408|1.8039736|1.5466734
11890|The RAND Future Elderly Model [9] came the closest, by testing the potential future impact of the introduction of new technologies on both population health status and direct health care expenditures. The first is known as the “dynamic equilibrium” or “healthy ageing” hypothesis. It assumes that the morbidity period prior to death remains unchanged as life expectancy increases, so that each year gained in life expectancy corresponds to an equal increase in years of healthy life. The second is a pessimistic view called “expansion of morbidity” where by increases in life expectancy yield a longer-time spent with ill-health and reduced “quality” of life.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|life expectancy morbidity healthy health|9.05504|8.687165|2.8913736
11891|Most of the unmet medical needs are attributable to care being too expensive, with waiting lists and geographic barriers accounting for a relatively small share. Disparities in the use of specialist care, diagnostic services and basic medical tests are largely connected to higher health literacy of the well-off (affecting the utilisation rates of preventive services and screening), flat-rate copayments (limiting access to mainly specialist outpatient care for low-income people) and low-quality seivices and long waiting lists (particularly in the southern regions) that lead citizens to turn to private health rare, with ability to pay for those services positively associated with socioeconomic status. The majority of regions have implemented or increased different levels of copayments on pharmaceuticals. Some regions have also implemented user fees for the inappropriate use of emergency services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|copayments waiting lists services specialist|8.810125|8.953848|2.0459676
11892|Goal 3 also includes indicators on the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector and in national parliaments, but these do not have benchmarks or deadlines. Critical issues such as violence against women and discriminatory laws are not addressed. Unfortunately, at the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, it was revealed to be the most off track of all of the Goals, despite the fact that the knowledge and the tools are available to make pregnancy and childbirth a safe experience for women. In 2010, the Secretary-General launched the Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health, setting out key actions to improve the health of women and children worldwide.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women goals deadlines general parliaments|9.276139|4.652453|7.100907
11893|Their results are summarised in Table 4.3. All but one of the models analysed (25 out of 26) assumed atmospheric concentrations of GHGs between 525 and 650 ppm in 2050, which is, of course, considerably higher than the 450 ppm or lower implied in the Paris Agreement. This may be taken as an indicator of the extent to which the policy debate has abandoned any link with modelling efforts attempting to estimate realistic medium-range scenarios. It should also be noted that the models considered calculate abatement costs for the energy sector rather than for the electricity sector. In principle, this would correspond to the level of the carbon tax required. Ppm: parts per million.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ppm models attempting ghgs implied|1.3852396|2.8846335|2.028718
11894|That work includes a variety of unpaid activities, such as taking care of children and the elderly, and domestic chores. Data also suggest that the gender gap widens when women are most likely to have young children at home. When women are engaged in caregiving and domestic chores, they have less time for paid work, education and leisure, further reinforcing their socioeconomic disadvantage.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|chores widens domestic caregiving children|9.0569315|4.9216824|5.8642845
11895|However, it is difficult to assess to what extent the knowledge generated from these projects contributes to strengthening the institutional research capacity of developing countries. It is also not possible in DAC statistics to precisely determine the shares of research spending allocated to the in-donor country institutions and the partners’ institutions in developing countries. Therefore, it is not possible to precisely distinguish between ODA funding aimed to strengthen countries’ domestic STI capacity and funding for more specific research activities, which often are conducted in donor countries.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|precisely donor research countries funding|4.987717|3.4977088|2.0861893
11896|The proposed green building certificate, linked with a mandatory building permit, could be a good solution for guiding eco-friendly building plans and should be expanded to the whole BMA. Upgrading informal settlements in Bandung remains a challenge requiring a comprehensive approach for enhancing urban resilience. This tool can anchor other sectoral urban policies. How well such a tool is utilised may determine residents’ access to public services and employment opportunities, energy demands and energy efficiency of the transport sector, and a city’s capacity to adapt to climate change.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|building tool anchor bma bandung|3.550589|4.8158555|1.8470653
11897|Women’s responsibility for social reproduction. Women bear most of the responsibilityforthetime costs of children and an increasing share of the monetary costs, as reflected in rising rates of single motherhood and the lack of public support for chi Id rearing. The United States has a relatively high female labour force participation rate among mothers. About two thirds of women with preschool-aged children and three quarters of those with school-aged children work for pay.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|children aged women chi id|9.037795|5.0649076|5.983518
11898|That year, high-income countries had the highest material footprint per capita (approximately 27 metric tons per person), 60 per cent higher than the upper-middle-income countries (17 metric tons per person) and more than 13 times the level of low-income countries (2 metric tons per person). The material footprint of high-income countries is greater than their domestic material consumption, indicating that consumption in those countries relies on materials from other countries through international supply chains. On a per-capita basis, high-income countries rely on 9.8 metric tons of primary materials extracted elsewhere in the world.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|metric tons countries income person|1.6676264|3.353789|2.963546
11899|Various targets emphasize the need for renewed efforts to protect the rights of workers, including migrants (8.8); the economic security of young migrants is indirectly addressed in targets 10.7 (planned and well-man-aged migration policies) and lO.c (migrant remittance costs). Equality in access to economic resources is highlighted in targets 1.4,5.4,5.S, S.a, 10.2,10.3 and 10.4. These targets are intended to guide policy efforts and programmatic interventions that will help Governments and the international community meet this Goal. Importantly, the Goal 8 targets overlap with targets for other Goals in the 2030 Agenda, most notably those relating to poverty (Goal 1); education (Goal 4); gender equality (Goal 5); infrastructure, industrialization and innovation (Goal 9); and reducing inequality (Goal 10).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|goal targets migrants equality efforts|1.812362|5.6840773|2.0613678
11900|There are now 16 RSTs that operate across the country. Trustees receive a per hour pay during and after the adverse event for carrying out their functions. According to MAF, and the farmers interviewed by OECD, RSTs have proved to be valuable in coping with recent adverse events. However, much depends on the commitment and availability of appropriate people and some Trusts work much better than others.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|adverse maf trusts coping interviewed|8.248803|4.4497037|5.5962873
11901|Although specific projections can somewhat vary, current analysis suggests much of this growth will be attributed to increases in demand by the industrial and domestic sectors (OECD, 2012; Burek et al., Agriculture’s share of total water use is therefore likely to fall in comparison with other sectors, but it will remain the largest user overall over the coming decades, in terms of both water withdrawal and water consumption2 (Figure 2). Although the global average water stress is only 11%, 31 countries experience water stress between 25% (which is defined as the minimum threshold of water stress) and 70%, and 22 countries are above 70% and are therefore under serious water stress (UN, 2018a). Growing water stress indicates substantial use of water resources, with greater impacts on resource sustainability, and a rising potential for conflicts among users.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|stress water sectors withdrawal somewhat|1.1553384|7.3188095|2.9268494
11902|Among the agencies operating public transport in the ZMVM, only Metrobus, ECOBICI and the suburban railway are collecting and making use of the data provided by smart cards for planning and optimisation. In many cases, data collection and several modelling exercises (e.g. origin-destination for certain areas of the city, estimation of modal shift and C02 emission mitigation, demand forecasting, environmental impact assessments) are carried out with the aim of implementing specific projects (underground line extensions, BRT corridors, bike lanes). However, information is currently neither used nor verified between agencies or gathered into an integrated model that could guide overall mobility planning. Poor long-term modelling and forecasting capacity will limit the ZMVM’s long-term vision for mobility planning.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|zmvm forecasting modelling planning mobility|4.0446897|5.2005806|0.89800036
11903|This would be where reforms to improve the effectiveness of service delivery and lowering of capital costs would be most needed. Such delays would lead to deferred benefits and potentially higher investment costs in the future, which would therefore translate in false economies. This would also require identifying areas for priority investment, depending on where the highest benefits are likely to stem from and where the most cost-effective interventions can be identified. To achieve this, policy makers and water service providers need to engage in a process of strategic financial planning so as to identify what needs to be financed, how much additional resources can be generated from existing sources and how the performance of utilities can be improved to generate such efficiency gains and mobilise external financing.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|service false benefits investment costs|1.5510448|7.262316|2.2073932
11904|This included government finance and health officials, at national and provincial levels; and health policy experts from the private sector and academia. Additional meetings and conference calls were carried out after this visit. Population health outcomes have improved on aggregate, thanks in part to gradual increases in health spending over time.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health academia gradual visit thanks|8.853556|8.897605|2.347537
11905|Achieving low stabilization levels will require early (upfront) large-scale investments and substantially more rapid diffusion and commercialization of advanced low-emissions technologies. Such investments will need to be made worldwide on the required scale, implying that effective technology and resource transfers will need to be made to those countries lacking those means (see chaps. V and VI for further discussion). These include a switch to renewable energy technologies (of which the most significant is solar energy), the adoption of CCS technologies both to curb emissions from fossil fuel plants and generally to facilitate negative emissions, the enhancement of terrestrial sinks through afforestation in conjunction with sustainable biomass use, and investment in energy efficiency solutions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emissions technologies energy investments scale|1.4098954|2.86824|2.1370099
11906|Another reason is that cap-and-trade gives greater certainty about the amount of abatement to be achieved than does a tax, which generates strong political support from environmentalists. However, there is more uncertainty about marginal costs than with a tax, which sets such costs directly. This is potentially an important disadvantage for cap-and-trade because the increased certainty over short-term abatement costs with a tax is likely to be more valuable than the loss of certainty about short-term abatement because the slope of the marginal environmental damage curve is flatter than that of the marginal cost curve (OECD, 2009; Hoel and Karp, 2001; Newell and Pizer, 2003; Pizer, 2002).|SDG 13 - Climate action|certainty abatement marginal curve tax|1.4680567|2.8687184|1.9505439
11907|The Distribution of Child Poverty in the Developing World. Bristol: Centre for International Poverty Research. Childhood Experiences, Educational Attainment and Adult Labour Market Performance. Child Well-Being, Child Poverty and Child Policy in Modern Nations, 129-150. What Can Be Learned from Deprivation Indicators in Europe. Eurostat Methodologies and Working Paper.|SDG 1 - No poverty|child poverty bristol eurostat learned|7.098375|6.570802|5.172061
11908|This deprives the LGUs of the needed funds that could have been invested on other social interventions or infrastructural developments. In Cebu City for instance, according to the city ordinance 1361 which is currently under review, garbage fees are paid quarterly and fixed for majority of businesses while some business and all residential houses are charged based on floor area. Such a measure can provide the financial resources needed for service improvement and shift the financial burden away from municipalities. Metro Cebu would need to reform its waste pricing mechanism to be better resourced to improve and expand upon its waste collection service.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cebu waste city garbage needed|0.47724047|4.0441585|3.0710483
11909|The poor layout and construction materials used render structures in these areas easily vulnerable to fires and floods yearly. The urban informal housing in Cebu is due to an inadequacy of affordable housing as well as high numbers of poor rural-urban migrants. These are the Local Government Code (1991) and the Urban Development and Housing Act (1992).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing urban inadequacy layout render|4.720542|5.5894623|2.0629508
11910|The surveys do not make the distinction as to whether the scholarships are of public or private origin or whether they correspond to merit-based rewards; furthermore, they tend to be of a non-transferable nature. This includes all monetary transfers by civil society organizations, in particular religious institutions and national and foreign non-governmental organizations. It was not possible to separate them in all cases from gifts by private households. These include monetary transfers in the context of public social programmes and subsidies, some of which involve not a real transfer but a reduction in the cost of access to public services.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|organizations monetary transfers public scholarships|7.3190513|5.677981|4.3414125
11911|It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. We act as a platform for discussion and prenegotiation of policy issues across all transport modes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport policy administratively tank organises|4.06715|4.977605|0.81265104
11912|Per capita consumption in 2010 was 90 m3/person/year. The reduction to 2050 will occur in response to increasing water efficiency. It may result from the mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. Thus, Israel is committed to a net supply of 35 million m3/year of potable water to Jordan (Chapter 3).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|occur water brackish mixing seawater|0.839071|7.448894|2.894637
11913|"Figure 3 aggregates absolute and relative poverty headcounts from 114 countries to illustrate a simple estimation of the extent of poverty in the developing world in the mid-2000s using the three types of poverty defined by the ""hierarchy of capabilities"" described in the previous section. It must be stressed that these estimates are rough in the sense that they do not line up country-level estimates by country years, as do other global estimates of poverty that use the PovCal data (Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula, 2009). Nonetheless these estimates corroborate the well known results that roughly 25% of the developing world was living under a dollar-a-day in 2005."|SDG 1 - No poverty|estimates poverty rough aggregates hierarchy|6.3255415|5.962642|4.984106
11914|This database will expand to cover 37 countries representing more than half of global landings by the end of 2017. The majority of reported support is in the form of general services to the fishing sector, not payments directed to fishers individually. Of this general support, the majority is to cover the costs of fisheries management, monitoring and control, infrastructure and research. The amount of GSSE support is quite substantial, amounting to around 20 percent of the landed value of fisheries in countries participating in the FSE.|SDG 14 - Life below water|cover fisheries majority support general|-0.02682653|5.6034994|6.7932916
11915|As a consequence, child labour was reduced by 27 per cent on average (Sparrow, 2006). The effect becomes stronger as children grow older, since the incidence of child labour is higher among adolescents, and because the size of the scholarship increases with age. However, the work by Hoddinott et al. ( The authors find that participation in the public works component of the programme contributes to a reduction in the average number of hours worked in agriculture for 6-16 year-old boys and for 11-16 year-old girls with a parallel reduction in domestic hours worked for younger boys (6-10).|SDG 1 - No poverty|worked boys old hours reduction|9.103207|4.904763|5.5414777
11916|Some 355 million people in Africa were moderately or severely food insecure in 2015, compared with a marginal increase in moderate or severe food insecurity globally and a modest increase in Latin America, South East Asia and Western Asia. These figures compare with no change in the prevalence of severe food insecurity globally, a significant deterioration in South East Asia, with an increase of 24 per cent, and a moderate increase, of 5.3 percent, in Western Asia. A total of 161 million people in Africa were severely food insecure in 2015. By far, the majority of them, or 96 per cent, were from rural areas.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|asia food insecure increase severely|4.437609|5.653136|4.602042
11917|According to another study, however, child mortality in Argentina fell 8% in areas where water services had been privatized and the effect was greatest (26%) in the poorest areas (Galiani ef al. In many cases water privatization has led to considerable cost increases for the most vulnerable groups, poor service, and disconnection of public access points. The economic crises that in many instances propelled governments to get out of the water-supply business leave individuals less able to pay for privatized water: economic crises further reduce the ability of poor households, especially women, to pay for water by severely limiting their access to income and credit. In a further ripple effect, the credit freeze at national levels, combined with shrinking donor financing, means microfinance institutions have fewer funds to loan to clients (mainly women) (CAP-NET and GWA 2014).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|privatized water crises credit pay|1.9025465|6.872622|2.705473
11918|In parallel, river basin councils were to remain the main institutions under federal authority for water management at the river basin level and users’ concerns and opinions were to be taken into account through the councils’ general assemblies. Respectively led by the federal government and CONAGUA, these two strategic documents are implemented over the same period of time (6 years), and both feature objectives regarding sustainable management of water resources at the river basin level. Objective 2 (Chapter 4, Section 4.1 of the National Development Plan) focuses on integrated and sustainable management of water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin river councils management federal|0.8903088|7.1762385|1.7879269
11919|Consumer spending also benefited from a supportive macroeconomic policy stance. Fiscal spending increased, while the policy interest rate was cut twice in 2015. Lower interest rates and the easing of restrictions on home purchases that were put into place in 2013 to curb overheating in the property market underpinned the recovery of the housing market during the second half of 2015.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|spending easing stance curb underpinned|5.506212|4.959085|3.7173204
11920|Beyond the support for R&D, a wide array ofpublic policies needs to be mobilised covering areas as diverse as education and training, competition and trade, and industrial and regional development. These policy areas utilise a mix of instruments, including regulation and direct funding. The coherence and effectiveness of this mix and of overall governance arrangements are major concerns for innovation policy makers.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mix utilise array areas mobilised|5.2933517|3.5386314|2.496145
11921|Workers with general skills and more education experienced better labour market outcomes, including shorter unemployment spells (Rutkowski, 2007). On the one hand it needs to make short vocational programmes more attractive to prospective students. On the other hand, the education system has to become more focused on providing students with easily transferrable general skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|hand general skills students prospective|8.566615|2.930596|3.0529118
11922|The focus on these costs in the construction of the indicators reflects the dominant approach taken in the empirical and theoretical literature examining the labour market impact of employment protection discussed in the previous section. It does not reflect the overall strictness of regulation of collective dismissals, which is the sum of costs for individual dismissals and any additional cost of collective dismissals. It concerns the types of work for which these contracts are allowed and their renewal and cumulative duration. This measure also includes some of the regulations governing the establishment and operation of temporary work agencies and requirements for agency workers to receive the same pay and/or working conditions as equivalent workers in the user firm, which can increase the cost of using temporary agency workers relative to hiring workers on other types of contracts.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|dismissals workers temporary collective contracts|7.8544393|4.499276|4.2484407
11923|However, demand does not automatically translate into consumption, as a significant share of water is discharged back into water bodies after use, remaining available for use downstream, depending on water quality. Sharp rises in water demand are expected in South Asia and China as well as other emerging economies of the BRIICS (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), with much higher shares for manufacturing, electricity and domestic supply in 2050. Developing countries (rest of the world or the RoW) are also projected to see significant water demand for electricity generation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water demand china south electricity|1.2141933|7.262213|2.8535366
11924|The Australian government works with state and territory government and non-government education authorities, to ensure a continuing high level of teaching and learning in Australian schools. Most university public funding is provided by the Australian government, under the regulations contained in the Higher Education Support Act 2003. State and territory governments can accredit other tertiary institutions (through an accrediting authority), but the institutions must be listed on the Australian Qualifications Framework Register before they can award qualifications to students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|australian government qualifications territory institutions|9.080738|2.411905|2.4581015
11925|In the context of climate change adaptation and mitigation, it has been argued that the use of a baseline as a comparator may be misleading since adaptation interventions will, by definition, take place in a changing environment with evolving climate-related hazards and risks (Brooks et al., A more accurate assessment would, therefore, need to factor in these changing circumstances to establish a good understanding of what the situation would have been in the absence of a policy approach on adaptation (Brooks et al., For example, a simple before and after comparison may show that climate vulnerability has deteriorated, while a comparison to a counterfactual would reveal that the situation would have been even worse without the explicit and implicit adaptation initiatives in place.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation brooks comparison climate changing|1.3887302|4.942328|1.6842315
11926|Some benefits are likely to tail away as there tends to be diminishing returns from further investments in improving quality of water related services. Benefits are more likely to materialise if investments are appropriately sequenced, thereby lowering costs and ensuring that collected wastewater is properly treated. The Accelerated Access scenario indicates that globally an average of USD 1.9 billion would need to be invested each year between 2010 and 2030 to achieve the 2030 target in addition to what would be invested under the Baseline scenario; and an additional USD 7.6 billion beyond the Baseline would be needed annually between 2031 and 2050 to achieve the 2050 target.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|invested baseline scenario usd billion|1.5681496|7.233565|2.3030143
11927|"The cost of underperformance and underinvestment in education is rising. These forces also make stakeholders more demanding. Reform is more easily undertaken in ""crisis"" conditions, although the meaning of ""crisis"" might be somewhat different in education. The shock involved is likely to be something that alters perceptions of the education system (see Chapter 1) rather than an event that suddenly affects its ability to function."|SDG 4 - Quality education|crisis education suddenly alters underperformance|9.216593|1.9691696|2.3694127
11928|The higher the index is, the higher the number of reforms that were made is. The employment rate for men is unchanging and always close to 100 (full-employment). On the other hand for women the employment rate is much smaller and seems to vary with the value of labor index. In particular labor reforms seem to affect white collar and service employment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employment labor index reforms collar|8.891512|4.485303|5.6244974
11929|The challenge for all providers of climate finance to address this imbalance in line with the commitments made in the Paris Agreement. This will provide a backdrop for consideration of how to restructure climate-related development finance to achieve a balance between mitigation and adaptation financing while prioritising public finance to LDCs and SIDS as envisaged in the Paris Agreement. It may also provide an opportunity to consider how to address any competition for international public finance between development and climate priorities in low-income countries. For example, by looking at ways to use other forms of climate-related development finance or more limited, “smarter” use of ODA to leverage and catalyse investment into mitigation action in middle-income countries (e.g. through greater use of guarantee instruments).|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate paris mitigation agreement|1.7183007|3.9780335|1.174392
11930|In the absence of effective access to contraception, more pregnancies are expected to be reported as unintended, a significant proportion of which may be terminated (Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2014). Being young and having a low level of education, poor economic status as well as less access to effective contraception all contribute to higher incidence of unintended pregnancy (Khatiwada and others, 2013). Contraceptive use failure is one of the main direct causes of unintended and accidental pregnancies (Blumenthal, Voedisch and Gemzell-Danielsson, 2011) and can create a demand for abortion. A study of 27 countries indicated contraceptive failure as the most reported reason for prematurely terminated pregnancies (Bankole, Singh and Haas, 1998; Black and others, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pregnancies unintended terminated contraceptive contraception|9.379041|5.816222|6.1597643
11931|Notably in five carefully-defined areas, residential growth will be promoted at the same time as existing public transport routes are made more efficient, and new rail links are created where needed. Major stations and bus terminals will also be developed as areas for shopping and for socialisation. Building an inclusive city: Cape Town’s TOD strategic framework {cont.)|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|terminals cape shopping town rail|4.058205|5.192517|1.3534441
11932|Counsellors might be psychologists, special educators (defectologist), pedagogues, social pedagogues, special and rehabilitation pedagogues, social workers and others. The counselling service implements different activities with different stakeholders, including parents, social work centres and medical centres. Personal data on children needing support and counselling are collected with the agreement of the parents or legal guardians, with the exception of cases where children are endangered by their families and need protection.|SDG 4 - Quality education|counselling centres parents special social|10.437856|8.793164|1.6385548
11933|This would support continuous, co-ordinated care as well as allow calculation of quality indicators for specific patient groups (e.g. rate of adequate glycaemic control amongst diabetics). Adequate glycaemic control in diabetics, mentioned above, is one example of where a financial incentive could be applied. Several other examples around chronic disease management could be developed, based on experience in other OECD countries. This would support delivery of population-based health promotion and preventive health care and lay the foundations for primary care specialists to take on leadership roles in local (and national) health systems.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care adequate health control lay|9.067151|9.079567|2.0649602
11934|The study also finds that women and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are particularly sensitive to higher unemployment. The percentage of respondents who state that they have reduced health care use is 27% in the United States, 12% in France, 10% in Germany, 8% in the United Kingdom and 6% in Canada. The authors conclude that the level of out-of-pocket (OOP) costs combined with a drop in wealth is a major determinant in the fall in health care use during the crisis. A recent paper from the United States suggests that prescribing patterns for mental health drugs rise during times of adverse economic conditions, although this finding is only significant for the North Eastern parts of the country.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|united health oop prescribing states|9.891282|8.855692|2.2415373
11935|This is labeled as the “productivity effect”. In this sense, the introduction of broadband allowed workers with digital literacy skills to signal their computer knowledge to potential employers and then use those skills in the workplace in return for a higher wage. We call this impact the “skill signaling effect”.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|effect skills signal computer broadband|5.0259137|2.9863749|2.3269715
11936|In particular, where the range of outcomes is restricted (e.g. studies on specific sub-populations such as students with special educational needs), the effect size is inflated because the divisor in the calculation is smaller (Black and Wiliam, 1998a). Second, measures of educational outcomes differ greatly in their sensitivity to the effects of education and whether the measure relates directly to what students have been learning or is more remote, as with many national tests and examinations (Wiliam, 2008). Nevertheless, as a general guide, at least on standardised measures of educational achievement, effect sizes of around 0.4, which are typical in studies of feedback, indicate an increase of at least 50% in the rate of learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|educational studies effect outcomes learning|9.479794|2.05525|2.792847
11937|For example when a school is planned, money is put aside to ensure that there are adequate toilets that can be used by girls. Not only that, but in its efforts to improve access to running water, the government also collects information on the number of girls who have to collect water in rural areas, a burden that can prevent them from attendina school. In the same year, Morocco removed several of its reservations to CEDAW, in relation to women's rights to nationality and to rights within marriage and the family.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls reservations rights toilets nationality|9.681052|4.886878|6.3585334
11938|The government is looking at how to support these schemes in exceptional downturns. In some sectors the social partners have agreed on contracts that include 75% of the time on the job and 25% of the time in education with compensation equal to 75% of the minimum wage. The government has indicated its willingness to support these types of contracts.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|contracts exceptional downturns willingness government|8.622256|2.9844368|2.7522004
11939|To encourage the adoption of SCoTs, since 2010 the state has been setting up annual calls for proposals to increase participation in rural territories with limited human and financial resources to draw up SCoTs. As such, it does not give granular detail on land-use development- that task falls to plans and planning decisions at the scale of the commune (PLU for instance), but these must align with the principles or fundamental guidelines. Every municipality covered by the same SCoT commits itself to integrated and joint development w'hich can help mediate and settle territorial issues for the whole area.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|plu settle scot commits commune|3.815889|5.653135|1.7391349
11940|In 2014, it instructed 41 government agencies to work on gender mainstreaming from 2015 to 2018 in a concerted effort called the “Gender Mainstreaming in Government Agencies Programme”. If they are to take hold across government, though, and deliver concrete outcomes, they will need resources. There are several tools that Mexico is gradually developing to improve implementation: gender impact assessments and gender-responsive budgeting, as well as the systematic development and use of gender-disaggregated data throughout the policy cycle. To offset any such negative consequences and make smart use of resources, gender impact assessments (GIA) can be a first line of defence. It is one of the core tools at a governments’ disposal to support the implementation of gender mainstreaming- sometimes referred to as gender-based analysis or a gender audit- and regularly used by most OECD member countries (Table 6.1).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender mainstreaming assessments tools government|9.959565|4.0951633|7.0214143
11941|Korea has a child allowance for home-care that was introduced for households with children under 6 who do not use childcare facilities or kindergartens (Chapter l, Box 1.2). Myanmar enacted its social security law in 2012, but the all relevant provisions have not yet been implemented. However, in eight countries such payments are responsibility of the employers subject to regulations in national labour codes rather than social protection legislation.|SDG 1 - No poverty|kindergartens enacted codes allowance myanmar|7.696208|5.7109466|4.6327834
11942|A number of redistributive policies were put in place including cash transfers, job-creation initiatives and subsidies both explicit and implicit (through price controls). These policies, it seems, made a dent in inequality - although their sustainability has since been called into question by the crisis (see OECD, 2009). According to the Commission on Growth and Development (2008), growth is the main route to poverty reduction in very poor countries. But as a country develops redistribution becomes increasingly important.|SDG 1 - No poverty|route implicit develops growth redistributive|6.620051|5.2515006|4.4580407
11943|Apart from these circumstances, there are regulatory and investment decisions made by governments which push electric power generation towards one technology or another. This is an exceptional case in the world (the global percentage of hydroelectric energy is 16%), which means that electricity production in the region has a small carbon footprint (measured by CO, emissions per kilowatt hour (KWh) produced), and reduces reliance on fossil fuel imports in many countries. Nonetheless, this supply structure means that the region’s electricity systems are highly dependent on rainfall regimes.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity means exceptional region kwh|1.7245284|2.0323272|2.234832
11944|While these women were applying for and receiving land,younger women were unaware of their rights and faced unique challenges. Some traditional leaders interviewed for this study expressed reluctance to allocate communal land to young, single women. Young women do not traditionally have their own households, usually remaining in their parents' homesteads until they marry.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women young unaware reluctance land|9.221136|5.052097|7.1472855
11945|Lessons learned from practical experiences and from pilot programmes need to be reinvested in the decision-making process. Within the context of hazards caused by climate change and the need for resilient sustainable development, flexibility must be a key characteristic of the policymaking process if it is to be useful in situations characterized by persistent uncertainties, long time frames, emergence of new information, and the multidimensionality of the problem. Maintaining both flexibility through the various stages of the policy process and the capacity to change and iterate towards improved outcomes is crucial to ensuring that policy interventions are properly informed by the knowledge gained in the process.|SDG 13 - Climate action|process flexibility frames characteristic change|1.3868465|4.892846|1.7322223
11946|Strong commitment and involvement from all stakeholders are required to create the necessary environment for cultural change to achieve consensus on how to deliver patient-centred and co-ordinated care. Effective integration between primary and secondary care also requires genuine collaboration among providers, and efforts to break down cultural barriers and providers’ wariness about working in new ways (OECD, 2015g). Lastly, as patients often enter the health care system via primary' care, it is critical to make sure that PCPs support care co-ordination and bridge acute, primary' care and social care. Health care systems should have the opportunity to better use financial incentives, linked to strong information systems, to achieve greater patient-centred integrated care over the longer term.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care centred primary patient cultural|9.192236|8.982207|1.6486049
11947|The Ministry of Economy, through COMPITE, provides training in topics such as: Reengineering and process optimization workshops; ISO 900; Quality Training for the optimum performance of the company's human resources. For tourism, companies are promoted and supported through an agreement between the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Economy through the Modernization Programme (Programa Modemizci). The Ministry of Tourism has policy responsibilities regarding SME firms in the tourism sector, and the instruments of these policies are operated through Programa de Apoyo a la Competitividad de la Micro, Pequena y Mediana Empresa Turistica (Competitiveness Support Program for Touristic SMEs) (OECD, 2011). This programme provides funding for training, certification, and product/project development.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|tourism ministry programa training la|6.485274|3.7858305|2.8996933
11948|Career prospects are also affected in the long-run since they heavily depend on soft and hard skills learned in childhood or adolescence. How family poverty affect child outcome? Two main channels play a role (Figure 1; (Duncan and Magnuson, 2013(3]))- Having low income first limits households’ ability to purchase or produce important “inputs” for healthy child development, such as good quality housing, healthy food, or good quality care and education services for children below school-age (Box 1).|SDG 1 - No poverty|healthy good child adolescence quality|7.437349|6.0167866|5.0224066
11949|The Regulated Industries Commission is the independent regulator of the electricity sector. The island has promising wind, solar and bioenergy potential; however, given the extremely low cost of conventional energy, renewable energy is placed at a competitive disadvantage (T&T MoE 2014). This section provides an assessment of the various sustainable energy technologies that have potential for deployment in the Caribbean region, and discusses emerging trends and risks for their use, from both an international and a regional perspective.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy potential bioenergy moe regulator|1.770105|2.341814|2.4659722
11950|Together more than 100 million EV/PHEVs under the projection are sold worldwide in 2050. But it does reflect the expected size and buying power of the different regions, in terms of where the plug-in vehicles are likely to be sold over time. Together these vehicles are expected to cut global C02 emissions by over 2 gigatonne (Gt) in 2050, roughly in proportion of sales by region. This represents an important part of the overall C02 reductions in transport.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sold vehicles ev expected gt|1.2056487|2.7886524|2.0004468
11951|There are two climate-related Rio markers: the mitigation marker (established in 1998) and the adaptation Rio marker (since 2010). The Rio Markers are an important tool in increasing transparency and accountability in relation to climate finance. The markers have been used by some OECD countries as the basis for their climate finance reporting to the UNFCCC and in this way can assist in tracking progress towards delivering the commitment by developed countries to provide the USD 100 billion per year in climate finance to developing countries by 2020.|SDG 13 - Climate action|markers rio marker climate finance|1.5867292|4.0747886|0.8516319
11952|It follows that the estimated total revenue of TSh 68,173,076,760 translates to TSh 1,417 per hectare per year (2013). Following the methodology developed above, we can infer that TFS spends at least TSh 1,006 per ha per year (2013) to manage a hectare of forest. The present value of costs from deforestation to TFS amounts to TSh 7 billion (US$4 million).|SDG 15 - Life on land|tsh hectare infer spends year|1.6480949|4.5985136|3.9636161
11953|Reforms undertaken in periods of crisis may not properly distinguish between effective and ineffective programmes. Cutting effective programmes aiming at attaining quick cost savings might endanger the health status of the population and result in higher costs, eventually. Greece offers a recent example of such cuts as they have resulted in an increase in HIV and tuberculosis infections along with the re-emergence of malaria (Stuckler and Basu 2013; OECD, 2013).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tuberculosis effective malaria attaining programmes|8.532179|8.986369|3.0014877
11954|These include criteria on parameters such as target countries, activity type, and project size. For example, in terms of eligible activities, the Indonesian government has identified a number of primary and secondary priorities in both mitigation and adaptation for expenditure under the Indonesian Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF, 2012). In terms of project size, some funds limit the total flows to a specific activity - for example, the PPC.R can provide USD 3-15 million to individual projects (CIF, 2013).|SDG 13 - Climate action|indonesian activity size project cif|1.8721737|3.7757592|1.3151243
11955|Women’s groups often frame themselves as philanthropic or as community projects to avoid government interference. Another response is to seek refuge on the web to share information and mobilize (see below). The involvement of young women in uprisings and revolutions has not necessarily led to the inclusion of their demands in post-transition political landscapes. In the Iraqi Kurdish region, young women are often forced to choose between airing their gender concerns among mainstream feminist groups (which do not address their specific position as Kurds) or forgoing such concerns so as to be included in the male-centric struggles for national liberation.47The relegation of feminist demands was a feature of the activism of young women in the recent uprisings.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|feminist young women demands concerns|10.057048|4.811888|7.3858166
11956|On average across OECD countries, parents of socio-economically advantaged students are highly educated: a large majority has attained tertiary education (97%) and works in a skilled, white-collar occupation (94%). By contrast, the parents of socio-economically disadvantaged students have much lower educational attainment. Across OECD countries, 55% of parents of disadvantaged students attained some post-secondary non-tertiary education as their highest level of formal schooling, 33% attained lower secondary education or less, and only 12% attained tertiary education. Few disadvantaged students have a parent working in a skilled occupation (8%); many parents of these students work in semi-skilled, white-collar occupations (43%), and the majority (49%) work in elementary occupations or semi-skilled, blue-collar occupations (Table ll.6.2b).|SDG 4 - Quality education|attained collar skilled students parents|9.143151|2.6859984|3.1051693
11957|Nonetheless, the country’s employment rate rose by 2.8 per cent. Growth linked to changes in the share of population of working age (demographic structure) was significant only in Nepal and to a lesser extent in Bangladesh, Cambodia and Ethiopia. Nepal appears to be successfully exploiting its demographic dividend, since its working-age population as a share of the total population is rising (i.e., fewer dependants per working-age adult) and accounted for about 42 per cent of the change in GDP per capita during 2000-2010.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|nepal age working demographic population|7.829428|4.297797|4.4747653
11958|"The rest of the water is being withdrawn for industrial and domestic use. This is the case in particular for Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, which are dependent on water flowing in from neighbouring countries,6 as well as for Pakistan (63 per cent, 2008), Tajikistan (52.6 per cent, 2006), the Islamic Republic of Iran (50.9 per cent, 2004) and Kyrgyzstan (41.45 per cent, 2006). ( Withdrawal of more than 20 per cent of total internal renewable water resources represents substantial pressure on those resources; FAO considers any amount in excess of 40 per cent to be ""critical”. Worldwide meat consumption averaged 8.3 kg per capita in 1983."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cent water flowing withdrawn averaged|1.159817|7.32184|2.9160678
11959|"The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (“the Convention"" / UNCLOS) sets out the overarching international legal framework for all activities on the oceans and seas, including the conservation and sustainable use of living marine resources. It is complemented by the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (“the Agreement”). The latter sets out a comprehensive legal framework for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the longterm conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks."|SDG 14 - Life below water|stocks convention fish straddling conservation|0.032384828|5.5863585|6.232211
11960|The Energy Division is currently overseeing a Public Sector Smart Energy programme funded by an Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) loan (US$17 million) and an EU grant (€5.8 million) (IDB 2012; GoB 2010). The division is also responsible for monitoring the island’s local oil interests, both onshore and offshore, and is currently overseeing the island’s 2015 offshore licensing campaign (GoB 2015). The 2012 Draft National Policy for Barbados is currently being revised.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|overseeing idb offshore currently division|1.8755894|3.259261|1.8668944
11961|For example, the critical mass was estimated to be 3 000 residents in Luxemburg and 5 000-6 000 inhabitants in Estonia (per the recommendations that an administrative reform expert committee put forward in November 2015), but 10 000-20 000 residents in Norway (per the 2014 ad hoc expert committee appointed by the government), and 20 000 residents in Finland during the PARAS reform (only for primary' healthcare and related services - compared with 50 000 residents for vocational education, for example). In the case of Finland, the methodology used to identify an optimal threshold was criticised and the legislation was changed in 2011 to include more diverse criteria. Linguistic and/or cultural particularities may also be taken into account (e.g. in Estonia, Finland, Greece, Iceland, etc.). For example, in the United States, a wide variety of “special districts” (as opposed to general purpose local governments) provide a single public service (or a set of related public services) to the residents of a determined area.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|residents finland expert estonia committee|9.110866|8.805915|1.8956739
11962|The education reform of 2002 highlighted the role of guidance even further by stating that “to be able to choose consciously his or her educational or vocational course, a student has the right to receive wide and complete information on any matters related to school or university education”. More recently, the Ministry of Education has created a body of school and university advisers responsible for “informing and advising students and their families concerning the education system, universities and vocational opportunities in different sectors”. In order to be part of this body, experienced teachers have received specialised training.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education body vocational university advisers|9.03148|2.09822|2.2238297
11963|This biodeposition can be extremely important in regulating water column processes (Newell, 2004). Nitrogen excreted by the bivalves and regenerated from their biodeposits is recycled back to the water column to support further phytoplankton production. Where biodeposits are incorporated into surficial aerobic sediments that overlay deeper anaerobic sediments, microbially mediated, coupled nitrification-denitrification can permanently remove nitrogen from the system as N2 gas.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sediments column nitrogen phytoplankton mediated|0.78467333|6.709854|3.1112962
11964|From the graphs it can be seen that 73.4 per cent of children are not deprived al all in one of these three domains while 1.9 per cent of the children are simultaneously deprived in all three. Approximately 3.5 per cent of the Belgian children are deprived in leisure and education only against 11 per cent in community only. Overlapping deprivations in leisure and community exist for 1.5 per cent, in education and community for 1.3 per cent, and in leisure and education for 3.5 per cent. In general we can conclude that relatively few of the children living in Belgium are confronted with multiple overlapping deprivations while, for those who are deprived, deprivation in the community domain is dominant.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent deprived leisure community children|7.0672536|6.496041|5.2274146
11965|In Wisconsin, the Wisconsin Wind Works, a consortium of suppliers and vendors to wind energy counts 300 companies, with 40 companies joining in 2010 alone, and a high concentration of firms around Milwaukee (Wisconsin Wind Works, 2011). A main driver for the growing wind industry in the United States is a favourable investment environment, supported by tax credits, feed-in tariffs or grants, which attracts and spurs private investment. The Illinois Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard promotes wind energy by requiring that 25% of the state’s electricity be provided by renewable sources by 2025, and that 75% of that amount come from wind power.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind works energy renewable companies|2.2379973|2.0742564|1.8954358
11966|This suggests that knowledge about the importance of foods rich in micronutrients can increase demand for them. In 2011, WHO and other international organizations launched the Nutrition-Friendly Schools Initiative, which provides a framework for implementing integrated intervention programmes to improve the health and nutritional status of school-age children and adolescents and uses the school as the programme setting (including nurseries and kindergartens). This initiative brings together parents, the local community and health services to promote children's health and nutritional wellbeing (WHO, 2011b).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|nutritional initiative health nurseries micronutrients|4.6069083|5.7763305|4.5665145
11967|Therefore, the same set of economic opportunities and available policy responses that exist at the national indicator level will not be suitable at the local level. This is where proxies and other future data collection exercises will need to fill important gaps. The first step was to make an assessment of the relevance of the national OECD Green Growth Indicator framework and the relevance of the individual variables in describing Schonefelder Kreuz’s transition to a low-carbon economy. However, it is important to attempt to identify and test which areas will work and to investigate what data is available with which to assess the current situation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|relevance indicator proxies available describing|2.099485|3.8166716|2.1308699
11968|Second, gender norms and stereotypes change as women’s economic roles change. The quality of employment matters. Required is work that pays a living wage and provides economic security with limited volatility in income flows. Women’s relatively greater access to and control over other assets such as land title, credit, and other inputs into the production process for women farmers is necessary to improve their relative well-being.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women title change stereotypes pays|8.993105|4.545284|6.299154
11969|The provisions in the Paris Agreement relating to climate finance provision are for “developed country Parties” (reflecting language of the Copenhagen Accord), as well as for “other parties” (see Box 1). These are not always consistent or clear. Only the term “Annex II” is defined. Identical wording is used in the Kyoto Protocol (1997) regarding which Parties are to provide new and additional funding.|SDG 13 - Climate action|parties wording identical accord copenhagen|1.4211773|3.7517805|0.73989797
11970|Indeed, the introduction of new technologies and the promotion of income-generating opportunities can create or exacerbate social fragmentation. Truly bottom-up and participatory approaches are therefore crucial. Pilot projects already implemented illustrate how investments in electrification can and should be utilized to promote the emergence of local sustainable markets and microenterprises. For instance, energy and utility services (lighting, water for drinking and irrigation, and energy for cooking) and microenterprises are created simultaneously with the power plant.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|microenterprises utilized truly lighting exacerbate|2.284903|2.1758442|2.554509
11971|There are also various forms of inter-communal co-operation. Municipalities finance the infrastructure and are responsible for delivering water services. Local authorities can be in charge of water and sanitation services budgets which income comes from the tariffs. After the territorial reform (2014), EPCI can include syndicats de communes, communautes de communes, communautes urbaines, communautes d'aggtomeration, syndicats d‘agglomeration nouvelle, and the metropoles.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|communes agglomeration communal water services|1.479706|7.1518364|1.649618
11972|Maastricht University applies PBL in all of its programmes with the aim to generate students that are independent, entrepreneurial problem-solvers. The university employs various versions of PBL as an educational model simulating a research-oriented working environment that gives students skills that they will take with them into their careers. For example, the Maastricht Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences was one of the first universities in Europe to implement PBL as the dominant educational strategy in medical education. The School of Business and Economics at Maastricht University has been using PBL in all of its degree programmes for over 20 years.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pbl maastricht university educational students|7.2916293|2.673569|2.5509655
11973|Moving forward, however, ensuring the effective implementation and co-ordination of gender initiatives would require the identification of clear roles and responsibilities across governmental and non-governmental stakeholders, supported by realistic targets and both long- and medium-term strategic horizons to support the sustainability of gender equality efforts. Such an approach requires effective institutions responsible for promoting gender equality, with clear roles, mandates and co-ordination mechanisms to implement policies and practices necessary to achieve women’s full empowerment and mobilisation. These institutions are recognised globally as critical instruments for ensuring that public policy minimises different impacts on women and men and, more broadly, for creating societies free from gender discrimination, to foster national well-being and social cohesion, and mobilising the potential of every member of the society.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender governmental roles ordination ensuring|9.869196|4.2701707|7.320732
11974|There is evidence that at least some sections of the public are aware of our dependency on the marine environment. For instance, as early as 1999, 75% of people in a US survey believed that the health of the ocean is important for human survival (Ocean Project 1999). When focusing on environmental matters related to the marine environment specifically, several environmental topics are of particular interest to the public, such as climate change, chemical pollution and ocean acidification (e.g. Vignola et al.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean marine environment acidification environmental|0.0044011767|5.7865677|5.8383875
11975|The challenge of adopting these models is more to do with integrating new types of instruction than overcoming technology barriers. Adoption also requires support from policy makers at a range of levels within education. In total, 50 organisations were full members - 30 joining in 2010 and another 20 since 2011.These individual projects were combined into six thematic consortia, each led by an additional “lead” organisation (Box 4.3).|SDG 4 - Quality education|consortia joining overcoming thematic adopting|8.12415|2.2793727|2.2841673
11976|Because of conflict, the Tuareg and other Arab ethnic groups from northern Mali have faced massive displacement, and account for 60 per cent of the total ethnic make-up of Niger refugee camps. Moreover, the curriculum does not consider the realities of students' lives; and teachers also face poverty, hunger and psychosocial stress. Further, there is an insufficient number of female teachers and of teachers trained to teach students with disabilities and, currently, there is no system in place for the certification of teachers in refugee camps. According to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the conflict in Mali has produced some 139,000 refugees, many of whom are Tuareg, who have been internally displaced and are living in communities or refugee camps in neighbouring Burkina Faso and other countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|camps refugee teachers mali ethnic|9.946844|2.8566816|2.733737
11977|Section 3 then goes on to consider the discrepancy between mothers ’ desire for children and their childlessness, which is much higher in Germany than in France. Again policy is a critical determinant, though Germany’s more traditional perceptions of gender roles also have a part to play. Section 4 stresses how couples ’ levels of educational attainment, earnings and length of working hours affect fertility.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|germany section discrepancy stresses determinant|9.270208|5.266486|5.337097
11978|As well as recommending a particular level for the total allowable catch to be set for each managed fishery, ICES specifies a lower level which should allow the stock of fish to expand and an upper level at which it would decline. The agreed TAC tends frequently to be in the upper end of this range. This is not always due to the difficulties of international negotiation, however. Much of the analysis is done by scientists from national research organisations working in joint teams under the auspices of ICES.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ices upper level recommending auspices|-0.019114085|5.7577443|6.6298585
11979|The buildings were increasingly designed to meet the preference for electricity-driven appliances. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita has remained fairly constant in these years, with a population growth rate also just below 1 per cent per annum. Also in 2011, Jamaica’s Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.727, marginally below the average for Latin America and the Caribbean of 0.731, and placing it 79th among 187 countries.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|hdi marginally jamaica placing annum|6.8005176|6.081192|5.214127
11980|However before doing so, the concept of “security of energy supply” must be defined and understood as it applies to the formulation of government policy. Energy supply security is a many-splendored notion that can mean very different things to different people. A foreign policy expert will look at the issue differently than a network engineer or an economist. Definitions of what is security of energy supply by different experts abound but they are often too abstract to come to grasps with the concrete issues intrinsically linked to geopolitical preferences, strategic technology choices and fundamental orientations of social policy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|security supply energy different policy|1.1570388|1.9928592|1.9536273
11981|A number of institutions and climate funds have outlined the need for a “transformational change” or “paradigm shift” (GCF, 2013) as part of their core mandates and objectives. However, these concepts are often vague or undefined. Nevertheless, assessing whether an intervention has been effective at delivering such transformational change will require an ability to monitor progress in these areas. In general, transformational changes typically involve longer-term, scaled-up impacts.|SDG 13 - Climate action|transformational vague gcf paradigm change|1.4987724|4.584682|1.527859
11982|Use short-term training and projects in centres/research as tool for professional development leading to changes in curriculum/teaching and learning. Firms in the region suffer from the shortage of qualified personnel and inadequate skills offered to the labour market. University students’ skills need to be upgraded in transferable and soft skills, such as communication, team working and analytical thinking.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills upgraded transferable soft analytical|8.266118|2.563108|2.5308397
11983|As a result the Hungarian Government launched a programme in 2003, the so called Improvement of the Vds&rhelyi Plan (IVP), which aims to increase the discharge capacity of the flood bed together with ecological revitalisation of the floodplain area through reservoirs that can receive flood water. The IVP in addition to its main objective to increase flood safety along the Tisza River, also aims to develop landscape management in the area of the reservoirs, as well as encourage regional, rural and infrastructure development, which may result in social and environmental benefits in the Tisza River Basin. In the frame of the IVP the government provides support for establishment of wetland ecofarming, and extensive pasturage in the area of the flood bed and reservoirs, as well as providing other agri-environmental support.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|flood reservoirs bed area aims|1.0075887|6.8810987|2.2413435
11984|Meanwhile, more suburban locales have much lower parking rates (e.g. Buikslotermeerplein at EUR 1.3 per hour). These tariffs encourage visitors to the centre to take transit or bike without penalising residents. Out of total revenues of EUR 5 billion, more than 50% is derived from the national transfers to the local government.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|eur bike suburban visitors parking|4.2410975|4.8691645|0.5836992
11985|In most countries, household income also includes the imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. In Chile, poverty declined slightly between 2006 and 2009, with the indigence rate remaining basically unchanged.3 Poverty and indigence rates in El Salvador did not change between 2004 and 2009. For Chile, the figures set out herein diverge for the first time from the country’s official estimates (MIDEPLAN.|SDG 1 - No poverty|indigence chile diverge basically imputed|6.496192|5.6604342|5.1465354
11986|Health-related and other relevant concepts and definitions employed in this Note are discussed below. Inequality implies disparities in status, opportunity or treatment, while inequity incorporates an assessment of fairness. This distinction is particularly important in health, where equality among individuals or groups does not necessarily mean achieving the same state of health. There are natural inequalities in health that may not be considered unfair.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health inequity fairness unfair incorporates|9.194416|9.096338|2.863617
11987|Based on the cancer expert’s responses to the OECD HCQI Questionnaire on Systems of Cancer Care, in Germany, for example, the number of internal medicine and other oncology specialists and radiologists is reported to be sufficient across regions, and there were only five vacant positions for radiologists in 2010. For instance, in Korea, according to the national expert, there has been a persisting shortage of pathologists since the late 1990s, and on average, only between 30% and 50% of residency positions in pathology in training hospitals have been filled in the past ten years. Canada reports that the lack of pathologists is serious, as their average age is increasing and sometimes no replacement is available for retiring pathologists. In addition, based on the projected needs, training positions for radiologists were cut back in the early 2000s, but by the late 2000s an increase in diagnostic imaging activities and technological sophistication has led to an increase in demand.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|positions cancer expert late imaging|9.273145|9.224727|1.9631932
11988|Thus, in a causal web, disease events are influenced by risk factors both directly and indirectly. The definition of the risk factors, as well as the thresholds used to identify individuals at risk, is largely based on data provided by the WHO Comparative Quantification of Health Risks publication (Ezzati, Lopez, Rodgers, & Murray, 2004). In the model, proximal risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and high blood glucose, have a direct influence on the probability of developing such chronic diseases. This accounts for the effect of known pathophysiological mechanisms. Conversely, distal risk factors, such as low intake of fruit and vegetables, high fat intake, and insufficient physical activity, have an indirect influence on chronic diseases.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|risk factors blood intake high|9.158444|9.268015|2.940903
11989|This discrepancy in funding is worth investigating—that is to say, why is water management more appealing to donors/ investors than other adaptation activities? The initial indication is that water-related management often includes a technical component, one that can be commercially viable for entrepreneurs and corporate interests. Furthermore, activities within the water sector are easily identifiable as “climate change adaptation” activities, whereas projects that enhance climate change resilience in land use and the energy sector are likely counted as mitigation activities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|activities water adaptation appealing identifiable|1.3130486|7.088365|2.0869637
11990|Again, the three instruments reviewed in this chapter, represent a minimal share of the water bill covered by final users. Therefore, it is very unlikely that any revision of these instruments or the introduction of an abstraction charge will trigger severe affordability issues. Should affordability issues emerge from the monitoring system, mechanisms could be implemented, e.g. a social fund dedicated to helping the poor to pay their water bills. They are usually produced at national level, but also in some cases at regional levels.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|affordability instruments issues trigger bills|1.4351128|7.542735|2.2575607
11991|Changes in the distribution of income are not only an important economic phenomenon but can also be a formidable social and political challenge, and globalisation and trade are often seen as potentially implicated. Economic research on its own cannot substitute for the political process in deciding whether and if so how, income inequality should be reduced, but it can help by disentangling the different determinants as well as shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that result in income inequality. But with the concurrent wave of globalisation, evidenced through the growing participation in global value chains (GVCs) as shown in OECD (2013 and 2015a), questions related to how these processes are linked are increasingly coming to the fore.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|globalisation income inequality political shedding|6.5568953|4.903842|4.5154934
11992|The Parliament has recently decided to change the Parliament Act so that legal persons, and not only natural persons, can be granted a fishing licence. Natural persons do not need to have personal fishing licence anymore, instead it will be sufficient to have a fishing licence for the fishing boat. Salmon fishing with longlines in the Baltic Sea was prohibited and the Swedish quota was allocated solely to trap fisheries. The strategy was presented to the government in late June 2014.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing licence persons parliament natural|-0.04519393|5.862124|6.8680906
11993|A set of mid-range unmitigated climate change scenarios suggest temperature increase of 3 °C to 6 “C toward the end of the century, depending on the season and part of the country. Changes in summer are the most uncertain. The largest lake within EU, Lake Vanern, and its outlet, River Gota alv, constitute a complex system, where risks for flooding and landslides may increase. The city of Stockholm is located at the outlet of the lake, which provides water supply for some 2 million people in the metropolitan area.|SDG 13 - Climate action|lake landslides stockholm increase uncertain|0.6554684|6.701405|2.9388814
11994|"By construction, the average of each indicator across OECD countries is equal to 0. The “Adjusted R2"" row corresponds to the adjusted R2 of that regression. The EHCI, published by the Health Consumer Powerhouse, measures and ranks the performance of health-care provision in 33 European countries from a consumer point of view."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|adjusted consumer row ranks regression|9.205699|9.352034|2.228714
11995|Among migrants from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, more women than men earn 15,000 roubles or less per month (figure 10). The mean monthly salary of males is 32,780 roubles whereas for females the amount is 28,875 (figure 11). The mean hourly rate for males is 134 roubles whereas for females it is 114 roubles.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|males females mean figure hourly|8.686878|5.1747885|6.885903
11996|On the other hand most of the sub-Saharan African countries in the lower ranks of the figure have either witnessed increased poverty or relatively slow progress towards poverty reduction. The divergent experiences within the group of countries recording mass poverty are of paramount importance in understanding the problem of persistent extreme poverty at the global level. The comparison of the experience of this group of countries with those at less extreme levels of poverty, as defined by international poverty lines, can also be instructive. Figure 29 shows examples of typical country experiences in relation to their poverty trends and the effect of changes in income distribution on poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty experiences extreme group divergent|6.223038|5.795754|4.8366356
11997|The test identified a break in total wheat imports and per capita wheat imports in 1997 and 1996, respectively, while 2001 and 2002 emerge as the most significant break-years for total rice imports and per capita rice imports, respectively. These years correspond to significant policy shifts in Senegal, starting with the devaluation of the local currency (the CFA Franc) in 1994. Policy measures adopted included a full liberalisation of import in 1996 (rice trade was highly regulated by the State and imports were subject to quotas until 1996) and the implementation of the regional Common Exterior Thriff (CET) in 2000, leading to a drop in rice import tariff from 38% to 10%.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|imports rice break wheat import|4.0190754|4.8627105|4.2190156
11998|Welfare, the Family and Reproductive Behaviour: Research Perspectives, National Research Council, R. Moffitt (ed.), Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.I787/9789264044197-en. Jobs for Youth, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264096127-en. School-to-Work Transitions in the United States and Europe, OECD Employment Working Paper Number 90, OECD, Paris.|SDG 1 - No poverty|paris oecd dx doi publishing|7.748925|5.8493576|5.2028537
11999|Structural change needs to occur in a context of rapid digitalisation and “Industry 4.0”. Over the past two decades Austria has made continued gains in the supply of science and technology graduates and trained researchers. Austria has strengths in higher technical and vocational schools and has built up a successful sector of universities of applied sciences (UAS). However, Austria still lags with regard to the share of female researchers.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|austria researchers digitalisation lags strengths|5.642127|3.3095021|2.4633625
12000|The risk of being in the bottom quintile for NSW households is highest in Estonia, Luxembourg and the Slovak Republic where over 45% of NSW households fall into the lower part of the income distribution. Working poverty (which will be discussed below) is a concern when having a working household member (in a non-standard job) does not improve the position in the income distribution. It is remarkable that in Greece and Luxembourg the share of NSW households falling into the bottom quintile is very close to that of jobless households. Similarly, “Non-standard worker households” refers to households where either all adult members are in non-standard work or there are only non-standard workers and non-working adult members. “|SDG 1 - No poverty|households nsw standard non quintile|7.299889|5.6624026|5.056863
12001|As noted above, all major emitters, including notably China, must participate in abatement efforts for global-climate-change goals to be in reach. Based on the maximum commitments made by other OECD countries, OECD (2010a) estimates that the countries with high emissions intensity (Canada, Australia and New Zealand) would incur somewhat larger income losses while Japan would incur a smaller income loss. According to OECD (2010a), the US target, taken together with the declared targets of other industrialised countries, would lead to a 12-18% reduction in GHG emissions in 2020 compared with 1990 levels.|SDG 13 - Climate action|incur oecd emissions emitters industrialised|1.3050648|3.404001|1.8240166
12002|The results of the Effective Provision of Pre-school Education (EPPE) study from England (United Kingdom) have also shown that key explanatory factors for high-quality ECEC were related to “staff with higher qualifications, staff with leadership skills and long-serving staff; trained staff working alongside and supporting less qualified staff; staff with a good understanding of child development and learning” (Siraj-Blatchford, 2010). Higher proportions of staff with low-level qualifications were related with less favourable child outcomes in the socio-emotional domain (social relationships with their peers and cooperation). There is no simple relationship between the level of education of staff and classroom quality or learning outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|staff qualifications outcomes learning child|9.319484|2.6732447|1.9093335
12003|The number of meals served based in redistributed food has been estimated to about 1.67 mill in 2013, with about 926,000 in Copenhagen, 346,000 in Oslo and 400,000 in Gothenburg. Based in the figures, it is quite clear that the food banks are relatively more important for food security to low income people than to prevention of food waste, although the rapid growth in redistributed food by Matsentralen in Oslo indicate that there is a higher potential. However, the combined effects make food banks important actors also with regard to food waste prevention, and as one of several initiatives that are needed to cope with the food waste problem in society.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food redistributed oslo waste banks|4.267358|5.272705|4.6288943
12004|Once the students begin to understand themselves as cultural beings, they become more receptive to accepting the culture, race, and ethnicity of their students (Gay, 2010(159]). The eTutor programme aimed to create an environment where preservice teachers would be able to interrogate their own and others’ cultures in ways that were safe, supportive, inclusive, challenging, and engaging (Carr, 2016(160]). The experience of interacting with children from multiple cultures in an online environment resulted in a positive attitudinal shift for the majority of participants; the preservice teachers, many of whom had started with an ethnocentric view, finished with an ethno-relative view, demonstrating empathy and caring for children of different cultures. (|SDG 4 - Quality education|cultures view teachers empathy environment|10.008884|2.6262562|2.5360696
12005|Movements from the service sector to agriculture are also relatively high for minority groups (27%) but close to the national average for women (16%). Less expected is the high incidence of mobility among employed youth from industry (36%) and the service sector (22%) into agriculture. The latter could be an effect of the economic slowdown in 2008, which forced workers without stable work back into the agricultural sector.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|sector service agriculture slowdown minority|8.6300745|4.428302|5.4354625
12006|In the first part of the 20th century, the mere conversion of land to rain fed agriculture in southeast Australia and southwest United States led to significant increases in recharge and groundwater storage (Taylor et al., In central Spain, intensive groundwater pumping in the Upper Guadiana Basin has contributed to a net increase in water availability for consumptive use (Llamas and Garrido, 2007). Such a mechanism is bound to be found especially in areas with shallow unconfined aquifers with rapid recharge.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|recharge groundwater garrido southwest shallow|0.77607894|7.4726124|2.8733833
12007|However, concerns with regard to labour rights and migration within the sport industry means that attention must also be given to SDG targets 8.7 and 8.8. Sport-based approaches to employment training, entrepreneurship and enterprise have emerged and need to take account of opportunities within the broader economy to maximise their potential. The complexities associated with the collection of such data are magnified when recognition is given to the diverse range of economic activities that are directly and indirectly associated with sport. In countries where there are expertise and available data to undertake such economic analysis, findings have pointed to the growing economic value of sport while also indicating the financial value derived from sport-based interventions that deliver social benefit (Crabbe 2013; Fujiwara et al.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sport economic associated value given|3.9048502|4.94395|2.1204414
12008|Farms in Turkey are not legal entities and it is the deed, or land ownership certificate, that defines the fann. The minimum size requirements regulating the sale of land affect the exit from farming. In various provinces and regions where rural development projects were implemented, they also aimed at infrastructure improvements, and were supported by foreign finance, especially from the World Bank and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). However, since the mid-2000s, specific rural development policy frameworks have emerged in the context of Turkey’s movement towards the EU acquis.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|turkey development ifad land rural|3.8971045|5.2402244|3.677713
12009|It is important to document and use case studies which feature successful SME women and men in traditional and non-conventional economic roles. Examples of this are found in many countries that are more advanced in serving the women entrepreneurs’ market. Box 6.2 highlights examples in the United States and Canada where governments have supported networks of women’s enterprise centres, as well as other government-led business support good practices in Germany, Sweden and Turkey. Women clients report that these centres offer a safe, warm and nurturing environment for them.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women centres examples nurturing warm|8.948612|3.457292|6.476016
12010|This may have substantial consequences for water quality, especially in the Mississippi river and the northern Gulf of Mexico (De la Torre Ugarte et al., If nutrient inputs are required for wood plantations, infiltration and runoff of nitrogen may also pose a risk to groundwater (Lattimore etal., Another important conclusion is that the location of production and the type of tillage production, crop rotation system and other farm management practices used in producing feedstocks for bioenergy production will also greatly influence water quality (De la Torre Ugarte et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|production la rotation tillage feedstocks|0.9220964|6.9567523|2.9047961
12011|The cost-containment scenario assumes a gradual decrease in the yearly growth of health care spending relating to price, technology and health care policies and institutions from 1.7% to zero in 2060. The cost-containment scenario assumes a gradual decrease in the yearly growth of health spending relating to price, technology and health care policies and institutions from 1.7% to zero in 2060. Demographic factors include the age structure of the population and its health status whereas the non-demographic ones encompass income, technology and relative prices.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|containment health yearly gradual assumes|8.924431|8.79113|2.5430362
12012|Universal or pension-tested benefits bolster women's economic autonomy, strengthening their voice and agency within households and raising their social status.126 In contrast, means-tested pensions often require that households—rather than individuals—have no other income source. This means that they exclude women who live in households above the income threshold even if they have no access to personal income. This assumes that income from cohabiting spouses or other family members will be shared fairly, which is not always the case.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|income tested households means cohabiting|8.393249|5.4675603|5.2511106
12013|The largest disparities are recorded in India, followed by Egypt, Hirkey, Mexico and Indonesia. The gap is smallest in South Africa, China and the Russian Federation. The most remarkable improvements have been recorded in Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, China, TUrkey, Indonesia and India. However, girls’ educational performance lags behind in mathematics and often in science, which results in a lower propensity of girls to study and work in STEM-related fields (science, technology, engineering and mathematics).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|egypt mathematics recorded indonesia science|9.525044|3.7737436|5.7266445
12014|A person living in Asia and the Pacific is almost twice as likely to be affected by a natural disaster than a person living in Africa; almost six times more likely than someone in Latin America and the Caribbean, and almost 30 times more likely than a person living in North America or Europe (ESCAP, 2012a). All regions of the world are projected to experience varying impacts because of climate change. In Asia and the Pacific, increases in flooding, heat-related mortality, and drought-related water and food shortages have been identified as the main risks. If current climate change and development patterns continue, by 2100, hundreds of millions of people, most of them in the coastal areas of East, South-East and South Asia, may be displaced unless adaptation measures are put in place.|SDG 13 - Climate action|person asia living likely pacific|1.4443346|5.1264896|2.0978181
12015|The research focused on investment needs related to two specific objectives, namely the development of broadband infrastructure and the development of digital business (box IV.6; see also UNCTAD, 2017b). Its objective is to create synergies and bring together current efforts, which are often fragmented and lack sufficient scale. The initiative’s main tool is an online platform to help developing countries and donors navigate the supply of and demand for e-commerce development support, leam about trends and best practices, and raise the visibility of various partners' initiatives and resources.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|navigate development leam visibility unctad|4.7849293|3.0631566|1.9289294
12016|Likewise, insurance companies’ direct allocations to infrastructure projects remain in the billions of dollars, compared with total industry assets of around USD 19.3 trillion. That said, institutional investor interest in the clean energy sector is starting to develop, and they are slowly starting to be attracted to climate change and resource efficiency-related financial products, which can help finance projects with a positive environmental impact while remaining appealing from a financial return perspective. Some of the world’s leading pension funds and insurance companies have already made significant investments and future commitments to clean energy projects. There are multiple barriers to infrastructure investing.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|projects starting clean insurance companies|2.295943|3.0822074|1.710249
12017|While there is no one single viewpoint of this heterogeneous group, there have been a number of ad-hoc platforms that have focused on issues relevant to the effectiveness of climate financing. These principles are designed to determine, assess and manage social and environmental risks and negative impacts at the project level. One of the issues assessed under these principles is the “viability of project operations in view of reasonably foreseeable changing weather patterns/climatic conditions, together with adaptation opportunities” (Equator Principles, 2013).|SDG 13 - Climate action|principles project viewpoint foreseeable issues|1.5141058|4.557391|1.5439427
12018|While costs began to dip below the $5 mark in the 1970s, it was not until around 1990 that costs of $l/m3 began to be observed. It is the largest and most comprehensive inventory of empirical data on desalination plants available. The costs of these very small plants vary widely and their impact on the incurred cost of desalination is not nearly as great as those of larger plants.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|plants desalination began costs mark|0.9581417|7.7415276|2.7277446
12019|Yet, governance of innovative activity is not provided by government alone. Actors from the research and the business sectors, as well as other stakeholders, play an important role in many aspects of STI governance. For example, a society’s accumulated “social capital” can make an important contribution to innovation by reducing transaction costs.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|governance accumulated sti important transaction|5.290923|3.5187156|2.4652288
12020|The new Forest Code, which was adopted by the Turkmen Parliament in April 2011 and came into force in July 2011, defines the responsibilities of State bodies in terms of forestry and forest management. This will provide an important basis and a good start for better coordination of works and activities aimed at sustainable forest management, if training and capacity-building is consistent with the requirements of the new Forest Code. Forest management in the mountains has mainly taken the form of planting pistachio trees over a total area of over 35,000 ha.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest code management turkmen mountains|1.5337224|4.739295|3.8784778
12021|In many countries, water governance is still in a state of confusion. In both developing and developed nations, water policy, to a greater or lesser degree, intrinsically raises governance challenges. These include fragmented institutional structures, a lack of clarity on roles and responsibilities and questionable resource allocation. Meanwhile, inadequate financial management, low capacity of the implementing organisations, and unpredictability in the investment climate for private sector actors are also typical. Moreover, accountability of politicians, policy makers and implementing agencies is often lacking, in situations where the regulatory environment can be unclear or non-existent. Many of these problems are rooted in a general lack of knowledge and awareness of rights and responsibilities, and are broadly related to poor governance.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance implementing responsibilities unpredictability intrinsically|1.1556745|7.1173368|1.5292122
12022|Recently, agricultural support levels in most of the emerging economies have tended to rise, in particular in China and Indonesia. They subsequently also shape production of the feedstock commodities. In the United States, government mandates have played a major role in the fast growth of maize based ethanol production, while the EU biodiesel policy has led to strong increases in the cultivation of rapeseed for vegetable oil production.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|production feedstock biodiesel vegetable ethanol|3.7423372|5.0880466|4.059899
12023|In effect, the Ministry of Health and Welfare currently determines the overall budget for health insurance when it negotiates fees through the National Health Insurance Policy Deliberation Committee. A more proactive effort is needed to design health care policies which meet Korea’s future needs. Theoretically, a single insurer should have a strong bargaining position in negotiations with provider groups, enabling it to drive change in the way private providers deliver health care. With no risk that patients can move to another fund, a single insurer has an economic incentive to focus on prevention and early intervention - investing in a person’s good health today leads to fewer claims (and payouts) in the future.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health insurer insurance single future|9.07106|8.881791|1.8714305
12024|Many of the services offered by online platforms have traditionally been supplied by large wholesalers and retailers, which act as export intermediaries and facilitate indirect exports for smaller firms. However, with the development of online platforms, even smaller firms can participate in international trade directly. D -sales are not available for enterprises with less than 10 employees. Small enterprises are therefore defined as those with 10 employees.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|platforms online employees enterprises smaller|4.892144|3.1232116|2.2610252
12025|In most cases this has meant developing water supplies primarily for irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West. As of 2008, the Reclamation operates and maintains 2 122 water and power structures in the 17 western states. Among these facilities are 471 dams, 348 reservoirs, 58 power plants, and numerous water delivery facilities. This infrastructure provides water to 31 million people and provides irrigation water for 10 million acres of farmland that produce 60% of the nation's vegetables and 25% of its fruits and nuts.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water irrigation facilities acres provides|1.0106965|7.358784|2.5776381
12026|Many of today’s curricula are designed to equip learners for a static world that no longer exists. Those types of curricula could be delivered with an industrial approach in hierarchical bureaucracies; they do not require teachers to have advanced professional insights into instructional design. But that is no longer good enough. Curricula now need to account for fast-moving flows of knowledge creation. Zero percent school autonomy has meant one hundred percent teacher isolation behind closed classroom doors.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curricula percent longer doors hierarchical|9.2364855|1.5936126|1.8786248
12027|It specifies activities in several domains related to: raising public awareness and building capacities among professionals in the health effects of climate change; upgrading the information system with a set of policy-relevant indicators for identifying and assessing climate-related health risks and the effectiveness of actions; enhancing surveillance and control of selected infectious diseases and vectors, as well as air quality monitoring, etc. Further, it outlines the tasks and capacities of the health sector in coordinated intersectoral activities on emergencies related to extreme weather events, their planning and response. The programme also contains a number of tools to facilitate the training courses for capacity-building in the area of public health emergency management at all levels.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health related capacities building intersectoral|1.5063877|5.049069|1.7035097
12028|These goals, along with desire to reduce traffic congestion are, however, only partly the purview of Prague. There is a lack of a metropolitan vision and strategy. The rapid and continued growth of hundreds of communities surrounding Prague necessarily impacts the city itself. It has led to a large number of commuters to the urban core daily along with the attendant traffic congestion and air pollution problems; it has placed pressure on Prague’s services and infrastructure; and it has transformed former agricultural and green areas to new residential and commercial/industrial uses with services and infrastructure not always keeping up adequately to the pace of these new developments. How can Prague better co-ordinate with municipalities across its functional urban area to tackle pressing spatial development challenges?|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|prague congestion traffic attendant infrastructure|4.0849576|5.335535|1.4342802
12029|At the same time it poses clear risks to the provision of equitable and sustainable mobility for all. Nonetheless, they are starting to have an impact of trip-making behaviour where they are present and are starting to be seen as a potential complement for first and last mile connections. In low density regions difficult to service with public transport and areas where public transport is available but quality is perceived to be lacking, ride services may also come to be seen as an alternative. Most of these initiatives are taking place in the United States - partly because of the popularity of ride services there, partly because many urban areas there have difficulty providing attractive public transport. Many of the partnerships described in this report are pilot projects or promotional campaigns and at present there is no evidence for a permanent shift in public transport service delivery towards structural partnerships with ride services. Nonetheless, authorities and ride-service operators are using these pilots to test new ways of improving mobility outcomes where it is difficult to provide quality public transport.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ride transport public service nonetheless|4.24787|4.9452205|0.47150892
12030|Third, an increase in the degree of openness of an economy will typically enhance product market competition. The increase in productivity means more output or income can be obtained by society, and therefore also by the poor, from a given amount of resources. Trade opening changes relative prices in both product and factor markets.|SDG 1 - No poverty|product openness increase opening obtained|4.8236647|4.6016297|3.9442158
12031|Some countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Italy, Japan, Ihe Netherlands and Spain, also provide explicit tax incentives for training, over and above the standard deductibility of training costs and of wages paid to trainees and apprentices. Lessons from recent evaluations show that the effectiveness of tax incentives depends on their design. For example, a highly complex design can reduce take-up rates, result in sub-optimal lax-relief claims, or lead to high non-compliance rates.|SDG 4 - Quality education|design incentives tax lax training|7.5774674|4.1271105|3.603704
12032|"The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It can be defined as ""the ability of teachers to meet complex demands in a given context by mobilising various psychosocial (cognitive, functional, personal and ethical) resources."" Teachers' professional competence shapes instructional processes and is, in turn, shaped by the opportunities and incentives teachers have to learn (Figure 3.1)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers shapes psychosocial shaped mobilising|9.424293|1.5383497|2.240787
12033|Furthermore, the new World Bank poverty line does not seem to have considered the United States inflation rate; had it been used, the dollar a day (later $ 1.08 a day) line should have become $1.45 a day in 2005, with obvious implications for corresponding poverty estimates. Reddy argues that the Bank’s poverty line is not only flawed, but also not very useful for policy purposes. He argues that much less weight should be given to the Bank’s poverty estimates in monitoring MDG 1 to reduce poverty and hunger by half from 1990 to 2015.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty day line argues bank|6.298967|6.076733|4.9907403
12034|The problems associated with reliance on natural resources as the region's main source of competitiveness have been a traditional theme among development analysts, in addition to the urgent challenge of sustainability. The region has a wealth of renewable and non-renewable natural resources that have been exploited without observing social, environmental and economic sustainability criteria. Nonetheless, the region depends mainly on hydrocarbons: three quarters of its energy supply comes from this source, as discussed below.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|region sustainability renewable source natural|1.5388944|2.448144|2.385359
12035|However, taking advantage of these opportunities, and ensuring the efficient operation of energy systems, depends upon the availability of the necessary skills. The mining segment appears to generate more jobs than the utilities segment in less than one third of the 41 LDCs, reflecting on the one hand the uneven distribution of fuel resource endowments, and on the other the capital-intensive nature of extractive industries, especially in the case of oil and gas. In statistics these are part of wholesale and retail trade employment, but detailed data are not available. Looking to the future, progress towards universal access and a transition towards a more modern energy sector have important implications for employment in the energy industry (as is also expected to happen with its value added generation).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|segment energy wholesale extractive employment|1.6203425|2.387796|2.2031083
12036|This chapter aims to take a first step towards that goal. Though constrained by issues of data availability, we build on the ideas of the various gender indices available to choose variables that capture various aspects of gender inequality over time. This chapter provides an overview of gender inequalities in various dimensions of well-being, following the conceptual framework of How Is Life? ( Furthermore, discrimination can take place throughout a woman’s life cycle, from birth (resulting from sex-selective abortions, such as in the case of China) to access to education (for instance in school enrolment rates) and continuing through the rest of their life course (e.g. labour force participation and life expectancy) (OECD, 2013).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|life various gender chapter abortions|9.192769|4.7673016|6.2336187
12037|With the same overall budget, which we assume to be financed by foreign aid and to be equal to 1 per cent of GDP, food subsidies have on average smaller effects, as they do not specifically target the poor or children. Broadly, the latter policy has a significant impact in Burkina Faso (only in terms of reducing the monetary poverty effect, by 2 percentage points) and, to a larger extent, in Ghana where it reduces child monetary poverty by up to more 2 points and hunger rates by more than 1 point. This policy is also very effective in reducing hunger among children in Burkina Faso and, particularly, Cameroon.|SDG 1 - No poverty|burkina faso hunger monetary points|4.8046885|5.659895|4.50983
12038|These same approaches would likely have some applicability for work within communities in ESD delivery. In most cases, there are a number of government departments involved in awareness-raising on sustainability issues. In Guyana for instance, the Civil Defence Commission has a community programme which addresses disaster risk management, as well as issues related to resilience and adaptation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|issues applicability guyana defence esd|1.5291877|5.042403|1.7417728
12039|However, the prescription of a pain reliever was associated with a risk of non-medical use of prescription opioids some eight times higher than other predictors. Also consistent with findings in other recent reports, the European Union Medicine Study showed that the purchase of prescription opioids from online pharmacies also figured as one of the sources. Among other findings, polydrug use, particularly the use of illicit drugs among past-year non-medical prescription opioid users, was also quite common in the five European countries, ranging from 21 per cent of past-year users in Spain to 43 per cent in the United Kingdom. Similarly, those who obtained prescription opioids through theft, forgery or doctor-shopping were about twice as likely to have used illicit drugs as those who had not.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|prescription opioids illicit drugs findings|8.379967|10.16664|3.5237193
12040|Skills requirements are changing rapidly, which may further increase the digital skills divide. Women and girls, people with disabilities, older persons, indigenous peoples and people living in rural areas may face additional barriers in accessing and using technology. To ensure that technology dividends are shared broadly, countries should put in place policies to support lifelong learning and skills acquisition for all.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|skills technology dividends divide lifelong|5.059051|2.9230254|1.9883564
12041|For this reason, the use of indigenous species should be increasingly considered. This includes the supply of trees, and control and care of plantations. Among the key priorities of tree planting are the creation of “tree belts” around cities, large towns and populated centres; the protection of installations, infrastructure and agricultural lands from advancing sands; the struggle against the destruction of river banks and against mud flows; and efforts to check the salinization of soils. From a silvicultural point of view, planting areas are being landscaped, soil is being prepared, and water wells for the irrigation of trees are being drilled.|SDG 15 - Life on land|planting tree trees mud belts|1.4471657|4.8007307|3.7377527
12042|"Indonesia missing due to lack of information on formality status; urban China missing due to limited sample size; the analysis on India is confined to all workers for whom data on social security contributions is available (this effectively excludes self-employed workers and family workers). Panel B: OECD calculations based on national household and labour force surveys and the EU-SILC national files (Turkey). On the measurement of inequality"", Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. The role of constraint vs choice”, Annals of Economics and Statistics, forthcoming."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|missing workers files confined excludes|7.246334|4.896981|4.654991
12043|This is not a case for public subsidies, but rather due consideration of the equity principle for water management financing. The Equity principle should not be tied to the Polluter Pays principle, as this can result in second and third best solutions to pollution challenges. Policies in agriculture, energy, urban development or trade are often responsible for ever growing pressures on water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|principle equity polluter tied water|1.4252415|7.2797155|2.2608652
12044|Those oneM2M standards have been widely used in loT and vertical areas, e.g. the Smart Cities Project in Busan, Republic of Korea. This work remarkably contributes to the convergence of global loT standards and the alignment of work, as one of the ITU-T strategic objectives is cooperation and collaboration. Furthermore, Industry and Member States of ITU-T can benefit from converged and aligned standards.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|itu standards lot converged busan|4.55003|3.412045|1.6642482
12045|In the longer term, the land use planning system under the Land Law could explore a more dynamic and flexible approach, rather than one that is definitive and prescriptive, in order to better adapt to the dynamic circumstances of urban development that directly answer to socio-economic needs. For example, there remains a struggle for the provision of open space in the dense inner-city centres. In HaNoi, between 2000 and 2010, the area devoted to parks and public gardens per capita went from 2.17m2 to 1.58m2.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|dynamic prescriptive definitive gardens land|4.056593|5.1560435|1.5966655
12046|Coverage in the poorest quintile was a low three per cent. Social allowances reached 12 per cent of the population (25 per cent of the poorest quintile), and special state allowances benefited 15 per cent of the population (32 per cent of the poorest quintile). With the exception of housing allowances, social assistance transfers are targeted to the poor; 37 per cent of all beneficiaries of social assistance belong to the poorest quintile, who receive almost 40 per cent of total transfers. The most strictly targeted programme, TSA, distributes 72 per cent of total transfers to the poorest twenty per cent.|SDG 1 - No poverty|cent poorest quintile allowances transfers|7.4319406|5.905529|4.5180182
12047|Formally, provincial authorities were responsible for groundwater, surface water has always been the responsibility of regional water authorities. Since 2009, all groundwater administrative arrangements have been transferred to the regional water authorities, except for industrial extractions, public drinking water supply, etc. ( It may be possible, however, to do this under Section 6.13 “by virtue of water board by-laws” and under section 6.14. By provincial order, subsection 1 may be declared not applicable to extractions where the amount to be extracted does not exceed 10 m3 per hour.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water authorities provincial groundwater section|0.9057878|7.3295684|2.0371206
12048|At the national level, the National Water Agency (Agencia Nacional de Aguas, ANA) implements the National Water Resources Management System (Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hidricos, SINGREH) and regulates water uses in federal water bodies. State water agencies define rules and issue entitlements for state water bodies. At both levels, water resources councils define general rules and deliberate on water conflicts. River basin committees define priority water uses and approve river basin plans.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water define nacional bodies rules|0.9096896|7.1921463|1.7853044
12049|Riots in May 1998 caused consumers to hoard rice. Meanwhile the activities of the private sector, especially of large distributors to supply rice, were severely curbed by the worsening economic situation and the difficulty of procuring working capital due to the higher interest rate. As a consequence of these factors, retail rice prices reached IDR 3 000/kg (USD 293/tonne) in September 1998.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rice idr distributors worsening tonne|3.9908328|4.9160194|4.242888
12050|"My parents had six children and could not pay for schooling for all of us, so 1 had to drop out."" A sister who did finish school went on to become a nurse. In our culture, you don’t talk to anyone about family planning,” she says, remembering how she felt ashamed and shy. I want them to finish school, find a job and then to get married and have their own families,” she says. “"|SDG 5 - Gender equality|finish says don talk school|9.503107|5.2773414|6.2432466
12051|With the policy environment growing more supportive, the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy improving and increased activity in obtaining support for SIDS through various mechanisms, the emphasis on the MRE potential of SIDS will continue to grow. The SAMOA Pathway stresses the importance of renewable energy generation and energy efficiency measures as a basis for sustainable development in SIDS and calls for innovative partnerships to strengthen SIDS-SIDS cooperation (SIDS, 2014). There has been notable progress in this regard through CARICOM (the Caribbean Community), resulting in the production of a Regional Energy Policy (CARICOM, 2013), followed by the Caribbean Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS). C-SERMS includes recommendations for renewable energy targets, along with targets for energy efficiency gains and carbon emissions reductions, in the short term (2017), medium term (2022) and long term (2027) for the CARICOM region and aims to provide CARICOM member states with a coherent strategy for transitioning to sustainable energy (Worldwatch, 2013).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sids caricom energy renewable sustainable|1.7529434|2.3659625|2.598965
12052|The latter are faced with the risk that a high share of variable renewables such as wind and solar significantly reduces the number of hours during which a given demand is guaranteed (compression effect). This can lead to a number of operating hours for baseload technologies that is too low to repay fixed costs. The role of smart grids in this case would be to re-shape the residual demand curve.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hours compression demand repay baseload|1.6395873|1.4047252|1.9202143
12053|It examines whether programmes and initiatives, including specific support structures established by governments or non-government actors, help women obtain key economic, regulatory or market information to make informed decisions throughout the stages of business establishment and expansion. It also discusses other forms of support for women entrepreneurs, such as measures to improve women's access to markets and entrepreneurship and management training. Business development services are provided by government organisations, NGOs, private sector providers and business associations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business women government support ngos|9.085877|3.5650582|6.611364
12054|"Engaging key stakeholders (e.g. teacher unions, universities, pedagogical advisors) in their development will be critical to build a shared understanding of ""good teaching"" and ensure that standards are accepted and used. Costa Rica should consider creating a professional body for teachers to support this work and provide input to teacher policy development more broadly. Strengthen teachers' initial training and recruitment."|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher teachers advisors unions accepted|10.153407|1.4989187|2.5931
12055|In various emerging economies, food security is endorsed as a main objective of agricultural policies. This is particularly true as concerns rice markets and Asian countries. For instance, India, China and Indonesia have developed self-sufficiency policy objectives and some countries, including Indonesia, are expanding the scope of these objectives.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|indonesia objectives endorsed sufficiency expanding|4.1148376|5.3024096|4.2114387
12056|It is important to consider how these options fare relative to the other objectives possibly attributed to the policies supporting RE deployment. They reduce other pollution, increase energy security and often create local jobs (e.g. for home insulation). It usually reduces other pollution along with C02 emissions, for burning natural gas usually entails lower NOx, SOx, heavy metals and particulate emissions than burning coal.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|burning usually pollution emissions sox|1.4911228|2.97734|2.3093212
12057|A number of countries in Latin America and Africa have attempted, strongly aided by donors, to formalize land titles following de Soto’s argument, despite the fact that de Soto has offered little real evidence that formalizing property titles actually leads to greater credit access and thus to poverty reduction in the developing world. According to legal advocate Murtaza Jaffer (quoted in Bourbeau, 2001, pp. The poor soon sell their interests, returning once more to unplanned settlements and despair.”|SDG 1 - No poverty|titles quoted advocate unplanned attempted|4.013206|5.051799|3.3930242
12058|However, the story of how gender equality became a nationwide priority and how quotas were progressively enforced belongs to a more complex framework. It tells how political parties played a primary role and Mexican women’s leadership and ability to build cross-party alliances functioned as a catalyst for change, sparking fruitful debate within and between parties, in the national legislature and public opinion. While women in the parties were the driving force - with some senior officials and powerful figures using their influence to muster support inside and outside the party - they could not have pushed quotas through without the support of their parties.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parties quotas party functioned belongs|10.322361|4.1942053|6.501778
12059|Schools are also keen to boost their reputation by sending as many of their graduates as possible to prestigious institutions. This leads to a myriad of techniques to enhance performance and keeps afloat an industry of innovators, producers and suppliers of cheating devices. Tutoring and test preparation courses come extra, and are provided by a thriving private sector.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tutoring thriving keen keeps myriad|8.81093|2.138091|2.3443575
12060|The chapter highlights good practice from the region and internationally and concludes with recommendations to make collaboration and outreach more effective. The main message of the chapter is that whilst higher education institutions are often actively engaged with their local stakeholders, the picture of diverse projects and programmes is fragmented. Much more could be achieved through a comprehensive region-wide approach to development, stronger evidence base and co-ordination of targeted efforts to address the key challenges in the region.|SDG 4 - Quality education|region chapter message outreach fragmented|7.6401515|2.516466|2.4850037
12061|Previous housing programmes to encourage residential mobility, like the 1995 Programa de Mouilidad Habitaciona!,23 had a limited effect (Simian, 2010). This was partly due to the limited choices for affordable housing in a better location. Subsidised housing has been confined to a few municipalities and neighbourhoods in the urban peripheries. This results in an “immobilising effect” of social housing on residents, stranding tenants in marginalised communities with few possibilities of social or economic progress (Rodriguez and Sugranyes, 2005).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing effect limited marginalised programa|4.8009796|5.6308517|2.1090245
12062|In most modern Iranian irrigation and drainage schemes — e.g., Moghan, Khodaafarin — wastewater reuse or managed aquifer recharge are applied. Demand management should be developed more. Erosion control measurements are done in Turkish territory, and sediments are dredged in certain parts of the river. A related database has also been established in cooperation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sediments turkish recharge reuse measurements|0.73749447|7.124351|2.623847
12063|For example, 4 out of the 21 Italian regions have poverty headcounts overlapping the national value, so that the statistical difference of the estimates for these regions and the national values cannot be confirmed at a 5% confidence level. Data providers can also usefully ‘flag’ estimates with high sampling error, using simple criteria such as the number of sampled household in the respective cell or defining reliability thresholds based on the coefficient of variation. Standard errors or other quality assessments are however not routinely published for regional data. Such information cannot be easily produced by researchers from micro-data files as the computation of sampling error need to take into account variations in the sampling design. Unfortunately, detailed information on the sampling structure is rarely available in the public-use files of household surveys such as the EU-SILC.|SDG 1 - No poverty|sampling files error data estimates|6.685023|5.9497347|5.0121527
12064|A method called “shoulder pricing” is used, which involves increasing the rate in steps every half an hour before the peak and decreasing it after the peak. Charges are relatively low: the maximum rate for cars is SGP 3 and SGP 2.50 to enter the central business district; but the traffic flow has appeared to be quite sensitive to the charge: short-term elasticities have been estimated to be in a range between 0 and -0.42 (Menon and Shin, 2004). The immediate effect of the introduction of ALS in 1975 was the reduction of car traffic entering the city centre during the morning peak hours by over 70%.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|peak traffic shoulder morning rate|4.258695|4.848045|0.64406234
12065|First, only 2.5% of the water on earth is freshwater. Second, most of freshwater not locked up in ice caps or glaciers comes at the wrong time and place - in monsoons and floods - and 20% is in areas too remote for humans to access. Although 60% of the world’s population lives in Asia, the continent has only 36% of the world’s water resources (Table B.2). These two types of freshwater vary in a number of key characteristics and these differences have direct implications for water security. Groundwater constitutes nearly 90% of the freshwater on our planet (discounting that in the polar ice caps), but only a small proportion (less than 5%) can be withdrawn each year without depleting the resource base.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|freshwater caps ice water wrong|0.9387393|7.242042|2.961827
12066|Disparities between women and men in SA, however, remain high: for every 100 girls enrolled in secondary education there are 158 enrolled boys. Interestingly, gender gaps in labour force participation persist in every region, but to different extents: male labour force participation is 1.23 times higher than the female counterpart in EAP, compared to 3.61 in MENA. This persistence in gender gaps attests to the global nature of gender inequality irrespective of levels of income or development: eliminating discrimination requires national commitments and priorities, and cannot just result from GDP and economic growth. These values only include the 94 countries in our sample that are ranked in the 2014 edition of the SIGI and belong to the 2014 Gallup Word Poll sample.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|enrolled sample gender gaps force|9.310581|4.3048134|5.8850627
12067|These changes could help attract and retain health workers, and will be needed if Switzerland is to continue to provide some of the best care in the world to its citizens. Fee-for-service arrangements in the ambulatory hospital sector and subsidies from cantons to public hospitals reward hospitals for doing more and provide weak incentives for cost moderation. This helps explain why, despite reductions over the past decade, hospital stays in Switzerland are longer than the OECD average and there are fewer day cases as a share of overall hospital cases in Switzerland than in several other countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|switzerland hospital hospitals cantons cases|8.92397|9.098685|2.2071674
12068|The world’s fifth-largest country, it covers 47% of the South American continent’s surface and extends about 7 500 km along the Atlantic coast. Owing to its size, its physical characteristics vary enormously, as do climate, vegetation and land-use patterns. Accordingly, it is typically divided into six large terrestrial ecosystems, or biomes:14 Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal and Pampa (Box 4.1). The Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes are two of the world’s 35 biodiversity hotspots (Chapter 4). Brazil also has vast coastal and marine areas: it hosts rich coral reef ecosystems and has the world’s largest contiguous area of mangroves. Extension of agriculture and cattle farming, natural resource extraction, and infrastructure and development are the most significant causes of habitat loss (Figure 1.13).|SDG 15 - Life on land|atlantic biomes world ecosystems forest|1.6455659|4.792083|4.1392636
12069|By 2010, contributors had pledged $6.4 billion in new funds. One component, the Clean Technology Fund finances the scaling up of demonstration, deployment and transfer of clean technologies and focuses on countries with significant mitigation potential. The first round of investment plans encompasses 13 countries, energy efficiency projects, bus rapid transit, concentrating solar power, and wind power.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|clean power concentrating pledged demonstration|2.2046306|3.2240252|1.6693535
12070|Historically, this has entailed a sequential process of learning by latecomers in skills, process technology, design technology and new product development (Lee, 2005). A few countries, notably the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China, have achieved rapid economic growth by successfully leapfrogging in the development of a limited number of short-cyde technology sectors such as semiconductors and other electronic goods, skipping certain stages through which leading foreign firms passed in technological development. Typically, such latecomers have begun with assembly of final goods using imported parts, moving on to the development of tow-tech and then progressively higher-tech components, before learning to modify the design of existing products, and ultimately to develop new products (Lee and Lim, 2001).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|lee tech technology development goods|5.25349|3.6033976|2.8254623
12071|These areas are considered major priorities and policy instruments or programmes have been created to address them. This indicates that social policies are sometimes hand-to-hand with agricultural policies. Other key strategies for the development of small-scale agriculture are the sectorial export strategy and production incentives for domestic market, which are under auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture, particularly INDAP.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|hand auspices agriculture sectorial policies|3.903474|5.2138205|3.7592843
12072|The Republic of Moldova is considered highly vulnerable to climate variability and change. Socioeconomic costs of climate-related natural disasters such as droughts, floods and hailstorms are significant, and both the intensity and frequency of such events are expected to further increase as a result of climate change. Socioeconomic vulnerability to these events and their aftermath is high given that the Republic of Moldova is one of the least advanced countries in the Europe and Central Asia region; in 2011, it was ranked fourth-lowest on the Human Development Index among 30 countries in the region.|SDG 13 - Climate action|moldova socioeconomic climate events republic|1.3041111|5.136501|2.0949736
12073|Thus, it is possible to build in some aspects of flexibility into fishery management frameworks. Again, as part of that fishery management system, fishermen and other stakeholders have had to agree that in season adaptive measures are beneficial and necessary. The swifter and more on target the management action to recover the more likely there can be biological response to management efforts. Actions to recover fisheries can be taken but the range of alternatives is more likely limited and costs likely to be higher (Shertzer and Prager, 2007).|SDG 14 - Life below water|management recover fishery likely fishermen|-0.27902538|5.802642|6.6908727
12074|This would ensure that both parents have broadly similar financial incentives to work. This would reduce the role played by family background on youth’s education and career choices. It would also ensure that students take informed decisions which are aligned with their interests, preferences, merit, and real labour market needs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ensure merit aligned preferences played|9.160111|2.9226525|2.9777637
12075|The studies, plans and recommendations developed by established river basin commissions demonstrate the benefits of institutionalizing the basin level cooperation. Preparing River Basin Management Plans has required an assessment of the situation in the basins according to a common format. Programmes of measures have been defined as stipulated in the WFD to address the main concerns identified in the Plans.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin plans river stipulated format|0.8782831|7.15312|1.7756442
12076|In addition, gender disparities in secondary enrolment are wider and occur in more countries than at the primary level. Due to the unprecedented expansion of the tertiary student body over the past two decades, one of the most noticeable improvements in womens enrolment is registered at the tertiary level. Men’s dominance in tertiary education has been reversed globally and gender disparities currently favour women, except in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern and Western Asia.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|tertiary disparities enrolment noticeable dominance|9.539279|4.1582828|5.800824
12077|In the scenario with an 80% renewable share, electricity prices are considerably lower compared to the other scenarios and the number of hours with electricity prices equal to or below zero rises to an astonishing 2 850 hours. A reduced occurrence of electricity prices higher than variable costs in combination with reduced utilisation hours means lower infra-marginal rents for recovering capital costs. Consequently, it is highly questionable whether conventional power plants can be profitably operated with high shares of renewables in energy-only markets with price formation being based on marginal costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hours electricity prices marginal costs|1.6683948|1.6998456|1.8703966
12078|The use of this multidimensional approach to poverty analysis has become consolidated in a number of spheres. Since 2011, the indicators in the Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have included the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) based on a proposal by Alkire and Santos (2010), which combines 10 indicators to reflect deprivations in the three traditional dimensions of human development (health, education and quality of life) in 104 countries (see box 1.3 in chapter I). This is considered the first scientific estimate of child poverty in the developing world (Expert Group on Poverty Statistics (Rio Group), 2007).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty multidimensional group indicators santos|6.483774|6.5198574|5.092213
12079|They also work to give their life greater value and meaning, but not all work achieves this. Many people are in work that restricts their life choices. Millions work under abusive and exploitative conditions that violate their basic human rights and destroy their dignity, such as child labourers, forced labourers and trafficked workers (figure 1.4). And millions of domestic, migrant, sex and hazardous-industry workers make their living in ways that are dangerous, also eroding their well-being.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|labourers millions work abusive life|9.75747|5.3890185|7.0849886
12080|For example, average informal payments for hospital admissions are EUR 44.11 (USD 97.89) in Hungary and EUR 37.88 (USD 84.80) in Poland and total informal payments make up 2.10% and 0.6% of total health care expenditure in Hungary and Poland, respectively, following ASSPRO projections in 2012 (European Health Policy Brief, 2013). In Turkey, informal payments accounted to 25% of all out-of-pocket payments -or 5.75% of total health spending- in 2002 (Tatar et al. In Greece, out-of-pocket payments are notable in public hospitals where, according to a survey, 36% of patients paid informal cash or in-kind benefits to nurses or physicians (Liaropolous et. Using total expenditure on health instead of current expenditure 2: In the Netherlands, out-of-pocket spending is underreported.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|payments pocket informal total expenditure|8.706459|8.8685055|2.226811
12081|The creation of the Ministry' of Ecology and Natural Resources was a clear improvement in this respect. The State Committee of Amelioration and Water Management focuses on water regulation and irrigation. The water-supply interests are defended by the Absheron Regional Water Company and the State Committee of Architecture and Construction.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water committee absheron amelioration state|0.9929363|7.1814723|1.696218
12082|Ensuring all lower secondary schools have the strategies and capacity to support student motivation and improvement. However, from the analysis of the OECD-Norway Steering Group, it appears to be operating too much on the basis of shortterm, weakly connected projects to fix specific problems rather than with an overall strategy for systemic change. Valuable recent initiatives need to be related to one another more strategically. These include new programmes related to principal training and support; whole school improvement; the development of assessments; and improvements in school environments.|SDG 4 - Quality education|improvement fix weakly strategically school|9.55712|1.9826939|1.8688178
12083|The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare has also developed a multi-dimensional quality framework, “Good Care”, to monitor health care performance. The framework covers several dimensions of care including effectiveness, safety, patient-centeredness, timeliness, equity and efficiency. The framework utilised more than 30 process and outcome indicators to compare quality of psychiatric care across regions or patient groups.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care framework patient timeliness dimensional|10.405254|9.1463785|1.8979132
12084|It has been supporting the development of a BRT corridor which opened in December 2012 and now carries more than 280,000 persons per day. Lessons from Lanzhou are being used to develop BRT systems in other Asian cities including Astana, Davao, Dhaka, Jinagxi Ji'ar and Yichang. Finally, EBRD financed an important BRT project in Burgas, Bulgaria, as a complement to EU financing.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|brt ar dhaka ebrd carries|4.100781|4.7772527|1.0484821
12085|State failure to embark on land assembly/land banking has also encouraged a shortage of land in areas deemed appropriate for housing and livelihood practices especially agriculture. The unaffordability of low-income housing and the inefficient and expensive land registration system has also contributed to squatting by marginal groups in areas that are highly sensitive from a water resources management perspective. Moreover, the policy on the link between land tenure and integrated water resources management is still weak.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|land housing management resources deemed|1.3693223|7.3605313|2.1296127
12086|The Pole metropolitain remains the dominant governance structure as the forum for large and small communes and the complex array of current intercommunal agreements, but it has neither the resources nor the authority to directly engage in spatial planning. Both are important in order to maintain territorial attractiveness, to attract new, younger people and to avoid an acceleration of population ageing. Achieving a better spatial balance in economic activity is also crucial.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial pole intercommunal acceleration array|3.8863912|5.508005|1.6107279
12087|Since not all OECD countries are covered, the indicator on civic skills is considered here as a secondary indicator. Data for Denmark, Switzerland, New Zealand, Norway, Belgium and the Czech Republic met guidelines for sampling participation rates only after schools that refused to participate in the study were replaced by others. Data for the United Kingdom nearly satisfied guidelines for sample participation only after replacement schools were included.|SDG 4 - Quality education|guidelines indicator schools participation refused|9.349698|2.4833078|3.0077863
12088|Despite the reductions recorded over the decade, levels of severe deprivation in access to drinking water are still high in a number of countries, especially in the Andean region: in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 31.4% of children were severely deprived of access to drinking water in 2009 and, in Peru, 18.6% of children were severely deprived in 2011. Those who were not attending school at the time of measurement and had not completed secondary education but had attended school at some time are considered to be moderately deprived. Education is one of the child poverty dimensions with the lowest percentage of moderately or severely deprived children and adolescents.12 In 2011, 5.2% of the region's under-18-year-olds suffered moderate or severe deprivation of their right to education (they had never attended school or had dropped out), although only 0.8% suffered severe deprivation. From this it may be surmised that virtually all children have access to formal basic education (see table 11.6). Only two countries (Nicaragua and Guatemala) recorded levels of severe deprivation at or above 4% when last measured (see figure II.3).|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprived severe deprivation severely moderately|6.861338|6.2863216|5.2354465
12089|Report commissioned by the Government of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Slovenia and World Health Organization/ European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Building Primary Care in a Changing Europe - Case Studies, Observatory Study Series No. Brussels, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies/Nivel. Ljubljana, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Slovenia and World Health Organization/ European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|observatory health slovenia european organization|9.178278|9.443832|1.7838581
12090|"For Chinese experts, these developments mark the beginning of “a golden age of wind power development"" in the country. Until recently, China relied largely on foreign companies to supply much of the equipment for its rapidly growing number of wind farms. Although there were several domestic companies manufacturing turbines, their output lagged significantly behind their main foreign competitors."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind foreign companies golden mark|2.2294629|1.9112738|1.9932679
12091|The first centralised purchase of drugs in December 2012 is expected to save €80 million (Gallo and Gene-Badia, 2013. Greece, re-established the Health Procurement Committee which oversees the Health Services Procurement Program (referred to as PPYY). Health care providers submit their requests for health care products including devices and hospital drugs to PPYY.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health drugs procurement gene oversees|8.404109|9.342451|2.085629
12092|Only in Korea and the Netherlands is a greater proportion of expenditure allocated to cancer and mental health, respectively. On average, CVD accounts for 17% of total hospital expenditure, ranging from 12% in Australia to 22% in Japan. The large percentage observed for Japan is somewhat surprising given the low CVD mortality and incidence rates observed in this country.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cvd observed japan expenditure surprising|9.359513|9.124193|2.28272
12093|A coherent, aligned set of professional standards could better inform and support the quality of initial teacher education programmes. Such professional standards could better delineate teacher positions and progression through the new career structure. They could also mandate rigorous and developmental teacher evaluation procedures, relevant and high-quality' professional development, public awareness, and measures to ensure the sustainability of the teaching profession.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professional teacher standards delineate better|9.47278|1.2054845|2.084747
12094|This study is an excellent example of a methodology for modeling gender effects of indirect taxation. With regard to direct income taxes, the gender impact depends on the effect of joint or individual filing-Joint filing may lead to higher marginal tax rates on women’s income, even though they earn less than men, thus discouraging their labour force participation. Examining tax codes with a gender equity lens, then, can provide the foundation for tax code reforms that are gender equalizing.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|filing gender tax joint modeling|9.108669|4.691098|6.0470934
12095|The ESCOs have also taken a very active role in promoting the instrument and have recently formed an association. ( Energy Efficiency Watch 2012). Energy Efficiency and Renewable Sources Fund (EERSF) is the result of a public-private partnership, which now has the combined capacity of a lending institution, a credit guarantee facility and a consulting company.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|escos efficiency watch consulting energy|2.2923174|3.1049337|1.7432039
12096|Improved STI capabilities will also continue to be needed if higher value addition in agriculture and food systems through local processing of agricultural produce into food products that command higher prices and provide higher incomes - which many developing countries are striving to achieve - are to be realized. First, there is a need to enhance productive capacities that could in turn increase yield and reduce the environmental and other impacts of agricultural expansion. Second, there is a drastic and immediate need to raise the living standards of people working in agriculture.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|higher agriculture agricultural drastic food|3.9177327|5.145209|4.0239143
12097|As a result, the gender gap in unemployment narrowed in the immediate aftermath ofthe crisis through a process of levelling down: more men lost jobs than women. In Asia, women have been much more affected than men by job losses due to their concentration in the export-oriented manufacturing sector, which has been particularly hard hit.108 Moreover, the persistence of high and volatile global food prices following the 2008 price hikes has affected the rights of millions of people to food and to an adequate standard of living. Spending on child benefits, for example, which had peaked in Europe in 2009, fell back to below 2008 levels. Being subjected to violence, for example, is not only a violation of one's dignity and physical and mental well-being but can also lead to homelessness and poverty.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|affected hikes peaked levelling men|8.569067|5.031787|5.9948955
12098|The new working time regulations came into force in the school year 2014/15. The 2014 Folkeskole reform in general has also affected expectations for teachers in terms of the organisation of their working time. The reform changed the length of the school day for students; provided for more lessons in Danish and mathematics, earlier foreign language learning, daily exercise and homework assistance while at school; and sought to promote greater collaboration between teachers and staff at school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school reform teachers working folkeskole|9.864758|1.6905593|1.756964
12099|The inclusion of RET deployment and rural electrification goals in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers or National Development Plans can provide a good platform to achieve greater coherence. In this respect, political leadership and commitment are likely to be more forthcoming if electrification is indeed part of a development and income-generating package. An interesting attempt is the Senegalese CIMES/RR8 a mechanism created by Senegal’s Rural Electrification Agency, which aims at facilitating access to energy services in rural areas, including by identifying possibilities of supporting or exploiting synergies with other sectors (e.g. water, education, health, telecommunications, gender, agriculture and the environment). It makes a direct contribution to the identification of multisectoral energy programmes, and hence for electrification for productive uses. In addition, since the pattern of energy consumption has major implications with regard to the benefits that can be derived from electrification, consumer education must also be part of investment packages. For instance, after several years of an electrification programme with full subsidization of household PV systems, it was observed that many households had sold their systems (Barnes and Flalpern, 2000).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification rural energy exploiting senegal|2.233822|1.8965061|2.5779
12100|The P300 variant encompasses various measures, including the adjustment of the Philipsdam (to enable the inlet of salt water); measures to prevent salt intrusion; the dismantlement of current fresh and salt water barriers within the Krammer sluices and the Bergsediep lock, and the adjustment of the outlet sluice near Bath. Other alternatives that were examined include the p700 alternative and the Zout30 alternative, with a salt inlet of respectively 700 m /s and 100 m3/s. One of the key decisions in the national structure vision is about a proposal to restore the tides in the lake (with a tidal range of 50 centimetres).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|salt adjustment alternative variant intrusion|0.68348676|7.14477|2.605724
12101|Several RETs have attained commercial maturity for the implementation of rural electrification projects, and there is also a wealth of past experience as well as new experimentation of business models that could ensure the long-term sustainability of such projects. That would allow service providers to conduct cost-benefit comparisons of all options available and to choose the one that is the most economical, suitable to local resources and adapted to the expected demand. The analysis must also consider whether grid extension is a more appropriate electrification method for a given location. The analysis of all parameters should be conducted free from constraints regarding a predetermined technology choice (technology neutrality), and should strive to utilize as much local content as possible with the aim of maximizing trade, economic and investment benefits.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electrification technology predetermined neutrality maximizing|2.2234554|1.8259605|2.529576
12102|At the very least, it would be prudent to ensure that the development phase of primary care patient registration systems include appropriate functionality to record risk registers for the major chronic diseases. The development of a distinct primary care service that is provided in local communities will provide Korea with its best chance to meet its medium and longer term chronic and multi-morbidity health care needs. For such a service to flourish and to provide effective care, it is likely to be characterised by a system of local clinics that are led by family physicians and supported by properly trained practice nurses that seek to maintain contact with patients in supporting them with their health needs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care chronic functionality service primary|9.279494|8.960755|1.778928
12103|Spain saw a slight increase, from 36% women in parliament in 2004 to 36.3% in 2008, a year after the introduction, in the General Election Regime Law, of compulsory requirement of balanced presence of women and men (minimum 40 per cent of each sex) in candidate lists. Gender equality mechanisms within election management bodies Electoral management bodies (EMBs) can play an instrumental role in promoting women’s political participation as they oversee and organise the electoral process, which includes candidate registration and voter outreach and education, among others. In fact, none of the respondents indicated that their election bodies had appointed gender advisors or focal points; included gender considerations in EMB operational procedures or policies; or emphasised gender balance in the composition of EMBs, including among commissioners and/or polling station officials.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|election bodies candidate electoral gender|10.4043455|4.323191|7.245921
12104|The Ministry of National Economy (MNE) is the lead co-ordinator, overseeing physical and economic development, and the cities of regional importance must also develop local programmes. The city PTDs can be approved by the maslikhats only one month after the approval of the oblast PTD. In 2012, small towns and monotowns also acquired the opportunity to develop their “Comprehensive Development Plan” (KoMWieKCHbiu man pa3eumua/CDP). The CDP has not yet been integrated into the national economic planning system.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cdp develop ordinator overseeing monotowns|3.9654875|5.382749|1.732225
12105|Poor Britain, London: Allen and Unwin. Policy implications of multidimensional poverty measurement in Morocco', in A. Minujin and S. Nandy (eds.), Global Child Poverty and Well-being - Measurement, concepts, policy and action. The EU and Social Inclusion: Facing the Challenges, The Policy Press, Bristol.|SDG 1 - No poverty|measurement policy allen bristol britain|7.0743785|6.5841904|5.163815
12106|Geospatial position reporting and electronic catch and activity reporting is expected to be introduced on all commercial fishing vessels starting on 1 October 2017. Video monitoring will be phased-in starting from 1 October 2018. Primary factors driving trawl innovation include reducing bycatch of undersized fish, reducing the quantity of unwanted fish, and enabling fishers to derive maximum benefit from their catch by improving catch quality. Existing commercial fishing regulations relating to use of trawl nets are prescriptive and there is currently no means for fishers to use alternative trawl gear.|SDG 14 - Life below water|catch fishers october starting fishing|-0.19285816|5.729108|6.80763
12107|One possible weak point is that there is a ceiling only on charges for the chronically ill. Widening this ceiling to the population at large would potentially reduce the risk of low-income households (particularly large ones) from being dissuaded from accessing the health-care system. Finally, co-payments for NHI services should not be the sole focus as direct payments linked to either Shaban or commercial insurance may well also be significant for those households who spend a substantial share of their incomes on health-care services. One approach is to base eligibility on whether individuals (or households) receive the National Insurance Institute’s (Nil’s) Income Support benefit (or the Income Supplement in the case of pensioners). However, the eligibility criteria for this support are so stringent that a significant share of low-income households does not receive these benefits. Clearly access to health care would be strengthened if access to them was itself widened, as has been suggested in other OECD analysis (OECD, 2010a, 2010b and 2011b).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|households ceiling income eligibility care|8.589511|8.67926|2.1362643
12108|General systems are responsible, for example, for overseeing labour and employment conditions, along with issues related to the work environment and labour relations. In some cases, they are also responsible for vocational training, migration and social security. In contrast, specialized systems are targeted toward specific contents and are usually supervised by one or more central units. Between these two categories, there are systems based on interdisciplinary teams, in which a single inspector has the professional competencies needed to provide a multifunctional service in each local labour inspection service.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|systems labour responsible overseeing service|8.184277|4.6772656|4.0259304
12109|While many coal fired plants are able to fire gas or oil as well, the modern gas turbines in gas-fired combined cycle plants do not allow duel fuel capability (both gas and oil). However, they may be adapted (requiring additional system modifications like blade coating changes) if the frequency of occurrence and the duration of problems is large enough to justify such investments. Generic plant design problems may make a power system vulnerable when the type of generation plants is not very diversified; for instance in France two types of nuclear units form the majority of the production assets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|gas plants fired oil problems|1.3315222|1.6100819|1.8881443
12110|The policy suggestions should be to encourage further the relaxation of labour mobility policies and to push forward with complete urbanisation, instead of setting up more regulations deterring labour migration. Accordingly and more importantly, the government should focus on building up the social welfare system and through it eliminate the rural-urban gap in terms of provision of and access to social welfare, instead of trying to redistribute through labour market interventions. That is, the large flows of the most productive population in the rural sector to the urban sector have brought about, and will further lead to, a relative fall in rural usual households’ income level. Whereas this chapter mainly focuses on the positive effects of labour migration in reducing income inequality, the relative status change of those left-behind is also a crucial challenge that policy makers have to face.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|labour rural instead migration welfare|6.6727147|5.5478635|4.5555606
12111|In Bangladesh it is generally accepted that men will lead the important ministries, so the women appointed to these posts must be experienced, knowledgeable, competent and capable to avoid negative perceptions among the people about the quality of women's participation. Further, these women have impacted on the social implications of policies with respect to health services, child care, poverty alleviation, dowry problems, violence against women and girls, and community development. Moreover, when planning for city development the women take into consideration the physical environment of communities and the quality of life, without excluding the art and culture of the various communities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women communities knowledgeable dowry posts|10.2561655|4.510829|7.107201
12112|Professor Jansen noted that this is a principal who is not someone who gives up. Professor Jansen called for a reality check and asked: what does it mean to teach and learn in a system in which the best say that they cannot do this anymore? How can people talk in profound terms about a scholarship of teaching when we are struggling to do very basic things? There are between 27,000 and 28,000 schools in South Africa struggling with issues of legacy that have not yet been addressed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professor struggling scholarship talk legacy|8.933599|2.1073751|2.5984428
12113|Municipalities in the State of Mexico provide services mostly themselves, with the Water Commission of the State of Mexico (CAEM) having responsibilities transferred by some smaller municipalities. The CAEM co-ordinates action between municipalities and the federal government to improve water management, water and sanitation services and it provides technical assistance and develops infrastructure. In practice, all bodies of water are administered centrally by CONAGUA, which provides major infrastructure and water-related permits.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|water municipalities mexico provides infrastructure|1.531665|7.1869826|1.767465
12114|In 2007/08, 21% of pupils in primary school had a mother tongue other than German and around half of these pupils held Austrian citizenship. The major mother tongues other than German are Bosnian, Croat, Serbian and Turkish (Table 1.3). But there is a significant performance advantage for pupils with both parents bom in Austria. Pupils with neither parent born in Austria perform well below international averages in mathematics and science.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pupils german mother austria tongue|9.810166|2.7078319|2.8838544
12115|The dimension of Security of employment and social protection assesses the threats to employment security as well as the measures and safety nets that can offset possible risks that come with short or long spells of unemployment or being outside the labour force, health problems and retirement. The sub-dimension Security of employment essentially refers to how likely a person is to lose his or her job(s). It involves information on the degree of permanence and tenure of the work, the status in employment and the formal or informal nature of employment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment security dimension spells nets|8.167517|4.485678|4.3653593
12116|"Clan interests often take precedence over the interests of individual victims and families choose to reconcile through the customary system instead of seeking redress for victims. This leads to women victims of rape being forced to marry the rapist, following the ruling of male village elders applying customary practices (A/HRC/20/16/Add.3). In Ghana, traditional authorities, such as tribal chiefs in many rural areas, rule over issues and disputes regarding land and property rights, as well as matters involving ""supernatural interference"", including allegations of witchcraft. In Afghanistan, sharia law, customary law, the formal, secular legal system and international law exist in parallel."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|customary victims law interests elders|9.779697|5.355961|7.3141384
12117|Employment in the agricultural sector represents a particularly large share of women’s jobs in Morocco (59 per cent) and Iraq (51 per cent).198 Women in the agricultural sector typically work on a daily or seasonal basis for a very low pay. In GCC countries, public sector employment accounts for 80 per cent of overall employment of national citizens, and female employees comprise between 40 and 50 per cent of public employees in Qatar, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates, 26 per cent in Egypt (2010), 35 per cent in Jordan (2009) and 22 per cent in Palestine (2010).202 Women who work in the public sector are most commonly employed as administrative staff, teachers and nurses. One possible explanation for the extensive presence of women in this field is the emphasis on job stability, relatively good salary, and suitable working hours which allow them to balance their paid work with their family responsibilities. These features make jobs in the public administration particularly attractive to the increasing cadre of educated women in the Arab region, though several countries have initiated reforms to downsize or limit the growth of the public sector.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent sector women public arab|8.912867|4.124155|5.672506
12118|For example, at 35 per cent, Rwanda has a much lower proportion of women in cabinet than in parliament (64 per cent). Examples include Kenya (30 per cent in cabinet versus 20 per cent in parliament), Sierra Leone (30 per cent in cabinet versus 13 per cent in parliament) and Swaziland (26 per cent in cabinet versus 7 per cent in parliament). Rebecca Kadaga currently serves as the first woman speaker in Uganda.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent cabinet parliament versus swaziland|10.564405|4.3046494|7.165037
12119|It should be supported by well-trained staff and marketing professionals to help move beyond awareness raising and toward communication strategies that take into account consumers’ needs and existing knowledge, attitudes and behaviours. It successfully influenced the integration of water concepts in Jordan’s curriculum reform and contributed to increase the knowledge levels of Jordanians on critical water issues. Research has shown evidence of residual effects of WEPIA five years later.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|knowledge residual water behaviours jordan|1.0689993|7.0496507|1.8241315
12120|Designing integrated and coherent policies will strengthen the resilience to climate hazards of the most vulnerable, not only by addressing issues crucial to their livelihoods, but also by taking advantage of potential co-benefits, while avoiding unintended consequences and maladaptation. The success of interventions aimed at building resilience depends on the participation of all stakeholders, especially stakeholders representing those groups. A broader participation can help policymakers identify development objectives and assess how to achieve them through building synergies and addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability. Policymakers must fully embed uncertainty into their long-term plans, using iterative and adaptive processes. This requires a more flexible policy process, capable of incorporating the new information and emerging knowledge needed to scope, assess, implement and monitor policy interventions. Integration implies vastly different policyframeworks, policies, institutions and capacities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|policymakers resilience addressing assess interventions|1.4754449|4.957864|1.8261294
12121|Encouraging signs can be seen, however, in the Hjarnkoll anti-stigma initiative, as a study found that improvements have been measured between 2009 and 2011 (for example, opinions have improved vis-a-vis the public view of having a person with a mental illness as a neighbour, and one for every two people initially expressing disfavour have changed their opinion). The number of psychiatric beds (per 100 000 population) has been cut in half during the past two decades, decreasing from 0.95 in 1995 to 0.48 in 2010. Increased funding for outpatient services can assist in explaining this decline.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|vis expressing psychiatric explaining stigma|10.3376|8.857931|1.8119818
12122|As part of a culture of improving health system transparency, Australia has created the “MyHospitals” website that provides public and private hospital-level data on a range of indicators ranging from emergency department waiting times to rates of infection. Measures of performance of primary care are published on the “MyHealthyCommunities” website, which provides local-level data on a range of primary care and population health perfonnance indicators. The National Health Perfonnance Authority (NHPA) is responsible for the analysis and content of these two websites. With more than a quarter of people aged 15 and over obese, Australia is the fifth most obese country in the OECD.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|obese website australia health range|9.24676|9.360407|2.2177515
12123|It is, however, not informative about the educational opportunities available to today’s youth. It may therefore be complemented by a measure of educational expectancy, which can be defined as the number of years of schooling that youth aged 15 today may expect to undertake while aged 15 to 29, based on the current enrolment of people aged 15-29. The threshold has been set at 15, the compulsory school age in many OECD countries, as the challenge is to extend education beyond that.|SDG 4 - Quality education|aged today youth educational informative|9.307511|2.6752777|2.8602476
12124|While there are variations among countries in protecting women’s rights, the overall trend in the region reveals that discrimination and violence against women are not diminishing, which is often supported by references to religion and cultural background. This trend is due to many factors, including legal barriers, lack of law enforcement, economic and social crises of the countries and the rise in radical religious movements, which call for reversal in achievements in women rights, particularly in the family domain. In particular, countries that experienced political changes and revolutions in the past years have been witnessing a rise in religious discourse and backward trends, which tend to threaten women’s rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|religious rights women trend rise|9.796431|4.961644|7.2877135
12125|Patients with severe chronic conditions may require visits to specialist third-level services. In this case, transport costs may be prohibitive. While this may be changing - partly as a result of the NPPH - most of the high-tech medical centres are concentrated in the European part of the Russian Federation (more precisely in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|moscow prohibitive saint precisely tech|9.082701|8.94427|1.985865
12126|While considerable advances in water supply and sanitation have occurred in OECD countries, pathogens can still enter water supply systems due to resistance to disinfection (e.g. Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and enteric viruses), treatment system deficiencies (e.g. inadequate disinfection), periodic treatment failures, or distribution system contamination. Excessive rainfall and agriculture runoff was the cause of the contamination. In Europe, significant outbreaks of water-borne pathogenic organisms have occurred in Sweden (Widerstrom et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|contamination occurred water treatment pathogens|1.42253|6.8681955|2.6819878
12127|Introducing a more flexible repayment schedule - which also offers a longer return on investment - can have positive impacts on business investment and creation (Field et al., Based on such experience, pioneer innovators can develop hybrid models that make the involvement of the private sector in public activities much more viable by offering business opportunities. Prahalad and Hart (2002) have popularised the business case for social-value creation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|business creation innovators investment repayment|4.1668854|3.827309|2.2914631
12128|For schools with very few immigrant students, municipalities could encourage them to cooperate and share DSL teacher resources through formalised networks. International research indicates that while children develop “communicative” language skills relatively quickly, it takes much longer for them to become proficient in the “academic” language used in school environments (Cummins, 1979). This can be seen from the results of reading tests carried out by schools at the local level. From then on, the gap between natives and immigrant children often widens and becomes a barrier for success in the Folkeskole and beyond.|SDG 4 - Quality education|immigrant language schools widens proficient|10.06786|2.641438|2.6286585
12129|The first attempts to modernize simply replaced the single huge engine with a huge electric motor, changing little. The drive-shafts were replaced by wires, the huge steam engine by dozens of small motors. Factories spread out; there was natural light, and room to use ceiling-slung cranes. Workers had responsibility for their own machines; they needed better training and better pay. The electric motor was a wonderful invention, once we changed all the everyday details that surrounded it.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|huge engine motor replaced electric|4.889365|3.138256|2.604206
12130|In one-third of the countries children were more likely to be severely deprived than pensioners, with the absolute difference of at least 2ppt. These were mostly the countries with middling child deprivation rates, ranging from 6% in Spain to 9% in Italy, but also Hungary, with some of the highest child deprivation rates (22%). Source: Eurostat (last update 04.06.2014). Seven countries now had at least one in three children severely deprived. In five countries, at least one in five children were severely deprived: Greece (21%), Latvia (27%), Hungary (33%), Romania (38%), and Bulgaria (47%). In one-third of the countries the share of deprived children exceeded that for the overall population by at least 2ppt, with the biggest differential (9ppt) observed in Hungary and Romania.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprived severely hungary children romania|7.2594495|6.351992|5.2115808
12131|These contributions take in account the degree of diversity and supply origin of different energy carriers, the efficiency of energy consumption by main the economic sectors, and the state of the electricity generation infrastructure. The values of weights determining the relative contribution of the demand, infrastructure and supply branches are close to those used in the original S/D model, where they were adjusted to reflect the percieved vulnerability of the branches. A higher weight indicates increased vulnerability. As described below, a maximal score 100 refers to a country with low energy intensity, developed electricity generation infrastructure, perfectly diversified primary energy sources, with the latter all domestically produced or imported from trustworthy sources. On the contrary, a score 0 corresponds to a country with low energy efficiency, an electricity capacity unable to satisfy the peak load, and importing the totality of the energy carriers from unreliable sources.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy carriers branches electricity sources|1.4270005|1.7629768|2.216053
12132|The data included walking steps, weight, blood pressure, body mass index, visceral fat percentage, muscle rate, body fat percentage and the HbAlc, HDL-C and LDL-C levels. The first measurement was conducted in February 2009, followed by a second measurement in August 2009. The results showed that the number of participants with all four chronic diseases decreased from six persons to one person, demonstrating an improvement rate of 83.3 per cent.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|fat body measurement percentage rate|9.229151|9.14707|2.859687
12133|Recent government announcements signal the intention to provide dental care in some primary care settings. In practice, more than 55% of the population is exempted from any cost-sharing in publicly provided service. Direct payments take place for those services not covered under the benefits package, including dental care and specialist consultations in private ambulatory care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|dental care exempted intention ambulatory|8.577412|8.811462|2.0960538
12134|"In theory, a teacher with permanent status can be dismissed, for example as a result of a disciplinary measure or if they have received two consecutive ""insufficient” evaluations. In practice, however, dismissing a permanent teacher can prove difficult and rarely occurs. The teaching career does not provide for distinct stages associated with competency levels or given roles and responsibilities in schools."|SDG 4 - Quality education|permanent teacher dismissed consecutive disciplinary|9.547639|1.2808183|2.284018
12135|Tajikistan demograpliic and health survey, 2012. Access to improved drinking water is also uneven in the regions, and varies from 59 per cent in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast and 63 per cent in Khatlon Oblast to 99 per cent in Dushanbe. This leaves about 15 per cent of the population without appropriate water treatment.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cent oblast dushanbe uneven leaves|1.3064911|7.1612453|2.833315
12136|Just as in the case of concessioned buses, no fare adjustments are conducted regularly, and when increases happen, these are quite significant and are not expected by the population. This has increased political pressure to keep tariffs low, as social protest arises each time a substantial increment is implemented. A December 2013 survey of underground users showed that 56% of respondents agreed with a fare increase from MXN 3 to MXN 5 if the government could guarantee a decrease in crowding, waiting times, delays in service, as well as improvement of trip conditions, such as air conditioning and improved safety (Mitofsky, 2013).52 This fare increase was implemented in 2014. However, public faith in its ability to realise the promised improvement has been dented by major events, such as the need to stop operations of the newly constructed Line 12 (due to the acquisition of unsuitable trains) and the collision of two trains in May 2015 (El Economista, 2015). In the case of the underground, the gap between real and actual fares meant a loss of almost MXN 12 000 million in revenues in 2012.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mxn fare trains underground improvement|4.2487807|4.979373|0.7500223
12137|Identifying the year in which the investment occurs is necessary, because the costs of renewable electricity decrease over time, and so does the associated subsidy. Therefore, a vintage investment model is needed. Due to population increase over time, this translates into an increasing physical investment schedule over time, whose slope differs among countries according to the rate of population growth.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investment time slope schedule population|1.6258401|1.9134989|2.0235784
12138|Noting that local demand, beyond basic food needs, was limited and that only exports would allow Zambia to raise the incomes of its rural population, MATEP aimed at enhancing the competitiveness of small- and medium-scale agriculture and natural products producers and processors under Zambia’s 2004-10 Country Strategic Plan. The project sought to achieve a raise in exports93 from a USD 405 million baseline to a USD 600 million target by providing better access to markets, production technologies, finance and business development services (BDS), and through initiatives to improve the enabling environment and reduce barriers to trade and investment. Within this framework, a finance component was established in the form of a USD 2 million investment fund managed by the Zambia Agribusiness Technical Assistance Centre (ZATAC), in order to provide credit for small and medium-sized enterprises and ultimately help those enterprises access formal sector credit. The medium-term facility was designed to promote increased access to commercial financial markets for MATEP clients by transferring both the loan and the risk to commercial lending institutions, such as commercial banks, within the tenure period of the loan.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|zambia medium commercial usd million|3.7610188|4.904587|3.4744935
12139|While the numbers are higher in South Asia, the depth of poverty is greater in sub-Saharan Africa. Addressing chronic poverty is part of tackling poverty as a whole, but it must be approached differently. Studies of poverty dynamics provide information about how and why people become poor, remain poor, or escape poverty (Baulch, 2012). People may escape poverty or fall into poverty either temporarily or permanently.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty escape approached poor permanently|6.197763|5.9079533|4.765355
12140|The Parliament went on to resolve to draw up an action plan for mental health, following the publication of an expected white paper on the state of mental health and mental health services in Norway. A government white paper, “Openness and Comprehensiveness: Mental Disorders and Service Provision” (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, 1997), followed, and set out significant weaknesses and gaps in the mental health system. The Escalation Plan added a large number of psychologists to the mental health workforce (see Box 4.1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health white paper plan|10.367405|8.937636|1.754192
12141|"A successful example is that of Chile Solidario (see box 7), where households receive psycho-social support emphasizing the importance of health access for the physical and cognitive development of their children. Families accepted for Chile Solidario work initially with a social worker in order to assess their conditions (grouped in seven main domains) and to agree upon an action plan including specific measures to escape poverty, which formally become the ""conditionality"" of the programme. The difference is around 12 percentage points and is statistically significant when considering both groups of children under 15 and under 18 years old (Martorano and Sanfilippo, 2012). Most of the beneficiaries (about 95 per cent), however, are children, given that schools are encouraged to put pressure on pupils' parents to obtain health insurance for them."|SDG 1 - No poverty|solidario children chile conditionality emphasizing|7.192558|6.082814|4.630416
12142|But research evidence clearly points to the importance of ensuring professional learning opportunities are sustainable (Darling-Hammond et al., This is endorsed in the professional lear ning community and other related literature (Rosenholtz, 1989; Louis, Kruse et al, 1995; Stoll et al, 2006). Strong performing education systems like those of Singapore and Japan have institutionalised this good practice and have put the majority of professional development resources as close as possible to the point of use. In Singapore, for example, teachers are entitled to 100 hours of professional development each year. The majority of professional development is provided on site in the schools where teachers work, and is directed at the specific goals and problems teachers and school leaders are addressing in those schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|professional teachers singapore al et|9.346581|1.4673759|1.9371934
12143|Armenia, Kazakhstan and Pakistan recorded the smallest decline in absolute poverty, but while absolute poverty in Armenia and Kazakhstan is low compared to other countries, the poverty rate in Pakistan remains very high. The share of undernourishment is generally correlated with the share of the population living under the USD 2 poverty line (Figure 6.2), but in Sri Lanka and Tajikistan the prevalence of undernourishment is well above what one would expect given absolute poverty rates. Levels of undernourishment are also very high in Lao PDR, Cambodia, India, Pakistan and Nepal. Particularly in the aforementioned countries, there may be space for social policies with a greater focus on food security.|SDG 1 - No poverty|undernourishment pakistan poverty absolute armenia|5.8836217|5.7913604|4.8100963
12144|In Helsinki, there is a large potential for electrification to deliver benefits due to the small fleet increases that would be necessary, along with the relative infrequency with which range becomes a mobility constraint. Cost savings become less significant with smaller fleets due to the necessity of recovering the additional investment costs. This is generally found to yield significant reductions in mobility costs, on the order of 50% for shared taxi and taxi-bus costs per kilometre.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|taxi costs mobility fleets kilometre|4.2154803|4.790207|0.54911566
12145|A range of different entities (including communities, individuals, businesses and non-profit organisations) can apply for CWSRF funding for eligible projects. Funding may be in the form of grants or loans at below-market interest rates (with repayment terms of up to 20 years) or as a combination of the two. The funds target small and disadvantaged communities. The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) was established in 1996 to finance water supply projects. Its structure and processes mirror those of the CWSRF program. When loan recipients make repayments to the state program, the funding is “revolved” and made available for further projects.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|funding projects program communities repayments|1.6531402|7.037059|2.3022027
12146|However, if not sustainably managed, fishing can damage fish habitats, reduce biodiversity and impair the functioning of ecosystems with negative repercussions for sustainable social and economic development. To achieve a healthy balance, fish stocks must be maintained within biologically sustainable limits—at or above the abundance level that can produce the maximum sustainable yield. Based on an analysis of assessed stocks, the proportion of world marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels declined from 90 per cent in 1974 to 69 per cent in 2013 and appears to have stabilized over the last few years.|SDG 14 - Life below water|stocks biologically sustainable fish impair|-0.06563256|6.021473|6.469118
12147|This is because, in Africa and other developing country regions, the vast bulk of food is produced and consumed locally. A lesson from the recent food crisis is that as food import prices rise and global stocks drop, the need to improve local production becomes more acute. Desertification is estimated to put the food security of one billion poor people at risk, particularly in dryland areas of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. While the explosive transfer of population from rural to urban settings can weaken the productive capacity of vulnerable agricultural sectors, experience suggests such trends can be slowed and even reversed by well designed policy interventions to improve the attractiveness of agriculture and rural livelihoods.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food africa improve weaken rural|4.3443704|5.317101|4.0435247
12148|Worse still, many private sector employers prefer to hire foreign workers because they can be dismissed more easily. Some employers also believe, rightly or wrongly, that national workers are more expensive, less productive, enjoy a personal safety net, that they would resign if employment conditions were not exactly ‘right’, and that they always aspire to move into the public sector, which offers better pay and conditions. However, the underlying problems remain. They not only limit labour productivity in the GCC, but also reduce employment-creating capacity in these countries.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employers workers aspire conditions gcc|7.798538|4.157794|4.265595
12149|This demands more knowledge exchange and gender-related discussions and should be undertaken in conjunction with a more practical approach to gender needs, for example, by providing educational spaces and practical tools to enable women to access education. This can lead to long-term strategic changes in education. This perspective can be especially useful in the context of developing countries (Moser, 1993).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|practical conjunction gender spaces education|9.6981|4.388096|6.5669518
12150|This is not an easy task when class size varies greatly due to the existence of rural or remote schools. Difficulties also emerge in the consideration of students’ and schools’ needs in the formula (e.g. curriculum requirements, school equipment, students’ learning pace). A balance needs to be struck between a simple formula, which might fail to capture everything, and a sophisticated formula, which might be difficult to understand and adjustment might result in unexpected and unwelcomed results.|SDG 4 - Quality education|formula schools struck students unexpected|9.549183|2.004957|2.5396748
12151|Kazakhstan has made important strides in institutionalizing its gender machinery, which is led by the National Commission on Women's Affairs, Family and Demographic Policy. Many mechanisms both at the central and at the local levels are already established and Kazakhstan must be applauded for these accomplishments. Yet, further steps are needed to clarify roles and responsibilities of different governmental stakeholders, and strengthening the capacities and resources of all government agencies and actors - namely the Secretariat of the National Commission on Women’s Affairs, Family and Demographic Policy - in gender-sensitive policy making, implementing and monitoring. This chapter assesses the overall institutional framework - institutions ’ mandates, the allocation of resources, institutional capacity and accountability mechanisms -for furthering gender equality in Kazakhstan.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|kazakhstan affairs demographic gender commission|9.566799|4.1216936|7.4775586
12152|This may be seen as a positive factor, in encouraging urban administrators to be ambitious on behalf of their cities and the provinces they serve, but it also carries certain disadvantages. For example, as the scoring system emphasises infrastructure development and population growth, local infrastructure development is prioritised above adherence to the 2009 Adjustment of Orientation Master Plan to Develop Viet Nam’s Urban System until 2025 with a Vision to 2050 (AOMP) and other urban strategies w'hich place a stronger focus on sustainability. Emphasis on population growth has resulted in municipalities expanding their existing administrative boundaries in order to “catch” neighbouring rural areas and convert them to urban land, so as to add to their population figures.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban population adherence convert infrastructure|4.1288137|5.081786|1.7675482
12153|The National Pact for Water Management is a good and timely tool for achieving this goal (Chapter 3). Those inconsistencies result from the fact that the ANA is responsible for those criteria in the main channel of a river of the federal domain, but the states are responsible for the criteria in the tributaries of that same river if those tributaries are in the state dominion. Changing these prerogatives would require constitutional change, political negotiations and trade-offs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tributaries criteria river responsible prerogatives|0.8935602|7.2159343|1.7518418
12154|It requires conducting a cost-benefit analysis at local, regional, national and international levels, to determine how current water information and data are collected and used by policy makers, and the costs and benefits of collecting, analysing and communicating this information. Increased efforts are needed to communicate messages from the reporting and analysis of water data to policy advisors and the wider public. That also implies assessing institutional obstacles and opportunities by identifying areas of institutional overlap and synergies in water data collection; mobilising local stakeholders when designing water information systems; fostering co-ordination between data producers and users; and encouraging multi-disciplinary approaches.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water data information institutional advisors|1.067532|7.0444894|1.6805896
12155|In many respects, “quality” is at the heart of the Welsh health system; this chapter describes Wales ’ already-rich health care quality architecture. The ambition for an excellent, patient-centred health system, promoting quality, access and equity is clearly there in Wales, but now tangible practical steps are needed to make the necessary changes. This chapter makes a series of recommendations to support Wales in strengthening quality assurance and quality improvement.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|wales quality health welsh chapter|9.141775|9.506973|1.6843393
12156|School choice can further increase inequities if mechanisms are not in place to lessen the negative effects. Czech students who struggle in school are often streamed into special schools with reduced curricula. Streaming students based on academic ability and early tracking can negatively impact their educational outcomes if education pathways do not provide high curricular standards and opportunities to transfer between tracks.|SDG 4 - Quality education|streaming lessen students curricular school|9.412813|2.2727675|2.5676997
12157|Many of the existing sharing agreements seem to be quite resilient to these variations, even if no formal allowance is made for this. The sharing of the North Sea stocks between Norway and the EU is based on an investigation carried out in the early 1980s and has withstood the test of time, with the exception of the North Sea herring already discussed. But both the North Sea herring example and the north Pacific salmon runs indicate that if changes in fish migrations are too dramatic and long lasting, agreements on stock sharing will indeed come under pressure. The example in the previous section about a stock migrating out of Country A’s area into Country B’s area is perhaps particularly pertinent to stocks straddling into the high seas, with the latter replacing Country B’s EEZ in this context.|SDG 14 - Life below water|north herring sharing sea stocks|0.12054516|5.7448072|6.713424
12158|The public should be informed of the findings. For example, the likelihood of a patient in a low-income country receiving one or more medicines for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is only 19.8 per cent, compared to 54.9 per cent in an upper-middle-income country. The high price of some non-communicable disease medicines, together with the growing burden of non-communicable diseases, could make offering universal health coverage in some countries less effective, less sustainable, or otherwise financially unviable.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|communicable medicines disease cent non|8.551702|9.26003|2.3797104
12159|Figure 8 shows that there is in fact a positive correlation between agricultural revenue and all principal variable costs in the sample farms; the positive correlation is particularly evident with respect to the total farm expenditure (which includes all working expenses and depreciation). This suggests that there is an apparent transmission of changes in production costs to agricultural revenues in livestock farming, with stabilising effect on farm incomes. However, this is not confirmed by the farm data.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farm correlation positive agricultural stabilising|3.760887|5.2958922|3.890492
12160|Labour market regulations are seen by many as detrimental to job creation, growth and innovation. It is argued that employment protection legislation in developing countries tends to reduce the creation of formal sector salaried jobs, encourage the growth of the informal sector, and thus slow investment and growth. Therefore, reform of labour market institutions is needed to increase labour market flexibility to provide incentives for job creation. Pressure to make labour markets more flexible has been reinforced by the transfer of production and jobs to emerging economies, especially in Asia.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|creation labour market growth jobs|7.77318|4.2425013|4.365893
12161|The first is a content issue - the failure to adequately acknowledge or address women’s unpaid work. And the third is an issue of application and remedy - the extent to which the treaty bodies are applying substantive equality to require 'levelling up’ in situations where gender inequality is present so as to achieve more transformative outcomes. While the preamble to CEDAW talks about the ‘sharing of responsibility between men and women and society as a whole' this is not operationalized in the body of the Convention other than in the reference to support for parents in the workplace.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|issue preamble levelling remedy treaty|9.628308|4.6977906|6.9190063
12162|Even under the Lei das Cotas, 50% of free places at public institutions will be taken up by well-off students, many of whom could afford to pay for their university education. The international evidence suggests that the introduction of fees does not reduce participation, as long as it accompanied by a decent student support system (which already exists in Brazil under the guise of ProUni and FIES, although they should then be extended to students attending public institutions as well). Alternatively, Andrade (2010) has argued that a targeted voucher system would increase the efficiency of the Brazilian higher education system, as compared with the current system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|voucher students institutions alternatively attending|8.962909|2.243934|2.8967912
12163|The annual increase in forest area was highest for Viet Nam among the GMS countries. Primary forest hasvirtually disappeared in Viet Nam except in protected areas or well-conserved forests while in Cambodia it is extremely low and in Lao PDR it is rapidly decreasing. While FRA data suggest that the primary forest area is constant in Myanmar and Thailand, it is important to note that Thailand assumes that all forests inside national parks are primary.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest primary thailand viet nam|1.5686173|4.5599523|4.1329517
12164|As a result, the overall share of generics in pharmaceutical use in France remained around one third in 2015, despite a substitution rate close to 80% within authorised classes of drugs (Panel B). Adopting a broader list of drugs for which generics may substitute and, more generally, allowing greater use of generics, would be helpful (Cour des comptes, 2014c). Indeed, the authorities plan a limited expansion of the list of dings that generics may substitute (ministere des Affaires sociales, de la Sante et des Droits des femmes, 2015). Share in the reimbursed pharmaceutical market.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|generics des substitute pharmaceutical drugs|8.44212|9.437625|2.198393
12165|Of the remainder, some 62 percent of finance from dedicated climate funds has been targeted at Latin America and the Caribbean, reflecting the significant opportunities seen for reducing emissions in the forest sector in that region. Adaptation funding has concentrated on sub-Saharan Africa, the region likely to be most impacted by climate change, with 54 percent of approved dedicated climate finance for the period 2010-14. Bilateral donors have also allocated almost half of their adaptation-tagged finance to sub-Saharan Africa. That focus is most pronounced for the forestry sector, where 57 percent of bilateral and 75 percent of dedicated multilateral finance supports policy and administrative management, in particular for REDD+ readiness, which assists governments in developing national REDD+ plans and strategies.|SDG 13 - Climate action|percent dedicated finance redd bilateral|1.7154515|4.5023127|3.2371476
12166|The Paris Agreement recognises that significant capacity development will be needed through 2020 and beyond to implement the current and future transparency framework. For this reason the Paris Agreement explicitly requests the Global Environment Facility to establish a Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency. Many developing countries may have submitted only one BUR and undergone only one international consultation and analysis process by 2020, limiting the experience developing countries can draw on by the time the Paris Agreement comes into effect. Streamlining reporting and review guidelines (e.g. for national communications and biennial reports) could facilitate the technical review of reports (UNFCCC, 2015c).|SDG 13 - Climate action|paris agreement transparency reports review|1.2785747|3.6894808|0.839682
12167|The guide also has sections devoted to considerations of gender-impact assessments in public spending and the implications of the lack of gender-disaggregated data. Clearly explaining such concepts and stating a valid case for their application is important for raising public awareness and provides public servants with instructions and a reference document in response to their frequently asked questions. While gender-responsive budgeting is compulsory by law, the tools needed to smartly implement it and broader gender mainstreaming are not. Yet, unless there is a legal mandate to conduct gender impact assessments in GRB and policy formulation and to collect gender-disaggregated data - these tools are typically under-utilised or overlooked.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender disaggregated assessments tools public|9.673853|3.9069335|7.6185904
12168|The social mix principle tries to promote a rational distribution of urban public resources and provides adequate housing for different revenue groups through city planning regulations - ensuring social equity and promoting economic efficiency. An affordable and accommodating city is a core feature of a sustainable city. For example, Vietnamese cities are struggling for the provision of open space in dense inner-city centres. In Hanoi, between 2000 and 2010, the area devoted to parks and public gardens per capita went from 2.17m2 to 1.58m2 (HealthBridge, 2015).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city accommodating gardens vietnamese inner|4.1329637|5.0871167|1.6310898
12169|In other words, students were learning in 8 months what other students were taking a year to learn. These are therefore rather substantial increases in educational productivity, especially if they can be scaled across an entire national system. For example, finding that differentiated feedback has more impact on directing future student learning than on grades may show nothing more than that systems generally do more effectively those things they are designed to do than those things they are not designed to do.|SDG 4 - Quality education|things designed learning directing students|9.468906|1.9762994|2.7798367
12170|In Kenya, elephants are fitted with satellite tracking collars enabling researchers and conservationists alike to monitor individual elephant movements and chart habitat and landscape connectivity. The collars have also reduced incidences of human-wildlife conflict by alerting rangers when the elephants leave protected areas and stray close to nearby farms. However, these technologies carry important caveats.|SDG 15 - Life on land|caveats fitted alike chart wildlife|1.5461816|5.1667786|3.883616
12171|In this respect, improving effectiveness may require co-ordinated and complementary efforts from all stakeholder groups, recognising too that there may be effectiveness tradeoffs between the urgency to scale-up climate finance in the near term and the need to build country capacity and readiness. Establishing domestic policy, institutional and accountability frameworks for climate finance takes time and needs to be country-led. In the meantime, bringing different communities and sectors together to share lessons learned and to build a consensus on how to strengthen domestic institutions for managing climate finance and how to improve the international architecture of climate finance will be a key step towards the effective allocation and delivery of resources.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate build effectiveness meantime|1.7716297|4.0999594|1.1573858
12172|Besides, it is tempting on the part of central government to substitute ex ante control of water services with performance indicators. This can lead to retaining control of how subnational authorities implement water policy, as they will probably make choices and decisions that allow them to perform well within the parameters of the indicator system, at the expense of other elements. There is no optimal design for an indicator-based performance measurement system in the water sector. Its development should be a collaborative effort between the national and sub-national level, and the information it yields ought to cover inputs, processes and outputs that are relevant for ongoing activities. To use such information optimally, clear objectives for the data need to be established and proper indicators selected.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|indicator water control optimally performance|1.1227103|7.0827|1.546831
12173|However, high-growth fields such as science, technology and engineering remain male dominated. Gender wage gaps persist and women are underrepresented in corporate leadership. Affordable childcare and family-friendly policies that include paid paternal leave are needed to address women's time constraints.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|paternal underrepresented persist corporate dominated|9.142693|4.5796905|5.961962
12174|The United Kingdom’s Care Quality Commission (see Section 1) offers a model to consider. Arrangements in Italy are a model of particular interest. There, the National Observatory on Good Practices for Patient Safety has been established that identifies transferable learning from adverse events in hospitals and clinics, and organises workshops and materials to share good practices. The Observatory has been very effective by raising awareness among health care professionals and nurturing a culture of change across the w'hole country (OECD, 2015c).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|observatory model good practices nurturing|9.142973|9.53496|1.7005203
12175|The waiver, which will last initially for 15 years from the date of adoption, releases WTO members from their legal obligation to provide non-discriminatory treatment to all trading partners (General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Article II) when granting trade preferences to LDCs. It effectively operates as a new LDC-specific enabling clause’ for trade in services. As such, the waiver is meant to promote LDCs’ service trade in sectors and modes of supply that are of particular export interest to them. More favourable treatment with respect to other measures, such as those relating to national treatment, domestic regulations defined in Article VI:4 and other obligations under the GATS, requires prior approval by the WTO Council on Trade in Services (WTO 2013).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|trade wto gats treatment article|4.6563287|4.4464135|3.6168933
12176|Households have different numbers of children at potentially different stages of schooling. Many poor households also engage in strenuous manual labour which requires the expenditure of more energy than is generated by the diets on the basis of which the average poverty line is constructed. Health expenses are increasingly coming to be recognized as a common cause of families’ falling into poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|households diets poverty manual different|7.1568885|6.2394195|5.1630692
12177|As “consistency” is one of the aims of the Paris Agreement transparency framework, current review practices and guidelines may need to be revised in order for technical expert reviews under the Paris Agreement to assess progress in this area. Corresponding figures for the technical review of Annex II countries’ second biennial reports were that 19 countries reported “complete” or “mostly complete” information on climate support, and 18 countries reported information on climate support that was ‘transparent” or “mostly transparent”. Thus, several countries are still struggling to ensure full transparency of information communicated on climate support (UNFCCC, 2016).|SDG 13 - Climate action|transparent complete transparency paris climate|1.2737391|3.687164|0.81255245
12178|Thus, these different estimates make it challenging to establish an aggregate overview of climate finance provided and mobilised in the UNFCCC context. However in order to enable and enhance clarity and transparency in reporting on climate finance flows, support and effect thereof it is important to encourage information sharing from a relevant and verified sources, including those outside the UNFCCC context. For systems still under development (e.g. TOSSD), it is too soon to assess whether they will be able to identify “climate” finance, or finance that has been mobilised by developed countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance mobilised unfccc climate context|1.4447167|3.7736566|0.6757904
12179|With a total length of 120 km. It discharges into the Orontes River at the confluence with the Afrin River north of Antakya (see Overview Map). The annual flow volume of the Karasu is approximately 40 MCM/yr.” Precipitation in the basin ranges from around 300 mm/yr (the mean annual rainfall at Aleppo, Syria, is 332 mm) to around 800 mm/yr,'2 with highs in December and January and lows in June and July (Figure 3).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|yr mm river annual confluence|0.6169543|7.1925807|2.7518167
12180|When the definition developed by Ravallion and Chen (2003) is used, then growth was pro-poor in all the periods that were studied as measured both by the poverty and the extreme poverty headcount indices. This result can be attributed to the economic stability seen during those years, the real increase in the minimum wage and the implementation of direct income transfer policies (Franga, 2010; Kakwani, Neri and Son, 2010). The results also indicate that these policies are more effective in reducing the extreme poverty headcount than the poverty headcount because, since the extreme poverty line is lower than the poverty line, it is more sensitive to policy measures.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty headcount extreme line son|6.363107|5.920788|4.926764
12181|For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics. The views expressed are those of the authors and/or editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights. Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. The 2008 financial crisis triggered the first contraction of the world economy in the post-war era. This paper investigates the effect of the economic crisis on child poverty and material deprivation across the EU-28 plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland.|SDG 1 - No poverty|unicef crisis child provided contraction|7.232803|6.570551|5.203279
12182|While any remaining gap has disappeared in education, Swiss women are overwhelmingly working part-time, in classical female occupations, and are significantly under-represented as managers, board members and entrepreneurs. Controlling for observable differences, the wage gap has fallen steadily albeit slowly as women’s wages have increased faster than men’s in all but one of the last five decades. The net wage gap now sits at about 7% in favour of men, which to some extent may be attributed to gender discrimination.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gap wage disappeared overwhelmingly men|9.085057|4.204825|5.7980304
12183|Tying the receipt of transfers to mothers' childrearing performance reinforces the idea that children's well-being is a female responsibility and does nothing to encourage men's involvement in parenting. If, in practice, conditionalities have no or little bearing on child development, government budgets might be better used to invest in more and better schools and primary health care centres. Recent experiences in Brazil and Egypt, for example, show that the active involvement of women's rights advocates can be a catalyst for transformation. In both cases, cash transfers were explicitly designed with women's rights in mind, tackling the limitations of existing schemes (see also Box 3.3). Unlike Bolsa Familia (see Table 3.1), however, it supports women's economic empowerment head-on by training them to take up non-traditional jobs in the growing construction industry in the region. Drawing on an understanding of some of shortcomings of conventional conditional cash transfer programmes, the Ain-EI-Sira pilot aimed to contest traditional gender dynamics that emphasize women's roles as mothers and ignore their productive roles and agency.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women involvement mothers cash roles|8.84516|5.189632|5.9288507
12184|The preschool teacher, the grade-one teacher, and any involved specialist (e.g. school psychologist) meet to discuss school entrants in terms of their skills, peer relations and preferences. In Norway, sharing child development information across sectors is well established at the local level. Parents play an important role in this exchange process. They can decide what information is transferred and they have to give their consent before the kindergarten can provide the information to the school.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school information teacher kindergarten entrants|9.424023|2.6382453|2.1255357
12185|Moreover, where biodiversity offsets take a long time to mature, structuring reward purely on the delivery of biodiversity outcomes can affect the willingness of landowners to create offsets in the first place (Salzman and Ruhl, 2000). The MRV provisions used in practice frequently rely on the use of supplier self-assessments and independent third-party verification, though reporting may also be undertaken through public notification (Table 4.5). The Biobanking scheme in New South Wales, Australia, and the Compensatory Wetlands Mitigation and Conservation Banking schemes in the United States, conversely, all require offset suppliers to self-monitor offset progression against agreed performance standards and to submit self-monitoring reports to regulators at periodic intervals (NSW OEH, 2012; DOD and EPA, 2008; USFWS, 2003).|SDG 15 - Life on land|offsets self offset biodiversity structuring|1.8639555|5.520744|3.9496512
12186|In most contracts, the goal is to reach is four to five patients per hour, whilst also complying with specified quality standards. In the national health survey of 2006, for example, 31% of the population reported obtaining health services from the private sector at least once a year, regardless of their coverage under the CCSS. In 2009, 60% of the respondents stated that they preferred private health care providers (Gutierrez, 2009).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health complying ccss private preferred|9.025067|9.102385|1.7575631
12187|Even more is produced during primary and secondary wood processing. All these by-products can be used as biofuel to replace more polluting fossil fuels, thus creating a more environmentally friendly energy alternative. The CO2 emitted during direct combustion of sustainably produced biofuel is largely balanced by CO2 uptake in renewing forests (Macqueen et al, 2004; Sathre & O'Connor, 2010). Many studies indicate that the recovery and combustion of the biomass by-products associated with the lifecycle of wood-based products is the single most significant contributor to the lifecycle GHG benefits of wood-based product use (Gustavsson et al, 2006; Sathre & O'Connor, 2010).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wood lifecycle combustion biofuel products|1.3712636|4.0305686|3.562938
12188|Women’s work, both paid and unpaid, is critical for the survival and security of the family and important route through which families escape from poverty. It is also critical to women’s empowerment. Expansion of national policies and programs to provide support for care of children, people with disabilities, and the elderly is an important intervention to enable women and men to participate equally in paid employment and women and family empowerment as well as reinforcing the role of the men in the family life to allow conciliation between professional and family responsibilities. Participation in national parliaments and local governmental bodies - Equality of opportunity in politics is a human right.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|family women empowerment critical paid|9.326877|5.059643|6.4477444
12189|Following Iran's exploitation and diversion of shared rivers without prior notification (e.g. on the Karkheh River), the two states decided to form a joint technical committee in order to address issues of mutual concern. Iraq's Ministry of Water Resources reports that this committee holds regular meetings and organizes technical exchange visits. It can be assumed that the periodic trilateral meetings on water issues and other matters have been put on hold. A crucial issue for Iraqi-Turkish relations on the Tigris River will be the completion of the llisu Dam and reservoir as it is likely to impact overall discharge and flow regime of the river significantly especially in downstream Iraq.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river iraq meetings committee technical|0.5694736|7.227917|2.194888
12190|Subsistence farmers may find themselves unable to share in the market-based growth for lack of skill and labour, which would suggest that aid interventions upgrading skills through better extension services, could greatly improve market participation and commercialisation by smallholders. Ngo (2006) confirms the importance of literacy and numeracy skills as pre-conditions for agricultural growth. Calculating the effect of educational attainment on rice productivity in Vietnam, the author finds that the returns to literacy and to holding upper secondary diplomas on rice yields are 38% and 31% respectively.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|literacy rice diplomas skills vietnam|4.398131|5.3213873|3.97212
12191|Many countries also develop overarching plans with a five year interval. It is of key importance to integrate SCP into such strategic economic planning, not only in chapters dealing with environmental protection as such but also in chapters related to major economic development. This involves therefore a very complex agenda of reorienting economic systems, consumer preferences and producer behaviours.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|chapters economic scp interval overarching|1.8086938|3.5477774|2.4175465
12192|Examples of such initiatives are the CST initiative (Box 7), the Lake Chad Sustainable Development Support Program (PRODEBALT) (Appendix B), and the GGWSSI (Box 6). The CST initiative includes management of ecosystems and ecosystem services, as well as equitable use of natural resources and agrobiodiversity, while PRODEBALT aims to restore the productivity of the Lake Chad's ecosystems (CATIE, n.d.; Working across forestry and agriculture ensures that ecosystem functions are taken into account and that practices related to protection, restoration, and management of biodiversity and ecosystem services and processes are taken into account (Munang et al. However, in relation to agriculture, EbA is the implementation of agricultural management practices that use biodiversity, ecosystem services or ecological processes (at field, farm or landscape level) to build robust food systems and reduce and adapt to the impacts of climate change and climate variability (Vignola etal.,|SDG 13 - Climate action|ecosystem chad lake ecosystems management|1.7902188|5.096434|3.125526
12193|A diversity of funds can have advantages, allowing for specialisation, for example, by focusing on LDCs or on aspects of climate action such as technology. It has also facilitated mainstreaming as climate-related ODA also flows through bilateral and multilateral development programmes. At present climate finance under the UNFCCC is delivered through funds that serve as the Financial Mechanism of the Convention. The Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility are the operating entities of the Convention.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate convention funds specialisation facilitated|1.6642576|3.7898123|1.0068936
12194|This indicator casts a wide net to measure equity, as it is meant to be applied to all other SDG 4 indicators with available data, and measures equity over a range of dimensions (such as gender, socio-economic status and location). In particular, it enables the same indicator to be analysed across multiple equity dimensions. For example, applying Global indicator 4.5.1 to Global Indicator 4.1.1 shows that students’ ability to perform at least at PISA level 2 in mathematics is relatively weakly associated to their gender, but remains strongly determined by the location of students' schools (rural or urban) in the majority of OECD and partner countries, and by socio-economic status as measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS1) in all OECD and partner countries (Figure 2). For example, measuring the gender parity index associated with SDG 4 indicators confirms that students' gender does not influence children’s participation in education one year before the primary entry age (SDG 4.2.2) in all OECD countries, and is weakly associated with the ability of 15-year-old students to perform at least at PISA Level 2 in mathematics (SDG 4.1.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|sdg indicator pisa students weakly|9.672149|2.3408582|3.2784986
12195|Setting the right price is a complex exercise, with the rapidly decreasing cost of the technologies, and particularly in young markets where government capacity in the design of FiTs may be low and there may be asymmetry of information between regulator and companies. Partly as a result of their experience with fossil-fuel technologies, developing countries tend to have greater experience in using traditional procurement methods than with support mechanisms specific to clean energy. If used in combination with long-term power purchasing agreements (PPAs), tenders can be an alternative way to attract private investment in clean energy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|clean experience technologies asymmetry tenders|1.9345337|2.2477832|1.8829145
12196|Hence, teachers and administrative leadership need to be supported in implementing strategies to promote inclusive learning and in learning how such strategies can be designed in ways that benefit all students. Policies aimed at fostering inclusivity need imbedded flexibility. While the National Agency for Education offers online learning modules to support teachers and other staff in inclusive education, these modules might not reach all teachers and schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|modules teachers learning inclusive strategies|10.184716|2.4009242|1.9915334
12197|This trend is likely to continue with global markets for solar thermal energy, photovoltaic and wind power projected to grow by 20% per year until 2020 (BMU, 2009). Being among the largest producers of environmental goods and services, w'ith the second largest market share in global trade of climate protection related products after China amounting to more than 12%, Germany benefits substantially from this development (BMU, 2012). With an export share of RES equipment of around 80%, Germany is highly exposed to this competition and firms have difficulty preserving their markets.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|germany largest markets share photovoltaic|1.6350846|2.3523054|2.0136435
12198|This is dependent on the sociodemographic characteristics of the poor, such as their age, education, occupation, migrant status, social group (whether SC/ST or not),7 gender and salary status. Specifically, it is assumed that the higher their education, the more skilled their occupation, the younger their age, the more they contribute to the city economy. Also, the salaried contribute more to the city economy.|SDG 1 - No poverty|occupation contribute city status economy|6.61952|5.594812|4.8069105
12199|Next to these market fundamentals there are other factors that may contribute to price volatility. For more information see Chapter 2 Special Feature: What is driving price volatility? While weather shocks, pests or other natural calamities and limited access to technologies play an important role, those factors are exacerbated by often poorly functioning markets that could smooth out local production shortfalls. Poor infrastructure, high transport costs, absence of credit or insurance markets may compound the initial difficulty. For exporting countries heavily dependent on agricultural commodities, exceptionally low prices will have immediate balance of payments impacts, but beyond that, uncertainty may curtail investment and affect capacity utilization.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|volatility price markets factors fundamentals|3.9532135|4.9414043|4.339405
12200|"On the participatory side, municipalities were given the right to establish councils of stakeholders or municipal boards. Municipalities can also establish other institutional means of participation through the passing of local constitutions or ""organic laws."" One of the most widely reported local approaches to this challenge in Brazil is the participatory budget. The essential element of this institution is the democratic discussion and allocation of the investment budget of the city."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|participatory establish municipalities budget constitutions|4.011248|5.5743127|2.0146244
12201|For instance, across OECD countries, eight out of ten students report that their teachers tell them what they have to learn in every lesson, and seven out of ten students have teachers who ask questions in every lesson to check that students understand what they are learning. However, according to students, this practice is used only occasionally, as fewer than one in three students in OECD countries report that their teachers use this practice frequently in their lessons. Figure 3.4 shows the reported frequency of both teacher-directed and student-oriented instructional strategies for mathematics.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students lesson teachers practice report|8.938682|1.4396199|1.8631223
12202|These uses should however be taken into account in water resource management (e.g. through environmental flow and quality requirements for environmental purposes). In the case of agriculture, water consumption occurs through evapotranspiration and harvesting of crops. In the case of hydropower, water consumption includes the additional evaporation that results from the increased surface of the water body impounded by the dam.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water consumption evapotranspiration evaporation case|1.1129205|7.355553|2.7915835
12203|Development banks, on the other hand, have been increasingly called upon: for example, the EBRD in Eastern and Central Europe, where commercial lending for water has been drying up, has had a boom year in 2009. Areas where ODA can have a catalysing effect include reducing bottlenecks in the sector, supporting the financial planning process, ensuring access to services by the poor and supporting the development and use of risk-management mechanisms that can help attract private funding (and local private funding in particular). While revenues from the 3Ts can dose the financing gap for WSS, the role of repayable finance is only to bridge the financing gap, since it requires subsequent compensation in the form of interests or dividends.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|supporting financing gap funding dose|2.946751|4.029889|2.0296974
12204|"The preconditions for the activities in the Norwegian Food Bank is that donated food shall not be packed or repacked or relabelled, making other regulations less relevant for the operation of the Food Bank. As the food will not be distributed and sold under new labels as ""frozen food"", the spesific regulations about freezing of food (EU regulation on freezing of food) will be irrelevant. All food labelled with ""use by date"" must be frozen before this date has passed, keeping all original informations on the product. Products labelled with ""best before date"" have no limit on the date for freezing."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food date frozen labelled regulations|4.232232|5.2663803|4.551407
12205|Uncertainty about future risk groups as well as health-related altruism contributes to a more robust public financing. Public funding will be harder to maintain the greater variability there is in disease risk, the greater the proportion of the population that is at high risk of disease, and the more costly the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The role of the public sector in health care insurance and provision is significant in all developed countries and more prominent in the Nordic countries than in most other countries. Hence, the price mechanism will not fulfil its role of allocating resources to and within the health sector.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disease risk health public greater|8.607252|8.786865|2.1816988
12206|It matters whether a capacity margin is constituted by nuclear generation capacity, gas- or oil-fired capacity that can be brought on-stream at will or intermittent renewables. Renewable energy that constitutes a growing share of generating capacity in OECD countries might instead not be available when needed. The intermittency of renewable energies (especially wind and solar) which are governed by the weather and not by the needs of electricity consumers creates serious stress for power generation infrastructures and has lead to the distinction between gross capacity margins and “reliably available capacity”. A power system must provide stable amounts of baseload power and cover peak demand at all time.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|capacity power generation renewable reliably|1.50385|1.5271152|1.9191506
12207|Food poverty is the lack of income needed to acquire a basic food basket, even if total household available income is only used to purchase the goods in such basket. Capability poverty is the lack of income needed to purchase a basic food basket and cover health and education expenses, even if total household income is only used for these purposes. Patrimony poverty is the lack of income needed to buy a basic food basket, as well as to cover expenses of health, education, housing, transportation and clothes, even if total household available income is exclusively used to purchase the goods in such basket. Poverty alleviation therefore continues to be a challenge of the highest priority for Mexican policy makers—especially in the current context of the weak global outlook that is exercising additional pressures on poverty reduction and the redistribution of income.|SDG 1 - No poverty|basket income purchase poverty food|4.4159117|5.4450254|4.313249
12208|Lithuanian primary school students, like primary' students in nearby Nordic countries, are not awarded marks. Rather, teachers record in students’ primary education diaries a summative assessment of students’ attainment level of the intended curriculum. Starting from grade 5 - after an adaptation period - students’ learning outcomes are assessed on a 10-point scale or validated with “passed” or “not passed” entries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students passed primary entries summative|9.653772|2.0177157|2.5146577
12209|Examples are the National Report on the State and Development of Education, The Results of the Monitoring Study of fifth and ninth grade Student Performance Evaluation, Analysing Results of the External Assessment of Student Achievement of ninth grade Students and Analysis of Unified National Test Results 2012. There are no formal schemes for school leaders to engage in supporting their peers in other schools (e.g. exchanging best practices, mentoring new leaders, supporting those in low performing or isolated schools) and the concept of system leader who can not only lead his or her school but also contribute to system-wide improvement is rather incipient. There are few mechanisms to share resources between schools in order to make a more efficient use of their physical infrastructure, equipment and instructional materials, or their human resources.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ninth schools grade results leaders|9.716593|1.5011208|1.8212703
12210|For example, taxes can incentivize new investments, while low-cost loans facilitate behaviour change. Given one third of China's territory is reported to be affected by acid rain, and local air pollution affects major cities across the country, reducing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions has been the key environmental target in China. While initially only newly- built installations were to be equipped with such facilities, subsequently also most of existing coal power plants needed to be retrofitted. The payment scheme is supported by other policies for power plants equipped with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) that give priority to them for connections to grids, permission to operate longer than plants that do not install desulfurization capacity and priority dispatching in Shandong and Shanxi Provinces.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plants equipped priority china oxide|1.4302394|2.8108158|2.235236
12211|Nonetheless, data are available for seven of the countries analysed in this chapter at some point over the past decade (the only exception is India, where the latest available survey is from 1998). The picture that emerges is very consistent across all of the countries analysed. Men typically spend between 60% and 70% less time than women doing unpaid work. In India, they only spend half an hour on unpaid work for every five hours spent by women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|analysed spend unpaid india emerges|8.997933|4.7708473|5.3944545
12212|Forced marriage: the marriage of individuals against their will (includes early marriage’). Female genital mutilation/cutting: cutting healthy genital tissue. Other GBV: This category should be used only if any of the above types do not apply. In the context of this bench book, this category includes: domestic violence; exploitation; trafficking in women; forced prostitution; violence perpetrated or condoned by the state, wherever it occurs; sexual slavery; sexual harassment (including sextortion - demands for sex in exchange for job promotion or advancement or higher school marks or grades); trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation; forced exposure to pornography; forced pregnancy; forced sterilisation; forced abortion; forced marriage; virginity tests and incest.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|forced marriage sexual genital trafficking|9.9029|5.5221977|7.4103174
12213|An integrated approach has important implications. It means that progress towards SDG 6 can enable and drive progress in most other SDGs; equally, the success of SDG 6 will also depend on most other SDGs meeting their targets. Water is central to achieving this vision and ambition. It is essential for society’s health and well-being, ending hunger, achieving food security and improving nutrition.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sdg sdgs achieving progress ending|1.6861526|6.596387|2.054447
12214|The Swedish Government is investing EUR 500 million during 2011-14 to improve health and social care for the most fragile elderly, including for strengthening incentives to councils and municipalities for achieving pre-specified goals in preventive, dementia and palliative care, better use of medication and better care co-ordination. However, Swedish data show that primary care costs per year of age increase minimally into older ages compared with inpatient costs, which may indicate under-provision for primary care relative to secondary care. An appropriate balance of resources between ambulatory care and inpatient care is important for ensuring that the primary care sector is able to manage and co-ordinate the complex care needs of people with chronic conditions and co-morbidities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care inpatient swedish primary palliative|9.245821|8.944939|1.9717435
12215|This opportunity cost may be very large, and in particular in a context of increasing global demand, stress on resources, and climate concerns, they may represent a cost that we cannot afford to bear. Further analysis and evidence is required to ensure that the full socioeconomic potential of energy efficiency measures is being delivered. The significant impacts indicated by work on these benefits to date, suggests that the pursuit of energy savings should no longer be seen as a goal in and of itself, but rather, should be considered as a means to pursue a range of practical improvements for various levels of society. This paper investigates the range of outcomes from energy efficiency improvements which extend to benefits that are significantly wider than energy savings alone.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy savings improvements range efficiency|2.0020566|2.702072|2.5071762
12216|The premium placed on collateral, credit history, business experience and the business strategy of prospective borrowers forms an obstacle to accessing finance. This presents a supply-side problem in terms of suitable products available to women. To capitalize on the preliminary results of this survey, further research in this area could be undertaken. Women frequently have a low level of financial literacy and are generally ill-equipped with the skills and knowledge required to successfully approach banks for funding.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business borrowers prospective collateral preliminary|8.728616|3.456516|6.365642
12217|In all of their work, pedagogues focus on the importance of play and children’s and young people’s comprehensive development, which includes their intellectual, social, emotional, neuromuscular, ethical, moral and aesthetic development (BUPL, 2016). These specialist teachers focus on social processes in schools and constitute a central resource in areas related to behaviour, psychology and wellbeing. They can support individual students in and outside of classrooms and work together with teachers in the classroom to help offer differentiated teaching according to students’ needs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers psychology focus students moral|8.967965|1.7038429|1.8838995
12218|The female share of employment in central government management positions has increased in recent years, but still points to a persistently leaky pipeline (Figure 14.3). Countries marked with an asterisk (*) had legislated quotas (i.e. quotas implemented via the legislative process) in place in 2016. In the 28 European Union countries for which data were available, women held 35.3% of the highest administrative positions in national government in 2016 - a minimal increase of 5.1 percentage points over 2013. As for the second most senior level, women accounted for 41.1% of posts, a tiny increase of 2.5 percentage points over 2013. Behind these average figures, there are variations from country to country, particularly at the highest levels of the civil service (EIGE, 2016). For more detail and country-specific notes, please see OECD (2017, Figure 3.8 and Annex D).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|points quotas positions country percentage|10.180564|4.1308136|6.756383
12219|There is a risk of unintended carbon emissions through fire, insects, wind etc. Between 2006 and 2013, the area of forests certified as sustainably managed in the ECE Region expanded by 45%. Almost all ECE member States are members of one or more regional processes of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management, notably the Montreal Process and FOREST EUROPE. Taken together these trends indicate that there are very significant areas of sustainably managed forest in the ECE Region, and that this share has been growing over the past two decades - or that there is a stronger ability and determination to demonstrate this trend.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ece forest sustainably managed montreal|1.4485779|4.612022|3.8110263
12220|The reported capacity credit values have been used for onshore without any adjustment. The capacity credit values for offshore have been adjusted to take into account its higher load factor values. A recent study (Jones, 2012) evaluates capacity credit for PV for the California electricity system, assuming a broad range of solar installed capacity. Resulting capacity credits are quite high with 27% and 11% respectively, which reflects both the high load factors and the good correlation with peak demand in the south west of the United States.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|capacity values credit load onshore|1.5863165|1.5375135|2.0788445
12221|In New Zealand, gender impact statements are also required in papers to its Cabinet Social Policy Committee. Greece’s National Programme for Gender Equality also calls for systematic gender impact assessments of new bills. It applies gender analysis to public spending in order to ascertain how budgets may have a differential impact on women and men. The Council of Europe defines GRB as “an application of gender mainstreaming in the budgetary process. It means a gender-based assessment of budgets, incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process, and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality.” It deals with financial aggregates: expenditures and revenues, the surplus or deficit.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender budgetary budgets expenditures impact|9.72203|3.9513607|7.570552
12222|Specialists include paediatricians, obstetricians/gynaecologists, psychiatrists, medical specialists and surgical specialists. Under these circumstances, primary-care physicians tend to refer even minimally justified cases to more expensive outpatient specialist services or to hospitals (Golinowska et al, 2007). Thus, instead of the treatment being concentrated at the least expensive level, the costs are being pushed into more expensive segments.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|specialists expensive psychiatrists surgical pushed|9.158997|8.976062|1.6454992
12223|In Morelos, for example, specific programmes are in place for taxi drivers and microenterprises related to tourism, a growing sector in this state. In Queretaro a programme called credito a la palavra (i.e. trust loan) has been set up to cater for the self-employed through microloans up to MXN 10 000 and repayment within six months. Interest rates are competitive compared to those offered by private microfinance institutions and rates of default in the range of 5-6%, which is very low for microcredit programmes. This is the result of close monitoring on the use of the loan and repayment terms, with visits to the enterprises and repayment deadlines that can be even on a weekly basis in some cases.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|repayment loan microcredit deadlines queretaro|8.329136|3.3107035|6.2183166
12224|There are other forms of water contamination, as well. Fertilizers and pesticides, for example, have contaminated aquifers and waterways with nitrogen, phosphorous and highly toxic heavy metals, such as copper and zinc. Another major contributor to water degradation is urbanization. Based on current trends, water pollution, particularly from households in medium and smaller cities, will increase fivefold. This has serious consequences for farming communities downstream, whose surface and ground water may become unsuitable for agriculture.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|water unsuitable zinc waterways copper|1.0191627|6.868121|2.8605182
12225|High food and fuel prices are likely to persist. The recent crises may affect human development in different ways: by halting or even reversing the poverty trends, worsening food security, reducing the utilization of education and health services and by depleting the productive assets of the poor (World Bank 2008). Reduction in the use of education and health services and the depletion of assets by the poor will have long-lasting effects.|SDG 1 - No poverty|assets reversing poor food worsening|6.9883914|5.8607616|4.9365225
12226|Informal employment is not exclusive to low-productivity sectors, where 70.5% of wage workers have no formal contract, for 30.8% of wage workers in medium- and high-productivity sectors are also in that position. Moreover, 63.7% of male wage workers have formal contracts compared with 61.8% of women, although a slightly lower proportion of men have long-term contracts (see table II. Its variations are linked to the behaviour of human capital and patterns of productivity, the competitiveness of the sectors providing the employment, and the level of protection and negotiating power of workers, which in turn is related to factors such as the degree of unionization and the possibility of collective bargaining.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers wage productivity sectors contracts|8.072557|4.2251277|4.7824154
12227|In Croatia, Greece and Romania it is 1 in 3 children in the bottom 10th percentile. In Switzerland, at least 15% of children from the poorest families live in households which cannot afford regular leisure activity for their children. The proportion of children at the bottom end of the income distribution living in households unable to afford items understood to be necessary or desirable for an 'acceptable' standard of living increased between 2009 and 2013 in most cases analysed here.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children afford living households percentile|7.366656|6.225999|5.175462
12228|For instance, because of difficulties in meeting relevant employment or contribution conditions, the number of young people without a job can influence coverage rates. Interestingly, however, the middle and lower panels of Figure 11 suggest that coverage has generally moved in the same direction for those with and without prior work experience. Other relevant factors include the dynamics into and out of unemployment. For instance, high inflow rates into unemployment at the beginning of a recession can increase the share of benefit recipients among the stock of unemployed as recent job losers are more likely to qualify for benefits.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|coverage unemployment job instance relevant|7.780488|4.685373|4.162541
12229|Other social services include services to survivors, disabled persons, unemployed, as well as those in respect of housing and social assistance (estimates of social housing are, however, not included). Cash transfers to the elderly, survivors, disabled persons, families, unemployed, as well as those receiving social assistance. Private mandatory spending, which accounts for a large share of total social spending in some countries (in particular Chile, Germany and Switzerland), is not included here.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|social survivors disabled unemployed persons|7.56013|5.7257595|4.3100066
12230|Water availability is important for the company generating hydropower, but is not significant for energy management. Agriculture in the Finnish part in terms of nitrogen load is almost comparable to the natura] background, and, in particular, releases phosphorus (double the estimated natural background). The other sources are clearly smaller, with loading from settlements about 2 tons/year of phosphorus and 33.4 tons/year of nitrogen, and from industrial wastewaters — including peat production and forestry — 2.3 tons/year of phosphorus and 22.8 tons of nitrogen.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|tons phosphorus nitrogen background year|0.7103649|6.8643584|2.9654126
12231|It entails the need for co-ordination meetings, which generated some 15 000 modification requests for the current land-use plan (which came into force in October 2011, replacing the land-use plans for the 75 cities and counties of the region). The experience of Japan shows how the central government can set a comprehensive spatial perspective at national level, which benefits from inputs at regional and metropolitan levels and is reflected in strategic documents (Box 2.6). While urban planning is the responsibility of local governments in Japan, the national government plays a leading role by delivering key perspectives for future urban challenges.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|japan modification land urban counties|3.9056234|5.520731|1.6421183
12232|At the time of the reforms to the health system in the early 1990s, it was hoped that the new insurance system would lead to better access to care. Available data suggest that the aggregate level of private spending has been increasing (Chapter 1). As noted, such problems can arise for example where minimum level of provision is needed in rural areas, even though cost and quality would be better served in larger hospitals or polyclinic units.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hoped better served arise level|8.725959|8.719674|2.042666
12233|Many people would argue that this has already happened, and that the surge in food prices in 2007 and 2008 was a consequence largely of bio-fuel production in the United States, Brazil and the European Union. Oxfam attributed around 30 per cent of the rise to the diversion of cropland to biofuels. Jean Ziegler, the former UN Special Rappoteur on the Right to Food, concluded that bio-fuel production “is a crime against humanity” and has called for a five-year moratorium on the practice.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|bio fuel humanity surge cropland|1.5866997|3.0970073|2.9058704
12234|This implies a need to plan and manage not only at stand and local spatial scales, but also at regional as well as national and even international levels. A key challenge is thus to build bridges in a geographical area among actors involved with different SFM dimensions, actors in different sectors at different societal levels, and different disciplines to facilitate knowledge production and mutual exchange of experiences (e.g., Barbour et al. Communication, education and public awareness are therefore important to support implementation of SFM, as is the case for its different criteria including ecological (e.g., Convention on Biological Diversity) and sociocultural ones (e.g., European Landscape Convention) and spiritual ones (e.g., the IUCN/WCPA “Delos Initiative”). The term landscape approach captures this integrated approach to learning for sustainable development and sustainability (e.g., Dudley et al.|SDG 15 - Life on land|different landscape ones convention actors|2.020967|5.0934334|3.5314374
12235|Many teachers have a good sense of the kind of pedagogies on which 21st century learning hinges, but there is a major gap between intended and implemented practices. How can education systems create the conditions for encouraging and supporting teachers to initiate, share, and evaluate innovative pedagogies and curricula, including new technologies? What are the implications of new pedagogies for the roles of teachers and students? What are the implications of pedagogical innovation and innovative learning environments for the roles of governments and the profession/unions? What are the implications of new pedagogies and curricula for school and system evaluation? These are important issues that the 2018 International Summit on the Teaching Profession seeks to tackle in its second session.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogies implications teachers curricula profession|8.864985|1.4901516|1.864878
12236|In some OECD countries the creation of co-ordination mechanisms such as inter-municipal co-operation helped to share information, build capacities and create the critical mass for investment. They should identify the priority areas for action on water resources management, on the basis of objective criteria that would take into account primarily health risks, social issues, the environment and the economy. This is only possible if quantitative information about the state of the environment is available.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|environment information mass quantitative helped|1.1789715|7.005138|1.6736677
12237|It is expected that, after repair works, the annual reductions would be 339,197 tons of C02 emissions. Over the past 20 years, this indicator reached a maximum value of 2.5 TWh, in 1991, and a minimum value of 0.845 TWh, in 2001. Electric power transmission and distribution losses in Georgia were 10.89 per cent of output as of 2010.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|twh value repair tons georgia|1.2157152|2.8095417|2.0523086
12238|All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. It presents an overview of how different OECD countries allocate instruction time. It also develops a model to understand the effective use of allocated instruction time and examines how different OECD countries compare on this. The paper confirms the value of sufficient instruction time as a key educational resource, but the key conclusion is that what matters the most is the way in which allocated time is used.|SDG 4 - Quality education|instruction time allocated oecd rights|9.373862|1.9230622|2.706333
12239|"In 1999, the State Council approved the ""Notification on Accelerating the Reform of Rural Power Systems and Enhancing Rural Power Management"" (the State Council Doc. The reform introduced, among other things, a practice whereby rural and urban residents in one province would pay the same price for electricity. In 2002, the State Council's ""Circular on Program of Power System Reform"" (the State Council Doc. No.5 2002) introduced the practice of ""Separation of Power Plants from Grid, and Bidding for Generation"", and the State Power Corporation was split into the two power grid companies and five power generation groups."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power council state doc reform|2.1545084|2.1438465|2.3409748
12240|The number of lessons taught per week must always be between 27 and 35 in each grade. The school principal determines optional subjects and decides on how the time (lessons) available are used. Similarly, the Framework Education Programmes for Technical and Vocational Education include general as well as technical/vocational educational areas, cross-curricular subjects and key professional competencies for each school year.|SDG 4 - Quality education|subjects lessons vocational technical decides|8.481774|2.523502|2.7735877
12241|Density credits and other incentives for developers, as well as the overhaul of zoning codes help implement these strategies (OECD, 2011). While large cities can produce beneficial effects from agglomeration, population growth can bring with it negative externalities. The continued growth of cities raises transportation costs and leads to increases in land values, higher living costs, labour shortages and environmental degradation. All complicate continued inclusive and sustainable growth.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|continued growth cities complicate costs|4.065916|5.1740694|1.4473068
12242|The Japan Council for Quality Health Care (JCQHC), which was set up in 1995 as a third party organisation, is further involved in a number of quality activities such as the reporting of medical adverse events or hospitals accreditation. From 2004, data on medical adverse events are systematically collected and analysed by the JCQHC’s Department of Adverse Event Prevention. The overarching aim is to promote patient safety by sharing information with medical institutions and users. To this end, quarterly and annual reports around medical adverse events are issued, workshops organised and warnings or guidelines published.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|adverse medical events quarterly warnings|9.229769|9.618552|1.6376446
12243|Local self-governance bodies are responsible for the implementation of environmental laws and regulations. The Ministry is also the competent authority for the implementation of the EU WFD and for other water-related directives. The National Administration “Apclc Romanc”, under the coordination of the Ministry, is in charge of the implementation of the water management strategy.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|implementation ministry directives wfd competent|1.1362077|6.9128165|1.6062564
12244|Open trade can also improve utilisation and nutrition by increasing the diversity of national diets. Finally, open markets generally improve the stability of availability of access, for the simple reason that international markets pool production risks across individual markets. In terms of food access, reforms that lead to higher food prices will benefit farmers with net sales of those products, but harm net buyers and non-farming consumers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|markets open net improve food|4.4768267|4.9806266|4.232571
12245|About half (47%) of students are in schools whose principal reported in PISA that pressure on the school to meet high academic standards came from only a few' parents, a larger proportion than on average across OECD countries (33%) (OECD, 2013). Parents and the local community are those who stand to gain the most from improving their school and there is strong evidence that parental engagement in particular can help to raise outcomes (OECD, 2012). Each Costa Rican school has a board which includes representatives from parents and the local community, but their main role is to administer the national funds for infrastructure and organise festivities.|SDG 4 - Quality education|parents school oecd community rican|10.168153|1.684226|2.6773324
12246|Bangladesh Ministry of Education, 2012). In the late 1980s, the government placed great emphasis on the improvement of the primary education system in an attempt to raise the rate of literacy; a major scheme was undertaken at that time to establish one primary school for every 2,000 people in Bangladesh. Higher education, likewise, has three streams: general (pure and applied science, arts, business and social science), Madrasah, and technology education, which includes agriculture, engineering, medical, textile, leather technology and information and communication technology (ICT) (Bangladesh Ministry of Education, 2004).|SDG 4 - Quality education|bangladesh education technology science ministry|8.942613|1.9159185|2.3114853
12247|This is followed by an analysis of cumulative deprivation. The remainder of the empirical analysis looks into child poverty profiles, assessing individual and household level factors underlying income and domain deprivation as well as cumulative deprivation. Finally, we provide conclusive remarks and recommendations on the way forward for child poverty measurement in the EU.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation cumulative remarks child conclusive|7.083647|6.5164723|5.2196407
12248|It is important to keep in mind that the organisation of the school network must be about ensuring quality education for all children. Students’ access to high-quality education should not be affected adversely by their place of residence. In some cases, closing the school may not be the best solution -the distance to travel may simply not be practicable.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school adversely quality residence closing|9.711494|2.040318|2.3351371
12249|Stronger female labour participation, in particular in full-time jobs, increases family income and improves career prospects for women. Higher income for women fosters their financial independence, reduces individual, family and child poverty risks, improves resilience against adverse financial shocks and increases retirement entitlements and wealth. The model is based on a growth accounting framework that allows for adjustments in structural parameters that reflect changes in the work-life balance between women and men, namely the transition towards a more balanced dual-earner dual-carer model (Box 2.2). Results suggest that full-time employment of women is likely to benefit most from spending on leave and birth grants, spending on childcare services in general and an the increase in the coverage of formal childcare facilities for children aged 0-2 years in particular.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|improves dual women childcare spending|9.153357|5.1152735|5.7307506
12250|Smaller branch units with as few as 30 students provide education from first to third or first to sixth grade students in geographically remote regions. In bigger cities, school sizes reach over 1 000 pupils. Compulsory education for pupils between 6 and 15 years old is offered in so-called basic schools and is organised as a single structure (without distinction between primary and lower secondary levels). Currently, Slovenian schools must employ a large number of professional support staff, as a share of total staff, and retain them regardless of the size of the school, making the system very costly.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pupils staff slovenian schools students|9.391278|2.2880914|2.5853233
12251|However, when teachers are confronted with potential consequences for their career and salary, they may be less likely to accept performance evaluations, and the improvement function may be jeopardised. In practice, countries rarely use a pure form of teacher evaluation; instead they use combinations of assessments that integrate multiple purposes and methodologies. Nonetheless it is critical that evaluations have meaningful consequences to those evaluated, as it is the only way to ensure that they are taken seriously.|SDG 4 - Quality education|evaluations consequences confronted combinations pure|9.700433|1.5635055|1.5542228
12252|Presentation at the Preparatory Meeting, International Advisory Board to the International Climate Protection Initiative of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Poznan, Poland, 7 December 2008. Intellectual property and access to clean energy technologies in developing countries: an analysis of solar photovoltaic, biofuel and wind technologies. Regional differences in the price-elasticity of demand for energy. Santa Monica, Ca, RAND Corporation.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|technologies santa ca preparatory photovoltaic|1.7331084|2.5138977|2.0030403
12253|Ultimately, it was decided that the project w'as neither feasible nor affordable and the tendering process was cut short after bids had already been submitted for the master plans at the beginning of 2012 (Global Water Intelligence, 2013). This experience suggests that better upstream project planning and due diligence is needed to ensure that project impacts can be managed and that the financial basis of the project is sound. Often, several experts and decision makers are involved across all hierarchy levels, including up to Cabinet level, as well as high-level officials from major donors and foreign governments in some cases.6 The prolonged negotiations for the extension of the As Amra plant were due to several factors according to the private partner involved, including the indirect effects of the Arab Spring, lack of political continuity owing to frequent Cabinet changes and difficult economic conditions (leading to several interest rate increases over 2012) (De Pazzis, 2014).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|project cabinet involved bids diligence|1.2148671|7.2119617|2.0994308
12254|The political level at the county (regional) level is (with some exceptions) responsible mainly for healthcare (about 80% of their budgets), planning of transportation infrastructure, public transport, culture, and may engage in other areas such as tourism and culture. The government is currently investigating a major regional reform that will reduce the number of counties from the present 21 to 6 regions. In essence, this initiative formalises and expands upon a past decades trend to reinforce the role of regions, notably by transferring more decision-making power to them from the centre, especially in regional development issues.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|regional culture regions essence investigating|3.9931192|5.2754264|1.8714803
12255|"Results for Jakarta (Indonesia) are not shown since the assessment was administered exclusively in paper and pencil format. The first is the proportion of adults who have sufficient familiarity with computers to use them to perform information-processing tasks. The second is the proficiency of adults with at least some ICT skills in solving the types of problems commonly encountered in their roles as workers, citizens and consumers in a technology-rich world. Three separate groups of adults fall into this category: adults with no computer experience, those who failed the ""ICT core” test and thus did not have basic computer skills needed for the computer-based assessment, and adults who opted to take the paper-based version of the assessment even though they reported having previous computer experience. This ranged from less than 2% in Sweden (1.6%) and Norway (1.6%) to more than one in three adults inHirkey (35.6%) and more than one in five adults in Italy (24.4%) and the Slovak Republic (22.0%). A further 4.7% of adults did not have the basic skills that were assessed by the ICT core test, such as the capacity to use a mouse or scroll through a web page."|SDG 4 - Quality education|adults computer ict assessment skills|9.052163|1.9917258|2.7320435
12256|Long before the state of Israel was established, Zionist leaders in Europe made the quest for water in Palestine a priority, with plans to transfer water from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean coastal plain for irrigation and drinking purposes. Israel invested millions of dollars in the construction of the National Water Carrier (NWCI. Besides the water it diverts through NWC.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water israel quest plain palestine|0.8550304|7.5104327|2.3842015
12257|Growth of workers’ remittances slowed in 2012, partly due to a high base effect, but remained a major source of income generation, accounting for more than 10% of GDP. There was some improvement in oil production and that helped in raising GDP growth to 2.2% in 2012. Agricultural, construction and services sectors also contributed to improved growth. Nevertheless, this pace of growth is still much slower than its long-term trend. Sluggish growth in the major destinations for oil exports, namely the euro zone and China, also kept growth of the economy below its potential.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|growth oil gdp major sluggish|5.5881095|4.6012707|3.745186
12258|This shift in public discourse in many countries consecrated the role of private investment as the main driver of economic growth, technological progress and human development and further encouraged a reduced role for government focusing on rule-setting and promoting good governance.16 The alleged inferior efficiency of government justified the downsizing of asset-based public policy through extensive privatization of public income-generating assets17 as well as the downsizing of income-based public policy induced by declining tax revenue. Lower total government revenue went hand in hand with lower expenditure and/or higher public debt (figure 2). These policies coincided with the growing concentration of income-generating assets in private hands,18 weaker redistribution, rising income inequality and unsustainable development.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|downsizing public income generating revenue|6.2933817|5.211849|4.246314
12259|Three proposed functions of forests are considered here: the outlook for forest carbon sinks; the economic and social added value of forest carbon sinks; and domestic carbon sink initiatives in Japan under a next-generation Kyoto Protocol (post-Kyoto). The developing countries are encouraged to form cooperating bodies with developed countries under REDD, or afforestation and reforestation CDM. It is thought that, under the extension of the Kyoto Protocol, Article 3, paragraph 4, the forests of developed countries can be incorporated as domestic forest sinks in individual countries. In December 2005, at COP 11, Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica raised REDD on the formal agenda as a proposal.|SDG 15 - Life on land|sinks kyoto forest redd carbon|1.6348447|4.624354|3.5270648
12260|Actions will be implemented by the river basin committee, ANA, IGARN and AESA. The plan considers water allocation and operation of the reservoirs of the region as central issues. Governance is key to put these actions in place from improving knowledge on strategic issues to establishing negotiated processes for water allocation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|allocation actions issues ana negotiated|0.90091705|7.1327915|1.709447
12261|Contrary' to the situation in most OECD countries, health system priorities in Mexico - and consequently the whole information infrastructure in place at both system and institution levels - remain focused primarily on the number of people covered by some sort of health insurance and the associated cost of such coverage. By contrast, the performance of health care services is not monitored systematically, posing challenges for shifting towards system governance based on improving health outcomes. Specifically, a set of policies is presented to encourage a more productive organisation of insurers and providers, based on the experience of other countries that have faced similar challenges to Mexico. Such strategies involve changes to how the roles of purchaser, provider and oversight are currently organised, how the purchasing of goods and services and provider reimbursement occur, and how the health system information infrastructure is set up.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health provider mexico posing challenges|8.68085|8.8462|2.3216038
12262|A dynamic panel model was used, estimated by the two-step generalized method-of-moments system developed by Blundell-Bond (1998), in order to analyse three scenarios: the first corresponds to the entire period covered by this study (i.e. 1981-2013); the second encompasses the years from 1981 to 1994 (the period leading up to the Real Plan); and the third is the period from 1995 to 2013 (the years following the implementation of the Real Plan). The results indicate that economic growth policies that promote an increase in income in conjunction with a reduction in income disparities are more effective in combating poverty in Brazil than those that focus only on raising mean income levels. The findings also point to the existence of a pro-poor form of growth in the period following the Real Plan.|SDG 1 - No poverty|period real plan income following|6.316252|5.5639696|5.097746
12263|By “support” the law refers to extending subsidies to NGOs or local authorities in partner countries and providing technical support. The text explicitly mentions the possibility of implementing projects through a unilateral agreement or within a network of LRGs as well conducting annual and multiannual projects or activities (Government of France, 2014). The law foresees that resources mobilised through this mechanism can be used to finance actions that promote access to water and sanitation services. Thus, the definition is broad and can include investments in hard infrastructure, capacity building, technical assistance or water ecosystem services protection.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|technical law mentions projects foresees|1.2615224|6.890824|1.7501389
12264|Discussions on financing were limited to how much money governments should provide to build the infrastructure. Over time, the discussions have evolved, with an increasing emphasis on cost recovery from water users (both for drinking water supply and sanitation and for irrigation; but potentially also for hydropower, navigation and others). Article 9 of the Water Framework Directive in Europe is a prominent illustration of this issue.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|discussions water navigation illustration evolved|1.3659836|7.185103|2.0682228
12265|N Engl J Med 348; 1556-1564. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|life dalys global injuries territories|9.040018|9.127686|2.9503856
12266|Gender equality strategies in MENA countries (cont.) See National Strategy to Combat Violence against Women 2011-2019 MOWA. Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Palestinian Authority; Establishing clear responsibilities across government - Baluain, Egypt, Morocco, Palestinian Authority. As such, a bottom-up component in the development of the plan would ensure the participation of women and men from across the country.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|palestinian morocco egypt authority combat|9.963002|4.611125|7.3769393
12267|According to NCE (2016), USD 4 trillion per year needs to be invested in infrastructure over the next 15 years. However, incremental costs for low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure are relatively low and at around 5% of investment requirements for new and upgraded infrastructure (NCE, 2014). The private sector - including financiers from capital markets but also firms - could help bridge part of the financing gap for sustainable infrastructure.|SDG 13 - Climate action|infrastructure financiers upgraded bridge incremental|2.2724094|3.3956165|1.6851004
12268|Using very long hours as a proxy for working conditions allows for broader coverage of countries and workforce, e.g. self-employed, formal and informal employment30. The available data indicate a strong positive correlation between job strain and very long hours across a broad group of countries where both measures could be constructed31. Table 4 summarizes the main indicators and sub-indicators of the OECD Job Quality Framework that will be included in the new OECD database on job quality.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|job hours indicators summarizes long|8.211814|4.3985243|4.5617423
12269|In addition, residential and commercial establishments that have installed renewable energy facilities on their premises are allowed to sell any excess electricity to NEPCO, thereby offering a strong incentive for clean energy use at small-scale level. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources selected 20 of these companies and has started negotiations on the terms.9 The strong response from the private sector bodes well for Jordan’s future developments in renewable energy exists, although other complementary factors, such as interest from local banks, will also have an impact on how quickly the renewable market grows. Amendments include a new Article 11 that exempts all systems and equipment for renewable energy and energy efficiency purposes from customs duties and sales tax. The 2010 Law established a Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund and outlined the structure of a Board of Directors, comprised of Secretary Generals from various ministries and representatives of the private sector, to oversee its operations.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy renewable strong efficiency oversee|1.861366|2.6047533|2.3140323
12270|Less complex but strategic interventions may also make a difference. These could include the provision of conditional cash transfers to girls to enable them to remain in school. But many of the measures to date have been primarily about changing the behaviour of the girl, failing to address underlying determinants and drivers, including gender inequality, poverty, sexual violence and coercion, child marriage, social pressures, exclusion from educational and job opportunities and negative attitudes and stereotypes about adolescent girls, as well as neglecting to take into account the role of boys and men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls coercion failing girl stereotypes|9.687041|5.1893687|6.3718824
12271|One of the strengths of this monitoring survey is its clarity of purpose: NEMP intends to provide a national picture of student learning outcomes at key stages (Years 4 and 8) rather than to report on individual students, teachers or schools. About 3 000 students from 260 schools are selected randomly each year to take part in the assessments. The participation of selected schools is voluntary, but 98% do participate.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools selected students intends clarity|9.68565|1.8899932|1.6773883
12272|Parents tend to be less convinced than students that schools are contributing to emotional well-being, with Indigenous parents least convinced, although in 2016 the gap between Indigenous parents of K-12 students and all parents of K-12 Alberta students had been reversed. Female students reported a higher level of emotional problems than both males in the Northwest Territories and females in the rest of Canada. Both male and female students reported lower levels of prosocial behaviour and life satisfaction than the national average.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students parents convinced emotional indigenous|10.130764|2.8397334|2.72116
12273|For example, OECD (2015c) estimated that in 2013-14, over 90% of mobilised private climate finance targeted mitigation - this included finance associated with export credits for renewable energy. Several reasons may be behind this, including incomplete or asymmetric information on climate risks, uncertainty about the extent of future risks, imperfect capital markets with short-term horizons, and a lack of clarity on policy direction from the public sector (PwC, 2010; UNEP, 2016). Often, mitigation activities are perceived by the private sector to have a clearer path to profitability and to generate obvious revenue streams and savings, while the business case for adaptation is often less known. In addition, adaptation is a much more recent policy concern and thus providers are only just now beginning to target their private sector engagement efforts to also include adaptation objectives.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation private mitigation sector risks|1.8677225|3.953779|1.4547195
12274|It is less clear how soil carbon stocks respond to the harvesting event as such. During the first few decades, decomposition of litter and soil organic matter will exceed production of biomass and the overall carbon stock will decline. However, it has generally been assumed that the reduction in soil carbon stocks after harvesting is moderate and will be rebuilt to pre-harvesting levels over a period of 30-40 years (Nilsen et al.|SDG 15 - Life on land|harvesting soil carbon stocks litter|1.1332723|4.3946295|3.8131568
12275|Between 1998 and 2007, decisions in lower secondary education became more decentralised or remained highly decentralised towards the school or local level in 19 out of 24 countries, including Norway, in the following areas: organisation of instruction, personnel management, planning and structures and use of resources. Some countries with highly centralised decision making in 1998, such as Korea, Italy and Portugal, where less than 36% of decisions were taken by the school and local levels, managed remarkable decentralisation processes and now have about 50% of decision making in the school and local levels in these areas. Conversely, decision making did not change or become further centralised in Greece, Germany, Luxembourg, Mexico and Spain (Figure 3.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|centralised decision decentralised making school|9.4545145|2.113842|2.1066298
12276|However, the group receiving unemployment-related SA benefits substantially overlapped with the group receiving housing costs-related SA benefits, and Cappellari and Jenkins argue that the choice of whether to include HB in the definition of SA benefits is of little practical importance. An additional complication was that there were both contribution-based (social insurance) and means-tested (SA) benefits for unemployed workers. However the majority of individuals receiving social insurance also received SA top-ups as well. Ideally one would like to identify only the individuals and families receiving SA (or SA top-ups to insurance benefits) but this turns out to be impossible in practice.|SDG 1 - No poverty|sa receiving benefits insurance ups|7.5246844|5.6057916|4.3389287
12277|Throughout the Arab region, women tend to be seen as the principal home-makers (i.e. assuming reproductive functions), while men are considered to be the primary breadwinners (i.e. assuming productive functions). Surveys on women’s time use confirm that women spend far more time doing household chores and caring for children. It is particularly high in the GCC countries, reaching 6.7 in Qatar (UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data Centre, ‘Gross enrolment ratio, tertiary, gender parity index' indicator, httn://data.uis.unesco.org/l.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|unesco assuming functions women breadwinners|8.916738|4.479808|5.9369674
12278|Demand may well be reduced from dietary and conversion efficiency improvements. But no attempt was made to quantify the effect as the Baseline demand is already so small that any adjustment will be negligible compared to the large uncertainties surrounding each of the much larger demand categories. Given the net response of the LPJmL model, this may result in slightly higher demand for irrigation water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|demand negligible quantify dietary conversion|1.0985447|7.4429092|2.9365983
12279|This suggests that the reduction in mobile-broadband prices contributes not only to connecting more people but also to fostering more intense Internet usage among those who are already online. Survey-based data that ITU collects from national statistical offices confirm that, next to the availability of access and the relevance of services, affordability is one of the key factors that continue to determine whether or not people will use ICTs. A number of recent studies on ICT developments also confirmed these findings.1 Monitoring prices is therefore a critical step towards better policies to make ICT services more affordable. What is the cost of allowing ICT users to have access not to the wider Internet but only to selected Internet content, which is determined by the provider?|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|internet ict prices collects itu|4.8511486|2.8674939|1.678777
12280|First, it reviews different configurations of governing transport and spatial planning in OECD metropolitan areas. It then discusses possible institutional arrangements to achieve more effective integration between transport and spatial planning. While there is widespread consensus that better connecting transport and spatial planning decisions helps prevent costly consequences of urban sprawl and promotes harmonious development, institutional barriers remain slow to dismantle and co-ordination mechanisms put in place on an ex post, ad hoc basis may take time to become fully effective. The responsibility for transport planning and spatial planning occasionally lies within the same institution, but more often within different entities, as illustrated in the experience of the different case study regions (Table 2.1).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial planning transport different institutional|3.9266834|5.398985|1.3512539
12281|Together, this totalled nearly USD 29 billion on average per year in 2011-12. The more recently established and OECD-hosted Research Collaborative for Tracking Private Climate Finance has also been instrumental in co-ordinating emerging findings on methodologies to estimate mobilised private climate finance, collaborating across the DAC, MDBs, DFIs, countries and expert organisations. Building on the work of the Research Collaborative, most recently a group of 19 bilateral climate finance provider countries developed a common understanding of the scope of mobilised climate finance and a common methodology for tracking and reporting towards the USD 100 billion a year goal (TWG, 2015), This report also benefits from the collaboration with Climate Policy Initiative, which brings its own knowledge on the overall landscape of global climate finance flows. Furthermore ongoing developments in, and discussions about, climate finance definitions and measurement approaches mean that this report can only present preliminary estimates of progress towards the USD 100 billion a year goal.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate usd billion mobilised|1.5882174|3.7919915|0.74644196
12282|For example, the widespread gender gap in STEM disciplines can be particularly relevant for innovative entrepreneurship.5 Moreover, experienced entrepreneurs are more likely to succeed in their next ventures than first-time entrepreneurs (Gompers et al., Additional mechanisms that can contribute to the observed differences in funding may include gender differences in network formation, or other innate differences between women and men (i.e. risk preferences, aptitude for negotiation etc.). While it is impossible to control for all innate abilities and individual preferences, the analyses presented in this section make it possible to disentangle some important mechanisms - including propensity to hold a STEM degree and past professional experience - that may drive gender gap.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|differences stem preferences entrepreneurs gender|8.984346|3.429606|6.2079377
12283|For instance, professionals may well have greater flexibility than machine operators as they seek to match work with family commitments. The same patterns can be seen in France, but it does not appear to affect fertility outcomes to the same extent. The provision of child care and out-of-school care services - for longer hours and without interruption - seem to make fertility behaviour more responsive to working hours within occupations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fertility hours interruption machine care|9.258461|5.2719836|5.475331
12284|In most developed countries, even rural areas have reliable access to electricity. Here, ICT solutions can help consumers save money on their energy bills as sensors and actuators enable them to micro-manage their demand or to become prosumers who produce their own power. Furthermore, ICT can be used by energy providers to monitor and manage grids resulting in efficiency improvement and cost savings. In developing countries, urban grids partly can profit from the same impact of ICT.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ict grids manage sensors bills|2.1692085|1.989923|2.320298
12285|Because 90% of psychiatric hospitals, which are the dominant provider of mental health care, are privately owned (not-for-profit) institutions, change in care delivery is pursued principally through this payment system incentive. The Spring 2014 revision of this fee schedule included a number of important provisions for mental health care which seek to shift care delivery in line with policy objectives (see Box 4.1). This included revisions to reimbursement for mental health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental care delivery health included|10.040892|8.95369|1.6284206
12286|The six SEE economies achieve an average score of 2.3 out of 5 for the energy regulator indicator (Figure 12.7). Scores range from 1.5 to 3. Montenegro and Serbia achieve 3, reflecting their well-developed sets of strategies for implementing the Energy Community acquis and energy sector development which address the need for capacity building and institutional development.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy achieve montenegro serbia regulator|1.5449184|2.3017814|2.1730895
12287|The dominating plastic types used in the EU are polypropylene (PP), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), common plastic types for packaging. The plastic demand per plastic type in the EU is presented in Figure 1. To some extent the product groups also match the waste flows that the products eventually will end up in, but this picture is not entirely true. There are separate collection systems for packaging, ELVs and WEEE in place, whereas the situation for consumer products, products for children, and for furniture is different.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|plastic packaging products types eu|0.5174088|3.9151256|3.0840735
12288|Special thanks go to Desney Erb for technical assistance and to Maartje Michelson for technical preparation. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) gathers information on the mathematics and science achievement of fourth and eight grade pupils. For further information on TIMSS see http://timss.bc.edu.|SDG 4 - Quality education|timss mathematics science technical edu|9.6830635|2.1313074|2.9510279
12289|It can be limited through the development of transportation systems, land use policies that encourage increased density, and the fostering of economic linkages between large and medium-sized cities to create sites of further growth. New zoning rules and the provision of services to address the negative externalities of dense urban development may also be needed. Inter-city transportation systems can help the development of medium-sized cities to attract investment and growth.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sized transportation medium cities development|4.054348|5.141974|1.3037461
12290|Teachers are key actors in creating this context for learning and growth and can help establish effective learning environments. As we move into the future, new forms of educational provision will be needed that recognise the essential role that teachers play in transforming classrooms and to support them in their endeavour. This chapter explores the implications of the digital transformation on education systems and explains how teachers and policy makers can work together to harness its potential.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers learning endeavour harness transforming|8.843001|1.4366335|1.9829144
12291|According to data from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) based on time-use surveys, women perform between 71% and 86% of all unpaid work needed by households (ECLAC, 2016b, p. 62). Moreover, between 12% and 66% of women between the ages of 20 and 59 years in Uruguay and El Salvador, respectively, are out of the labour market for family reasons (ECLAC, 2016b, p. 60). First, those who require care should receive it through quality services; access to care in the market should not intensify poverty in the home; and care work should not create barriers to education and employment under equal conditions between men and women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|eclac care women intensify market|8.919256|5.1033587|5.6797094
12292|First, it will add a trend, around which ocean climate will fluctuate. Second, because of that trend, it is more likely than it used to be that changes in ecosystems will be irreversible. If these effects take place in small, incremental steps they would not seem to be very problematic; adjustment could be made in similarly small, incremental steps.|SDG 14 - Life below water|incremental steps trend fluctuate small|-0.12345398|6.0506396|6.034518
12293|In the case of rice straw, for example, well over half a billion tonnes is available in Asia, and this material is routinely burned. Biorefining rice straw would reduce GHG and other emissions by avoiding burning. The USDA has been addressing the needs for new feedstocks (Box 1) while at the same time helping to maintain and develop the first generation ethanol and biodiesel industry. One advantage of this USDA programme was that it provided incentives for field researchers, those optimising crops as feedstocks for biofuels, to work closely with researchers developing biorefinery technologies. As the industry evolved, focus has gone from creating corn and grain-derived ethanol to creating cellulosic ethanol, and now toward development of integrated processes that produce drop-in replacements for petroleum products. Technologies to produce advanced biofuels such as n-butanol, pyrolysis bio-oil, hydroxymethylfurfural, liquefied biogas, and even (bio)hydrogen have been developed and are arguably commercially viable.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|ethanol feedstocks usda bio biofuels|1.5322216|3.043321|2.9411256
12294|By linking those outcomes to data on students' background, to schools' practices, and to education systems' policies, PISA data can help identify the characteristics of schools and education systems that perform well. This chapter helps policy makers and educators learn from policies and practices applied elsewhere, by exploring what teacher-related policies are common and unique to high-performing countries and schools. They include recruitment processes, initial teacher preparation and induction policies, career and compensation structures, professional learning opportunities and requirements, and teacher-appraisal policies.|SDG 4 - Quality education|policies teacher schools practices induction|9.689836|1.8940747|2.6886299
12295|Addressing these inequalities will require a better understanding of who these children are, their vulnerabilities and the challenges they will face as they transition through adolescence into adulthood. One in five lives in the 48 countries defined by the United Nations as least developed (34 in sub-Saharan Africa, 13 in Asia and the Pacific, and one in Latin America and the Caribbean), where the challenges to the fulfilment of their potential are the greatest and the institutions to support them are the weakest. Greater levels of gender inequality have higher Gils.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|challenges fulfilment adolescence adulthood vulnerabilities|7.6444077|6.1341777|5.2622046
12296|The Sistema Integral de Salud (SIS), provided by governmen t, has been the main source of this expanded coverage. Despite such progress, however, much remains to be done. An efficient and sustainable health insurance scheme should: i) ensure effective and financial access to health services, ii) use resources efficiently through strategic purchasing; iii) generate sufficient and sustainable resources; and, iv) manage population health risk and institutional financial risk.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health sis sistema salud sustainable|8.533772|8.663447|2.2706592
12297|Similarly, medical research relating to infectious diseases are often classified according to the category STD control including HIV/AIDS rather than medical research. Technological support towards disaster risk reduction may also be classified as humanitarian aid. In addition, support to research institutions may be classified as unallocated by sector or multi-sector as the research conducted may encompass many different sectors.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|classified research medical infectious encompass|8.427915|9.039142|3.0432158
12298|"Combining this with the rapid growth in international trade, there is concern that ""carbon leakage"" may have undermined climate policies. This has motivated the study of consumption-based emissions (carbon footprints) in climate policy, with the initial motivation to assess the extent of ""carbon leakage"" (Wyckoff and Roop, 1994, Munksgaard and Pedersen, 2001, Ahmad and Wyckoff, 2003)."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|leakage carbon footprints undermined climate|1.4827911|3.251914|1.9779952
12299|Besides, they argued, the Japanese family supported its own and made public assistance unnecessary. Whereas Western families were portrayed as collections of autonomous individuals, in Japan — according to one senior official - “it is a family shame to send one of its own out to bother outsiders and to depend on others for assistance ’’. Abe (2007) cites estimates from the late 1990s that about 8% of households below the income criteria for entitlement to means-tested public housing actually live in public housing, and that 10% of households whose annual income is below JPY 2 million (certainly below the income criteria) live in public housing. The Public Assistance law of 1947 was influenced by conditions imposed by the occupying powers, which included governmental responsibility to provide social welfare, and a guaranteed social minimum: “[T]he new law did not link eligibility to inability to work like the old one did” (Estevez-Abe, 2008).122 In 1951 and 1952, Public Assistance was paid to roughly 4% of all households, and in the early 1950s it absorbed 50% of social security expenditure.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|assistance public housing households criteria|7.918207|5.115294|4.1546397
12300|"The MDGs (launched in 2000) also drew together existing standards in different indicators to propose a harmonised set of indicators of which monetary poverty was just one element. In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the worldwide consensus has shifted to view poverty as multidimensional. Precursors to this conceptual shift include (1) academic writings such as by Amartya Sen (1990, 1991); (2) inputs from poor persons and non-governmental organisations, consultations leading up to the Sustainable Development Goals; (3) an increasingly visible academic literature on multidimensional poverty measurement; and (4) the pioneering leadership of countries such as Colombia, Mexico, China, South Africa, Bhutan, Pakistan, and others in using multidimensional poverty statistics to complement monetary measures and guide policy. Informed by this emerging consensus, the pivotal SDG document Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies, in its second sentence the global challenge of reducing poverty in ""all its forms and dimensions,"" as the foremost challenge of our time."|SDG 1 - No poverty|multidimensional poverty consensus sustainable academic|6.321975|6.413895|4.9645667
12301|These actions highlight the importance that developing countries also attach to understanding how effective international financial commitments are in achieving low-carbon, climate-resilient development goals at the national level. For example, in line with its strategic objective of financing transformational shifts towards low-carbon economies, the Climate Investment Funds’ (CIF) Clean Technology Fund (CTF) includes the amount of GHGs produced per unit of GDP as a national-level performance indicator (CIF, 2012). The CIF tracks this metric over time and compares progress to the baseline year determined by when the country-specific investment plan was established. In order to put these changes into context, the IEA calculates ESCII pathways consistent with two, four, and six-degree climate scenarios.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cif climate carbon calculates attach|1.7636144|3.7689312|1.2781134
12302|Approximately 30 million Mexicans currently live in settlements with less than 2 500 inhabitants. Rural communities are often excluded and have limited financial or human resources to meet the water requirements of rural Mexicans. In rural zones, alternative ways for service provision are required as the imbalance of wealth presents problems for the economic sustainability of water projects.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|mexicans rural imbalance water inhabitants|1.8822356|7.059225|2.098112
12303|When prices fall, producers in developed countries often have access to various support schemes and credit markets, while producers in developing countries may face large income fluctuations, often for commodities for which they are highly dependent for their incomes. Moreover, high volatility - an unexpected large rise and fall in prices - imposes large costs throughout the food chain, as uncertainty hinders investments and sectoral development. Governments, who are concerned that price volatility may be increasing, or if not increasing, remaining at unacceptably high levels, are looking for the means to prevent or minimise high price volatility and its harmful effects on their populations.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|volatility large fall producers high|3.9923482|5.013857|4.258256
12304|The southern saxaul forests cover 15.3 per cent of the country’s forested land and consist primarily of saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendrori) and other species such as tamarix (Tamarix spp.) The saxaul vegetation is a unique feature of Mongolia’s semi-desert and desert ecosystems and has important ecological, cultural and economic functions. These forests protect the land against erosion and desertification, and provide fodder for livestock and fuelwood. Siberian larch is the dominant species in terms of both area (62.5 per cent) and volume (78.6 per cent).|SDG 15 - Life on land|desert cent forests species forested|1.313126|5.2437983|4.205782
12305|In contrast, Parteka and Tamberi (2008) and De Benedictis et al. ( Rationales specifically for territorial inclusiveness policies include fostering the development of more productive and innovation-intensive activities in lagging regions, by supporting entrepreneurship and the development of these activities. Strengthening the innovation capacities of lagging regions (i.e. the absorptive capacity of individuals and firms located there) also increases the chances of other initiatives, such investment in R&D and transport infrastructure, to have their intended effects on innovation performance and economic development.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|lagging innovation rationales absorptive regions|5.311412|3.7568557|2.612662
12306|Green' energy RSD budgets include: energy efficiency, renewables, nuclear, hydrogen and fuel cells, other power and storage technologies, and other technology or research. While the United Kingdom remains a leader in marine energy innovations, its ranking declined in batteries, electric and hybrid vehicles, nuclear, methane, heating, solar, fuel injection and waste. However, the falls appear to be due to higher growth in patenting activity in emerging economies such as Korea, rather than a major decline in the UK.|SDG 13 - Climate action|nuclear energy fuel patenting injection|1.7550743|2.9480367|2.1966622
12307|The reverse is not necessarily true: programmes that do not account for existing gender discrimination will continue to perpetuate it. The debate is no longer about adding in special policies and programmes for women or having separate women’s ministries or agencies, but rather, ensuring that all policies and programmes are aimed at achieving equal outcomes for men and women. Realizing gender equality and women’s empowerment is not an inadvertent outcome, but a key design feature.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women programmes perpetuate realizing gender|9.833159|4.212351|7.2083793
12308|Diabetes outcomes provide a rudimentary but useful lens by which to analyse the performance of a primary care system. Care co-ordination, continuity of care and well informed patients - the key functions of a primary care system - can make a substantial difference to the potential for hospital admissions related to diabetes. Korea’s poor outcomes in hospitalisations relative to its population prevalence for diabetes suggests shortfalls in the quality of care delivered for diabetes in Korea, and in particular, the quality of primary care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diabetes care primary korea outcomes|9.328673|9.060825|1.8644462
12309|In nearly half of OECD countries, nutrient and pesticide concentrations in surface and groundwater in agricultural areas exceed national recommended limits for drinking water standards (OECD, 2012a). Furthermore, pest species can become resistant to the harmful effects of pesticides over time through genetic adaptation (Becker and Liess, 2015). For example, genetic resistance to herbicides has been recorded in 210 weed species (Bourguet et al.,|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|genetic species becker pesticide pest|1.0805246|6.8855762|3.045492
12310|"Annual statutory salaries of teachers refer to the average scheduled gross salary per year of full-time classroom teachers according to official pay scales (OECD, 2016b). Minimum qualifications required to enter the teaching profession may not be the most commonly held qualifications in the teaching force. In several education systems, the ""typical"" teacher is certified and qualified beyond the minimum requirements and has reached a given position on the salary scale. This is referred to as ""typical training"" of teachers in Table il.6.54 and it varies depending on the country and the school system (OECD, 2016b, Indicator D3)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers salary typical qualifications minimum|9.527158|1.3866935|2.575305
12311|According to school principals who participated in PISA 2015, the average student across OECD countries attends a school where 84% of teachers have been fully certified, but this proportion ranges widely, from 100% in Macao (China) to around 10% in Colombia. Findings show that the proportion of teachers who have been certified to teach is positively associated with student performance in only a few selected countries, both before and after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools (Figure 1.9). This overall weak impact is not surprising, given the different standards used in different countries to certify teachers and the fact that most countries have a high percentage of certified teachers.|SDG 4 - Quality education|certified teachers student countries proportion|9.657068|1.5574298|2.5133848
12312|In the five countries measures have been taken to extend maternity leave to the most vulnerable groups of workers, broaden expectations of early childhood care and education services as a right for children, and regulate paid domestic work. These are very important measures for lower-income women and thus positive from the point of view of public policymaking for socioeconomic equity. Over the long run, from the point of view of the families hiring this type of labour, such measures should also create the conditions to push the State to design better sequential and defamilializing measures.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|measures view point sequential broaden|9.030192|5.1368046|5.630592
12313|For example, in many of the region’s countries, functional income distribution worsened in the context of the commodity price boom (ECLAC, 2013b and 2014b). Various topics have been raised, notably those referring to the possibility of requiring a greater contribution from households or individuals with higher levels of income and wealth, given the suspicion that they are not being taxed in accordance with their means. This greater contribution would help finance public and social goods and services, enhancing the distributive impact of fiscal policy.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|contribution greater worsened distributive taxed|6.7827005|5.1087885|4.355378
12314|"Rather, it draws on examples of current practice to identify barriers, challenges and emerging lessons, and presents opportunities highlighted by practitioners and experts where development co-operation can play a role in improving the effectiveness of international public climate finance. The interviews were conducted over the phone and in person. The individuals participating in the interviews represented seven governments and a non-govemmental organisation (NGO) in recipient countries of international climate finance, nine climate finance providers from bilateral donor agencies and multilateral development banks, and nine international organisations and research institutes categorised for the purpose of this paper as ""supporters” of climate finance. This subset of practitioners and researchers working on international climate finance has been selected to represent views from developed and developing countries, with the aim to provide initial insights, as a starting point for further discussion."|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate international interviews practitioners|1.8408566|4.140037|1.1301876
12315|Getting a boat to the closest city, the only means of transport, is expensive. And in a patriarchal society, where womens well-defined roles and work are dismissed as less valuable, it can be extraordinarily hard for girls to muster motivation to follow their dreams. It’s a high-pressure job with long hours.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|boat closest dismissed patriarchal womens|9.06246|4.4200864|6.272147
12316|Some drivers of cost increases, such as productivity differentials (Baumol effect), medical technology developments and public expectations are to some extent beyond the control of policymakers. Failure to contain costs would result in higher taxes or social contributions, a reduction in the supply of other public services, a deterioration of the quality of health services, higher out-of-pocket payments by households or a combination of these undesirable outcomes. Remunerations of public health personnel are low by international standards, which is related to the fact that the vast majority is public sector salaried and to the compression of remunerations in the Nordic social model (Figure 2.9, Panel C and D). A sharp reduction of the number of medical students in the early 1990s, as unemployment among physicians grew, led to subsequent shortages, which are slowly being brought down. The overall shortage of doctors in municipal health centres was estimated at 6% in 2011 (down from 11% in 2008), but up to 22% in the worst affected region (FMA, 2011).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|public medical health reduction compression|8.864961|8.87982|2.1144729
12317|Sugarcane farmers across the region have been suffering in recent times, given the low price of sugar on the international market. The possibility of growing high-fibre sugarcane as an energy crop holds some attraction to the agriculture sector. Biodigesters have been used for decades in many parts of the world and offer a way of effectively treating animal and human sewage, as well as waste from the agro-processing industry (breweries and distilleries). Energy crops, such as napier grass and sugarcane, can also be used, offering a cleaner alternative to cogeneration that ensures the vital nutrients are returned to the ground rather than being combusted. Development of this resource in Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Nevis, Saint Lucia and St Vincent and the Grenadines is currently being explored and could dramatically alter the energy balance of these islands - and even the Caribbean as a whole if regional grid interconnections are developed to enable renewable energy exports. Currently, no CARICOM state has developed geothermal power (Guadeloupe has operated geothermal plants since 1986 - now up to 15MW, with plans for more capacity).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sugarcane geothermal energy currently caricom|1.7472882|2.3810112|2.6611445
12318|However, it has committed to work towards a low-carbon economy. The Ministry of Environment has developed the Low-Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) to 2030 (Ministry of Environment, 2016) and a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (GoM, 2014a, Decree No. The development of renewable energy and increased energy efficiency in the residential and industrial sectors, transport and agriculture are among Moldova’s priorities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ministry strategy leds environment decree|1.6690377|3.068123|2.0977302
12319|Strengthening the curriculum’s learning standards, and ensuring that they are used as the key reference point for national examination and assessment development and teachers’ classroom practices, will provide the foundations to ensuring assessment supports the new student-centred vision for learning. Aligning assessment practice with the new curriculum will also mean reviewing Romania’s high-stakes national examinations, including reconsidering the use of the Grade 8 examination for tracking students into different streams. In the immediate term, there is a pressing need to mitigate the negative impact of the Grade 8 examination on student learning and equity.|SDG 4 - Quality education|examination assessment learning grade curriculum|9.595479|1.7067621|1.386679
12320|The correlation is even stronger in nuclear countries and this trend seems to be confirmed by the fact that public information on nuclear energy increases awareness of the benefits of nuclear energy. It is up to the nuclear sector itself to make these points convincingly. As a source of power that produces electricity domestically with stable costs and no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, nuclear energy is, in principle, well-placed to make a positive contribution.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear energy make domestically confirmed|1.0068494|1.7311285|1.8707058
12321|Although there is widespread recognition of the benefits of moving towards more flexible contractual arrangements and payment based on performance, collective agreements have prevented modernisation of the incentive system. Although there is a fair amount of variation in approaches depending on national context, a common feature across these national experiences has been the gradual implementation of the purchaser-provider split in the system, as opposed to a “big-bang” strategy, generally with positive results for the health system. Internally, within each SS institute, the purchaser-side should demand increasing refined information on activities, costs and outcomes from the provider-side.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|purchaser provider ss internally refined|8.585106|8.910111|1.7715245
12322|For example, labour force participation may decrease further due to the withdrawal of older workers from the labour force as a result of the lowering the statutory retirement age in late 2017. This policy may have a disproportionate impact on rural locales where there is a higher concentration of senior residents. This includes the network of national roads, railway lines, airports and harbour ports. A territorial lens on such overarching policies can help ensure that they are adequately tailored to place. Poland’s National Spatial Development Concept 2030 offers guidance on how to co-ordinate and implement public policies that have a significant territorial impact; however, in practice, its co-ordinative ability is weak (OECD, 2016b).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|territorial force disproportionate impact lens|4.0019174|5.369413|1.938254
12323|Poorer developing nations get limited support for resource management and development of capabilities. In 2027 China and the US propose new environmental rules for global trade. By 2025, New York, Los Angeles, Beijing, Shanghai, and many big European cities ban the internal combustion engine within city limits.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|angeles shanghai engine los combustion|1.5212388|3.1475108|2.1796234
12324|There is no socialisation of the forest.” Indeed, Nepal’s DoF and many of its forest policies were modelled directly on British-Indian practices and the Indian Forest Service. “ This model in turn stemmed from the training and ethos of the Imperial Forestry School at Dehradun and Oxford,” explains a synthesis report of the UK’s forest projects in Nepal during the 1990s. “|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest indian nepal synthesis modelled|1.540326|4.731401|3.8029678
12325|The following analysis highlights the trade dimension of digital technologies, shedding light on the changing composition of trade in goods and services, the determinants of comparative advantage and the effects of digital technologies on the international organization of production along GVCs. This section begins with an analysis of the impact of digital technologies on services trade, and subsequently discusses the effect on the composition of trade in goods. It also briefly touches upon the relationship between IPR and trade.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|trade digital technologies composition goods|4.685229|3.1740365|2.4366348
12326|Yet in a number of countries, quota requirements that are supported by effective implementation mechanisms, safeguards and sound accountability structures have helped boost the representation of women in recent years. As oversight mechanisms, parliamentary committees can further benefit from expanding their gender expertise to hold the government to account for achieving national gender equality goals. Less frequently used were mechanisms that scrutinise budgets and expenditures from a gender perspective. The parliament is responsible for implementing these measures, and the courts are responsible for oversight.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mechanisms oversight gender responsible safeguards|10.136384|4.276214|7.319287
12327|"The ""local Agenda 21"" initiative envisaged sustainability being built from the bottom up through initiatives by local governments, community groups and women and men. It stimulated a plethora of community-based and joint state-local sustainable development projects and programmes across the world, around sustainable agriculture and land use, water, fisheries, forests, wildlife, urban environments and other issues. These initiatives embodied important recognition of local resource rights and collective action. Yet many suffered from an overly homogeneous view of ""the community"" that failed to account for socially-and gender-differentiated perspectives and priorities (Dressier and others, 2010; Leach, Mearns and Scoones, 1999), or involved women only in a tokenistic manner in project management committees."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|local community initiatives leach homogeneous|9.418737|4.236486|7.2656775
12328|The Technical Council of CONAGUA is an inter-ministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating the commission’s programmes, projects, budget and operations, as well as co-ordinating water policies and defining common strategies across multiple ministries and agencies (SEMARNAT; SEDESOL; Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food [SAGARPA - Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentacion]; Treasury; Energy; CONAFOR; IMTA; etc.). Its role is to include NGO representatives, such as water users’ associations, to further strengthen civil society participation. The Water and Public Works Operation Technical Committee, integrated by CONAGUA, CFE, IMTA and UNAM research institutions is another example of co-operation. It meets weekly to deal with all dam operating issues, including hydroelectric power stations, and to optimise water management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|imta conagua water operation technical|0.92764676|7.234908|1.7096316
12329|While the multi-dimensional headcount ratio of men in 2011-2012 was 0.40, it was 0.68 in the case of women (Table 11-21). The Alkire and Foster index of women was 0.28 as against 0.10 for men. The gender bias index was thus as high as 3.0, indicating that women are three times more deprived than men. There have also been structural changes in the population, including an improved sex ratio, reduced birth rates, a rise in the average age at marriage, improved longevity and progressive ageing of the population.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|men ratio index women improved|9.218031|4.58565|6.281051
12330|Using remote sensing methods, the indicator can be measured in a cost-effective way in an unlimited number of cities. Research has shown that two main different approaches are used to measure this indicator (the degree of urbanization and the urban extent) that has very strong connections to other goals and targets. Although participation itself can be explained in different manners, no one denies the involvement of different actors in urban affairs is critical to build consensus and to take the most appropriate and informed actions. This data, which is mostly generated using spatial analysis technologies, is greatly challenging the traditional notion of the city unit and its boundaries, which were used to generate urban data.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban different indicator using sensing|3.9041705|4.975752|1.5837644
12331|Currently, about one third of the country’s population consumes drinking water that does not meet the national requirements. The monitoring data reveal the non-conformity of tap water quality to the accepted standards by its chemical and bacteriological composition (table 6.6). The goal of the authorities is to provide the entire population with good quality drinking water and to meet the municipal water demands of cities and settlements through centralized water supply systems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water drinking meet conformity consumes|1.0992185|6.8907685|2.551792
12332|For instance, it is necessary to monitor wind speeds for at least one year before building a wind turbine (World Bank, 2008b: 8). The most attractive options have often been applications that are income generating and are linked to existing agricultural activities or agro/forest industries. Where customers are concentrated, it can be more economical to connect them to a small grid or a centrally located generating system, typically based on RETs, on a diesel generator or on a diesel-renewable hybrid solution.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|diesel generating wind economical generator|1.8578061|1.7661994|2.1795585
12333|This is most evident when considering a low-carbon future across all regions and sectors. Significant additional work is needed to carry forward a systems approach to energy access in emerging economies and developing countries, much of which will need to be targeted and conducted in relation to categories of use. Technology roadmaps specific to different regions - BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), the developing countries and the least-developed countries (LDCs)- could bring additional clarity to this discussion and generate the additional stakeholder engagement needed to provide sustainable energy access for all. Each energy subsystem will be explored according to its individual characteristics.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|additional energy brics needed regions|1.6079499|2.5646274|2.3155584
12334|Together with an expected overall decline in summer precipitation, these changes could lengthen the periods of low flow in summer, although elsewhere there are expectations of higher summer rainfall. Where intensive rainfall events become stronger and more frequent, greater flushing of diffuse agricultural pollutants to both surface water and groundwater could result, and the frequency and severity of polluted urban siormflows could increase. Overall increases in annual rainfall could have the effect of diluting diffuse pollutants. Joint EEA-JRC-WHO report. Rising water temperatures will increase the likelihood of cyanobactcrial blooms, and hotter and drier summers would deplete river (lows, reduce dilution capacity and lead to higher pollutant concentrations and possibly fish deaths (temperatures above 25°C can be fatal).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|summer rainfall diffuse temperatures pollutants|0.81155837|6.628904|2.9085524
12335|Men who suffer from CVD have 1.17 [0.04; 2.30]1 extra sick days per month in blue collar men in Mexico, and 4.23 [0.05; 8.41] extra days per year in white collar men in the US. However, American white collar women who have CVD have reduced sick days (-0.57 [-1.15; 0] days per year). In Australia, white collar women tend to report more sick days due to CVD whereas blue collar women with CVD report fewer sick days.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|collar days cvd sick white|9.264062|9.042794|2.9505534
12336|The delivery of energy services is a multisectoral phenomenon, and thus considerations of the linked vulnerabilities of major infrastructures should be part of an analysis of potential adaptation options. One of the biggest challenges is that some utilities are facing declining loads. Owing to the economic downturn and more wealthy customers opting to switch to self-generation energy options (including solar PV systems with battery), some utilities have found that their annual energy production has declined year on year - in some cases for the first time ever. A majority of this is from customers connecting small, distributed renewable energy systems (predominantly solar PV) to the grid.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy pv customers utilities solar|1.8074445|1.7109933|2.0903518
12337|Most rural working women are employed in traditional agriculture. Self-employed women are more likely than men to be classified as family rather than own-account enterprise workers. Women and girls remain significantly constrained in education level, contributing to occupational segregation. These gaps are largely explained by differences in human capital variables, such as education, training and experience.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employed women segregation constrained occupational|8.923879|4.405609|6.0759277
12338|In Country Group 2 (“Polarised female labour market behaviour”), where mothers work either full-time or not at all, the probability of working full- rather than part-time increases only when the youngest child is aged between 6 and 10 years old. And in countries where mothers often work part-time (“Women in long-term part-time work”, Country Group 1), the probability of working full-time increases only when the youngest child is 11 to 15 years old, as is also the case in countries with a relatively narrow gender gap in working hours (e.g. France and the Nordics, Country Group 4). In Eastern European countries (Country' Group 3), the number of children in a household does not appear to have a significant impact on the likelihood of an employed mother working full- rather than part-time.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|time group working youngest country|9.142132|5.0915093|5.390478
12339|It discusses recent projects and achievements in this direction, considers the challenges in building a coherent policy framework for the ZMVM and offers some recommendations based on international good practice. A final section addresses the Mexico City-Toluca train project and the New Mexico City International Airport. Central to achieving this is building a strong metropolitan co-ordination structure for mobility planning and implementation; aligning private and public actors to achieve consistency across policies and projects; moving away from reactive actions and developing long-term planning capacity; and assigning human and financial resources to generate the right technical expertise for the kind of policies that are coherent with new' priorities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|coherent mexico city building zmvm|4.0575304|5.273954|0.922475
12340|Lessons from these past trends are helpful to formulate future policies helping improving opportunities for displaced workers. On average each year, one-fifth of jobs are created and/or destroyed and one third of workers are hired or separate from employers (OECD, 2018). This is part of the normal reallocation of resources to their most productive uses in response to shocks.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers destroyed reallocation hired formulate|7.616174|4.492788|4.2357244
12341|New developments in space technology (satellites, space communications, GPS systems) are also promising as a means of amassing more accurate and timelier information on markets. A brief overview on the current and potential use of space technology is provided in Box 2.1. The FAO Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) monitors the world food supply/demand and price situation and provides early warnings of impending food crises in individual countries.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|space early technology satellites food|4.052382|5.2101955|4.020891
12342|The result is that Poland has the longest waiting times in the EU for health care interventions such as cataract and joint replacement surgery, such as cataract and joint replacement surgery (Figure 14). Specialists may have an incentive to maintain waiting lists to boost demand for their own private services paid out-of-pocket by patients, and the practice of double employment is fairly widespread and poorly regulated in Poland (European Commission, 2016). For example, waiting times for some specialities can be up to 12 months in some regions (Kowalska et al., In addition, the share of patients waiting for a neurology, ophthalmology, cardiac, endocrinology or orthopaedic appointment in 2014 varied almost three-fold across Poland's 16 regions (World Bank Group, 2015).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|waiting poland surgery replacement joint|9.152933|8.940993|2.0128284
12343|Men may also seek to retain control over how much they are willing to change and under which conditions, thereby retaining gendered power hierarchies and reducing their accountability to the needs and wishes of women (Pierotti, Lake and Lewis, 2018). While no intervention can change the whole of a society, there is a need to work not only with individuals but also with the social networks that they inhabit, be it families or peers. In terms of preventing GBV, especially IPV and domestic violence, men’s partners and the broader family need to be involved as well.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gbv ipv men wishes lewis|9.851643|5.1974835|7.148997
12344|Loading and uploading facilities, commodity exchange centres and food processing complexes that will be established near the Chinese border will help reduce post-harvest losses of perishable crops produced in Myanmar (MOAI, 2013). Maintaining the quality of fruit and vegetables and maximising their shelf life requires careful and minimal handling and proper temperature. However, as most often post-harvest technology is lacking, post-harvest lossess of fresh produce, especially mangos, is ranging between 25% and 40% (DOA, 2013).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|harvest post perishable complexes moai|3.8516135|5.06997|4.168008
12345|The survey was repeated in 2015, capturing more patients and extending to primary care (results not available at time of writing. The programme, run by the Ministry of Health and applying to CCSS as well as private facilities, focuses on accrediting health care providers. Accreditation is at a basic level, however, and essentially comprises verification that the facility complies with minimum requirements around staffing levels, equipment and documentation.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ccss writing staffing capturing verification|9.247137|9.250606|1.646717
12346|These interactions focused on how to create an enabling environment for e-commerce to allow all companies, regardless of size or location, to enjoy access to the global trading system. Enhancing the quality and affordability of telecommunication services and facilitating investment in ICTs and related sectors are especially important for creating better conditions for online trade. Reducing regulatory barriers and ensuring regulatory coherence are also important to enable SMEs' participation.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|regulatory telecommunication important commerce enjoy|4.7657876|3.090389|2.185329
12347|Beyond the determination of who does what, the challenge lies in the problems of overlapping responsibilities generated by interpretation and implementation of water policy on the ground. In addition, both ministries are required to co-operate on some areas, given the interdependence of issues such as climate change, spatial planning, roles of water districts, agencies, organisations and the need to address issues of quantity and quality collectively. On average, domestic water services usually involve the highest number of ministries, public agencies and departments, because of the externalities of water supply on other policy areas (e.g. education, health, etc.)|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water ministries agencies interdependence issues|1.257152|7.196169|1.6436635
12348|When low battery power is detected, the cluster manager tries to turn off web servers to prevent them from abnormal shutdown due to power shortage. Moreover, it is useful to construct a resilient system that can provide a minimum level of quality service when not enough energy is provided. A simple energy management strategy that prioritizes system availability over performance can be formulated based on prediction of solar irradiation and load.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|servers shutdown power prediction detected|1.9478441|1.4261988|2.1087613
12349|All countries should make access to basic health care and health promotion the central strategies for reducing mortality and morbidity. Sufficient resources should be assigned so that primary health services attain full coverage of the population. Governments should strengthen health and nutrition information, education and communication activities so as to enable people to increase their control over and improve their health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health attain morbidity assigned nutrition|8.674788|8.868579|2.7989821
12350|Half a percent of GDP in the United States amounts to just over USD90 Billion. In Japan it is 2.6 trillion Yen. But given the different disease and demographic profiles of the US and Japan respectively to Australia, these figures may be higher. Despite all the limitations and assumptions built into the presented calculations, the cost impact of safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care is substantial enough to warrant attention.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|japan ambulatory profiles trillion calculations|9.278619|9.054584|2.1137226
12351|Recognising that deaths from diabetes can typically be prevented with timely (primaiy) health care, Luxembourg is currently developing strategies and programmes that will target diabetes patients more effectively. This has increased the identification and notification of HIV cases. However, in women, death rates increased slightly in the last decade compared to a decreasing trend in men, reflecting the long-term consequences of increased smoking among women in previous generations. Luxembourg's Anti-Tobacco Plan 2016-2020 also involves public awareness campaigns and tax increases starting from 2018.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diabetes luxembourg increased primaiy notification|9.143276|9.40003|3.0131974
12352|Three strategic components need to be present domestically to ensure the Internet continues to operate in an LDC in the event of a disruption to international connectivity: a root name server57, the ccTLD name server and an IXP. If the ccTLD is not managed locally, money accrues to overseas registrars and web hosting companies. If there is no IXP, then data will be exchanged overseas, requiring costly Internet bandwidth.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|overseas internet exchanged server bandwidth|4.7717247|2.9207633|1.652437
12353|The Act is a piece of federal legislation that lays out the goals of fisheries policies. It identifies rebuilding and managing for maximum sustainable yield as key priorities and delegates' responsibility for meeting these objectives to the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through its sub-agency the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Substantial authority in turn is delegated to Regional Fishery Management Councils (RFMCs) who develop fishery management plans to restore and manage stocks.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery fisheries oceanographic piece delegates|-0.1624268|5.650144|6.6505723
12354|Policy preferences reflect differential environmental conditions. Because people do not have a sense of sharing their destiny with others outside their own community, they tend to become disappointed when government is not giving them everything they ask for because it must share scarce resources with people in other communities. This has proved to be a serious challenge in trying to effectively implement participatory or “bottom-up” budgeting aimed at empowering the poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|empowering ask trying people budgeting|2.0476477|4.4224806|1.8866382
12355|Therefore we have chosen to construct domain deprivation scores in eight domains based on the available dataset in EU-SILC 2009. The eight domains are: financial strain, housing, community, food, clothing, education, social and leisure. For the housing, community and financial domains four or five variables were chosen; for the other domains three or two indicators were available (see table 11). For the financial, housing and community domains we counted children as deprived if they lacked two or more out of the four/five items.|SDG 1 - No poverty|domains housing chosen community financial|7.047045|6.5240383|5.2224426
12356|"Of these, themes 4-6 are most relevant to the social aspects of forestry (See Section 2 for details of those indicators of most relevance.) ( The aim of the Strategy is ""to conserve biodiversity for the health, enjoyment and well-being of the people of Scotland now and in the future."" It provides a foundation for Scotland's contribution to the UK's obligations under the international Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), as well as the Scottish Government's commitment to sustainable development, and the statutory duty on public bodies in Scotland to conserve biodiversity under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004. They are grouped under three of the seven themes in the SFS: Community development, Access and health, and Environmental quality."|SDG 15 - Life on land|scotland conserve themes biodiversity scottish|1.5702746|4.842146|3.7950487
12357|Divergences between monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty indicators mean that neither is a sufficient proxy for the other; both need to be measured {see Box 3.5). Moreover, reducing non-monetary deprivations often requires different policies than reducing income poverty. A helpful survey of empirical research on commonly observed mismatches between different poverty indicators is found in Nolan and Whelan's 2011 book Poverty and Deprivation in Europe. Another literature survey is found in Chapter 4 of Alkire et al. (|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty monetary survey reducing indicators|6.5923214|6.378956|5.09004
12358|This chapter outlines the causes and consequences of climate change and summarise future projections for ocean temperature rise, coral bleaching events and ocean acidification, and the associated uncertainties. This review largely focuses on marine ecosystems, as three quarters of capture fisheries landings come from the seas. However, it also presents key issues and examples from freshwater fisheries, as these fisheries provide important livelihoods and fish protein for some of the world’s poorest people.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries ocean acidification coral landings|-0.204675|6.0181108|6.107742
12359|The Integrated Technical Education Cluster Initiative, ITEC, represents a valuable effort to provide VET of high quality, clearly articulated across different educational levels and designed to be more responsive to employers’ skills needs. The key point of this cluster model is to ensure that resources are integrated to achieve the highest level of utilisation and set up a clear progression path to higher technical skills for students - that must be also transparent and understandable to employers. These clusters have four components: a technical secondary school; a technical institute; an advanced technical institute; and a vocational training centre. Crucially, the curricula and programme design of these clusters at all levels is meant to be inspired by local labour market needs.|SDG 4 - Quality education|technical cluster clusters institute employers|8.036032|2.5409122|2.643373
12360|There is a large literature that reviews the different regulatory models in use globally. While a detailed description of these models is outside the scope of this report, this chapter focuses on describing the main regulatory models for water services. It identifies the establishment of dedicated regulatory bodies as a growing trend among countries and sheds some light on the motivations behind this trend. One recent trend, the development of dedicated regulatory bodies for drinking water and wastewater services (WWS), stands out as a consistent response to some of the challenges to regulating water services (including the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities in the sector and the difficult political economy of tariff setting).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|regulatory trend models dedicated bodies|1.238343|7.1921425|1.846128
12361|Increasingly, companies are applying innovative solutions, including through the IoT, cloud computing, miniaturization and 3D printing, which will enable more interoperability and flexible industrial processes and autonomous and intelligent manufacturing. The physical components of industrial production are being transformed by smart, digital networking into cyber-physical systems, allowing for the management of production processes in real-time across great distances and customized products. It could further enable the transition to a circular economy, or industrial economy in which end-of-life products are reused, remanufactured and recycled.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|industrial enable physical processes products|4.7191653|3.0883238|2.432063
12362|The United Kingdom has also developed a methodology to monitor the impact of GHG emission reductions of its International Climate Finance programme. The complexities and difficulties in developing these systems has been a significant challenge, in particular for measuring benefits of adaptation and impacts of strengthening domestic policy and institutional frameworks. Interviewees from all three groups mentioned that countries’ ability to access and readiness to absorb finance from dedicated climate funds (e.g. the Adaptation Fund, Climate Investment Funds and Green Climate Fund) is an important element for the effective allocation, uptake and timely delivery of international climate finance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance fund funds adaptation|1.7874877|3.9799967|1.2757767
12363|The parameters of the log normal energy consumption distributions are calibrated in each country from available data, most often food balance sheets for the average energy availability and household surveys for the variance. The percentage of undernourished population (also referred to as the chronically hungry) is measured as the area under food consumption distribution curve below the minimum requirement cut-off point measured in kcal/person/day, which is specific for each country. The FAO uses a related indicator to monitor the Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of undernourished. Another related Food Security Indicator in the FAO statistics is the depth of food deficit, which measures (in kcal) the gap between the average dietary energy consumption of the undernourished population (food-deprived) and the average dietary energy requirement, scaled up to the population as a whole by the total number of food-deprived persons. This indicator captures both the availability and access dimensions of food insecurity.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food undernourished kcal indicator dietary|4.353041|5.582338|4.609291
12364|Long-term unemployed or recipients of unemployment benefit for more than 6 months, are exempt, subject to an income test. As mentioned earlier, this tax appears to be, in principle, progressive, though for a group of people with assets but low income, it may be regressive in terms of income. These are positive moves towards a more equitable distribution of the tax burden.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|income tax exempt regressive moves|7.7976246|4.863517|4.048436
12365|Le PISA 2015 montre que les resultats obtenus par les etudiants immigres sont bien pires que ceux des eleves autochtones en termes de resultats scolaires et de bien-etre. Les conclusions de ce rapport sont basees sur les travaux actuels de l’OCDE dans le domaine de l’integration des immigrants dans l’education, sur des donnees de l’OCDE et nationales, sur un questionnaire sur l'eventail des politiques et des pratiques en Suede et sur des exemples de bonnes pratiques d'integration des systemes de formation par les pairs dans des pays et regions apprenants [Autriche, Allemagne, Pays-Bas et Amerique du Nord (Canada et Etats-Unis)] qui revetent une importance particuliere pour la Suede. Le rapport inclut egalement des indications sur les politiques et les pratiques que la Suede pourrait adopter pour repondre aux defis actuels de l'integration dans les quatre domaines prioritaires. Since 2015, the very large influx of new arrivals with multiple disadvantages has put a well-developed integration system under great pressure and highlighted a number of challenges for education policy, given current institutional frameworks.|SDG 4 - Quality education|des les sur et dans|9.0218115|5.8150396|4.9410934
12366|Despite progress in the past decade, Mexico has one of the highest child poverty rates in the OECD area, the second highest after Israel. In 2008 more than 1 in 4 Mexican children (25.8%) grew up in households living in relative poverty, conventionally defined as the percentage of the population earning less than half the median income. With children accounting for almost half of all Mexican poor, prolonging their marginalisation is particularly damaging as it increases the risk of a permanent damage, on top of the direct social costs caused by the loss of self-esteem and motivation. The high level of child poverty is also reflected in other standard-of-living indicators, such as child mortality (three times higher than the OECD average), maternal mortality (five times higher), and teenage births (almost four times higher).|SDG 1 - No poverty|times mexican child poverty mortality|7.219818|6.0939384|5.1596093
12367|A certain cyclical price behaviour is caused by the projected production patterns of major producers, but by 2023, world cotton prices are expected to be lower than in 2011-13, in both real and nominal terms. For each segment a market clearing price is projected. Prices follow similar projection paths, but they differ in level, with the Pacific price generally above the Atlantic, because of sanitary and phytosanitary measures that prevent beef from the Atlantic region to access the more lucrative markets in the Pacific region. Poultry and sheep meats are traded in single international markets.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|atlantic price projected pacific markets|3.9679995|5.035173|4.4457607
12368|These programmes have reduced the economic security of poor households and allowed them to increase current consumption and productive investments, including in health and in education. They also help the global economy by avoiding further contractions in domestic demand and increasing domestic consumption. As the scope for social protection programmes expand, it creates a specific incentive for governments to invest in local capacities as a key component of their employment and social policies and their development strategies.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|consumption domestic programmes avoiding social|7.0387454|5.842332|4.205345
12369|Demand for opportunities is unlikely to diminish and will continue to exceed the supply of opportunities. Two ongoing changes have increased the significance and impact of migration in very recent years. Firstly, the RSE scheme, despite its numerical limitations, has boosted household incomes, especially in some relatively poor areas, and encouraged investment in agriculture at a time when this is otherwise declining.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|opportunities numerical boosted diminish firstly|6.38256|5.529607|4.6619754
12370|The project had a strong community involvement and appears to have incorporated lessons from earlier slum upgrading projects (HUDCC, 2014). The Baan Mankong slum upgrading in Bangkok, Thailand, allows for the integration of slum dwellers into society through a demand-side approach (Archer, 2012). Baan Mankong is implemented by the Community Organisations Development Institute (CODI) and allows for community organisations established by informal settlement residents to be the managers in developing and planning solutions to their housing problems.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|slum upgrading community allows organisations|4.440909|5.1568594|2.2185721
12371|For example, evidence shows that more equitable property distribution within the family can have a range of benefits, such as increasing female labour force participation and boosting education for girls. For example, when families have few resources, children might be forced to work rather than go to school and girls might be forced to marry or denied an education because their families cannot afford it. For example, the equal right of women and men to decide freely the number and spacing of their children (e.g., art. It also requires ensuring that women and men have equal rights to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|forced equal girls example families|9.465687|5.0233297|6.6020603
12372|While compact cities can foster traffic congestion and higher levels of air pollution, compact urban development can limit travel distances, reduce car dependence and facilitate the development of public transport systems. There are also other, nontransport benefits, such as the preservation of countryside and reduced material and energy use (OECD, 2012; Chen, Jia and Lau, 2008). Increased urban density is associated with reduced transportation C02 emissions per capita, and successful compact cities develop effective internal and external transportation linkages, mixed land use, and high-quality urban services (OECD, 2011).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|compact urban transportation reduced cities|3.8689923|4.986088|1.1756719
12373|Additionally, the spill-over of using productivity-enhancing technologies for particular crops may reduce their prices globally, thereby increasing food affordability, although on a limited scale. The widespread adoption of crop varieties that are resistant to the projected new climate conditions significantly reduces projected food prices in 2050 compared to the climate change baseline. Similarly, increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems or expanding irrigation infrastructure, where appropriate, can significantly reduce water stress and make farming practices more resilient to climate change. These costs depend strongly on the projected adaptation level, and the marginal costs must always be evaluated against the marginal benefits they deliver. Due to the lack of common metrics to measure the effectiveness of adaptation, it is impossible to determine optimal adaptation strategies. Under the assumptions used in this study, the potential additional costs in R&D and in improved irrigation technologies are estimated to reach USD 16 to 20 billion per year by 2050 for OECD countries.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|projected irrigation adaptation marginal costs|1.6086524|5.470909|2.4903023
12374|This should also be a prerogative for regional governments to support coherent rural-urban spatial strategies. Such evidence-based assessments will help establish priority areas for collaboration. Austria’s Conference on Spatial Planning, which assembles representatives from all levels of government to discuss spatial policies, is one of the best examples of multi-level government spatial co-ordination within the OECD (Box 4.9).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial government discuss coherent representatives|3.9358535|5.5797796|1.607505
12375|These are bearing fruit in the health sector, where maternity infrastructure will be integrated into all new health facilities at the district or rural level. It is an entry point for ensuring that public expenditure is gender-responsive and benefits women and men equally. Out of 36 countries that reported on the indicator, 12 have systems in place to track and make public allocations on gender equality (UNDP-OECD, 2014). Four additional countries have a tracking system but allocations are not made public.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|allocations public gender bearing fruit|9.677473|4.139753|7.287311
12376|To be effective, this approach requires the support of a broader national strategy that involves users in water policy decision-making and implementation. The approach recognises that the general population, once organised and educated, is an essential partner in water programming, which cannot be the sole prerogative of governments. It has put in place mechanisms that provide for the sustainable implementation, management and maintenance of projects.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|implementation approach sole recognises programming|1.1203452|7.12462|1.8518409
12377|This type of programme has substantial direct and indirect gender effects, given the predisposition in many countries to prefer males when jobs are scarce. For example, 38.9 per cent of respondents to the World Values Survey agree that when jobs are scarce, men have more of a right to a job. This act establishes a legal job guarantee for one hundred days of employment every year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work (mainly unskilled) at the statutory minimum wage.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|scarce jobs job unskilled prefer|8.8361|4.5307918|6.033796
12378|Both documents deal only with GHG mitigation and the establishment of a national framework to manage climate change. Currently, there is neither a climate change adaptation strategy nor a climate change adaptation action plan. The only attempt to undertake adaptation is MO No. It also suggests that the adaptation measures identified should be implemented through cooperation with local authorities and provision of appropriate technical assistance.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation climate change mo attempt|1.3154168|4.7246594|1.6166012
12379|Already before the designation of Kvarken Archipelago as a World Heritage Site the organization responsible for the management of the state-owned protected areas in Finland - Metsahallitus Parks and Wildlife Finland - initiated its co-operation with local entrepreneurs. Using a contract scheme developed especially for the co-operation between Metsahallitus and local enterprises, the conditions for carrying out sustainable tourism activities on state-owned land and waters were improved. For instance, entrepreneurs pay nowadays a small fee for using fire-places and other type of infrastructure located on areas managed by Metsahallitus. On the other hand, the entrepreneurs also have the possibility to give Metsahallitus annual feed-back on the quality of the organisations' services, and in that manner contribute to better planning of the work.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|entrepreneurs owned finland operation using|1.8746661|5.119629|3.6898685
12380|There is also evidence that the housing supply is adequate for commercial premises and vast, expensive housing units, while there is a shortage of affordable, smaller flats. The correlation is not as good when including smaller cities of district significance. Housing prices for existing dwellings declined after the 2007 housing boom, which was fuelled by the introduction of mortgages and led to a banking crisis (OECD, 2016e).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing smaller mortgages boom premises|4.7930274|5.6579094|2.1255584
12381|Fostering ISID, and investing in scientific research and innovation, are crucial for realizing SDG 9 and other industry-related goals. This applies to both the private and the public sector. To this end, it is vital to have an effective and efficient system of innovation, including at national and regional levels.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|innovation realizing fostering applies vital|4.846392|3.371073|2.274144
12382|Where some kind of water market can be developed that reflect the income produced by infrastructure improvements, the burdens of searching for external finance can be reduced. Important data needs would focus on assembly of detailed cost and return enterprise budgets for irrigated agriculture that account for financial and economic impacts of greater water supply and increased water supply reliability. Other important data needs would focus on the cost and productivity of measures that would maintain dams, canals, pipelines, aqueducts, pumping plants, drainage and flow regulating structures. Improvements in models of water supply and demand in alternative uses would be even more valuable.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water supply improvements searching focus|1.2937049|7.5018706|2.5986955
12383|The pro-rich character of growth in Viet Nam was not detected during the period 2008-12. Income growth was highest for the middle-income deciles and lowest at both the bottom and top of the income ladder. A new sample frame was introduced in the VHLSS from 2010, based on the 2009 census. Employment intensity of growth, or elasticity of employment with respect to output, is a useful indicator of inclusive growth.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|growth income ladder deciles detected|6.2793555|5.232857|4.4800463
12384|For this reason, efforts to ensure resilience at the project level should be embedded within a strategic approach to infrastructure network planning that accounts for the direct and indirect effects of climate change and climate variability. Given the context-specific nature of climate adaptation, the measures used to achieve this will vary widely. In some cases, no structural changes will be needed to achieve this: the climate-resilient fibre optic cable may be identical to the one that would have otherwise been installed. Ecosystem-based approaches using natural infrastructure to design adaptation measures are also key alternatives to be considered alongside structural adaptation measures.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate adaptation measures structural achieve|1.50606|4.884258|1.7558239
12385|Many countries in the region have a renewed focus on this mode of transport, with 19 countries in the ESCAP region adopting either national or subnational policies to promote the use of non-motorized modes of transport such as walking and cycling. However, according to the 2013 Global Status Report, only seven countries in the ESCAP region have a policy to separate VRUs from high speed traffic at the national level, while nine countries have a policy at a subnational level. Measures to reduce speeds, in particular in urban areas with high concentrations of VRUs, can significantly limit the incidence of death and injury.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|escap subnational region countries transport|4.181166|5.0716977|0.27017576
12386|How well programmes can achieve their objectives will depend, among other things, on how well they reach their target group. Social protection programmes use a combination of targeting methods to deliver larger and better transfers to selected individuals or households. While targeting can be an effective instrument for reducing poverty and inequality, efficient implementation is key and depends largely on institutional capacity.|SDG 1 - No poverty|targeting programmes things instrument deliver|6.979419|5.897241|4.2402267
12387|This demonstrates that the substantive content of NUPs is highly contingent on regional and national contexts. In contrast, the two themes receiving the least attention are climate resilience and environmental sustainability. A relatively small proportion of NUPs offer only a low level (14 per cent) of engagement with human development issues.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nups contingent themes demonstrates substantive|3.5197875|4.964835|1.7148151
12388|While Education at a Glance 2015 and 2016 included editorials on the SDGs, this is the first edition to devote a chapter to this universal education agenda. Global indicators are a small set of globally-comparable indicators that will be used to track progress by all countries towards the targets. Thematic indicators are a larger set of indicators from which countries and organisations can choose in order to complement the global indicators in monitoring each target (see Note below).|SDG 4 - Quality education|indicators set devote glance global|8.78083|2.6094475|1.9597409
12389|A decade ago, broadband access was mainly offering hundreds of kbit/s, today it provides access within Mbit/s or tens of Mbit/s (i.e. speeds), enabling such things as the provision of high-definition (HD) video as well as ultra-HD videos. For example, almost all transport networks are now fibre based, and the differences shown in Figure 1.2 refer mainly to the last mile. In 2016, LTE networks were offered in at least 165 countries worldwide.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|networks mainly videos lte video|4.813568|2.864659|1.5165211
12390|However, the situation seems to have improved between 2003 and 2012, particularly in very unfavourable schools and technical-professional programmes. Data refer to averages across the PISA 2012 sample. Means that the difference is significant at 95% confidence level. Standard errors of the estimates are available from the original source.|SDG 4 - Quality education|unfavourable errors averages original confidence|9.634388|2.0689952|3.0047188
12391|If poverty is related to the number of children in a family, eligibility can be related to number and/or age of the children. Geographical targeting (combined with demographic categories) may be an option in countries with large regional disparities. However, the latter requires detailed data at the lowest administrative level of government possible.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children related number eligibility option|6.9939027|6.4960866|5.191595
12392|However, larger countries may have more general information overall given the more detailed monitoring of groundwater hotspots (e.g. United States). Lastly, precipitation-abundant countries for which groundwater is not as important a resource, and which have predominantly rain fed agriculture, do not dedicate many resources to groundwater quantity measurement, resulting in a general lack of information (e.g. see Council of Canadian Academies, 2013:93). Overall, groundwater represents a major portion of usable water resources, accounting for 96% of liquid freshwater (UNESCO, 2008). Groundwater reserves are estimated to be over 20 million km3, of which 40% is freshwater.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater freshwater overall general usable|0.719554|7.2275376|2.8227253
12393|The program has responsibility for coordinating requests, tendering processes, timely payment and budgeting alongside a number of other functions. The hospital drug procurement part of the program has reportedly saved 57% (or €49 million) for 23 active ingredients (Kastanioti et al., In Estonia, pre-crisis reforms had focused on centralising aspects of health care financing and planning, including collection of funds.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|program ingredients tendering reportedly saved|8.486591|9.380041|2.087388
12394|In this latter scenario, wholesale electricity prices are below 20 euros per MWh more than 50% of the time. Results are reported in Figure 7.10 for the 12 scenarios considered. As expected, both nuclear and renewable energy allows for a significant reduction of carbon emissions. Compared with the 359 million tonnes of C02 emitted in the scenario with 15% renewables and no nuclear, emissions are reduced to as low as 41 million tonnes in the scenario featuring the highest shares of nuclear and renewables.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear scenario tonnes renewables emissions|1.2893028|2.4805055|1.9498496
12395|The information on training participation needs to be complemented by an indication of the quantity and quality of the training received. To this end, the statistical framework includes an indicator regarding the volume of job-related training as well as an indicator that attempts to capture the quality of job-related training (measured as the worker's perception of whether the most recent training has helped improve work). Skills can be acquired not only via formal and non-formal education, but also informally. The paradox of job quality in the affluent economy.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|training job quality indicator formal|8.289852|3.2261949|3.1327164
12396|Equipment imports have generally been low, except in a few South-East Asian countries. For example, India and a number of other countries have relied mostly on indigenous solar and wind turbines. Their increase in GDP provides them with the necessary resources, often coupled with high levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), to develop and produce such equipment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|equipment turbines relied fdi coupled|2.0289333|2.0408943|2.0924358
12397|Approximately half of the waste passes first through a drum to segregate the fine fractions and then is conveyed on two treadmills. This permits the waste pickers to collect recyclable waste (plastics, glass, metals). The waste contains no paper or carton, which has already been picked up before the waste is collected and sold to a wholesaler. Industry is increasingly interested in the possibility of co-incinerating its waste in cement plants. The combustion systems at many cement plants have been readapted to allow the coincineration of several types of waste. This involves mainly waste containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (600 tons in 2009).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste cement plants fractions recyclable|0.5294165|3.9496148|3.0613382
12398|Whether or not greater dependence on food imports implies a greater risk of food insecurity depends on whether the change reflects a shift of resources from food production into more remunerative activities (and the fact that the opportunity cost of importing food is lower than the opportunity cost of producing it domestically) or is a result of fundamental development failure. Which is the case should be reflected in income levels and the availability of foreign exchange. The highest proportion of net food importers are found in the low-income and high-income groups, respectively. For all countries that depend on food imports, the reliability of the world market as a source of supplies is essential for food security.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food imports income opportunity remunerative|4.3743906|5.012924|4.23871
12399|Such financing usually comes from the budgetary funds of ministries or agencies whose representatives work in a joint body, and this funding is often very limited. In cases where a Party wishes to entrust another Party with implementation of water management and protection measures or designing works, or when such measures and works are to be implemented jointly, this should be subject to separate contracts or agreements (see, for example, agreement 1 in table 1). Results of G8-initiated survey 2004-2007, prepared by GTZ (deutsche Gesellschaft fur technische Zusammenarbeit). For example, the Agreement between Czechoslovakia and Poland Concerning the Use of the Water Resources in Frontier Waters (1958), still in force for the Czech Republic and Poland, prescribes that proposals adopted by the plenipotentiaries shall not be binding until they have been approved in accordance with the law of each Party. The agreements may not provide for the need of such approval. However, the implementation of joint bodies’ decisions, in any case, usually requires the adoption of some documents by national authorities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|party poland works joint agreements|0.84892094|7.095934|1.9603149
12400|This may free up resources that could be used to help those with insufficient savings. These systems have an essential role to play in addressing persistent poverty, protecting households against income and health-related risks and tackling income inequality. It revealed that having social protection systems in place before a crisis strengthens the effectiveness of social policy responses to changing needs. The first is to ensure that social protection systems provide adequate support to those who need it in a context of limited fiscal resources and weak administration and a high rate of informal work that leaves large parts of the workforce uncovered by the main instruments of social policy.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|social systems protection strengthens tackling|7.1500354|5.8238554|4.209362
12401|Such a shift will create a more transparent market for access to resources without improper interference of foreign and domestic government policy. Concurrently, as shown in other work of the Committee there is also a need to address domestic governance and management with a view to achieving sustainable fisheries. There is evidence that such developments are taking place already as some companies are setting up affiliate harvesting companies abroad (e.g. Pescanova, Austevoll Seafood, Pacific Andes).|SDG 14 - Life below water|companies domestic interference seafood harvesting|0.04111286|5.5841074|6.856935
12402|Morocco (132nd) and Egypt (141s') rank amongst the countries with the least efficient labour markets according to the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) of 142 countries. The rules in these countries are so strict that they have a doubly negative impact on young job seekers. On the one hand, employers are reluctant to employ youth in permanent positions because of very high job protection and dismissal costs. Both sets of rules need urgent reform.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|rules job rank dismissal reluctant|8.096825|4.06699|4.190894
12403|Third, the paper critically scrutinizes the IG paradigm, and suggests that its inadequacies are best confronted through a broader and more ambitious statement of the pro-poor goals. The first reviews the debates around poverty and policy before the WC. The second and third sections outline the rise and decline of the WC and the PWC, respectively. The fourth surveys the pro-poor debates of the 1990s and early 2000s.|SDG 1 - No poverty|debates pro ig pwc poor|6.2729235|6.0013394|4.804295
12404|The Law on Nature Protection requires development of the National Red List and Red Book, and includes temporary protection measures for strictly protected and protected wild species. Waste treatment facilities have been required in the vicinity of the Lake to protect water quality and aquatic biota. Also, a five-year moratorium (2006-2011) has been established at the national level prohibiting the collection and trade of medicinal plants (Gentiana lutea, and Gentiana punctata).|SDG 15 - Life on land|red protected prohibiting medicinal protection|1.538017|5.240916|4.0592566
12405|Team Academy offers a special three and a half year educational stream. Each student takes intensive training in leadership and marketing as a member of a team through real life project work. The Team Academy is open to business students, but based on its experiences, a set of courses promoting entrepreneurship have been developed to all students, under the title “the path for nascent entrepreneur”. It has provided entrepreneurial education for more than 500 BBA graduates and given birth to 17 companies in addition to the cooperatives that operate during the study time. About 25% of the Team Academy graduates are active entrepreneurs especially in the service sector and consultancy. The Team Academy has received a number of national awards for its innovative learning methods and its proven track record in the enhancement of entrepreneurship.|SDG 4 - Quality education|academy team graduates entrepreneurship nascent|6.9120183|2.9079196|2.6649404
12406|The increase in low cost and abundant Internet bandwidth supported the launch of 100 Mbps fiber optic packages. Parallel to this, secondary education enrolment jumped and all high schools are equipped with Internet access through corporate social responsibility initiatives. This includes those on track to achieve SDG 9.C by 2020 (high); those that might achieve at least one or more of the indicator thresholds particularly with the right policies to induce rapid growth (medium); and those unlikely to reach the target by 2020 due to vulnerability challenges and structural barriers, or and where change is likely to be incremental (low).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|internet achieve jumped bandwidth induce|4.752981|2.9794593|1.5212774
12407|It is worth noting that 2014 previously broke a temperature record, and it took place in the absence of a genuine El Nino event. This phenomenon, which warms the climate, occurs when higher than normal sea surface temperatures in the east of the tropical Pacific interact with atmospheric pressure systems. The year 1998-the hottest before the twentieth century-was marked by high temperatures coinciding with a high-intensity El Nino episode.|SDG 13 - Climate action|nino temperatures el twentieth genuine|1.1969643|5.1704645|2.273314
12408|In addition, increasing environmental concern on the role of the small pelagic species in the marine ecosystems and resources for seabirds has led to restrictions on the fishery. The move away from well-known and safe ingredients to new ones has many challenges (Figure 4). Partial replacement offish meal and fish oil with vegetable ingredients has been continuous and rather successful in the farming of salmonids. We want to address focus to three of these sources; (1) Aquatic sources, (2) Agriculture sources and (3) Biotechnological sources.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sources ingredients offish pelagic meal|0.35474294|6.087027|6.515448
12409|Wearenowsettingupan inclusive waste collection plan, by creating five recycling centres where citizens will be able to bring all their collected recyclable waste. Sometimes we succeed in planning for, and managing, them in a smart and sustainable way using existing human and financial resources. Yet there is still a financial gap that could be closed by creating new lines of financing, open directly to cities, as well as through integration and support from national governments.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|creating waste recyclable financial succeed|0.49012446|4.006574|3.0797849
12410|A key future challenge in this regard is innovations that allow substituting fish meal and oil with terrestrially-produced substitutes. Another factor for the relatively modest production growth for carnivorous species is the relatively high level of externalities in production and the resulting administrative limitations to grow th. This diversity, together with poor reporting from many aquaculture-producing economies, makes it challenging to identify common features of green aquaculture.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture substituting relatively substitutes meal|0.3390027|6.1075473|6.478901
12411|Careful planning and protocols are needed to ensure that questions are phrased appropriately and that women feel safe to answer honestly. Instead, countries should regularly collect their own data to serve as baselines for measuring progress. For countries that have carried out multiple waves of surveys with questions on sexual harassment and/or violence against women, it is possible to observe changes over time.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|questions baselines observe protocols waves|10.086366|5.5237784|7.4861608
12412|It publishes a gender report that summarises all of the programmes and actions regarding gender equality, such as the Action Plan for the Integration of the Gender Approach in Rural Politics. Several ministries have elaborated ministry-specific strategies within the framework of this new overall gender strategy. It later came under the review of the Ministry of Planning and Administrative Development (MoPAD).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender ministry publishes elaborated summarises|9.92451|4.087863|7.321599
12413|A longitudinal survey of teachers also suggested that in 2005 about 10% of teachers had an additional remunerated job outside teaching (Bravo et al., The regular preparation of teachers does not seem to include special training to deal with rural contexts, or to provide special strategies for teaching in multigrade classes. The introduction of a mentoring process upon entry into the teaching is a positive development but it is not associated with a probationary period.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching teachers special remunerated mentoring|9.54755|1.4719733|2.329733
12414|In addition, the company manages 1,800 km of flood protection structures. Since 2003, new machinery has been acquired and there has been an increase in the yearly budget. Currently, JSCAWE is able to clean every year some 1,000 km of irrigation channels (400 km in 2003) and 400 km of flood protection structures (100 km in 2003).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|km flood structures protection manages|0.9218431|7.256233|2.4510167
12415|The total carbon content of forest ecosystem is estimated to about 638 Gtonnes of Carbon, which is more than the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Deforestation and forest degradation result in substantial reductions in forest carbon stocks and increase in emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated emissions from deforestation since 1990s at 5.8 GtC02/yr. Taking Amazonas as an example, during the period 2000-2005,60% of deforestation was due to establishment of new cattle ranches, 30% was caused by small scale subsistence agriculture, legal and illegal logging accounted for 3% as fires, mining, road construction and dams, and large scale agriculture accounted for 1%.|SDG 15 - Life on land|carbon deforestation forest accounted estimated|1.4794985|4.5278873|3.8881326
12416|This effect is stronger for low-income countries and seems to operate by lowering total factor productivity and by reducing the level of education and labour participation among women. At the same time, they show that a gradual dismantling of gender-based discrimination in social institutions could yield substantial economic benefits, leading to an annual increase in the income global growth rate of 0.03 to 0.6 percentage points by 2030, depending on the scenario. From a policy perspective, they bear several implications.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gradual lowering income bear yield|9.218794|4.557626|6.6465635
12417|"The sight of men commanding respect without using violence or harassing women is as a powerful tool for change. The movement relies on teams that work at various levels and aim at different targets, though all have the overarching aim of fighting sexual harassment. The ""NGO-ization""46of the women's movement in the past two decades or so has also fostered suspicion of women's mobilizations. The weighty presence of global funders has helped create a damaging view that feminist groups are ""inauthentic"" to local culture, or are ""agents of the West""."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|movement aim women funders sight|10.109466|4.7178297|7.3747616
12418|Many secondary schools are bilingual, with instruction in both French and English. Missionary schools, established during the early days of colonial government, are a significant provider of education services, and are partly subsidised by the government. The Francophone system (80 per cent) operates throughout the remainder of the country.|SDG 4 - Quality education|bilingual schools colonial remainder operates|10.099219|2.5808306|2.5601966
12419|However, by convention they are recorded in HC.5 when consumers acquire them from retail sellers, because the purpose is not usually identified. This includes medicinal preparations, branded and generic medicines, drugs, patent medicines, serums and vaccines, and oral contraceptives. Fluids required for dialysis, as well as gases used in health care, such as oxygen, should also be included when the patient or relatives purchase them directly.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicines dialysis vaccines oral medicinal|8.53089|9.413911|2.1847348
12420|In addition, they take action to increase awareness of women's rights within the community at large. Community police liaison boards can encourage reporting as well as serve as a formal recourse mechanism for individuals and communities to register complaints and concerns. In any such oversight mechanism, representation of female stakeholder including women's organisations is key to ensure women do participate and can represent constituencies not usually heard in such forums.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mechanism women liaison community constituencies|10.037772|4.428047|7.495827
12421|As in most ASEAN countries, poverty and undernourishment rates have both significantly improved in recent decades, and indications are that this trend will continue. Nevertheless, over 19 million people remain undernourished (FAO, 2015), the largest absolute number in the Southeast Asian region. Indicators of malnutrition also remain at alarming levels - in 2013, more than a third of children under the age of five were stunted.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|remain alarming stunted undernourishment undernourished|4.3070927|5.6431704|4.540522
12422|The 4 main stages of the policy cycle are distinguished below. Successful policy requires coordination, integration and institutional change. While policymakers have gained considerable experience about eco-efficiency and cleaner production policies, particularly policies in areas where end-of-the-pipe technologies were available, this is not the case for broader transformational policies and for policies that wish to deal with over-consumption or under-consumption.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|policies consumption pipe distinguished transformational|1.2823275|3.7382553|2.587112
12423|It also places challenges on this key institution to be mindful of gender parity considerations in the choice of leadership for portfolio committees'. Although this is still well below parity, this places South Africa among the top ten globally, where diplomacy is still very much a 'men's club'. According to Mtintso, the major change came about during Dlamini-Zuma's tenure as minister of foreign affairs from 1999 to 2009: 'She made the push for women to enter politics. The conditions of diplomats are very difficult for women, especially married women, and then it becomes a revolving door - they come in, they stay for the four years - then they go out and they don't come back - and there is no consistent approach to make sure that when you lose one you also put another one in'.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parity places come women club|10.409144|4.3206983|7.1411667
12424|Despite its failure to reach its envisaged goals, the programme did develop coal-gasification technologies that paved the way for highly efficient integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) coal power plants which were deployed around the world from the 1990s. Annual production in the United States from 1971 to 2003 increased more than 10-fold and production costs were reduced by a factor of 5, without any subsidies and despite the material challenges associated with handling hydrogen (Ausubel, 2007). A hydrogen pipeline is being operated between Louisiana and Texas; and some are considering the old idea of mixing hydrogen into the national natural gas pipeline system. As noted earlier, more than half of all cumulative energy-related public RD&D support in IEA countries since 1974 has been for nuclear power technologies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydrogen pipeline coal despite technologies|1.5135379|2.607192|2.299632
12425|In Luxembourg, Mexico and the Netherlands, the pro-male gender gap shrank because boys performed more weakly, while girls stayed steady. However, comparisons between the performance of 15-year-old students in OECD PISA in 2003 and the performance of roughly the same birth-cohort at around age 24 in the 2012 OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) suggest that gender gaps in mathematics sometimes widen as teenagers move into adulthood (Figure 6.3). Among OECD countries with available data, the average standardised gender gap is 0.12 points at the age of 15, and 0.18 points at around age 24 - still only small. However, in Canada, Austria and Norway the standardised gender gap among those aged around 24 is greater than 0.3 points, and in Finland and the United States it is larger than 0.5 points (Figure 6.3).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|points gender gap standardised age|9.652215|2.4137745|3.5186293
12426|Slovenia has one of the highest shares of the population aged 25 to 64 to have completed at least upper secondary education, and ranks high in international educational achievement tests. Nevertheless, in some areas, reforms could significantly improve performance and equip the labour force with the skills most in demand in a rapidly changing economy. In particular, low student-teacher ratios, small class sizes, and a high share of non-teaching staff suggest that there is room for improving spending efficiency. Rationalising teaching and non-teaching staff would also free up valuable public resources that could be redirected towards underfunded aspects of the education system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teaching staff underfunded redirected equip|9.24324|2.2050068|2.6866238
12427|Many health care systems share the Swedish goal of empowering patients to exercise informed choice, and there is evidence that geographical monopolies can stifle innovation and that competition in primary care drives quality. An empirical analysis of the relationship between the quality of GP practices in England and the degree of competition they face shows that practices located close to other practices provide a higher quality of care than practices that lack competitors (Pike, 2010). Moreover, recent research shows that patients are more likely to choose practices which earned more quality points under the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) pay-for-performance scheme; a necessary condition for greater competition to improve quality is that patients’ choice of practice is influenced by practice quality (Santos et al., The competition and privatisation reforms can be designed to promote care continuity and co-ordination, including through appropriate payment mechanisms, and these principles should be embedded in the regulation of how these policies are implemented in practice. Strategies for progress towards these goals are discussed below.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|quality competition practices patients care|8.745769|9.0190325|1.7892632
12428|Literacy has also been consistently linked to improved school performance and achievement, as well as higher productivity, later in life. Evidence suggests literacy should focus on improving vocabulary and listening skills; building knowledge of the alphabetic code; and introduce printing (NIEER, 2006). The OECD has shown that children whose parents often read to them show markedly higher scores in PISA 2009 than students whose parents read with them infrequently or not at all (OECD, 2011).|SDG 4 - Quality education|read literacy parents printing markedly|9.761114|2.1101081|2.9791012
12429|Developers lean on PTAL as the indicator in such assessments for London projects, as it helps them evaluate how new development would affect accessibility to public transport in a selected area and determine the acceptability of the impact. While it provides a useful indicator of local accessibility and allows easy comparison of areas across the city, one criticism is that it assumes access to a public transport network includes access to reasonably well-integrated rail and bus services and, by implication, to a range of final destinations. But PTAL does not in fact measure access to final destinations. That said, the Access to Opportunities and Services (ATOS) indicator - a complementary TfL measure that does reflect access to destinations and is described below - shows that in the case of London, a city with a comprehensive and relatively dense public transport network, PTAL is a good proxy for access to services and opportunities. In areas of lower density, however, the PTAL method may not be applicable as they usually have a sparser public transport network with poor connections and interchange facilities. Nor does it account for availability of cycling lanes or quality of walking environment.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|destinations access transport indicator network|4.270763|5.16259|0.55207986
12430|"They simply do not appear on the map. Slum dweller populations will continue to grow and many countries are not prepared to address the challenge with affordable housing, basic services and security of land tenure."" Sub-Sahara African and Southeast Asian countries, where slum urbanization is accelerating, often have weak or only recently-emerging planning capacities."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|slum sahara accelerating southeast urbanization|4.50078|5.1477|2.2663481
12431|Unlike other SDG targets which are to be achieved by the year 2030; the targets under this goal, with the exception of Target 15.3 (combating desertification) and Target 15.4 (conserving mountain ecosystems), are to be met within a much shorter time frame, that is, by 2020, underlining the urgency with which action is needed. Goal 7 of Agenda 2063 on environmentally sustainable and climate resilient economies and communities identifies the following areas for priority action by African governments; biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management; achieving water security; and climate resilience and natural disasters preparedness. Building on the Africa Sustainable Development Report 2017, this chapter assesses Africa’s progress on Goal 15 relative to other regions, by describing key baselines and trends (where data is available). International transfer of genetic resources should lead to fair reward and equity in sharing of benefits arising therefrom.|SDG 15 - Life on land|goal sustainable targets target africa|1.692303|4.7425365|1.950348
12432|For example, weather forecasting models are essentially predictive models in that no policy can be implemented to influence the weather in the very near future. Measures can, however, be taken as a result of the information provided by the forecasts; such as to evacuate a population which is likely to be exposed to a hurricane. In contrast, policy-oriented health expenditure forecasting models aim to inform policy makers about when and how to implement reforms and what effects those reforms are likely to produce.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|models forecasting weather reforms policy|8.764024|8.62441|2.7059572
12433|The result is a relatively uncoordinated range of national mandates and incentives for developing indigenous energy supplies where available, including coal, heavy oils, biofuels and other renewables, which leads to a patchwork of local standards and technologies. There is a strong element of rivalry between consumer governments, but they align with each other where their interests coincide. In this scenario, national energy companies play key intermediary roles, but themselves become increasingly mired in political machinations. Globalization exacerbates the tensions within and between nations, and distracts policy-makers from the need to take action and build international coalitions to face the challenges of energy and climate change.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy uncoordinated exacerbates intermediary coincide|1.6361116|2.536175|2.1663692
12434|It is composed of eight members, all of them senior representatives of the international education community and three OECD analysts. These workshops also serve to disseminate key messages and international practices in Mexico to encourage further reflection and change. This capacity-building seminar for high-level Mexican policy makers combined an active training programme with country visits to Chile (January 2010) to study teacher policy, to Canada, Ontario (May, 2010) to study school leadership and a final module on implementation in Mexico (June 2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|mexico study seminar ontario analysts|9.893133|1.8669255|2.1618772
12435|Annual alcohol consumption is estimated at 15.7 litres a year for men, more than 50% above the OECD average (10.4) (WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health), which may help to explain the high mortality from alcohol-related liver disease. While the prevalence of adult obesity is relatively low compared with many OECD countries, more than 30% of women in Kazakhstan are obese, compared with 16% of men (World Obesity, 2016), placing the rate among women on par with some of the most obese countries in the OECD. A large proportion of the gap in life expectancy is in fact explained by higher mortality among young Kazakhstanis aged 15 to 29 years, an age group in which overall death rates are more than three times higher than in the EU15.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol obese obesity mortality oecd|9.2854805|9.43522|3.3148046
12436|The Working Party then submitted a draft report in May 2005, a revised report in September 2006 and a subsequent revision in June 2008. This would normally signal the final stages of the accession process, but negotiations appear to have stalled at the final stage. In 2008, Kazakhstan responded to the spike in world grain prices by imposing export restrictions.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|final stalled report spike imposing|3.8794682|4.895819|4.2229524
12437|While most universities have improved their performance over the last decade, stronger focus is needed to improve the quality of induction process, the first year experience and appropriate support mechanisms for first-generation students to help them complete their studies and acquire relevant skills for employment and entrepreneurship. Both TAFE institutes and universities in Victoria had limited information on graduate performance. Graduate Careers Australia’s Australian Graduate Survey does not provide an adequate vision of graduate employment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|graduate universities performance tafe induction|8.540122|2.6876256|2.7414346
12438|This has created fiscal space and freed resources for spending in other areas. Subsidy reform has been an enabling factor for the planned expansion of renewable energy. The most recent data available has shown 4.4% GDP growth in 2013 and 2.6% in 2014, higher than the MENA average of 0.5% in 2013 and 2.2% in 2014, perhaps showing better than average management of the economy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|average mena showing subsidy planned|1.7803382|2.2230906|2.3029218
12439|By unofficial assessment, these targets had not been reached as of the end of 2015 (chapter 13). This allow'ed the implementation of a number of activities, including rehabilitation of 49 hydraulic pumps for potable w'ater supply and wastewater disposal, installation of 3,369 water meters, restoration of eight water wells, and the organization of four training courses and workshops focused on awareness-raising among communities on issues related to water consumption. The Programme is being implemented slow'ly.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water unofficial hydraulic potable pumps|1.1973892|7.0516267|1.9707288
12440|Given the size of their network and the traffic they are dealing with, the workforce of the regional railways is too large (Figure 36). It is expected that medium-income countries have more labour-intensive industries, but the productivity gap remains high when comparing to emerging economies such India. Furthermore, Chinese railways are known to suffer from inefficient personnel allocations (Beck et al.,|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|railways allocations dealing inefficient personnel|5.6417|4.285335|3.539825
12441|Make the benefits from registration more visible and substantial. Original data extractions were needed since the available datasets (e.g. labour force statistics published by OECD and ILO) do not provide distinct information on the self-employed with and without employees. This disaggregation is highly relevant because gender differences are generally more marked for the class of business owners with paid employees (self-employed with employees or “employers”). Both unincorporated and incorporated female and male employers are included in Figure 22.1 when the information is available.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employees employers employed self datasets|8.500198|4.2691174|5.0238123
12442|More could be done to take account of the conservation and sustainable use of marine ecosystems as sectoral policies and programmes are being prepared. Among these measures are marine protected areas (MPAs). Sweden has extended the marine areas under protection, including within the EU Natura 2000 network and the Baltic Sea protected areas system. Currently, 6.3% of territorial waters and exclusive economic zones are protected.|SDG 14 - Life below water|protected marine areas mpas natura|0.12053941|5.571181|5.968914
12443|Costa Rica can build on its many strengths - including a reformed curriculum and a growing and well-funded vocational system - to make upper secondary education more inclusive. A more systematic approach is needed to tackle disadvantage, and particularly to improve teaching in the schools with the highest levels of disengagement and drop-out. Further support is needed for teachers to implement the new curriculum, and reform the Bachillerato examination to give a fairer chance to students to complete secondary education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|curriculum secondary needed fairer reformed|10.205097|1.6301811|2.6768923
12444|This implies that women's time in the labour market is negatively affected by childcare responsibilities while husbands are more likely to spend more time in the workplace. Presence of older parents on the other hand decreases wives' share of household, which suggests that they are likely to help in some household chores. Its negative effect on husbands' share of market work may be explained by the cultural practice of having older parents live with their sons' families, and thus the incentive for husbands to spend more time at home.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|husbands spend older parents time|9.083359|4.818614|5.6652646
12445|They indicate there has been a consistent improvement in prescribing. The group provides advice on clinical evidence and cost-effectiveness, considering new and existing technologies. The group also works closely with the Health Innovation Partnership Board to streamline the pathway for new health innovations. Its pilot Innovative Medical Technology Overview (IMTO), for example, takes weeks rather than years to assess a new technology. It provides early intelligence of the nature, potential budget and service impact of health technologies in development. The NFP is represented by all 22 NHS Boards and the Scottish Government, as well as other stakeholders.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health new technologies technology group|8.6212015|9.425657|2.1752515
12446|Moreover, the poor quality of power supply from the grid (network surges, frequent interruptions) may prevent use of the advanced electronic controls that come with many imported technologies. Compa energy generation accounts for up to 20 percent of installed capacity in Nigeria and 6 percent across sub-Saharan Africa (Steinbuks and Foster 2010). Private generating facilities are costly to establish, operate and maintain, and they drain capital that could go to more productive investments (Okafor 2008; Steinbuks and Foster 2010).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|percent foster surges drain interruptions|1.8730172|1.9183085|2.2838912
12447|Businesswomen’s associations exist in almost all MENA countries and provide some form of business support (mentoring, trade fairs, seminars) despite their limited financial, human and technical resources. They provide a wealth of information on the business constraints and support needs of their members, but their policy advocacy role is often limited because they are excluded from national policy dialogue. The WBF is an inter-regional network of government, private sector and civil society representatives which works with governments to improve policies and legislation impacting women’s economic integration. It also works with businesses, NGOs and academia to facilitate an exchange of experiences and good practices for providing concrete support to female entrepreneurs.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|works support business businesswomen limited|9.0748|3.47606|6.610216
12448|"Conducted as part of the EU MICRO project[1|. ( This would suggest a low generation of waste compared with many mainland centres although, in some cases, tourism does increase the generation of waste. Unfortunately, many mid-ocean islands, such as Easter Island and Midway Atoll, receive a disproportionate burden of plastic marine litter as a result of long distance transport by surface currents. The Hawaiian Islands lie on the southern edge of the North Pacific sub-tropical gyre and are particularly susceptible to receiving floating debris."|SDG 14 - Life below water|islands waste generation mainland floating|0.029232612|5.706227|5.6980987
12449|Nordic Council of Ministers, December 2015. In particular, institutional investors (which have been recognized as a key stakeholder for meeting the Paris Agreement finance commitments) see many project-level funding targets as too small for their portfolios. With aggregation and pooling, these projects would become attractive to investors. This calls for more efforts to build a project pipeline, which is attractive to investors.|SDG 13 - Climate action|investors attractive project pooling aggregation|2.5740025|3.5056927|1.6518356
12450|Students entering higher VET programmes need to have the Bachiller certificate, the same award required to enter university, but some weaknesses in academic skills may remain. The intermediate and higher level curricula include practical training and teaching of the theory associated with the vocational field, but little direct teaching in maths, literacy, or other academic subjects. This means that there is no direct test of numeracy and literacy although these skills may continue to be developed in the context of the theoretical part of the vocational programme.|SDG 4 - Quality education|literacy academic vocational teaching direct|8.614699|2.6309547|2.744826
12451|However, income differentials are not enough to understand the female (male) situation in a given labour market and to capture the complex process of gendered migration. Including unemployment rate by sex therefore controls for gender discrimination in the workplace. Moreover, a measure of networks in the destination country is included to deal with family reunification factors and diaspora effects.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|diaspora reunification differentials gendered destination|8.703413|5.250655|7.046969
12452|Since the system is, at a minimum, intended to support comparisons across countries and cultures, it will be important to identify domains that are common across locations, situations, and cultures. A cross-cultural analysis of existing, published research identified four domains of household food insecurity that are common across fifteen countries [41]: uncertainty and worry, inadequate quality, inadequate quantity, and social unacceptability. This study also found some additional commonality in subdomains; for instance, social unacceptability generally included unacceptability of means of acquiring food as well as eating foods that are socially unacceptable.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|cultures domains inadequate common worry|4.461916|5.690912|4.717008
12453|As for the ownership of the infrastructure, pipelines are property of the state and the distribution network in towns is property of the municipalities. About 70% of municipalities get water from pipelines, with water losses around 80-90%. The CAERN provides to municipalities assistance and technical support for drafting proper sanitation plans. Political discontinuity is an obstacle for capacity building at local level.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|municipalities pipelines property discontinuity drafting|1.4062496|7.1406593|2.102189
12454|In Kenya, CT-OVC transfers enhanced participation in non-farm enterprises by seven percentage points for female-headed households, while the effect was negative for male-headed households (Asfaw etal., However, Brazil's Bolsa Familia programme was only positively associated with entrepreneurial investments in urban areas, while no impact was observed in rural areas (Lichand, 2010). In Nicaragua, for example, participation in the (now discontinued) Red de Proteccion Social programme actually decreased involvement in informal enterprise (Maluccio, 2010), while there were no impacts of cash transfer programmes in Ghana and Lesotho (Handa etal.,|SDG 1 - No poverty|headed etal proteccion participation discontinued|7.360995|5.9956274|4.42809
12455|Due to other priorities, fisheries subsidies did not make it into the Nairobi Package, raising serious questions about the ability of WTO Members to support SDG target 14.6 by 2020 (Global Ocean Commission, 2015a). In a statement issued in Nairobi, a group of 28 countries2 reiterated their view that subsidies contributing to the exploitation of overfished stocks and illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing should be phased out. It remains to be seen whether this will be sufficient to enforce the 2020 SDG 14.6 deadline for harmful fisheries subsidies elimination. It also impacts other SDG 14 targets due to be achieved by 2020, in less than five years, such as Target 14.2 on coastal and marine ecosystem management, Target 14.4 on IUU fishing and Target 14.5 on marine protected areas.|SDG 14 - Life below water|target sdg nairobi iuu subsidies|0.0032613873|5.426264|6.7189794
12456|It also aims to design and implement digital tools based on users’ needs. Founded in 2014 by USAID, the US Global Development Lab serves as an innovation hub to test new ideas and solutions and harness the power of science, technology and new innovative tools and approaches that accelerate development impact. It funds researchers and partners with universities to address global development challenges, promotes and mobilises additional funds through private-public partnership for digital inclusion and digital finance, and develops new applications and solutions to improve the use of digital technologies and data in development programmes.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital development solutions tools new|4.747454|3.2172227|2.0094264
12457|Lower fertility rates reduce women’s burden of unpaid labour and facilitate their greater participation in the labour force. Moreover, as fertility rates decline, the working age population grows at a faster rate than the overall population, thus lowering the dependency ratio and helping to boost savings and investments (including investments in children), with positive effects on per capita growth - the so-called “demographic gift”. Narrowing the gender gap in employment also results in positive externalities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fertility positive investments rates grows|9.192442|5.2291|5.976738
12458|As an example, the governments of Australia and New Zealand have jointly developed the National Water Quality Management Strategy (NWQMS), the components of which may be incorporated into state and territory legislation, in varying degrees across jurisdictions. In Canada, inter-jurisdictional transboundary water governance mechanisms (such as the International Joint Commission, the Mackenzie River Basin Board and the Prairie Provinces Water Board) serve as collaborative forms to address issues of water quality and quantity. In a first category of countries, these functions are carried out by ministerial departments and/or public agencies; in a second category of countries, such duties rely on specific regulatory agencies in the water sector; and a third category of countries, in the middle of the continuum, significant regulatory powers are granted to specific actors at national level. In Mexico, most environmental regulatory powers are in the hands of the Federal Commission for Protection against Health Risks (Comision Federal para la Proteccion contra Riesgos Sanitarios).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|category water regulatory powers board|1.2599574|7.131052|1.5910089
12459|Ensuring women’s freedom to participate in politics, both as voters and as representatives, has been central to international, regional and national efforts aimed at more inclusive and democratic governance. These freedoms and rights are not limited to politics but extend to participation and leadership in public life, the private sector and civil society in general. It recognizes that women’s empowerment and full participation on an equal basis with men in all spheres of life, including participation in the decision-making process and access to power, are fundamental to the achievement of equality, development and peace. In addition to setting out government commitments, the Platform for Action urges a range of actors to take measures in support of women’s participation in all levels of power and decisionmaking.3 These include political parties, the private sector, trade unions, national, regional and sub-regional bodies, employers’ organizations, research and academic institutions and non-governmental organizations.4 This chapter provides an assessment of the current situation as well as recent trends in the participation of women and men in positions of power and decision-making across the world.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|participation politics power women regional|10.120926|4.5676837|7.2408066
12460|Once this is done, an assessment tool should be identified (alternatively, an existing assessment tool like PISA or the national education tests issued for the first time in 2010 could be adapted or the education standards used for that purpose) to be administered as part of the Hauptschule school-leaving exam, and to those entering the transition system without a school-leaving certificate. Such firm evidence about basic skills gaps will help to identify the right support measures. The Lander should also design and implement a programme to train teachers in part-time VET schools to teach such programmes, and incorporate an adolescent literacy programme or module as a key component in the transition system. The final Chamber exam is the most important component; passing this exam allows the students to obtain their formal VET qualification.|SDG 4 - Quality education|exam vet leaving tool component|9.587806|1.8765913|1.5548986
12461|Wind production capacity and demand profiles are readily available. The contribution of nuclear power plants to the flexibility margin and therefore to provide system flexibility is very limited as ramping of nuclear power plants comes at prohibitively high costs. Two indicators are available to measure utilisation rates: the energy interconnector margin and the peak interconnector margin.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|margin flexibility nuclear plants prohibitively|1.4123797|1.4949975|1.8566157
12462|Within the health system there are two different models for assessing the construct “functioning/disability”: the “activities of daily living (ADL)” approach (or Katz/Barthel model), and the “Functioning” (ICF) approach developed by WHO. The ICF was developed to provide a more comprehensive framework, based on the view of a health condition or disease as the interaction of body function and structures, activities and participation, which are in turn impacted on by social and environmental factors. The importance of participation as an outcome is also highlighted (WHO, 2001).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|functioning katz participation approach developed|9.354545|8.990289|2.7736557
12463|There is no indication that the Universiti Sains Malaysia uses student financial assistance to give high priority to ensuring access for low-income students within Penang and Northern Corridor Economic Region. To date, development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately. For example the Penang Educational Consultative Council (PECC) under the state government provides the mechanism for a coherent vision of an education system at the regional level, but this council is only for the private higher education institutions in the state. (|SDG 4 - Quality education|penang council state universiti sains|7.214197|2.56362|2.485628
12464|Through technology transfer, developing countries should be assisted in building their capacity to produce generic drugs for the domestic market and to ensure the wide availability and accessibility of such drugs. To meet the substantial increase in demand for vaccines, antibiotics and other commodities over the next decade and beyond, the international community should strengthen global, regional and local mechanisms for the production, quality control and procurement of those items, here feasible, in developing countries. The international community should facilitate regional cooperation in the manufacture, quality control and distribution of vaccines.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|vaccines drugs control antibiotics community|8.311802|9.551406|2.659545
12465|Recent initiatives to remove user fees at mother and infant care centres and extend preventative dental cover for young children are positive steps. Similarly, ceilings on insurance and medicines costs help provide some protection from out-of-pocket costs that Israeli patients are likely to face. Policy makers should limit further increases in co-payments and consider the equity implications of decisions taken in the annual update of the insurance basket. The government should also monitor the efficacy safety net mechanisms and if needed consider expanding those to a wider range of households with lower incomes and high health needs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|consider insurance ceilings dental costs|8.527226|8.834012|2.085516
12466|Other funding in the table, by contrast, supports activities beyond adult learning (e.g. the ANQEP, IEFP and Tourism of Portugal budgets). Secondary VET courses (cursos profissionais) are excluded as they represent a large programme mostly targeting youth. However, they are similar to the apprenticeship courses noted in table.|SDG 4 - Quality education|courses table apprenticeship vet excluded|8.691455|2.781384|2.7926219
12467|The instruments covered are: i) science and technology parks; ii) systemic initiatives: clusters, networks, competitiveness poles and competence centres; iii) innovation advisory services for existing SMEs; iv) support to innovative start-ups; v) innovation vouchers; vi) schemes for talent attraction and retention; and Vii) funding for research infrastructure. The description of each instrument addresses its definition, rationale, objective, and the specificities for use at regional level. The description also highlights the adaptation of the instrument over time, including changes in policy concepts or evolving context conditions.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|description instrument innovation poles vii|5.519961|3.434093|2.4967859
12468|This shows that the security of supply situation in OECD countries has unequivocally improved since the early 1970s. However, individual parameters such as import dependence and price volatility are consistently highlighted as issues of public concern, in particular in the regularly published Eurobarometer opinion polls. This suggests that nuclear is viewed more favourably if it is not pushed as an autonomous issue for its own sake but integrated into the context of broader policy objectives such as ensuring the security of energy supply or the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|favourably security sake supply pushed|1.04563|1.7809066|1.8642851
12469|Furthermore, this calculation method can be applied to estimate additional solar modules and batteries required to charge a larger number of phones. It is an interesting economic exercise to compare extra equipment investment with the expected revenue from the charging and communication fees. Then, we described the importance of a web-based information service for the cell phone charging service and presented a design for a solar-powered energy-proportional web server cluster. To utilize this system in emerging regions, we defined two requirements for our system: using low-power and inexpensive devices running on just solar power and being autonomous and scalable, starting from a very small village.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|solar charging web inexpensive service|2.041347|1.5729771|2.196584
12470|Bearing in mind that the results are illustrative of a specific wage level, single part-timers pay more in taxes than they receive in benefits - in Slovenia, the fall in disposable income brings singles below the poverty line. In some countries, including Ireland, New Zealand and Japan, couples without children pay less in taxes than they receive in benefits, but in most countries the opposite is the case, and in some countries (Austria, Italy, Sweden and Switzerland), disposable income falls below the poverty line. In most countries, single parents who have two children and work part-time receive more in benefits than they pay in taxes, and in many of these countries the resulting increase in disposable income brings the household above the poverty line.|SDG 1 - No poverty|disposable taxes receive pay line|7.4337897|5.849798|4.903573
12471|Women also make up the bulk of the workforce in the formal health care sector (Box 22.1). People caring for their children, step-children, nieces or nephews are excluded. Public spending on long-term care is used as a proxy for social protection: >1% of GDP = “low social protection”; 1-2% GDP = “medium”; >2% GDP = “high”.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gdp protection children care caring|8.92927|5.1715884|5.8226333
12472|Existing research laboratories in the metro-region are already contributing to green firms' R&D. For example, the 1 200 researchers at Argonne National Laboratory, a US Department of Energy-funded research laboratory operated by an academic consortium, undertakes a range of research useful to green firms, including research related to climate science, pollution remediation, impacts of energy production, vehicle efficiency and batteries, environmental technology, alternative fuels and carbon sequestration. There is a long history of research at Argonne being commercialised by industries around the region or as new ventures. Argonne has also recently licensed technology to a local smart grid software firm and battery technology to General Motors for use in its new Chevy Volt electric vehicle (Clean Energy Trust, 2011b).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|research laboratory technology vehicle energy|2.0394428|2.6082563|1.9924581
12473|As in the Pacific, communities and villages have relied on traditional forms of support to provide basic food, water and shelter, often in the context of clans or extended families. Low-income, aid-dependent countries could not afford even the smallest cash transfer programmes, and their capacity for efficient delivery and corruption-free administration has been highly questionable. Under the Livingstone Accord governments committed to developing national social protection strategies and integrating them into their national development plans and budgets.|SDG 1 - No poverty|questionable accord shelter smallest relied|6.970166|5.806169|4.0852513
12474|Not only were there recorded cases of willing female combatants (Coulter 2008), but women were also active in other arenas as well. Many became primary breadwinners as men were involved in the war effort, and they were also instrumental in organising for an end to the conflict. Although at first women were not part of any of the formal dialogue concerning peace and were excluded from the main peace negotiations of Abidjan in 1996 and Conakry in 1997, at least two female representatives were included in the peace talks held in Lome in 1999 and the resulting Peace Agreement mentions the importance of paying attention to women’s special needs in the post-conflict context (Ogunsanya 2007; Barnes 2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peace conflict women female combatants|10.302188|4.891028|7.600404
12475|What influence will a continuation of these trends have on low-income families in the future? Here we look at how a continuation of demographic trends, trends in jobs and earnings, and in household employment patterns might influence trends in inequality and poverty into the future. Further increases in the share of both these groups in the population will lead to an increase in the proportion of families at risk of poverty into the future. Among the current working-age population, increasing numbers are saving for their retirement and so by 2030 it is likely that a much higher proportion of the pensioner population will be in receipt of private pensions.|SDG 1 - No poverty|trends continuation future population influence|7.3467846|5.830501|4.9412355
12476|This is reflected in the coverage of licensing of the workforce. Licensing is most common in education and health services and is also widespread in government, particularly for local government where teaching is likely an important employer (Figure 1.16). However, there is also licensing which is harder to justify on public policy grounds and rather appears to have morphed from its original purpose to protect local rents (Kleiner and Vorotnikov, 2017(36]).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|licensing rents justify local harder|9.542847|1.7024989|2.496263
12477|Vulnerable employment consists of the sum of own-account workers and contributing family workers, and these workers are less likely to have formal work arrangements (ILO, 2016; Sparreboom and Albee, 2011). Nevertheless, non-vulnerable employment such as wage employment may also fall short of decent work if, for example, an important part of wage employment is casual, informal or of limited duration, or if labour standards are not enforced. Immigrants are vulnerable to such situations, and are often concentrated in low-skill wage work. In other words, although trends in vulnerable employment are important to assess labour markets, consideration needs to be given to additional indicators to understand the position of immigrants, such as occupational indicators which will be discussed in later sections. As the South African population census data of 2011 do not differentiate between employers and own-account workers, this section distinguishes between wage and salaried workers on the one hand, and other categories of workers on the other.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|workers wage vulnerable employment immigrants|7.5913167|3.9967828|4.2164373
12478|The pilot project will be continued until necessary changes in the education law are implemented by Parliament. Based on a 2013 evaluation of this experience, it will be decided whether the subject will become a permanent part of the curriculum. This practically oriented course aims to help students experience working life by developing products and services.|SDG 4 - Quality education|experience practically decided parliament pilot|8.392271|2.4176948|2.4484723
12479|The chapter starts by describing the current strategic framework for regional and urban development strategies and key policy documents in national administration. It also investigates the gaps between the framework in place and urban development needs, the potential role and objectives of a national urban policy, as well as sectoral reforms that can address urban areas’ main challenges. In particular, the chapter highlights urban policies that can enhance competitiveness while addressing inequality, increase the availability of affordable housing, and improve land-use planning. National government support for housing production by non-governmental organisations has been greatly reduced.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban housing national chapter framework|4.1270776|5.240372|1.836457
12480|In fact, the Federal Public Administration (FPA) has a mandate to make the gender perspective part of its sectoral planning processes. Such practices need to be a systematic part of policy formulation and budgeting processes if gender mainstreaming is to be comprehensive. In short, while Mexico has made tremendous progress compared to many OECD countries, it has room for further improving how government bodies understand and put into effect the legal requirement to incorporate the gender perspective.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender perspective processes fpa tremendous|10.156352|4.113881|6.453278
12481|Data for Morocco provided through the Clearing House Mechanism on Biodiversity of Morocco (CHMBM) also indicate that a fourth biosphere reserve (Biosphere Reserve of the Cddraie) is planned, incorporating an area of around 500,000 ha across the Ifrane, High Atlas Oriental and Khenifra National Parks, with a view to listing the Cedraie de 1’Atlas as World Heritage (table 9.4). In 2005, Morocco also designated 20 new Ramsar wetlands, bringing its total Ramsar sites to 24, covering a total area of over 272,010 ha. There is also a network of 160 Sites of Biological and Ecological Interest (SIBEs).|SDG 15 - Life on land|morocco atlas biosphere ramsar reserve|1.4848323|5.0684543|4.1934996
12482|Spatial frameworks are often used to give structure to urbanisation processes typically at the metropolitan scale. In France, for example, city contracts between the national government and inter-municipal bodies and municipalities have been an effective policy instrument (Box 6.1). Spatial planning legislation is a common instrument for managing urbanisation, though this is not necessarily articulated at the national scale. Regional planning frameworks are widely applied, some of which reference national policy settings or, in the case of Europe, supra-national frameworks.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|frameworks urbanisation instrument national spatial|3.939579|5.486956|1.609999
12483|Consumer spending in 2015 was adversely affected by relatively high inflation and unemployment rates of 6.4% and 6.2%, respectively. Fewer than 200,000 new jobs were created between August 2014 and August 2015 compared with an average 2.6 million new jobs created yearly between 2006 and 2012 (World Bank, 2015a). Slower job growth has undermined social outcomes, with the poverty rate rising to 11.1% after a steady decline in the past decade. Consumer spending should benefit from lower inflation and accommodative monetary policy.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|august inflation consumer created spending|5.5031824|5.0107174|3.8087301
12484|Legislation approved in June 2017 paves the way for establishing a national health system with universal coverage by 2020, which will have profound effects on how care is financed and organised. Some 80% of the population reports to be in good health, though there are notable socioeconomic inequalities. Life expectancy gains are mainly due to fewer deaths from cardiovascular diseases, though they remain the leading cause of death.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cardiovascular profound notable health organised|8.78745|8.847178|2.3623781
12485|It stresses the greater opportunity cost of children and pronounced stratification of fertility by female employment status in Germany, attributable to the high degree of labour market segmentation and weaker support for the work-life balance than in France. In Germany, TFRs in the post re-unification period were lowest in 1994 at 1.24, but edged up thereafter to 1.47 children per women in 2014. The effect may further accrue when Germany expands its provision of early childhood education and care (ECEC). Nevertheless, its TFR is still low in comparison to countries that started to develop their work-life balance support at an earlier stage, such as France, Iceland and Sweden, whose TFRs are close to two children per women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|germany children balance france tfr|9.208572|5.2232795|5.3578258
12486|Food production accounts for about 70 per cent of global water withdrawal (OECD 2005), but now that the world’s population is more than 50 per cent urban, cities are drawing increasing shares from rural areas in what is now often a zero-sum game. When water shortages occur, the city tends to be favoured over the countryside, putting food and industrial crop production at higher risk as urbanization focused on the world’s great coastal cities proceeds. The break-up of the Soviet Union, the advent of market-oriented economic transitions in China and Vietnam, and the shift in national economic policy in India toward more accommodation of international trade have added substantially to the transformation of Asia from agrarian to industrial and even post-industrial economies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|industrial cities countryside advent cent|4.0395927|5.224661|4.12062
12487|Similarly, Winter Fuel Payments, a tax free payment to help older people keep warm during winter, should be means-tested. The best way to alleviate energy poverty is through energy efficiency improvements, which should be encouraged (Box 1.2). However, international studies suggest that increasing marginal tax rates on high incomes tends to lower taxable incomes significantly, as work effort decreases and tax avoidance and evasion increase (OECD, 2011c).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tax winter incomes warm evasion|2.014377|2.7553678|2.4848814
12488|All urban water users are metered and water prices are charged according to the volume consumed. Since the policy’s introduction, water prices have risen substantially; during the period 1993-2004, the real price of water (including environmental taxes) increased by 54% and prices are now among the highest in the OECD. The rise in prices has led to a substantial decrease in urban water demand from 155 to 125 litres per person per day, one of the lowest levels in the OECD. Since water pricing is purely volumetric, there are no social tariffs and the affordability of water services is ensured through separate social policy.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water prices metered volumetric urban|1.5674276|7.5475335|2.3389175
12489|The massive migration of population to Ulaanbaatar results in difficulties for the city in accommodating this population and leads to the formation of ger districts in the area surrounding the city. The degraded sanitary, environmental and social conditions are more prone to the development of diseases. The proportion of the population aged 5-14 years reached 17.4 per cent at the end of 2016, compared with 26.3 per cent at the end of 1997.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|population city end accommodating ulaanbaatar|4.515925|5.1518683|2.3037968
12490|An important question in this context is whether or to what extent the employment of immigrant workers has been beneficial or detrimental for the employment of native-bom Thai workers. In accordance with the literature, which generally does not report significant effects of an increased presence of foreign-bom workers on native-bom workers’ employment rates, it is found that this presence has no impact on the overall level of native-bom individuals’ employment. However, there is a positive effect of immigration on the level of native-bom paid employment.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom native employment workers presence|7.2103033|3.6265264|4.2304783
12491|While the colleges in the region often see the development of the Galilee as a key part of their mission, they often have a focus on education and social sciences and are building their research and links with the business and industry from a low base. However, the Tel Hai Academic College and ORT Braude have already established themselves as quasi-unique providers of engineers and technicians of the interior of the region and increasingly also partners for the regional industries (see Box 3.6.). The college has forged strong links with the Upper Galilee Centre for Knowledge (MIGAL), a privately owned research and development centre located in an industrial park in Kiryat Shmoneh. It comprises 15 different research groups in agrosciences, ecology, therapeutics and analytical chemistry and undertakes research activities in highly advanced laboratories.|SDG 4 - Quality education|research galilee college links centre|7.736968|2.4298487|2.7014933
12492|Indeed, education, measured by years of schooling, is positively correlated with capital intensity in manufacturing (Qu and Cai, 2011). As most of the workforce in China is composed of junior and senior high-school graduates, there is ample scope for investment in education and training to boost labour productivity. Labour productivity would be 23% higher if junior high-school graduates had senior high-school education and would double if senior high-school graduates had college training. Higher education attainment alone, however, may not be sufficient. To adapt to the changing industry structure, a broad set of skills and wide general knowledge are needed, which facilitate the acquisition of new skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|senior graduates junior school high|5.8909984|4.149964|3.525959
12493|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Closing this gap would yield welfare gains for individual women and society as a whole. This view is supported by many studies based on small samples and self-reported answers (OECD/EC, 2017). However, Saridakis etal. ( Such differences can be explained in part by different motivations and the different sectors in which women entrepreneurs operate.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|motivations answers different samples closing|9.261537|3.8652818|6.273823
12494|In El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico self-employment income dropped, and wages and salaries increased, while in Uruguay the opposite occurred. In Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Uruguay, transfers accounted for over 50% of the increase in total income. In countries that saw their poverty reduced the most, such as Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Panama, transfers accounted for about 20% of the increase in total income. It is not possible in every case to determine from available data exacdy which types of transfers resulted in income increases, because surveys taken around 1990 tended to capture aggregate data.|SDG 1 - No poverty|transfers salvador income uruguay el|6.491132|5.5568147|5.197696
12495|In the European countries for which data were available, 63% of women aged over 50 in 2009 had spent ten or more years between the ages of 18 and 64 outside education and full-time employment. The share of men was only 11%. Given the negative effect of career gaps on earnings potentials (Chapter 13), women generally stand to lose less income if they reduce or give up paid work to provide informal care.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|potentials lose stand women ages|8.945347|4.485211|5.5069766
12496|Yet, it is essential to ensure clear and powerful mandates, sufficient resources and political leadership for these institutions to place gender considerations effectively at the top of the policy agenda. About half of OECD countries also deal with gender issues as part of the broader portfolios in ministries (e.g. the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland). In Algeria, an administratively centralised main gender institution co-ordinates with geographically decentralised sections. At the local level, social section bureaus exist in every wilaya (province) in Algeria for the purpose of enhancing the situation of families and women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|algeria gender republic administratively ordinates|9.90166|4.27091|7.2815123
12497|"Measures to empower women must also reach out to new generations of women who are expected to play a greater political role. As noted by the head of a European co-operation agency, ""greater participation of women in the development of agricultural, trade, and finance sector policies, and stronger participation in designing local economic development policies would help ensure better access for women to production means, markets, finance and political connections that would help develop their businesses"" (Interview 3, 2018). For the head of an African regional organisation, parity in this area involves ""The introduction of modules on leadership in school and university courses and an increase in the awareness of opinion leaders on the political role that women can play and the constraints they face"" (Interview 31, 2018)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women interview political head play|9.927785|4.3285904|7.160001
12498|It is true that many of the issues related to gender are cultural, qualitative and sociological in nature; nevertheless, their impact can be seen and observed spatially, and can to some degree be measured quantitatively. To be able to identify the problems associated with gender bias, it is essential to develop comprehensive statistics. Gender auditing can be defined as the process by which gender mainstreaming is achieved, which involves establishing indicators and standards, and checking outputs, policies and priorities (Greed, 2003a).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender sociological checking quantitatively spatially|9.771266|4.3399196|7.715686
12499|However, Eichhorst et al. While maternity' benefits have long been common across the OECD, paid father-specific leave is a more recent development. Paid father-specific leave did not exist in OECD countries in the 1970s, with only Spain, Luxembourg and Belgium providing any kind of paid entitlement for fathers - one day, two days, and three days, respectively.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|paid father days leave specific|9.083778|5.186871|5.4681244
12500|To date, there is very limited experience with collective reporting by countries or organisations to the UNFCCC. Thus, further work would be needed to outline how this could be taken forward: while collective reporting of climate finance mobilised bilaterally may entail relatively small process changes, collective reporting of climate finance mobilised multilaterally could entail large ones (e.g. reporting of information from non-Parties), as could any review of collectively-reported information. If the COP could provide detailed guidance regarding the information to be included in future reports, this could increase the utility of such reports in quantifying mobilised climate finance in the context of the UNFCCC.|SDG 13 - Climate action|mobilised reporting collective entail finance|1.389789|3.732205|0.66507775
12501|These figures highlight that overall spending in developing countries remains insufficient, although they mostly account for public spending and do not include private sources of finance. The financial crisis is likely to have a two-pronged effect on government transfers to the water sector, as set out in OECD (2010a). A potentially negative impact is that, during times of crisis, there are many competing demands for limited public funds.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|crisis spending pronged competing highlight|1.7596855|7.0458817|2.6899965
12502|To our knowledge, so far there is no source of general population survey data collecting both self-reported and measured alcohol intake, which would permit to assess underreporting bias at the individual level. In particular, it would be of interest to analyse differences across population groups in the size of underreporting bias (e.g. larger underestimation by hazardous drinkers) as this can exist with the measure of Body Mass Index (Cawley, 2000; Lakdawalla and Philipson, 2002). The proportion of hazardous drinkers is found to vary between recall and diary from 21% to 35% for men and from 6% to 15% for women.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drinkers underreporting hazardous bias underestimation|9.303738|9.686035|3.5495758
12503|Taken together, they moved the proposed new poverty line closer to 50% of median income (the exact figure would depend on how the proposals were implemented). Following the NAS report, the United States Census Bureau began tentative experiments with a new poverty measure that incorporated some of the recommendations (though not the allowance for regional variations in the cost of living). Add to this the fact that the official poverty line is the responsibility of the Executive Office of the President and it is evident that any re-drawing of the line is going to be a high-profile issue subject to intense institutional and political pressures.|SDG 1 - No poverty|line poverty tentative nas experiments|6.4354835|6.1298532|5.079872
12504|One important set of constraints arises from the nature of their integration with the global economy. Since LDCs tend to be open economies that rely heavily on primary commodity and low value added manufactures exports, and that are dependent on various forms of capital inflows to support the balance of payments, they are often disproportionately affected by changes in global trade and capital flows, as well as by flows in cross-border migration. National policies are thus strongly conditioned by the external environment and must also be able to respond to that environment flexibly, which often makes it more difficult to pursue them in a systematic and planned manner.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|flows capital manufactures environment conditioned|5.11833|4.4153895|3.6027393
12505|Indeed, according to some estimates when the externalities associated with different energy sources are fully reflected in policy incentives, some renewable energy sources, particularly wind power, are already as cost efficient as conventional energy sources. As many of these technologies are still in early phases of their respective development chains, further cost reductions are expected in the future, especially if these technologies are appropriately supported by research, development, demonstration and deployment programs (RDD&D). Since 1990, renewable energy generation has been growing only at an annual rate of 1.6%, which is lower than the growth rate of total electricity generation (1.9%). Thus, while in 1990, 17.3% of total electricity was produced from renewable sources, this share has declined to estimated 17.2% in 2009, most of which (12.6%) was generated from hydro plants.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sources renewable energy generation electricity|1.4746624|1.9635149|2.2674909
12506|This is frequently related to early marriage, child bearing and other caring responsibilities. Even when they enter the labour market, women are more likely to be confined to the most vulnerable jobs, frequently in the informal sector. This suggests that addressing the barriers that limit girls and women’s access to education and employment opportunities would be likely to have positive effects, among the others, also on reducing the gender gap in financial literacy, thus improving women’s financial empowerment and well-being.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|frequently women likely financial confined|9.053176|4.450936|5.9733024
12507|This will in turn decrease the level of winter water retention and increase winter flows in many rivers. Hotter and drier summers are likely to increase the demand for irrigation, reduce river flows, and reduce dilution capacity thereby leading to higher pollutant concentrations. Despite these concerns, the subregion seems to have the capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|winter flows dilution drier reduce|1.2629864|5.6369863|2.4616299
12508|However, as harvests vary significantly from year to year,1 the situation with storage availability changes. For example, in the 2010/11 season, when only 12 million tonnes of grain were harvested, excess storage capacities existed. In contrast, Kazakhstan’s elevator capacity of around 15 million tonnes was less than the 23 million tonnes wheat harvest in 2011/12. Transport capacity is likewise insufficient for bumper harvests, pushing up the cost of storage and freight charges in 2011/12.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|tonnes storage harvests million pushing|3.875471|4.979582|4.166168
12509|Sanitation services are the responsibility of local self-government bodies, who are also the asset owners of the system. However, the construction of the system remained incomplete. Currently, Baghramyan village’s household wastewater is removed to Myasnikyan through a 1 km-long collector and is then discharged into Talin canal. During the irrigation season, wastewater is mixed with irrigation water, resulting in poor qualitative indicators of lands in Baghramyan and the neighbouring villages.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater irrigation collector canal discharged|1.3205181|7.0822144|2.3576725
12510|These can be continued and complemented with further focus on reducing recent inequities in specific groups: large performance gaps are seen between boys and girls and between native students and students with immigrant background. In addition, demographic changes imply a smaller proportion of younger people in Finland, and there have been some mismatches between supply and demand of study places and labour market needs. It combines early recognition by teachers of low performance with holistic support that involves both school and social welfare staff.|SDG 4 - Quality education|performance students mismatches inequities combines|9.641092|2.476112|2.742087
12511|Unfortunately, data limitations do not allow for inclusion of other potentially relevant variables such as wealth proxies, presence of hired help, and access to care service facilities. Despite these achievements, the state goal of promoting gender equality continues to face many challenges, including the persistence of discrimination in the labour market and the declining labour force participation of women. A better understanding of gender relations within the household is crucial to die attainment of die Chinese development objective since women's lives are often structured around dieir responsibilities as mothers and wives. The fact that women do most of the unpaid work affects dieir well-being as well as their labour force participation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|dieir die labour force women|9.106198|4.8231654|6.101291
12512|Patient safety is also implemented through accreditation mechanisms, but patient safety culture and implementation of safety policies vary. These are often initiated by the Danish Patient Safety Association. Four important programmes have been set up to secure patient safety: The Danish Adverse Event Study in 2001, The Danish Society for Patient Safety (DSFP), The Danish Safer Hospital Programme, and The National reporting system for adverse events.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|safety patient danish adverse safer|9.17972|9.585021|1.5964185
12513|The poverty threshold is set at 50% of median disposable income in each country. Working-age adults are defined as 18-64 year-olds. Children are defined as 0-17 year-olds. Data for China, India and the Russian Federation refer to 2011, for Brazil to 2013, and for Australia, Hungary, Iceland, Mexico and New Zealand to 2014.|SDG 1 - No poverty|olds defined year disposable hungary|7.257766|6.0443397|5.113918
12514|These trends are likely to be due to a combination of EU controls on total allowable catches (TACs) and of effort. Discussion with the fishing industry is on-going on the work needed to implement CFP reform, especially the introduction of discard bans, particularly for pelagic fisheries which is coming into effect in January 2015. We are working closely with the industry to make all parties aware of the changes and address problems so that the transition is as smooth as possible.|SDG 14 - Life below water|industry discard cfp bans pelagic|-0.13715976|5.629161|6.6145043
12515|This category covers, inter alia, assistance to address impacts of US management mandates and capacity reduction schemes. The Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Crab Buy Back took place in 2005 and the Bering Sea/Aleutian Island Non-Pollock Ground Fish in 2007, with no government transfer. The entire amount, of these loans, are being repaid from future landings fees, including loan interest at a market rate There was no activity in 2007. Other agencies have contributed to the Gulf Coast Disaster Relief.|SDG 14 - Life below water|sea repaid gulf landings alia|0.094921745|5.863139|6.641697
12516|Older migrant women may face additional challenges. Generally, they find it harder to learn the local language, find employment and access the health services they need. Older women staying in the country of origin are also particularly affected by migration, as very often they have to take care of the children left behind by migrant parents.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migrant older staying harder women|8.713705|5.2384043|6.96843
12517|If either primary or secondary care providers need to make any substantial investments in order to respond to new incentives, a lack of power in the pilot studies may blunt their effectiveness. Increasingly, it is likely that such targeting of initiatives will be a key to the optimal use of limited primary care resources. They will often involve an increased expenditure in the short term, the benefits of which will only become apparent in later years.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|primary care apparent optimal pilot|8.815239|8.933276|1.8013514
12518|Examples, and the approaches adopted, are discussed below. The 1987 Yellow River Water Allocation Plan imposed a top-down approach to defining water entidements of the 11 provinces that rely on the river. After nearly 15 years of failed efforts to implement the plan, it was finally made a reality through the combination of a strong basin committee with direct control over key infrastructure on the river, together with regulations issued by the powerful State Council.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river plan yellow failed imposed|0.9077645|7.190501|1.7415565
12519|The total of India's lignite reserves are estimated at 38 bt, of which around 3.7 bt to 4.3 bt are considered as proven (Mills, 2007; BGR, 2009). Coal India Ltd., a public sector undertaking of the Indian government, dominates the coal market with a production share of 82% in 2008. The Ministry of Coal expects that Indian coal production will increase to 630 Mt by 2012 (Ministry of Coal, 2010). The coalbeds are often in remote areas where safety is an issue and access rights are not guaranteed.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|coal bt indian india ministry|1.2371426|2.4316678|2.3375025
12520|If a fisher does not hold sufficient ACE, they incur a financial cost - the deemed value - for taking the fish. The deemed value is set at a rate that eliminates any financial benefit that the fisher may receive from landing the fish and acts as an incentive for fishers to cover all their catch with ACE. There are no aggregation limits on the ownership of ACE.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ace fisher deemed fish eliminates|-0.23663995|5.696413|6.9077206
12521|Consequently, the WWS market is characterised by a low level of competition and important restrictions on the entrance of new players. Regulation is justified on the ground that it ought to prevent market power issues arising from a natural monopoly and to protect customers. In the absence of regulation, water operators can be tempted to neglect the quality of services and to apply water tariffs which are unreasonably high compared to the production costs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|regulation entrance ought neglect monopoly|1.4047146|7.4851213|2.2151046
12522|The share is higher in most European OECD countries compared to most non-European OECD countries. This development may have slowed or even reversed the previous upward trend in adopting management practices beneficial to water quality for some regions within countries. At the same time, however, rising chemical input prices (fertilisers, pesticides) can have a counter-effect, by inducing farmers to use less of these inputs, assuming no other changes in farm costs/output prices.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|european inducing prices reversed fertilisers|1.2652103|7.0967073|2.9680924
12523|Like D, this index moves in the range [0,11, with 1 being the highest possible degree of segregation. If students were perfectly integrated by income across State and private schools, each unit would reproduce the general distribution (percentiles from 0 to 1) and the average difference between a family and the median in that family's unit would be 0.25, so that the index would take the value 0. At the other extreme, if students were perfectly segregated, each unit would contain individuals with the same income from the same percentile, and the index would take the value 1.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|perfectly unit index percentiles family|6.674605|5.6597857|4.827321
12524|The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD, its Development Centre or of their member countries. It is instrumented in reducing poverty and increasing the resilience of the population. The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has published a new set of policy frameworks for social protection that envisage the expansion of social protection to cover a greater proportion of Ethiopians against a broader range of risks, and that call for social protection to be increasingly financed from domestic sources rather than by donors.|SDG 1 - No poverty|protection social goe envisage arguments|6.985|5.8740635|4.169233
12525|On the one hand, to the extent that EPL raises the costs of workforce adjustments and/or distorts the optimal composition of employment between temporary and regular workers, it is likely to have a negative impact on the efficient allocation of labour and, ultimately, on productivity growth. In this context, in a general equilibrium framework, Hopenhayn and Rogerson (1993) show how the distortion induced by firing restrictions pushes firms to use resources less efficiently. As a result, employment levels adjust at a lower speed and productivity is reduced. Bertola (1994) presents a growth model where job security provisions decrease returns to investment and capital accumulation.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|productivity distortion firing pushes epl|7.679666|4.5205636|4.2503834
12526|Some higjh-performing countries in PISA 2012, such as Estonia and Finland, also show small variations in student scores, proving that high performance is possible for all students (OECD, 2013a). For students who fail to reach this level of performance in mathematics, reading or science, most can be expected to not continue with education beyond compulsory schooling, and therefore risk facing difficulties using mathematics, reading and science concepts throughout their lives and risk having poorer opportunities in the labour market. Even in the average OECD country, where more than one in five students do not reach Level 2, tackling such low performance is a major challenge that requires addressing barriers posed by factors such as social background.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reading performance mathematics students science|9.66979|2.240609|3.1624873
12527|In addition, the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 presents deaths related to HIV and hepatitis C as well as other causes that are mostly omitted from UNODC reporting. Oceania (based on data from Australia and New Zealand only) also has a high drug-related mortality rate, at more than 2.5 times the global average. A large number of drug-related deaths (35 per cent of the global total) are estimated to occur in Asia, although this number is tentative because of poor regional coverage and reporting of mortality data. Despite the large number of deaths, the drug-related mortality rate in Asia is below the global average. Because of differences in reporting, comparisons across countries and regions should be made with the greatest of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug deaths mortality global reporting|8.76182|9.249077|3.0389602
12528|The chapter provides insights into the overall cost of water resources management, across junctions and institutions, examines the various sources of financing, and summarises key studies on projectedfuture costs. Based on the OECD’s framework for financing water resources management, it also identifies opportunities to improve financial sustainability. Particular attention is paid to the application of the “beneficiary pays” and “polluter pays ” principles, as well as incentives for cost efficiency and the fair allocation of costs across water users.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pays water financing polluter cost|1.5850263|7.403041|2.2394369
12529|Merseytravel, the local transport authority responsible for co-ordinating public transport in the Liverpool City Region, used accessibility analysis to estimate the impact of the more distant location, and to identify where new bus services would be needed. The assessment showed that providing the bus services required to maintain accessibility levels similar to those before relocation would mean a costly investment. When faced with the potential transport cost of the relocation, the health authority decided it would be cheaper to redevelop the hospital on the city centre site. Without conducting accessibility-based analysis, health authorities will often choose to build a new hospital on cheaper land far from a city centre so to make better use of the health budget.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accessibility relocation city cheaper bus|4.257034|5.1400275|0.5500706
12530|As the global community is defining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the post-2015 era, it takes stock and draws lessons from policy experiences around the world to chart a forward-looking agenda for action. This Report draws on experiences, evidence and analysis from diverse national and regional contexts to answer this question. It reviews women's gains in obtaining equality before the law, access to education and other social services; in increasing their visibility as political actors; in participation in paid work and its benefits; and in increased public recognition of the scale and severity of the violence they experience. But it also asks why progress in ensuring women's practical enjoyment of a range of economic and social rights has been so slow and uneven across countries and between social groups.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|draws experiences social asks chart|9.717539|4.7109475|7.262656
12531|At lowest income levels, the job characteristics that depress women wages are firm size, informality and nonstandard contracts. At highest income levels, the gender pay gap is explained by differences in education, occupation, and type of industry. While the level of education - women tend to be better educated than men - and type of occupation tend to reduce the gender pay gap, the type of industry where they are employed is the main factor contributing to increase it.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|type occupation tend pay gap|9.089217|4.4309134|5.840876
12532|This momentum will need to be reinforced not just by the UNFCCC, but also by other governance arrangements as explained in the next section. In this regard, the UNFCCC is one of many building blocks of a climate regime that consists of a range of international institutions and processes whose mandate affects climate action. While the UNFCCC has a central role in the climate regime, it interacts with many other intergovernmental and public-private institutions (Hjerpe and Nasiritousi 2015).|SDG 13 - Climate action|unfccc regime climate institutions blocks|1.4137667|3.7463353|0.9515896
12533|It is expected that findings from this OECD report will contribute to future debates on the topic, building on the fruitful exchanges and dialogue with the representatives from the CNRH and the CTCOB during the seminars held by the OECD delegation and the ANA in Brazil in September 2016, February 2017 and June 2017. Clearly, charging does not privatise the use of water that is an inalienable public domain good (Bronzatto and Amorim, 2012). The Water Law implies that water is a good belonging to the public domain and a limited natural resource endowed with economic value (art. The logics behind is that water is a scarce good (economically scarce in relative terms) by definition, reflecting both water depletion due to anthropogenic and natural causes, as well as multiple, alternative competitive uses, respectively in water scarce and water abundant contexts.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water scarce good domain natural|1.2845273|7.306853|2.2766933
12534|Firstly, women’s entrepreneurship represents untapped potential for PSD. While women-owned MSEs have been found to be less profitable than MSEs owned by men (Alturki and Braswell, 2010; GTZ, 2010; IFC, 2007b; IFC, 2010; llavarasan and Levy, 2010; ILO, 2008b), this gender-based difference seems to disappear for larger ventures. In fact, some evidence suggests that among medium-sized and large enterprises, those owned by women are equally or more productive than those owned by men (GTZ, 2010). This makes it important to identify and address possible barriers constraining the growth and upgrading of women-owned MSEs. Secondly, a number of key barriers to growth are specific, or particularly constraining, to women entrepreneurs.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|owned gtz constraining women ifc|8.915363|3.5134504|6.319034
12535|They combined meteorology, hydrology and flood forecasting and developed a probabilistic system based on climate modelling and water discharge in the Ganges River and Brahmaputra rivers. The forecasts are shared with decision makers at national and district levels through fax and e-mail, and with pilot communities through SMS and flag networks. This has vastly improved the ability of authorities and communities to take early action to protect lives and livelihoods.|SDG 13 - Climate action|communities vastly sms probabilistic meteorology|1.3452004|5.694609|1.8458091
12536|Moreover, occupant protection can be enhanced by the further development of seat belts and airbags, e.g. through force-limiting features which control the maximum restraining force exerted by the shoulder belt. Other technological advances that are likely to be relevant for older occupants are: Intelligent restraint systems that adjust for lighter, older occupants; dual-stage airbags to minimise airbag impact in moderate crashes; head restraints to minimise soft tissue injury and whiplash injuries to the neck; side airbags to protect head and chest in side collisions, such as crashes when turning left (in right-hand traffic) or right (in left-hand traffic; DfT, 2009). The concept targets older people in Salzburg (60 to 100 years old) who represent approximately 33% of the city’s bus users.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|occupants older crashes minimise head|4.265875|5.1865473|0.053285733
12537|Each is briefly considered below. There have also been other high-profile cases in Europe of companies using their IP assets creatively in this regard (including securitisation in some instances). However, as examined in more detail in Part 4, such companies have not been the primary focus of IP finance interventions (though some may have benefited in China), and there is little evidence to suggest that patents or other IP rights unlock value for these companies that could not be realised in other ways, since they typically have a range of possible funding options open to them.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ip companies unlock briefly realised|5.305522|3.3418543|2.5336
12538|"Professional knowledge in the Australian graduate standards and core pedagogical areas. Policy initiatives involved improving initial teacher education and professional development, developing teaching standards or competence framework and linking them to teacher appraisal, introducing career stages for teachers and so on (OECD, 2015[ij; 2013(2])- Increasingly more research studies look at the quality features of teacher education in high-performing systems (Darling-Hammond, Wei and Andree, 2010p); Hammerness and Klette, 2015[4j; Darling-Hammond, 2006[5|; Darling-Hammond etal., Teaching standards have also been examined and compared (Toledo, Revai and Guerriero, 2017(9); Kleinhenz and Ingvarson, 2007(|0]), and the evidence on their impact on teacher education extends to a growing number of localised contexts (Chung and Kim, 2010(H); Tummons, 2014(i2); Page, 2015[i3j; Kriewaldt, 2012[i4]; Ceulemans, Simons and Struyf, 2012[i5j)."|SDG 4 - Quality education|darling teacher standards professional teaching|9.458799|1.2046922|2.1020105
12539|Will technology in fact help to overcome the formal/informal and rich/poor dualisms facing African cities—or to deepen them? African cities are well positioned to avoid the mistakes and negative externalities dampening growth and social development in cities in the Americas and Asia. The new African city can be smarter and more efficient, avoiding the costly retrofitting required in many of the world’s more recently established cities. African countries tend to have very low carbon footprints, with many countries emitting less than 1 ton per capita.18 Under the right policies, carbon emissions will not have the same relationship with economic growth as seen in the Americas and Asia.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|african cities americas carbon asia|4.4876194|4.838639|2.1301246
12540|This means that a national action plan should be viewed as part of a long-term process. As one plan draws to an end, another should be developed to take its place, just as with economic plans. Subsequent plans will also take into account emerging forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and new international standards. By developing and implementing a national action plan against racial discrimination, a State is making an unambiguous statement not only to its own people but also to the outside world about its human rights agenda.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|racial plan discrimination plans action|3.7417648|5.2430644|1.7225106
12541|Vocational rehabilitation has traditionally been a pragmatic system in nature, not based on a scientifically sound theoretical background. In most countries a decade ago, such confidence was unheard of, due to a widespread pessimism about the achievable employment goals of individuals with severe mental disorders. Such a positive attitude is crucial in view of the often enduring and disabling courses of severe mental illness leading to hopelessness in patients as well as among professionals.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|severe mental enduring scientifically pragmatic|10.241659|8.778094|2.0765462
12542|However, not all countries may be able to reach the threshold by 2025, so that the actual subsidy could also be lower. On the one hand, the use of energy based on fossil fuel is largely responsible for the accumulation of large quantities of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, triggering climate change. Most scientists believe that swift and drastic reduction in emissions is necessary to avoid dangerous or catastrophic climatic changes.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|triggering drastic dangerous atmosphere catastrophic|1.4284614|3.1973717|2.1109638
12543|In other terms, electricity systems are locked-in with their existing generation mix and cannot quickly adapt it to changing market conditions. In discussions about the costs of back-up capacity this is also referred to the ex post case. In the long term instead electricity companies can adapt their generation mix to new market conditions, resulting from changes in demand, fuel prices as well as the introduction of new capacity into the electricity mix. This was referred to as the ex ante case, as the analyst places him/herself at the very beginning of the investment cycle which can now be optimised.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mix ex electricity referred adapt|1.7637919|1.7518407|1.8831564
12544|Further, to the detriment of the livelihood of small farmers in Sri Lanka, those new, fertilizer-dependent seeds proved less able to cope with the increasing water salinity in the region caused by higher temperatures, the rise of sea level and the failure of irrigation systems (Weragoda, Ensor and Berger, 2009, chap. Such engagement can help prevent the outcomes described above. The study also concluded that stakeholder participation can better incorporate people’s priorities and expectations when there are multiple adaptation options available.|SDG 13 - Climate action|detriment salinity chap fertilizer lanka|1.6204296|4.9071765|2.1095607
12545|As the characterization of SSF is a common topic to be addressed by the “Friends of SSF” platform (see section 6.4.1), the partner organizations participating in this group have contributed to discussions on refining this characterization matrix and have agreed to carry out a preliminary test of this matrix through their existing case studies of SSF. The socio-economic survey, being carried out in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea within the context of the mid-term strategy, is also collecting data in line with the matrix in order to perform a wide-scale application of the matrix at the regional level. In this report it was noted that, although generally large-scale fisheries were associated with high capital costs and sophisticated technology and SSF were associated with small vessels and labour intensive fishing techniques, in reality, modern fishing operations meant that even certain SSF could use very advanced technologies and have a high level of fishing effort (World Bank, 2012).|SDG 14 - Life below water|ssf matrix characterization fishing associated|-0.06863392|5.7606664|6.613989
12546|However, the discussion is progressively moving away from the level (or the methodology of calculation) of the charge towards the different elements to be reflected in it and the necessary investments. In Europe, measures such as fines and sanctions for illegal abstraction and pollution do not yet represent a strong incentive for complying with / avoiding these activities: e.g. in Spain to prosecute illegal water abstractions is difficult due to the complexity of administrative procedure; in France sanctions are very low and do not incentivise changes in polluters behaviour, since revenues from those polluting activities are greater (EEA, 2013). As enforcement implies substantial transaction costs due to the inspections, it is key to define how it is carried out, when, towards whom and what are the consequences in terms of bringing additional revenues and taking the water quantity and quality situation under control.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sanctions illegal revenues eea complying|1.4552814|7.305036|2.2469563
12547|"The flexibility of collateral is an important element for women, because assets, particularly land, are traditionally owned by men. In 2007, the commercial bank Development Finance Company of Uganda, with IFC and the Uganda Women Entrepreneur’s Association, launched the Women in Business Programme. Its special focus on SMEs provides lending to women entrepreneurs without requiring land as collateral."""|SDG 5 - Gender equality|collateral uganda women land ifc|8.725897|3.45579|6.4042373
12548|The text of this Recommendation can be accessed at htln://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/General%20recommendalion%2025%20(English).ndf. The share of women in par liaments in the Arab region has generally increased since 1995 (Table 2). It has reached above 25 per cent in Algeria, Iraq, Mauritania, the Sudan and Tunisia, showing a significant rise after the adoption of gender quotas in these countries. However, there remain large dispar ities in women’s participation throughout the region, and women’s presence in parliament is close to zero in at least seven countries (Comoros, Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar and Yemen).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women comoros oman mauritania region|10.231692|4.3437533|7.0840125
12549|According to Bertram et al. ( That said, at the moment of drafting this report, the ECEC quality assurance system had not addressed factors such as staff performance, children’s wellbeing, parental satisfaction and value for money. In the same way, while curriculum guidance provided referred to useful elements (such as areas of learning and/or activities, learning objectives, learning outcomes, assessment of learning and development and learning contexts and/or environments), it did not include pedagogical approaches or national guidelines to support the transition into pre-primary education (Bertram et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning drafting al et moment|9.323086|2.703685|1.9456934
12550|Such a move towards inclusive policymaking had not been witnessed before, especially considering the country's recent history of conflict. So far, multiple stakeholders had jointly validated 10 policy focus areas, along with three overarching interventions. In 2017, the young professionals, the mayors' association, the interest groups of urban poor and other vulnerable population groups validated the major findings from the feasibility stage of the national urban policy development process for Liberia.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|validated mayors groups urban liberia|3.8183343|5.101444|1.7473432
12551|"Non-specialist"" includes general practitioner, pharmacist, nurse, social worker, or “someone else"". “ Any” treatment includes treatment by specialist or non-specialist. This result applies to the proportion who sought any treatment, with no respect to the specific provider, as well as to the proportion who sought help from mental health specialists (e.g. psychiatrists)."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|specialist treatment sought proportion includes|10.247477|8.828796|1.6385081
12552|The more established methods for calculating inequality rely on micro data such as that obtained from labour force or household surveys (see OECD, 2011). However, this can be problematic in cross-country comparisons as noted by Galbraith and Kum (2004).27 To make such comparisons feasible, Galbraith and Kum (2004) used the Deininger and Squire (1996) dataset in conjunction with more aggregate data on industrial value added and wages to construct inter-temporal and cross-country comparable measures of inequality. This also provides a larger sample of developed and emerging economies over which wage inequality and GVC activity can be measured relative to the more established OECD inequality measures which are mostly available for OECD countries.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality comparisons cross oecd established|6.882693|4.8200116|4.595677
12553|The state also can support families in other ways including cash transfers in the form of child (and even older person) support grants, tax exemptions and social insurance programmes for health, disability and pensions especially among low-income households. Its effect on women's share of household work and the extent of their labour market participation is likely to be mediated or overruled by the influence of institutional processes, cultural practices and social expectations. For example, unless gender inequalities in the labour markets such as gender wage gaps and discrimination in hiring and promotion are addressed by effective affirmative action and anti-discrimination employment policies, women's bargaining position to negotiate a more equal share in household work is likely to remain weak. The state can also take steps to help redistribute the care work within households in terms of increasing the visibility of the unpaid work contributions of women and men to the country's economic development.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|work discrimination women household mediated|8.984376|5.125271|5.9214535
12554|Her intent was to emphasize women's increasing responsibility for maintaining their families’ well-being, and women's lack of choice in doing so, an apt reflection of the increasing share of reproductive and economic responsibilities borne by women in the low road case. Parallel to the high road regime, the contributing factors of the low road regime are associated with the type of gender system that leads to a feminization of responsibility and obligation: low wages for women as reflected in a large gender wage gap, little support from men or the state in carrying out social reproduction, and limited markets for care commodities that, when they do exist, are characterized by low pay and poor quality output. Table 2-2 summarizes the main features of the low and high road supply regimes. In this discussion we focus on caring for children, but many of our points can be extended to caring for the elderly, sick and disabled.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|road low caring women regime|9.018154|5.0298867|5.998132
12555|Legislative amendments in the finfish fishery have introduced a maximum legal size limit for coral trout, a net size restriction for traditional fishing and removed the limitation on holding live finfish. A trigger point for total catch was established to provide for a decision making process should catch levels significantly increase. The management plan implements quota management for the fishery and was fully implemented on 1 July 2010. Responsibility for managing these waters now lies with the commonwealth department of infrastructure, transport, regional development and local government, the department of infrastructure has entered into a service delivery arrangement with the western Australian department of fisheries for the management of these inshore fisheries.|SDG 14 - Life below water|department catch fishery management fisheries|-0.14975025|5.7386055|6.766826
12556|In contrast with conventional claims, this is only partly the result of inadequate schooling. It is also due to the leakages created by emigration and the withdrawal of large numbers of graduates from the workforce every year as they are not tempted by lacklustre jobs in the public sector and the excess supply of qualified workers in sectors in low demand. In contrast, there is a significant excess demand for workers skilled in science and technology.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|excess contrast workers leakages demand|8.588653|3.0414143|3.2941463
12557|Firstly, remittances and other benefits for the household and the community make the benefits of female emigration more obvious, which in turn creates incentives to increase the women's ability to migrate through improvement in women's access to opportunities, resources and power. For example, women who send remittances gain more respect within their family and community (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). Moreover, parents who rely on their daughters' remittances are less likely to force them to return home to marry (Temin et al.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|remittances women reeves community benefits|8.69629|5.267379|6.967934
12558|Only in Chile, Paraguay and Peru was there a positive distribution effect, which reinforced the contribution made by the growth effect in reducing poverty. In Ecuador and El Salvador worsening income distribution curtailed the positive effects of the fall in the poverty rate caused by the growth effect. In the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela and Colombia, meanwhile, the distribution effect was nil (see figure 1.4).|SDG 1 - No poverty|effect distribution positive ofvenezuela worsening|6.4479423|5.4969397|5.197501
12559|This observation does not hold true for the entire region, however, since in Brazil, Panama and Peru the odds ratio associated with geographical area is appreciably higher than one, even when educational traits are included. The variables that most increase a household’s probability of being poor are, in order of magnitude, unemployment of the head of household, lack of electricity or belonging to an ethnic group. Based on the average of the parameters estimated for those countries in which they are significant, a household with an unemployed head is almost three times as likely to be poor as a household whose head is employed.|SDG 1 - No poverty|head household poor traits odds|6.914223|5.921182|5.1153183
12560|This report presents a detailed analysis of changes in both poverty and inequality since the fall of Apartheid, and the potential drivers of such developments. Use is made of national survey data from 1993, 2000 and 2008. These data show that South Africa's high aggregate level of income inequality increased between 1993 and 2008. The same is tme of inequality within each of South Africa’s four major racial groups.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality south africa apartheid racial|6.471141|5.425233|4.831177
12561|Beyond this, there is the full set of subnational spatial planning regulations at the regional, departement and commune level. In addition, communes in the departement of Loire-Atlantique, which includes Nantes and Saint-Nazaire as its two largest urban places, have been very active in creating an array of intercommunal agreements that further complicate the planning process, even as they provide a forum for collaborative actions. The two cities, which are approximately 50 kilometres apart from one another, are linked by the Pole metropolitain Nantes Saint-Nazaire association, which has developed a common spatial planning vision through the SCoT. In addition, Nantes is part of a Metropole, while Saint-Nazaire is part of a commununautes d 'agglomeration.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nazaire nantes saint planning spatial|3.8508923|5.777528|1.6923053
12562|In order for smaller firms to engage in such training practices, flexibility in training provision is necessary -allowing people to study/train what they want, when they want and how they want, at low' cost - offering modular instruction, short- and distance-learning options. The most prominent examples of such radical restructuring are in the automotive sector and shipbuilding, which are increasingly responding to low-carbon demands for hybrid vehicles and offshore investment in w'ind and tidal energy, respectively. The potential for growth sectors to absorb workers from other industries relies on the effective co-ordination, timing and management of workforce retraining programme.|SDG 4 - Quality education|want modular automotive training retraining|8.141249|2.994338|2.9453523
12563|Although the country has established high benchmarks for energy efficiency, adequate market infrastructure is still lacking. The technologies are there; what is needed is the service and implementation capacity. The risk aversion of financiers to end-use EE projects was again pointed out as a barrier.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|financiers aversion benchmarks pointed ee|2.1233478|2.5103996|2.091719
12564|Treated wastew'ater for reuse supports crop production, the irrigation of green spaces and golf courses, groundwater recharge and industrial cooling. However, in order to expand developments in this sector, the adoption and enforcement of wastew'ater treatment standards for specific uses is essential. Its importance is evident when considering the use of w'astewater in agriculture.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|ater recharge reuse cooling spaces|1.1178114|6.8791533|2.7602153
12565|But, in general, such programmes neither target nor reach the poor (Table 4). For example, in Zambia, 73 percent of small family farms cultivate less than two hectares and make up 78 percent of small family farms in extreme poverty. Yet, 55 percent of the input subsidy went to the 23 percent of households that cultivated more than two hectares (Mason, Jayne and Mofya-Mukuka, 2013).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|percent hectares farms cultivate family|4.2315702|5.447686|3.9833884
12566|As many of these plantations are located in the coastal zone due to weather conditions, the pesticides reach the Black Sea immediately. A monitoring of these substances does not exist, and available data is very limited. Hazardous substances contained in the leachates significantly affect groundwater resources. The present situation is contrary to a sustainable environmental policy is based on the precautionary principle, especially with regard to long-term groundwater pollution.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|substances groundwater precautionary plantations immediately|0.73774433|6.6743445|2.9106543
12567|There is now considerable experience with issues related to the establishment of public-private partnerships in biomedical research and health innovation, and efficiency and effectiveness lessons can be learned from existing partnerships concerned with Alzheimer’s disease. Professional management of partnerships is a prerequisite for the efficient use of limited resources and the generation of value out of collaborative efforts. In order to leverage the full spectmm of advantages of public-private partnerships in Alzheimer’s disease, the issues and needs, ideologies, and objectives of each individual stakeholder need to be addressed upfront.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|partnerships alzheimer disease biomedical issues|9.062316|8.585441|1.5522578
12568|This is currently the case in Mexico and South Africa where the number of benefits depends on the actual number of children, or Mexico and TUrkey (in the old programme, Social Risk Mitigation project) where the benefit is also differentiated by grade or gender of the children, with higher amounts paid for secondary-grade children and for girls. A similar approach accounting for household composition should be followed if such programmes have to integrate those programmes targeting the elderly. This is likely to be the case when such transfers can empower vulnerable members within the household and the community who are discriminated against by informal institutions and when the stigma associated with the receipt of the transfer for these groups is lower in the case of targeted interventions. Country experiences suggest that there is broader political support for interventions targeting the elderly as the need to focus on this group seems clearer to the public and hence easier to defend by politicians.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|grade elderly case targeting children|7.6024547|5.7880483|4.4761443
12569|Poverty and extreme poverty rates among people living in rural areas remain well above those of urban areas. In 2017 46.4% of the inhabitants of rural areas were living in poverty, while 20.4% were living in extreme poverty. In the same year, poverty in urban areas stood at 26.3%, while extreme poverty was 7.8%. Between 2012 and 2014, poverty and extreme poverty rates fell slightly in rural areas, while remaining unchanged in urban areas.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty extreme areas living rural|6.2009816|5.898617|4.9382734
12570|Nearly 3 out of 10 adults in these countries performs at or below the lowest level of proficiency (Level 1) in both literacy and numeracy. Indeed, a closer look at the results reveals that more than nine-tenths of the overall variation in literacy skills observed through the survey lies within, rather than between, countries. In fact, in all but one participating country, at least one in ten adults is proficient only at or below Level 1 in literacy or numeracy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|literacy numeracy adults level proficient|9.496928|2.5351863|3.3125613
12571|The OECD small (TL3) regions are contained in a TL2 region. The capacity of less productive firms to learn from leading firms might also have diminished, as the cumulative and frequently tacit and localised nature of knowledge makes it progressively more difficult for laggards to catch up with innovation leaders (OECD, 2015h; OECD, 2016a). This is frequently referred to as the “dual economy” problem, i.e. where the innovative, technologically advanced and highly productive sectors coexist with the traditional, low productive sectors that benefit little from new technology.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|productive frequently firms oecd coexist|5.480766|3.5712326|2.614902
12572|The underlying concept is that when parents are more self-confident, they have a more positive impact on their child’s education (Irish Department of Education and Skills, 2014). Many initiatives to assist low-performing students come from the communities and local actors willing to volunteer or donate resources. For example, in Japan’s School Support Regional Headquarters Project, people in local communities provide after-school remedial support for students in need, in consultation with schools (OECD, 2011).|SDG 4 - Quality education|communities irish volunteer headquarters students|9.760718|2.280981|2.2593017
12573|These stations are staffed by medical assistants and midwives and report to local hospitals. The latter are equipped with clinical laboratory and radiology units and have one or more physicians, a surgeon and a gynaecologist. The closer to administrative centres, the more specialized is the level of facilities and staff. The system includes specialized medical dispensaries for certain diseases, such as tuberculosis, cancer, sexually transmitted infections, psychiatric disorders and skin diseases.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|specialized diseases medical midwives tuberculosis|9.271599|8.871137|1.7210293
12574|The focus of the 2006-2009 plan was on the creation of e-learning content and continued improvement of curriculum quality through the use of ICTs. Indeed, the biggest challenge for many education systems is to be able to offer training or learning opportunities to traditionally underserved or marginalized groups. This includes girls and women who face barriers to schooling; rural populations that are too dispersed to populate regular schools cost-effectively with reasonable class sizes; children from families in extreme poverty; and special needs groups or persons with disabilities who have no access to learning centres. On the one hand, monitoring will track the outputs of ICT-adapted curricula.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning underserved groups dispersed marginalized|8.846381|1.5405347|2.2208538
12575|Further strengthening the leadership team in schools, including their mandate and skills, is necessary to ensure that all schools have leaders capable of steering change. Pursuing the reform of school supervision will also be important to signal clearly that what is expected from school leaders is to improve their schools, and that supervision is an ally rather than an obstacle in this regard. Single-teacher schools are likely to struggle to make these changes, and a specific policy is needed to improve schooling in rural areas. The responsibilities of Costa Rican principals are far-ranging.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools supervision leaders rican improve|9.888438|1.5100001|1.8967763
12576|In line with the 2015 OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Public Life, this chapter provides guidance on adopting a co-ordinated whole-of government approach to gender equality. Suggested approaches include national gender equality strategies and action plans; the effective allocation of roles and responsibilities across public institutions; robust accountability, oversight and co-ordination mechanisms; and tools for gender-sensitive policy making, supported by sound evidence of policy impacts on women and men. The chapter also gives an overview of institutional arrangements across OECD countries, highlights good practices and outlines a number of policy recommendations to support governments in strengthening national frameworks for gender equality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality gender policy chapter oversight|9.859023|4.197859|7.2694054
12577|But the fact remains that it is primarily women who take advantage of family-friendly policies like flexible working arrangements, so perpetuating the idea that family responsibilities are a woman’s affair. If women are good for business, why do so few make it to the top, and why do so many simply give up trying? Teleworking and part-time or temporary work may sound attractive in the short term as ways of juggling work and family commitments, but the choice can be costly in the long term - in terms not just of salary, but of pensions and job security. Family-friendly workplace practices can make it easier to combine work and home life, but only if both men and women take advantage of them. Yet do employers make it easier for men and women to share domestic and family responsibilities outside the workplace?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|family easier women friendly workplace|9.088156|4.828107|5.782304
12578|Grants can cover up to 30 per cent of the eligible cost of technology-driven projects and 40 per cent in the case of energy audits. Moreover, an additional 10 per cent bonus grant can be awarded for projects involving CHP or fuel switching, up to a maximum of 50 per cent of the project cost. Industrial companies can also benefit from loans from the Bulgarian Energy Efficiency Fund to finance investments in high-efficiency industrial processes, building rehabilitation, and heat source and distribution system improvements. Through this facility ,€46 million in loans have been signed w'itli six Bulgarian banks.|SDG 13 - Climate action|bulgarian cent loans industrial efficiency|2.2634852|3.234248|1.7636303
12579|These initiatives help to integrate women-owned businesses in international markets and value chains. This chapter showcases successful examples, and demonstrates the linkages among barriers and solutions. Government action also often includes legislative actions to improve women’s access to finance and land.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|demonstrates women chains legislative integrate|9.08844|3.775764|6.5612807
12580|It describes how several trends, ranging from the widespread uptake of mobile telephony to growing business interest in inclusive innovations, have created more favourable conditions for inclusive innovation. It explores the obstacles and market failures facing inclusive innovations across four dimensions: 1) the types and costs of inclusive innovations; 2) information about consumer needs; 3) access to expertise, knowledge and finance; and 4) market access conditions. Based on this description, it provides an overview of factors that facilitate scaling up inclusive innovations.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|inclusive innovations conditions scaling market|5.4554796|3.5639865|2.5983806
12581|Marine ranches are also being established for resource conservation and environment protection.2 Twenty demonstration marine ranches have been established in 2015, with more planned in the future based on lessons learned from these. In 2015, The Fishery and Fishery Administration Bureau set out a plan to monitor and assess important marine and fresh water. The primary objective of fisheries co-operation is to ensure food security and fulfil the fisheries development strategy.|SDG 14 - Life below water|marine fishery fisheries established demonstration|-0.04486578|5.78574|6.5227532
12582|The companies included in the OECD-ORBIS Database were classified as men or women-owned enterprises using information on the gender of the shareholders. However, the relatively low measured differences in productivity (4.8% for all countries’ enterprises taken together, once sector, size and age of the firm are controlled for) suggest that policies should not generically give preferential treatment to women entrepreneurs. The industries they operate in also account for a substantial share of the productivity disparity (22%).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|enterprises productivity shareholders disparity preferential|9.076577|3.7860403|6.177784
12583|"That said, we could outline the broad ""real"" (as compared to monetary) targets any inclusive macroeconomic framework might want to achieve, based on identifying key social and economic problems to be addressed by policy. Four components, in addition to gender equality in capabilities, livelihoods, agency, and security, are key: i) full employment, 2) class/caste and racial/ethnic equality, 3) economic stability, 4) and the promotion of a green economy. These components are likely to be interlinked and to reinforce each other. We know from many years of research that women’s access to employment and livelihoods is central to improving their well-being and their bargaining power within the household. The principles of inclusive macroeconomic policy identified here also reflect the fact that growth based on inequality, as it has been in the previous two decades, is not sustainable. Needed, instead, are macro policies that make equity compatible with development and growth."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|macroeconomic livelihoods components inclusive equality|9.292229|4.4370914|6.807151
12584|The project involved the creation of a 1,250km fibre optic backbone connecting all 17 provinces and access to the landing points of international submarine cables in Mombasa and Dar es Salaam. The World Bank provided the government with a grant to help finance the project. Its current members include Natel, Africell, Econet-Leo, Cbinet, Spidernet and Martha Hotel.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|hotel submarine cables project landing|4.4392843|3.2726498|1.6635574
12585|A complementary National Performance and Benefits Measurement Framework (NPBMF) has been proposed. The objective of the framework is to track both mitigation and adaptation actions and the synergies between the two. It is informed by a methodology developed by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) called Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation iied framework synergies tracking|1.20734|4.7015896|1.3899605
12586|Enterprises, including municipal utilities, provided a large share of the financing. Poland’s environmental funds and EU financial support also played important roles. This level of funding, however, was not sufficient to achieve national and EU targets. While there was a significant expansion of biological and mechanical treatment and composting, more than half of MSW is still landfilled. Further investment is needed to meet the 2020 targets, notably for the recycling and composting of MSW. Current plans also call for high levels of investment to build MSW incinerators.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|msw composting targets eu mechanical|0.37475267|4.081618|3.1742957
12587|Because of differences in living standards, and therefore in capacity to pay, some countries will be expected to shoulder larger shares of the total costs of providing global public goods, which may reduce their incentive to cooperate in providing them. Hence, with respect to establishing multilateral agreements, the pattern of burden sharing will be as important as the extent of the benefits to be conferred by the public goods. I am grateful to my staff at the Development Policy and Analysis Division for their research and work going into those studies. They are not responsible for any remaining errors and the views expressed in this paper do not necessarily coincide with theirs neither with those of the United Nations. The trends are starkly unambiguous when China is not included (Bourguignon and Morrison, 2002; Milanovic, 2005 and World Bank, 2006). The number of megacities increased from 10 in 1992 to 21 in 2010.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|goods providing shoulder bourguignon coincide|5.350984|4.8466125|3.9457078
12588|The principles defining the quality of the education sy stem will include the elimination of obstacles that thwart the effective equality between women and men and the furtherance of full equality between the sexes. Education authorities will guarantee equal rights to education for women and men through the active integration, in educational objectives and practice, of the principle of equal treatment, preventing the generation of inequalities between women and men due to sexist behaviour or its associated social stereotypes. Spain’s legal framework for the education of equality and the integration of the gender dimension in educational policies (cont.) In the domain of higher education, the central, regional and local governments, in the exercise of their respective areas of competence, will further teaching and research on the significance and scope of equality between women and men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|equality men education women integration|9.769032|4.1591487|7.01576
12589|The Norwegian pupils in grade 5, which was the main population in 2015, had an average score of 549, which was higher than both Finland and Denmark. Again the Norwegian scores are significantly lower, mainly due to their lower age. With the change of main population to grade 5, the Norwegian score in Science was 538, which was slightly below the Swedish score of 540. In 2015, the Norwegian students in grade 9 had an average score of 512 in mathematics and an average score of 509 in science. These students are the same age as the Swedish grade 8 students. As shown in Figures 5-7, all the Nordic countries except Finland have had results with rather small variations around the OECD average during the whole period.|SDG 4 - Quality education|score norwegian grade average swedish|9.607714|2.3283231|3.2456398
12590|The latter elements comprise other costs (i.e. decommissioning), fuel costs, operation and maintenance costs, and capital costs. The underlying data, based on typical values for generic international power production plants, allow LCOE computation for seven different technologies: coal (with and without flue gas desulphurization), combined cycle gas turbine, nuclear, solar PV, wind and biomass. Unless otherwise stated, the default settings are applied (box figure 3.2).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|costs gas computation decommissioning lcoe|1.359334|1.8306115|1.7986473
12591|The region's fertility patterns, characterized by high rates of adolescent pregnancy and large fertility differentials by educational level, further complicate this situation of high childhood poverty relative to the average and raise questions about the possibility of breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty reproduction. However, although these gender-based differences are evident, the income poverty measure is not a good indicator of the gap between men and women because it is based on the assumption that total household income is distributed equally among household members. A more telling indicator is the percentage of women without income of their own in the region.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|fertility poverty income indicator telling|7.6951027|5.9277267|5.476309
12592|The initiative aims to transform the country into a middle-income economy by 2025, without increasing net greenhouse gas emissions and while protecting itself against the negative impacts of climate change. This case study brings together the lessons from Ethiopia's experience to date. It discusses the links between climate and socio-economic development in Ethiopia, analyses the key enabling factors, and examines the entry points for building resilience in selected policy areas, focusing on the agricultural sector and macroeconomic management. If Ethiopia is to achieve its goal of becoming a middle-income country by 2025, building resilience to current and future climate impacts will be vital.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ethiopia climate resilience middle building|1.7759935|4.571158|2.227807
12593|The development of gender statistics should be specified within the legal framework of official statistical systems (United Nations, 2006). Of crucial importance to improving the availability of gender statistics is the specification of formal requirements for sex- disaggregation and the incorporation of a gender perspective within the national statistical legislation that regulates the production and dissemination of official statistics. In order to expand the range of information available for gender analysis, requirements need to be established not only for statistics already officially collected by the national statistical office, but also for other sources of data, particularly administrative data being collected and disseminated by other Government agencies and by organizations in the public and private sectors (United Nations, 2006).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|statistics statistical gender collected official|9.676541|4.48017|7.9960384
12594|This paper demonstrates why trade matters for boosting productivity and economic growth and explains why some countries are unable to reap the gains from trade. It does on to analyse how aid for trade can help strengthen the impact of trade on growth and poverty reduction, and which policy tools can best reinforce the impact of trade on poverty reduction. It underlines the need for a tailored, country-based approach to economic integration, and summarises the main policy conclusions and the potential gains-from-trade that are at stake. Any comments or queries should be addressed to dac.contact@oecd.org. And no country has successfully developed its economy by turning its back on international trade and long-term foreign direct investment. Virtually every country that has achieved sustained economic growth has done so by seizing the opportunity offered by more open world markets.|SDG 1 - No poverty|trade gains growth country economic|5.6482325|4.9118104|4.276165
12595|Though measures, such as the Fusina Waste Water Treatment Plant, will improve the sediment and water quality issues, consideration for water quality could be mainstreamed in planning processes at the watershed scale throughout Veneto. Without a far-reaching water quality approach, the availability of potable water may be compromised. For example, the integrated regional water supply network now under construction was deemed necessary because of the poor surface water quality in the southern part of the region.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water quality potable mainstreamed compromised|0.83019537|6.9754295|2.5835023
12596|Figure 1.6 provides a summary of examples of such policies that can be considered as part of the reform plan. The EaP countries have already accumulated a wealth of experience reforming their energy subsidies that can help them move further along this challenging, but unavoidable path. The macroeconomic situation as well as existing policy frameworks (energy pricing policy, taxation policy, climate-related policies) will directly impact the pace and amplitude of the reform.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|reform policy unavoidable eap accumulated|1.6448236|2.7818317|2.2524607
12597|Employment reforms, legislation to combat violence against women and equality and non-discrimination laws are examples of concrete results facilitated through the w'ork of national gender institutions (Johan, 2010). In the MENA region, for example, the gender institutions in Egypt lobbied Parliament to change nationality laws, pension laws, the tax exemption law1, the alimony fund law and family law. In Jordan, the legal age of marriage was raised through legal reforms supported by the national gender institutions (Ibid.).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|laws institutions gender reforms legal|9.710003|4.895698|7.1423426
12598|Pharmaceutical spending may be reduced by making more effective use of public procurement practices and encouraging the prescription of generics. Hungary reports among the highest mortality rates for both preventable cancers (e.g. lung cancer) and treatable cancers (e.g. breast, cervical and colon cancers). National programmes are in place to promote regular breast and cervical cancer screening, but the screening rates among women in the target age group remain low.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancers cervical breast screening cancer|9.124314|9.547821|2.6310673
12599|It has mainstreamed climate change across a number of areas to promote climate-resilient sustainable development. Adopting a resilience approach has important policy and governance implications as it requires not only the coherence and coordination of policy design and implementation across different (social and ecological/environmental) domains and scales, but also the recognition of decision making under conditions of uncertainty and the need for experimentation and innovation in building resilience. Resilience promotes participation, learning and sustainable resource management, and stresses the role of governance and institutions in managing social-ecological systems.|SDG 13 - Climate action|resilience ecological governance sustainable mainstreamed|1.4605796|4.9010386|1.882169
12600|Thereafter the long-term average may be closer to USD 0.65 than to USD 0.60. While export returns from the US market and market denominated in USD will increase so will the costs of fishing inputs (e.g. diesel). Such improvements to the seafood trading environment are likely to reduce pressures on global fisheries and improve the return New Zealand obtains from its seafood exports.|SDG 14 - Life below water|seafood usd diesel market closer|0.44020277|5.9258566|6.7776704
12601|In countries with high interest rates and/or unstable currencies, the need for an ESCO-type mechanism is greatest, but the challenges involved in establishing an ESCO will also be particularly significant. Green” small scale entrepreneurs can be part of the enabling environment at the local level. These entrepreneurs can contribute to improved environmental performance in the energy sector by offering environmentally beneficial goods and services. The project provided start-up equipment, materials and business support to help entrepreneurs establish a sustainable business model (Carbon Positive, 2010). Other small scale business opportunities exist in such areas as production and sale of waste biomass fuel pellets, seedling production in small scale community nurseries, fabrication of other types of equipment (e.g. solar cookers), and more.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|esco entrepreneurs scale business small|2.1938958|3.8670433|2.135581
12602|Latest data shows that the expansion of the world's cities has been accompanied by changes in land use, both in terms of form as well as structure, and a progressive reduction of the proportion of space allocated to streets. The integration of public space in local, regional and national policies and frameworks promoting sustainability is key to securing the provision of public space and creating more liveable cities. Ensuring citywide distribution of public spaces is a way for governments to reduce inequalities and expand benefits and prosperity.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|space public cities streets prosperity|4.151492|5.0637374|1.7260196
12603|Changes in those policies, including their financing components, can in many cases facilitate reductions of water management costs. Assessing these perverse support mechanisms, with a view to phasing them out, can contribute to lowering the cost of water resources management. Efforts in this direction are ongoing in OECD countries, but more could be done: some 50% (2008-10) of total OECD agricultural producer support provides incentives to produce and/or use variable inputs, compared to 85% in 1986-88 (OECD, 2012b). The EU Water Framework Directive has stressed the importance of analysing the financing linked to sector policies (e.g. agriculture, energy or climate change) that directly support projects and actions that impact on the water system.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water support oecd financing perverse|1.3863399|7.2123685|2.1893983
12604|In terms of the dynamics of the low road, gender inequality in the labour market means that when women do work for pay, whether they parent with partners or alone, it is financially challenging to replace their unpaid care work with high quality substitutes. It also means that becoming a mother, especially a lone mother, increases the risk of poverty as the financial and time demands of the household increase simultaneously. The poor state of the childcare system.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|mother means substitutes lone replace|9.051748|5.043927|5.9037495
12605|Harmful forms of alcohol are of concerns for governments and private employers as they may negatively impact employment and wages, and reduce productivity at work. Alcohol abuse is indeed shown to have negative labour market outcomes, although with some mixed results according to drinking patterns and gender (see Section 5). Hence, preventing harmful use of alcohol and its related chronic diseases may lead to substantial gains in economic production through a healthier and more active workforce. Findings presented in this report do not go without limitations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol harmful healthier negatively preventing|9.330182|9.648003|3.593596
12606|For instance, greater diversity in the mix of wind, solar and ocean-tide energy reduces innovation rates in storage and grid management. In addition, greater trade will have the same effect. Interestingly, when disaggregated one can see that this is only true of storage (Model 5) and not grid management (Model 6). This is likely because many aspects of grid management are complementary with improved capacity to exploit trade in electricity services.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|grid storage management model tide|1.7460467|1.5899843|2.0633683
12607|This isolates renewable energy producers from the additional costs they generate in the balancing market. Another option is to make renewable energy producers under the FITs regulatory framework take some of the balancing costs by exposing them to balancing signals. In Spain, for example, all electricity generators with an output capacity of more than 10 MW must guarantee their daily schedule 30 hours in advance; imbalances are imputed to all electricity generators regardless of their technology.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|balancing generators producers renewable electricity|1.5590535|1.4458883|1.8905953
12608|Different actors within societies define risks and levels of acceptable risk in different ways. Too much or too little water can be considered a risk, depending on the level of water required. Indeed, efforts to reduce water risks for a given population, ecosystem or activity may (inadvertently or not) increase other water risks.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|risks water inadvertently risk different|1.2812641|7.0116925|2.5860288
12609|"It will also provide an opportunity for the Secretary-General to keep climate change in the public spotlight and to stress the urgency for action at all levels, from the local to the global. The UN Climate Change Secretariat has been detailed to deliver direct support to its implementation and to transform itself into an Office ""fit for purpose"" and for the long haul."|SDG 13 - Climate action|spotlight urgency climate change transform|1.2506927|4.005337|1.3855026
12610|"This pattern shows the impacts that having a child can have on women’s labour market participation and earnings and, consequently, on pension benefits. In these and other types of pension systems that link benefits to past employment and earnings, benefits tend to reflect women's ""cumulated disadvantages of a lifetime’s involvement in a gender-biased labour market” (European Commission 2013:21). Indeed, when social protection entitlements are associated to paid employment, and no or insufficient mechanisms exist to recognize and reward other kinds of contributions that people make to society (such as unpaid work), gender inequalities in the labour market are transmitted to the social protection system (Razavi 2011)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|benefits pension labour earnings market|8.544945|5.346776|5.4263086
12611|According to various estimates, alcohol kills - either directly or indirectly - half a million persons per year while smoking is estimated to kill between 330 000 and 500 000 persons. Almost 24 000 persons die in traffic accidents per year (MHSD, 2008; and Rosstat, 2009a). According to the RLMS,4 about three quarters of the Russian population consume some kind of alcohol, with more being consumed on average by males in all age groups and in the persons belonging to the 25 to 55 age group.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|persons alcohol according age year|9.325763|9.594891|3.4836917
12612|Many biodiversity mainstreaming initiatives have had to tackle these barriers (explained below), delaying progress towards effective biodiversity mainstreaming. Addressing these barriers, or simply accepting them as a practical reality, will help to ensure that further biodiversity mainstreaming projects are able to achieve their full potential. However, biodiversity mainstreaming presents a challenge to traditional project design models.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mainstreaming biodiversity barriers delaying accepting|1.6090807|5.3507676|3.903138
12613|But challenges related to the evaluation of water policies at central and sub-national level are also crucial to approach the accountability gap. Inadequate monitoring, reporting, sharing and dissemination of water policy performance also prevent policy coherence at horizontal and vertical levels. Periodic assessment of progress toward established policy goals is vital for understanding whether the applied efforts are effective and for adjusting policy where necessary.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|policy adjusting periodic dissemination horizontal|1.1944207|7.139522|1.5569865
12614|In view of foregoing discussions, this paper addresses the questions: how does traditional and informal social protection work in the Pacific? Why is informal social protection weakening in the Pacific? How are informal and traditional social protection linked to formal social protection system? How has traditional social protection changed over the years? What role do NGOs play in social protection and social development in PICs?|SDG 1 - No poverty|protection social informal traditional pacific|7.0228033|5.7607074|4.191851
12615|Typically combined with density bonuses. Can in principle be used to encourage any type of use. Evidence that this reduces the rate of new developments in a territory. In Amsterdam, the large number of commuters from surrounding areas to the city has led to traffic congestion and its attendant impacts such as air pollution.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|attendant bonuses amsterdam surrounding congestion|4.1433005|5.034685|0.84448016
12616|Within this area, development partners are working at three levels (Kindornay and Reilly-King, 2013, Di Bella et al., At the macro level, development partner programmes strengthen the enabling environment or investment climate (i.e. development of policies, regulations and institutional frameworks) that supports the greening of the private sector and green investment, by supporting the design of policies and building the in-country capacity of government agencies and other involved stakeholders and institutions. This is an important area of support, as the effectiveness of project level development finance interventions, in mobilising private investment over time and in ensuring delivery of intended environmental and social outcomes, is largely dependent on the right policy framework being in place in developing countries. Such a policy framework needs to be 'investment-friendly' overall, and also have in place certain additional elements to ensure that it is conducive to green.|SDG 13 - Climate action|investment development green place king|2.2446017|3.9248333|1.8367983
12617|Fewer (about 20%) also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress (e.g. Antigua and Barbuda, and Costa Rica). Monitoring points for those indicators in the lifecycles of adaptation actions also considerably vary among the INDCs (i.e. input, output, outcome or impact indicators). Since the NAP processes may include a monitoring and reporting component, its content could inform countr ies’ effort to enhance transparency for adaptation action. Some INDCs (e.g. Brazil and Honduras) refer to their NAPs that they are currently developing, and mention that detailed information on adaptation actions will be provided once the NAPs have been completed.|SDG 13 - Climate action|naps indcs adaptation indicators actions|1.1809746|4.72153|1.4032199
12618|In order to create greater opportunities for the poor, governments must also adopt policies to promote increased employment generation and invest more in education, health, and other basic services. Further, the LDCs should focus on promoting environmentally sustainable development by enhancing the efficiency of natural resource use, reducing energy intensity, preserving biodiversity, reducing waste generation, and adapting to the effects of climate change. Trade liberalization is creating new challenges and opportunities, technological revolutions in ICT are fostering new dimensions of knowledge in development, and the role of migration and remittances b domestic development is bcreasbg.|SDG 1 - No poverty|generation reducing development opportunities preserving|4.604991|3.3997004|2.3728113
12619|Korea has one of the world's most rapidly ageing populations and rising chronic diseases. This is already a major challenge to the health system, as illustrated by high levels of potentially avoidable hospital admissions for key chronic diseases and increasing expenditure on chronic disease-related care. At the same time, the absence of functional gate-keeping and the large number of clinics seeking to provide more “acute ” services often leads to patients missing out on less technology intensive but highly cost effective patient counselling to prevent and manage their health condition. To improve the quality of care in the Korean health system, policy makers should support the growth of effective primary care services in communities. Not only will this require more primary care practices and better remuneration for family medicine, but it will also require the development of a regional architecture so that insurance can target funding to areas of need. Collecting better information and bolstering the workforce of primary care professionals are two fundamental reforms that will be needed to help develop better primary health care in Korea.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care chronic primary health better|9.258136|8.940762|1.7885073
12620|As mentioned above, it is the major source of finance used in the construction phase of RE investment projects. Figure 10 provides an overview of the amount of investment financed via asset finance which went to the different renewable energy sources in the period 2004-2009. Because of the financial crisis, global asset financing in 2009 fell by 6 % from 2008.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|asset finance investment went overview|2.2205362|2.617828|1.7711734
12621|Long waiting times for covered services can severely impede access to care and worsen the health of patients requiring a procedure. Waiting times have been measured in several OECD countries, though not necessarily in a homogenous way (Siciliani et al., The quality of care has multiple dimensions and the OECD is now proposing a set of indicators in different domains which can be used by country with appropriate information systems. What proportion of the costs is covered?|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|waiting covered times homogenous worsen|9.125412|8.9428625|2.0702314
12622|When detailed information from comprehensive scientific monitoring is available, management plans are based on quantitative objectives and scientific advice stemming from the simulation of potential effects of alternative management scenarios (Box 12). In addition to these management plans, riparian countries and supranational entities such as the European Union also establish their own management plans, which should be compliant with the Agreement for the establishment of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM Agreement) and in line with existing regional decisions. When available, simulations of the potential effect of alternative management scenarios are presented as they provide insights on the response of fisheries to the decisions taken.|SDG 14 - Life below water|management plans scenarios scientific alternative|-0.19868858|5.7353816|6.512583
12623|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Indeed, recent estimates suggest that if the entrepreneurship gender gap were eliminated, global GDP could rise by as much as 2%, or USD 1.5 trillion (Blomquist et al., Against that background, government institutions and policies should seek to ensure that men and women enjoy equal opportunity to set up and run businesses (Chapter 25).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|eliminated trillion enjoy golan heights|9.215744|3.8415244|6.2579036
12624|The major objective in offering BDS services to women is to assist them in generating more income so that they are better able to become economically independent, which will eventually contribute to community welfare. Many women in Qatar are highly educated but are not in the workforce for cultural reasons. The Roudha Center aims to promote a female entrepreneurial and leadership culture in Qatar by identifying, organising and promoting women entrepreneurs and innovators. Through a network of partnerships, it seeks to provide programming and resources, interactive workshops, incubation, mentorship and legal services to address women’s needs and support their entrepreneurial activities.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|qatar entrepreneurial women mentorship incubation|9.043573|3.3495996|6.641242
12625|The Belgian fleet counted 72 vessels in 2016, four less than in the previous year and a decrease from 100 vessels in 2008. Investment and increases in selectivity drive the core strategy for fisheries. For aquaculture, increased investments in production capacity combined with greater exchange of knowledge and research aim to increase production. The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessels production estimations counted fleet|0.20266195|5.9430118|6.700811
12626|The IHDP is supported by the United Nations and numerous international associations. While developing ways to steer industrial societies in developed/developing countries towards sustainability, the IHDP-IT group published a simplified booklet (IHDP-IT, 2001) which provided a conceptual basis, analytical tool, evaluation procedure and policy implication methods to reduce our “ecological rucksack” (hidden flows) and improve factor X and resource efficiency in corporations, regions (e.g. eco-towns) and national initiatives. Some studies have also suggested a double decoupling for sustaining resource use: economic growth from resource use (resource efficiency) and resource use from environmental impact (Bringezu, 2006).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|resource use efficiency steer decoupling|1.7378513|3.6005642|2.6162107
12627|Such analyses help to understand how harmful forms of drinking evolved over time, and to identify which population groups are most likely to engage in, and which are most affected by, hazardous and heavy episodic drinking. This work contributes to designing appropriate policy strategies to reduce harmful drinking. Alcohol Alcohol 44:229-43. The effect of alcohol consumption on earnings.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alcohol drinking harmful episodic evolved|9.304556|9.684489|3.5638423
12628|Livestock form an important source of GDP at 16 % of the total, and generate 14 % of the country’s foreign exchange earnings. Yet cattle numbers are exceeding the land’s canying capacity in many areas, and some rangelands are degraded (FAO, 2005). The impact of climate change in Ethiopia is already apparent in the increasing temperature and declining rainfall, particularly in northern parts which are exceptionally vulnerable to drought, with annual rainfall being only 100mm in the north-east. Such changes can be catastrophic for agricultural production, deteriorate infrastructure and worsen the livelihoods of the rural poor.|SDG 13 - Climate action|rainfall deteriorate exceptionally worsen catastrophic|1.7242291|4.697045|2.300569
12629|"Greater efforts are also needed to make the delivery of social services—such as education, health, housing and water and sanitation-responsive to the specific needs of women and girls. In fact, some countries, such as Argentina and China, have scaled up their investments in social protection in response to the recent economic crises.10 Even for the poorest countries, providing a basic benefit package along the lines of the United Nations SPF is within reach."" It has been estimated, for example, that the introduction of universal social pensions would cost around 1 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) per year in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|social countries scaled crises responsive|7.201157|5.7551246|4.2400436
12630|In the new quality evaluation system, labour market aspects are quite prominent, which is manifested in the increasing importance of alumni surveys and the composition of (external) assessment panels (Hogskoleverket, 2011). For instance, the Times Higher-QS World University ranking adopts graduate employability as one of the indicators; however this accounts for only 10% of the overall ranking, an impact which is negligible compared to the high weight given to research quality (De Weert, 2011). The perception that the demand for skills is rapidly changing across OECD countries has spurred attempts to predict which sectors and occupations are most likely to expand in the years to come.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ranking spurred manifested adopts employability|8.825428|2.7849674|3.1378288
12631|First, the scene is set by showing what the family poverty rate -i.e. These scenarios seem to be extremely effective to reduce poverty, especially scenario 2 when the child poverty reduction is at the same level as Denmark’s (Table 7). Under this scenario, all child poverty rates are below 8%, with the highest being the United Kingdom at 7.8%.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty scenario scene child showing|7.4203978|6.086622|5.0270643
12632|Another example is the storage and recovery approach (S&R) in groundwater conservation employed by the city of Tucson, Arizona, which serves the twofold purpose of storing water underground for future use while replenishing the already pumped groundwater (see Box 4.7). This approach also signals a remarkable capacity to adjust to community demands. Cities and industrial companies have paid farmers to encourage practices, such as paddy rice flooding, that help recover the aquifer. The city of Ono in Fukui Prefecture, Japan, which received the Japan Water Grand Prize in 2012, was one of the early adopters of groundwater recharge through paddy-field storage in the late 1970s.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater paddy storage japan city|0.760599|7.501037|2.8617587
12633|For instance, regulations related to childcare are associated only with working women, whereas social benefits are almost exclusively paid to men. Early-retirement provisions can reduce women’s time in paid work, leading to gender disparities in the workplace and affecting career profiles and earnings. It is also noteworthy that the labour laws do not cover all categories of workers, nor all types of work and sectors. These gaps leave workers vulnerable and encourage informal work conditions, an impediment affecting women’s participation in the formal labour force.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|affecting work paid women impediment|9.01922|4.801454|5.808341
12634|There are national guidelines for smoking, alcohol use, physical activity and diet; primary care staff are expected to counsel patients on these lifestyle habits and offer advice, support and referrals. For patients requiring long-term care, responsibility for the patient is transferred to the municipality once a care plan has been developed. Responsibilities and arrangements for primary care in the context of long-term care for the elderly are variable.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care patients primary referrals term|9.300835|8.842161|1.720311
12635|For instance, a recent evaluation of PROSSAPYS (Programa para la Sostenibilidad de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamineto en Communidades Rurales) found that some rural and marginalised areas have not made full use of the resources they were provided because PROSSAPYS does not have a strategic planning mechanism in place to direct the efforts and allocation of resources to the areas in greater need, (Dominguez, 2012). The programme’s reliance on INEGI’s definition of rural area (less than 2 500 inhabitants), even though some of the localities targeted are above this threshold yet still have rural patterns, may also contribute to the lack of funds distributed to in-need areas. In addition, PROSSAPYS, Clean Water Programme (PAL) and APAZU could be better co-ordinated to support highly marginalised rural and urban zones in the first range, i.e. localities below 2 500 inhabitants and between 2 500 to 14 999 inhabitants.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|inhabitants rural marginalised localities areas|3.8234823|5.483945|2.3740351
12636|A reform at the end of the 1970s strengthened teacher education and made it highly selective. Teacher education moved from teachers' colleges to universities, and primary school teachers were required to have a master's degree. At present, teacher education is provided by nine universities, of which eight have teacher training schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher universities education teachers selective|9.520968|1.239004|2.3527458
12637|Such persons may receive a one-time-only PFRON loan for the start up of a new business, or secure co-financing to the level of 50% of the interest on bank credit for continuation of a business (if they have not taken advantage of a start-up loan from PFRON or from the Labour Fund). The person may also apply to PFRON for reimbursement of a part of compulsory social insurance contributions. The programme is delivered through the network of local employment offices (PUPs). These local offices offer training on how to start a business, on the regulatory procedures, and on the business planning process, as well as deliver a start-up grant scheme for unemployed people made available through the Labour Fund.27 Recipients of these start-up funds have to run their enterprise for at least a year as a condition of funding; otherwise, the grant must be repaid.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|start business loan offices grant|6.1430607|3.2296476|2.935825
12638|The proportion of low-income women having had cancer screening in the past two years is only slightly over 10%, the lowest among 15 OECD countries. Data show that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are less likely to participate in breast cancer and uterus cancer screening, and are at higher risk of being readmitted to hospitals for preventable conditions. The data enable benchmarking across regions and has the potential to be used for analysing inequities in health. Similarly, the data from National Health Interview Surveys carried out by the Danish National Institute for Public Health could be used for measuring health inequalities. For example, while the Danish Health and Medicine Authority published a report on health inequalities in 2011, there is no regular report focusing on inequalities in health. Periodic surveys do not allow for regular monitoring of changes in health utilisation and disease prevalence.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health cancer inequalities screening danish|9.238863|9.349018|2.7634053
12639|Many psychiatric institutions, long-term care and nursing facilities, and small rural hospitals are in need of modernisation. This is also targeted by the 2014-20 European Structural and Investment Funds programme, which aims at health infrastructure, capacity building in data collection and processing, as well as human resource development. However, at the hospital management level there is often only limited expertise with capital investment and financing of new technologies (see also Section 5.3). First, the physician workforce is ageing.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|investment physician psychiatric modernisation nursing|8.996451|8.844235|1.9845004
12640|Another way to reduce deadweight is to require firms to share in the cost of short-time work, as is discussed below. In light of their differential coverage by STW schemes and the likely greater tendency of employers to attempt to retain their core workers, the empirical analysis of the impact of STW in the 2008-09 recession below distinguishes between temporary and permanent workers to the extent possible. Participating firms in the Work Sharing programme in Canada were previously required to develop a recovery plan. However, this requirement has been suspended until at least March 2011 in response to the 2008-09 recession. Take-up of training during STW tends to be low in countries where it is not compulsory. While this may provide a rationale for governments seeking to reduce displacement effects to make training compulsory, it could also indicate that training often is not appropriate or cannot easily be organised as was concluded by a Canadian study of STW (HRDC, 2004).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|stw recession training compulsory firms|7.8762383|4.4272265|3.8788252
12641|These results are noteworthy in that they are obtained from farms that represent specialised units. The findings for meat and wool farms may be reinforced by broader evidence from other sectors. In fact, it is reasonable to assume that product mixes in other farm types are also characterised by imperfect and possibly weaker price and margin correlations, as other types of farms generally have possibilities to diversify across a broader range of commodities and which do not represent substitutes.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farms represent broader types wool|3.7144897|5.253066|4.0452356
12642|A pilot was launched in 2005-07 in the fashion and auto-mechanic sectors (but with no formal evaluation of the results) (Ministiy of Vocational Training and Employment, 2012). Furthermore, it supports social inclusiveness, by allowing adults with limited formal education to get recognition for the competences acquired while working, thereby helping them to advance their careers. Finally, it also works as a tool to reward learning and the skills, both acquired in informal settings.|SDG 4 - Quality education|acquired formal auto ministiy fashion|8.382708|2.6438267|2.6552343
12643|With no right to compensation, her household income falls significantly and she becomes dependent on her family or social welfare, where it is available. For fear of repudiation, women often dare not oppose a spouse hostile to any of their actions, including employment. Khul ’ is a procedure of unilateral cessation of marriage on the initiative of the wife, who does not have to prove the fault of her husband.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fault cessation oppose unilateral wife|9.303213|5.135024|6.6994653
12644|As such, current country efforts could be stepped up to combat violence against women more effectively. A national plan can be established within the framework of the gender strategy (see Chapter 3). The effective implementation of this plan will require collaboration across the various institutions responsible for the different policy areas involved in addressing violence. It partners the government, research institutions and community leaders to reinforce the capacity of criminal justice and strengthen the ability of the housing and health systems to respond to issues of family violence.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence plan stepped institutions combat|10.017276|5.145931|7.5581365
12645|Until recently, only one major purchaser had vertically integrated with providers. This situation has arisen mainly due to a political consensus around the undesirability of growing vertical integration in the Dutch context. Proposals that could expand current levels of vertical integration - for instance, the proposed set up of a co-operative in 2008 involving a regional health insurer, a regional physician co-operative and other health professionals, in order to take over a local hospital in financial distress - have been strongly opposed in Parliament, based on concerns about professional autonomy and free choice of provider by users. Insurers are free to compete for enrolees through adjustments to their community-rated premiums and this has resulted in strong price competition among insurers. Stronger competition for enrolees through policy prices quickly translated into financial pressure on insurers, whose general reaction has been two-fold (Schut and Van de Ven, 2011). First, there has been wider experimentation and adoption of measures to reduce operational and managerial costs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|insurers enrolees operative vertical competition|8.598503|8.947852|1.7315352
12646|She opined that it was wise to involve women at the local government, [but they should be assured of] security and equal opportunity. Politics involves round-the-clock duty, travel and contact with strangers, while women may also face sexual harassment by their male colleagues. Courting arrest and facing police brutalities are more personally problematic for young women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women assured wise colleagues harassment|10.354614|4.588793|7.2028813
12647|"As in previous practice, each block in the module is planned to have green spaces for recreation, inbuilt groundfloor spaces for social-household services and educational and operational premises, and inground parking. This project is expected to last five years and involves three cities (Novogrudok, Novopolotsk and Polotsk) as pilot projects for realizing some elements of a ""green city” approach to urban development. The results of these projects are expected to provide best practices that will be adopted in at least five other cities in Belarus."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spaces green cities expected projects|3.795994|5.0038924|1.9428552
12648|Women continue to represent, on average, only one-third of senior public service employees, members of parliament (including in chair positions of committees) and Supreme Court judges. By way of example, women remain disproportionally responsible for unpaid care work, with major potential to improve public, accessible and affordable child and/or elderly care. Although women are often at the losing end of structural gender inequality, cultural norms and stereotypes are simultaneously creating pressure and subsequent problems for men and boys, such as underdiagnosed mental health problems, addiction and alcohol abuse, and use of violence as a masculinity norm.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|problems women disproportionally addiction masculinity|10.027284|4.775574|6.985271
12649|In long-term care institutions or other services that provide housing or treatment for older persons, it is relatively common to find deplorable living conditions or overcrowding, or treatment that may harm physical or mental health or infringe other basic human rights and fundamental freedoms with frequently irrevocable consequences (Vasquez, 2004). All residents of institutions have rights and liberties protected in international covenants and national laws, regardless of whether they suffer physical or mental disabilities. Recent research carried out by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) on the social exclusion of institutionalized older persons with physical and mental disabilities in three Southern Cone countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) shows a heterogeneous situation in terms of these services. Argentina has the highest proportion of admittances decided by someone other than the older person him or herself (12%), while Chile has the highest percentage of older persons admitted because they have nowhere to live (12%). Institutionalized older persons in Uruguay have a lower level of functional and mental capacities (45%), while in Argentina 65% of residents display no cognitive or physiological degeneration.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|older mental persons argentina physical|9.131712|8.366908|2.6501918
12650|They can also address the bias introduced by technology-specific policies, an issue that is discussed in the next section. Under this approach, electricity generators would be required to meet a rising fraction of their generation using zero carbon sources or sources with lower carbon intensity (RFF, 2012). The impact of a CES can vary substantially based on the specifications of policy details. The specifications of the bill.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|specifications carbon sources generators ces|1.4416443|2.6708364|1.8942058
12651|Sweden initiated the National Council for Suicide Prevention in 1993, making it one of the first countries worldwide to establish a comprehensive national strategy for suicide prevention. In 1994, a parliamentary decision led to the creation of a National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP). This network coordinates cooperation between involved actors - including health care providers, social services, schools, churches and NGOs - and aims to facilitate suicide prevention efforts and integrate national public health work on a local level.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|suicide prevention national health churches|9.869357|8.797344|2.7784708
12652|In none of them do women reach that level, because most of them are not participating in the labour market. In the other groups, employees account for the largest share (50% of the non-indigent poor, 57% of the vulnerable and 64% of the non-vulnerable), showing that wage employment does not protect people from the risk of slipping into poverty. There is a gender gap here, as well; among women (particularly among the indigent and the non-indigent poor), a larger percentage are unpaid family workers and domestic workers.|SDG 1 - No poverty|indigent non vulnerable workers poor|8.855232|4.5602236|5.7466936
12653|Poverty and social exclusion are interlinked with inequality but cannot be reduced to inequalities of income alone (Sen, 1997). Poverty is a situation in which inequalities leave some people so far away from the social mainstream that the deprivations they experience push them below what are viewed as basic standards. In practice, poverty is often operationalized and measured in terms of income or consumption poverty. Poverty lines can be defined on the basis of absolute needs (e.g., the cost of a minimum food basket plus an allowance for basic non-food basic needs), or on relative social standards that prevail in a given society at a given time. One of the main sources of dissatisfaction with absolute poverty measures is that they ignore concerns about relative deprivation, shame, and social exclusion (Ravallion, 2015).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty basic social exclusion absolute|6.505456|6.22804|4.9732647
12654|Federal protected areas and their associated resources have increased significantly over the last decade. In 2010, there were 174 protected areas covering 25.4 million ha, equivalent to 12.9% of national territory. However, further expansion of protected areas is needed to achieve the goal of 16% by 2020.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected areas ha territory covering|1.5434024|4.94816|4.0688453
12655|Fulfilling the reporting provisions on indicative future levels of climate finance will include projected future qualitative and quantitative information, where this is available (see Box 2). However, there are several systems or processes that collect some of the information required. Thus, the Common Tabular Format (CTF) agreed at COP 18 for developed country Parties includes tables for the provision of bilateral and multilateral public financial support (but does not include tables for information on climate finance mobilised). Although many Parties draw on Rio markers to report on climate finance to the UNFCCC, the figures derived from Rio markers may not be identical to the figures reported to the UNFCCC (see Annexes A and B). This project-level database covers bilateral and multilateral sources of finance and can be used to produce aggregate figures and to analyse climate-related development finance from various angles, e.g. mitigation/adaptation, financial instruments, recipients and channels of delivery. The CRS database is designed to avoid double counting, both across different providers and across project types (e.g. if a project addresses both mitigation and adaptation).|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance figures markers climate rio|1.5213379|3.9071646|0.5958143
12656|While public transportation is well patronised in Chile’s cities, some potential passengers may be deterred by the real or perceived impression that it is inefficient, unclean or unsafe. Chile’s public transport fare structure includes fare differentiation to improve service management (e.g. higher prices at peak hours) or to increase social equity (reduced prices for students and senior citizens). However, there is no fee reduction for frequent use at present.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|fare chile prices impression passengers|4.3646073|5.03673|0.7278524
12657|Women in rural areas generally lack awareness of licensing processes, which are often complicated, and in a number of MENA economies home-based businesses cannot be registered or obtain a licence. For example, in the UAE, many municipalities require proof of a leased business location before granting a business licence. This prevents women from starting a home-based enterprise (while there is evidence that this would be the choice of many traditional Emirati women).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|licence home women business leased|8.829011|3.6897857|6.416588
12658|Convention concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize 1948 Workers and employers, without distinction whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the rules of the organization concerned, to join organisations of their own choosing without previous authorization. Convention concerning the Application of the Principles of the Right to Organize and to Bargain Collectively 1949 Workers shall enjoy adequate protection against acts of anti-union discrimination in respect of their employment. Equal Remuneration Convention 1951 Ensure the application to all workers of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|organize workers convention equal right|9.646056|4.752846|6.932679
12659|The three components are intended to ensure a comprehensive and inclusive smart city strategy through the participation of the government, businesses and citizens. Digital Economy: Developed in 2018, the “Digital Economy Framework for Action” sets out to guide businesses and the workforce about how to adopt digitalisation in order to keep the economy attractive through the creation of opportunities. Organised around three principles - Accelerate, Compete and Transform - the plan lays out a strategy for Singapore to become a digital economy capable of reinventing and adapting itself to change. In addition to strengthening physical and digital infrastructure, the plan details programmes for (re)training the workforce as well as adapting policies, regulations and standards in a manner that intends to strike a balance between making Singapore competitive and protecting the public interest.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|digital economy adapting singapore workforce|4.158753|4.0215592|1.5621607
12660|The regulation of intellectual property rights, data flows, and privacy are likely to be of particular importance, as well as the quality of digital infrastructure, since reliable and fast network access is becoming a necessity for conducting business. However, the overall impact on GVC trade is hard to predict. In the longer run, however, 3D printing may to some extent substitute for traditional manufacturing methods, reducing the need for outsourced production and assembly, the number of production steps, and the need for inventory, warehousing, distribution, retail centres and packaging. Developing countries are likely to gain an increasing share of global trade, but the quantitative effects will depend on their ability to catch up on the adoption of digital technologies.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital outsourced gvc trade printing|4.6452003|3.2233496|2.5045183
12661|In 2016, the first Advisory Board for Development of Quality Indicators report was published and established a system of publically monitoring quality indicators. Since 2002, five clinical audits have been carried out in collaboration with experts each year by EHIF. Examples from 2013 suggest that 67.5% of specialist visits for hypertension and 20% of specialist visits for diabetes could be deemed 'avoidable' and managed more appropriately in primary care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|visits specialist indicators hypertension avoidable|9.225432|9.477176|2.1417525
12662|From a child perspective, this assumption is often justified on the basis that assuming that children obtain an equal share of available household resources charts a middle road between the deprivation they may be subject to if parents consume a disproportionate share and the extra protection they might receive if parents make sacrifices to ensure children do not go without (Corak, 2005[86i). However, differences in parenting behaviour across households may lead to children living in poverty in non-poor households and vice-versa. If, for instance, intra-household allocation patterns are determined by bargaining between different parties, we would expect the income pooling restriction not to hold.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children parents household households charts|7.216731|6.267383|5.1874785
12663|His analysis emphasises the volatility of these shares for individual countries from year to year rather than the trend over time. For NFIDCs, the situation is not as dramatic, with an average of food imports to total merchandise imports of about 12% and as much as 18% for some countries. Import expenditure can be financed by aid inflows and by borrowing, but in the longer run, a country will find it easier to rely on food imports if it can finance these imports from its own foreign earnings.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|imports food merchandise year borrowing|4.329707|4.89132|4.2544913
12664|Nonetheless, the region has benefited from the development of renewable energies in Europe at various levels —firstly, through FDI in wind power generation by many European firms (Iberdrola, ACCIONA, Fenosa, SN Power, Enel, GDF Suez and others) and in component manufacturing capacity, particularly in Brazil (Vestas, Siemens and Alstom, among others). Direct investment by these firms, which have more than a decade of experience in wind power in their countries of origin, have driven the development of the wind power industry at a pace that would have been impossible without this knowledge transfer. Moreover, the opportunity to develop wind power in Latin America has given these European firms an area of expansion that they needed when the sector was going through a major crisis in Europe.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind power firms europe european|2.0519092|1.878991|2.0889988
12665|It harms the US growth potential (via a lower labour input from those that are supposed to be the most productive), fuels poverty and inequality and potentially harms individual well-being. In particular, inactivity does not only mean foregone revenues but also poorer health, and lower social engagement and even reduced marriage prospects for men.2 Lower prime-age adult labour force participation also means that an increasing number of children are growing in poverty, with higher risks of developing health issues later on, higher risks of school failure and ultimately lower employment and income prospects (OECD, 2016a). Artificial intelligence, automation and the take-up of robots are expected to trigger further job dislocations (see for instance Amtz et al, (2016) for an estimate of the share of jobs threatened by automation) and may push more workers out of labour force.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|harms automation lower prospects labour|5.008739|3.0991225|2.5728335
12666|The organisation of these departments underwent significant changes between 2009 and 2010 as part of the General Review of Public Policies (RGPP) conducted by the French government. On 1 April 2009, the National interbranch agency for sea fishery and aquaculture products (OFIMER) became FranceAgriMer, through the merger of five agricultural agencies (Ofimer, Office de Yelevage, ONIGC, ONIPPAM and Viniflhor). It is mandatory for the CNPMEM to be consulted on any domestic or Community measure regarding fisheries conservation or management, the conditions applicable to commercial fishing or the working of the industry as a whole.|SDG 14 - Life below water|merger consulted april applicable french|-0.14614108|5.8001723|6.5233264
12667|It then describes the main bottlenecks that can be envisaged as they relate to water use, land use and energy use, as well as the materials dimension of the nexus. Finally, it motivates why an integrated dynamic modelling approach is most suitable for investigating the interlinkages of the nexus bottlenecks. We need water to grow food and for energy production, we need energy to grow' food and to pump and treat water, and w;e need land to produce bioenergy. Unsustainable use of these resources raises serious concerns about their looming scarcity.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|bottlenecks nexus use grow energy|1.2599868|7.0507855|2.7858229
12668|It is believed that the cause of the decline of the species is more intensive forestry (photo: Jussi Murtosaari). The rich countries also have a responsibility for contributing environmental aid to poor countries to ensure that they can implement the convention. The larvae of the Cranberry frititlary (Boloria aquilonaris) live on cranberries.|SDG 15 - Life on land|believed rich contributing forestry cause|1.5524014|5.2099233|3.7912314
12669|Taking these national initiatives as a foundation, Scotland’s quality improvement efforts are primarily driven from the bottom-up and characterised by local-learning collaboratives, small cycles of innovation and testing, and communities of practice. At the same time, Scotland is pursuing the integration of health, social and other care for individuals with complex needs. To help inform its quality improvement efforts, a key priority will be for Scotland to make better use of its information systems to allow a clearer understanding of whether quality initiatives have improved population health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|scotland quality improvement initiatives efforts|9.163241|9.448214|1.6587301
12670|This largely reflects investment support for constructing facilities to collect, store and process agricultural products. Environmental cross-compliance requirements are gradually emerging. The six SEE economies are relatively well integrated into the world trading system. All six economies are signatories of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), through which they have achieved full tariff liberalisation on trade in agricultural goods.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|economies signatories trade agricultural store|4.351003|4.4924564|3.8047335
12671|The situation deteriorated significantly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the number of undernourished people increased from 195 million in 2014 to 237 million in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest prevalence of hunger, with the rate increasing from 20.7 per cent in 2014 to 23.2 per cent in 2017. In South America, the situation also appears to be worsening.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|saharan situation sub africa million|4.3343797|5.6522026|4.525967
12672|This section simulates the impacts of this cereal price intervention policy on farmers represented in the simulation model. Since the representative farm in the UK produces wheat, barley and oilseed, the simulations set the same level of intervention price for wheat and barley. The price intervention reduces the price risk of cereals and increases their expected returns, and thus has an impact on the farmer’s crop diversification strategy.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|barley price intervention wheat oilseed|3.5149097|5.4521804|3.9033537
12673|At the same time, official information on the national tests clearly repeats the message that the national tests only measure a discrete area of student knowledge and skills - providing a snapshot of student achievement in select learning targets - and that supplementary assessments are necessary to fully gauge student process. Research from different countries indicates that while assessment is primarily intended to measure the progress and outcomes of learning, it also has effects on the learning process itself (Somerset, 1996). Several authors have described this influence of assessment on teaching and learning as the “backwash effect” of student assessment (Alderson and Wall, 1993; Baartman et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|student learning assessment tests measure|9.58148|1.669069|1.359811
12674|The length of the PPA tends to be tied to the remaining lifespan of the mine. As discussed below in further detail, this is due to the limited re-deployability of current renewable energy systems, and the unexploited opportunities for plants’ alternative uses, beyond the needs of a mine. Therefore, the longer the residual life of the mine, the longer the PPA, and thus the lower the price of the electricity generated under the contract.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ppa longer lifespan tied residual|1.8138802|2.0223203|1.8706127
12675|Career guidance should provide a full picture of the various pathways in the education system, covering notably the vocational education option. Guidance in vocational education and training has an important role to play in supporting individuals to identify how they can best use the skills they have developed through their course of education and training in order to build fulfilling careers. Career guidance in universities can support effective transitions to the workplace by involving employers (including through career fairs and employer workshops) to provide work-related learning opportunities, and can help to ensure that graduates' skills are well used.|SDG 4 - Quality education|career guidance education vocational skills|8.680476|2.6012492|2.8225753
12676|Various efforts to tackle waiting lists have been taken, including additional budget allocations to fund overtime work in the public sector and ‘coupons' for some patients to obtain care in the private sector. However, these projections assume a continuation of the currently low priority given to health, which is not likely to be sufficient in the long term given that expenditure levels are already unable to provide coverage to the entire population and there are long waiting times for some services. This became particularly evident during the recent economic crisis.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|waiting given long continuation overtime|9.114751|8.936733|2.080184
12677|The only difference is that, with a tax, one obtains price stability, while quantities may vary somewhat according to electricity demand, and that with an emission market, quantities will be fixed but prices can vary strongly. The key condition for an emissions trading system to make a difference is, of course, that the sum of quotas given out by governments is sufficiently low. Such support could be seen as remunerating the provision of the public good of GHG emissions reduction.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|quantities vary difference emissions sum|1.4638588|2.877577|1.9114841
12678|Furthermore, perceptions of being treated poorly by the criminal justice system lead many victims to screen themselves out of law enforcement and legal proceedings at an early stage. Victims who are treated insensitively or unsympathetically often decide not to continue with the process. Victims want the violence to end and to be safe and protected. If they do not believe the criminal justice system can help them in that, they will not be cooperative. Many countries have adopted laws and policies to respond to these biases, however, women and girls worldwide continue to experience violence, discrimination and difficulties accessing justice.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|victims justice criminal treated violence|9.926852|5.2967753|7.5169296
12679|"More worryingly, in the countries that distributed the PISA parent questionnaire, disadvantaged parents are significantly more likely than advantaged parents to report that ""low expenses"" and ""financial aid"" are very important factors to consider when choosing a school. While parents from all backgrounds cite academic achievement as an important consideration when choosing a school for their children, advantaged parents are, on average, nine percentage points more likely than disadvantaged parents to cite this criterion as ""very important"". These differences suggest that disadvantaged parents may believe that their choice of schools for their child is limited, due to the cost of some schools."|SDG 4 - Quality education|parents disadvantaged cite advantaged choosing|9.635632|2.3184712|2.9546754
12680|The potential health benefits include reduced symptoms of respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, rheumatism, arthritis and allergies, as well as fewer injuries (OECD and IEA 2014). Renewables and energy efficiency can be game changers for energy - and gender - poverty. Large-scale energy projects (including for renewables such as hydropower) not uncommonlyresultindisplacement of local communities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewables energy arthritis game respiratory|2.0815547|2.7070024|2.602575
12681|This has been seen in South Africa, where solar thermal and solar electric technologies were rejected even when competitive costs and other benefits were presented (Niez, 2010). An anomaly in this regard is Sub-Saharan Africa. Although much of the energy used for heat consumption in this region is from renewable biomass sources, the current practise of collecting and using the renewable fuel is entirely unsustainable.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|solar renewable africa rejected thermal|1.7350466|2.218251|2.6098459
12682|For example, higher bargaining power, as proxied by larger age gap, positively affects the amount of time that husbands spend on market work and that wives spend on household work. It has no effect on time spent by husbands on household work or wives on market work. On the other hand, the education gap proxy seems to negatively affect the amount of time husbands spend on household and care work, positively affect both the wife's and husband's time spent on market work, and does not significantly affect the time spent by the wife on household work. This suggests that die household division of labour and in particular women's household and care work time may not be subject to negotiation.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|work household husbands time spent|9.060613|4.8216033|5.7064953
12683|The expenses for drinking water also include a charge to cover groundwater mapping by the counties, of which the households' contribution is expected to be ca. The cost of one m3 of water is typically DKK 4-6. On average households pay 4000 DKK per year for water consumption and wastewater disposal (Hasler etal.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|dkk water ca households counties|1.5414265|7.5692053|2.3864307
12684|These individuals and families are perhaps better targeted by social policies for affordable housing, both in terms of treatment (e.g., housing these households) and prevention (e.g., financial support for housing before households lose their homes). There may be overlap between the transitionally homeless and those households living in subpar living conditions. For instance, some countries count as homeless those individuals or families living temporarily in conventional housing with other households.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing households homeless living families|7.3524914|5.8594446|4.6482615
12685|Media campaigns and publications are used to keep the public informed about the main issues of the gender budget review process. A growing number of other civil society organizations now engage with the broader budget process or focus on particular sectors such as health, education, water and agriculture. Government reports and budgets include more sex-disaggregated data and gender analysis.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|budget process gender publications campaigns|9.69431|3.902925|7.6283684
12686|Asia Report 138, Kabul/Brussels, 2007. For instance, many countries maintain discriminatory laws with regard to land ownership, gender-based violence, marriage, child custody, inheritance, employment and sexual orientation. Supporting the lobbying efforts of civil society organisations and parliamentarian gender/women's caucuses to reform discriminatory laws and regulations is essential.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|discriminatory laws lobbying brussels custody|9.570091|4.8737297|7.0504007
12687|Generally cooking is undertaken with commercial cooking fuels (gas and electricity). Exceptions occur in remote areas where controlled combustion wood stoves provide heating and cooking services. Residential, commercial, and public buildings account for 65% of final consumption of natural gas, and most of the consumption is for space heating.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cooking heating commercial gas consumption|1.8086096|2.719521|2.906577
12688|As land is a factor input into many economic activities, competing demands and conflicting uses may become constraints to both economic development and environmental protection. This requires integrated land use and territorial planning, coherence with sectoral policies (mining, agriculture, forestry manufacturing, transport, energy), appropriate governance and the use of a mix of policy instruments, including ownership rights, property' and other taxes, and protected area networks. This delivers important messages about competing uses of land and pressures on biodiversity that may alter habitats.|SDG 15 - Life on land|competing land uses delivers conflicting|1.7574754|5.2460575|3.87109
12689|"While some cultural norms and practices empower women and promote women’s human rights, many are also often used to justify violence against women. For example, the phenomena of “date rape” and eating disorders are tied to cultural norms but are not often labeled as cultural phenomena.6 New “harmful practices” are constantly developing, and existing “harmful practices” have altered as a result of globalization and migration. There is therefore no exhaustive list of “harmful practices"" against women. Practices such as dowry and bride-price have escalated and altered as a result of rising levels of consumerism in the countries in which they are practiced."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|practices harmful altered phenomena cultural|9.896948|5.405969|7.368334
12690|An investigation into the contribution of each dimension to overall poverty shows how people are poor. Combined with information from the headcount ratio (how many people are poor) and the intensity of poverty (how poor they are), the high-resolution lens of MPI becomes a very valuable tool for policymaking. The results are presented in the Figure 1 below.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poor mpi lens poverty investigation|6.4359365|6.594026|5.143519
12691|The scheme gives enterprises with business activity in Norway a tax credit on their R&D projects. The R&D content must be approved by the Research Council of Norway ex ante. In 2009, the cap on expenses per enterprise for intramural R&D projects increased to NOK 5.5 million (previously it was N0K 4 million), and NOK11 million (previously it was NOK 8 million) for projects conducted at an R&D institution.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|nok million projects previously norway|5.67083|3.2574713|2.4872723
12692|Programmes are underway to rehabilitate the networks and bring them back to their original conveyance capacity within a few years. Taking this into account, the total future capacity of hydropower will increase to 2,627 MW. However, most hydropower plants are in a rather poor state due to lack of maintenance and therefore they do not operate efficiently. Furthermore, the existing power plants do not take into consideration the ecological aspects required in the EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and until now no revitalization activities have been implemented.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hydropower plants capacity underway mw|1.5063617|1.9617349|2.2045672
12693|Public investments in R&D during this period were primarily channelled through the Academy of Finland and Tekes. The Academy was a traditional research council or science foundation, largely funding “bottom-up” proposals from the universities. Tekes was founded in 1983 as a technology development agency, funding R&D within companies and in academic-industry partnerships- both bottom-up and, w'here networks of stakeholders w'ith common interests could be established, in the form of technology programmes.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|tekes academy funding technology channelled|5.628171|3.2886655|2.439116
12694|Field segregation by gender can have negative effects on women’s future earnings and career progression, as male-dominated professions (such as those in STEM) tend to offer more lucrative pay than many of the female-dominated professions. Women in Mexico earn less than half of all tertiary' degrees in STEM fields, except for life sciences (Figure 2.4). The gender gap in expectations about field of work is large.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|professions stem dominated field gender|9.515072|3.8579912|5.8585134
12695|One of the Conventions' strengths is the vast and committed scientific community supporting policy-making. This should remain to be at the core of the Convention and should also be the core when it comes to a focus on cities. As discussed above, air quality in cities is very much dependent on air pollution originating from regional and (inter)national sources, but cities also contribute highly to air pollution outside the cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cities air core pollution originating|3.499724|4.781113|1.1637791
12696|The planned costly 300 MW pump hydro plant would constitute a large electricity storage system using the natural advantage of the site - steep coastal cliffs where seawater can be pumped up during the day using abundant and cheap solar power, and stored in natural surface concavities, to release energy at night. The company developed wind power projects for Mandalay Resources in Chile and Barrick Gold in both Chile and Argentina. However, in 2016, Rame Energy went into administration with outstanding debt of GBP 4.4 million.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|chile natural using power seawater|1.7702696|2.0131426|2.3116856
12697|Thus, where housing is highly segregated, schools tend to be segregated as well. The schools perceived to be of better quality are often located in areas where property prices and rents are higher. Good quality schooling thus often has an implicit price in the housing market and migrant students from low socio-economic backgrounds may not have access to it (Field et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|segregated housing schools rents implicit|9.78812|2.239606|2.6010633
12698|By 2020, strengthen the role of the scientific research and professional institutions, NGO sector and media, including improvement of scientific technologies. By 2017, prepare and adopt the strategy for mobilization of financial resources for conservation of biological diversity. By 2020, establish and strengthen cooperation for improved protection and sustainable use of biological diversity in the countries of the Western Balkans.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biological scientific diversity strengthen balkans|1.6305361|5.3010073|3.8804376
12699|An example is the recent report by United Kingdom’s Royal College of General Practitioners, which outlines the model of general practice and roles of GPs and other primary care staff envisaged for 2022 (Royal College of General Practitioners, 2013). It will be important for such a national vision for primary care in Sweden to be shared by SALAR, county councils, municipalities and leaders in primary care. It requires action to ensure that the policy environment, regulation and governance structures, reimbursement and inventive systems, and information infrastructure are conducive to change, and there are effective dissemination routes for the spread of good practice. Integrated, community-based care also requires investment in primary care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary royal college practitioners|9.270772|8.952995|1.7173363
12700|This sector has, in what concerns hydropower, a long-term plan up to 2050 and prepares a medium-term plan every ten years, which is frequently updated. It is regulated by the ANEEL, the successor of the DNAEE, which operated the largest hydrometric network that was transferred to the ANA after its creation. If this creates a significant constraint for river basin planning, it also creates many opportunities because water reservoirs can be used for multiple uses. In fact, dams change the flow regime downstream, but create a more stable and reliable source of water for all uses, especially in areas affected by large variability of precipitation, as happens in semi-arid regions characterised by water scarcity.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|creates uses water plan prepares|1.0195943|7.1921515|2.3596084
12701|"The majority (83%) were women. Evaluation showed that people felt that they had improved their skills in getting on and off the vehicles (which is considered as one most critical issue) and were more confident in using public transport. A good practice example for dealing with information in a sound way is a traveller information system on barrier-free travelling in Frankfurt and Berlin (Germany), the BAIM system: ""Barrierefreie OV-Information fur mobilitatseingeschrankte Menschen“ (barrier-free information for persons with mobility impairments)."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|information barrier free impairments fur|4.2823725|5.1996837|0.49655867
12702|Walking accessibility should be improved, with especial consideration for accessibility for persons with disabilities. Transport strategy will need to be further developed and, if streets become narrower, the currently successful public transport system will need to be extended and improved. Green spaces should be multi-functional: accessible to citizens, protection from noise, purification of air, and help in lowering extremely high temperatures.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accessibility improved transport purification narrower|4.2485538|5.177168|0.5187888
12703|However, this assessment of multidimensional poverty is limited to the material deprivations that household surveys conducted in the region can quantify. To make better use of the multidimensional approach, material deprivations should be assessed along with deprivation in other components of well-being. To do so requires improving the sources of information currently available. In most of the countries of the region, early fertility among poor mothers is falling at a slower pace than for all mothers.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivations multidimensional mothers material region|6.7620406|6.4368634|5.1119404
12704|The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme was introduced in 2008, and its objective to improve energy efficiency and decrease CO2 emissions covers about 5,000 organizations, 10% of national emissions. Participating organizations must monitor their emissions and purchase licenses for each tonne of CO2 emitted, thereby creating incentives for improving energy efficiency. Analysis shows markets respond to energy efficient buildings with higher rentals and longer tenancies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy emissions efficiency organizations crc|1.9970632|2.9063232|2.211062
12705|Habitats important for biodiversity are being lost to construction projects, including hydroelectricity generation infrastructure, electricity transmission lines, new roads and railways, and industrial and urban development. The upper layer of water obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, whereas below 130-150 m the water is rich in hydrogen sulphide. As a result, about 87-90 per cent of the water is anoxic, i.e. devoid of oxygen; only the upper layers and shelf waters contain oxygen.|SDG 15 - Life on land|oxygen upper water hydroelectricity hydrogen|0.093054585|6.049646|6.0637527
12706|Tuvalu also has a Master Plan for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (2012-2020) that includes a goal of increasing energy efficiency on Funafuti by 30 per cent, a planned energy efficiency appliance subsidy scheme in co-operation with the Development Bank of Tuvalu, and the use of prepayment meters to limit the consumption of electricity. The 2009 Tuvalu National Energy Policy included gender equity as a principle of the policy. Vanuatu relies heavily on imports of fossil fuel for its energy needs with 63 per cent of its total energy supply coming from petroleum, followed by biomass (35%) and renewables (2%) (Figure 9.1).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy tuvalu efficiency appliance cent|1.7718564|2.2519946|2.6063662
12707|Although the relative cost of individual policies in achieving reductions depends on parameter values and the emissions target, in a numerical application to the US electricity sector, Fischer and Newell state that the ranking (by decreasing efficiencies) is roughly as follows: 1) emissions price; 2) emissions performance standards; 3) fossil power tax; 4) renewables share requirement; 5) renewables subsidy; and 6) R&D subsidy. The presence of knowledge spillovers means that separate policy instruments are necessary to optimally correct the climate externality and the externalities for both learning and R&D. In fact, we find that an optimal portfolio of policies can achieve emissions reductions at a significantly lower cost than any single policy, although the emissions reductions continue to be attributed primarily with the emissions price. The model has two periods. There is a knowledge stock, which increases in period 2 as a function of both R&D expenditures and output of RE technologies in period 1.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|emissions reductions subsidy renewables knowledge|1.776816|2.9051874|1.9717981
12708|While the report may occasionally allude to the interplay between the three economic instruments under review and other pricing mechanisms, it does not analyse the other pricing mechanisms listed above. They are analysed on the basis of i) their capacity to generate the revenues needed to build, renew, operate and maintain water storage and distribution systems; ii) their capacity to drive water users’ behaviour and water demand; iii) and the institutional arrangements that govern their administration. It is levied by provinces and metropolitan cities (including Seoul) and earmarked for river maintenance and repair expenses.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pricing water mechanisms renew interplay|1.571542|7.449149|2.1909041
12709|Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India and Nepal have been using self-targeted food-for-work programmes. The Bangladesh programme was expanded in early 2008 to respond to disasters and the increased price of food. Other types of conditional programmes include food-for-education. In these cases, countries distribute food through schools to encourage school attendance.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food bangladesh distribute programmes afghanistan|4.540527|5.5344863|4.3882995
12710|A general capacity building in society, and especially among decision-makers, regarding the links between local culture and practices, biodiversity management, ecosystem services and sustainable use is another important aspect During implementation of the Nordic Assessment, it will be important to share experiences as widely as possible. This should be focused on both individuals and institutional capacity. Management practices should take into account the complex and often unpredictable nature of ecosystem processes, especially in the face of global change.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ecosystem practices especially unpredictable capacity|1.3520005|5.2064595|4.0289435
12711|For instance, WPC-led bills on prevention of workplace harassment and domestic abuse have enabled a shift in the public-private divide, and have positively influenced women’s ‘informal’ experiences of violence and abuse. There have also been debates and discussions on the role of sociocultural practices in keeping the gender divide intact. Through regular knowledge exchange with international organisations and monitoring effective implementation of inclusive policies, WPC serves as a kind of a ‘watchdog’ in parliament, ensuring compliance with institutional measures for women’s inclusion.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|divide abuse intact sociocultural bills|10.041388|4.734581|7.3904533
12712|This chapter seeks to build on the earlier review by detailing the case for primary care and providing policy recommendations to develop a stronger primary care sector. Barbara Starfield, the foremost expert on primary care, states “primary care is the provision of first-contact, person-focused, ongoing care over time that meets the health-oriented needs of people, referring only those too uncommon to maintain competence, and co-ordinates care when people receive services at other levels of care”. A primary care team would do such things as offering health promotion and disease prevention; delivering public health services such as vaccinations; diagnosing common health problems like hypertension and depression; referring and co-ordinating health care for patients - managing their journey through the health system.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary health referring diagnosing|9.211972|8.93666|1.6366975
12713|As most fisheries managed by RFMOs are fully subscribed, there is little room for carrying out new incremental activities in established fisheries within such structures. As a result, existing or new idle capacity may become engaged in IUU activities8 unless prevented through domestic and international legal and fisheries policy frameworks. To ensure sustainable fisheries on the high seas it is therefore important that states co-operate both with respect to managing fish stocks on the high seas and to ensure that idle domestic fishing capacity is not being inappropriately transferred to the high seas or to other states.|SDG 14 - Life below water|seas fisheries high rfmos domestic|-0.052628208|5.592173|6.7284646
12714|These factors help explain why poor households utilize several complementary sources of energy to meet their needs, rather than switching straight away to electricity when provided access to it. In other words, consumers will naturally choose energy mixes that reflect the marginal cost of different energy sources (e.g. electricity used only for lighting, television or radio, charcoal or LPG for cooking, kerosene for heating). Even when provided with affordable energy alternatives, households may not completely stop utilizing biomass (for instance, even high-income households in India maintain a traditional fuel wood stove to cook traditional dishes).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy households traditional electricity sources|1.9697013|2.4545016|2.7705643
12715|A huge leap in enrolments took place after 2000 so that by 2005 19.4% and by 2007, 24.4 percent of the 19-24 age group was placed in higher education institutions (Table 1.5.). According to the Ninth Malaysian Plan (2006-10), it is expected that 1.6 million students or 40% of the relevant age cohort in tertiary education would be enrolled in tertiary education in 2010 and 50% of these would be studying at private institutions. By 2008, the 214 941 number in 2002, the year from which electronic data are available from MoHE, increased to 933 728.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tertiary education ninth age malaysian|8.995411|2.5720236|3.0775976
12716|This ruling applies to government (municipal) contracts and defines its essential terms. Overall, the program recognizes that energy intensity is 2.5 times higher than the world’s average and up to 3.5 times higher than that of developed countries. The Federal Programme on “Energy Savings and Improving Energy Efficiency up to 2020” was replaced by the new Federal Programme “Energy Efficiency and Development of the Energy Sector” (2013-2020).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy federal times efficiency ruling|1.9954911|2.7800705|2.4281003
12717|Nonetheless, these regions frequently have long traditions in specific agricultural or manufacturing sectors, and possess valuable traditional knowledge and/or other assets that make them singular. For instance, they might be endowed with rich natural resources and biological diversity, have a large share of young population with entrepreneurial ambitions, or have dense networks of social relations. Innovation policies that take into account these local assets and promote innovative ways of seizing their potential have good chances of being successful in fostering regional growth and territorial inclusiveness.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|assets endowed ambitions dense inclusiveness|5.3354316|3.7417715|2.6268775
12718|The financing requirements could create undesirable macroeconomic hardships and may be politically unattainable. In the case of Uganda, for example, the scenarios show that financing new infrastructures through higher direct-tax revenues spurs GDP growth and household consumption relatively less than does, for example, financing them through foreign resources. However, the use of foreign resources affects export growth negatively, owing to real exchange rate appreciation. The feasibility of this scenario will depend, however, on the political conditions for improving the efficiency of government spending and/or reallocating resources towards the agricultural sector.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|financing resources foreign undesirable appreciation|4.7694583|4.867368|3.9002626
12719|We can’t go on like this. The price we get for the fish doesn’t even cover our outlays.” But taxpayers in OECD countries also pay six billion dollars a year in financial transfers to the fishing industry, and worldwide the figure could be three times that. We say “could” because it’s hard to get precise figures on subsidies. Next, we’ll examine the economic and other impacts on the fishing industry, and the political difficulties in reforming them. But first, we’ll look at why subsidies attract so much attention.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ll fishing subsidies industry doesn|-0.08712369|5.493815|6.8929987
12720|Progress in each of these dimensions varies by region and by country, with no single trend across the Commonwealth. It is notable that progress in parliamentary representation, and women's leadership in the corporate sector seem to be benefiting from the presence of positive action and quotas, both voluntary and legislated. The report found that during the last 20 years (1997 to 2017), women’s lower house representation in Africa has improved markedly, with the exception - barring Cameroon - of West Africa. However, on the election of women to cabinet, although progress has been reasonable in South Africa and Rwanda in Africa.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|africa progress representation women legislated|10.514261|4.319455|7.1348057
12721|These aims can vary, depending on the source of climate finance and how it is channelled. There are therefore different views on what “effective” climate finance is, as well as on how this effectiveness can be assessed. This paper explores how different communities view climate finance effectiveness; the policies or institutional pre-conditions that facilitate effectiveness; and how effectiveness is currently monitored and evaluated.|SDG 13 - Climate action|effectiveness finance climate channelled different|1.8549354|4.1918287|1.1190178
12722|It is interesting to note here that, if frequency control and daily load following both reduce load factor, those reductions have a different economical impact for the electricity producer. Frequency control implies an electrical output reduction during the whole day, at peak hours when the electricity is valuable and at night-time, when the demand for electricity is low. On the other hand daily and weekly load following reduces the electrical output only at low-demand periods, when electricity value is low.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|load electricity electrical daily frequency|1.4769882|1.3683954|1.8717097
12723|According to ITU estimates, the number of mobile-cellular subscriptions is almost equal to the number of people on Earth (7.0 billion in 2014). Of those with mobile subscriptions, nearly 60 per cent (4.1 billion) are situated in the Asia-Pacific region. As the market reaches saturation levels, however, the annual growth rate of mobile-cellular subscriptions in the region has slowed to single-digit rates.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|subscriptions mobile cellular billion digit|4.8661504|2.8254392|1.4878416
12724|Rising trends in mortality from dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are seen in most EU countries, possibly in part reflecting such changes. These are also likely to explain the significant cross-country differences in mortality rates ranging, for example, from 279 per 100,000 population in 2013 in Finland (notable for its high mortality from dementia) to <5 in Malta and Latvia (Niu etal., Alzheimer's disease and other nervous system diseases were among the causes that contributed most to the 2015 decline in life expectancy seen across Europe and other high-income countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|alzheimer dementia mortality disease seen|9.323304|9.101146|3.0957313
12725|Building on the successful approaches of many countries, this section argues that work-based learning should be fully integrated into programmes as a credit-bearing and quality assured element. Such an approach would powerfully promote partnership between employers and training providers. Managed effectively, it delivers benefits for all participants and contributes to better labour market and economic outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|assured delivers bearing argues element|8.32962|2.7320058|2.765304
12726|Substantive gaps remain in what is known about the outcomes and quality of care. A general dearth of national data for primary, community and long-term care is noted in particular. This is a major weakness in Australia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway, Sweden and Turkey, where clinicians and managers have relatively scant information on patient outcomes (Table 3.1).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|scant outcomes clinicians weakness care|9.178587|9.468931|1.9546384
12727|If schools strive to foster learner engagement and formative assessment, for instance, but seek to do so while ignoring individual differences or the importance of emotions for effective learning, then the overall impact will be diminished. Who the learners are in any school may be a given of geographical proximity, but the profile of learners may also be innovated, for example, inviting parents or other family members in to become students or when learners are brought together from a distance, sometimes from around the world, using communication technologies. Who the educators are may be a source of innovation as different experts, adults, family or community members, and students themselves, work with the teachers, or as teachers join forces across schools and even over large distances to share a class or project. Many approaches may be taken to innovating content, even within existing curriculum guidelines, such as emphasising 21st century competences including social learning; making connections through inter-disciplinary approaches; or giving emphasis to specific areas like language learning or sustainability.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learners learning members approaches teachers|8.844386|1.6630243|1.9223205
12728|Discriminatory laws might prevent women and women-headed households from owning, inheriting, occupying or accessing land or other forms of property, or prevent them from obtaining credit or loans without a male guarantor. Other serious challenges are the lack of appropriate institutional responses to gender-based violence, such as health care, counselling or shelters, as well as inadequate access to education or employment opportunities. Rule-of-law reforms such as the review of key legislation and constitution writing, peace agreements, transitional justice mechanisms and reparations programmes or other post-conflict reform should take into account violations of women's economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights equally, also because these rights are intrinsically linked. This will secure a comprehensive and lasting post-conflict transformation, and an environment where women fully enjoy their fundamental rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights women conflict prevent post|9.623365|5.0111794|7.2187524
12729|In a competitive market where a single price defines the incentive for all participants to produce or to consume electricity in a symmetric fashion, the impacts of variable renewables on the level and volatility of price, would indeed only reflect the realities of a changing market. Consumers and distributors would need to decide how to cope with intermittent supply from renewables-only providers and those providers would have to consider whether the intermittent nature of their technologies was competitive against traditional power generation by dispatchable technologies such as nuclear, coal and gas. However, as has been pointed out above, variable renewables do not face the same incentives as other technologies. Such asymmetric treatment isolates variable renewables from the impacts they themselves inflict on the market price, which affects only technologies not benefiting from such feed-in tariffs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|renewables technologies variable intermittent price|1.6784629|1.705234|1.8361788
12730|To cope with all scenarios, the system operator must have a range of ancillary reserves in the generation portfolio to maintain system stability, regulation, load following and to prepare for the worst-case scenario. Scheduling and dispatch of ancillary reserves is a complicated exercise. Ancillary reserves are generally divided into three categories according to how quickly they can ramp up or down its production to meet the demand. ( They can ramp up or down production very quickly (within a few seconds to minutes) to respond to frequency disturbances. It compares the plant's actual production, over a given period of time, with the amount of power the plant would have produced if it had run at full capacity for the same amount of time.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ancillary reserves ramp quickly production|1.4321138|1.4240997|1.8630275
12731|The Rural Clinical Training and Support programme funds a network of rural clinical schools and requires participating medical schools (17 of a total of 19 schools) to deliver shortterm rural placements to all medical students, and long-term (over one year) rural placements to 25% of their medical students. Medical schools must also fill 25% of medical school places with students from a rural background. The increasing number of graduating medical students has put pressure on available internship positions. The Australian Government has an agreement with the states and territories that guarantees intern positions for all Australian domestic medical graduates.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medical rural schools placements students|9.317525|8.695427|1.9339008
12732|Step 97 of the “100 Concrete Steps to Implement the Five Institutional Reforms” reflects central government’s acknowledgement of the need to enhance citizen participation in the decision-making process through the development of self-regulation and local self-government. However, little evidence emerged on how this was being implemented. When a city general plan is developed, a public hearing is held to allow citizens to participate in discussions and air their comments. Cities have the duty to inform residents about the general plans and get feedback from them. This is important, as these experiences can be the foundation for civic action in major cities. The problem seems to be that there is, to some extent, a lack of interest from citizens, due to the mistrust of government in general; no methodology makes public participation an integral part of the urban planning process and implementation; citizens do not perceive a benefit from taking part in these exercises; and local government officials are not trained to engage with the community.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|citizens government general self cities|3.7834444|5.352036|1.816742
12733|Studies undertaken in Ghana (Adu-Afarwuah et al., Key Issues: How can food transfer programmes contribute to food and nutrition security? In Bangladesh, the Chars Livelihoods Programme (CLP) and Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction (CFPR) are both asset transfer programmes that are built on a model of “graduation”, providing an asset transfer (usually of livestock) to women, coupled with a regular stipend for 18 months, skills training, a savings scheme and social development awareness-raising sessions on issues such as health and sanitation and nutrition.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|transfer asset nutrition clp frontiers|4.5070195|5.4668617|4.283885
12734|If a broader definition at USD 2 at PPP/person/day is applied, the poverty rates are significantly higher, with declines from 85% in 1990 to 51% in 2009 (WB WDI, 2012). Thus, even if progress in poverty reduction has been significant, around half of the population remains vulnerable to falling into absolute poverty in case of natural disasters or a deterioration in economic conditions. The share fell for both urban and rural households, but remains much higher for rural households.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|poverty remains wdi wb households|6.156012|5.9125614|4.940663
12735|"Because of this inherent tension, the scalability of public-private partnerships bringing together public transport with other mobility services may be compromised beyond a limited set of innovators and small- to medium-sized pilot programmes. They provide the framework for successful public transport directed at economic, social, and environmental value for citizens and business"" (UITP, 2009). Conceptually, this model provides greater flexibility for integrating new types of services into the urban mobility mix."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility public transport scalability conceptually|4.209156|4.974958|0.5507257
12736|Indeed, the cost of shipping a product from harvest areas to Yangon for export can be as high as the purchase price. Furthermore, the port of Yangon is regarded as one of the most expensive and least efficient ports in the world. Producers’ associations under the UMFCCI, such as the Fruit and Vegetables Producers and Exporters Association, are getting involved in the export of agricultural commodities produced in hilly regions and marketed in Singapore and Bangkok through Yangon airport, such as mangos, to improve the prices paid to producers. Cross-border trade with China is also being improved for products of Mandalay to increase the market share and better fulfil export criteria imposed by Chinese buyers.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|producers export marketed bangkok airport|4.0023656|4.8125625|4.1529584
12737|Asian LDCs overtook the productMty level first of the African and then of the island LDCs (Chart 2.4A). To the extent that rural population growth outpaces the rate of expansion of the agricultural area, area per worker (A/L) declines, adding to the challenge of raising average labour productivity (Y/L) by means of increasing average yield (Y/A) in order to reduce poverty and improve the well-being of the rural population. Still, since the 1980s, agricultural yields in LDCs have lagged behind the strong growth in ODCs, but they have gained some ground with respect to developed countries, especially since 2000.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|ldcs area odcs agricultural rural|4.968898|4.8086133|3.878477
12738|While a national climate change plan or strategy is being developed, a system focused on periodically understanding climate impacts and vulnerability can provide information to support future planning efforts, and make a contribution towards national climate change risk assessments. In countries where an adaptation plan or strategy is designed prior to a national monitoring and evaluation system, that system can be used to assess progress in implementation. To facilitate learning, it is beneficial for those closely linked to policy making processes such as budget negotiations or national planning, to be involved in designing the system.|SDG 13 - Climate action|national climate strategy plan planning|1.2601777|4.7633834|1.513454
12739|Regional partnerships are also an effective mechanism for bringing together social and economic actors around a specific project (in this case a new economic agenda) and in implementing the actions required to move the agenda forward. The WIRED model in the USA is a good example of this. It will be important to make processes more efficient and less bureaucratic to facilitate the expansion of new industries and the creation of businesses in these sectors. Businesses may also benefit from having easy access to information on support schemes, technical assistance, financing and market perspectives in one single place.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|businesses agenda bureaucratic usa bringing|5.196948|3.840246|2.6381714
12740|To facilitate this transition, developed countries formalised a commitment to mobilise USD 100 bn per year by 2020 at the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). However, while the quantity of climate finance is important, quantity alone is not sufficient to achieve the climate objectives of the Convention: it is a “means to an end” and not an end in itself. Ensuring the underlying quality, or effectiveness, of climate finance will also be crucial.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate quantity convention end bn|1.5243912|3.7997518|0.93783075
12741|In addition, statisticians have recognized that improvement is also needed in the area of statistics on men. ( Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996). Specific issues related to men’s lives, such as harmful levels of drinking and smoking, greater risk of accidents or injuries and access to paid paternity leave, have increasingly been taken into account and covered by gender statistics.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|statistics statisticians paternity men injuries|9.673289|4.4097495|7.893414
12742|For example, if young people fail to acquire strong foundation skills (Challenge 1) they run an increased risk of dropping-out from school (Challenge 2), relying on social benefits (Challenge 4) and having poor job market outcomes (Challenge 5). Even when they do find a job, their lack of foundation skills may dissuade their employers from investing in their training (Challenge 7). In short, no skills challenge exists in isolation — each one is affected by, and impacts upon, others within and across the three pillars.|SDG 4 - Quality education|challenge skills foundation job dropping|8.532225|2.8617234|2.9049633
12743|Similarly, Kucera and Xenogiani (2009) interpret findings that link the regulatory burden to the size of the informal economy as representing how labour is regulated (especially through firm entry) rather than how much it is regulated. The effects of labour regulation on employment outcomes also depend on enforcement, which is typically imperfect. Increased enforcement efforts in the case of Brazil led to lower rates of informality but also to more unemployment and smaller firms (Almeida and Cameiro, 2009). In Indonesia during the 1990s, increased compliance with minimum wages was the key pathway to increased pay in the textile, footwear and apparel industry (Harrison and Scorse, 2010).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|regulated enforcement increased textile imperfect|7.950104|4.325524|4.4943867
12744|A closer collaboration between governmental regulators and the ecosystem consisting of actors in the private sectors, such as blockchain consortia and research institutes, needs to be nurtured to cover open questions. Moreover, comprehensive legal frameworks on blockchain networks and the data stored therein are being proposed in the market. Nonetheless, the complexity of harmonising jurisdictions is a persisting issue, due to differing approaches in treating the technology.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain persisting consortia differing treating|4.03683|2.5514224|2.060676
12745|Some of the blame for weak agricultural performance, however, also lies with the developing countries, which have neglected agriculture and particularly the potential of smallholder agriculture. That is, they may not have die cash to be able to buy food. Both the rural and urban poor face such physical and economic access issues.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|blame agriculture neglected smallholder lies|4.19706|5.36345|3.864465
12746|The Department is involved in water management activities such as validation of environmental impact assessments. The State Administration for Hydrometeorology (Tajikhydromet) under the Committee on Environmental Protection is the key organization responsible for environmental monitoring in Tajikistan. The Main Department of Geology under the Government (Tajikgeology) carries out monitoring of groundwater levels. Water management is undertaken at the basin level, but responsibilities are still fragmented. The new Law on Waters (2008), which transposes the EU WFD, transferred competencies on water resource management from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy to the Ministry for Environment and Physical Planning. Basin management authorities, the State Environment Inspectorate and other bodies under the Ministry arc responsible for law enforcement.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|management ministry water environmental department|0.8122894|7.0591216|1.8557808
12747|It consists of other commercial species (that may be secondary targets or may become target species if the market develops) and non-commercial species (returned to the sea or landed, in case of a discard ban) as well as incidental catches of vulnerable species, which may include species of commercial value or not, formally declared as “vulnerable” or “species at risk” as a result of natural or, more commonly, anthropogenic pressure, including fishing pressure (Figure 51). Fisheries impact not only target resources (e.g. fish, crustaceans and cephalopods), but also many other species that are relevant to the functioning of the overall ecosystem (Jackson et al.,|SDG 14 - Life below water|species commercial pressure vulnerable target|-0.12835336|5.8812027|6.4386787
12748|In 2016, women sat on 20% of board seats OECD-wide, up slightly from 16.8% in 2013. On average, 4.8% of CEOs were women in 2016, double the 2.4% in 2013. As for appointments to the executive, no OECD country has passed legislation setting quotas. Men occupy slightly over 70% of ministerial positions and women 29.3%, on average.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|slightly women appointments occupy seats|10.217614|4.0948243|6.73873
12749|It is thus a significant economic sector. Until the early 1990s most Polish wood production went to markets in Central and Eastern Europe, including the former USSR. This brought in foreign capital, notably from Germany (a major trading partner in the furniture industry), Sweden and France, and allowed modernisation of production systems.|SDG 15 - Life on land|furniture polish production modernisation went|4.1196|4.695783|2.9347994
12750|These deficiencies contribute to a vicious cycle of malnutrition, reduced development prospects and poverty, affecting already-disadvantaged groups. Preventing malnutrition would eventually reduce costs incurred for curative healthcare and social welfare needs while potentially making resources available for needed development activities (FAO & International Life Sciences Institute, 1997; WHO, 2018a; Levin, 1986; Strauss, et al, 1986; Horton, et al, 1998). Thus, understanding and addressing malnutrition remain key factors for progressing on the Sustainable Development Goals. They are also part of the SDG monitoring framework.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|malnutrition curative progressing development vicious|4.4676266|5.7891326|4.5919647
12751|Here, the fisher referred to how fisheries regulations are experienced as ad hoc, often arriving from central management authorities at short notice and thus difficult to foresee. Fishing stops also occur when the quota for a species is reached, often prohibiting fishers to target other species if the gear in question is expected to catch the species for which the quota is reached. He continues by pointing out the potential to arrange packaged tours for international fishing tourists and that tour boat fishing has developed from having customers with a focus on their own food supply to having customers that seek unique experiences. One thing that all fishers could agree upon was a scepticism towards biologists and the data and logic they use when proposing that cormorants do not affect coastal fisheries since they only eat small fish.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishing species fishers customers quota|-0.29141298|5.708186|6.752448
12752|Indeed, strong evidence shows that greater gender equality in labour markets and education can contribute to economic growth, national happiness and well-being (OECD 2012). Furthermore, confidence in institutions - a key ingredient for a favourable investment climate and business development - strongly depends on the extent to which decision-makers reflect the composition of society, including in terms of gender. Finally, achieving inclusive and fair outcomes requires policy processes that are inclusive and that integrate the diverse perspectives of both men and women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|inclusive ingredient happiness gender fair|9.446004|4.390535|6.799519
12753|Qual SafHealth Care 2007;16:127-131. The 2017 survey focused on the best ways to improve patient safety across all settings of health care. Given the paucity of evidence on primary and ambulatory care, the survey informing this report also asked about occurrence, severity and impact of safety lapses as well as the best ways to improve safety in this setting.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|safety care ways best survey|9.124035|9.607216|1.4498122
12754|Another motivation for load following with nuclear power plants is the large-scale deployment of variable energy sources in some countries, like Germany. In the following, we provide some examples of load following operations by French and German nuclear power plants and how nuclear energy contributes effectively in balancing the fluctuations of total power generation. The American NRC, for instance, does not allow any automatic load following; nuclear units therefore cannot provide primary and secondary frequency control services.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear following load power plants|1.3702625|1.359219|1.8560193
12755|This is not only because South-South migration represents more than 50% of migration stocks flows comparing to South-North migration (Ratha and Shaw, 2007), but also because discriminatory social institutions in non-OECD countries are different and more restrictive than those in place in high-income areas (such as female genital mutilation, early marriage, inheritance laws). First, the empirical analysis adopts a Heckman two-step procedure to deal with the high occurrence of null bilateral flows in migration data and the selection process. Then, 2SLS estimators are used to overcome potential endogeneities, due to reverse causality and unobservables.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|migration south flows estimators null|8.721223|5.2739086|7.077868
12756|It is probably better, therefore, to consider information at the sub-regional level. This is because the most food insecurity is usually found in specific provinces or states, and within these, in particular sub-regions or villages. Not all countries, however, collect sufficient or relevant data to be able to track food insecurity at the local level.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|insecurity sub food villages provinces|4.4005346|5.6234956|4.5783734
12757|For instance, in some countries, such as Ireland and the United Kingdom, children typically enter primary education at age 5, while in Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Poland and Sweden, they typically enter at age 7. In all the other countries, children typical enter primary education at age 6. In pre-primary education, annual expenditure per child for both public and private settings averages USD 8 070 in OECD countries, while annual expenditure for early childhood educational development averages USD 12 501. In early childhood educational development (ISCED 01), public sources account for an average of 69% of total expenditure, while in pre-primary education (ISCED 02), it amounts to 83%.|SDG 4 - Quality education|enter primary isced expenditure averages|9.39312|2.753528|2.4550552
12758|Credit allocated to agriculture reached BRL 177 billion (USD 76 billion) in 2014, of which 13% (BRL 24 billion or USD 10 billion) was allocated to family agriculture. The remaining 87% was allocated to commercial agriculture. In recent years, rural credit investment programmes have been strengthened with the aim of expanding grain storage capacity, promoting technological innovation in rural properties and extending the use of agricultural machineries.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|billion allocated brl agriculture credit|3.8597848|5.095465|3.7078025
12759|"The states’ legal frameworks were adapted and harmonised to facilitate the development of water markets. Water-access entitlements were converted to a system of tradable ownership entitlements, with most of the new entitlements being separated from land ownership rights."" However, differences remained between the states’ regulatory regimes and their respective definitions of water rights."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|entitlements ownership water rights states|1.1389697|7.613|2.1743379
12760|The mining industry has also affected forests negatively. The share of mining in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of GMS countries increased significantly from 2000 to 2010. In Viet Nam the share is around 11 percent of the GDP; similarly, projected deforestation due to mining activities in Lao PDR ranges from 5 100 to 14100 ha annually.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mining gdp gms share pdr|1.5569891|4.516387|4.0506425
12761|Coal plants (particularly smaller plants) are often readily available to be deployed to level out peaks and troughs in the power system. Their dispatch is, however, often outside economic or environmental considerations. Coal-fired power plants are less flexible in response to load changes because of their longer start-up/shut-down times and higher change velocity (due to thermal inertia). In addition, coal-fired plants run at a much lower efficiency when not operated at full capacity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plants coal fired power shut|1.5005636|1.6054994|1.8267394
12762|From an emissions accounting perspective, this lack of information would increase the degree of uncertainty associated with future global GHG emissions levels. However, it may be necessary in order to maximise country participation in the process. While climate change is undoubtedly a complex issue, there is little value in producing a new agreement that few people can understand.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions undoubtedly maximise producing uncertainty|1.2374384|3.5365777|1.1957437
12763|Such an approach represents good practice in budget formulation. At the same time, though, there is a perception from the health side that actual allocation decisions are still largely determined by less tangible factors such as interpersonal relationships and subjective rather than objective evaluations of these business plans. If they make a strong case this can lead to increases in conditional grants for health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|interpersonal tangible subjective perception formulation|8.554278|8.880495|1.9108533
12764|So says the preamble to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea—and never were those words more apt than in relation to the challenges we face today. We know that healthy and productive oceans are key to long-term sustainable development. We believe there is an urgent need to take action and tackle social, economic and environmental issues so that the oceans, the seas and their resources can support the livelihoods of coastal communities and continue to provide for future generations.|SDG 14 - Life below water|oceans preamble says seas believe|0.09679609|5.6709027|5.9881554
12765|Needed: Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters (presently under consideration), and development of monitoring programmes. Nitrate pollution (below quality standards) from municipal wastewater and agriculture;also pesticides pollution. Groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems criteria for hydrogeological characterization are to be defined. No transboundary impact Deceased intensity of significant pressures is expected till 2015.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|transboundary pollution hydrogeological till deceased|0.63325554|6.919022|2.7163637
12766|There are 21 clusters, each describing a group of people with similar characteristics. Patients are assessed periodically to monitor their changing needs and re-allocated to a cluster if required. Closing the Gap: Priorities for essential change in mental health includes a commitment to continue to develop a national payment system for mental health. England was one of the first countries to begin the process of closing psychiatric asylums, and centring mental health care around care in the community.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental closing health periodically describing|10.314288|8.907147|1.7419496
12767|Increasingly visitors are looking for experience-based, instead of destination-based, tourism. However, in Indonesia, the tourism-related creative economy mainly exists in the more service-based Javanese and Balinese economies, as they have access to a more highly educated workforce (Fahmi, Koster and van Dijk, 2016). Other places can leverage the diversity of their cultures and use a more traditional approach to attract visitors.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|visitors tourism based creative leverage|6.320655|3.8939872|2.889257
12768|Enrollment in primary education in developing regions reached 90 percent in 2010, up from 82 percent in 1999.13 In 2013, net enrollment among girls in primary education reached nearly 83 percent in the region, against a world average of 88.3 percent. The ratio of female-to-male primary enrollment in the region was 96 percent in 2013, against 98.3 percent worldwide.14 Literacy rates among adults and youth are rising, and gender gaps are narrowing. In some countries, particularly those in the GCC, young women's participation in education is rapidly outpacing men's.16 Qatar and the United Arab Emirates have the highest female-to-male university enrollment ratios in the world. Even among extremely conservative families, young women's educational achievement is often encouraged and prized.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|percent primary reached male education|9.601667|4.2510123|5.7705836
12769|These search costs are strongly influenced by the characteristics of energy service markets and by the nature of energy efficiency as a good. Search costs are determined in part by factors outside a firm’s control, such as the existence (or not) of standardized labelling schemes and by internal factors, such as company procedures for gathering information and specifying, purchasing and procuring the new equipment or process. Developing country firms may find it more costly to improve energy efficiency, because an array of economic and political factors often boost their search costs (Sorrell, Mallett and Nye 2011). Low labour costs relative to energy costs (unless energy use is heavily subsidized) in developing countries might suggest that the energy-management overhead would be less of a barrier than in developed countries.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy search costs factors overhead|2.1513712|2.504334|2.3203175
12770|Migration from public transport translates to increased mileage even if the trips are shared. Nonetheless, the correlation the report observes with the rise of ride services and a decline in public transport ridership may not necessarily be a causal one as there are other potential explanatory factors. These other confounding factors include the drop in gas prices since 2013, which has a well-documented statistical relationship with transit ridership and an increase in the prevalence of public transport delays in the city over this period.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ridership transport public observes confounding|4.263461|4.8873153|0.5574105
12771|The code also provides for pre-emptive rights for furniture producers when buying wood (GTF, 2015a). In response to concerns about illegal logging, the Romanian Government announced plans in May 2015 to introduce an emergency temporary ban on exports of unprocessed roundwood (IHB, 2015a). The Belarusian President, Alexander Lukashenko, signed decree No. The decree restricts export sales of pulpwood, veneer logs and sawlogs effective 1 January 2016, unless otherwise authorized by the Belarus President (IHB, 2015b).|SDG 15 - Life on land|decree president furniture romanian authorized|1.80289|4.4741597|3.7304828
12772|A more detailed study would have to consider national and subnational differences in production possibilities for the various technologies. Note that, as argued above, the fact that the GFIT examined here has different tariffs for the various technologies is an incentive for countries to focus on the energy sources that have the highest technical potential, irrespective of their cost relative to other technologies. Therefore, using technical potentials to divide the investment in renewables among the various technologies makes sense relative other alternatives such as considering the actual choices made by countries currently, in the absence of external support for renewable energy sources.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|technologies various relative technical sources|1.5985335|2.0333943|2.0898943
12773|This report gives more details for specific countries to switch away from fossil fuel subsidies and to swap savings toward renewable energy and energy efficiency. Potential future SWAPs between fossil fuel subsidies and sustainable energy are provided for Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. These countries were identified based on a process of prioritizing developing and emerging economies with significant subsidies, in the process of (or facing) reform and to whom support could be directed. Itthen details support that has been lent to the issue domestically and internationally from the Nordic countries and more broadly from other organizations and venues.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subsidies details fossil energy fuel|1.662055|2.610316|2.2750616
12774|According to the broadest measure available for the 1990s, the October Household Survey (OHS), employment actually grew somewhat more rapidly than GDP in the period 1995-99. On the other hand, the Survey of Employment and Earnings (SEE), capturing only non-agricultural formal employment in larger enterprises, showed stagnation and even decline in employment from 1995-99. The truth for that period probably lies between the two, as the OHS had increasing coverage of the informal sector, inflating employment growth, while the SEE overweighted shrinking sectors relative to growing ones.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|employment survey truth period stagnation|7.742505|4.522186|4.6585875
12775|Report, MED EUWI Secretariat, Athens. They aimed to do this by strengthening intrasectoral co-ordination and establishing medium-term expenditure frameworks and performance contracting for all public operators. Subsectoral reforms have been carried out in the areas of resource management, irrigation and water supply and sanitation, guided by the principles of integrated resource management, with emphasis on demand management and operator efficiency.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|management resource med guided contracting|1.4541271|7.0792866|1.640637
12776|On the other hand, start-ups with at least one female founder are relatively few in science and engineering, where the gender gap in funding is much lower (Figure 7). The sample is limited to companies in OECD, Colombia and BRICS countries, founded between 2000 and 2017. Figure A.l in Appendix shows the same statistics for smaller countries in terms of number of observations.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|brics founder figure appendix founded|8.952278|3.448447|6.2276425
12777|Similarly, reductions in the value of benefit ceilings occurred in the two countries (Italy and the United States) where statutory benefit replacement rates were made more generous. These indicators express the net incomes of unemployed people relative to those in work. Reductions of NRR points to incomes of the unemployed falling behind relative to those in work. Figure 7.6 provides a strong indication of reduced cash support for the unemployed between 1995 and 2005: seven of the ten countries recorded declining NRRs.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|unemployed reductions incomes relative benefit|7.71255|4.8541756|4.124227
12778|The gap in overall student outcomes between Thailand and high-income countries remains large. International and national assessments indicate that a significant proportion of Thai students are acquiring skills at a low level, and that those in disadvantaged, rural areas of the country are struggling the most. Thailand will need to make strategic improvements if its education system is to be a more effective engine of mobility and social and economic progress.|SDG 4 - Quality education|thailand acquiring thai engine struggling|8.950635|1.8389798|2.62027
12779|Considering the area’s restriction, it is proposed to construct a combined (block) WWTP with reinforced concrete structures. The treated wastewater will be discharged into different parts of the Dalarik River and also the Hrazdan River, increasing the river water resources and enabling the irrigation of larger agricultural areas. However, it is important to note that allowing different discharge points would generate additional costs, as it would require a system of pipes and valves. Alternatively, all flows could be discharged in the river in one single point.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river discharged pipes restriction alternatively|1.1846768|6.925572|2.5497098
12780|It w'as followed by the adoption of the Rulebook on the management of waste from electric and electronic products, which became effective from 2013. Both legislative acts have been amended since their approval. The Rulebook on the management of packaging and packaging waste was amended in 2013 and then was even suspended in 2016 for five months, w'hile the Rulebook on the management of waste from electric and electronic products was amended in 2014 and was suspended for seven months, on the decision of the Competition Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina (a state regulatory body). After their suspension, both Rulebooks became effective again by the end of 2016 and they were both effective as of April 2017.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|amended suspended packaging waste electronic|0.628033|4.0351214|2.9504924
12781|Thus legal differentiations (or discriminations) between men and women that are linked to private life - such as accessing institutions, using property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, building credit and going to court - can serve as a strong detriment to women’s participation in the public sphere. Countries are encouraged to consider developing principles and rules w'ith regard to polygamy, as well as effective institutions to protect the rights of all concerned parties, particularly women and children. Additional safeguards are needed to protect women from arbitrary divorce.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women protect polygamy institutions detriment|9.581502|5.0281034|7.1010766
12782|They are progressive, lengthy, and difficult to control and, therefore, more costly to treat. Added to this is the higher incidence of other events, such as injuries and falls, which have major implications in terms of maintaining functionality during old age. In the developed world, the ageing process took place once societies had achieved higher standards of living, less social and economic inequality, and more equal access to health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|functionality lengthy treat injuries higher|9.111087|8.657235|2.792535
12783|Some of the benefits of skill recognition fall on employers collectively only (e.g. an economic sector), as a sector has an interest in having a pool of skilled and qualified workers and the risk of poaching associated w'ith more visible skills is less problematic for a sector than for an individual employer. They include both the relatively simple skills involved in physical tasks or digital services (data entry or administrative support) to higher level skills in activities such as programming or business consulting (OECD 2016b). In these contexts many of the “traditional” tools of training and skills recognition will not apply - there is no employer to reward a fast-learning employee with higher hourly wages or testify that the worker has acquired a specific set of skills.|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills employer recognition sector consulting|8.312334|2.9004142|2.8484795
12784|This provision did not deprive women of their electoral right to contest the elections from general constituencies as independent or political party candidates. Despite this, women hold just 19.7 per cent of the seats in the current parliament, of which 13.37 per cent are reserved seats and 6.33 per cent are held by directly elected women members (Women in National Parliaments 2013). Only 11.76 per cent of cabinet ministers are women (National Web Portal of Bangladesh).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent women seats contest constituencies|10.514365|4.280026|7.0504584
12785|On the provider side, the process of augmenting local autonomy would need to be undertaken in incremental steps, and will depend on robust performance management. It could start with transformation of selected hospitals into prospectively-funded organisations, where managers are given some autonomy for day-to-day decisions (say mainly financial management) under agreed performance targets monitored by the payer (REPSS, for instance). This system could evolve later towards a model of corporatised organisations with greater autonomy but where hospitals keep their public status, similar to the Foundation Trusts created in the United Kingdom, or public hospitals operating as state-owned enterprises in other health systems.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|autonomy hospitals day organisations performance|8.955998|8.935704|1.636177
12786|In 2013, female full-time workers earned nearly 13.4% less than their male peers (Figure 2.13). The gender wage gap is unadjusted and calculated as the difference between the median earnings of men and women relative to men’s median earnings. Estimates of earnings used in the calculations refer to the gross earnings of full-time wage and salary workers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|earnings median wage workers men|9.052729|4.3387556|5.6588683
12787|Primary school teachers major in education, and they may specialise in teaching one or several subjects in their minor subject studies. Upper-grade teachers major in specific subjects and do their pedagogical studies over a five-year programme or as a separate module after graduation. With strong theoretical and practical content, teacher education is research-based, with emphasis on developing pedagogical knowledge.|SDG 4 - Quality education|subjects pedagogical teachers studies major|9.486476|1.232829|2.3364706
12788|"To a large degree, jurisdictional issues which impact on accessibility to health services stem from the decades of a ""tug of war"" over which level of government is responsible for provision of services. Although provincial governments are required to provide equal access to health care services under the Canada Health Act for all residents of the province including indigenous peoples living on reserves, the provincial governments often take the position that the federal government is responsible for certain health services to indigenous peoples who are registered as Status Indians under the Indian Act. As a result, some health services not covered by the Canada Health Act but otherwise provided by the provinces through the Regional Health Authorities may or may not be provided to indigenous communities. The provincial government's position is that the federal government has responsibility for certain health services to indigenous peoples as Indians under the Indian Act."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health indigenous act services provincial|9.586855|8.2648|3.3154392
12789|The amendment eliminated price variations between different regions or supply sources and created one price that all farmers pay for irrigated water (World Bank, 2017[53]). Farmers have progressively switched to high-value crops and implemented greater selectivity of food crops grown for export (World Bank, 2017(53]). They have adopted irrigation efficiency technologies with support from regional irrigation companies and the Agricultural Extension Service of Israel (Ibid).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|crops irrigation farmers bank price|1.2262046|7.298356|3.0128946
12790|More generally, women are more likely to be marginal workers and thus bear disproportionately the costs of regulation in unemployment. Montag (2013) finds that India’s stringent labour laws reduce female participation in urban areas, but have no impact on men, or on wages of either gender. Furthermore, regulations may also have led to more women working in agriculture, and in informal sector as self-employed (Montag, 2013).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|stringent disproportionately finds bear women|8.58003|4.413062|5.836367
12791|The high share of educated unemployed women also points to demand issues and lack of jobs for those who want to work—despite high growth over the past decade job creation in India has been low' overall and especially for women. Raising female participation in India requires policies that deal with supply constraints as summarised in Box 1. But it also requires creating more job opportunities for women.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|india women job requires summarised|8.667508|4.4157104|5.8372335
12792|A well-designed national reporting system, that remains closely linked to local and frontline services, should add to continuous learning. National reporting already occurs for adverse reactions to medications (through the Yellow Card scheme) and Health Protection Scotland already produces reports on infections regularly, such as Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia infection (which is then analysed and reported back at NHS Board level), so precedents exist. A country Scotland could follow in promoting a national adverse events reporting system is Denmark (Box 2.10). Notably, six years later, the system was expanded to include adverse events occurring in primary care, including in general practice and pharmacy.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|adverse reporting scotland events national|9.222415|9.577662|1.729202
12793|Governments investing in marine biotechnology have recognised the potential for marine biotechnology to help sustain the ecosystem services the ocean provides to the planet. This chapter discusses the potential socioeconomic contribution of marine biotechnology and the importance of marine biotechnology to environmental sustainability. Those identified in the marine environment have tended to come from organisms living in environmental extremes and have a wide range of applications in industrial and agricultural processing. These amphiphilic compounds display a range of surface activities that allow for the solubilisation of hydrophobic substrates.|SDG 14 - Life below water|biotechnology marine range compounds potential|0.16717729|5.8479886|6.034
12794|Several municipalities described how they worked with school leaders in a collaborative manner to support their on-the-job training in areas such as budgeting, school improvement planning and the monitoring and evaluation of school improvement initiatives. Municipalities are increasingly using management by means of objectives for their school principals. Results contracts, school principal agreements and other forms of contracting serve as a means to define the objectives for the individual school (and school principal), typically for a one- or two-year period. Consequently, monitoring and performance systems are used to continuously assess if the school is performing according to the set objectives.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school objectives principal municipalities improvement|9.797558|1.6044189|1.8349575
12795|This helps promote socially inclusive development while using new technologies in an optimal way (UNCTAD, 2016). The manufacturing sector boasts a higher productivity and higher productivity growth rate than the agricultural sector, fostering persistent employment and income generation. A distinction between the supply and demand side reveals the importance of technology and skill development for the expansion of production capacities.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|productivity unctad higher sector reveals|5.119346|3.6414835|2.9867003
12796|In particular, the Ministry of Agriculture - in co-ordination with the Ministry of Finance - would benefit from defining clearly the objectives, outputs and outcomes associated with special allocation funds (dana alofeasi fehusus) and co-administered funds (dana tugas pembantuan). Special allocation funds finance much of agricultural investment expenditure carried out by sub-national governments. Co-administered funds finance other agricultural priorities of the national government implemented by sub-national governments. Transparency could support monitoring of sub-national government performance by the Ministry of Agriculture, external audit bodies (i.e. Finance and Development Oversight Body, sub-national audit units/BAWASDA, National Audit Board), affected parties and the general public. Reliable and timely statistics are necessary to assess the results of reforms undertaken so far, to formulate policy responses and to design policies for the future.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|audit sub funds national finance|3.7482255|4.99111|3.5347977
12797|In 2000, these forms of citizen boards were included in the State Water Law with the objectives to: i) strengthen community participation in water and sanitation services; ii) facilitate organisational and regulatory processes; and iii) contribute to the sustainability of water and sanitation services. They can help to ensure public participation in planning, construction and operation processes for water and sanitation systems, improve their performance, and raise collective awareness and co-responsibility between users. However, adapting them to local contexts can be challenging. The scope and format of participation is tailored in each town according to historical rules and customs.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sanitation water participation processes format|1.173469|7.229912|1.7463417
12798|The region has widely implemented projects on irrigation and drainage management. In the water sector, upgrading assets that are operating beyond their planned lifetime is a primary issue, even in countries with relatively developed water and wastewater infrastructure such as Ukraine (World Bank, 2014). Another issue is that development plans and investments regarding water infrastructure often do not seem to consider the long-term implications of climate change in many developing countries, including some EECCA countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|water issue infrastructure eecca countries|1.141995|7.052336|2.4254658
12799|Even so, the most recent health expenditure data shows an increase in out-of-pocket payments as a percentage of total health expenditure in the majority of European countries. However, this statement needs qualifying, as in several countries the provision of services is determined at the local or provider level, subject to resource constraints. As budgets are tightened, in these countries, it is possible that there have been changes in coverage, but in a manner difficult to quantify. Section 2 of this paper defines what is considered as “health coverage” in the sections that follow.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|expenditure coverage health tightened qualifying|8.653141|8.802791|2.250896
12800|At present, nearly all institutions in the Federal Public Administration are stepping up their efforts to design policies that are geared to narrowing the gender gap in their sectors of government. For these efforts to take hold and achieve long-lasting impact, it is crucial to systematically maximise the use of policy tools such as gender impact-assessments, gender-responsive budgeting and the collection of gender-disaggregated data that support evidence-based policy making. Accordingly, this chapter examines what tools and mechanisms Mexico is currently using in pursuit of its gender equality objectives. To that end, it references the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life to provide further guidance on how Mexico can ensure inclusive, sustainable gender-sensitive policies. While acknowledging gender equality as a cross-cutting objective that supports the country in achieving its national development goals, Mexico has committed to incorporating a gender perspective in all government actions, policies and laws.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender mexico equality policies tools|10.155232|4.124667|6.508377
12801|However, for the full potential of new network technologies to be realised, the market will require that they have universal, or close to universal coverage, and the full potential of networks is only likely to be achieved if markets are effectively competitive and there is adequate coverage of most geographic areas. Efficiency-enhancing processes and structural innovations, such as inventory and supply chain management or e-commerce, have been enabled by innovative software systems. As communications technology continues to converge across different electronic platforms and wireless networks, new opportunities for software innovation are constantly being created.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|software universal networks coverage wireless|4.862718|3.0293634|1.9738857
12802|Making data available to relevant stakeholders creates opportunities for coordination and holistic planning processes but to truly understand and leverage the data, modelling methodologies and tools can be used. Computational modelling is the use of computers to simulate and study the behaviour of complex systems using mathematics, physics and computer science65. Data on national infrastructure can be leveraged to build computational models for a deeper understanding of the properties of the system as a whole and the effects of factors such as demand and supply, demographic changes, and climate change.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|computational modelling data physics simulate|1.8453065|4.9888215|1.6119717
12803|This kind of market structure is typical of pre-liberalisation energy sectors in most countries, including the six SEE economies. For example, OECD member countries’ experience of energy market liberalisation is that markets for electricity that are co-ordinated and integrated across borders into regional markets, deliver consumer benefits, including more competitive prices and greater supply security (IEA, 2005). More recently, it has become clear that regional integration of electricity markets is required to achieve least-cost emissions reductions (IEA, 2014a). The potential gains from balancing resources, if they are shared effectively among the economies, include increased technical possibilities for balancing capacity provision, lower overall balancing costs, and alignment of the costs of balancing service provision with the costs of making them available (ECS, 2014).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|balancing liberalisation markets iea costs|1.715605|2.082309|1.9477264
12804|These projects are designed to regulate the flow of the river and its tributaries for irrigation and flood protection purposes. Turkey proposed the construction of a joint dam on the Orontes River in Syria to generate power and provide irrigation water to both countries. Five years later, in December 2009.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation river tributaries syria dam|0.62903816|7.2320724|2.2283058
12805|Control over valuations by the state introduces both a potential bottleneck and a level of intervention in the operation of the market which many countries (and lenders) would consider undesirable; also, imposing a requirement for all valuations to be “bespoke” exercises conducted by multinational accounting firms introduces a high level of cost into the system and makes smaller financing deals uneconomic to transact, placing them beyond the reach of SMEs. This effect is of particular concern in constructing an approach that meets policy objectives, can collect a large quantity of comparable data, and avoids concentrating risk in a small number of large deals (which the market might be willing to finance in any event, thus undermining additionality). In many respects, the behaviour of intangible assets is not very different from that typically associated with tangible assets, but because some of the major causes for changes in value are different, the points of parity may be less obvious.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|deals introduces assets bottleneck avoids|4.9135084|4.041909|3.0943763
12806|The capacity of existing non-contributory social cash transfer schemes to support poor and vulnerable households before and during the crisis is discussed in section four. Section five presents avenues of reform to strengthen the effectiveness of social protection in Central Asia and concludes with potential areas of involvement of the CARRA process. In hindsight, the impact of the global economic crises in the countries of Central Asia was relatively mild (Slay, 2011). Countries in the region are expected to return to their growth path at latest during 2011 as projections from the International Monetary Fund indicate (IMF, 2010b).|SDG 1 - No poverty|asia section central avenues mild|6.957757|5.7420125|4.203452
12807|Workplace training should also be subject to quality control, in the form of contractual arrangements, inspections and self-evaluations. Investing in high-quality early childhood education and initial schooling, particularly for children from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds, can be an efficient strategy to ensure that children start strong in their education careers and first skills beget future skills. Later in life, financial support targeted at disadvantaged students and schools can improve the development of skills. Governments can design financial incentives and favourable tax policies that encourage individuals and employers to invest in post-compulsory education and training. Individuals can be encouraged to shoulder more of the financial burden of tertiary education, while disadvantaged individuals should be assured access to education opportunities through grants and loans. If cuts to public spending have to be made, they should be based on the long-term cost/benefit ratios of alternative public investments.|SDG 4 - Quality education|disadvantaged education individuals skills financial|8.890556|2.7364671|2.665575
12808|Centralised procurement of publicly paid pharmaceuticals for hospital services has been one of the targets of the 2014-2018 Health System Quality and Efficiency Improvement project supported by the World Bank, but has so far not been achieved. However, there has been progress in monitoring over-prescription by individual physicians and discussing corrective actions with them. The National Health Plan is the medium-term planning tool (with a timeframe of about three years), setting out broad tasks and goals, priority areas and the health needs of particular population groups. It also specifies actors responsible for implementation, deadlines and benchmarking criteria. As health needs assessment is not well developed in Croatia, these objectives are based on basic health monitoring and on existing health care structures.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health monitoring deadlines timeframe corrective|8.783025|9.419717|2.0117886
12809|The objective of the engagement was to ensure that the management system is future focused and able to provide sustainable fisheries resources for all of New Zealand. In particular, it focussed on: fisheries management, processes, technology, research gathering, and regulations and legislation. This includes an assessment of the Quota Management System (QMS), which is 30 years old.|SDG 14 - Life below water|management fisheries focussed gathering quota|-0.15275127|5.7434983|6.8341093
12810|Some incentives or sanctions around compliance with these guidelines, suitably adapted to local conditions, may be appropriate. This does not need to imply any loss of the continuous, personalised care rightly valued by Danish patients; other countries have moved from solo practices to small group practices of three or four clinicians without losing this ethos. At the same time, support will be needed to extend the quality, safety and peer-support gains of group practice to those GPs working in settings where group practice is less feasible, such as those working rurally.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|group practice practices solo personalised|9.232768|9.082301|1.6767409
12811|For 2009, the administration requested US$139 million, with US$92 million for Haiti and US$20 million for Guyana. The balance of the request for other countries is through the child survival and health (CSH) foreign assistance funding account. In the Caribbean, USAID provides HIV/AIDS assistance through both bilateral and regional programmes, and is an active member of the Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS. As part of its Caribbean regional programme, USAID has initiated a programme focusing on Caribbean countries that do not have a permanent USAID presence: Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica and Barbados.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|caribbean usaid st million aids|8.337439|8.887446|3.2885244
12812|However, only two INDCs (Kyrgyzstan and Moldova) explicitly indicate financial needs for implementing their climate actions. Georgia’s INDC has communicated the long-term cost only for adaptation. Armenia’s INDC does not estimate financial needs, but mentions possible domestic and international sources to achieve its mitigation and adaptation goals, as well as capacity building needs. Others (e.g. Kazakhstan, Georgia, Ukraine and Belarus) refer to existing national policy documents (such as Kazakhstan’s Concept for Transition to a Green Economy) or their National Communications submitted to the UNFCCC, which outline the individual countries’ priorities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|indc georgia needs kazakhstan adaptation|1.4889519|3.9486463|1.1905466
12813|Crop water requirements are defined as the “quantity of water required by a crop in a given period of time for normal growth under field conditions” (FAO, 2008). In cases where precipitation is lower than the evapotranspiration requirement, there is a water deficit. In such situations, irrigation water can fill the gap.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water crop evapotranspiration precipitation normal|1.0648314|7.333865|3.0187695
12814|But the transformation, even with a carbon price, is unlikely to be smooth. There are many recognised barriers - structural, financial, institutional, informational and attitudinal - that will continue to impede the transition to a low carbon economy. For example, households and firms don’t always consider life cycle costs of technologies, equipment and appliances but more often purchase at lower costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon informational don impede costs|1.50352|2.9757113|1.8621707
12815|Furthermore, the development of alternative water sources (such as desalination and reuse) consumes large quantities of energy; and water scarcity may force the closure of power plants that require fresh water for cooling. An objective gap can also occur between rural and urban areas, and upstream and downstream states. Such conflicting interests ineluctably undermine effective implementation of responsibilities at central government level in collective enforcement of water policies, especially when legislation is outdated.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water consumes outdated conflicting closure|1.2457112|7.2516694|2.1228833
12816|Countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Sweden have formal mechanisms for making national reimbursement decisions based on an HTA, while in others, including Denmark and Switzerland, an HTA is not part of the formal decision making process (Jonsson and Wilking, 2007). In addition, a sensitivity analysis for uncertainty is not always carried out. Partly due to these differences, findings are not always consistent across studies.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hta formal making reimbursement sensitivity|8.770596|9.470293|2.127196
12817|In Austria and Slovenia, for example, women fill approximately 90% of the secretarial positions (see Figure 3.3). This trend is consistent with traditional job segregation, where women occupy lower-grade and lower-paid jobs. Women’s higher educational attainment has led to an increase in their representation in the professional sphere in most OECD countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women lower occupy sphere segregation|9.223245|4.1374717|5.9316525
12818|The lead agency does not have to be responsible for conducting all activities but it does have to co-ordinate and to report regularly on progress towards targets to the highest levels of government. In Korea, road safety responsibility is shared between various agencies. The Transport Safety Act is managed by The Ministry of Land, Transportation and Infrastructure (MOLIT) while the Road Traffic Act, covering key areas of safety, is managed by the Police. Each ministry can propose road safety-related measures as well as a budget to achieve them, however, there is no overall co-ordination process for the allocation of a road safety budget.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|safety road managed act budget|4.196641|5.2856803|-0.056057863
12819|But inevitably, benefit-cost ratios do tend to influence decisions on the allocation of funds across sectors and between dissimilar projects. This strategy puts an emphasis on improving connections: between people and employment, people and services, and business and economies (Cooper and Penrose, 2018). Scheme promoters are expected to develop five cases: financial, commercial, management and - most importantly, strategic and economic.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|inevitably puts people ratios importantly|5.6817884|3.3254862|2.565744
12820|In 2010, this district revoked groundwater-pumping entitlements with an estimated value in excess of USD 3 million for several groundwater users who had attempted to increase their water use illegally by bypassing their well flow meters (McCook Gazette 2010). Flat pricing over time does not affect long term incentives (Civita et al., This type of scheme may also affect the response to pricing; e.g. a two-layer block-rate tariff with a very low price up to a certain quantity, and very high above it may have similar effects to that of a water quota, as observed in Mexico (de Richter, 2013).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pricing groundwater affect illegally attempted|1.3606191|7.625418|2.4300933
12821|Thus, it paved the way for the creation of the RMV in 1995, also supported by federal transfers through the Gemeindeverkehrsftnanzierungsgesetz. It integrates regional and local transport under uniform and needs-based mles for the entire metropolitan area: one timetable, one price and one ticket. This includes important tasks such as tariff design, scheduling, allocation of transport services to carriers, the development of the network, the tendering of transport services, the assurance of quality and security standards, innovation (e-ticket, mobile ticket, touch&travel, R&D) as well as communication, information and marketing.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ticket transport carriers integrates touch|4.2284374|5.0741215|0.8053035
12822|In some cases, the absorption of neighbouring municipalities seems also to be a w'ay to cope with infrastructure developments and land scarcity in a context of growing population. For instance, according to local authorities, the expansion of city borders in Kyzylorda was indispensable in distributing individual land plots for construction purposes. In both Almaty City and Shymkent, according to local authorities, such expansion was necessary to improve transport infrastructure (suburban road network, new' railway tracks, car parks and bus stations), build new social objects (schools, hospitals) and develop new housing projects (in Shymkent only). Shymkent has now' the largest territory among Kazakh cities (1 170 km2).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|shymkent expansion new authorities city|4.5110326|5.401601|1.8775636
12823|This system provides weak stimulus to continuous quality improvements in the provision of care, since most professionals are paid solely through fixed salaries (with no link to performance assessment), and in many instances contracts are temporary and do not include social security benefits. Evidence from other national settings have concluded that movements away from salary mechanisms for health professionals are a successful strategy to raise allocative efficiency, for example through the strengthening of the primary care system, by improving user experience (when remuneration is at least partly tied to performance) as well as prevention of more expensive care, including avoidable hospitalisations (Moreno-Serra, 2014). Providers tend to be largely concentrated in densely populated areas, with a notable increase in the number of private providers in those localities in the last ten years.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|professionals care providers performance hospitalisations|8.848492|8.874659|1.8273954
12824|Once such an agreement is signed by workers’ representatives, a worker who refuses its application can be fairly dismissed for economic reasons, which represents a derogation from the labour code that is currently in force. The new legislation also reduces, for termination cases, the length of the period in which a complaint can be filed (which however remains much longer than the OECD average, in particular in the case of dismissal for personal reasons) and shortens and simplifies the procedures in the case of collective dismissals. Finally, a specific schedule for worker compensation is set for pre-trial conciliation settlements, which is lower than standard levels of compensation awarded by courts when the judge rules that the dismissal is unfair.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|dismissal compensation worker reasons filed|7.973526|4.632414|4.1583166
12825|The first chapter provides the context, and describes why development co-operation providers are engaging the private sector, and what issues they address with their support. The second chapter maps development partner approaches - it discusses key concepts and adopts a framework to understand policy objectives, it presents examples of activities, and finally, it highlights the roles of different development co-operation actors. The third chapter presents an analysis of climate-related development finance flows supporting private sector engagement, highlighting the geographies of private sector engagement according to sector, provider, income of the recipients and aim (mitigation vs. adaptation).|SDG 13 - Climate action|sector chapter presents private development|2.0052783|4.1491766|1.3274691
12826|In remote areas of South Africa, cash transfers have stabilised the demand for food, reduced market risk for producers and traders, and supported local agricultural production (Samson et al., The social pension in Namibia also improved market access to food by attracting traders to remote communities and enabling pensioners to buy food on credit (Devereux, 2002, cited in HLPE, 2012). However, where markets are not able to respond to increased demand by increasing supply, cash transfers can have a negative impact, by pushing up local prices. In Ethiopia, the Meket Livelihoods Programme shifted from food- to cash-based transfers, with negative impacts on the availability and price of food in local markets for beneficiaries, especially in remote, areas with food deficits (Kebede, 2006; DFID, 2011).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food remote cash transfers traders|4.424055|5.363207|4.211861
12827|The USBR charge for water applied on land in excess of 390 hectares is either USD51.98 per 1,000 m3 or USD63.20 per 1,000 m3, depending on which version of the law is applicable. The Regional Water Authority applies a charge of USD23.64 per 1,000 m3 for delivering water through its canal system, regardless of which lands are irrigated. The District also charges one volumetric rate of USD18.44 per 1,000 m3.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|charge water volumetric canal hectares|1.5276382|7.593854|2.363726
12828|Indeed, the country has reaped the benefits of improvements in access to drainage and wastewater treatment. Households with access to public sewerage systems increased from 60% to 83%, and 82% of those households are connected to a wastewater treatment plant. The majority of the remaining situations are solved through individual solutions such as septic tanks.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater treatment solved septic reaped|1.6046404|6.9339895|2.5644357
12829|Almost 40 million people were affected. First, large-scale humanitarian support is required to assist food-insecure populations, institutional arrangements and coordination. Second, they highlight the need for all countries to be well prepared for such emergencies, including through strengthening climate-smart agricultural practices, investing in irrigation and building emergency food reserves.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food emergencies insecure humanitarian highlight|4.5861726|5.4480515|4.2864995
12830|The redistribution of unpaid work is one of the pillars for achieving gender equality in Latin America and the Caribbean by 2030 (Bidegain Ponte, 2017). The ability to place young children in day care depends in large part on households' purchasing power or on programmes catering for poor or vulnerable households or women. In many cases, these services are not regulated or under strict State supervision, which means that the conditions and quality of care in the different centres are mixed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|catering households pillars care supervision|8.998388|5.0892644|5.727769
12831|Mental health services are an integrated part of health and medical care (see section 3.1). The general provisions on the content and execution of psychiatric care are found in the Health and Medical Services Act (1982:763) and in the Health and Medical Services (Professional Activities) Act (OECD Mental health questionnaire, 2013). This Act underlines the key principles of the Swedish health care system: universal, easily accessible and good quality services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health medical act services care|10.367235|8.9470825|1.7697676
12832|While spatial plans can condition the choices that firms and households make by determining where roads will be constructed and by indicating what land is open for development and what land is not, these are coarse tools for shaping economic growth. Overly rigid spatial plans can limit prosperity, while overly flexible plans lose the ability to manage the built environment and achieve environmental protection goals. The logic of constructing a Pole metropolitain is that the correct spatial unit for planning is an urban core or cores that lead economic growth in a surrounding more rural hinterland.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial overly plans pole cores|3.8952444|5.453798|1.6127579
12833|In particular, information systems across the SP and the SS institutes remain incompatible and a national patient register or census (a minimum requirement to enable interoperability and closer working) does not exist. Health care in Mexico is less well-resourced than in other OECD countries. Currently, Mexico spends 6.2% (2013) of GDP on health, somewhat less than the OECD average of 8.9%, equating to USD PPP 1 048 per capita per year (OECD average USD PPP 3 453 in 2013).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ppp usd mexico oecd ss|8.703186|8.755888|2.483242
12834|The analysis is this chapter does not incorporate those initiatives. In the Czech Republic, a wage subsidy (plus training subsidy) is only paid for workers on reduced hours who participate in the “Educate YourselP programme. Participation in training in Hungary is compulsory for workers taking part in the short-time work scheme financed by the European Social Fund.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|subsidy workers training educate incorporate|7.8601937|4.2965565|3.7667532
12835|Overall, sound and systematic implementation of patient engagement strategies and health literacy programmes could reduce aggregate harm by up to 15% - a very good return on investment. Given the problem of medication safety and ADEs in this setting it was surprising to see interventions aimed at better medication dispensing and management rank comparatively low across the choices provided in the survey. Some useful studies highlight the value of an inter-professional approach to medication safety.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medication safety ades rank surprising|9.003919|9.529277|1.6123345
12836|Employers and graduates are often not well-informed about what VET programmes offer. Weaknesses in governance, fragmentation and lack of co-ordination add to the problem. These include the development of high quality options at the upper secondary level, and the merger of colleges techniques [technical schools] with general colleges [academic schools]; stronger career guidance mechanisms, based on solid data, and smoother transition arrangements between vocational and academic programmes; as well as mechanisms to better engage employers, more co-ordination across ministries with responsibilities for VET, and the introduction of mandatory' work-based learning in post-secondary VET. First, the objectives of entrepreneurship training need to be clarified and agreed upon between all stakeholders.|SDG 4 - Quality education|vet colleges academic employers ordination|8.469568|2.7842555|2.8063028
12837|The contribution of forest sinks is important in countries in developed regions as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean, but less so elsewhere. Agricultural emissions make up a significant share of total AFOLU emissions in all regions, and represent more than half of emissions in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, where net forest conversion is the major source. Different emission patterns have been recorded at regional level over the last two decades. For example, there has been a sharp reduction in the positive contribution of forest sinks in Southeast, Eastern and Southern Asia, and an opposite trend in Europe.|SDG 13 - Climate action|sinks forest emissions regions caribbean|1.3689193|4.4251924|3.7926853
12838|School leaders with an unsatisfactory performance may also be required or advised to complete compulsory training to improve (e.g. various Australian states and territories, various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile [Performance Appraisal], Korea [School Principal Appraisal for Professional Development], New Zealand, Portugal, and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom). This also depends on evaluators’ and school leaders’ capacity to use appraisal results. A review of principal appraisal in school districts in the United States, for example, found that almost half of the appraisal models reviewed failed to provide school leaders with clear feedback that was linked to a development plan on what they could be doing better to improve teaching and learning in their school (Goldring et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal school leaders territories principal|9.892397|1.2079685|1.5573722
12839|Earlier in the 20th century, industry relied mainly on relatively clean industrial waste, but the quantities of materials separated from municipal solid waste have increased again since the 1980s.48 The economics of recycling is changing over time. For example, the cost of recycling electronic equipment in the US is approaching the point of producing a profit without individuals or businesses having to pay a fee to recycle their equipment. Figure 5.1 shows that secondary resource prices closely follow fluctuations in their corresponding virgin material.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|recycling equipment waste recycle virgin|0.63346475|3.8551352|3.0537503
12840|Yet, none of the parallel causes of malnutrition are independent of income. The overall level of national income is a determinant of the state’s availability to pay for key public services, while individual incomes also determine the household’s uptake of education, and its access to health, water and sanitation.11 The composition of income growth matters as well as the overall rate, as it is increases in the incomes of the poorest that have the greatest impact on nutritional outcomes. Moreover, in many countries, the rural poor are discriminated against in terms of the provision of basic public services.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|incomes income discriminated overall determinant|4.535177|5.704425|4.5000157
12841|In countries as diverse as Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu, between a quarter and a fifth of women had been married when they still were children. Available from httpi'/wvvw.wotldbankorg/en/news/opinion/2012/11/25/the-human-and-c-cannot-afford. See also http//wwwendvawnow.org/erVarticles/301-consequences-and-costs-.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|islands marshall leste timor kiribati|9.386443|5.493742|6.259993
12842|With a remarkable literacy rate exceeding 85%, Cabo Verde has the foundation for an economic lift-off driven by a robust urban population with skills for a competitive private sector. The country’s urban renewal can therefore be an important driver of structural transformation in the years ahead. The region is facing persistent pockets of insecurity at its northern and eastern borders because of the threat of Boko Haram and the crisis in the Central African Republic. Cameroon's growth in 2015 has been estimated at a solid 5.7%, led mainly by the secondary sector, which grew by 8.4%.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|verde pockets lift urban cameroon|4.4282155|4.9834776|2.1689148
12843|Most of the support went to general services for the fisheries sector such as management resources and infrastructure. The plan aims to further promote fish farming for aquaculture production and to restore depleted fish stocks. The Vision proposes practical measures in response to the shrinkage of these areas.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish depleted restore proposes went|0.16110735|5.9955225|6.5822663
12844|Approaches must address both specific barriers that impede girls’ and women’s participation in sport and the often complex intersections of gender-specific issues and other markers of disadvantage, such as disability, ethnicity and socio-economic status (Jeanes et al. The provision of competitive and non-competitive sporting activities that are attractive to girls and women also requires intentional planning (Bailey et al. In some contexts, girls and women can benefit from specific opportunities that enable them to participate in environments that are safe and supportive.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls specific competitive women intersections|10.019108|5.08429|6.754618
12845|The 290 municipalities fund elderly care, home care and social care, while the regions are responsible for primary, psychiatric and specialist health care. Local and regional taxes are supplemented by the central government and by user charges. Subsidies for prescription drugs are paid for through designated state grants to the regions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care regions supplemented prescription psychiatric|8.855927|8.7216215|1.9287078
12846|Countries in LAC tend to have ratified the convention earlier than countries in other regions. Discriminatory attitudes also vary across regions: one person in four declares that men make better political leader than women do in LAC (25%), one third in SSA (34%) and OECD countries (35%), and about one in two in EAP (53%) and ECA (54%). Gender-biased attitudes towards political leadership are widespread in SA and MENA where 67% and 74% of the population respectively underestimated women's political leadership. To address this question, we start by investigating the relationship between the gender-based discrimination in social institutions, captured by the SIGI, and income per capita, measured by GDP per capita.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lac political attitudes leadership capita|9.3540325|4.5220623|6.8530793
12847|Most contracts include minimum revenue assurance by the government, in the event that toll proceeds fall short of the agreed amount (OECD, 2009). The concessions co-ordination Unit of the Ministry of Public Works (Ministerio de Obras Publicas/MOP) regulates and controls the system. Inter-institutional co-ordination and the urban governance framework will be crucial for assuring a harmonious and sustainable urban development process in which transport, housing and environmental policies and priorities are all taken into consideration.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|ordination mop harmonious assuring regulates|3.2754788|5.47682|1.6125346
12848|The Kyoto Protocol established a Joint Implementation (Jl) regime for trade among states that had emissions caps, and a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to allow states with emissions caps to offset these by purchasing emissions reductions from non-capped states. Jl and CDM led to a large volume of Europe-dominated and project-based emissions trading, with the CDM credit supply largely captured by China, to the exclusion of least developed countries (LDCs) unable to compete with China's efficient, low-cost project pipeline. Such domestic policies may include national or subnational emissions trading programmes.|SDG 13 - Climate action|cdm emissions caps states trading|1.3859342|3.430681|1.6977391
12849|From a supply perspective, there is concern about the slowing down of yield growth in staple crops to levels that are insufficient for meeting future food demands without the expansion of agricultural land, which is already scarce in Asia. Some studies predict that in South Asia, the climate change scenario would result in a 14 percent decline in rice production relative to the no-climate-change scenario, a 44-49 percent decline in wheat production, and a 9-19 percent fall in maize production (Nelson etal. A 30 percent increase in the global population by 2050 will require a 60-70 percent increase in food production, taking into account changing consumption patterns.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|percent production scenario decline asia|3.6488085|5.255698|4.1350255
12850|A large part of the gain in life expectancy has been after age 65, so Estonian women at 65 have another 20 years to live and men more than 15 years (2015). Mortality from cancer is the second leading cause of death (accounting for 22% of women and 27% of men). External causes come third for both and account for the death of about 10% of men. During the same period, however, mortality from cancer did not fall and remains well above the EU average. Despite policies to combat smoking (see Section 5.1), lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer mortality.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer mortality men death cause|9.2932415|9.124533|3.1094077
12851|These changes in initial teacher education and professional development for experienced teachers are part of a move to professionalise teaching in Denmark. While 72.9% of lower secondary teachers in Denmark reported having participated in courses or workshops over the past 12 months (TALIS average: 70.9%), they spent fewer days on average on such activities than teachers in other countries. On average across TALIS countries, teachers spent 8.5 days on courses and workshops.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers talis workshops courses days|9.516823|1.5165888|2.6766062
12852|In addition, governments could themselves be financially affected by stranded assets, as they own 50-70% of global oil, gas and coal resources and collect taxes and royalties on portions they do not own (CPI, 2014). The Bank of England is to conduct an enquiry into the risk of fossil fuel companies causing a major risk to financial stability if future climate change rules render their coal, oil and gas assets worthless. Various elements of environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure could help to lower the vulnerability of companies to climate policy and to climate change risks (i.e. stranding or actual destruction of assets).|SDG 13 - Climate action|assets coal climate oil gas|1.7233996|3.5780792|1.4341149
12853|While not radically different from similar economies Bulgaria, Slovenia and Turkey, this is particularly significant for the six assessed economies given that access to natural gas supplies is patchy at best, with Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro not connected to gas pipelines. This uncertainty in energy supply is detrimental to consumer welfare and, crucially, undermines national competitiveness. Reliable energy supplies are critical to the competitiveness of local industries and businesses, and an important signal for potential investors. The pipeline of investments in energy infrastructure in place aims to improve energy security further, address remaining historic weaknesses and accommodate rapid technological change.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy supplies competitiveness gas economies|1.5191865|2.2121482|2.105419
12854|There has been considerable public debate on the appropriate content framework of technical education. What is now favoured is the integration of professional-technical education with general academic education, somewhat on a comprehensive curricular approach. However, during this transitionary phase, it is not always achieved in practice, and will require more co-ordinated actions among the various departments of the MEC.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education technical curricular favoured ordinated|8.333044|2.4797199|2.6994755
12855|Three major types of policy interventions can help in redesigning the landscape of adaptation financing prospects so as to render it more hospitable to private interests. Hence, the potential for establishing international policy leadership for the improvement of adaptation-related financial flows is high. Indeed, a clear example of regulatory action designed to increase funding for adaptation is provided by the Green Climate Fund, which is mandated to allocate 50 per cent of its funds towards adaptation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation redesigning render mandated allocate|1.7748872|4.0341625|1.3633902
12856|The country results for the decade from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s demonstrate that it is possible for tax-benefit systems to be quite effective at stabilising inequality even during periods of rapidly growing market-income disparities. The extent of inequality cushioning was strongest in Canada, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, where trends towards more extensive government redistribution offset more than 70% of the rise in market-income inequality up until the mid-1990s. For instance, in Finland, greater equalisation through taxes and benefits offset more than three quarters of the 23% increase in market-income inequality up until 1995, but by 2004, this has dropped to 50%.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality mid offset finland market|6.8753347|5.0764437|4.5539646
12857|Aquaculture is an EMFF priority with EUR 1.2 billion (USD 1.6 billion) worth of support allocated to it. To address challenges of overfishing, reliance on imports for fish, low profits and dependence on subsidies in many fleet segments, and complexity of governance, the reform of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) was proposed. The new CFP was agreed by the Council and Parliament and entered into force in 1 January 2014. It advocates for a progressive implementation of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management. It aims at efficient fishing activities within an economically viable and competitive fisheries industry, while minimising the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. Moreover, it seeks to fulfil the goal of Good Environmental Status (GES) in European seas by 2020 in line with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).|SDG 14 - Life below water|cfp fisheries marine fishing billion|-0.119214155|5.678405|6.577143
12858|Physical and digital assets can be represented as “tokens” of value on the shared distributed registries, allowing the tokens to be directly traded among network participants. In essence, these core capabilities allow for the use of cryptocurrencies (e.g. Bitcoin, Ether) as well as tokenised digital records (e.g. property rights, physical property rights) in the context of the infrastructure lifecycle, from financing, and procurement, through tendering and operations. Greater standardisation of contracts and documentation in the bidding and procurement stages of the infrastructure project life cycle is critical to reducing their cost and complexity, as well as facilitating their comparability.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|procurement digital property physical standardisation|3.287559|3.0893857|1.892204
12859|Complex activities are worth multiple NWAUs, while the more straightforward are worth fractions of an NWAU. Activity-based funded hospitals that treat patients who reside in rural locations receive an adjustment, which results in additional funding. As discussed in Chapter 2, one of the financial incentives for GPs under the Practice Incentives Programme is a Procedural General Practitioner Payment, which aims to encourage GPs in rural and remote areas to maintain local access to surgical, anaesthetic and obstetric services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gps worth incentives fractions obstetric|8.858714|8.884978|1.6673368
12860|Curriculum narrowing leads to more time spent on tested areas, like mathematics and reading, and less time on nontested content, such as history. As a consequence of accountability systems, teachers may overemphasise certain subjects that will be tested, even if they make up only a small part of the entire curriculum (Eurydice, 2009). In addition, specific subjects can be omitted from the lesson plans as tested areas are given increasing priority (King and Zucker, 2005).|SDG 4 - Quality education|tested subjects curriculum eurydice king|9.680776|1.7676003|1.4865214
12861|Close collaboration among the staff working on different Biodiversity-related Conventions is an excellent and effective way to further strengthen synergies across the biodiversity-related MEAs. This makes a positive contribution and significant impact through joint regional work, for example, the organization of the Pacific Regional Joint Preparatory Meeting in August 2014, described in a case study in the Capacity building section (Case study 39, pg. Collaborative working among these officers means that there are synergies in the support which is provided to Parties.|SDG 15 - Life on land|synergies joint biodiversity study pg|1.5527893|5.203223|3.7478025
12862|In particular, investments to adjust the long-run water supply (e.g. investments in water abstraction), as well as proposing alternative water supply options to tackle short-term water shortages, are key to providing reliable access to water. To give an idea of the potential effect of managing water demand, a report prepared for the European Commission (Dworak et al., These water saving technologies are not only easy to introduce and to implement, but have also short payback periods, further enhancing their uptake possibilities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water short investments payback supply|1.286701|7.384905|2.5021873
12863|The second largest group, however, believes that “jobs are only given to people who have connections”, reflecting frustration with a system that is perceived as unfair, because connections depend largely on personal background and access to privileged circles that most youth do not have and cannot obtain. At the same time, the practice of distributing jobs on the basis of connections is a clear indication of the scarcity of good jobs. In a robust labour market, employers compete for workers and have to cast a wide and open net to attract the workforce they need.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|connections jobs frustration circles privileged|7.893181|4.139977|3.9035606
12864|Des initiatives nationales specifiques existent pour lutter contre les problemes psychologiques les plus urgents, tel que le suicide, la stigmatisation sociale et l’augmentation des problemes mentaux chez les jeunes et les travailleurs suedois. The actual responsibilities for health care provision are divided between three levels of government: national, regional and local. Thus, Parliament passes legislation and sets the budget for mental health initiatives, and county councils and municipalities manage mental health services and administration. While this organisational set-up allows for effective and targeted delivery of services, it also requires advanced collaboration, communication and cooperation amongst various governmental bodies and mental health care providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|les mental health des initiatives|10.328986|8.936645|1.7601417
12865|It has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years. It manages the integration of structural funds into broader spatial strategies and was directly responsible for the programming work related to 1 of the 11 thematic objectives of the programming period 2014-20. They were established (mandated) as part of the Modernisation of territorial public action and affirmation of metropolises law (2014) and are intended to strengthen dialogue between local authorities and the region and to co-ordinate responsibilities. The CTAP in each region are chaired by the President of the Regional Council. Its membership includes representatives of departements and intercommunalities of different sizes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|programming spatial departements chaired regional|3.9310184|5.407003|1.7097402
12866|The strengthening of animal and plant health and inspection systems is another area that can also underpin the longer term development of domestic and international markets for the Brazilian agricultural sector. While short term benefits accrue to farmers from price support and credit programmes, in the longer run sector-wide investments can have a higher pay-off to farmers. Although Brazil provides comparatively low support to farmers, there may be opportunities to gradually transfer additional resources to public investment in the light of the expected improvements in agricultural productivity and the associated profitability of the sector.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farmers sector longer agricultural term|3.6246722|4.9312844|3.8390837
12867|More efficient sorting and transfer stations are now being built, allowing the sorting of 100 per cent of MSW. More than 70,000 tons of secondary resources (paper, cardboard and textiles) are collected annually through the receiving centres of municipal utilities. There are now 88 waste recycling plants, which operate in all large and medium-sized cities, including Brest, Baranovichi, Gomel, Mogilev and Novopolotsk. There is a positive dynamic reflected in the increase in the share of secondary resource extraction (more than 30 per cent).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|sorting secondary cent msw textiles|0.42709395|4.037305|3.1345513
12868|These investments are generally for the purpose of improving the quantity, quality, timing, or reliability of water itself at the place where the farmer needs it. In much the same way as a reduced cost of maintaining infrastructure improves farm income, greater amounts of water saved from that investment that is made available for irrigation use on the farm have a similar economic effect.13 However, depending on the price of water charged to irrigators, additional water saved may or may not end up getting used. There is only additional farm income resulting from saved water if water demand exceeds supply at the going price charged to farmers. If there is an excess supply at the going price, the additional water will not be used for irrigation and there is no farm income gained.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water saved farm charged additional|1.2751584|7.5069857|2.7328174
12869|From an initial sample focus of 64 woredas3 (12% of the total) the lessons will be gradually scaled up to the whole country. And each government sector will ensure the mainstreaming of climate change via Sectoral Climate Programmes and Action Plans. Although not engaged in developing the CRGE strategy, several are already playing a significant role in shaping and supporting its implementation plan. Some are focusing on green economy outcomes in thematic areas, notably energy and forestry. Others focus on building or enhancing enabling factors, such as law enforcement, capacity development and awareness-raising for ministry staff, incentivising private sector engagement, and creating credit lines for innovation and technology development. ‘ Green’ concerns are also being mainstreamed into aid programmes in the economic and social sectors, such as using social protection instruments for climate adaptation (Box 1).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate green focus incentivising mainstreamed|2.045999|4.2007008|2.1123428
12870|Participants are also given bridging support (PLN 7 500 for a six-month period) to cover the operating costs of the new business. Poland’s employment office has featured participants in a television series about the project to promote entrepreneurship among older people. This makes self-employment more attractive for older people, because the insurance costs less and there is a guaranteed minimum coverage. One such example, Cologne’s multigenerational Living for Help programme, helps students find accommodation in the homes of older people. This project serves the needs of both generations, offering students housing and older people services and support at home. Meanwhile, it helps build community awareness and mutual support networks and provides services within a community that are not currently addressed by existing government programmes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|older people participants helps support|8.125277|5.197725|3.9920037
12871|In general, however, methodologies for result-based financing were reported to be newly developed or under development in developing countries, but also across donor agencies. Providers and supporters are also in the process of establishing their own expertise, through systems to monitoring results to identify project impact and to measure benefits and trade-offs among different dimensions (e.g. environmental, social, economic, financial). For example, AFD, within its “climate and development action plan for 2012-2016”, has established a systematic procedure to assess the carbon footprint of projects it finances in developing countries and the GHG impact is taken into account in AFD's decision making process.|SDG 13 - Climate action|afd supporters process developing impact|1.7564735|4.1478977|1.1363355
12872|If job-search is costly for workers, unprejudiced employers (who hire women) may take advantage of the fact that female workers find it harder to be employed in a market with (even only few) prejudiced employers, and offer them lower wages (Black, 1995). Gender gaps may also persist in the absence of strong negative priors if male employers are better at judging the talents of male employees than of female ones (Aigner and Cain, 1977). Education is a costly investment and employers’ underestimation of women’s talents reduces its value for women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|employers talents costly male women|9.191348|4.262785|5.923102
12873|The empirical approach can be easily repeated with data for later periods. However, while the size of groups is likely to change as the labour market recovers and cyclical unemployment is absorbed, the more structural barriers are likely to persist while underlying policy and related constraints remain in place. The most common potential employment barriers among these 31% of the working-age population were low skill levels, health limitations and limited work experience.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|barriers likely absorbed repeated cyclical|7.866446|4.5563707|4.275738
12874|In addition, some results may be difficult to quantify, and/or difficult to attribute to a specific intervention. Nevertheless, increased compatibility of different results frameworks could help to improve comparisons of the effectiveness and efficiency of different climate finance interventions. The indicator options presented focus on the mitigation or adaptation benefits of GCF activities - at project, programme or “transformative” level.|SDG 13 - Climate action|difficult results compatibility attribute gcf|1.6226953|4.3879294|1.2972212
12875|School principals recruited under the new recruitment process can appoint and dismiss the members of their school leadership team and propose the dismissal of up to 5% of teachers in their school who have been poorly evaluated in the national teacher evaluation system. At the same time, this new framework has established a greater degree of accountability for school principals. Under the new recruitment process, all school principals are appointed for a period of five years only after which they need to reapply. This provides an opportunity to periodically reassess, recognise and acknowledge well-performing principals, and to provide incentives for continuous development and improvement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|principals school recruitment new recruited|9.853963|1.3453864|1.8681517
12876|Women's rights to land, property, food, water and sanitation, as well as work and social security, are intrinsically linked to the right to attain an adequate standard of living. All these rights are guaranteed under international human rights law, including the right to enjoy these rights on an equal basis with men, without discrimination. Women's access to services, to education and to productive resources is paramount to the realization of the above-mentioned rights. Women's rights in, access to and control over land, housing and property are a determining factor in their living conditions especially in rural economies, essential to women and their children's daily survival, economic security and physical safety. Despite the importance of these rights for women and female-headed households, women still disproportionally lack security of tenure.41 This is often because property is registered in a man's name; the father, husband or brother. In the event of separation, divorce or widowhood, the man or his family often retains rights to the property or the land whereas the woman becomes homeless or will have to share the property with her in-laws without gaining control or rights over it.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|rights property women man security|9.310539|5.094463|7.1198153
12877|The PME must contain technical and pedagogical support and initiatives that specifically respond to priority student needs and implement pedagogical strategies for students with low academic achievement (see Chapter 2 for the role of the SEP in the funding system and Chapter 4 for the use of school improvement plans in schools). As a complement to the SEP and conditional on participating in the SEP, school providers can receive a Grant for Concentration of Priority Students (Subuencion por Concentration de Alumnos Prioritarios). This grant provides an extra amount per student which depends on the proportion of disadvantaged students in the school. School providers with schools enrolling students in extreme poverty can also benefit from a Grant for Retention (Subuencion Educacional Pro-retencion). The grant is provided for each disadvantaged student belonging to a family which participates in the programme Chile Solidario, a part of Chile’s social protection system designed to address the needs of vulnerable families, individuals and geographical areas (also see Chapter 2) (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). Teachers in difficult working conditions receive a Difficult Conditions of Work allowance (Asignacion por desempeno en condiciones dificiles).|SDG 4 - Quality education|sep grant por students school|9.996116|1.944206|2.188477
12878|The Advisory Councils may, in particular, submit recommendations on matters relating to the management of fisheries and the socio-economic and conservation aspects of fisheries and aquaculture to the Commission and to the Member States concerned, inform the Commission and the Member States concerned of problems relating to the management and socio-economic aspects of fisheries and aquaculture, propose solutions to overcome those problems and contribute, in close cooperation with scientists to the collection, supply and analysis of data necessary for the development of conservation measures. In addition, within the framework of the new regionalized CFP, Member States shall consult the Advisory Councils when formulating joint recommendations for achieving the objectives of the Union conservation measures that they recommend. In addition to the above mentioned seven existing Advisory Councils, the new CFP foresees the creation of four new Advisory Councils for the Black Sea, Aquaculture, Markets and Outermost regions. The value of such communication was demonstrated in the 1992 collapse of the Atlantic cod stocks in Canada.|SDG 14 - Life below water|advisory councils aquaculture cfp conservation|-0.13519135|5.7242866|6.505944
12879|This will establish or maintain sustainable, community-based natural resource management in hilly or mountainous lands, prone to erosion and resource degradation. It also fits the'Additionality'criterion, which refers to the need to show that achieved levels of services would have not occurred in the absence of PES. In this case natural regeneration was prevented by excessive grazing of goats, so the regeneration can be shown to be additionality as a result of the PES scheme. The activities included in the project are expected to sequester a total of 0.14 Mt C02eq by 2012 and around 0.25 Mt C02eq by 2017.|SDG 15 - Life on land|additionality regeneration mt pes resource|1.8325613|5.1958222|3.4729135
12880|Following a second reform in 2007, firms with 50 or more workers now have to hand over the severance contributions to the government, which subsequently makes severance payments to the worker. Accordingly, they encourage employers to invest in their workers' training, which increases their productivity and employability. Other positive effects of more permanent labour relations include greater trust, cooperation and loyalty between the two parties, in addition to stimulating team spirit, which could generate higher productivity and facilitate the introduction of new technologies.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|severance productivity workers spirit employability|7.7870636|4.705749|4.1138654
12881|Past public health programmes, which were often ambitious in their stated goals, largely remained unimplemented in practice. Moreover, public health programmes adopted since the political transition that emphasised the need to tackle health inequalities did not sufficiently analyse their causes or formulate adequate strategies to address them successfully. The regulation aimed to limit the maximum trans fatty acid content of foodstuff and redefine nutritional health rules for public catering.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health public redefine catering acid|8.93377|9.131072|2.9345622
12882|However, both challenges can be tackled together. One of the reasons for diminishing interest in short vocational secondary education programmes is the lack of direct access to tertiary education for those graduating from these programmes. One way of addressing this issue is therefore to align the core elements of different upper secondary tracks.|SDG 4 - Quality education|secondary graduating diminishing tackled programmes|8.576471|2.6739109|2.8571897
12883|No new sites were designated after 2001. According to the 2014 National Report to the Ramsar Convention, the country plans to submit nominations for six new sites (Iskanderkul, Nurek, Sarez, Syr Darya, Yashilkul and Zeravshan). In addition, Tajikistan provided national data to the ECE/FAO Study on trends and challenges in achieving the Global Objectives in Forests (GOF), prepared for the 11th Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests in May 2015.|SDG 15 - Life on land|sites forests syr darya ramsar|1.5329497|4.6482916|3.7051342
12884|With competing interests and stringent resources, it would be extremely difficult for them to justify allocating resources to tasks that are vaguely mandated. Currently, national green growth policies and strategies are neither legally founded nor mainstreamed into sectoral legal frameworks such as the Law on Urban Development. An important option would be to clearly state in a legally binding document that subnational governments are responsible for fostering green growth within their administrative areas. Providing clearer mandates and specific actions for subnational governments will actively steer them toward allocating their manpower and budget to green growth actions.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|allocating green legally subnational growth|3.228614|4.6778607|1.943062
12885|They can also enhance data production and collection, as well as promote technical capacity development. In line with the OECD Principles on Water Governance, the ultimate goal of the OECD water governance indicators is not just to measure water governance dimensions, but also to collectively identify what works, what does not, and what can be improved. The indicators can inform policy makers and help set policy priorities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|governance water indicators ultimate collectively|1.1102713|7.0137315|1.5338631
12886|At the low end are Cambodia (4.9 per cent), Turkey (4.0 per cent) and Azerbaijan (2.9 per cent). Seven Asian and Pacific countries have no female ministers, namely Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Hong Kong, China ranked second (8.6 per cent), followed by China (8.1 per cent), Malaysia (7.8 per cent), New Zealand (7.5 per cent), Singapore (6.4 per cent) and India (4.7 per cent)3 Moreover, half of the 700 boards examined had no female directors at all. China is the global leader with a 51 per cent share of managerial level positions held by women, followed by the Philippines and Georgia with 37 per cent, Thailand and Viet Nam with 36 per cent and 33 per cent, respectively, and the Russian Federation with 31 per cent.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cent china singapore followed female|10.466093|4.2298603|6.968689
12887|The government recently decided to establish specialist training for nurses in chronic care outside hospitals, with these nurses most probably employed in GP practices and municipal health services. Regions also invested in multispecialty facilities called 'Health Houses', which include GPs (who also serve as coordinators of care), specialists and physiotherapists, although difficulties in recruiting GPs have emerged (see Section 5.2). The primary care system appears to be holding up well despite the reductions in acute care activity described previously, although avoidable hospital admissions for certain conditions are higher than the EU average (see Section S.3).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care gps nurses section recruiting|9.204952|8.950409|1.7243799
12888|In both cases, large uncertainties remain. Sometimes they are due to methodological differences or different estimations for the value of a statistical life. The 2012 meta-study by Burtraw et al. ( As far as air pollution is concerned, power sources can largely be split into two groups: i) carbon-based electricity sources, including fossil fuels and biomass, with coal-fired plants causing damages that are considerably higher than those from natural gas, oil, or biomass; ii) sources that have impacts on air pollution from low-carbon electricity sources - nuclear, wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and tidal - are either negligible or zero, although some indirect emissions could arise during production.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|sources biomass air pollution carbon|1.3404145|2.5015638|2.278989
12889|There are a number of mixed cropping farms, but such farming systems are in the minority. Mixed farms usually combine arable crops with sheep and beef and derive over one quarter of total revenue from livestock operations. For some farms, production specialisation has played an important role in improving efficiency following the withdrawal of agricultural subsidies in the mid-1980s.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|farms mixed sheep cropping arable|3.779526|5.202363|3.9305265
12890|Local mental health services provide varying levels of intervention and support within a community setting, aiming to avoid residential care up until the point at which it is considered to be absolutely necessary and appropriate. Mental health treatment was shaped significantly by the birth of the NHS in 1948, which became the main health care provider in England. The slow shift from the detention of those with mental disorders to prevention and treatment (which began in the 1920s) continued under the newly formed NHS, as a further shift from institutionalisation to community-based care began.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental nhs began care shift|10.29406|8.914584|1.7179011
12891|Later in 2009, it was decided to go further with consolidation, with one new integrated national company replacing the two companies. But most of them did not have the necessary organisational and financial capacities to manage water supply and sanitation services, especially small municipalities. Partly as a consequence, the provision of WSS nearly collapsed in many settlements and municipalities. Two years later, the process of enlargement of service areas started.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|later municipalities collapsed wss replacing|1.5794277|7.135252|2.321228
12892|Capacity building among the civil servants responsible for the land use management is a necessary complement to this process. Kazakhstan should avoid issuing restrictive zoning rules and single-use zoning, since they lead to inflexible planning regulations. Zoning should be sufficiently flexible to give private actors leeway to shape development and allow neighbourhoods to change over time. Zoning regulations and planning decisions should target nuisance levels.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|zoning regulations planning servants issuing|4.22225|5.5453944|1.8092277
12893|Toutefois, qu'ils soient hommes ou femmes, les entrepreneurs sont relativement rares en Inde par rapport a d’autres pays comparables, et ont tendance a travailler dans de petites entreprises souvent situees en dehors de l’economie formelle. Si bon nombre des obstacles a la creation d’entreprise sont communs aux deux sexes (acces aux financements et aux reseaux economiques, formation adequate, locaux), les femmes entrepreneurs se heurtent a des prejuges sexistes qui trouvent leur origine dans des facteurs socioeconomiques ou dans certains partis consacres par le droit, notamment par le droit de Fheritage. The potential flexibility in time use from entrepreneurship can also facilitate balancing work and family obligations for women. However, entrepreneurs, both male and female, are relatively scarce in India compared to peer countries, and tend to work in small units often outside the formal sector.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|aux par dans des entrepreneurs|8.623318|4.3786597|5.871402
12894|Women ministers mainly hold social and cultural portfolios (55%), followed by economic (23%), political (14%) and environmental (4%) portfolios. Female quotas or parity for elected legislative positions has been enacted into law in 14 Latin American countries.34 So far, 11 countries have implemented such laws, and Uruguay will do so in 2014, Mexico in 2015 and El Salvador in 2018. The proportion of women in legislatures has risen in almost all the countries over the past decade.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|portfolios legislatures enacted countries salvador|10.471944|4.172694|6.9340367
12895|Factors to keep in mind include a programme’s or policy’s additionality, i.e. the extent to which desirable outcomes would have occurred without public intervention. Additionality may concern inputs, outputs and behaviour (OECD, 2006a). While governments collect and standardise data on inputs into the innovation process, measures of outputs remain limited (except for outputs such as scientific publications and patents).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|outputs additionality inputs patents desirable|5.20626|3.5835783|2.5252686
12896|The main conditions for forming a successful PPP include: common objective, mutual benefits, complementarity of human and financial resources, clear institutional arrangements, good governance, transparency and public leadership. The new legal framework for PPPs in agriculture, to be refined in two circulars that MARD is developing, should thus clearly state the respective roles and responsibilities of the public and private sectors. There are a large number of cases, e.g. in providing financial support to agriculture or in food safety regulatory regime, in which co-ordination between various agencies both at the central government level and between central and local governments is weak.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|central complementarity agriculture mard financial|3.8894486|5.2220964|3.721049
12897|"Comparatively, increasing C02 prices seems the most effective strategy to curb C02 emissions. Again, this ""ideal"" generating mix, is far from the real generating mix for France, which includes a large fraction of hydropower that is not modelled here. Repeating the calculation for an energy mix that includes hydropower and takes into account the actual proportion of nuclear, coal and gas plants in the energy mix yields similar short-term reductions."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mix hydropower generating includes repeating|1.2761343|2.7163758|2.020103
12898|Operational activities related to formal and non-formal vocational education fall under the responsibility of district or municipal governments. Ideally, a district could amalgamate vocational provision into one “super” SMK offering a range of subjects. However, nearly all of the SMK schools reviewed by the team remained largely focused on their historical subject offerings. Given the high capital investment required for vocational education, many schools have been constrained in the courses they can offer by their inherited facilities and equipment. A further innovation adopted by the ministry in 2014 was to introduce the Vocational Model School Initiative which establishes a “super” SMK school as a model school, with more resources, which can act as a centre for satellite schools. Currently there are 90 such schools but the intention is to create 1 650 by 2020.|SDG 4 - Quality education|smk vocational schools super district|8.738964|2.4585004|2.7056005
12899|While homework is likely to have positive effects on students from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds, who typically perform relatively well at the outset, they might have no effect on the learning of students from less advantaged backgrounds. In this regard, Falch and Ronning (2012) argue that the type of homework matters. Homework seems to have a larger positive effect when it has the form of repetition and serves a complement to in-class learning instead of being a substitute to in-school learning in the sense that topics supposed to be taught in school are given as homework.|SDG 4 - Quality education|homework advantaged backgrounds learning positive|9.615802|2.0936725|2.9463923
12900|Irrigated agriculture is the main pressure factor. Non-respect of water protection zones and unauthorized reconstruction works have affected water quality. Surface water quality is monitored on the Malyi Uzen/Saryozen (at monitoring station Malyi Uzen), with sampling during the main hydrological seasons and, monthly, on the Bolshoy Uzen/Karaozen (at the town of Novouzensk). Groundwater flow is from Georgia and the Russian Federation to the Terek.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water main seasons hydrological sampling|0.57510734|7.0517|2.6871722
12901|Female politicians report that sexual and political harassment are a reality for women holding public office. The unpredictable and long working hours associated with high political office also take atoll on women’s health and their ability to fully engage. Societal expectations consign women to take on the brunt of unpaid care work regardless of their employment status, which is a real challenge within the current modus operandi of representative bodies (Chapter 5).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|office women political brunt unpredictable|10.347688|4.577264|7.027736
12902|The strategic introduction of ICT to support the health sector is complex and requires both careful planning and multi-sectoral collaboration. An effective eHealth strategy should present the strategic context for the introduction of eHealth and the eHealth components required to meet national eHealth objectives. Central to developing a sound eHealth strategy is the recognition that eHealth represents a collaborative effort between the health, information technology and telecommunications sectors, as well as requiring active involvement from both the public and private sectors. The proposed indicator for this measure is the percentage of countries with an eHealth strategy, with the target being 100 per cent of countries by 2020.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ehealth strategy introduction strategic sectors|8.87524|9.520559|1.8882298
12903|Applicable to hotels and tour operators, the GSTC provides the flexibility of adapting to a country's particular needs and a certification/accreditation procedure has also been developed simultaneously. The GSTC criteria have been adopted by a number of major hotel chains and tour operators around the world. Simultaneously, there exist initiatives such as the Green Passport for consumer education and Envirotel for educating the small and medium players in the hospitality industry.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|simultaneously operators hotel hospitality educating|6.508165|3.77307|2.883875
12904|The improvement in the penetration ratios of renewables to fossil fuels, coupled with a 40% cost reduction in battery technologies since 2010 (IEA, 2017b), have further increased the attractiveness of renewable energy sources for mines. The experience from the implementation of renewable energy and storage projects, such as at DeGrussa and Weipa mines (Box 3.2), is expected to contribute to an improved understanding of renewable energy application in industrial use. Furthermore, the digital transformation of the mining sector, such as the adoption of smart grids and other internet of things-based technologies, and the use of advanced analytics and big data, have the potential to further improve mines’ energy efficiency and facilitate the integration of renewables. According to estimates, there is currently over 1 GW of on- and off-grid renewable energy capacity, installed through mining companies’ efforts, with more projects in the pipeline (Energy and Mines, 2016a).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|mines energy renewable mining renewables|1.5927558|2.2839973|2.1152155
12905|Municipalities receive funding according to a formula that balances the proportion of population and its socio-economic status; they decide democratically how to distribute funding across different areas, including education. Private institutions also receive public funding (with enrolment of 5% or less of primary and lower secondary students and 18% of upper secondary students). Pre-primary and basic education funding is included in statutory government transfers to basic municipal services, and the municipality can decide how funding is allocated.|SDG 4 - Quality education|funding decide receive secondary basic|9.317831|2.2058234|2.2600338
12906|This helps SMEs selling online target customers and interest groups and leverage this new information to make strategic improvements to their products and services. Serving as an online hub for African SMEs operated by Microsoft, the platform creates a sustainable and connected community of entrepreneurs. A free online directory allows small firms to showcase their products and services and to find businesses by sector, location and size.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|online smes products hub serving|4.879625|3.0871463|2.1962807
12907|The Paris Agreement does not mention “additional” climate finance. Further disaggregation in reporting by individual instrument (e.g. grants, concessional loans, non-concessional loans, guarantees) would allow data to be re-aggregated if necessary, although could increase the reporting burden. The first is to request countries (and any other reporting entities) reporting on support provided and mobilised to do so using e.g. the same scope, definitions, methods and conversion factors.|SDG 13 - Climate action|reporting concessional loans disaggregation mention|1.4280777|3.7368422|0.6397654
12908|Rather, even when the activities of the modern sector expand, their employment-generating potential is often limited because technological choices (and thereby capital-labour ratios) are driven by global competition and thus largely determined exogenously. One of the characteristics of this different type of structural change is the transfer of labour from low-productivity agriculture to low-productivity service activities in urban areas. This entails a proliferation of low-productivity employment in non-tradable activities as workers move out of subsistence activities in agriculture, even at relatively low levels of per capita income.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|activities productivity low agriculture proliferation|4.486401|5.087943|3.7097027
12909|Droughts, floods, pollution and deforestation all put a significant burden on women, who see their water collection time increased, firewood and fodder collection efforts thwarted and ability to provide for their families and cope with disasters disproportionately impacted. By contrast, where women and girls are denied rights and opportunities, progress will inevitably falter and the 2030 Agenda as a whole will be in jeopardy. The systematic mainstreaming of a gender perspective in the implementation and monitoring ofthe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is therefore crucial. The only exception to this approach is SDG 5, which is comprehensively covered at the target level using corresponding indicators with available data.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|collection comprehensively firewood denied inevitably|9.265044|4.3629365|7.310548
12910|Few countries achieve this in their performance measurement systems with the notable exceptions of Australia, Germany and Switzerland. In Germany, local offices are clustered according to their labour market conditions and local office performance is then benchmarked within those clusters (Blien et al., Australia and Switzerland use a rich set of jobseeker characteristics and survey information on local labour market performance to compare local office performance on a regression-adjusted basis (OECD, 2013, Chapter 3). Evaluation is crucial to ensure effective and efficient spending of public resources.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|performance local switzerland office germany|7.9019747|4.287469|3.6660788
12911|Using the computer-based approach it has been possible to log students’ feelings, reactions and decisions across the course of the learning task. It is evident that interactive software such as this provides great potential for educational research to probe more deeply the way students interact with tasks. These studies demonstrate the capacity of ICT to provide insights into the sequences that students follow when they complete a task.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students task reactions feelings log|8.790347|1.5652219|1.8791723
12912|This, indeed, is one of the main justifications for the imposition of different forms of mandate by higher-level governments. Local authorities are likely to underspend on services or investments that generate benefits for the wider region (positive spillovers) and may be too ready to pursue development or other investment choices that generate negative externalities for their neighbours. Collaboration in such circumstances is one of the major reasons why public investment, in particular, may require a multi-level approach, with a degree of leadership from more senior levels of government (OECD, 2013c).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|generate imposition investment spillovers neighbours|3.5390708|5.4064107|1.7028327
12913|In particular, the human resources needed to tackle major policy issues are often lacking, especially technical capacity. Pacific nations face financial capacity deficits to undertake both NUP formulation and implementation, and fund the investments, such as waste treatment systems, anticipated by NUPs. Many countries in the region then have an overall weak local fiscal system that constrains their ability to resource their NUP. This section assesses the instruments that are used in the application of NUPs among the global regions studied in the report. A wide variety of policy instruments can be observed among NUPs - ranging from various types of strategic planning documents, spatial plans and master plans, national development plans, urban regulatory arrangements and national or subnational legislation, taxation policies and urban development funds.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|nups nup plans instruments constrains|3.5730417|5.022507|1.7095238
12914|Agriculture provides food to humans and feed to livestock; livestock provide biomass energy for biogas; manure produced by cattle also provides fertilizer for agriculture; organic waste produced by citizens is used as biogas and fertilizer (see Figure 4.2.1). This web-like relationship is important to both energy and material flows. Here, four self-sufficiency rates are considered simultaneously: food, fertilizer, feed and energy for the city of Furano in northern Japan.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fertilizer biogas feed livestock produced|1.6558126|4.463118|3.6128602
12915|Some countries have initiated programmes along these lines. The aim of these reforms has been to improve the social inclusion of people with mental disorders. Although today’s situation and quality of life of patients with severe mental disorders is not comparable to their often very poor living situation in long-stay facilities some decades ago, the de-institutionalisation has not generally led to improved social inclusion and employment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorders inclusion mental situation ago|10.329778|8.87716|1.7836438
12916|A combination of capacity markets, long-term supply contracts and carbon taxes would provide a market-based framework to ensure that nuclear energy and other dispatchable low-carbon technologies remain economically sustainable. At the current stage of technological development, low-carbon electricity systems will inevitably be based on high shares of variable renewables and nuclear energy. Hence it is recommended that flexibility resources should be developed based on a systems approach where full costs and interdependencies are recognised. This will require increasing the load-following abilities of dispatchable low-carbon back-up including nuclear, expanding storage, rendering demand more responsive and increasing international interconnections.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon nuclear dispatchable low based|1.4069307|1.6198943|1.7741342
12917|Although compulsory education goes from age 6 to 16 on average across the OECD, the enrolment rate is high in a wider age range, and at least 90% of the population is enrolled for 14 years, from age 4 to age 17, on average. The age interval is generally shorter for OECD partner countries, and full enrolment (defined in this indicator as enrolment rates exceeding 90%) can be as long as three years, as in South Africa, or four years, as in Colombia. Enrolment at even earlier ages is relatively common in some countries, with Denmark, Iceland and Norway achieving full enrolment for 2-year-olds (see also Indicator B2). In other countries, full enrolment is achieved for children between age 5 and age 6, except in the Slovak Republic where full enrolment is achieved at age 7.|SDG 4 - Quality education|enrolment age years achieved indicator|9.25635|2.7004504|2.89128
12918|Their efforts are reflected in a series of projects that promote walking and cycling, and prioritise allocation of road space and investment in favour of public and non-motorised transport. Planning and legal instruments linked to mobility policy have also been modified in the Federal District, to introduce principles of sustainability and inclusiveness. Locally driven initiatives have also coincided with a growing role of urban mobility in the national agenda. These efforts have laid important foundations and made considerable progress.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility efforts coincided motorised laid|4.1882353|5.10412|0.74258727
12919|Social protection policies are necessary to protect lower-income groups against the threats of climate hazards. Adaptation policies, such as those entailing the adoption of new crops or improved irrigation systems in agriculture, are critical to preventing a deterioration of livelihoods as a result of climate hazards. To be successful, however, these highly specific policy responses must be part of a broader development framework which leads the way incrementally to the empowerment of today’s disadvantaged groups by improving their asset positions and access to input and product markets, by extending their access to quality basic services such as health, education and sanitation, and by changing the norms fostering their social and political exclusion.|SDG 13 - Climate action|hazards incrementally groups climate deterioration|1.5222439|4.8575764|2.0283751
12920|Given the considerable heterogeneity of the sector, targeted and tailored approaches to reducing emissions from agriculture (which may vary per region and type of production) are needed. Current efforts to manage the negative impacts on water quality of agricultural practice could benefit from increased stringency and wider application. While voluntary agreements can be used to encourage co-operation from agricultural producers, they are insufficient on their own to achieve water quality objectives effectively.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|agricultural quality heterogeneity tailored water|1.147788|7.0457335|2.185999
12921|Similarly, among current non-'harmful' drinkers in 2002-03, 17% become non-drinkers in 2004-05, 61% remain current non-'harmful’ drinkers, and 22% are ‘harmful’ drinkers. The proportion of 'harmful' drinkers varies by age: 47% in the age group 18-24, 27% in ages 25-44, 17% in ages 45-64, 8% in ages 65 or above. These findings suggest that young adults are more affected by 'harmful' drinking behaviours compared to other age groups. Figure 9 shows overall (population) rates in men and women; Figure 10 shows trends in HED in men and women by age group. The NHANES data show a clear increase in HED in the age group 20-24, while NSDUH data show a significantly milder, or no increase. Weekly limit is 14 drinks per week for women and 21 for men.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drinkers harmful age ages hed|9.300748|9.679774|3.55604
12922|There is no clear legal and regulatory framework mandating and governing the use of blockchain, although such a framework is needed. Additionally, even though blockchain is deemed very secure, evolving technology also means that cyberattacks evolve. These could pose a threat and reduce trust in the system. Consumers need to be educated on the technology, its benefits, its limitations and its usage to increase the demand for blockchain in the market. Existing skills are inadequate, and the generally limited operational capacity of relevant institutions could make it impossible to meet consumer demand, hampering blockchain adoption.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|blockchain mandating hampering technology framework|4.051826|2.5577452|2.069645
12923|In 2014, aquaculture’s contribution to total fish supplied for food overtook that of wild fish for the first time and this trend continued in 2015. In the same year, after a period of continuous expansion, trade of fish and fishery products declined in value terms. This slowdown was caused by economic contractions in key markets, exchange rate developments and lower fish prices.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish wild slowdown supplied continuous|0.50346017|6.039649|6.6859975
12924|In order to tailor and apply this agenda to national and local contexts, policy-makers need to understand how gendered power relations enable or constrain women's rights in families; and recognize the diverse and changing nature of family forms. This has triggered some shifts in the balance of power within the home, giving women greater economic security and weight in decisionmaking processes, and helping them buffer their families from economic privation. When professional care is unavailable or unaffordable, women and girls are expected to fill the gap, which either reduces their time for schooling, paid work and rest, or results in care needs being neglected.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|families women unaffordable power unavailable|9.137587|5.107142|6.175765
12925|The sample is restricted to adults aged at least 25 years, to exclude individuals still in education. Over time, the impact of parental background appears to have has changed significantly, but in different ways in different countries. In France, Denmark and the Netherlands this conclusion holds only for wages.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|exclude different conclusion holds restricted|9.293141|2.8225293|3.1233997
12926|Development of new competencies needs to be facilitated through new models of learning structured around principles of innovation, relevance to a specific situation and social and community engagement. Learning has to happen also on the side of stakeholders of the Ameridian communities, including policymakers, development agencies and commercial entities. Resulting emigration or immigration demands total or partial restructuring of occupations and ways of production. For example, loss of soil fertility in some areas could cause an influx of labour from these areas to others, potentially with sensitive ecosystems.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|learning influx emigration restructuring happen|7.8646464|2.3308153|2.2816389
12927|Completion rates of vocational education and apprenticeship programmes, which are key for at-risk youth, remain relatively low. To improve Year 12 attainment levels, programme completion and reduce disparities across groups and regions, the Australian Government as well as the states and territories have implemented various innovative and targeted strategies over the last decade. They notably leave schools and social service providers a lot of flexibility in adapting service to the local needs, but these programmes are usually short-lived.|SDG 4 - Quality education|completion service programmes apprenticeship adapting|8.741145|2.750888|2.7658837
12928|Furthermore, the monitoring and planning of the school network is limited. There are quite a number of very small schools with small classes which do not offer a rich learning experience to students. This situation arises because there has not been a review of the school network to assess the need for some re-organisation of local educational supply and no major school transportation strategies have been developed.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school network small arises classes|9.648551|2.0313313|2.2958984
12929|It is increasingly acknowledged that future innovators and entrepreneurs w ill require a large range of skills to be able to meet the demands of the changing economy (OECD, 2010). A larger stock of people with strong innovation skills seems more likely to promote innovation than the converse. A broad range of skills in the w'orkplace are in demand due to a structural shift towards services and knowledge-intensive jobs (Cedefop, 2010; European Commission, 2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills innovation range cedefop innovators|5.800289|3.392969|2.6360993
12930|Many companies say that by doing business electronically they have been able to cut procurement staff, the costs of materials, and the time it takes to select suppliers. Boeing has led a group of companies in the aerospace industry to create Exostar (www.exostar.com) as solution to support the complex supply chain and security requirements of the global aerospace and defence industry. In European manufacturing, the Internet has become essential to remote supply chain management [2]. What sources of information does the Internet provide to help buyers?|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|internet chain companies industry electronically|4.7778106|3.1094666|2.259931
12931|To see the physical environment as a container for these kinds of social structures can inform boys' and girls' use of space and then lead us to question why they interact with the environment in certain ways (Alloway, 1995; Davies, 2003a; 2003b; MacNaughton, 1996; 1998). This demands a broad knowledge of gender discourse between men and women over the course of history, which has been carefully examined by feminist theory. There is large body of literature analysing how gender structures are produced and re-produced in society (see Further Reading section).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|structures produced container environment discourse|9.809501|4.493541|7.1084423
12932|Inadequate solid waste management in both countries and illegal disposal of wastes directly to the water bodies have exerted pressure on the lake’s system. Wastewater collection and treatment facilities that arc currently being constructed in the Albanian side, the reconstruction of existing facilities in Montenegro (in Podgorica), as well as the construction of solid waste management facilities in both countries, are expected to improve the situation. Heavy metal pollution, especially in lake sediments, and moderate pathogen loads have been observed locally in the aquifer. The Drin contributes to some extent, with trace metals originating from the disposal of by-products from iron and copper mines located upstream.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|facilities lake disposal solid waste|0.7205395|6.688235|2.883244
12933|The conference aims to assemble the collective wisdom on migration, mobility and urban transition and, together with city leaders and other experts from around the world, to draw a clear policy path towards improved migration management at all governance levels, which will benefit both migrants and cities. An important first step could be the consolidation of existing yet scattered resources, data, indexes, tools and studies. It is important to assemble this information in a global database and promote greater information-sharing and dialogue among cities, multilevel government stakeholders and other partners.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|assemble migration cities wisdom indexes|4.0975056|5.097889|1.7118133
12934|The yield from Oresund is among the highest in Swedish fisheries, and fish stocks are healthy. Because of the narrow belt and the extensive traffic, trawling was banned in 1931. One result is an extensive recreational fishery, which targets fishers from Northern Europe. The fishery in Oresund is shared between Sweden and Denmark.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishery extensive belt banned recreational|0.13907494|5.970912|6.761546
12935|Cost is a critical factor in deciding whether or not to pursue desalination, and the cost considered must be the cost of desalinated water delivered to the consumer’s tap. Too often only the capital cost and operation of the desalination plant, that is the supply cost, is considered without regards to the cost encountered to bringing the water to the consumer. Supply cost is only part of the overall cost of desalination.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|cost desalination consumer considered desalinated|0.9499851|7.7335305|2.7378514
12936|Earnings for tertiary-educated graduates are higher than those with lower levels of qualification. However, earnings for tertiary-educated men are higher, on average, than those for tertiary-educated women. On average across EU22 countries, tertiary-educated women earn 26% less than their male counterparts.|SDG 4 - Quality education|educated tertiary earnings average higher|9.068424|2.8060672|3.3846796
12937|The presence of incentive measures to encourage the deployment of clean energy is not sufficient in itself to ensure that investment reaches the desired levels. Governments also need to address disincentives, including reforming inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies and pricing carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, governments must address market and regulatory rigidities that favour fossil-fuel incumbency in the electricity sector and can adversely impact the investment attractiveness of clean energy sectors. For instance, they can try to create a level playing field between independent power producers of clean energy vis-a-vis fossil-fuel based power utilities.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fossil clean fuel vis energy|1.9221956|2.5845919|2.1391494
12938|It conceptualizes the city as living super-organism in which there are continuous flows of inputs and outputs and helps in the study of the patterns of movements of matter and energy. This supports cities in identifying opportunities for sustainable resource management and can be linked with infrastructure to find alternative ways of using resources sustainably. The system can be fully adapted to suit the local requirements and policy priorities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|super suit sustainably outputs movements|3.6727247|4.8927336|1.8845177
12939|Estimates of ecological footprints generally account for waste assimilation requirements and are expressed as a measure of land area. Water footprints also account for water used to assimilate pollution, by considering the volume of dilution water required to maintain water quality standards (Hoekstra, 2008, in press). Ecological footprints describe the implications of regional or national consumption activities on natural resources and the environment by expressing those impacts in terms of the land area required to support the target population (Wackemagel and Rees, 1996; Wackemagel, et al., Thus ecological footprints enable one to compare the ecosystem implications of consumption activities across regions and countries, and to assess whether a region or country is consuming resources in a sustainable or unsustainable fashion, from a global perspective.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|footprints ecological water implications required|1.1263047|6.6557546|2.7750392
12940|The Constitution gives municipalities primary responsibility for water supply and sanitation along with various levels of capacity and resources. This division of responsibility results in heterogeneity across the territory. Under the subsidiarity principle, they also directly provide services if requested by municipalities, and they can formulate their own state-level planning for water.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|municipalities responsibility formulate requested heterogeneity|1.3315115|7.200432|1.6859612
12941|In particular, the use of community level paralegals, legal empowerment programmes and the provision of free legal aid has had a positive impact on access to justice for women, especially in rural areas and for women of limited means. In Morocco, social assistance is provided regarding family matters, under the supervision of a comittee w ithin the Ministry of Justice, w'ith the introduction of a mediation system for families. In Lebanon, women can w'ork in a legal profession and are on equal footing with men: they have full legal capacity to testify and to work in the judiciary, Supreme Court and military courts.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|legal justice women ithin footing|9.838763|4.9983897|7.267323
12942|Reprinted with the permission of the United Nations. In other words, the consumption of sea food from lower trophic levels entails nine times more food per unit of fish compared to tire fish caught at a higher trophic level. For example, a cod of 10 kilogrammes (kg) will have consumed 100 kg of herring.|SDG 14 - Life below water|trophic kg fish herring tire|0.43784612|6.0816026|6.6484966
12943|By 2010, 93% of homes were built with durable walls and 85% with durable roofs, up from 78% and 64%, respectively, in 1990. In this respect, Mexico’s experience parallels that of Chile, which managed over several decades to reduce dramatically the quantitative housing shortage and to address significant quality gaps. The activities of these two institutions, funded through a compulsory 5% payroll tax, include both housing finance and complementary retirement income (see Box 0.1 which provides a special policy focus on pensions). The rapid expansion of housing finance, led by INFONAVIT and facilitated by public policies aiming to expand access to formal housing, enabled the country’s transition from informal to formal housing on a grand scale.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing durable formal infonavit roofs|4.780639|5.7170987|2.0783253
12944|Ensuring equal opportunities for all immigrant students - regardless of which school they attend - is of critical importance. The second section, on funding strategy, presents approaches to managing inequities through targeted funding to disadvantaged areas, schools or particular student groups after careful consideration of educational priorities. Finally, the third section underlines the importance of monitoring and evaluation in ensuring the quality of migrant education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ensuring importance funding section underlines|9.935138|2.553685|2.645877
12945|In the context of the UK's transport appraisal this focuses particularly on the agglomerations of economic activity. Much of the agglomeration benefit arises from effectively bringing larger numbers of people and businesses closer together. In high-value service sectors like finance, this includes creating an environment where excellent accessibility for short trips is the essential feature, opening opportunities for frequent face-to-face contact and serendipitous meetings.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|face agglomerations arises agglomeration excellent|4.247809|5.1001644|0.60520023
12946|Although a limited number of these collapses may have been caused or exacerbated by natural phenomena (for example, climate variability), human activities and overfishing - essentially non-sustainable management - are the primary culprits (Pauly et al., It is important to understand that fish constitute not only biomass in the ocean but a potential economic input into society. Together, these two elements imply that fisheries are an economic activity by which fishers can catch fish resources in perpetuity if they are managed sustainably.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fish phenomena overfishing exacerbated sustainably|-0.048040636|5.881059|6.539093
12947|The indicator puts emphasis on the interdependency, interconnection and complementary of these settlement systems. Currently, data can be measured for at least 108 countries with important level of thematic disaggregation, using the UN-Habitat National Urban Policy Database. This platform remains a key resource for monitoring progress on indicator 11.a.1 and the New Urban Agenda. Up to 180 countries are implementing National Urban policies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban indicator interconnection disaggregation thematic|3.8073993|4.898665|1.6809181
12948|They represent an industrial (not post-industrial) response to educating very large numbers of young people in mass school systems. Much of the educational discussion is over-simplified to artificial contrasts - knowledge versus skills, direct teaching versus inquiry-based approaches - when instead each has its place. The choices are about how to mix practices to suit the learners, aims, and context in which the innovation lies, in rejecting the standardisation of so much schooling practice (see also Vieluf et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|versus industrial standardisation inquiry educating|8.713211|1.774257|1.9769667
12949|Such interventions require more specific nutrition goals and actions to unleash their full potential in combating child malnutrition (Ruel et al., Using a unique dataset from Ghana, we model the underlying determinants in several input demand functions, to understand what drives demand for input in the child health production function. We also estimate the conditional demand for nutritional status, in a similar framework. By estimating the framework as one complete model - albeit in two stages - we are able to quantify the underlying mechanisms determining inputs, and the likely pathways contributing to nutritional status. Other studies usually depend on national level household data, such as Demographic and Health Surveys, which limits the possibility of studying such a particular group in detail.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|nutritional demand underlying input model|4.6016607|5.727346|4.579577
12950|Meanwhile in LMICs the cost of providing health literacy to an entire population may be lower, and the dividend greater given the likelihood of less reliable access to care and thus greater emphasis of self-care in these settings. Nevertheless, involving patients in their care and in helping measure and assess the safety of their care is very important, and is supported by the literature. The care experience predominantly concerns the quality of communication. The previously cited study by Tsang et al (2013) suggests a long-standing relationship between patients and providers improves safety over time.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care patients safety lmics greater|9.061932|9.484317|1.5045044
12951|The National Employment strategy of Jordan acknowledges that the large supply of low-wage foreign workers creates pressure at the bottom end of the wage scale.27 The case of Jordan illustrates that wages in the informal sector tend to be at the lower end of the wage scale, significantly below those of workers in the formal sector. While wages are estimated to be around 10 per cent higher in the formal sector in the Syrian Arab Republic, the wage difference has reached around 50 per cent for youth in Morocco. In Egypt and Lebanon, the gap amounts to 30 per cent, climbing to 50 per cent for women in Egypt.28 While minimum wage legislation exists in most countries of the region, it is not necessarily always enforced. In the Arab region, almost 70 per cent of workers are not covered by social security schemes.29 Table 3.9 shows that the share of informal employment in non-agricultural sectors reached 67.1 per cent in Morocco, 45.9 per cent in Egypt, 51 per cent in Yemen and 35 per cent in Tunisia.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|cent wage egypt morocco workers|8.499423|4.093507|5.0694895
12952|In this case, the reduction in severance pay is compensated by increased UBs which can be financed through general taxation or payroll taxes. The main benefit of UISAs is their potential to provide support to liquidity-constrained unemployed in their job search, while limiting moral-hazard effects associated with OECD-style systems of unemployment insurance. By allowing workers to run down their personal saving accounts during periods of unemployment, workers internalise the cost of unemployment benefits, thus strengthening the incentives of the employed to prevent job loss and those of the unemployed to return to work quickly (Orszag and Snower, 1999).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|unemployment unemployed job workers payroll|7.8139358|4.7517247|4.083184
12953|Nonetheless, there are several ways in which public infrastructure spending can be more directly employment-generating and can have higher multiplier effects within local economies. Infrastructure works are doubly blessed, in that they create and sustain employment while at the same time improving living conditions and laying the foundation for long-term growth. Indeed, there is much greater scope than is generally recognized for developing infrastructure by using available surplus labour in LDCs. In urban areas, for example, labour-intensive techniques can be used for such works as improving streets and access ways, water supply, sewerage, sanitation and waste management, flood protection measures, and repair and maintenance of a range of public infrastructure.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|infrastructure works ways improving multiplier|3.8746927|4.0358906|2.012358
12954|The indicator is designed to measure whether residents are able to participate in the urban planning and management of their cities. Given the complex and subjective nature of participation, the indicator focuses on formal structures that are available for civil society. However, several steps have been taken to refine the methodology to internationally acceptable standards.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|indicator refine subjective acceptable internationally|4.0237365|5.0613923|1.5449609
12955|These different systems are not always consistent or comparable with one another and the information they contain may not fully overlap with the information needed to identify progress towards climate finance commitments, including those in the Paris Agreement. However, encouraging relevant information-sharing from such systems could enhance the clarity and transparency of reporting of climate finance flows. The UNFCCC’s Standing Committee on Finance also produces a biennial assessment of overall climate finance flows.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate information flows biennial|1.4253839|3.7671685|0.6378942
12956|However, the pace of decline has fallen behind that of post-neonatal mortality. As a result, the proportion of deaths occurring in the first 28 days of life has increased, from 37 per cent in 1990 to 44 per cent in 2012. The best possible way of reducing neonatal mortality is through greater investment in maternal care during the first 24 hours after birth, particularly in labour and delivery care and other high-impact interventions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|neonatal mortality cent care occurring|8.81162|8.383282|3.6855617
12957|As the PISA report, Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connection (OECD, 2015) concludes: in general, schools and education systems have not been effective in leveraging the potential of technology. Across OECD countries, there is 0.77 computer per student in school, 96% of which are connected to the Internet (Table 11.6.4). There are large differences in the computer-student ratio across education systems.|SDG 4 - Quality education|computer student leveraging computers systems|9.342556|2.0122426|2.784891
12958|At the same time, these simulations indicate that production shocks may be foreshadowed by the impact of climate change in vulnerable areas. Unlike the simulated shocks, which were implemented in three regions, climate change affects all countries and regions, so the effects on competitiveness are likely to be different. Furthermore, because climate change affects not only water but also temperature it is projected to have stronger effects at least in some countries.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|shocks affects climate change effects|1.325246|5.5255375|2.3758154
12959|Teams of technical experts elaborate and validate these plans in collaboration with the local communities, which ensures that the specific needs of the targeted community and the actual financial and technical opportunities are adequately identified. • Potential entrepreneurs are then identified, trained and provided with support to launch their micro-enterprises in those sectors. The teams help them structure proposals (which have to be evaluated and accepted by the national government) and execute projects.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|teams identified technical execute elaborate|5.475151|3.528301|2.5547073
12960|Without political support, the deployment of new domestic generation capacity might be limited before 2030. Further investigations are required to clarify the realistic and economically sustainable potential. The most important integration measures are local hydropower (including large-scale pumped storage) interconnectors to the hydropower-dominated Nordic electricity system and flexible thermal-based generators.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|hydropower investigations pumped clarify generators|1.5909175|1.849578|2.214171
12961|However, this orientation remains theoretical, as long as water abstraction is not metered. The structure of water abstraction rights includes two elements that could contribute to water efficiency. First, the charge rate varies across availability zones in order to induce higher efficiency where water is scarce.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water abstraction metered efficiency induce|1.4024299|7.5757704|2.4257982
12962|Freshwater crustaceans and freshwater molluscs had peaks in the early 2000s and mid-1990s, respectively, but after periods of decreasing catches, they have been relatively stable since 2010 at 0.45 and 0.36 million tonnes. The first-sale value, re-estimated with newly available information for some major producing countries, is considerably higher than previous estimates. In general, FAO's data for aquaculture production volume are more accurate and reliable than those for value.|SDG 14 - Life below water|freshwater molluscs crustaceans value peaks|0.49423444|6.0732064|6.678749
12963|This definition better captures the complexity of cities today and in particular their interconnectedness with their hinterland and other administrative units. In the case of water policy, the functional approach relates to the catchment area where cities are located, which can help map centres of water demand (urban areas where most people live) and water supply (the surrounding environments where point sources are located). Overcoming the mismatch between administrative perimeters and hydrographic boundaries is a question of governance.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|located administrative water cities interconnectedness|1.1489904|7.0931067|1.5206802
12964|England has a growing private health sector, which individuals can choose to access on a personal basis, perhaps using private medical insurance (OECD Mental Health Questionnaire England, 2012). Following the 2012 NHS reforms, non-NHS mental health care providers can also be commissioned directly by any of the commissioning bodies (usually a CCG or NHS England) or may be sub-contracted by an NHS provider. The Government is also committed to ensuring that patients and service users are able to choose “any qualified provider” in certain community and mental health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nhs england mental health provider|10.052404|9.063229|1.63939
12965|The number of individuals who are economically inactive for family reasons relative to the number of children aged under 4 is high in Estonia (Figure 18). Women gradually start returning to work after their youngest child becomes eligible to start kindergarten at the age of 18 months (Figure 19), but this process has been slowed in the past because of a lack of places. The number of childcare places has recently been expanded to reduce capacity constraints (European Commission, 2016). Also, there are plans to allocate some parental leave to the father on a “use-it-or-lose-it” basis, and labour inspectors have been instructed to ensure that the principle of equal pay is being observed, both of which should encourage greater labour market participation among mothers of young children.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|places start number inspectors kindergarten|9.047597|5.1046324|5.4910274
12966|It will have 13 stations—six underground and seven elevated — and is scheduled to be finished in July 2018.25 A 42.1-km Jabodebek Light Rail Transit (LRT) system from Cibubur to Cawang, East Bekasi to Cawang, and Cawang to Dukuh Atas is under construction, with the first 5.8-km section scheduled to open in time for the 2018 Asian Games.26 In 2016, the share of public transport in Jakarta was 26 per cent. The Greater Jakarta Transport Authority plans to increase the public transportation share to 40 per cent by 2019,50 per cent by 2024 and 60 per cent by 2029. Thailand has 566 km of bicycle lanes across the country, and NMT policies are to be included in the master plans of all major cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|km jakarta cent scheduled plans|4.2288795|4.779181|0.8906726
12967|The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This legacy, along with more recent evolutions in the country’s economy and urban development (see Chapter 1) has shaped current water management institutions, policies and practices. Furthermore, major policy decisions and instruments for water developed in the 1970-80s were dedicated to supply augmentation that would enable economic growth and meet increasing water demand in cities.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water augmentation legacy shaped golan|8.025818|3.1133082|1.5403861
12968|The Employment Promotion Law includes regulations on fair employment, employment service and supervision, occupational education and training, employment assistance, monitoring, inspection and legal liability. It is stipulated as follows: all government levels shall create a fair employment environment, eliminate employment discrimination and take measures to support and assist people who have difficulty finding jobs to obtain employment. It prohibits discrimination against female workers, minority workers, disabled workers, workers with infectious diseases and migrant workers in cities from rural areas.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|employment workers fair discrimination prohibits|9.410078|4.638422|6.2692266
12969|On the other hand, the large-scale penetration of distributed and intermittent renewable generation might present a challenge to nuclear. Widespread commercialisation of small-scale nuclear technology might be able to take on this challenge successfully. Stirling observes that the HHI does not properly reflect the diversity property balance as it gives a higher weight to producers with high market shares (Stirling, 1998).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|nuclear challenge scale observes commercialisation|1.2881082|1.5922358|1.8145969
12970|It also finds that while manufacturing firms are more likely to patent than firms in other sectors, most patenting firms are in the services and wholesale sectors. The first, by Farre-Mensa, Hegde et al (2016), focuses on the impact of IP rights on companies' ability to raise finance. The research presents causal evidence of the direct benefits of patent rights in a large sample of start-ups. It shows that patents offer gains to entrepreneurs and small inventors, especially if processed in a timely manner. In particular, patents appear to play an important role in reducing uncertainty and alleviating information asymmetries in the market for entrepreneurial capital (i.e. fundraising).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|firms patents patent rights patenting|5.3405724|3.3249938|2.528275
12971|The biggest differences were observed in Iceland (8ppt) and Cyprus (9ppt), where severe deprivation rates rose substantially faster among children in lone parent families. However, similar differences in changes may mask a more complex picture. In Iceland, the severe deprivation rate for children in couple families remained at 1% in both 2008 and 2012, while it increased from 2% to 10% for those in lone parent families.|SDG 1 - No poverty|lone families parent iceland severe|7.294001|6.320529|5.1878033
12972|While in Serbia, output increased by about 60% from 2007 to 2015, Kosovo’s level of output has remained quite stable. Crops accounted for a greater share of total output value than livestock in 2012-14 in all but one of the assessed SEE economies (Figure 14.3). In the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, crops contributed the greatest share - making up almost three-quarters of the total output value.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|output crops value share kosovo|3.9095018|5.0749364|4.0060964
12973|The recent initiatives of the government to foster life-long learning and improve financial support for students from low-income families in tertiary education are welcome. There is scope to promote apprenticeships, for example by fostering cooperation between local firms and local schools. This would help reduce skill mismatch.|SDG 4 - Quality education|apprenticeships mismatch local welcome fostering|8.503987|2.6622107|2.7044787
12974|This pattern is mainly concentrated among women who, leave school early and perform unpaid work at home. Women in the poorest quintiles start entering the labour market early but also begin their reproductive stage at an early age. The overload of unpaid work, failure to postpone the reproductive phase and predominantly patriarchal arrangements keep many of these women from attaining basic economic autonomy, putting them (and their children) in a position of risk and vulnerability.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|early reproductive unpaid women postpone|9.120126|5.013358|5.955053
12975|In the 2017 Global MPI tables, 984 subnational regions are reported. All low-income countries, 37 of the 39 Sub-Saharan African countries, 9 of the 10 East Asian countries, 14 of the 18 Latin American countries, and all South Asian countries covered can be disaggregated sub-nationally, for example. All national MPIs are disaggregated by relevant groups (geographic, rural-urban, indigenous ethnicity, etc.);|SDG 1 - No poverty|disaggregated countries asian sub mpis|6.378822|6.603616|5.1379538
12976|Heat energy consumption by industry sector has been fluctuating in the period 2010-2014, w'hile household heat consumption increased almost tenfold in 2014 over the previous year (table 11.7). The biggest gain in energy consumption was seen in the transport sector, where energy consumption increased almost threefold since 2005 and equated to 118 ktoe in 2013 (table 11.8). The increased number of old, inefficient vehicles in Tajikistan accounts for the increase in total final energy consumption levels by the transport sector from 2005 onwards.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|consumption energy heat increased sector|1.9041556|2.3995469|2.6744683
12977|All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre frangais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development are the OECD’s vehicle to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. The reviews analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact.|SDG 4 - Quality education|copyright com requests reviews higher|7.746388|2.4644969|2.4574978
12978|Additionally, as company disaster recovery plans become more detailed, they force similar effects through their suppliers via audits and management practices. While at a high level this appears to be a business continuity and revenue protection issue, it also has much broader implications for sustainable development globally. Countries that are attempting to climb out of poverty are often held back by frequent natural disasters. As with any disaster response or business continuity team, the team is made up of people with different skills, drawn from different business units across the company.|SDG 13 - Climate action|continuity business team disaster company|1.5536702|5.1254115|1.7778393
12979|But in different countries and to varying extents, they also have inherent risks. Maternal mortality - the death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or in the weeks after delivery - is an important indicator of a woman’s health and status. The United Nations set a MDG target of reducing maternal mortality ratios (MMR) by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015 and achieving universal access to reproductive health by 2015. It shows clearly the differences between rich and poor, rural and urban, with the vast majority of deaths occurring in resource-poor settings, and most being preventable (WHO, 2011a).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|maternal woman mortality poor preventable|8.792587|8.408861|3.6427734
12980|The work related poor infrastructure, such as collecting water and firewood, is some of the most physically intensive and time-consuming, and this disproportionately falls on women. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls are responsible for over 70% of water collection (UN Women, 2012). Lack of clean cooking facilities takes on average 1.4 hours of work a day plus several additional hours of cooking, carrying heavy loads and working in enclosed spaces without proper ventilation (IEA, 2017).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|cooking hours women firewood physically|8.979126|4.797559|5.751288
12981|The primary control range should be ±2% of the nominal power but higher values, up to ±5%, should be achievable. The primary frequency control reserves shall be activated within 30 seconds and maintained for at least 15 minutes. The secondary control range should be at least ±10% of the nominal power and should be activated with a minimal speed of 1%/min. Higher ramping rates shall be achieved, with a maximum speed of 5%/min.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|activated nominal control shall speed|1.3914883|1.3542429|1.8341017
12982|"A common error is using ""accessibility"" and ""mobility"" interchangeably. Doing so reinforces the development of policies based on indicators focusing on physical movement. The role of land use policies is then overlooked and the bias towards car-oriented policy and planning perpetuated. Central to this is identifying how actions in transport and other relevant sectors can contribute to attaining overall goals by delivering better accessibility. The Agenda's ultimate objective was to facilitate participation in economic activities by vulnerable groups."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|accessibility perpetuated overlooked attaining reinforces|4.198093|5.1949263|0.70545304
12983|The proportion of full-time teachers is positively associated with students' science performance only in Bulgaria, Colombia, Japan, Malta, Peru, Chinese Taipei, andTrinidad andTobago; in Luxembourg, Qatar and Switzerland, the association is negative. Just as practitioners in any other profession, teachers need to keep up-to-date with advances in their field. They are often expected to learn about new ways of teaching, discoveries in their field of expertise, new theories about how children learn, curricular changes or innovative tools for the classroom.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learn field teachers taipei theories|9.167389|1.2160959|2.4022536
12984|Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova arc preparing a new basin agreement on the Dniester, which foresees the establishment of a transboundary water commission. In June 2010, Romania and the Republic of Moldova entered into an agreement on the Prut. Moreover, a new intergovernmental agreement on transboundary waters between Belarus and Poland as well as Romania and Serbia are under development. Factors that have triggered revisions is the need to take into account the provisions of the WFD, the principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and the obligations under the Water Convention. For example, today the Finnish-Russian transboundary water Commission deals with a broad range of management issues, including joint monitoring of pressures and water quantity/quality, joint management of water resource including joint operation of water level regulation, fisheries and threatened species.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water transboundary joint agreement moldova|0.77450293|7.076414|2.0802464
12985|In Bahrain and Lebanon, there is, for instance, a jurisdiction for Sunnis and another for Shias, each of them with their own non-codified laws. However, in the case of Bahrain, the Family Law (Part 1), which concerns the Sunni sect, was promulgated under Law No. The Egyptian child law was amended in 2008 to raise the minimum age for marriage of girls to 18.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|bahrain law codified promulgated egyptian|9.594925|5.26032|6.9280405
12986|The region’s outlying suburbs are underserved by its radial transit system. This is one reason why the number of cost-burdened households in the region (renters who spend more than 50% of household income on housing and transport) is predicted to increase significantly over the next 20 years (Metro, 2010a). Oregon initiated a dramatic shift in its growth management policy in 1969, before the challenges described above were appreciated. Oregon policy makers were responding instead to the spread of exurban development and the consequent loss of agricultural and forest land. The governor at the time, Tom McCall, worried that Oregon would become the centre of a megalopolis ranging from Seattle to San Francisco, “committing some of the richest farmland in America to supermarkets and suburbs”. However, no state agency was charged with managing the programme; there was no significant source of funding to assist cities and counties with the development of comprehensive plans; and the enforcement mechanism- assumption of planning by the state if a local government refused to comply - was politically unpalatable.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|oregon suburbs outlying renters appreciated|3.921748|5.365913|1.4531478
12987|The purchase of goods and services is not regulated further beyond the general conditions related to obtaining public subsidies (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016; Santiago et al., The main task of school principals is the implementation and management of the school educational project (PEI). For public schools, the Teacher’s Statute further specifies that school principals should lead the administrative and financial management of the school and meet the functions and responsibilities attributed by law.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school principals mineduc ace statute|9.860581|1.6304616|1.9657046
12988|Flowever, a number of studies on the subject have raised questions in this regard, with their authors arguing that hypothesizing a linear relationship between growth, inequality and poverty can produce a misspecification that biases the estimates because these relationships may not, in fact, be linear. In that case, the OLS estimates will tend to be biased and inconsistent, overestimating the coefficient of that variable. An effort can be made to correct this bias by using the fixed effects estimator (within-groups), which generates slightly smaller standard deviations of the coefficients.|SDG 1 - No poverty|linear estimates estimator arguing deviations|6.4427915|5.4105444|4.9873433
12989|Looking at 155 series of domestic cereal prices (maize, rice and wheat) from 52 countries in 2007-08, Sharma finds that domestic prices rose by more than the change in the world markets (over 100% transmission rate) in 48 of the 155 series, with transmission of between 50% and 100% in 50 cases, and transmission of less than 50% in 57 cases. The transmission rates were significantly lower during the second spike (2010-11). One might expect the least developed countries to be less integrated with world markets, suggesting lower rates of price transmission.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|transmission series cases markets prices|4.01233|4.976083|4.3685794
12990|In the design of the toolkits special efforts have been made to lower the barriers of access and to present the content in such a way that it also appeals to persons without an economic or management training background. The toolkits also pay specific attention to practical implementation, so that users can rapidly apply the acquired knowledge to day-to-day operations. It also offers ideas on how to incorporate the brand essence of Canada into the users' own advertising and promotional materials, supported by numerous illustrations and supporting material. Accessible and hands-on, this toolkit touches upon very practical elements of branding in tourism.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|practical day users promotional appeals|6.3532944|3.8309922|2.8335624
12991|It implies that she gives compensation to her husband, the amount of which is generally determined by the courts. In Egypt, she renounces all of her financial interests and returns her dowry. For Egyptian women who can afford to return the dowry, the procedure is easier than fault-based divorce; in the case of poor women, the value of the dowry is quite low, but a woman may be rather dependent on the dowry and it may be difficult for her to give it back.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|dowry fault egyptian divorce courts|9.150359|5.1408277|6.6659827
12992|Support to fossil fuel production and use in OECD countries is estimated to have been about USD 45-75 billion a year in recent years; developing and emerging economies provided USD 409 billion in 2010 (IEA data). However, fossil fuel subsidy reforms should be implemented carefully while addressing potential negative impacts on households through appropriate measures. The cost of mitigation could be significantly reduced if R&D could come up with new breakthrough technologies. For example, emerging technologies -such as bioenergy from waste biomass and CCS - have the potential to absorb carbon from the atmosphere.|SDG 13 - Climate action|fossil emerging fuel usd billion|1.5903698|2.8417966|2.243501
12993|The drivers of the CRGE - notably the Prime Minister’s Office and development partners - appear to have similar perspectives. Other stakeholders, however, see green growth as a process of realising greater wellbeing from natural assets, through mainstreaming environmental objectives across all sectors and better including environment-dependent stakeholders (often the poor) in economic activities, while respecting ecological limits - in effect greening the whole economy in an inclusive way. Some institutions and people have very strong interests in particular perspectives on green growth agenda - the reality is that both perspectives can add real value to development and livelihoods.|SDG 13 - Climate action|perspectives stakeholders green realising respecting|2.046947|4.197103|2.2402155
12994|Most public discussions turn around short-term physical interruptions of energy supplies due to isolated and non-predictable events such as political crises, commercial disputes, sabotage, meteorological events, technical accidents or inadequacy of power generation capacity. It is in this context that classic security of supply measures have been designed such as, for instance, the IEA emergency response system for oil supply disruptions, which has been used in cases as diverse as the first Iraq war or hurricane Katrina. They also require specific responses such as improved transparency, more effective regulation of increasingly volatile and complex commodity markets, better coordination between suppliers and consumers as well as improved informational infrastructures in terms of standardising, collecting and regularly publishing relevant data among all stakeholders.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|events improved informational inadequacy hurricane|1.1593139|1.8399559|1.9370673
12995|These debates have tended to focus on whether market-led growth is sufficient to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality, or whether specific policies are necessary because untargeted growth may be insufficient or even perverse. The paper charts the degenerating outcomes of these debates, and the emergence of the inclusive growth (IG) paradigm within the World Bank. A critical examination of IG suggests that its weaknesses are best addressed through a more ambitious restatement of the pro-poor goals of economic policy.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ig debates growth charts perverse|6.2253876|5.667037|4.6181746
12996|The term has achieved widespread use (e.g. Farrington et al., Others have referred to ‘super-cognitives’, to emphasise the fact that these factors rely on and emerge from particular (cognitive) thoughts, ideas and developed meanings (Intrator and Siegel, 2014). Whatever exactly these ‘skills’ are, in many contexts there has been a concerted shift towards pedagogies which aim to develop higher-level personal and social competence.|SDG 4 - Quality education|super exactly pedagogies concerted emphasise|8.832276|1.6185712|1.8827707
12997|This applies both to stand-alone initiatives related to women’s empowerment and to mainstreaming gender across all government plans and policies. Centres of government, such as cabinet offices and ministries of finance, should have the capacity to ensure that line ministries and agencies take into account gender impacts, among other considerations, when designing their policies, initiatives and budgets. Gender-specific agencies, such as gender equality ministries, usually provide gender-related advice to line ministries and the centre of government. Independent monitoring mechanisms, such as gender equality or human rights commissions, have the responsibility to provide independent recourse to complaints related to gender-based discrimination and oversee the implementation of gender equality commitments of the government.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender ministries equality government related|9.975848|4.1896243|7.3525896
12998|A number of environmental protection standards are also incorporated in tourism legislation governing Greek companies hiring out cars and motorcycles to tourists. -Measures which aim at renewing the motor vehicle fleet in different categories, either via incentives to motor vehicle owners or via obligations which motor vehicle owners are required to meet. Financial incentives were provided up to 31 December 2009 for the replacement of two-wheel vehicles with models using new technology, under Law 3245/2004 on motorcycles (registered not later than 1994) and Law 3333/2005 for scooters (registered not later than 1996). Other measures aimed at renewing the fleet of public passenger cars.|SDG 13 - Climate action|motor vehicle renewing motorcycles fleet|3.9875104|4.752069|0.5299778
12999|In July 2007, the earthquake at Kashiwasaki Kariwa caused the shutdown of seven power plants, BWR and ABWR; two units resumed operations in 2009 and two in 2010. Also, in March 2011, the earthquake and tsunami caused the permanent shutdown of four units at the nuclear site of Fukushima Daiichi and the temporary shutdown of several nuclear power plants in Japan. In Europe, two BWRs were shut down in Germany in 2008 and 2009. More recently, following the Fukushima Daiichi accident, eight units have been permanently shut down in Germany.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|shutdown shut units earthquake nuclear|1.2075986|1.7390645|2.1029723
13000|The IPPC Directive has recently been codified (Directive 2008/1/EC). The codified act includes all previous amendments to Directive 96/61/EC, the substance of which is unchanged. The Urban Waste Water Directive requires secondary treatment for loads in excess of 2 000 population-equivalent (p.e.). For instance, biological water quality is currently assessed in terms of macro invertebrates only. The new classification will take account of phytoplankton, aquatic flora, invertebrates and fish.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|directive codified invertebrates ec phytoplankton|0.88893646|6.6838927|2.3639147
13001|Upper secondary education is becoming the desired minimum, while those who do not reach this standard - half of all young people at present - may be left behind as the economy develops in a way which will inevitably reduce its reliance on low-skilled jobs. Growing inequality in Costa Rica reflects this worrying skills divide (OECD, 2017a, forthcoming). Participation rates and second chance options have grown fast, aided by a raft of measures to tackle dropout and grade repetition; well respected public universities provide an attractive goal for those who excel academically; the technical school system offers an appealing and high-status track, alongside, in the National Training Institute {Instituto Nacional del Aprendizaje, INA), a well-funded system providing both initial occupational training and upskilling; a reformed curriculum now provides a major opportunity to rethink upper secondary education. This chapter looks at how Costa Rica can build on these strengths to establish a more inclusive system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|rica costa upper secondary worrying|10.223455|1.6148883|2.6862764
13002|Adaptation is context-specific by nature (AC, 2015) and adaptation responses need to be tailored to a country’s geography and socio-economic, political, as well as ecological systems. National approaches to adaptation, as well as to monitoring and evaluating adaptation reflect this and vary considerably between countries, which would make them very difficult to aggregate.19. Indeed, the Adaptation Committee (2015) also indicates that it would “not be useful” for all countries to use the same set of adaptation indicators.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation ac geography tailored evaluating|1.1697534|4.747249|1.4938011
13003|Recent studies have sought to explain which factors affect the income-poverty and inequality-poverty elasticities. Ravallion and Chen (1997) used a sample of developing countries to demonstrate income-poverty elasticity (measured by the number of people with incomes below the poverty line of one dollar a day), finding this elasticity to be -3. This means that for every 1% rise in the average income, the proportion of individuals with incomes below the poverty line falls by 3%.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty elasticity incomes income line|6.3747253|5.6843104|5.0470667
13004|With IV, the causal effect is estimated by measuring how the outcome varies with the portion of the total variation in the treatment explained by variation in the instrumental variable. For example, if PAs are more likely to be assigned where endemic mammals are present, but the presence of endemic mammals only affects deforestation rates through its effect on the likelihood of a parcel’s protection, then the presence of endemic mammals can be used as an ‘instrument’ to identify a causal effect of PAs on deforestation (Miteva et al. See Amin et al (2015) for an application. In practice, it is often hard to find instruments that are both strong (related to the intervention) and valid (unrelated to the outcome).|SDG 15 - Life on land|mammals endemic pas causal effect|1.6274486|5.4940925|3.7809877
13005|Child Experience of Food Insecurity Is Associated with Child Diet and Physical Activity. The Journal of nutrition, 2015.145(3): p. 499-504. Sharkey, J., et al., Children's very low food security is associated with increased dietary intakes in energy, fat, and added sugar among Mexican-origin children (6-11 y) in Texas border Colonias.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|associated intakes child fat food|4.4991345|5.76268|4.788612
13006|In Western Australia, for example, thorough modelling was undertaken to assess the resources needed for police, road engineers and other sectors to achieve the government’s targets (Corben et al., In the Netherlands, the independent road safety data and analysis agency SWOV is charged with reviewing the national road safety programme each time it is revised, modelling the potential for measures announced to meet the targets adopted and proposing complementary measures when targets appear impossible to meet (Aarts et al., It is recommended to review the modelling techniques used in other OECD countries, and how their results impact the decision making process, budget allocation and communication with the public, and to develop a similar approach in Korea.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|modelling road targets meet safety|4.206228|5.276694|-0.058327775
13007|Professional efforts to pursue modern form of continuous medical education are still in their infancy. This might mitigate efforts to further drive quality gains in health-care sen/ices. A track and trace system is being implemented for medical devices which track the location of every medical device (i.e. of each patient) and its outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medical track infancy efforts trace|9.256212|9.161763|1.5666174
13008|With the substantial changes the main management focus shifted from ecological protection to the economic performance. In that way, the Fisheries Management Act of 1990 introduced several new features. The alternative effort-based option was terminated and the new ITQ-system also included vessels from 6-10 tons, which had hitherto been excluded.|SDG 14 - Life below water|hitherto itq terminated management shifted|-0.26306424|5.714378|6.7845907
13009|The new, paperless system enables prospective local and foreign businesses to upload shareholder and board of directors’ information and pay the registration fees online, as opposed to the old system where representatives had to go to the ministry to complete registration procedures. In addition to being less time-consuming, the new process is also expected to limit opportunities for corruption. Special economic zones have a mixed record worldwide in promoting development but in the best cases they have been able to jumpstart industrialisation and provide lasting development benefits. The zone programme was intended to support investment attraction by streamlining administrative procedures and tapping the potential for private sector provision of infrastructure and services.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|registration procedures tapping streamlining attraction|4.1140924|5.10837|2.1784127
13010|In some ways, food aid is an outmoded form of assistance, and it is surprising to see diat the region still receives more dian 2 million tons per year. Most of diis continues to be shipped long distances, which can be slow and inefficient, and may not deliver food that is culturally appropriate (FAO 2006). Such transfers not only give recipients greater freedom regarding how to use the money, but the transfers offer greater benefits than even locally-sourced food in stimulating the local economy through multiplier effects.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food transfers shipped diat greater|4.4560733|5.322495|4.3345175
13011|The OECD (2009) estimates that the United States could halve its oil intensity of GDP by 2050 under various abatement scenarios (Figure 11). This reduction in oil intensity is similar to those in other OECD economies with relatively high GHG-emissions intensities of output (Canada, and the Australia and New Zealand region) and more than in European countries or Japan. The United States agreed to the Copenhagen Accord (noted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties 15th session (COP15)) in December 2009. It commits signatories to cooperate to achieve the peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible, recognising that the timing for peaking will be longer in developing countries than in developed countries.|SDG 13 - Climate action|peaking united intensity oil emissions|1.2647405|3.4925556|1.6237869
13012|Moreover, data on women drug users are sparse, further complicating analysis. For those reasons, the present chapter is limited to some salient aspects: drug-related harms, special populations, prevention and treatment, and rehabilitation for drug dependence. Drug-dependent women may face many difficulties: they can experience high levels of stigmatization; they can be ostracized by their family or community; they may be subjected to violence from partners or family members; and they may turn to, or be coerced into, sex work to support their drug use or that of their partner.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug stigmatization harms sparse family|8.365988|10.158554|3.5946224
13013|They are both a private property' and a global common; and are critical for the production of food and other biomass, the preservation of biological diversity and the productivity of ecosystems. Land’s economic value derives from food and other biomass production, mineral extraction and activities linked to the built environment. From a social point of view, land acquires value through ownership and through cultural and traditional heritage.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biomass derives value land food|1.7169679|5.260837|3.7976987
13014|During old age, this is reflected in levels of health insurance coverage and access to health care. Coverage rates increase in proportion with age (88.1% for those aged over 80 and 63.1% for those aged 60 to 64). In Brazil, 70% of older persons are covered by the public system. In Paraguay, over 83% of older persons are calculated to have no form of medical insurance and, in the event of illness, either have to foot the bill or go without treatment (OISS, 2007).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|persons aged older insurance coverage|9.068691|8.463742|2.6957455
13015|Italy has launched in 2000 the National Programme on Continuing Education in Medicine (NPCEM), which requires health care professionals to obtain 50 CME credits per year. The system is not link to re-certification. The safety of pharmaceuticals is further ensured through a postmarketing surveillance system which monitors safety information and adverse reaction for all authorised drugs through the National Network of Pharmacovigilance (Refe Nazionale di Farmacovigilanza).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|safety cme di reaction authorised|9.238617|9.372692|1.6913807
13016|Finland's history and geography - caught between the powerful kingdom in the west and the even bigger empire in the east - compelled it to pul the nation's interest first and not allow education policy to become victim to partisan politics. Finland is a small nation that the rest of the world sees as a strange place that speaks a language nobody else understands. Over the past half-century Finns have adopted an understanding that the only way to survive as a small, independent nation is by educating all people.|SDG 4 - Quality education|nation finland speaks compelled sees|9.502818|2.433452|2.5344226
13017|About 74% of the Namibian households cannot afford conventional housing and only 57% of urban households have access to sanitation facilities, which has serious environmental and health implications. The government’s ongoing public housing programme will need to be completed with better urban infrastructure development programmes and further strengthening of rural growth points to create more rural jobs. Agriculture continues to drive the economy, and as it is mostly rain-fed, it is very much at the mercy of climate-related shocks. Economic prospects are quite good, mainly because of the expected expansion of extractive industries and more investment in agriculture and transport.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing agriculture households rural urban|4.406898|4.85191|2.159915
13018|Opening up the telecommunications network to private providers can increase competition, potentially reducing costs and improving service quality. Liberalisation of the telecommunications sector, opening mobile and internet markets to competition and establishing independent regulation can help to sustain and accelerate private sector-led economic growth (World Bank, 2015b). The 2011 events and aftermath heightened the many challenges faced by the Libyan labour market. These include overemployment in the bloated public sector, high unemployment - especially among youth and w'omen - low job creation, w'eak social protection and a lack of social dialogue. Libya’s resource curse further distorts the labour market and prevents it from functioning properly.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|telecommunications opening competition sector libya|4.872141|2.9498262|1.6076224
13019|There is minimal competing information. In tasks requiring interpretation the reader may need to make simple connections between adjacent pieces of information. Disadvantaged students tend to do as expected in disadvantaged schools and advantaged students tend to do worse than expected, but by about the same margin as in many other OECD countries. In schools with a mixed socio-economic intake, disadvantaged students tend to do better than expected, again by the same margin as in the OECD in general, and advantaged students tend to do as expected.|SDG 4 - Quality education|tend expected disadvantaged students advantaged|9.43962|2.470545|2.8365028
13020|Pastoralists are estimated to constitute 25 per cent of the national population of 38.6 million (based on the 2009 census), while the members of the largest individual community of hunter-gatherers is approximately 79,000 (Kenyan National Bureau of Statistics, 2016). Both pastoralists and hunter-gatherers face insecurity with respect to land and resource tenure, poor service delivery, poor political representation, discrimination and exclusion. At the same time, the pastoralists' identity and culture contributes to Kenya's cultural diversity, national economy and conservation of biodiversity (Kaunga, 2005). However, boarding schools have had their own problems, ranging from inadequate care of the children and increased education costs (as many boarding schools were privately run by missionaries) to an increased incidence of pregnancies, resulting in higher school dropout rates for girls.|SDG 4 - Quality education|pastoralists boarding national schools kenyan|10.002969|2.8040657|2.824931
13021|These estimates were based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and, in the case of Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada and Saint Lucia, on surveys of Iving conditions. The surveys were conducted between 2005 and 2008. The estimates give an initial idea of the child poverty situation in the Caribbean from a multidimensional and rights-based perspective. As the surveys were prepared using the same methodology as for Latin America, they allow child poverty in the Caribbean to be compared with that in the rest of the region, something that cannot be done using monetary poverty statistics, which are constructed using different methodologies. This variability is very similar to that observed in Latin America. In the Caribbean countries with the highest child poverty levels (Guyana and Belize), the percentages of poor children (total and extreme) are in the same range as in Latin American countries with high child poverty, such as Nicaragua and Peru.|SDG 1 - No poverty|surveys poverty caribbean child latin|6.876494|6.320864|5.296842
13022|A more important explanatory' variable is the availability of good alternatives for outsourcing own-use production work of services. The chapter explores further the relationship between own-use production work of services and household income. It presents a case study from the United States using measures of own-use production work of services to estimate income in-kind, and then derive several measures of inequality.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|production work services use outsourcing|6.8717937|5.0934935|4.632091
13023|It realised from the outset the great importance of adequate rice supplies to maintain political stability. The previous government had been severely disrupted by the social unrest generated by high rice prices. Increasing domestic food production was also an economic priority. With uncertain foreign exchange earnings it had limited ability to pay for food imports.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|rice unrest outset food realised|4.0793414|4.9938717|4.161124
13024|Overall, the health information systems with the highest value in terms of data availability, maturity and use were found in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Israel, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden and the United Kingdom (Scotland and Wales). The national personal health datasets reported by countries tend to have very high coverage of targeted populations; rely upon automatic data extraction from electronic clinical and administrative records; and include the use of standard codes for clinical terminology. Key reasons for approving these linkages include to develop health care quality and system performance indicators to measure care co-ordination, outcomes of care pathways, resource utilisation and costs, and compliance with national health care guidelines.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health clinical terminology approving|9.1046915|9.549914|1.837461
13025|Classification of health care functions (cont.) A similar set of services and goods can be consumed with a non-health purpose. This is the case where health care is inter-linked with well-being or with social care, such as medical services with a cosmetic non-health purpose or social support as part of long-term care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health purpose non services|9.171068|8.920344|1.8592402
13026|The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development specifically calls for disaggregating poverty-related indicators by population group, to highlight those being left behind. To analyse the circumstances that act as barriers to escaping poverty, the analysis below uses latent class analysis (LCA) and data from the Gallup World Poll. Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performant :e (Washington, DC, International Monetai y Fund, 2002), pp. Individual country profiles can be produced upon demand by interested ESCAP member States. For a full list of country membership in income groupings, please see Annex Table 5.1. Almost eight out of ten poor people also have young children and two out of three people are below the age of 50.|SDG 1 - No poverty|lca disaggregating poll gallup analysis|6.59094|6.36547|5.13774
13027|Universiti Sains Malaysia has a structure dedicated to start-up support with facilities for on-campus business incubation. The involvement of key actors, such as the school of computer science in the design and organisation of incubation facilities suggests that the university leadership collaborates, co-ordinates and integrates faculty-internal entrepreneurship support in the US M’s support infrastructure and thus ensure cross-faculty collaboration. Two key issues for further development call for closer links between entrepreneurship education efforts and start-up support, and closer co-operation and referral between internal and external business start-up support organisations.|SDG 4 - Quality education|incubation support start faculty closer|6.8613257|2.8908226|2.631979
13028|Nutrition education, including both general education and nutrition-specific education, is effective in improving nutrition (FAO, 201 Ba). However, following a period of heightened food insecurity, input subsidies, in particular fertilizer subsidies, have regained widespread popularity in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, especially following the sharp increase in food prices and fertilizer costs after 2006. They are now the most popular production support measure used, although they are typically small-scale and ad hoc in the Latin America and the Caribbean region (Table 3) (Demeke etal., Fertilizer subsidies are also attractive because they can raise food production within a relatively short time, and because fertilizer use per hectare is very low in sub-Saharan Africa compared with other regions.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fertilizer nutrition subsidies caribbean food|4.104201|5.3166547|4.142776
13029|The permanent pressure on skill thresholds for attaining decent living conditions is thus nothing new. What is new is the pace, which is creating complex problems for keeping the workings of the education system in sync with outcomes. This means that the intergenerational reproduction of inequality does not occur because some have access to formal education and others do not, but rather that everyone has access but the outcome is differentiated in terms of what students learn and how far they progress in the system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|attaining intergenerational access thresholds reproduction|9.060639|2.6624274|2.9435437
13030|These results hold for the $1.25 a day poverty line as well. Furthermore, unobserved heterogeneity across countries can be a cause of more serious bias. Time-series data on poverty provided by the new estimates can help alleviate some of these problems. As with per capita GDR the fitted lines show similar relationships between exports and poverty levels for the two sets of poverty estimates (the slope for the new poverty data is -0.831, with t-ratio of -28.8 and for the World Bank data -0.93 with -26.4 t-ratio).|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty ratio data estimates fitted|6.298382|5.8654294|4.985482
13031|Third, trends in gender gaps in hourly pay may capture direct pay discrimination, but if women work part-time or have long periods out of employment, gender lifetime income gaps will be even greater. However, over recent decades women have increased their education—sometimes overtaking that of men—extended theirtenure in employment and also entered new occupations such as medicine and law. All this suggests that action by women themselves is not sufficient to bring about equality and it is the institutional context in which women are pursuing their careers that needs to change.9 There needs to be a greater focus on changing employment institutions, including reforming practices of wage setting, recruitment and promotion, which is the focus of this brief. These changes need to go hand-in-hand with policies to recognize the value of women's unpaid care work in the household and extend social support for care work, issues that are addressed in policy brief No. Both types of reforms are essential to reduce both the gender pay gap and the gap in women’s lifetime income. International definitions consider low pay to be below 60 to 66 per cent of median pay, but minimum wage levels are usually below these ratios.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pay women brief lifetime gender|9.145874|4.7039237|5.971673
13032|However, care must equally be applied to ensure that girls’ and women’s participation in separate environments, or in specific sports, does not reinforce social divisions or generate unhelpful resistance from other members of society (Hayhurst et al. These considerations also point to the importance of adopting decentralised approaches that are sensitive to local cultural norms and engage all family and community members (Kay and Spaaij 2012), including boys and men, even in initiatives that may be specifically targeted at girls and women. Addressing this embedded and structured inequality is, therefore, a priority in itself. For young females, in particular, leadership experiences gained through sport-based initiatives may make distinctive contributions to their empowerment in other social, economic and political spheres (Lindsey et al.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|girls members initiatives divisions distinctive|10.008656|5.1064663|6.708047
13033|However, productivity in the sector is low and high labour turnover is often cited as a significant constraint for improving productivity. Some employers report that only half of workers stay beyond three years (ILO, 2016a). Some staff turnover is to be expected in any industry, but this rate is high even by regional industry standards (World Bank, 2012) and has a direct impact on productivity in terms of loss of experienced workers and costs related to hiring and training. While the fact that the sector in general employs migrant women under 25 who may view employment as a temporary opportunity does play a role, challenging working conditions - long hours, compulsory overtime, limited understanding of contractual rights and obligations, issues with wages and representation - have been reported to be a significant factor (ILO, 2016c; World Bank, 2012).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|turnover productivity ilo bank industry|8.160923|4.4260187|4.6034613
13034|The “Water for life” Strategy (Box 1.3) encourages an expanded role for the private sector in WWS and allows BOTs to be used as a possible modality. A comprehensive National Water Master Plan was adopted by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in 2003, which helped to make Jordan one of the most advanced countries in the region in terms of an enabling environment, policies and strategic planning for the water sector (SWIM-SM, 2012). The Water Master Plan focuses on groundwater and water resources management.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water master plan modality encourages|1.072764|7.1306124|1.866637
13035|Contributions from private sector operators were found to be negligible, with local capital markets contributing next to nothing to the WSS sector in Sub-Saharan Africa and little prospect for doing more. The report estimated that the price tag for reaching the MDGs for both water and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa would reach USD 22.6 billion per year, or 3.5% of these countries GDP. For improved water alone, it would be USD 17 billion a year (roughly 2.7% of SSA’s GDP).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|saharan sub usd billion gdp|1.825279|7.0351343|2.5486631
13036|Patriarchal practices such as the dowry system, early marriage, son-preference, purdah and segregation of women during menstruation (chhapaudi) are still widespread and disadvantage women. Nepal ranks 145th of 187 countries on the 2014 Human Development Index (HDI), placing it in the'low human development’ category,34 and the 2015 World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap report ranked Nepal 110th among 145 countries, behind Bangaldesh, Sri Lanka and India. The cases studies of 307 women migrant returnees who stayed at the shelter house run by the non-governmental organization (NGO) Pourakhi35 in Kathmandu during the period from July 2015 to June 2016 were coded and analysed.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|nepal women dowry coded human|8.876034|5.279685|6.9934373
13037|Policymakers need information not only on global and regional climate trends, but also on their expected effect on local weather and local communities. The uncertainty of climate trends and the need to incorporate the new information that is becoming available demand that policymaking be responsive and relevant to the needs of people through short-term actions which are coherent with longer-term sustainable development objectives and actions. Incorporating uncertainty within policy action day by day through iterative and adaptive policy processes helps to reduce the risks of lock-in solutions and path dependency.|SDG 13 - Climate action|uncertainty day trends actions iterative|1.412185|4.8340497|1.73338
13038|So far, it has been notable that participants have on the whole chosen programmes that are available to other unemployed rather than those specifically designed for people with disabilities. A total of 5,502 people with limited work capacity entered ALMPs between January and August 2016 and the most popular choices have been training, work trials and work-related rehabilitation (source: country responses to OECD policy questionnaire). In view of the voluntary nature of programme participation during the early phase of the initiative, those who have registered for services so far are likely to be particularly motivated to look for work or to have less severe disabilities.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|work disabilities far almps trials|7.9337955|4.64406|3.9067335
13039|There are civil movements against pipelines, coal power plants, wind and solar power plants and, especially, nuclear power installation. Italy has phased out nuclear power and Germany, Sweden and Belgium took phase-out decisions at some point in time. An extreme example involves the licensing of the Konrad radioactive waste depository in Germany which took 25 years and included public consultations with almost 289,387 people who formally raised more than 1,000 issues.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|power took nuclear plants germany|1.1502686|1.819416|1.8881783
13040|The contributions that the state makes on their behalf are financed through general taxation but amount to only a quarter of all SHI funds. Moreover, variation across income quintiles was much smaller than in most other countries. In 2017, benefits include inpatient and outpatient care, prescription pharmaceuticals, rehabilitation, home nursing care and personal care, basic dental care, medical aids and devices, vaccinations and screenings, maternity care and spa treatment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care dental quintiles prescription behalf|8.749833|8.733732|1.9842523
13041|For example, according to national law, natural areas can be developed only if the area is covered by a SCoT. Such incentives have been further strengthened by the requirement that developed areas that are not covered by a SCoT cannot be expanded starting from 1 January 2017 onwards. To encourage the adoption of SCots, the State set up annual calls for proposals starting in 2010 to increase participation in rural territories with limited human and financial resources to draw up SCoTs. The PADD is the policy document which establishes the main thrusts of territorial development for the next 15 to 20 years; the DOO is the technical document which is enforceable against local documents such as the local housing programmes (Programmes locaux de I ’habitat), urban mobility plans (Plans de deplacements urbains), local urban planning plans (Plans locaux d’urbanisme) and municipal maps (Cartes communales).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|plans scot document starting local|3.8251283|5.5955625|1.7169627
13042|River basin organisations should be capable of managing a portion of their allocated budget or of raising and allocating their own financial resources while providing a regulatory system for ensuring transparency and accountability. Simultaneously, their dedicated staff should receive the appropriate capacities to manage these resources. On this issue, proposals have been made in front of the Senate to modify the National Water Law in order for river basin organisations and river basin councils to receive financial resources through operation contracts (convenios operativos) (see Chapter 3 on improving economic efficiency and financial sustainability).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin river financial resources organisations|1.0117458|7.2485747|1.7298714
13043|No definition of consistency is provided in the Paris Agreement or associated decision. Enabling the UNFCCC to do a quality control of information on data interface could reduce these errors. Information presented by countries in their BR and accompanying CTF is not always consistent. If countries report data on climate finance provided/mobilised by recipient country, data can be re-aggregated to examine flows to different regional definitions, if required. Others include projects where climate change is a consideration, although not the main focus. Some countries apply a coefficient to funds that were used for an activity only partially focused on climate issues (see Annex B).|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate data br ctf provided|1.3943336|3.7494884|0.6779517
13044|Such health care services are integral to minimising the morbidity associated with such events. This implies both financial access, so that cost does not impose unnecessary barriers to care, and physical access, to ensure that care is timely; and 3) the health care system delivers high quality care. The analysis in this report examines the pathways by which OECD countries deliver the programmes and services related to CVD and diabetes, namely health promotion, public health, primary care and acute care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health cvd delivers minimising|9.055056|9.168278|2.2917943
13045|They remained relatively stable during most of the 1980s before declining abruptly in 1989 and 1990, largely due to the collapse of pelagic fisheries in the Black Sea. In the Black Sea, landings have varied considerably from one year to the next since 1990, showing a generally increasing trend. In 2016, the total reported landings in the Black Sea were 390 000 tonnes. This value is slightly higher (5 percent) than the catches in 2013 but remains 17 percent lower than the average over the 2000-2013 period reported in SoMFi 2016.|SDG 14 - Life below water|black sea landings percent reported|-0.083121724|5.9317174|6.5701675
13046|The results suggest that it would be wrong to propose the same policy options to all countries, as the sensitivity of the poverty rate depends on its initial level and the degree of inequality. This being so, we can conclude that the high inequality and tow initial development level of most Brazilian states are impediments to alleviating poverty by improving incomes. The same is true of the interaction between the inequality variable and its initial level. Thus, the effect of the change in inequality on poverty reduction is smaller when the initial development level is low or when the initial inequality level is high. In other words, a decline in income inequality may be less effective at decreasing poverty in regions that suffer from a low initial development level, high initial inequality or both.|SDG 1 - No poverty|initial inequality level poverty high|6.3294077|5.5404263|5.069851
13047|To assist with the cost of their studies, the government has also recently announced that quota students will receive a stipend of BRL 400 per month (Souza, 2013) - Bolsa Permanencia (Staying-On Scholarship) - rising to BRL 900 per month for indigenous and quilombolcr32 students. The states of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia have previously introduced quota systems. An evaluation of one such scheme at the University of Brasilia (Francis and Tannuri-Pianto, 2012) found that it raised the proportion of black students at the university and that the displacing students were from lower socio-economic status families on average. One of the key issues is that the Brazilian higher education system is highly regressive. Free, highly selective public universities are attended primarily by richer students, while poorer students are forced to attend fee-charging, private institutions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students brl quota month university|8.951183|2.2794974|2.9451246
13048|For many, this means deferring or giving up on personal investment in education. Additionally, while wartime economies may provide job opportunities for some, for most the uncertainty of wartime violence undermines any efforts to secure work or to start building a career. Wartime economies provide young people with work as soldiers and spies, as guards and carriers of ammunition, and as cleaners and cooks in military camps. Young people are often forcibly recruited into armed groups.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|young economies soldiers carriers recruited|8.027579|3.9831362|4.062892
13049|It can also involve measures to protect pension rights after women are divorced or widowed, compensating forthe costs that the distribution of unpaid work in family arrangements can have on their pension entitlements. This involves promoting pension schemes that pool longevity risks between women and men and avoid punishing those who lives longer. It also involves establishing regular indexation mechanisms for pension benefits to avoid the loss of purchasing power with age, which makes women suffer more due to their longevity.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pension longevity involves avoid women|8.440543|5.4430475|5.310318
13050|This national partnership between the Ministry of Education and the main stakeholders and municipalities/counties (2009-14) aims to increase the quality and status of the teaching profession, teacher education and school leadership. A yearly teacher recruitment campaign is an important part of GNIST. Another initiative is the development of National Guidelines for Differentiated Primary and Lower Secondary Teacher Education Programmes for Years 1-7 and Years 5-10 (2010 and 2013) to support implementation of the new teacher education reform. Furthermore, a national four-year programme to improve formative assessment at the school level, Assessment for Learning (2010), is already showing positive results.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teacher education national assessment school|9.58344|1.3717836|2.0592613
13051|They are not allowed to subcontract these services to specialised firms. The drinking water management system leaves the communes with the choice of relying on their own water supply sources (this is the case for 25 of the 116 communes in Luxembourg), of relying, through the communal syndicates, on water from the Esch-sur-Sure Syndicate (SEBES), or of having a mixed arrangement. Four inter-communal syndicates* and Luxembourg City are members of SEBES and deliver drinking water abstracted from the Esch-sur-Sure reservoir. For sewage, there are 11 syndicates, each covering several communes. Some communes manage their sewer networks and treatment plants on their own.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|communes syndicates communal sur relying|1.3350818|7.2881913|1.8669393
13052|Promoting initiatives for and encouraging investment in subregional energy connectivity, including those focused on cross-border infrastructure development, and considering possible ways to develop a subregional power network and supply system to strengthen subregional cooperation and interdependence. Working together to create joint information resources and knowledge sharing systems on legal and regulatory frameworks, public participation, financial mechanisms, public-private partnerships and successful projects aimed at promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy development in the subregion. Encouraging the development and implementation of joint hydropower projects for electricity generation to facilitate grid connectivity and trade in energy. Strengthening subregional and inter-subregional cooperation towards developing harmonized cross-border energy infrastructure, for example within the Electric Power Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the CASA1000 project, and supporting the continuation of bilateral and regional consultations on this matter.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|subregional energy connectivity encouraging border|1.7047422|2.3200133|2.2737293
13053|This includes creating feeding, breeding and sheltering sites in green, grey and blue areas. Establishing parks and gardens is a common tactic, but activities can also include creating green roofs, walls, facades and balconies. But urban biodiversity has become a sustainability indicator and the importance of urban green governance is increasingly apparent.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|green creating roofs walls gardens|3.6199255|4.9270935|1.9114858
13054|The islands in the Aland archipelago are overgrown with vegetation and less people are at sea, except during the summer vacation. These conclude that grey seal and harbor seal are increasing in numbers, while ringed seal populations in the Gulf of Finland are decreasing and currently only represented by around 100 animals (HELCOM, 2017b). Assessments of ringed seal populations in the Bothnian Bay show a large increase, from estimates of 2000 seals in the mid 80s (Harkonen et al.,|SDG 15 - Life on land|seal populations bay grey gulf|-0.02214886|5.8898363|6.1999736
13055|Regardless of these particular perspectives, scholars agree on the importance of technological change in historical energy transitions and on future scenarios of energy system transformation (Grubler, 1998; Nakicenovic et al., These challenges of a future sustainable energy transition will require substantive innovation and technological change across all regions, particularly in developing countries. The overriding question for developing countries is how to move from this historical pattern to an integrated, concurrent approach dictated by the sheer magnitude of numbers as well as energy access and climate stabilization objectives (Metz et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy historical technological dictated future|1.6351557|2.6373112|2.1826859
13056|This is due in the main to sedimentation, pollution and over-fishing. These practices have now spread to the high seas, where, if left unchecked, are likely to result in the commercial extinction of a significant number of fish species, including many that are crucial for the sustenance of millions of people. The European Commission estimates that for stocks with sufficient data for assessment, 78.5 per cent are exploited unsustainably with 43 per cent outside of safe biological limits. A review of 48 stocks managed by regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) found that 32 (67 per cent) were overexploited or collapsed.|SDG 14 - Life below water|cent stocks overexploited rfmos collapsed|-0.029738173|5.9217453|6.58405
13057|Realizing their full potential will depend on the availability of reliable fixed and mobile broadband connectivity. In order to achieve this objective, every algorithm needs to be tailored carefully to existing data and the objectives pursued. This requires considerable human expertise in machine learning and large datasets to train algorithms.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|algorithm algorithms realizing machine datasets|4.875205|2.860687|1.5997707
13058|For irrigation purposes the volume of water made available by these concessions depends on per-hectare quotas and available water resources and so are variable over time. The initial water allocation is hence based on the basis of historically determined water rights and irrigated surface. Economic criteria do not play an important role, although there is some limited scope for changing the initial assignment of water rights through trading (see below). Effects which are external to the trading partners occur, for example, as a result of alterations in river flows, and the relatively high cost and lack of transport infrastructure limits the scope for trade.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water trading initial scope alterations|1.1980582|7.580743|2.348527
13059|The project collected information on existing mental health and well-being indicators and information systems and on this basis selected a set of mental health indicators for integration into a comprehensive health monitoring system in Europe. These indicators are listed in Table 4.5. Health care quality indicators 36. These challenges include: the difficulty of collecting data for even relatively simple indicators; the reported indicator data may be related to different years for different countries; the differential ability of countries to track patients after hospital admissions which is related to the presence or absence of UPIs; the lack of risk adjustment; deficiencies in relation to validity testing and exhaustive and exclusive data specifications; and the inability to avoid choosing indicators for quality benchmarking that reflect the data source that is available rather than optimal measures of quality of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|indicators data health mental quality|10.333194|9.022993|1.8309598
13060|Map 13.2 demonstrates the extent of the rural settlements’ shrinkage in the period 1979-2009. The 2009 census showed that 1,394 rural settlements had lost population. Statistics for the period from the beginning of 2005 to the beginning of 2014 show a decrease in the rural population of 19.7 per cent (from 2,732,110 to 2,193,379).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|rural beginning settlements period population|4.427712|5.339247|2.6961606
13061|It should be noted that many of these programs support basic science that is not applied to a specific fisheries and that all project reports are available to the public. The entire S-K grants program is listed under “general services” because practically all of these grants are awarded to support basic scientific and management missions. Fisheries infrastructure, including the construction, maintenance and modernisation of fishing ports and landings facilities, is funded by many Federal and local agencies, such as the Army Corps of Engineers and various Port Authority and other local public works agencies. These transfers to fisheries infrastructure were not calculated and are therefore not included in this submission.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries grants agencies basic submission|-0.10977695|5.6176453|6.7356286
13062|In dynamic texts, typically only a fraction of the available text can be seen at any one time, and often the extent of text available is unknown. Mathematics: Understanding mathematics is central to a young person’s preparedness for life in modern society. A growing proportion of problems and situations encountered in daily life, including professional contexts, require some level of understanding of mathematics, mathematical reasoning and mathematical tools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|mathematics mathematical text understanding life|8.910075|1.5724717|1.97938
13063|In this chapter we review some of the Nordic experiences of market-based fisheries management seen from a social perspective. Fisheries management is related to the biological and economic management of fisheries, but also have various implications for different social groups, social relations and for individual career patterns. In particular, market-based fisheries management has been implemented in many ways and with very different objectives in the Nordic countries.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries management nordic social different|-0.07335213|5.7736526|6.852538
13064|It would be preferable to increase the add-on payments for difficult cases to progressively eliminate these disparities, as DRG payments could allow only a partial reduction of the heterogeneity of patients across establishments (Milcent, 2016a; Veran, 2016). They may also give incentives to optimise the reporting of activity and overstate the difficulties of each patient. In France, DRG groups capture less than half of patients’ heterogeneity (Milcent, 2016b), and up-coding (i.e. deliberately overstating the case-mix) appears significant, as in the United States (Milcent, 2016a and 2016b; Dafny, 2005). Moreover, as in primary care, the payment structure provides little incentive for prevention and co-ordination between care providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drg heterogeneity patients payments deliberately|8.713497|8.930766|1.6703986
13065|The OECD average has also declined over this period. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden have had scores around the OECD average, while the Icelandic results have declined and are now significantly below the OECD average. Strengthening of goals for knowledge and skills also led to changes in pupils'assessment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|declined average oecd icelandic pupils|9.447997|2.3754866|3.126878
13066|The periodic review largely drew on information outside the UNFCCC, making use of a Structured Expert Dialogue, technical workshops and meetings for open and substantive discussions between FCCC delegates and external experts. The Structured Expert Dialogue concluded, among other things, that already “climate change impacts are hitting home” and “the ‘guardrail’ concept, in which up to 2°C of warming is considered safe, is inadequate and would therefore be better seen as an upper limit, a defence line that needs to be stringently defended, while less warming would be preferable” (UNFCCC, 2015e). The emphasis on national inventory reports in the enhanced transparency framework is important for filling what is currently a major information gap, and providing a sound basis for tracking progress towards a diverse range of NDCs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|structured warming expert dialogue unfccc|1.2586783|3.68179|0.818196
13067|As with shared bicycles, they can be station-based or free-floating. In both instances, data is generated and logged in order to manage payment and system operation. Some systems share this data through APIs that offer some level of integration with third-party service providers. In some instances, car-sharing may be bundled with other mobility services (e.g. agreements between Mobility Car Sharing and the Swiss Federal Railways).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|instances car mobility sharing floating|4.2156024|4.989534|0.40780947
13068|Another reason for having fewer women than men in decision-making roles in Danish media companies, as Rikke Andreassen points out, is that many of those in leadership positions are recruited from the male-dominated Home Affairs section of the newsrooms. Many private and public companies including DR signed it voluntarily. The initiative meant that the companies should create a strategy for how to get more women into decision-making positions and how to establish gender-sensitive workplaces and gender inclusive recruitment structures (Andreassen 2016).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|companies positions decision making recruited|10.07682|4.3188534|7.700026
13069|As a result, learning through international benchmarking and co-operation has become more important. For example, the OECD and UNESCO have been active in this area since the 1960s, and the European Commission has considerably expanded its support for STI policy making since the 1980s. First, the necessary absorptive capacity is often missing or under-developed.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|absorptive benchmarking sti unesco missing|5.1587267|3.5343025|2.3034415
13070|While the chapter is split into subsections depending on the type of policy instrument, in reality a policy mix is required for effective outcomes. For example, information instruments are required for determining the maximum nutrient load a catchment can sustain before certain water quality indicators are breached; stakeholder engagement is necessary to determine the acceptable risks and desired water outcomes at the local level; regulatory nutrient pollution allowances are required for diffuse pollution before markets can be established to achieve economic efficiency; and compensations may be required to improve equity outcomes and stakeholder agreement. This system, implemented by the Water Agencies, involves stakeholders at basin level working together in Basin Committees to determine the size of charges to levy within statutory national limits.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|required nutrient outcomes stakeholder determine|1.0369258|7.1723313|1.8191292
13071|The age of the Vertisol is estimated as less than 10,000 years, and this Vertisol is fertile because a balance between soil erosion and soil creation is maintained. Excessive erosion removes the topsoil, causing desertification; but, where soil erosion is much less than soil creation, over the long term it eluviates and dissipates soil nutrients, forming aged soils (Oxisols). Under the rainfall categorization, it is primarily part of Region IV (annual aridity index of 20 or more and summer aridity index of 5 or more), and has made the development of North European-type agriculture possible.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|soil erosion aridity index creation|1.0478768|6.8584948|3.2636008
13072|In this regard, a conspicuous weakness of the QICH framework is that it does not currently include quality measures for COPD, CHF, smoking status and related measures to incentivise preventive action around quitting smoking. Primary care professionals should be more active generally in health promotion, disease prevention, and encouraging healthy lifestyles (smoking cessation in particular). Primary care services operate in a wider health care context, and it is imperative for government-run public health and prevention services to complement these efforts by strengthening the focus on risk factor modification and promoting health literacy. While QICH is a quality-monitoring programme for primary care that many countries could leam from and emulate, it can be further developed over time, exploiting the potential offered by the use of EMRs in primary care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|smoking care qich primary health|9.4282|9.452638|1.9740201
13073|In general, this ratio tends to be higher in less developed countries, reflecting the fact that the median wage earner is relatively low-paid (Chapter 1). In 2014, about 9% of employees were earning the minimum wage, down from above 13% in 2010, a level close to that in France, slightly above Latvia (8%) and much higher than in Estonia (3%).20 After some decrease in 2015, that share increased again in 2016, reaching about 10% of full-time employees. But minimum wages can also come with efficiency loss if set at a level that keep workers away from employment, which might especially be the case in labour-intensive industries competing in international markets. In general, minimum wage studies on Central Eastern and South-Eastern European countries tend to find some disemployment effects, although strong conclusions cannot be drawn (Raei etal.,|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|minimum wage eastern employees general|7.872469|4.487953|4.4319344
13074|Although it is to be expected that changes in per capita GDP and average income will tend to move together, as shown in the surveys, it is important to remember that these variables relate to different concepts. Also, there are methodological differences that can widen discrepancies, such as the type of income flows that are actually measured and geographic coverage (some surveys cover only urban areas), to name only the most important shortcomings. To accomplish this, the lower-income household group was analysed. A predominant pattern emerges across the episodes analysed: this group’s income declined more than that of the total group of households.|SDG 1 - No poverty|income group analysed surveys accomplish|6.6580267|5.5583158|4.969991
13075|Still, one limitation in producing gender statistics persists. Sex is often used as only one of the breakdown variables for the data presented. As explained in chapter I and shown in chapter II, gender statistics and a meaningful gender analysis commonly require disaggregation by sex and other characteristics at the same time. For example, gender segregation in the labour market is partially determined by the gender gap in education, therefore data on occupations should be further disaggregated by the level of educational attainment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender sex statistics chapter persists|9.66523|4.4256983|7.8826656
13076|As seen throughout this chapter, the assignment of roles based on unequal power relationships and the unfair social organization of care have strong implications for gender inequality between men and women, between women of different socioeconomic groups and between territories (Bidegain Ponte, 2017). In particular, it underscores time-use surveys as a key instrument for generating data that would serve as inputs for public policies aiming to significantly improve the measures adopted to guarantee women's right and autonomy (ECLAC, 2017). These data also serve as inputs to calculate the economic value of unpaid work and show that through domestic and care work, women finance and sustain national economies and often subsidize limited social policies in this area (Bidegain Ponte.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women serve inputs subsidize underscores|9.002045|4.9400864|5.8867974
13077|Pointing in the same direction, there is also evidence that a positive association exists in OECD countries between the share of social transfers in people’s income in old age and the level of old age poverty (ILO 2014: Fig. Women’s poverty rate at older ages is higher than men’s in most EU countries. The figures also tail to include other crucial elements of well-being, particularly access to housing, healthcare and other social services (elderly home care, for instance). These services can be particularly important for older women who, as previously noted, live longer than men on average and are therefore more likely to become widows, live alone (greater housing costs) and lack care assistance by cohabiting members of family (greater need for elderly care services).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|elderly care older old live|7.7821927|5.565841|4.657505
13078|In the case of women, the pattern is reversed with currently married women having the lowest participation rates as a good percentage of them tend to be homemakers instead of in the labour market. Widowed/ divorced women, however, are compelled to get into the labour force for their survival and thus have the highest rates of LFPRs. The decline in the LFPRs of women between 1999-2000 and 2011-2012 was the highest among currently married women. Thereare significant variations in the pattern of women's LFPRs due to changes in age and marital status.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|lfprs women married pattern highest|8.954037|4.555958|5.545772
13079|The Law regulates breeding, protection, hunting, and use of game and its parts. Amendments have provided for increased numbers of wild animal species (game) to acquire the status of permanently protected wild species. The effect of implementing the amendments of the Law of Hunting in 2008 has been positive.|SDG 15 - Life on land|game amendments hunting wild species|1.5618821|5.183494|4.0193586
13080|The European Energy Efficiency Fund is a public-private partnership dedicated to provide funding for energy efficiency measures and renewable energy sources for member states of the European Union. The UK Green Investment Bank was created in 2012 to generate private funds for the financing of private sector in vestments in energy efficiency and environmental preservation more generally. A joint International Finance Corporation (IFC) and GEF initiative, CEEF provide guarantees of up to 50% of the loss from loan defaults to energy efficiency investments in Eastern Europe. (|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy efficiency private european ifc|2.3093753|3.2465994|1.6532017
13081|This has happened while they have maintained (and actually increased) their share of the total economy-wide value added in the Nordic countries (see Figure 9). This has mainly happened because of two reasons. Firstly, the paper industry is producing a different mix of products today as production of for instance printing paper is declining (because of reduced demand), and production of cardboard is increasing. The change has on average decreased the average energy intensity of the products.16 Secondly, the paper industry has invested heavily in energy efficiency.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|paper happened products industry printing|1.436779|3.209555|2.927681
13082|In 2014, 85% of procurement funds were used in this manner (CONAB-PAA, 2014). A significant share of PAA procured supplies (34% in 2014) is used for the school meal programme. In 2009 the National School Meal Program (PNAE) required public schools to allocate at least 30% of food expenditures to direct purchases from family farmers. Since 2011 under the Brazil without Extreme Poverty Plan, PAA procurement is specifically targeted to the 16 million persons living in extreme poverty with monthly income below BRL 70. In 2014, nearly 24 000 PAA suppliers, or 47%, fell within this category. The National Program for Biodiesel Production and Use (PNPB), which contains special provisions for family farmers, was launched by the Brazilian Government in 2005.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|paa meal procurement program extreme|4.5391273|5.4500704|4.3370433
13083|Since 2008, the importation of an extensive range of processed agricultural products has been limited to registered importers only, who become registered by submitting among other things a one-year import plan. Similar controls were put on live animals and animal products in 2011. Quantitative limits on beef imports are imposed as part of the suite of measures introduced for the purposes of achieving self-sufficiency in beef by 2014.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|beef registered products suite importation|3.9283147|4.9302845|4.334607
13084|A principal challenge for the WTO, as well as for, its members is to adjust to new realities in order to achieve its goals in an increasingly uncertain global environment. While agriculture and food security are important sub-themes of this session, the speakers also addressed problems and possible solutions in a broader context. The influence of the changing global environment were addressed. The challenges brought about as a result of natural crises, both in terms of the climate and of disease, price shocks, food to fuel switches and price volatility, as well as financial and geopolitical events, have changed the world dramatically even since the time of the Marrakesh Ministerial.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|addressed speakers price environment geopolitical|4.0319643|5.132463|4.135931
13085|The “Pedagogical Approach Networks” are all able, therefore, to summarise a complex set of elements that together make up the overall approach. These diverse elements embrace pedagogy and include a philosophy of what is important to address in learning and how to rectify certain shortcomings apparent in much of the mainstream schooling on offer in their systems. That they are networks encourages this feature of coherence and an explicit approach, needing to develop a set of cornerstones that can be shared with others.|SDG 4 - Quality education|approach elements networks philosophy needing|8.765966|1.558197|1.8613005
13086|The device also requires breath samples to be provided at random intervals to ensure that the driver has not consumed alcohol. Such devices have proven to be highly effective (Terer K.; and R.Brown, 2014). Points can also be allocated in conjunction with a court disqualification where the court chooses to disqualify a person for less than six months. Demerit points remain active on a licence record for a period of two years from the date of the offence. If 100 or more demerit points are accumulated within any two year period, a licence will be suspended for a period of three months. The suspension period begins as soon as the demerit suspension notice is served on the driver by the Transport Agency or the Police.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|period suspension licence points court|4.43668|5.1504297|-0.041321225
13087|The sticking point appears to be how to ensure the environmental integrity of trade in carbon credits so as to avoid double-counting by states. Negotiators will return to this issue at the next round of negotiations. This delay will have implications for CORSIA, which is the trading scheme that will be set up for aviation emissions (Carbon Brief 2018).|SDG 13 - Climate action|carbon negotiators aviation counting delay|1.4981667|3.4192173|1.8009043
13088|Over 70 percent of the population live in rural areas with farming, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and other natural resource sectors accounting for over 60 percent of employment in the country, about 36 percent of gross domestic product, and about 30 percent of exports by value. The Global Climate Risk Index ranks the country as Number 2 out of 178 countries in terms of vulnerability to climate change. Long-term studies have also shown that the country is vulnerable to increased risks from climate change, and climate change is increasing the impact of other shorter cycle natural hazards.|SDG 13 - Climate action|percent climate change country natural|1.4010677|5.029327|2.0846727
13089|It is followed by Japan, India and the Republic of Korea. In terms of diversification across markets, China is again the leader followed in this case by Japan, India, Thailand and Republic of Korea.' Many Asia-Pacific economies, especially least developed countries, remained overly dependent on the export of just a few commodities. For example, many Pacific island countries and territories export very limited numbers of products and to only a handful of markets.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|pacific followed japan export korea|4.227539|4.4542413|3.8615012
13090|While in principle AFTA is a preferential arrangement, in practice its discriminatory elements are relatively minor since its rules of origin threshold is lower than most preferential agreements. Nevertheless, the preferential tariff arrangements for ASEAN and China have promoted a strong presence of fruit and vegetables from these countries in Indonesia. On 1 January 2000, in response to pressure from farmers, a specific tariff on rice and rice flour of IDR 430/kg (USD 51/tonne) was introduced, replacing a 5% ad valorem rate.32 This specific tariff was equivalent to an ad valorem rate of approximately 20% using the average export price for 15% broken rice from Thailand for 2000 and an exchange rate of IDR 8 395per USD.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|preferential valorem tariff rice idr|4.0200644|4.889084|4.1700416
13091|She noted the G20's recent commitment to find ways to reduce food price volatility while increasing agricultural productivity by 70 per cent. This session will examine how the international community can help meet these objectives. He noted that trade distortions are concentrated in the agricultural sector.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|noted agricultural distortions session examine|3.9549532|5.057989|4.1712294
13092|These strategies must also expressly consider social and economic consequences and the distribution of impact across time and between stakeholders. More specifically, fisheries policy makers will need to consider the following fundamental questions when developing climate adaptation strategies: What policy options are available? How should decisions be made ?|SDG 14 - Life below water|consider strategies expressly policy fundamental|-0.27990764|5.902837|6.3571277
13093|The chapter concludes with policy concerns and recommendations. Job creation does not respond to the same strategies everywhere and usually those places with little technological absorption and innovation capacity will have fewer opportunities for recovery. The role of policy is therefore crucial to facilitate and accelerate sustainable pathways for local recovery. This chapter discusses key issues for the recovery and illustrates with local initiatives how this recovery is being driven in the Asian region. A difficult task, as global impacts affect both the private and the public sector and, in many cases, local institutions and stakeholders do not have the capacity or knowledge to propose policies and programmes for effective management of global issues such as the recent financial crisis or the impact of climate change, demographic change and ageing of societies. However, several elements are within the reach of public policy: (I) fostering the dynamics between skills and employment; (2) creating jobs through enterprise and infrastructure development; and (3) developing social protection schemes.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|recovery local policy chapter absorption|6.3046417|5.233157|4.1221156
13094|Gas and electricity cannot be seen but they can be metered and supply can be turned off, which makes it possible to trade them like other commodities. Furthermore, there are physical markets that require delivery and off-take of gas and electricity, and financial markets that exchange derivatives linked to the physical market.48 Trading energy derivatives brings in additional funds from investors for operations and long-term investment in the energy sector. More recently, carbon emission has been commoditized so it is becoming a policy instrument for lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and when large investors participate in carbon emission trade, there will be new capital for implementing zero-carbon energy capacity. Once liquefied, trucks or ships with cryogenic or insulated tanks can transport it to places not connected by pipelines.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|derivatives gas carbon emission investors|1.56388|2.3821492|2.0565572
13095|For example, every second employer has no guideline on when to contact an occupational physician in case of sickness absence. Employer sanctions are frequent: in one in five sickness absences longer than two years employers fail to meet their obligations and, as a sanction, have to continue sick pay at the same level for a third year. For example, it is important that the employment system and the employment service providers identify mental illness of jobseekers early on to prevent long-term unemployment and the sliding into disability benefit dependence.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|sickness employer sanction guideline jobseekers|10.172798|8.792009|2.0987601
13096|Despite the high employment rate of single mothers in Japan and the relatively low cost of the Child Rearing Allowance as compared to a full income-replacement benefit, the government in 2002 introduced a number of reforms to further limit expenditure.149 These were motivated by continuing growth in the number of recipients. After 2002, the number of Child Rearing Allowance recipients increased further, reaching 956 000 in 2006, but the divorce rate - which is a leading indicator for this benefit caseload - started to fall (Chisa, 2008). Single mothers are one of the groups assisted by welfare offices in cooperation with Hello Work through the Employment Support Programme (see above). Chisa (2008) reports that “As work-related services, the Japanese government is urging local prefectures and cities to establish special job centers and job training benefits for single mothers”.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|mothers rearing single allowance recipients|8.1584215|4.973004|4.106378
13097|"This number includes funds provided via the Mitchell Act (16USC 755-757; 52 Stat. The Mitchell Act specifically directs establishment of salmon hatcheries, file conduct of engineering and biological surveys and experiments, and the installation of fish protective devices. The major objective of this program has traditionally been to mitigate the negative effects of lost salmon habitat caused primarily by the building of dams for hydroelectric power, and also by other factors, such as agricultural runoffs, logging, and urban development. Over the years, Mitchell Act hatchery production has changed to meet two other objectives. First, some hatchery production has shifted to areas above the Bonneville Dam in order to provide harvestable salmon under the Columbia River Treaty Indian ""IYust. Second, a portion of the hatcheiy production is being shifted to fulfil a conservation role in preserving endangered salmon stocks (captive breed) and supplementing their recovery."|SDG 14 - Life below water|salmon act shifted production columbia|0.15459788|6.1483145|6.5668874
13098|The Samoa Energy Sector Plan 2012-2016 set out a plan to deliver outcomes consistent with the SDS, with an overarching goal of increasing energy self-sufficiency. A new energy sector plan has not yet been released. The Electricity Act 2010 introduced key regulatory changes to allow the entry of private sector IPPs and will contribute to the achievement of 50 per cent renewable electricity generation once current projects are completed.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|plan energy sector electricity sufficiency|1.9141797|2.1243107|2.332021
13099|Scope for the local selection of appraisal aspects and criteria in line with central/state guidance that emphasise the importance of pedagogical leadership and/or the collaborative setting of objectives at a local level may help make appraisal manageable and relevant for local contexts. It may allow evaluators and school leaders to focus on priority areas relevant to a particular school and the leadership required in that context and analyse these in greater depth. However, considering the frequent combination of appraisal’s functions for accountability and development, it is essential that policies ensure that the necessary selection of appraisal aspects and criteria reflects these purposes and individual as well as school needs (e.g. through the mandatory use of a range of reference standards and documents, such as individual job descriptions and school development plans). Therefore, it is also important that school leaders benefit from ongoing support to develop pedagogical leadership skills through high-quality, targeted and relevant professional development opportunities before being held accountable for pedagogical leadership.|SDG 4 - Quality education|appraisal leadership school pedagogical relevant|9.956463|1.1562984|1.5259242
13100|The limited amount of information provided so far by the government on access to the NAICM refers mostly to adjustments to road infrastructure and construction of toll roads. Public transport works planned include only extensions of two Metrobus lines and connection to underground lines that currently operate over capacity. The airport’s planning process should acknowledge clear objectives to generate high shares of travel on public transport.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|lines metrobus transport toll airport|4.0764184|5.1459694|0.9131033
13101|The centre of the country (Minsk Oblast) is the most urbanized part, while the western part (Brest and Grodno oblasts) has the lowest urbanization (69 and 73 per cent, respectively). Grodno Oblast has the lowest share in total urban population (10.6 per cent). Mogilev, Brest and Vitebsk oblasts have almost equal shares in the oblast structure of the country’s urban settlements (12-13 percent).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|oblast oblasts lowest cent urban|4.410726|5.4023485|1.9232374
13102|By 2009, it had dropped to 3.5, which is below the OECD average and on par with Germany, Belgium and Italy (OECD, 2012a). In seeking to measure the impact of the health care system, it is important to look at its impact on areas within its influence. The OECD’s Health Care Quality Indicators project measures specific health care outcomes in areas where the health services can make a major difference to life and morbidity outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health care oecd outcomes impact|9.210441|9.337775|2.2641985
13103|Among other things, it involves the implementing party’s unilateral judgment that the foreign party is not doing ‘enough’ to price carbon embedded in traded goods. It is not clear how the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities might be properly respected in the course of such a judgment.5 In addition, the choice of methodology for assessing the carbon content of a given imported product is not straightforward (Cosbey et al. There is no consensus on the WTO legality of BCA; most analysts conclude that the detailed design of the mechanism would be determinative (Cosbey et al. The Agreement does not involve consensus on the adequacy of each Parties’ efforts in the same way that, for example, the Kyoto Protocol arguably did in its first commitment period; there was no negotiation process that focused on the level of ambition of the various NDCs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|judgment consensus party carbon respected|1.4451199|3.418064|1.8214798
13104|While significant, this is much smaller than the land requirements of coal mining. Technologies for the exploration and extraction of oil and gas are comparable. There is soil erosion during well construction, and preparing the well casing can sometimes cause leaks into the groundwater or surface. Indeed, wastewater from all points upstream of generation can leak into ground or surface water.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|surface leak leaks exploration upstream|0.8140002|7.065302|2.8979077
13105|Scholarships and other grants to households amount to 15.4% of public expenditure for tertiary education, above the OECD average of 11.6%. Two public universities in the Lisbon Region, the University of Lisbon (Universidade de Lisboa) and the Technical University of Lisbon (Universidade Tdcnica de Lisboa), merged into a single institution. The ministry provides student grants based on financial needs to limit the impact on student enrolment of current budget cuts due to the financial crisis.|SDG 4 - Quality education|lisbon grants university student merged|8.976638|2.2663863|2.7787194
13106|However, very few activities in the database have been tagged as climate relevant. This finance is mostly directed towards climate change, but also includes finance for other environmental issues (e.g. biodiversity, soil degradation). The methodology used to track climate finance provided for adaptation differs both from the OECD-DAC and MDB methodology.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance methodology climate mdb differs|1.5423851|4.1084213|0.92798215
13107|Agriculture production risks may also have different types of economic effects on producers, market chain actors, consumers of the concerned products, and even other consumers if they impact the price of other commodities. These impacts will often be less extreme the further from the maximum risk location (hotspot) and the longer after a shock (if there is a shock), but different types of impacts may also disturb this ripple-like effect. A first tier of impacts, mainly agriculture production-related, encompasses direct effects in the targeted (hotspot) regions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|hotspot shock impacts consumers types|3.4348915|5.5639|3.8820288
13108|Yet for most of the working young in Africa this link is broken. The concern with employment stems primarily from a concern for the material well-being of young people. The assumption behind calling for jobs for Africa’s youth is that jobs are good and allow young people to make a living, provide for their family and build a stable foundation for professional growth. Yet a closer look at most types of youth employment, and employment in Africa in general, reveals that only a very few jobs meet these assumptions. Working poverty, vulnerable employment and underemployment abound among Africa’s youth and across all occupations.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|africa youth employment jobs young|8.006279|3.962943|4.0542965
13109|Equity in education is achieved when personal or social circumstances, such as gender, ethnic origin or family background, do not hinder achieving educational potential (fairness) and all individuals reach at least a basic minimum level of skills (inclusion) (OECD, 2012a). Evidence shows that investing in equity should be a priority, as it pays off for economies, societies and individuals. Policies addressing inequities that arise from school failure and personal circumstances (e.g. students’ background, geographic inequalities, etc.)|SDG 4 - Quality education|background circumstances personal equity individuals|9.388467|2.6317775|2.9209406
13110|Such analysis identifies which skills are needed in each sector and how the social partners can jointly assess and provide them. This ensures skills and quality apprenticeship programmes align best with the labour market and serve the needs of SMEs. These attest that products and services meet defined requirements imposed by authorities or requested by buyers.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|skills apprenticeship requested buyers jointly|8.37227|2.8236256|2.837884
13111|The service is also available on-demand for use in off-peak hours via an application. The first fully electric and autonomous robo-taxi on the market is now planned to be released in Lyon in late 2018 to early 2019. Industry actors, riders and city planners will need to be involved in developing new urban policies in order to limit the usage of personal vehicles and to provide equally attractive alternative mobility options to passengers.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|lyon riders taxi passengers planners|4.197869|4.9170427|0.49743173
13112|An analysis from British cohort studies (Bynner and Parsons, 2006) found that once people were aware of weaknesses in their basic skills, they tended to be interested in improving these. This is in line w ith an earlier study of Further Education (FE) students (Basic Skills Agency, 1997), which found that a major barrier to taking up basic skills support was that many people did not know that basic skills were essential to the successful completion of their course. Conversely some of those who know they have literacy and numeracy problems are reluctant to admit it.|SDG 4 - Quality education|basic skills know admit british|8.66191|2.714671|2.867058
13113|This may require a fundamental adjustment in how the role of energy efficiency policy is viewed generally. The view of energy efficiency needs to evolve so that it not seen as a policy approach solely driven by energy ministries to manage society's energy usage, but also as a complementary policy approach to achieving policy goals of other ministries, requiring collaboration across government departments. It will be necessary to communicate the broader rationale for energy efficiency policy sufficiently to encourage this view.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy policy efficiency ministries view|2.0178335|2.5751014|2.3769362
13114|"Measures envisaged under Priority Axis 4 are aimed at providing resistance to disasters, prevention of risk to human health and the environment, and mitigation of the consequences of floods. The implementation of some of the measures of Priority Axis 3, ""Natura 2000 and Biodiversity"", will also contribute to adaptation to climate change. It offers industrial companies loans of up to 5 billion leva and grants of up to 15 per cent of energy efficiency investments (in CHP generation, optimization of processes, reconstruction of energy infrastructures) or renewable energy projects."|SDG 13 - Climate action|axis energy priority chp optimization|1.5823|4.573176|1.5845678
13115|The system also provides specific programmes aimed at preventing drop-out through the development of socio-emotional skills (Programme to Support School Retention and the Skills for Life Programme). This is particularly important as previous evidence shows that programmes that develop life skills are effective at preventing school drop-out, especially among vulnerable children and youth. There is evidence showing that the provision of significant resources to vulnerable populations has been highly beneficial. First, guidance on effective ways to use additional resources for meeting the needs of disadvantaged students is limited.|SDG 4 - Quality education|preventing skills drop vulnerable evidence|9.430398|2.472042|2.4546757
13116|This can lead to the disabled child effectively being internally excluded from learning and may often lead to the child dropping out. This can be a particularly strong pressure where national curricula and assessment policies are too rigid, competitive and do not allow for flexibility and collaborative working. The external requirements placed on schools by government should be addressed by curriculum and assessment reform. The BRAC informal schools in Bangladesh have recently demonstrated that where teachers are trained in child-friendly methods and in how to accommodate girls and disabled children there is a lower drop-out rate for both groups before transfer to lower secondary state school than in state primary schools.|SDG 4 - Quality education|disabled schools child lead assessment|9.760897|2.398372|2.339642
13117|Prior to zoning revisions required by state planning laws adopted in 1973 (Comprehensive Land Use Planning Co-ordination Act, Oregon) and 1990 (Growth Management Act, Washington), residential zoning in the suburbs set large minimum sizes for new subdivisions. As late as 1978, the average minimum size for a new residential subdivision lot in the Metro urban growth boundary (outside the downtown Portland area) was 13 000 ft2 (Ketcham et al., A number of suburban cities in the region prohibited apartments. Instead of requiring a connected system of streets in new subdivisions, cities allowed developers to establish cul-de-sac communities that funnelled auto trips onto state highways. Residential development was haphazard and uncoordinated, led by private developers rather than by public investment.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|residential zoning developers act minimum|3.995127|5.349773|1.4783046
13118|On the other hand, SKR1M will also support the implementation of the High-Speed Broadband and Sub-Urban Broadband projects by providing huge backhaul capacity to bring back the traffic from Sabah and Sarawak to Peninsular Malaysia and internationally. These are among the steps the Government undertakes to ensure that no segment of the community is left behind, in order to improve the socio-economic situation through ICT and the Digital Economy. It is the expansion of the Electronic Government Network (EG*Net), which was initiated in 1997 as Malaysia was embarking on building the Multimedia Super Corridor in line with its National Vision 2020.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband malaysia multimedia super undertakes|4.796767|2.9639518|1.5749044
13119|Despite this, considerable uncertainty still remains over i) which policies work best in delivering safe, effective health care that provides a good patient experience, and ii) which quality-improvement strategies can help deliver the best care at the least cost. The findings presented in this synthesis report were assembled through a systematic review of the policies and institutions described in each OECD Health Care Quality Review, to identify common challenges, responses and leading-edge practices. This material was complemented by OECD health statistics and other OECD reports where appropriate. Governments should encourage, and where appropriate require, health care systems and health care providers to be open about the effectiveness, safety and patient-centredness of care they provide.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health patient best appropriate|9.192343|9.461708|1.8949028
13120|In the spirit of SDGs, such policies should be adopted and evaluated through a gender equity lens. Public investment can be a tool to achieve full employment, promoting women's livelihoods while also reducing gender com petition over sea rce jobs (U N Women 2015). Public investment typically stimulates employment as businesses hire more workers to meet increased aggregate demand. When well targeted, public investment not only promotes capabilities accumulation and reduces vulnerability but it also builds resilience (UNDP 2014).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|investment public stimulates spirit gender|9.225883|4.4499145|6.931992
13121|Hazardous drinking in young adults is a way of socializing. Drinking alcohol is often seen as the standard way of fitting in with peers. For the younger generations surrounded by “alcohol offers” (e.g. multiple delivery points, price offers, new products), the pursuit of excessive alcohol consumption has become part of a normal experience of young adulthood (Seaman and Ikegwuonu, 2010). Besides, younger generations have different motivations for drinking and different patterns of drinking compared to older generations, such as abusing of spirits for the puipose of getting drunk rapidly in order to unwind and have fun (Pabst et al, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drinking generations alcohol younger offers|9.290864|9.695259|3.5705867
13122|Reflection that goes beyond a parity focus will be necessary if the organization is to arrive at a more complete picture of the power relationships and gender dynamics at play. The data from the annual global staff surveys consistently show that there are gaps between men’s and women’s experiences with respect to empowerment, professional growth, openness, fairness/ respect, work-life balance and office management. Gender parity is generally reported at the aggregate level at both the regional and headquarters levels, which may obscure a more differentiated picture of the situation in individual country offices and units. Although UNDP has a historically close and often collaborative relationship with UN-Women that has matured as UN-Women has reorganized its organizational footprint globally, there is room for further clarification of partnership arrangements.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parity picture respect women clarification|10.011691|3.952265|7.802889
13123|Following patients through different health and health care events often requires the linkage of patient records across databases. Record linkage involves linking two or more databases using a unique patient identifier. In 2012, 14 countries had national data containing identify ing information that could be used for record linkage for hospital inpatient data for example (OECD, 2013c). Only Australia, Germany, Poland and the United States did not report a unique identifying number within their national hospitalisation databases.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|linkage databases unique record patient|9.071253|9.609014|1.8220707
13124|While these problems affected the efficiency and effectiveness of road-based public transportation (e.g. requiring passengers to transfer more often between feeder buses, trunk buses and the Metro), they also affected the overall public transport system, including the Metro. Transantiago’s initial design and service deficiencies dramatically increased demand for and use of the Metro system. From 2006 to 2007, the number of passengers using the Metro practically doubled, generating major congestion and service problems.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|metro passengers buses affected problems|4.2285886|4.9942336|0.69116235
13125|Many developing countries increasingly recognize that social protection measures are needed to relieve the immediate deprivation of people living in poverty and to prevent others from falling into poverty when a crisis strikes. Social protection can also help recipients become more productive by enabling them to manage risks, build assets and undertake more rewarding activities. These benefits spread beyond the immediate recipients to their communities and the broader economy as recipients purchase food, agricultural inputs and other rural goods and services. In most low- and middle-income countries, agriculture remains the largest employer of the poor and is a major source of livelihoods through wage labour and own production for household consumption and the market.|SDG 1 - No poverty|recipients immediate protection rewarding poverty|6.8216815|5.815233|4.268072
13126|See also references in this chapter to rehabilitation and supported employment. This sub-section discusses these subsidies, as well as giants paid to individuals who start a business on a self-employed basis. Subsidies amount to JPY 150 000 to JPY 600 000 per half year, and may last for up to 1 to 2 years depending on the target group. Table 5.3 shows that the use of this type of subsidies decreased between FY 2003 and FY 2007.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jpy fy subsidies references rehabilitation|7.886692|4.8418756|3.9858093
13127|In the case of JICA's Financing Scheme for Energy Savings Projects in India, for example, a loan to the Small Industries and Development Bank of India (SIDBI) supports micro, small and mediumsized enterprises’ (MSMEs) investments in environmental improvements and energy efficiency. One example is the Swedish Leadership for Sustainable Development platform, through which Sida, the Swedish development co-operation agency, facilitates a network of 26 Swedish companies that meet regularly in Sweden to discuss opportunities to promote 'global leadership’ in addressing sustainability issues. The focus of private sector approaches has been, unsurprisingly, mostly in upper middle income countries and in sectors where there is a clear business case and potential for returns, i.e. renewable energy and to a smaller extent energy efficiency. The analysis of climate related development finance in 2013 in this paper shows that the majority of development co-operation support went to projects in middle income countries and was deployed toward climate change mitigation (around 80%), supporting activities in the energy sector such as the development of renewable energy projects.|SDG 13 - Climate action|energy swedish development projects leadership|2.040672|3.8476186|1.5653923
13128|As such, a USD 1 trillion investment gap exists which would need to be addressed. Decarbonising the power sector in this manner will require switching from traditional fossil-fuel plants to a mix of renewables, nuclear and fossil-fuel plants equipped with CCS. The investment requirements rise rapidly between 2030 to 2050.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fossil plants fuel ccs investment|1.5253038|2.5687394|1.9775791
13129|However, gaps remain in data collection and in UNFCCC reporting and review provisions (Table 1), particularly for mobilised private climate finance. Mandatory reporting requirements for climate finance provided have been extended from “Annex II” to “developed” countries. Review of climate finance provided will also extend to “developed” countries (rather than just Annex II countries, as at present), as well as to “other countries” if they report this information voluntarily. It is unclear from the Paris Agreement whether review of mandatory information on climate finance mobilised by developed countries is within the transparency framework, as this is not mentioned.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate review mobilised countries|1.4101465|3.7421522|0.6884627
13130|Work-based learning in vocational education and training - project plan. The Dynamics of Employment Growth: new evidence from 18 countries. Short-term labour market outlook and key challenges in G20 countries. Addressing employment, labour market and social protection challenges in G20 countries: key measures since 2010. State of the Nation Report 2013. Better Skills, Best Tourism.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|challenges key employment labour countries|8.347487|2.8249855|2.831324
13131|In Botswana, for instance, the Ministry of Health (MoH, 2006) recorded that the percentage of 20-24-year-old attendees to ANC who were HIV infected declined from 38.7 per cent in 2001 to 27.9 per cent in 2007. A decline of about 10.5 per cent between 2001 and 2006 has been observed among pregnant women (MoH, 2006). In particular, the prevalence among the age group 15 to 19 years has declined from 24.7 per cent in 2001 to 17.5 in 2006 (MoH, 2006).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cent declined infected botswana pregnant|8.480695|8.865982|3.4099689
13132|Governments play a critical role in creating the right conditions for empowering women and enabling their access to opportunities across sectors, from health and education to employment and business development. Yet governments cannot do it alone. Other players such as civil society, women’s movements, the private sector and citizens should actively participate in the decision-making process for generating inclusive policies and services.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|governments empowering players movements actively|9.739259|4.2888937|7.240443
13133|For example, a large number of theoretical and empirical studies have pointed to the substantial positive impacts of infrastructure development on economic growth (United Nations, 2016). Studies have found a unidirectional causality from infrastructure to output growth from 1975 to 2007 (Sahoo, Dash and Nataraj, 2010). Additionally, a long-term positive impact on economic growth may be obtained by investments in power and telecommunications (Egert, Kozluk and Sutherland, 2009). Investing in infrastructure also has a multiplier effect as it stimulates other capital investment, including in the private sector, resulting in further economy-wide productivity growth and a subsequent improvement of social development In particular, by increasing investment, infrastructure development contributes to improved mechanisms for reducing rural-urban development gaps. It also boosts jobs and raises real wages. Furthermore, a greater focus on social infrastructure investment can enhance access to basic social services, especially for the most marginalized and vulnerable groups of communities.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|infrastructure growth investment development social|3.9139118|3.98614|2.0251384
13134|More specifically, discriminatory social institutions in origin countries may influence women's decision to emigrate in two ways. On one hand, they can be an additional determinant of emigration, stemming from women's need to escape gender-spedfic discrimination. For example, women may migrate to escape sexual violence and abuse; single women, widows and divorcees may migrate to escape sotial stigma; or girls may migrate to escape restrictions on their freedom, pressure to marry, or to remain chaste until marriage (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). There is evidence from South-East Asia of women migrating in order to escape from involuntary marriages (Lam and Hoang, 2010).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|escape migrate women reeves widows|8.775628|5.2767935|7.0432825
13135|"The paper then addresses the integration of monetary child poverty and multidimensional deprivation analysis, and offers concluding remarks on analysing child poverty and deprivation. The various applications of MODA can be found on www.unicef-irc.org/MODA. That is also clear from the early definition of Rowntree (1901) who defined poverty as not having the financial resources 'necessary to support a person at the subsistence level of food, shelter, clothing and other necessities'. The distinction between poor and non-poor, in turn, is based on: (1) a definition of the ""dimensions"" (e.g. nutrition, clothes, shelter and other necessities) relevant to ""subsistence""; and (2) the resources (measured in a money-metric form) needed to pay for the minimum quantity of each of the dimensions."|SDG 1 - No poverty|necessities moda shelter subsistence poverty|6.647306|6.458986|5.069807
13136|In the United Republic of Tanzania, the Southern Agricultural Corridor Land Use Dialogue (SAGCOT) takes an integrated approach to managing agricultural and wooded landscapes, thereby potentially contributing to SDGs 8 and 15. These case studies illustrate the benefits of a landscape-scale approach to integrating forestry, agriculture and other goals such as watershed management and climate resilience. However, the case studies - such as those from Nepal and the United Republic of Tanzania - also highlight the potential difficulties of reconciling a broad landscape-scale approach with a fully decentralized one that empowers local communities and villages, as well as the need to overcome these difficulties through cooperation between community groups and authorities operating on a landscape scale.|SDG 15 - Life on land|landscape tanzania scale approach difficulties|2.0253265|5.082512|3.396032
13137|Dans le cours de cette etude, les comparaisons sont realisees entre l’EFP et la formation academique a niveau d’education equivalent: ainsi, les resultats de la premiere option (3e option) sont compares a ceux de la deuxieme option (4e option). Selon les objectifs poursuivis, d’autres comparaisons sont possibles et pourraient dresser un tableau different par rapport a celui presente dans cette etude.|SDG 4 - Quality education|option sont les cette la|9.2474785|2.1384816|2.1218772
13138|As a result, existing studies on the economic impacts of a nuclear accident, and a fortiori on the risk of nuclear, can show differences of several orders of magnitude in terms of their outcomes. Most of the published work and quantitative analyses on this area have been carried out in the last decades at the PSI. In particular, PSI has been the main contributor to the comparative analysis of externalities due to severe accidents performed within the EU NEEDS project, New Ext and SECURE, which constitute to date the most comprehensive and detailed effort to characterise and quantify externalities in the energy sector.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|psi externalities nuclear characterise orders|1.0613106|1.7915791|1.828024
13139|The large number of different professions and specialisations that existed under Soviet rule was drastically reduced, and smaller, singlesubject vocational schools merged into more comprehensive educational establishments (OECD, 2001). However, at 3% of GDP, public and private expenditure on primary', secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions in 2011 remains considerably below the OECD average of 3.8% of GDP (OECD, 2014a, Chart B2.2). Section 2 examines the policies to improve school attendance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|oecd secondary gdp educational specialisations|9.196686|2.2805204|2.836003
13140|The difference compared to national estimates from Canada, France, and the United Kingdom is probably attributable to lower levels of direct service intervention (i.e. mental health service provision) in other countries, which are likely to further inflate indirect costs of mental ill health. Cross-sectoral co-operation in service delivery is a key aspect to effectively and efficiently supporting individuals with complex needs (OECD, 2012b; OECD, 2014) - though challenges exist. This section discusses recent developments in mental health care towards an integrated community care approach in the general population, and highlights the need for a multisectoral approach in addressing these individuals’ complex needs. Mental health is currently a policy priority in several OECD countries: as shown in Table 3.1, 27 OECD countries have ongoing, national-level strategies or policies for mental health in the general population.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health service oecd complex|10.345588|8.902288|1.7427686
13141|The HSCB works to ensure the learnings from trends in incidence data and investigations with a regional application are effectively disseminated and there are Mortality and Morbidity Meetings in each Trusts to consider incidents and complaints. Changing the Culture 2010 is Northern Ireland's strategy and action plan for the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections. The Leadership Attributes Framework was announced in November 2014 aims to assist knowledge building and leadership around quality improvement and safety.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|leadership trusts investigations disseminated incidents|9.144993|9.579482|1.6141392
13142|It is not only a strong indicator of the health and well-being of children, but also of the entire population. The ICPD Programme of Action set a target in 1994 to reduce the under-five mortality rate below 45 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2015. While considerable progress has been made in reducing child mortality since 1990, some recent data from the World Health Organization have suggested that, of the eight MDGs, goal 4 (reducing child mortality) and goal 5 (improving maternal health) are the two furthest from being achieved by 2015 (World Health Organization, 2012b; United Nations, 2012b).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mortality health organization goal reducing|8.783627|8.4376335|3.6270554
13143|In 2006, registered unemployed people received such referrals at an average rate of 4.2 per year, i.e. about one every three months (OECD, 2007c). Recently additional funding for disabled and older workers was announced and the system was expanded to include older freeters and daily-dispatched workers (see Chapter 5; Web-Japan, 2005; OECD, 2009a; and MHLW, 2009a). Job applicants may sometimes be called into the office for a pre-selection interview, but in the majority of the cases they are referred without such interviews.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|older freeters workers mhlw referrals|8.148136|4.832988|4.0037637
13144|Its core elements are comprehensive pricing of GHG emissions and increased support for the development and deployment of GHG-emissions-reducing technologies. The alternative regulatory approach would be more costly and unlikely to deliver the required scale of reductions in emissions. To reduce the probability of severe climate-change impacts and costs occurring, global GHG emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions ghg occurring deployment unlikely|1.4401095|3.3372154|1.9236982
13145|Singapore’s exchange rate-based monetary policy tightened, with the pace of appreciation increasing to restrain imported inflation. At the same time, macroprudential measures were augmented to cool down an increase in property prices, which amounted to more than 50% between 2009 and 2012. Viet Nam also maintained a generally tight monetary stance, but some of the earlier stabilization measures were relaxed, with the refinance and discount rates falling to 10% and 8% respectively by July 2012, from 15% and 13% at the end of 2011.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|monetary augmented tightened stance stabilization|5.2960076|4.9112406|3.807075
13146|Women with only compulsory schooling have a very high probability of having very low earnings at the age of 45 and even among those that work, earnings are very low. Second, while getting some education beyond secondary school seems to pay off for men, completing a non-professional university degree does not make any significant difference. There is evidence of a somewhat greater return at this margin for women both in terms of employment and in terms of annual earnings. Some of these differences in labor market outcomes are likely to stem from the fact that men and women, within these education categories, are not in the same educational fields and hence, face different labor markets.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|earnings labor women men terms|9.179589|4.2288933|5.634573
13147|Relatively small percentages of men endorse these opinions in relation to women, and their responses are often positive in their perception of female academics. It is almost universally agreed that women are doing a good professional job, and very few employees (either male or female) experience gross forms of bullying and harassment at work. A certain convergence between the genders in some respects may indicate the erosion of binary gender hierarchies in the current policy environment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female bullying binary universally genders|9.903594|4.43065|6.8770595
13148|In this review, we identified the stream and river types that are disposed to hazardous floods; we identified contemporary ecological restoration practices, and evaluated their ability to mitigate hazardous floods downstream of restored areas. We also discussed whether current restoration practices would work under the flow changes anticipated in the future. Initially, we also wanted to study how restoration affected hydrology, but concluded that poor access to relevant data made this impossible.|SDG 15 - Life on land|restoration hazardous floods identified practices|0.9016398|6.7573314|2.3447902
13149|Nearly 70% of the projects focused on research to assess potential climate change impacts and adaptation options. Practical measures accounted for 23% of the projects and the rest combined research and practical measures (Figure 5.3). With regard to the natural environment, there was a focus on the Alpine region (49 projects) and activities related to flowing waters (34) and urban areas (31), yet most projects were not associated with any one particular natural environment.|SDG 13 - Climate action|projects practical natural alpine environment|1.4995681|4.678193|1.6685377
13150|The database is updated annually, on the occasion of International Women’s Day, and its estimates are sourced from national time-use surveys, based on nationally representative samples of between 4 000 and 20 000 people. For each of the categories only primary activities are taken into account, while simultaneous or secondary activities are excluded to improve comparability across countries. In Ethiopia, for example, men spend almost twice as long on paid work or study than women, while the opposite is true for unpaid care work.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|occasion activities simultaneous sourced samples|8.978124|4.788758|5.404241
13151|No assurance can be given that adequate fish and shrimp resources will be available to the Group. Licenses are granted for participation in commercial fisheries on a vessel by vessel basis. The Norwegian government sets annual catch limits (quotas) based on the research into the biomass for a given species.|SDG 14 - Life below water|vessel shrimp given licenses assurance|-0.07639719|5.7835484|6.9046507
13152|In Colombia, disastrous floods in 2010 prompted immediate high-level support. In Ethiopia, political action is driven by the direct link between climate and economic development, combined with the intention to become a “sustainable development leader” and the prospects of attracting international resources and investments. But while it is an important precondition, political leadership alone will not be sufficient to build climate resilience.|SDG 13 - Climate action|political disastrous prompted precondition intention|1.6529067|4.6577244|2.0608141
13153|The second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II, Istanbul, Turkey, 3-14 June 1996) was a key historical moment signaling a new pathway for long-term policy development. A comprehensive vision and broad policy agendas previously endorsed by the New Urban Agenda and the Global Strategy for Shelter were reaffirmed. Furthermore, chapter 7 of Agenda 21 introduced the idea of sustainable development in application to human settlements.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|settlements agenda reaffirmed human shelter|3.6905413|4.9746475|1.8586135
13154|Gender gaps exist for a wide range of agricultural technologies, including machines and tools, improved plant varieties and animal breeds, fertilisers, pest control measures and management techniques. Often technologies and tools have been adapted to men’s tasks or to equipment used by men, whilst women struggle with cultivation and harvesting using handheld tools (World Bank, FAO and IFAD, 2009). Only 15% of the extension personnel were female. Several new and participatory extension approaches have been developed and tested in the past decade in an effort to move away from a top-down model to more farmer-driven services. The impact of agricultural extension services can be improved by working with the whole household, rather than with individuals (Box 2.9 Agriculture support programme, Zambia) (Farnworth, 2010a). When both women’s and men’s work is explicitly recognised, the entire farm is strengthened as a productive enterprise.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|extension tools men improved technologies|8.895438|4.53555|6.479464
13155|They proposed five strategies - forest protection, reforestation, agricultural best-management practices, riparian restoration and forest-fuel reduction - each of which would be adapted to local circumstances. They found that increasing the rate of adoption of best-management practices on 0.2% of watershed agricultural areas from which water is sourced in the 100 largest cities would result in a 10% sediment reduction in the water supply (constituting the most cost-effective option, as shown in Figure 4.3). The same option is less cost-effective than others w'hen it comes to nutrient reduction (also Figure 4.3).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|reduction option forest best practices|1.0277808|6.806238|2.5013726
13156|Includes stem from ground level or stump height up to a top diameter of Y cm, and may also include branches to a minimum diameter of W cm. The diameters used may vary by country; generally the data refer to diameters of more than 10 cm at breast height. Safe biological limits are the precautionary thresholds advocated by the ICES.|SDG 15 - Life on land|diameter height ices advocated precautionary|-0.19896|5.6470175|6.724783
13157|The Health Sector Support Project helped to further develop disease surveillance and outbreak response capacities of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Interventions include the renovation of primary schools, procurement of learning materials, awareness-raising regarding GBV and promotion of psychosocial well-being activities to overcome the shock of violence and forced resettlement. In view of the high risk of disaster, the renovation work will include physical measures to ensure safe learning environments for children.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|renovation learning gbv resettlement psychosocial|8.38727|8.873959|3.060018
13158|However, some doubts have been raised regarding the exogeneity of such instruments, as they indeed appear to be associated with economic growth (Taylor, 1998; Sachs and Warner, 2001; Klasen, 2002). Klasen (2002) uses the fertility rate in 1960, its growth and government spending on education to instrument gender gaps in education. This paper assumes that this influence should operate with a lag.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|klasen sachs doubts taylor lag|9.2798195|4.426595|5.844671
13159|For example, in the latest assessment report (Inspectorate for Transport and Water Management, 2011), the flood defence managers (regional water authorities and the Rijkswaterstaat) first reported their assessments to the province, w'hereby the province would review these assessments. Based on this review, the provinces then came to an independent judgement on the condition of the flood defences, which they reported to the State Secretary' of the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment. It was agreed that for the assessment of the primary defences, the central government directly supervises the Rijkswaterstaat and the regional water authorities (i.e. there is no longer a role for provinces) and for the secondary defences, provinces supervise regional water authorities (see Chapter 1).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|defences provinces authorities water province|0.83176297|7.12508|1.7476128
13160|In 2014, teachers’ salaries remained below those of other tertiary-educated workers in most countries. Relative salaries for pre-primary teachers are highest only in Luxembourg, where they are at least 8% higher than those of similarly educated workers (OECD, 2016: Education at a Glance 2016, Indicator D3). In this respect, statutory working hours and the child-to-staff ratio are two important system-level indicators to assess the quality of the school environment.|SDG 4 - Quality education|salaries educated teachers workers glance|9.533562|1.6088254|2.6581018
13161|I told the secretary to come to my house and take my signature because I have so much to do in the house, looking after kids, household chores; if I have to attend meetings I will have to have someone to do my chores.' In the urban sector, it is 13.8 for females and 55.4 for males. The total employment of women in the organised sector was 19.5 per cent in 2007 (Women and Men in India 2011).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|chores house signature told secretary|8.729538|4.4360914|5.775907
13162|Recommended reforms to Mexico’s health system (cont.) Once the essential minimum of a national patient register is established, the focus should then be on consolidation and interoperability of the various additional databases used by SP and the SS institutes. It will also be crucial to ensure that the legal framework around data privacy supports record sharing whilst affording adequate safeguards.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|ss sp interoperability safeguards privacy|8.874232|8.971704|2.1204963
13163|Some developed countries have already done so; examples include the Digital Agenda for Spain, and Australia's Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment Strategy. Yet the gender dimension in ICT-related strategies is less evident in the LDCs, where the gap is more profound. Besides facing steep prices for Internet access (Chapter 5), the cost of purchasing an IT enabled device represents another major cost for the consumer.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|device cost steep gender profound|4.840885|2.981367|1.8082485
13164|Similarly to promote continuity of care and enable Mexicans to more easily shift between insurers, user health records and other relevant information should be easily transferable and accessible among providers regardless of scheme affiliation. Wider access to user information can also make other administrative barriers to unifying the system less complicated in the future. As a result, changes in employment can potentially lead to change in scheme affiliation; around one-third of IMSS enrolees switch to Seguro Popular each year - and vice versa - for this reason.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|affiliation easily user scheme enrolees|8.59589|8.758736|2.395215
13165|Financial resources for protected areas increased from 3.4 pesos (0.3 USD) per hectare in 2001 to 12.7 pesos in 2006 (roughly 1 270 pesos or USD 98 per km2). Figure 5.6 shows total federal budget spending on protected areas from 2001 to 2011. An analysis by Figueroa and Sanchez -Cordero (2008) found that 37 protected areas (54%) were effective, 16 (23%) barely effective and 16 (23%) ineffective.|SDG 15 - Life on land|pesos protected areas usd effective|1.5716352|4.9674745|4.069369
13166|"Pennycook, Matthew and Matthew Whittaker, 2012: ""Low Pay Britain 2012"", Resolution Foundation, September 2012. Schmitt, John, 2012: ""Low wage lessons"", Centre for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), January 2012. With the use of decile ratios, the level of wage inequality within a country (i.e., the disparity between the highest earners and lowest earnings) can be assessed."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|wage britain decile disparity earners|7.143404|5.4089823|4.880175
13167|That is because there is a risk that policies can aggravate existing capacity problems and reduce the capability of the fisheries management system to effectively control effort and harvest. A better approach may be to ensure that fishers are aware of and can access existing programs that are supportive of energy efficiency, such as R&D or investment credits and incentives in the tax code. Another option may be to make access to support policies contingent on fishers meeting a high standard of energy efficiency or participating in training or other programs designed to help fishers improve the efficiency of their operations. Governments can negotiate with the sector to establish voluntary standards and guidelines.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fishers programs efficiency existing negotiate|-0.2384758|5.636951|6.80417
13168|These effects can be broken down into four components: women’s employment rates, women’s work intensity, the share of females in skilled jobs, and the overall returns to female employment (wage effect). The figure shows that if the proportion of households with a working female had remained the same as in the mid-1980s, household income inequality would have increased, on average across the OECD countries, by an additional 0.8 point, i.e. an increase in the Gini from 28.2 to 31.6 instead of 30.8. The equalising impact of rising female employment was larger in countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, where the share of working-age households with female workers increased greatly: this contributed to lowering inequality by 2.5 or more Gini points in these countries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female gini employment inequality households|8.866954|4.533351|5.705979
13169|Designing products to function as biological nutrients requires a detailed assessment of the material chemistry and its toxicity to potentially exposed organisms throughout its life-cycle. In general, they function as nutrients in natural systems and may be designed to degrade rapidly and completely in the aquatic environment or to become soil amendments. Products that have been designed as products of consumption include cleaning products, personal care products and fabrics.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|products nutrients function designed chemistry|1.0255872|3.7783363|3.1373498
13170|Furthermore, in Kazakhstan, classes are orderly, without loss of time for student behaviour or teacher absenteeism. The official instructional time is provided with few disruptions and complemented with widespread after-school activities. However, there are some concerns about the management of instructional time: multi-shift teaching, which is prevalent in Kazakhstan, might reduce the official instructional time; the school calendar is not adjusted to local conditions and needs; and instructional time for students in primary grades may be inadequate for students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds.|SDG 4 - Quality education|instructional time kazakhstan official orderly|9.430195|1.8979721|2.7240872
13171|The PES has also introduced several types of job-search or action plans, with targets for the number of plans to be implemented, including the Employment Realization Plan for those in receipt of benefits for involuntary unemployment, the Comprehensive Support Plan targeted at middle-aged and older workers and the Challenge Plan for young jobseekers. However, participation in these measures is usually voluntary, even for participants with El entitlement, and rates of participation in these plans, relative to the size of their potential target groups, are low. Even motivated and “job-ready” jobseekers tend to benefit from meeting a counsellor.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|jobseekers plans plan job participation|8.038992|4.5311766|3.7732835
13172|The city is also home to a district heating system which uses locally-source woody biomass as feedstock In 2012 Norway introduced a renewable energy certificate programme to support renewable energy. This could change the RE adoption dynamic. Energy has been one factor for economic development in rural Norway, but recent policies have reduced the appeal of RE deployment in rural communities such as Troms County.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|norway energy renewable troms woody|1.9716164|2.3833594|2.4271586
13173|Although there are some variations in the detailed definitions that are used, the following descriptions offer a useful indication of how the terms 'formal', 'non-formal' and 'informal' are commonly applied to education and learning. Non-formal learning has many manifestations but examples would include village-based literacy classes for adults and training of coaches in a sports club. The iSpot Nature web site offers an online example of self directed and collaborative learning where users learn to identify and appreciate flora and fauna through sharing information on an online community (Box 1.1).|SDG 4 - Quality education|formal learning online club appreciate|8.530014|2.4599497|2.5116787
13174|The scope and scale of primary care services were progressively replaced by unified general practice (GP) physicians supported by nurses and other staff. These units are now responsible for the care of patients within defined geographical catchment areas ranging from 1 700 to 2 500 persons. The units also focus on health promotion and disease prevention emphasising the use of primary care physicians as gatekeepers to specialists and other medical services as well as continuity of care.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care physicians units primary emphasising|9.290787|8.901593|1.660599
13175|The Cycling Development Concept was based on preliminary analysis of crashes involving cyclists across the city. The analysis of road traffic crashes showed that crashes involving cyclists were strongly concentrated in the city centre and on the main radial roads, pointing to the locations where measures to improve road safety were needed. Thus, the first actions to improve cycling infrastructure involved central Riga and the main arteries. Within the scope of the concept, attention has been paid to improving existing infrastructure, e.g. reducing pavement borders, doing street cover repairs and improving traffic organisation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|crashes cycling traffic involving concept|4.220272|5.2112117|0.067422874
13176|The findings suggest that early identification of low performers and targeted support needs to be provided to those students at risk of falling behind or dropping out of school entirely. Additional support needs to be provided to disadvantaged schools through the adequate allocation of resources, to ensure that all students receive the high-quality education and training needed to fully participate in society. School budgets need to be prioritised in recruiting and maintaining well-qualified human resources, such as school leaders and teachers, who play a critical role in reducing educational inequalities in their schools. This is particularly true for those disadvantaged students who have had little to no preschool experience.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students school disadvantaged schools provided|9.554003|2.2944553|2.5088222
13177|Figure 4.2 presents simulated gains in skills at age 15 as induced by an increase in skills at age 14, by level of skills at age 14 for Korea. It shows that children who start out in different levels of skill deciles gained different amounts of skills in the next period. The effects of increasing social and emotional skills (in this case, children’s sense of responsibility, locus of control and self-esteem) at age 14 on social and emotional skills at age 15 increased with the level of social and emotional skills at age 14 (blue line in Panel B).|SDG 4 - Quality education|skills age emotional social simulated|9.043457|2.6330388|2.3033156
13178|This is particularly important for students from disadvantaged backgrounds, for whom school may be their main means to develop skills. Reaching close to the OECD average number of years of education appears to provide a protective factor for students in improving the likelihood of academic success. This largely arises because to reach the OECD average of 14 years, students need to enter the education system at age 3 or 4 and remain in it until age 17 or 18. Early skill development starts primarily in the home, building on early attachment, with activities between children and their parents and/or caregivers being the main determinant of early learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|early students main age attachment|9.347331|2.630609|2.6828563
13179|In the opinion of the court, the defendant—the university administrative body—had set the minimum average for acceptance by the Department of Medicine at 2,080 for Kuwaiti males and 3,020 for Kuwaiti females, although the two groups were in the same legal position of having passed the foundation year at the Center of Medical Sciences. Considering this to be in violation of the principle of equality stipulated in Article 29 of the Constitution, the court voided the acceptance policy based on gender discrimination. Except for tertiary education, educational attainment among women has been expanding since 1970.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|acceptance court stipulated violation center|9.798832|4.2861156|6.8835716
13180|In successful programmes, mentor teachers provide guidance and supervision to beginning teachers in close collaboration with the initial teacher-education institution. These mentors provide on-the-job support, identify deficits in subject-matter knowledge, classroom management strategies and other pedagogical processes. Often, schools that would need to provide the most support to beginning teachers are the least capable of delivering high-quality induction programmes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers beginning provide mentors mentor|9.464169|1.3428537|2.2095196
13181|For example, most countries established pre-emptive/oversight institutions for ensuring gender equality (parliaments or parliamentary committees, see Box 4.5, commissions in political executives or advisory councils to ministries or the political executive), while 68% of countries have institutions that use “corrective” methods for addressing gender equality grievances (ombudsmen or judicial commissions that adjudicate claims). Half of the 22 respondents to the OECD survey indicated that they use parliamentary committees in charge of gender equality as a tool for oversight on the progress of gender equality (see Figure 4.6). Such Committees also make an important element of gender-sensitive parliaments (see the International Parliamentary Union’s action plan for gender-sensitive parliaments, which promotes the integration of gender mainstreaming in parliamentary activities, Box 4.5).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|parliamentary gender parliaments committees equality|10.109736|4.242409|7.3914447
13182|Similarly, Denmark envisages more and better coherence in the initial training and education of teachers and ECEC staff. This common approach will ensure both consistency as well as better cooperation opportunities between ECEC and school (see Chapter 3). Working teams, however, do not always guarantee co-operation (as noted in the Swedish inspectorate of schools report (Swedish Schools Inspectorate, 2015)). The same professional jealousies and lack of understanding described above can obstruct co-operation, even within working teams.|SDG 4 - Quality education|inspectorate teams swedish ecec operation|9.337739|2.591616|1.9348786
13183|The ICCAT (International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas) has been working since 2011 to transfer catch certification from paper to electronic format to improve transparency of capture and trade of Bluefin Tuna. For Atlantic Tuna in the ICCAT region, the Electronic Bluefin Tuna Catch Document (E-BCD) became fully operational in 2014. Furthermore, ICCAT continues to work toward the inclusion of observers by 2015.|SDG 14 - Life below water|tuna bluefin atlantic electronic catch|0.07908363|5.7034154|6.616871
13184|According to all respondent groups, mainstreaming climate change into development planning in recipient countries is an important pre-condition for effective climate finance. One reason for this is that it is important for the core government ministries responsible for national planning and budgeting to acknowledge the contribution of climate smart and resilient activities towards mid- and long-term development goals, and mainstream climate actions and finance into the decision-making of sectoral ministries, departments and agencies. Providers also noted that this was a vital pre-condition for channelling climate finance through budget support. In contrast, the absence of an integrated national vision on climate change was reported as a contributing factor towards providers’ decisions to finance their own priorities.|SDG 13 - Climate action|climate finance condition ministries pre|1.7057562|4.1381025|1.322028
13185|As a consequence, the network markets are highly regulated to ensure TSOs and DSOs provide reliable services to electricity producers and consumers. Prices for access to the grid as well as investments in grid extension are regulated by the Federal Network Agency. While maintaining security of supply, the regulation aims at cost-efficiency via benchmarking, and cost reduction by setting a cap on TSO and DSO revenues.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|regulated grid network cost benchmarking|1.7410023|1.6192616|1.8346894
13186|They include character qualities such as perseverance, empathy or perspective, mindfulness, ethics, courage and leadership. Developing those kinds of characteristics is often what distinguishes elite schools. But for the majority of students, character formation in school remains a matter of luck, depending on whether this is a priority for their teachers, since very few education systems have made such broader goals an integral part of what they expect from students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|character empathy elite ethics students|9.845649|1.4392599|1.8139906
13187|The environmental impact of additional large hydropower plants should be reconsidered, bearing in mind the potentially negative effects of large hydropow er on tourism and the natural environment. Energy security is directly linked to the competitiveness of economies through the strong relationship between economic growth and the reliability of energy sources, including electricity, gas and oil/petroleum products. The trade-off between the short-term social and political need for affordable energy, and the long-term sustainability of pow'er systems, is particularly acute in the six assessed SEE economies where improving energy security will require substantial infrastructure investment.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|er energy economies security pow|1.2311268|2.010613|2.0190969
13188|The reforms set out above (section 3.1) affects organisation of the whole of the NHS, including mental health. The key impacts on mental health service provision are, as yet, not fully clear. There are diverse opinions both about the reforms and about their effect on mental health, with some arguments for example suggesting that GPs have considerable experience treating patients with common mental health disorders, and others pointing to widespread concern that GPs are not adequately skilled to commission for people with severe mental health problems (Lawton-Smith, 2011). The Health and Social Care Act 2012 included the involvement of other health professionals in CCGs, including hospital doctors and nurses, with scope for the involvement of NHS managers. There has been renewed focus on “outcomes” under the Health and Social Care Act and the White Paper “Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS”, specifically upon the NHS Outcome Framework, which will be a tool for management at each level in the NHS. The experience of mental health care in the NHS is included in these outcome measures, which are intended to provide a national level indication of how well the NHS is performing.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|nhs mental health gps outcome|10.189536|9.009821|1.7097791
13189|The equalisation system does not have the ambition to completely equalise the economic situation in all municipalities, conditional on socio-economic status, but to reduce major differences. Although there is evidence indicating that homework may improve student achievement (Falch and Ronning, 2012), homework also has distributional effects, since students from a high socio-economic status typically receive more help with homework than students from a low socio-economic status. It may be particular challenging for immigrant parents to support their children with the homework.|SDG 4 - Quality education|homework socio status economic equalise|9.71671|2.169663|2.8844862
13190|"The agreement is a mix of binding commitments and ""best endeavours” language, and reaffirms and reinforces provisions of transparency and uniform application. While there is significant potential for developing and least-developed (LDC) countries to benefit from increased trade in food and agricultural products, actual outcomes on trade facilitation and the time frame in which they will occur will depend on the schedules of commitments adopted. These indicators express the diversity of support measures applied in different countries and are comparable across countries and time, with different indicators focusing on different dimensions of support policies. While the Producer Support Estimate as a percentage of gross farm receipts (%PSE) is the OECD’s key indicator to measure policy efforts to support agricultural producers, a range of other indicators allows looking at other dimensions of support."|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|support indicators commitments dimensions different|3.9085128|5.139562|3.8922794
13191|One of the outcomes of resources obtained was the creation of a bank of genetic resources, the Gene bank, and the creation of certifications. This was based on a National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA) on some of the MEAs that Lesotho is a party to, funded by GEF. The strategy includes plans to enhance capacity so that the country can make meaningful progress in managing its environment and biodiversity. Instead, the National Coordination Strategy formally sets out the Government’s aim to take an integrated approach to the mobilisation of resources.|SDG 15 - Life on land|resources creation strategy bank gene|1.6638192|5.2660327|3.7846189
13192|It requires not only an explicitly recognised urban policy setting at the national level, but also an institutional setting in which the NUP is properly led and co-ordinated (OECD, 2017a). Most countries, with a few rare exceptions, appear to acknowledge the strategic leadership and coordinating role of the national government, with the designation of leading urban agencies at the national level. However, the presence of a national-level agency is dependent on the political system and governance arrangements of a country, including any multilevel governance tiers, such as in a federal system.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|national setting governance level tiers|3.5840998|5.0975904|1.7313931
13193|All countries should re-examine training curricula and the delegation of responsibilities within the health-care delivery system in order to reduce frequent, unnecessary and costly reliance on physicians and on secondary- and tertiary-care facilities, while maintaining effective referral services. Access to health-care services for all people and especially for the most underserved and vulnerable groups must be ensured. The reservation is to be interpreted in terms of the statement made by the representative of the Holy See at the 14th plenary meeting, on 13 September 1994. The involvement of users and the community in the financial management of healthcare services should be promoted.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care services reservation delegation underserved|9.011655|9.350823|1.7707973
13194|For Guerrero, such a road would have a significant impact on the development prospects of its northern region, comprising the northern Sierra de Guerrero slope and cities belonging to the so-called Tierra Caliente such as Iguala, Arcelia, Ciudad Altamirano. The state has rehabilitated the railroad to enhance the logistics platform in the eastern part of the state. It will also encourage the economic recovery in this region by providing rail freight services.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|guerrero northern rehabilitated slope state|4.0692635|5.3917446|0.9962411
13195|Device costs remain a significant barrier to access in Mozambique, which warrants consideration by the USAF to subsidize access to devices, among other options to support access and use. Mozambique's new telecommunications law updates provisions for universal service, which will allow for improved efforts to support community telecentres and other public access solutions. In collaboration with the A4AI-Mozambique Coalition, the INCM (the sector regulator) has developed and is finalizing new proposed infrastructure sharing regulations, expected to be approved in 2017. Despite this delay and the failed attempt with the Digital Dividend spectrum auction (i.e., 800MHz), the Mozambique market is comparatively speaking in a better situation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|mozambique access subsidize warrants auction|4.9048953|2.8995945|1.4991622
13196|The other two - raising financing efficiency and improving energy efficiency; and addressing impacts of climate change on the water sector - have no project pipeline or funding sources. The Water Authority of Jordan Law (1988) forms the primary legal document for the water sector. It was amended in 2001 to include Article 28, which allows the WAJ to delegate its functions or projects to public and private entities; to corporatise utilities; and to enter into BOT contracts and other modalities with the private sector (USAID, 2012). The WAJ Law is again currently under revision to include an article that strengthens the powers of local authorities to sanction and take action against anyone that vandalises water wells, pipes or meters.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water article sector law efficiency|1.035498|7.358604|1.9487556
13197|"Similarly, given women's disproportionate representation among those living in poverty, a government lending scheme to buy land may be inaccessible to women due to its cost—even if the scheme is open to both men and women. See United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), Progress of the World's Women 201 1-2012: In Pursuit of Justice (2011), and ""Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on good practices in efforts aimed at preventing violence against women"" (A/ HRC/17/23). See also Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, available from www.ohchr.org/EN/lssues/Women/WGWomen/ Pages/WGWomenlndex.aspx (accessed 6 November 201 3)."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women scheme nations inaccessible commissioner|9.262436|4.8521743|7.1733227
13198|"In 2013 it held a meeting with senior management officials from the National Bank of Abu Dhabi (NBAD) that explored various ways to support female entrepreneurs in the Emirates through banking sendees provided to SMEs by NBAD. The DBWC organises the high-profile monthly event ""Majlis Business"" to provide information about the latest knowledge, skills and best practices for women entrepreneurs and leaders. It also participates in consulting activities in co-operation with the DBWC."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|entrepreneurs dhabi abu participates sendees|9.012794|3.3364344|6.606911
13199|The largest importer for New Zealand's fisheries products is People's Republic of China (27%), Australia (18%), the European Union (11.5%), the United States (10.7%), followed by Japan and Hong Kong, China (Panel B). The amount transferred to fisheries sector has been increasing to USD 68 million, i.e. by 12%. There is cost recovery charges associated with fisheries management service and conservation services (Panel C).|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries panel china importer kong|0.44228896|5.9142537|6.78457
13200|Gupta and Kawadia, 2003) Estimated water runoff during planning of the reservoir w'as 3 454-3 947 m3, while the actual runoff has been 3 207 m3. This runoff is not sufficient to meet the 7 746 m3 capacity of the reservoir. This is far different from initial predictions of 3.6308 ha-m/100 km2/year (Jain, Aganval and Singh, 2007).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|runoff reservoir singh predictions ha|0.75871587|7.2293196|2.7041974
13201|Countries and cities of the region could focus attention on utilizing these resources for actual application and implementation. A broad coalition of development partners to support regional cities in implementing sustainable urban transport master plans would be a step in the right direction. An example of this approach is the Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative18 of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the objective of which is to enable leaders to plan and implement sustainable mobility concepts. Depending on the need for travel, a journey usually involves more than one mode of transport. The integration of urban transport modes is essential to promoting smooth intermodal transfer. When there are two operators of different transport systems, integrated ticketing makes it more efficient as well as convenient for users, and many cities are now following this approach.20The physical interface between modes, infrastructure and facilities at intermodal junctions should allow smooth transfer of passengers and goods from one mode to another.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport smooth mode cities modes|4.119953|5.142894|0.84213215
13202|During the course of the 2013/14 marketing season, international prices of most crops remained under downward pressure, largely in response to positive supply situations. During the first half of 2013, the United States, European Union, New Zealand and Australia - all major players in global dairy markets - produced less milk than in 2012, further contributing to the price recovery. This expansion has been the main factor allowing markets to meet the increasing demand for fish and fish products. Despite these gains, prices for fish and fishery products have been volatile as they are influenced by inelastic supply due to catch quotas for captured fish and volatile conditions in the aquaculture sector stemming from disease outbreaks and fluctuation in feed costs.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|fish volatile products markets inelastic|3.70324|5.0443277|4.5452714
13203|Among these are the urgent need to halt uncontrolled urban sprawl, reverse the growth of urban slum populations, institute smart, safe and efficient urban transport systems, improve urban environments through creating safe public spaces, manage air pollution and municipal solid waste, as well as promote sustainable buildings, ecosystem corridors and consumption and production patterns.. All the targets and indicators of SDG 11 require sufficient planning and informed strategies, which are largely articulated in the need to have well-informed national urban policies. Many of these indicators build on the notable achievements registered during previous global agendas especially MDGs and the Habitat Agenda, including the notable fact that some targets now have reliable baselines to work with, many others are new and come as a response to the challenges and opportunities that urban areas face today in search of sustainable development outcomes. These periods are sufficiently long for the global community to have learnt a lot about the existing challenges of implementing the SDGs and how to deal with the teething problems in monitoring and reporting.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban notable informed safe targets|3.696509|4.9007063|1.7074502
13204|This would allow' all sectors to benefit from improved water management and facilitate joint management of water resources, in particular during times of scarcity. Partial coverage limits the potential benefits of SWM as a tool to mitigate flood and drought risks; therefore, it would be interesting to liaise with MAFRA and KRC during the development stage to explore opportunities for collaboration. What are the potential gains for the farming community?|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|potential management water partial explore|1.2383089|7.079226|2.0392737
13205|Partnerships should include local community bodies, businesses, and cultural institutions, including museums and libraries. Partners drawn from higher education are critical for extending the learning horizons of both students and staff and offering additional expertise in the constant process of development. Equally important are partnerships with other schools and learning environments through networks and professional learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|learning partnerships libraries horizons extending|8.798195|2.1338546|2.2161422
13206|The promotion measures will be implemented through national and international targets that range from primary school children to specialised buyers in aquaculture and fish products. In 2010, the main destinations of Mexican fish products exports (in particular as shrimp, tuna, lobster, octopus and sardines) in volume and value were as follows. Thus, compatibility with standards and systems for quality certification will be possible, among other matters. Achieving mutual recognition to verification and sanitary certification systems. In addition, it will create exclusive values for environmental management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address global warming. The main objective of the ORPAS is to execute the general policy of monitoring and enforcement in aquaculture and fisheries, as well as oversee the proper implementation of the CONAPESCA programmes, and encourage the promotion of activities in the sector.|SDG 14 - Life below water|certification aquaculture promotion fish products|0.15940249|5.858948|6.6526885
13207|It both violates and impairs or nullifies the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms. In all societies, to a greater or lesser degree, women and girls arc subjected to physical, sexual and psychological abuse that cuts across lines of income, class and culture. Hie low social and economic status of women can be both a cause and a consequence of this violence.1 Violence against women throughout their life cycle is a manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women violence hie manifestation freedoms|9.928927|5.396071|7.3007665
13208|Countries such as Algeria and Tunisia have been successful in increasing the participation of women as lawyers and judges.40 In Tunisia, employment as a lawyer is regarded as a socially acceptable and laudable employment choice for educated women. Law schools are largely populated with women and, over the last decade, the participation of women in the Supreme Court of Tunisia (or the Cour de cassation that is divided into several civil and criminal chambers) has been increasing steadily. For example, in 2004, women made up approximately 30% of the Supreme Court justices.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|tunisia supreme women court lawyers|9.863629|4.7601733|7.0056143
13209|The prevention of chronic diseases should be viewed as a means of improving broader social welfare. Chronic disease prevention can improve employment prospects, wages and labour productivity, and decrease sick leave, disability benefit claims and early exit from the workforce. They should consider investing further in prevention policies targeting chronic diseases and associated risk factors, in order to make the workforce healthier and more productive, which can lead to potentially substantial gains in economic production.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|chronic prevention workforce diseases healthier|9.337255|9.034359|2.6172953
13210|Leadership on the part of the regional authorities is equally important to clearly articulate where the regional development needs are and where support from educational institutions can be most effective. Higher education institutions in turn are engaged in regional development in several ways. However, the nature of the engagement between higher education institutions and the local development authorities is very often informal and voluntary and driven by entrepreneurial academics or departments rather than higher education institutions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|institutions regional higher education authorities|7.595168|2.5202506|2.4810433
13211|"A new target was introduced, relating to “Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people."" Four official indicators were defined for that purpose, involving measurement of the rate of productivity growth per worker, the percentage of the population employed, the percentage of extremely poor workers and the proportion of workers that have unstable and insecure jobs (“vulnerable workers”). In addition, the recommendation to monitor poverty trends by using national poverty lines was made explicit. The previous indicator was replaced by one measuring survival to the last grade of primary education (Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary)."|SDG 1 - No poverty|grade workers percentage proportion primary|6.755446|6.342554|5.0856533
13212|At the same time, globalisation and trade have had an uneven impact across regions (Deloitte/Kraka, 2017(58]), although the current gap in unemployment rates across regions is among the smallest across OECD countries. While projections should be taken with much care, cross-country analysis suggests that around 10% of jobs in Denmark face high probability of automation, which is among the lowest in OECD countries (Figure 24). This partly reflects an already high level of digitalisation and use of industrial robots compared to other countries (see Chapter).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|deloitte robots regions digitalisation automation|5.0160093|3.0994017|2.601203
13213|However, to the knowledge of the authors, there has not been a systematic attempt to quantify its economic impact and thus other effects will not be discussed further in this chapter. For example, additional investments in the transmission and distribution infrastructure, and thus higher transmission costs, may lead to a cheaper generation mix and lower balancing costs, thus reducing the two other cost components. Similarly, having a more flexible generation is generally more expensive, but allows for a reduction in balancing costs. The numerical capabilities of existing tools do not allow such comprehensive calculations and existing power system models can represent only some aspects of the whole system and are therefore able to capture only limited impact groups at once.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|balancing transmission costs generation existing|1.675989|1.6812909|1.9857687
13214|The plan has effectively brought the fight against deforestation into other sectoral agendas, thanks to high-profile co-ordination by the Executive Office of the Presidency (Casa Civil) and the assignment of implementation responsibilities to 13 ministries. Currently in its third phase, the PPCDAm is based on a coherent set of actions such as establishment of protected areas (Section 5), land tenure regularisation (including the Terra Legal programme), advanced monitoring systems, strict enforcement, and promotion of sustainable natural resource use. Complementary instruments such as embargos and credit restrictions for illegal deforesters have spurred enforcement effectiveness. It has greatly helped reduce deforestation in the Amazon (Figure 3), although other factors may have contributed, including declining prices of agricultural products and voluntary private sector engagement.|SDG 15 - Life on land|deforestation enforcement presidency spurred assignment|1.6930964|4.9128437|3.876105
13215|First, acknowledging the heterogeneity of Indigenous students, the study seeks to understand the complex challenges Indigenous students face in education and what success really means for them. It examines wellbeing, health and poverty; the presence or absence of quality approaches to teaching and student engagement; differences in basic provision that inordinately affect Indigenous students; recognition of Indigenous cultures; and engagement with Indigenous communities. The study’s outcomes are related to all of these, as well as to student learning and achievement.|SDG 4 - Quality education|indigenous students engagement student study|10.154686|2.7654815|2.6339123
13216|"Thereafter, the chapter attempts to integrate a gender perspective into human rights at the international as well regional (African) levels. Finally, the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals are also examined from a gender perspective. Ester Boserup had argued that the existing development discourse ignored women's contribution to national production. She further argued that this was the case as a result of gender-based stereotyping which located women solely within the domestic sphere: ""Various colonial and post-colonial governments had systematically bypassed women in the diffusion of new technologies, extension services and other productive inputs."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|colonial millennium argued gender perspective|9.636161|4.5585294|7.1629257
13217|"In spite of much political rhetoric about the importance of encouraging women to engage in income-generating activity, most of the efforts have been led by the non-government sector, and particularly by businesswomen’s associations. Donors often fund these business support projects and offer tools that can be used to train women in entrepreneurial skills, such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC) programme, “Women Get the Business Edge”, in Yemen and the ILO’s ""Start Your Own Business” (SYOB), ""Expand Your Business” (IYB), and “Know About Business” (KAB) training materials in a number of MENA economies. However, business development services are not systematically available in the MENA region, especially in rural areas."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|business mena women rhetoric businesswomen|8.98675|3.3692908|6.5663395
13218|Additionally, industrial facilities, harbours and shipping routes may occupy large areas. Following an amendment of the Aquaculture Act in 2009, relocation of sites may be enforced by the central authorities, i.e. the Directorate of Fisheries, when necessary due to environmental or socio-economic concerns. Furthermore, a licence may be withdrawn in accordance with the Aquaculture Act if production at a particular site is no longer considered to be environmentally appropriate, e.g. when investigations show that ecosystems have been adversely affected by farming activities. Withdrawal may also be performed if the disease situation or awareness of disease or fish welfare conditions have changed significantly since the licence was granted.|SDG 14 - Life below water|licence aquaculture disease act investigations|0.12828991|5.9578485|6.5802917
13219|"The main objective is for this to be replicated across the entire industrial sector. These kinds of projects are easily replicated in developing countries with similar industrial sectors. This directly contributes to the achievement of SDG 7.2: ""By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix""."|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|replicated industrial energy kinds sdg|1.7825036|2.4152298|2.139825
13220|After the extreme price spike was over, markets calmed again and continued their secular decline in real terms (Figure 1.1). More recently, in 2007 and subsequent years, the world experienced another extreme price spike on international markets for cereals. This time, however, the subsequent development of markets differed notably from the usual episode of a transitory price spike.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|spike price markets subsequent extreme|3.9898255|5.020277|4.400481
13221|As a result, increased and enhanced access to water can further affect communities’ adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. For adaptation, many results frameworks do contain indicators to track impacts in these areas. For example, the CIF’s “Pilot Program for Climate Resilience” (PPCR) and Republic of Kenya (Kenya) both include indicators on access to reliable and safe water (CIF, 2012b and Kenya, 2013). In the area of food security, Kenya also tracks how many hectares of productive land have been lost to soil erosion and how many households are in need of food aid as part of its national M&E systems for assessing climate resilience and adaptive capacity (GoK, 2012b).|SDG 13 - Climate action|kenya cif resilience adaptive climate|1.285202|4.766225|1.4954497
13222|For one, the country requires a long-term urban development agenda discussed with all political forces and with the participation of civil society. Additionally, Mexico needs to improve its capacity to conduct and implement urban planning as past urban development projects have too often been characterised by an improvised, trial-and-error approach responding to short-term political priorities rather than the national long-term interest. To do so, it will be important to strengthen the sectoral leadership, promote cross-sectoral planning, and in the long term, streamline the housing and urban development sector. To do so, it is critical to align local housing and urban development legal frameworks to national strategic objectives; reduce transaction costs for and asymmetries of information across levels of government; promote integrated urban development and management; and revamp metropolitan governance arrangements.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban term development long sectoral|4.0390368|5.5041666|1.5220752
13223|It states clearly that a good land tenure system must guarantee security of tenure and must correct provisions which constitute discrimination against women. Namibia’s Communal Land Reform Act of 2002 gives surviving spouses who reside in rural areas the right to remain on land allocated to their deceased spouses. This right is not affected by remarriage.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|spouses tenure land right surviving|9.284032|5.0846305|7.1868587
13224|Several EMBs always (Portugal, Spain) or occasionally (Greece, Switzerland) included gender considerations in election-related legislation, regulations and/or codes of conduct; in Switzerland, a guide has been published for individuals wishing to launch their candidatures. This difficulty has been systematically reported by female members of parliament from a range of countries (OECD, 2014(34]). Although societal understandings of familial gender roles are evolving, women remain the primary caregivers in many cases. Low work-life balance may discourage women from high-ranking leadership positions in politics, limiting the candidacy pool.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|switzerland understandings familial wishing occasionally|10.404222|4.337109|7.2479553
13225|Gender Equality Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean, Annual Report 2012. A look at grants support and burden for women (LC/G.2561/Rev.l I. Santiago. With respect to the programme's impact on adults, the time spent by men on paid work increased at the expense of domestic work, and the time spent by women on domestic and care work increased at the expense of leisure time. The unequal distribution of productive and reproductive work creates further inequality in the use of free time.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|expense work time spent lc|9.020518|4.906334|5.718165
13226|Furthermore, government officials account in some cases for a relatively small proportion of climate change actors. In Kenya, for example, it is estimated that non-state institutions account for over 70% of climate change actors (IIED, 2013a). Unless monitoring and evaluation become valued sources of information, such barriers are likely to persist.|SDG 13 - Climate action|actors account iied climate change|1.460556|4.4855447|1.4458567
13227|Regarding the actions to be taken by the LDCs (seven actions) and the development partners (nine actions), those related to climate change are essentially focused on adaptation (see Annex 8.1). However, monitoring the recommendations about climate change is rather difficult since the actions of the IPoA on this topic do not refer to monitoring indicators, either measurable or observable. Neither is the need for additional resources to finance adaptation.|SDG 13 - Climate action|actions adaptation monitoring ipoa observable|1.2718933|4.7120433|1.5035275
13228|The holding of free, democratic elections planned for 2016, within the constitutional deadline, is the country’s main political challenge to consolidate the achievements of the democratic process that began in 2006. Urban areas dominate the national economy and offer better living conditions than rural areas. However, there are risks associated with current urbanisation trends in the DRC: an increase in unplanned and informal neighbourhoods, poor quality of urban transport and congestion in cities, and limited access to social infrastructure. The country does not have a national urbanisation strategy, although it does have some measures and ongoing national initiatives which could directly or indirectly contribute to urban development, especially the land-use planning reform, construction projects for special economic zones and agro-industrial parks. It was driven by agriculture, investment, services and an improved business climate.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urbanisation democratic urban national does|4.1928735|5.1183014|2.074983
13229|Those enrolled in vocational/technical education and trade and technical institutions constituted only 0.5%. Given the role of the manufacturing sector in Penang, and the low proportion enrolled in these institutions, this last statistic needs attention from educational planners. Over the past decade, female workers have had 10.3 years of education compared with the 9.8 years of male workers (Kharas et al. The expectation that highly-educated workers would move into higher paying jobs does not necessarily hold true.|SDG 4 - Quality education|enrolled workers technical statistic institutions|7.1672235|2.5863357|2.5151627
13230|Ecosystem integrity and ecosystem goods and services. Most of these indicators are rather easily obtainable and accessible, such as indicators on abundance and distribution of species of birds and butterflies (SEBI indicator no. An example of this is the indicator on fragmentation of natural and semi-natural areas (SEBI indicator no.|SDG 15 - Life on land|indicator ecosystem natural indicators abundance|1.5764762|5.3232675|3.8845937
13231|For example, the indicated low water stress in many African countries in Figure 3 does not take the lower status of water resources development into account. Most of these countries have less than 6% of their cultivated area equipped with irrigation systems (AQUASTAT, n.d.) Climate change and increasing climate variability are also likely to vary at the local and basin scales and over different seasons. For the most part, however, dry areas will tend to become drier and wet areas wetter (Figure 4), such that climate change will likely exacerbate water stress in areas that are already the most affected.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|stress climate areas water wet|1.1577423|7.094563|2.942809
13232|These efforts are already being used to improve quality through the establishment of targets, benchmarking, public reporting and performance management. These structural reforms have the potential to make important long-term contributions to the health system’s productivity and efficiency. As countries emerge from the crisis, the future policy agenda must continue to look towards these structural changes to provide important lessons for the future.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|structural future benchmarking important emerge|8.657171|9.261589|2.078782
13233|Examples include initiatives such as the Global Fishing Watch by Oceana with Google, and Project Eyes on the Sea by the Pew Charitable Trusts in co-operation with the UK Satellite Catapult Centre. Key principles relevant for governance include stakeholder engagement, integrity and transparency, clear roles and responsibilities, and policy coherence. Looking across 20 MPAs, Jones et al. (|SDG 14 - Life below water|charitable watch trusts mpas jones|0.20090663|5.566235|5.819398
13234|In New Zealand, group work is aided by a curriculum that has only eight levels over 12 or 13 years of schooling. There is an explicit understanding that students are promoted from one year to another automatically, but any individual student could be achieving at a number of different curriculum levels, depending on the learning area or subject. Classes are offered at different grade levels at the same time, allowing students to study in the class that best suits their achievement level. In this way, a student nominally at a particular year level may be taking classes from a year below or a year above their nominal year level.|SDG 4 - Quality education|year classes curriculum levels student|9.252754|2.4215636|2.6406138
13235|Sickness Compensation is awarded to adults 30 years old or more on much the same basis, except they are permanent disability benefits (as opposed to the temporary three-year benefit as under Activity Compensation). According to Sweden’s 2012 National Public Health Report, mental disorders - including such afflictions as depression, schizophrenia, chronic fatigue syndrome, mental disabilities, personality disorders and drug abuse -combined with musculoskeletal disorders account for 76% of all new disability claims amongst women, and 65% of similar claims amongst men in 2006 (National Board of Health and Welfare, 2012). The most commonly diagnosed issues amongst these conditions are depression, adjustment disorders, reactions to stress and anxiety disorders.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disorders depression claims compensation disability|10.190536|8.763526|2.087487
13236|The Education Superintendence is also integrated within the National System for Quality Assurance (Sistema Nacional de Aseguramiento de la Calidad, SAC), which provides the potential to link the monitoring of resource use to the quality of education. The SAC provides a very useful institutional framework to promote a more effective use of resources. It is a relatively new system that complements other mechanisms for institutional accountability Chile has developed over time, including a system of teacher evaluation, evaluations by the Ministry of Finance (Direccion de Presupuestos, DIPRES), detailed data and information distributed to the public, among others. As it grows and develops more fully over time, the SAC’s effects will be more fully felt.|SDG 4 - Quality education|fully institutional provides sistema complements|9.995498|1.8696467|2.220933
13237|"However, there are no monitoring data for substantiating the state and impacts of reservoirs. Lakes Ohrid, Prespa and Shkoder are, possibly, at risk of not achieving the WFD criteria for ""good"" status. Most groundwaters appear to be still of good quality, although there are insufficient monitoring data to assess their possible pollution with pesticides or heavy metals, among other things. Milestones include the adoption of the Law on Integrated Water Resources Management No. However, secondary legislation to implement the WFD is still lacking."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wfd ohrid good monitoring groundwaters|0.7032663|6.9769006|2.5476372
13238|Ensure that new teachers receive more support to develop professionally. All new teachers should have a mentor, be closely monitored and receive regular feedback to develop their teaching competencies. The current teacher portfolio should be developed into a formative tool that includes evidence of new teachers’ work with students, to be discussed w'ith their principals and mentors and to encourage selfreflection. Improve initial teacher education so that new teachers are adequately prepared to teach.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers new teacher receive develop|9.487385|1.2957258|2.091909
13239|In Australia, the first two contracts were for two or three years, and the second two contract periods were for six years with a mid-term reallocation of business. There is an expectation, although not a rule, that new contracts will be awarded to providers with a good performance record. Contract decisions are taken at the ESA level, and thus primarily reflect management performance at a fairly local (commuting-area) level.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|contract contracts performance reallocation awarded|7.972465|4.680507|4.0590343
13240|"Article 5 states that ""Local populations should be associated with tourism activities and share equitably in the economic, social and cultural benefits they generate, and particularly in the creation of direct and indirect jobs resulting from them."" Considering nature-based tourism from a sustainability perspective will inevitably take us to the concept of ecotourism, which can be seen as a normative sub-category of nature-based tourism. Donohoe and Needham (2006) reviewed 42 definitions and conclude that ecotourism is characterized as nature-based, preservative, educative, sustainable, responsible and ethical tourism."|SDG 15 - Life on land|tourism ecotourism nature based equitably|6.2224555|3.9114876|2.842509
13241|They play a key role in introducing and promoting new technologies, facilitating international trade and enabling the efficient use of resources. However, the world still has a long way to go to fully tap this potential. Total official flows for economic infrastructure in developing countries reached $59 billion in 2017, an increase of 32.5 per cent in real terms since 2010. Further, impressive gains have been made in mobile connectivity.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|impressive tap connectivity facilitating introducing|4.2045436|3.636541|2.0384624
13242|The share of wind and solar in total electricity supply in OECD Europe in 2009 was thus 4.3% compared to 1.6% in OECD North America and only 0.7% in OECD Pacific. In individual European countries, the shares are such that they can indeed make a difference to the working of the electricity system. Wind and solar thus contributed 19% to the electricity supply in Denmark, 15% in both Portugal and Spain and 7.3% in Germany during 2009. First, precisely due to intermittency, the total shares of wind and solar power in total electricity supply vastly underestimate their contribution when the wind is actually blowing and the sun is shining.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|wind electricity solar supply shares|1.546709|1.9736775|2.166901
13243|Under the Convention, States must take measures to ensure that the situation of migrants in an irregular situation does not persist (art. The duty of States to provide information to migrants and their family members on their rights under the Convention (art. Additionally, the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and General Assembly resolution 58/143 on violence against women migrant workers urged States to better protect the rights of migrant women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|art migrant states migrants convention|9.789613|4.854577|7.4096565
13244|As the price of surface water increases, farmers tend to pump more groundwater. Schuck and Green (2003a) find that when the price of surface water reaches 62% of the marginal cost of pumping groundwater, the likelihood of a farmer having a well reaches 50%. These prices are notably higher than those observed in some other districts in California with more senior water rights or exchange contracts with the Bureau of Reclamation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|reaches surface groundwater water price|1.1555971|7.6010313|2.6126394
13245|In the current set-up, UI fund member fees are linked to the unemployment rate in the sector and are partly state-financed. In theory, this should encourage UI funds to monitor their members' eligibility' for UI benefits, and employer and employee confederations to internalise the impact of their wage negotiations on unemployment as they have close links with these funds. This is mainly because unions are in fact in charge of paying UI benefits for only a limited number of unemployed who are likely to be relatively close to the labour market. The fact that UI funds stop to pay benefits after 300 days of unemployment (at which point the state takes over) entails perverse incentives for wage formation.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|ui unemployment funds benefits close|7.832867|4.842559|4.0617127
13246|To take just one example, ongoing work is focusing on the environmental footprint of global food waste. Early results suggest that the carbon footprint of food produced but not consumed is 3.3 billion tonnes C02 eq/a, representing around 9% of total global GHG emissions.14 Were such emissions generated by a country, that country would be the world’s third-largest GHG emitter, behind only the US and China. Extending that to waste and resource management in a broader sense would significantly increase the potential, to 15 to 20% or perhaps even more, if waste prevention was also included. As shown in Figure 1, most of the sites are in Africa, Asia and Latin America/Caribbean, with two in Europe.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|waste footprint ghg emissions food|1.3727206|3.5608277|2.7104225
13247|These are likely to be required through three RBMP cycles until 2027, in order to reach good status for surface water and groundwater. The Wiedau River, shared between Denmark and Germany and discharging into the Waddcn Sea, has been highly controlled by weirs and gates to protect it from tides and surges. During the last decade, a number of projects have been completed to make the weirs passable for migrating fish, and to return straightened and modified stretches of the river to its original meandering course. This requires transboundary agreements on the measures to be taken, political commitment to their enforcement, and sustained cooperation to monitor their effectiveness.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|river gates discharging surges migrating|0.80221367|7.081663|2.0111318
13248|This is one of the highest differences in labour force participation in the OECD, where the average difference is 12.5 percentage points. Only Turkey has a higher gender gap among prime age workers, with a difference of 43 percentage points. While women have improved their rates of labour force participation on average, groups such as young women and mothers are not faring well, and face systematic barriers in obtaining and keeping good-quality jobs (Chapter 3).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|difference force points percentage participation|9.18579|4.2836933|5.750523
13249|But more investments in the agricultural sector may also take place, resulting in more efficient and more sustainable production and, consequently, in higher aggregate yields. Increased demand for ethanol and biodiesel may increase the demand and price for grains and oil seeds while also indirectly increasing the prices for other crops owing to increased competition for land. Larger but poorer populations will demand, in total, larger quantities of food and the composition of the food basket will be different.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|demand larger food biodiesel increased|3.8489902|5.060335|4.1392612
13250|Between 1990 and 1993 the TAC strategy helped prevent an estimated 10 800 serious casualty crashes and halved the state's road toll over the five years from December 1989 (Cameron et al., The initial priorities were drink driving and driving at excessive speed. The strategy of the campaign was to have an increased law enforcement presence on the roads supported by hard-hitting, high-profile advertising.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|driving strategy tac drink halved|4.25748|5.207468|-0.022616925
13251|The Platform supports the diversity of women's voices, the recognition that, despite progress, women suffer because of obstacles to achieving equality with men and that further progress is hindered, especially, by the poverty suffered by so many women and children. It has since come into common parlance and used in reference to women’s economic position on a global scale.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women progress hindered voices suffered|9.594854|4.5959263|7.0943403
13252|The balance of such trade-offs, and the options for managing them, are assessed in this paper. Those options include alternative non-trade policies, such as social protection and help with risk management, but arguably the need to defer trade reforms or retain the option to deploy trade policy instruments under specific circumstances. Section 2 examines the links between trade and food availability, while Section 3 considers the links between trade and food access. The two issues are closely linked, because while food may simply be unavailable, a lack of availability is more commonly resolved through higher prices - making the issue one of access for those who cannot afford food.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|trade food links options availability|4.348018|4.9978437|4.2296534
13253|Seafood imports are primarily under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration. These figures represent total US tariff revenues for imports of edible fish and shellfish products. Since most fishery imports are dutyfree, the majority of these amounts are accounted for by imports of a handful of processed products such as canned tuna, sardines and oysters, smoked salmon, and frozen crabmeat. The figures for each year are therefore inflated by approximately 33%.|SDG 14 - Life below water|imports figures products canned shellfish|0.45354217|5.915001|6.7874594
13254|That is the first question. Biodiversity underpins some economic activities and a loss of biodiversity (or in broader terms, ecosystems and their related goods and services) affects the functioning of the economic system. However, the exact impact on the economic activity depends on the type of changes in biodiversity experienced as well as the economic activity in question, with sectors such as agriculture or tourism being more affected than, for instance, banking or the automobile industry.|SDG 15 - Life on land|biodiversity economic question activity underpins|1.5927644|5.3162384|3.8365724
13255|This meant that urban and regional development issues were not given adequate consideration in the political agenda and in citizens’ perception. This would require increasing the authority of local authorities at the oblast, rayon and even town levels, which could coordinate investment to cities to promote growth. Kazakhstan needs to diversify the mechanisms for horizontal co-ordination (i.e. ministerial posts for cross-cutting issues, and rotations of government managers) at the central level for urban policy.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|issues urban posts oblast coordinate|4.367629|5.4427853|1.7867293
13256|This would help in the development of effective public health policy interventions (Box 3.1). An ADB study compared actual and recommended numbers of air quality monitoring stations in Asian cities based on population and pollution level, as implied by an EU directive though terrain and other factors also affect the number of sites needed (ADB, 2014). Generally, cities in developed Asian economies had enough monitoring sites for their population; Singapore, for example, has 15, while 13 are recommended for a city of its size (Table 3.1).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|adb recommended sites asian cities|3.5573134|4.681547|1.1762686
13257|In 2007, for the first time, it supplied more than 50% of aquatic products used for direct food consumption. With growing demand, it is expected to expand further and in many markets, it will increasingly dominate the supply of aquatic foods. Major losses from disease have caused catastrophic failures and loss of investment confidence, and there are continuing concerns about environmental impacts.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquatic catastrophic foods dominate supplied|0.47059345|6.0640454|6.5184665
13258|Men are three times more likely than women to own a business with employees. Women rarely own large businesses and their average earnings from self-employment are up to 60% lower than for men. Cultural norms, stereotypes and lack of role models make women less interested in an entrepreneurial career and less confident in their capacities as entrepreneurs. Other obstacles such as time shortages and the composition of their professional networks lead women to start relatively small businesses, with low levels of initial capital and bank financing. These obstacles establish a competitive disadvantage for companies owned by women, which translates in levels of labour productivity that are 5 to 30% lower than those of companies owned by men. This paper also presents examples of policy initiatives in the domains of credit, training and awareness raising that can unlock the double dividend of women’s entrepreneurship: higher empowerment of women and more productive businesses.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women businesses obstacles men owned|8.87077|3.5148504|6.300975
13259|According to the SFP,14 neither regular pay assessments nor audits to ensure pay equality and equity are undertaken. While civil service wages and salaries are not gender-distinct, but determined by job, there may be unknown wage differentials between men and women at various grades or salary scales within a given job. To gain perspective on the question, there is a need for data on wages and salaries by grade, scale, occupation, gender and, perhaps, educational credentials. Only with such data is it possible to compere male and female salaries and job levels and determine whether they match qualifications and their distribution is similar. Currently, the SFP does not collect such information, but it would be a good practice were it do so in order to identify gender gaps and areas that require attention. They relate to a work culture that pervades the FPA and focuses on the number of hours spent in the office as opposed to efficiency and achievement.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|salaries sfp job gender wages|9.440059|4.314075|5.9030995
13260|A UNDP survey from 2013 found that 28 per cent of Tunisians were hostile to women's political participation, of whom 24 per cent felt that women's place was in the home. One hundred women with leadership potential were selected to take part in a series of trainings to help develop their skills as political candidates, including political theory, communication and media relations. In addition to the tangible effects of three newly elected women as a result of the programme, the larger cohort of women has gained confidence, and will be a remarkable resource for the future, both as political candidates and as role models for Tunisian women more broadly.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women political candidates trainings tunisian|10.423122|4.4524517|7.1195297
13261|Between 1996 and 2013 labour productivity grew at an average rate of 2.6% per year. This performance has been concentrated in the sectors where only 30% of Dominicans work: mining (4.7% growth per year), manufacturing (5.1% growth per year) and transport and communications (6.8% growth per year). In contrast, labour productivity in only “other service sectors” (i.e., Education, Health and social services as well as services in private households), where the highest proportion of Dominicans work (24% of total jobs), decreased by -1.5% between 2005 and 2013.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|year growth productivity sectors labour|5.682172|4.1781945|3.5320117
13262|As Chapter 3 of this report depicts in some detail, ocean warming, rising sea levels, acidification and declining biodiversity all present a threat to wild fish stocks. In the case of offshore oil and gas, these range from weak market demand and oversupply and concerns about safety and the ocean environment, to the new momentum gathering behind efforts to decarbonise the economy, as most recently demonstrated by the COP21 agreement. The sector’s future therefore is hard to judge.|SDG 14 - Life below water|ocean oversupply depicts acidification judge|0.17755981|5.790999|6.379738
13263|This may have reduced Viet Nam’s potential to fully capitalise on the rapid urbanisation. A distinctive element of Viet Nam’s approach to urban policy is a heavy emphasis on city classification, and this too will be considered. The chapter will then give attention to key urban policy areas such as transport, housing, land use management and the quality of the urban environment. A key to ‘getting cities right’ is a holistic and integrated approach to cross-cutting urban challenges, which could be well applied to the Vietnamese urban context (Box 2.1). This section applies the approach to the current national-level policy frameworks in Viet Nam, which are characterised by a complex network of policies and plans. By getting cities right (see the table below), governments can serve a greater share of the population and economy.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban viet nam getting approach|4.1380105|5.090334|1.6770129
13264|Liability risks are risks to high carbon emitters if they are made to compensate in the future for emissions produced today or to companies that have failed to adapt to physical risks that threaten to disrupt their supply chain. Transition risks are risks arising from changes in policy and regulation as a result of the transition to a greener economy that could affect the profitability of carbon-intensive industries (Carney, 2015). Reducing resource use and measuring environmental performance is an opportunity to streamline operations, increase efficiency and competitiveness.|SDG 13 - Climate action|risks transition carbon disrupt streamline|1.9305851|3.930314|1.72287
13265|Their negotiation styles are more encompassing to include all the issues that affect men, women, girls and boys. Women have taken due advantage of political spaces to progress the interests of women and girls for political empowerment and socio-economic development. Women leaders tend to pressurise for amendments and the initiation of national laws and local policies for improved infrastructure, constitutional and legislative reforms to abrogate repugnant laws, and ratification of international resolutions for women's rights.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women laws girls political ratification|10.246888|4.6545644|7.3030176
13266|Over time, personalized technology will supersede one-size-fits-all models of education. A number of mathematics applications for smartphones and basic mobiles show learners how to solve questions step-by-step. For example, mobile apps now make it easy for teachers to administer short quizzes to test understanding instantaneously or synched with books - no paper, red pens or data entry are necessary.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|step personalized smartphones administer books|8.910193|1.5866188|2.003479
13267|It does this first through a literature review of economic development theory and findings from past empirical studies. It then looks at different policy instruments currently used in five countries: Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa. The results suggest that the focus of agricultural policies in these five countries has been on input use subsidies, whether these are for variable input use, fixed capital formation, or on-farm services.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|input theory looks formation use|3.9679668|5.236629|3.8218644
13268|More precisely, special attention is being paid to initial training, among other aspects. Future teachers at these levels must acquire four-year bachelor’s degrees, which mean a one-year extension in teacher education. However, Spanish universities must draw' up the programmes for initial teacher education in accordance w ith the guidelines set by the Spanish Government.|SDG 4 - Quality education|spanish initial teacher bachelor year|9.507675|1.2333249|2.404097
13269|This setting provides a living laboratory for university research & innovation, learning and outreach and provides ample work-based learning opportunities for university students in all study programmes. The state is a microcosm of multi-racial, multi-religious, multi-cultural and multi-lingual society. The Malay, Chinese and Indians constitute the major ethnic groups in Penang.|SDG 4 - Quality education|multi university indians learning provides|7.1272635|2.5815284|2.4812675
13270|Similarly, the buy-in received for biodiversity mainstreaming in the mining sector, an important component of South Africa’s GDP, was achieved through attention to the needs of the sector. It was also evident that biodiversity mainstreaming was better accepted when aligned with presidential delivery outcomes and national development plans. As has been seen in the above case studies, biodiversity mainstreaming has often occurred through alignment with national planning processes.|SDG 15 - Life on land|mainstreaming biodiversity presidential alignment sector|1.6718909|5.307449|3.8107796
13271|It has been reported that wastewater and biosolids contain 10 times the energy needed for treatment. '5The biogas produced from anaerobic digestion has been used to generate energy on-site, as well as for combined heat and power (CHP) production. However, growing this industry using traditional energy-intensive technologies can pose a big risk to water and food security, and have a considerable negative effect on the environment. Direct solar energy-operated desalination is not an economically viable solution.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy chp biogas desalination pose|0.8849168|7.7274337|2.8213573
13272|An econometric model is used to illustrate the strong connection of the immigrant workforce with production in the Thai economy, and therefore with levels of income. An empirical assessment of the impact of foreign-bom workers on income per capita cannot be made with certainty, but the high share of the employed in the foreign-bom population, together with the positive impact of foreign-bom workers on the Thai-bom paid employment rate, suggests this impact is positive. The labour market and broader economy would also benefit from the integration of foreign-bom workers in terms of the quality of work. Although foreign-bom workers are well-integrated in terms of access to employment, they remain concentrated in low-skill occupations.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|bom foreign workers thai impact|7.212226|3.6237075|4.2305164
13273|It provides a platform for its members and aspiring women to encourage and facilitate change and create a proactive societal role. This brings women leaders together from across the country to develop their leadership skills and to advocate for advances in women’s business environment in Jordan. The goal of BPW-Kuwait is to strengthen women’s business skills and networks so they can launch their own enterprises.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women business aspiring skills advocate|9.067116|3.393961|6.650246
13274|Stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations will eventually require a zero net carbon emission economy. The global public good nature of the climate and the potential consequences of tail risks, nevertheless, call for strong public action to underpin these developments. Most OECD countries and a growing number of emerging market economies have already taken some action.|SDG 13 - Climate action|action stabilising underpin concentrations eventually|1.3699502|3.300265|2.0039382
13275|The two subsections that follow examine the gains in terms of child poverty reduction that would be achieved by putting in place policies that would significantly increase the employment rate of parents or share a redistribution of child benefit and/or by redistributing child and/or housing benefits to ensure better coverage of children in relative poverty. This section examines the potential impact on family poverty rates of a reduction in the number of jobless parents, and the family poverty rates that could be achieved in the absence of a child-related standard of living penalty, i. e. if the poverty rate of families with children was equal to that of households without children, conditional to adult employment status. Different scenarios are considered, and the impact on family poverty rates is shown in Table 4 Column 1 shows the current proportion of families under the poverty line amongst households with children, i.e. a weighted poverty rate for families.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty child children families family|7.4121933|5.999863|4.8832445
13276|Regional governments bore the bulk of responsibility for translating the guidance of central government into major changes to the structure of hospital services on the ground. Hospitals are owned by regions and are paid on a DRG basis for providing secondary and tertiary care through employing salaried doctors. In contrast, general practitioners are self-employed professionals who are paid mainly on a fee-for-service basis in combination with a significant fixed monthly payment.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|paid basis drg translating salaried|8.997669|8.794402|1.7190285
13277|Many poor households in the MDEs are kept afloat financially thanks to transfers from relatives and friends working abroad. Worker remittances also make an important contribution to the balance of payments of these countries, especially Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen (see tables 7, 8 and 9).55 Emigration to the GCC, where incomes can be five times higher than in their home countries, has been facilitated by the common language shared across the region. Although the inflow of migrant workers can increase the flexibility of GCC labour markets, it is insufficient to resolve unemployment problems in the labour-exporting MDEs.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|gcc inflow syrian emigration resolve|5.9473867|4.310903|3.844332
13278|Like phytoplankton, these all provide food for higher trophic levels and, in the case of the juvenile stages, will develop into those higher levels (chap. Plankton of all kinds show an enormous range of biodiversity. A single litre of seawater can contain representatives of all major branches of the tree of life: archaea, bacteria and all major kingdoms of eukaryotes (chap.|SDG 14 - Life below water|chap plankton phytoplankton bacteria major|0.06554302|5.9686217|5.9697747
13279|The chapter offers a variety of frameworks for understanding gender, different types of violence against women and women’s capacities and roles as peacebuilders, drawing on the fields of biology, sociology and political theory and the practice of peacebuilding. Examples from around the world provide snapshots of the complex dynamics of gender, violence and peacebuilding. A gender-sensitive lens on peacebuilding highlights the urgent need to broaden programming to include the empowerment of women and attention to violence against women in both private and public settings.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peacebuilding violence women gender biology|10.267463|4.9220695|7.602128
13280|Protected landscapes (i.e. IUCN category V) designated or extended after 2002 include Vjose-Narte (2004, 19,738.0 ha), Lumi Buna-Velipoje (2005, 23,027.0 ha) - another part of the Ramsar site listed in 2005, and Mali me Gropa-Bize-Martanesh (2007,25,266.4 ha). The work on potential areas of special conservation interest was carried out between 2002 and 2008. As a result, 25 potential Emerald sites covering an area of around 17 per cent of the country’s territory were identified and studied.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ha iucn potential ramsar landscapes|1.5304651|5.055412|4.1334386
13281|Finland has done this successfully before and should consider doing it again, based on new evidence. In particular, it should identify strategic areas in need of public investment, rather than indiscriminately cutting public funding across the board. Finland’s opportunity for restructuring existing industries towards high value-added and high-productivity activities can take the form of strengthening capabilities in existing areas of business strengths and extending from those areas into related ones that provide innovation opportunities.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|finland areas existing restructuring strengths|5.3629794|3.535681|2.5570815
13282|These skills describe what the OECD has called Teaming to learn’: the strategies, practices and motivations associated with high performance (OECD, 2010). The ‘three-layer model’ of selfregulated learning (Boekaerts, Pintrich, and Zeidner, 2000) is one framework which captures the different kinds of mind-sets, dispositions and skills which need to be developed in order for students to be able to learn productively on their own. The inner layer of cognitive regulation encompasses the practices a student needs to master to carry out information processing. The middle layer of metacognitive regulation describes the students’ knowledge and skills that allow them to make effective choices about what they study and how. The outer layer of motivational regulation represents the “self’, the learner’s own goals, needs and expectancies.|SDG 4 - Quality education|layer regulation skills learn expectancies|8.911798|1.609992|1.8759462
13283|However, support for mitigation activities - including developing green energy sources and enhancing energy efficiency - lags behind. Although these countries are not significant contributors to GHG emissions at the global level, they require additional funding to pursue low carbon development. Support to improve access to sustainable energy and energy independence and to increase energy security is critical to achieving the low carbon future envisaged by many SIDS (Pacific Island Forum, 2013). For LDCs, climate change ODA has more than doubled from 2010 to 2013, mostly due to a continuous increase in adaptation-related development finance (USD3.2 billion to USD 6.4 billion (OECD, 2016b)), but more dramatically due to a tripling of the resources dedicated to climate change mitigation in 2013 compared with the previous year. This increase was due to large (over USD 150 million) loans and grants for the energy sector in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Malawi and Myanmar. However, adaptation remains the main focus of climate-related support to LDCs.|SDG 13 - Climate action|energy ldcs climate increase mitigation|1.6737795|3.9105158|1.3738104
13284|A recent set of case studies undertaken by FAO draws complementary' conclusions on how the “mainstreaming” of agricultural trade policies into development strategies can help build support for policies that can help trade contribute more effectively to national food security. The findings of these two case study projects are summarised in Boxes 5 and 6. The supporting case studies looked at the underlying political economy of policy decisions in 14 countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Viet Nam, and Zambia.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|case studies trade boxes help|4.12844|5.144414|4.0415645
13285|This economic pressure has led the industry to further adapt and evolve its operations to maximise economic return. Access to the market is unrestricted, with imports of species not domestically produced (e.g. shrimps, prawns, packaged products, such as canned fish). Per capita consumption is relatively stable and growth is largely a function of general population trends.|SDG 14 - Life below water|canned domestically evolve maximise economic|0.19599696|5.8484187|6.657709
13286|Multidimensional poverty and deprivation estimates are important new tools in this undertaking. This paper reviews the insights of various contributions from research into multidimensional poverty and deprivation and combines them into an internally consistent framework. The framework adds an important element by emphasising that people may experience various types and forms of poverty and deprivation simultaneously. The experience of poverty is often multifaceted and deprivations are interrelated in many cases.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deprivation poverty multidimensional experience various|6.587913|6.3796225|5.0837173
13287|"Therefore, NFA is mainly dependent on the allocations from the state budget (EU Twinning report on ""Concept of state forest enterprise for Georgia"", 2018). In parallel, Georgia is working on the elaboration of National Principles, Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. All these efforts aim to strengthen forest policy planning and management, especially in light of Georgia's international commitment as well as national plans and priorities. However, this is only a beginning and much remains to be done on the ground: wood removals are far above sustainable levels and additional human and technical capacity and financia resources are needed to protect forests from illegal use, logging and grazing, to ensure that the impacts of logging are kept as low as reasonably practical, to restore degraded forest territories, and to ensure that tending operations are carried out at the appropriate time (Garforth, et al.,"|SDG 15 - Life on land|forest georgia logging tending removals|1.5601362|4.8303947|3.882043
13288|Gender gaps in employment remain much wider than gender gaps in education, and there is evidence of increased gender job segregation globally, with women's share of jobs in the industrial sector declining over the last 20years (IDRC 2013; Seguino 2016,forthcoming). This is because of two main factors. Women’s livelihood equality with men generates bargaining power to influence the distribution of resources at the household level.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender gaps seguino generates livelihood|9.07645|4.378302|5.9173155
13289|Also, the performance of an intervention might not be static over time; results measured after 1 year or after 20 years could differ significantly. These different timescales of results mean that effectiveness levels will vary depending on when effectiveness is assessed. Choosing an appropriate point in time for assessment can be particularly complicated for climate finance interventions aimed at long-term transformational impacts.|SDG 13 - Climate action|effectiveness timescales results transformational static|1.6549774|4.4209027|1.3411387
13290|Although there are maintenance fees, they are insufficient to cover the expenses of the ever-increasing assets. Two-thirds of the fees collected through rural electricity tariffs are used for building electricity generators, and the remaining third is insufficient for acquiring maintenance equipment for grid renovation or development (Luo, 2007). These financial burdens negatively impact business revenues.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fees insufficient maintenance electricity renovation|1.9074624|1.9713144|2.2038639
13291|The status of women is explicitly part of the mandate of the Supreme Council of Women that supervises and reports on compliance with relevant national and international standards, prepares legislative proposals, examines policies and budgets, and provides advice to the government. These countries need to develop gender-specific strategies or committees in legislative bodies while adopting and building consensus on new national constitutions. In Tunisia, for example, a commission in charge of social affairs exists within the body of the Constitutional Convention, but its relation to the Ministry of Women’s and Family Affairs remains to be clarified.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|legislative affairs women supervises clarified|9.957459|4.490683|7.311071
13292|These requirements were taken from the Paragraph 6 Decision (see above). World Bank Working Paper No. See also WHO, Implementation of Paragraph 6. In this context, it should be noted that pooled drugs procurement by several developing countries is generally an important means of attracting pharmaceutical producers’ interest in a regional market, and may, under a “carrots and sticks” approach, be used by developing country governments to negotiate favourable schemes of collaboration with the holders of pharmaceutical patents (see Section 3.3.3).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|paragraph pharmaceutical pooled developing negotiate|8.280759|9.670951|2.5680673
13293|The railway has reduced cargo transit times from 3 days by road to 12 hours by train. The railway line cuts through bottlenecks and raises the profile of Afghanistan as a transit route by connecting two CAREC corridors, i.e. the Russian Federation-Middle East corridor, and the South Asia and Europe-Middle East and South Asia corridor. Intensive multiple-donor engagement has been a success factor for the project. This engagement also improved the adaptability of the project to changing conditions during implementation. The ADB provided supervision, both from headquarters and by the resident mission (OECD-WTO, 2015). The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) funds the rehabilitation of railway infrastructure in Bosnia and Herzegovina.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|railway corridor transit engagement middle|4.274829|4.6474185|1.104342
13294|Public transportation in most of Africa’s major cities is dominated by informal minibuses and motorbikes, and accounts for relatively large proportions of household budgets, especially among the poorest (Lall and others, 2017). Data on the proportion of the population with access to public transportation in African cities are not easily available. Therefore, household expenditure on transportation is often used as a proxy indicator of accessibility and affordability of it in African cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transportation cities african household proportions|4.429521|4.761125|1.7497634
13295|This will happen, within varying time frames, as (a) country production flattens and falls and (b) continuing domestic consumption absorbs more of each country’s production. Some governments are questioning whether to “leave oil in the ground” now for production later which would delay and lessen the eventual changes needed to reduce dependence on the hydrocarbon sector. On the other hand, building up foreign investments can provide a strategic hedge against the uncertainties of future reserves and prices.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|production lessen hedge frames eventual|1.4559371|2.7373118|2.2538402
13296|The observatory, by collecting and sharing data with all the LGUs in one location, will function as a platform which eliminates silos in urban and metropolitan management and makes it easier to address common issues such as transport, flood risks, air and pollution and waste management. The Bandung Command Centre in Bandung, Indonesia, can be a good model (Box 4.7). Currently, a lot of data is missing that is needed to assess the environmental status and performance of the region (e.g., there is no recent air quality data available, while increasing commuting trips and motorisation suggests air pollution may become more severe in the near future). In addition, where data is available, it is often only at the scale of local authorities, or at the broader scale of the Johor State, which is insufficient for any accurate analysis of the policy needs.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bandung air data pollution motorisation|3.869601|4.377115|1.328458
13297|By the end of the 1990s, these disappointing outcomes had led to a rethinking of development goals and strategy. The focus shifted once again back to defining poverty reduction as an explicit goal, rather than as an implicit or indirect one. Through the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration by the General Assembly on 8 September 2000,3 the United Nations introduced a concrete set of development targets embodied in the Millennium Development Goals.|SDG 1 - No poverty|millennium nations goals disappointing development|6.242804|6.43955|4.911859
13298|This ex-ante information could provide the foundation of the post-2020 emissions accounting system. Furthermore, if all major emitters were to provide an estimated range for their GHG emissions in an agreed future year (e.g. 2030), this would facilitate estimations of the future GHG emissions pathway. Information on how the government intends to meet its commitment (e.g. via domestic climate legislation and policies implemented or planned) together with an explanation of its level of ambition given national circumstances could help to further enhance understanding between countries on the actions being taken by others.|SDG 13 - Climate action|emissions ghg future intends emitters|1.2250493|3.5334442|1.2179304
13299|"Inadequate preventive measures for contact with MDR-TB patients result in increased incidence of MDR-TB in children of the patients"". One case of malaria has been reported in Mongolia in 2015. Consequently, the incidence of viral hepatitis B decreased substantially. To achieve this, vaccination and the capacity of health services are key factors."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|tb incidence patients hepatitis vaccination|8.5021|9.168653|3.331789
13300|In larger organizations, departmental accountability for energy costs may be important. For example, if departments are accountable for their own energy costs, they benefit directly from any savings from investment projects or housekeeping measures. But if cost savings go to the company as a whole, the departmental incentive is diluted (split incentives).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|departmental savings costs split energy|2.0435016|2.496575|2.373645
13301|If vulnerability is defined as monthly income between 1.2 and 1.8 times the poverty line, then a very high percentage of the Latin American population —over 50% in many countries— lives in poverty or vulnerability (see figure 1.18). These individuals have limited capacity to ride out growth and employment cycles, since the majority do not have savings or access to social security and do not own their homes. They also exhibit high dependency rates and low levels of education, which impairs their ability to progress in the job market and get ahead during times of economic expansion, while heightening the risk that they will sink back into poverty when the economic cycle takes a turn for the worse. Accordingly, with growth forecast to slow in the years ahead, the fact that such a large portion of the population lives in vulnerable conditions should be cause for concern.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|ahead lives poverty vulnerability times|6.7260785|5.8573623|4.992005
13302|Alors qu'il est clair que les femmes aident de maniere significative a l'elimination de la faim et de la malnutrition, il est egalement evident qu'elles doivent etre mieux representees politiquement et participer davantage au dialogue sur les politiques. The focus on women informed broader discussions on what is influencing West Africa's development and food security prospects, and what innovative policies and approaches can strengthen the resilience of the most vulnerable populations in the region. It also led to the adoption of the Milan Declaration by the members of the Global Alliance for Resilience (AGIR) - Sahel and West Africa.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|qu il est les la|9.574202|4.476084|7.048436
13303|"The ISO Survey 2016 indicated four valid certificates being recorded in Mongolia in 2016. Impediments to the broader uptake of environmental management systems include organizational capacity, the cost (of international consultants) and the time to complete them. The 1998 Government Resolution No. The ministry responsible for environment set out ""Rules on Ecolabel award to entities, organizations and individuals which manufacture environmentally friendly products and provide services"" through the 2007 Ministerial Order No."|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|manufacture award iso impediments consultants|2.016132|3.8847969|2.432906
13304|Thefeminization of the labour force associated with a narrowing of the gap between the male and female labour force participation rates generates growth in GDP as measured both by contemporary and by lagged values, and indications exist of a potentially positive effect over the medium term. However, an increase in the number of hours works (labour intensity) bears an inverse relationship to growth, which could be a sign of a negative impact of a reduction in the time devoted to care work unless the shortfall is made up for by the substitution of public or private caregiving services or by the assumption of some of these tasks by other members of the household. In order to verify this intuition, it would be necessary to undertake an analysis of how household labour and savings are influenced by changes in the female labour supply. This is the underlying condition for the feasibility of demand-led growth, but it is also in keeping with the preceding conclusion, since, although low wages in the present may boost growth, wages will have to trend upward if that growth trend is to be sustained.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|labour growth wages trend force|8.83425|4.5663285|5.6050367
13305|There is a different distribution across specialisations, one with the highest level of satisfaction among employers (for both technical and basic skills) recorded in the medical sector (Table 5.1). In no specialty in Egypt were graduates’ basic skills assessed as “strong” by employers according to the survey presented in the background report (SPU-MoHE, 2012). Adapted from Strategic Planning Unit-Ministry of Higher Education of Egypt (SPU-MoHE) (2012), Post-secondary Vocational Education and Training in Egypt. Two factors emerging from international evidence argue for systematic screening of literacy and numeracy difficulties among VET students: many people are unaware of their problems, and some of those who are aware of them may be reluctant to admit them.|SDG 4 - Quality education|egypt employers basic admit unaware|8.578242|2.8622992|2.9391508
13306|A meta-analysis of a large number of climate models came up with a mean estimate of USD 129 per tC02 for 2025. Again, such numbers resulting from very high-level top-down models must be taken with great caution. Let it just be said that their order of magnitude is comparable to that of estimates of the social costs of carbon, which supports the 2°C objective. The appropriate price of C02 emissions must drive a wedge between the costs of fossil fuel-based power generation and generation with low-carbon technologies such as nuclear, hydro and renewables.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|models carbon generation wedge meta|1.2695436|2.7046328|2.0212307
13307|According to WEF, ICT use (percentage of Internet users, fixed broadband, Internet bandwidth, and mobile broadband subscriptions) can be indicative, as ICT clearly has an influential role in innovation. In India and Indonesia, for example, only a third of the population are active Internet users, and very few have access to fixed broadband, limiting technology readiness (WEF, 2017). By contrast, access to mobile broadband subscriptions was found to be relatively equal across countries (except for India), suggesting that mobile phones can be an enabling tool for ICT use.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|broadband wef internet ict mobile|4.8732142|2.8860688|1.641197
13308|Policies during this time restricted the opportunity for farmers to expand the size of their farms and farm inputs were under state control. Alongside Poland’s transition to a democratic political system came market deregulation and the privatisation of former state industries. This represented a major change in the market conditions for farming and for rural development more generally.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|deregulation privatisation state market alongside|4.068166|5.2213106|3.5094144
13309|These gender gaps are pervasive, although they vary across countries and world regions. While in less developed countries, girls and women suffer from unequal access to economic assets, education or basic health care facilities, in most developed countries gender inequality persists in the form of discriminatory social institutions and beliefs about gender roles that undercut women’s opportunities, inhibit their full participation in economic, social and political activities and therefore reduce their quality of life. In developing countries, child health outcomes are strongly correlated to women’s access to resources: countries where women lack any right to own land have on average 60% more malnourished children; where women have no access to credit, the number of malnourished children is 85% above average (OECD, 2010a). In high-income countries, the mother’s education level has been shown to have an effect on the academic achievement of their children (OECD, 2012b).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women countries gender children access|9.335257|4.8413806|6.1948004
13310|Another frequent motivation is to reduce public waste management costs by shifting the burden of collecting and managing significant parts of the waste stream away from tax-financed municipal operations. This section discusses commodity coverage of EPR schemes as well as issues of design, constitution and financing of Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs). It also addresses the establishment and enforcement of EPR performance targets as well as costs borne by industry and consumers.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|epr waste costs borne stream|0.5540994|3.9279602|3.0414343
13311|In recent studies in the Arctic region it was found that the therapist showed little awareness of their client's use of traditional healers. The future goal is to attain full independence. The conditions for health care in Greenland differ in a number of ways from the Sami in the Nordic countries, because of geographic and climatic conditions.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|conditions sami client greenland attain|9.614997|8.514378|3.0398927
13312|Girls are still less likely than boys to choose scientific and technological fields of study and, when they do, are less likely to take up high-paying jobs in those fields. These 'choices' are informed by stereotypes about suitable occupations for girls rather than based on ability. Stereotypes that define caregiving as quintessentially female (and maternal) seem to be much harder to dislodge than those around breadwinning, previously seen as a male domain.1’7 Increasing numbers of women are adopting what are widely seen as masculine lifestyles and patterns of work by engaging more intensively in the labour market. However, men are not, to the same extent, taking on greater responsibility for unpaid care and domestic work, widely seen as 'feminine'.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|seen stereotypes fields widely girls|9.035495|4.9156895|5.8454638
13313|While underperforming schools are typically found to use the feedback from inspection visits for quality improvements, there are indications that schools labelled as achieving basic quality are often less engaged in using evaluative information to gain insights into their own challenges and plan for improvement (Dutch Inspectorate of Education, 2013). Evaluation and assessment in the Netherlands operate in a context where the majority of schools are “owned” by non-public bodies (e.g. religious or professional communities pursuing particular pedagogical philosophies) and even public schools are typically operated by semi-autonomous boards, similar to those in the nonpublic sector (see Chapter 1). As described above, the size and composition of school boards, as well as the evaluation competencies of school board members, are highly variable. In its 2011/2012 report on the State of Education in the Netherlands, the Inspectorate notes that “quality assurance is an area in which many school boards could improve” (Dutch Inspectorate of Education, 2013, p.27).|SDG 4 - Quality education|inspectorate boards schools dutch school|9.77369|1.8343256|1.5752077
13314|Maternal mortality plunged from around 90 deaths per 100 000 live births in 1990 to around 13 deaths in 2015, while infant mortality declined from 45 deaths per 1 000 live births to 9 deaths over the same period. However, as with other indicators, national level data on infant and maternal mortality belie marked regional disparities. In some regions of the country maternal mortality has actually been increasing over the past ten years, by nearly 40% since 2005 in the Akmola and Karaganda regions, and in Kyzylorda region by more than 30% between 2010 and 20152. However after several waves of reforms most regulatory and financing functions have again been centralised.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|deaths mortality maternal infant births|8.82586|8.427645|3.626451
13315|Nevertheless, this is lower than the OECD average of 1.67 and w'ell below the population replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman. Stagnating fertility rates are a particularly important issue for Germany: aside from the personal satisfaction derived from raising children, fewer babies means fewer workers in the future, with pernicious consequences for the economy. German w'omen with higher educational attainment are less likely to have children, as are women engaged in paid work and (especially) women engaged in full-time paid work. Women w ith higher earnings are also much less likely to have a child than women with low'er earnings, as lower-income women often live with a male breadwinner. Differences in gender roles are less dramatic in France, where the likelihood of giving birth actually increases with a woman's earnings (Chapter 6).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|earnings women woman engaged fewer|9.219091|5.2312045|5.3849087
13316|Similarly, obesity is twice as prevalent among people with the lowest level of education. A higher prevalence of risk factors among disadvantaged groups contributes greatly to disparities in health status and life expectancy. Regulation, supervision, planning and quality monitoring are the role of the national government, while service delivery falls under the responsibility of the regions and municipalities. The regions are responsible for defining and running health services; municipalities are responsible for disease prevention, health promotion, rehabilitation, home care and long-term care (see Section 5.3).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|municipalities responsible health regions care|9.06986|8.934497|2.1762993
13317|For this reason it is better to define the poverty threshold using deprivation in two dimensions, in line with other recent multidimensional measurements (Alkire and Santos, 2010; CONEVAL, 2009; Gordon and others, 2003). The countries with the highest multidimensional poverty rates (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and the Plurinational State of Bolivia) are also those with the highest monetary poverty rates. At the other extreme, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay (urban area) are the countries with the lowest multidimensional poverty rates and the lowest monetary poverty rates (see table 1.4). Refers to the latest survey available between 2006 and 2009. The only cases where multidimensional poverty did not decline was in some countries where rates were below 10% (which is to be expected because some of the indicators used are probably at the minimum threshold level).|SDG 1 - No poverty|multidimensional poverty rates threshold monetary|6.484217|5.9998736|5.1396756
13318|As we have seen above, the largest growing market for these technologies is in the now developing parts of the world (the South). This means not only that increasing financing needs to be secured for these critical investments, but also that most of the induced technological learning, and thus cost reductions, is likely to occur in these regions. In other words, there is a strong potential incentive to invest there, assuming appropriate institutional and financing arrangements. Tariffs are the rates paid per kilowatt-hour for electricity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|financing secured hour assuming induced|1.8719798|1.9511583|2.0761995
13319|Those measures help reduce the cost of projects for on- and off-grid applications, and are designed to target the important issue of consumer affordability. For example, Bhutan is extending capital subsidies and grants to finance small-scale individual and community investments in renewable energy projects (Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2013). India has provided excise duty exemptions for ofF-grid rooftop solar projects, while foreign investors are exempted from income tax for 15 years for solar power projects in Bangladesh (Bangladesh, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, 2013).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|projects bangladesh grid solar ministry|1.925298|1.9777966|2.3567688
13320|"In particular, the Hasbani sub-basin is threatened by several types of pollution, including domestic wastewater and olive oil production residues.""' In addition to an increase in salinity due to high evaporation rates,'* higher salinity values are mainly a result of the presence of chloride-rich saline springs close to the lake shore and on the lake floor, which discharge an estimated 40 MCM/yr into the lake. However, the construction of the Salinity Diversion Channel (SDC) in 1967 as part of Israels National Water Carrier project allowed for the diversion of saline water from springs on the western and north-western side of the lake""’ to the Lower Jordan River."|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|lake salinity saline springs diversion|0.64293116|7.391027|2.8187976
13321|Twenty-five ecological indicators and ten subindicators are used to assess the changes in the state of water resources, w'ater consumption volumes in different economic branches, streamflow deficit rate and quality change patterns of surface water and groundwater. Water pollution plays a determining role in the increase in morbidity rate (kidney disease, oncological and acute infectious diseases), resulting in increased adult and child mortality rates. Anthropogenic impacts also result in soil pollution (salinity, toxic pollution, pesticides, residual quantities of fertilizers and heavy metal pollution) and affects public health.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pollution water kidney streamflow rate|0.97899014|6.802153|2.8123314
13322|If leave entitlements foster continuous female participation in the labour market, there will be growing acceptance from families and employers and greater career rewards for women. Social interaction may then produce a knock-on effect as more women feel they can enter the labour market, invest in a career before having children, time childbirth, take maternity leave, and return to work afterwards (Bernhardt, 1993; Gustafsson and Kenjoh, 2007). In this context, women w'ho are not yet in a position to claim paid parental leave would also benefit from its provision. They are also likely to benefit even further over time, as there is evidence that whole generations of women have been influenced by the shift in women’s identity from a family-centred world to a more career-oriented one (Goldin and Katz, 2002; Goldin, 2006).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|career leave women katz benefit|9.216512|5.0819154|5.637626
13323|It is noteworthy that recent analyses confirm that these challenges are not limited to developing countries: OECD countries are facing similar (although different) issues, and efficient responses require, inter alia, that water-related services are priced in ways which contribute to a range of environmental, social, economic and financial objectives. Some regions, such as parts of South and East Asia, Australia, Africa and the Middle East, do suffer from actual physical water shortages. Dry” areas may not be water scarce if use remains within the limits of local availability. Conversely, “wet” areas may be stressed if use approaches the limits of availability.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|limits east water availability wet|1.4019301|7.265353|2.6216333
13324|Urban-rural disparity follows the concentration of industries and jobs in higher-skill sectors, which are usually located in urban areas while the majority of the population resides in rural areas depending on agriculture for subsistence (UNDP, 2014). According to the IMF, weakening of macroeconomic indicators including the inflation rate and public deficit have been due to over-optimistic revenue projections and increases in expenditure, as well as a too accommodating monetary policy (IMF, 2016). Apart from the production of oil, the macroeconomic outlook is affected by commodity prices and capital flows, and the risk of too high public expenditures in relation to revenues.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|imf macroeconomic accommodating weakening optimistic|5.1921864|5.082285|3.548699
13325|For example, the gradual shift in the United States towards smaller vehicles, which began after the 1974 oil shock, went into reverse as cars got more fuel efficient. Disentangling these effects is complex because lower oil prices contributed to this result, but the rebound effect appears to be a factor. Somewhat different implications arise when the energy is being consumed by a business: it means more output per unit of energy' consumed, whereas for households it may mean increased final consumption of heat or electricity, and hence an increase in welfare.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|consumed oil got rebound energy|1.8291461|2.594179|2.5087144
13326|A national reporting system has recently been developed, which specifically monitors bed occupancy in clinically inappropriate wards, to diminish adveise effects. While nearly all cataract surgeries have for a long time been performed as day care, the use of day care has spread to many other procedures. For example, the share of tonsillectomy (the removal of tonsils) carried out as same-day surgery has increased from about 20% in 2005 to over 70% in 2015. Most of the over 100 registers are built around specific diagnoses and mainly contain medical and epidemiological information.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|day diagnoses occupancy epidemiological bed|9.318195|9.340296|1.7570672
13327|As a result, admission requirements have become stricter and there are now specific requirements in terms of performance in upper secondary education. Entry is now a two-tier process. Those with the highest marks are granted direct admission, but anyone else wishing to enrol has to take an examination including an interview both of which are scored to determine entry.|SDG 4 - Quality education|admission entry requirements wishing scored|8.652635|2.5945733|2.7263541
13328|By 2015, China is expected to become the 2nd largest desalination market in the world after Saudi Arabia. Desalination can rely on a large resource base (oceans) and be widely implemented on coastal areas. The major constraint is that it is energy intensive.2 Moreover, brine discharges to the sea can increase salinity and temperature, and accumulate toxic compounds, in receiving waters. Industry can be made less dependent on the supply of potable water through obtaining water qualities that are tailored to suit product and process demands and quality standards (“water fit-for-use”).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|desalination water potable accumulate compounds|0.88232684|7.6796265|2.77541
13329|Urbanisation and increased demand for water reinforce the need to collect and treat effluents of wastewater. The same applies to industries and, in similar ways, to agriculture. To this end, OECD (2017) recommends that governments combine regulatory, information-based and economic instruments to provide continuing incentives for water users and polluters to reduce quantitative and qualitative pressure on water resources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water effluents polluters recommends treat|1.3256052|7.030645|2.2328353
13330|On the other hand, to resolve the administrative gap, a government may need, in addition to a shift towards river basin management, to enhance citizen participation and intermunicipal collaboration, collect information at basin level, and offer financial incentives to local authorities. A policy mix of several tools is often called for. Regional and local actors are already key players in OECD countries’ water policy implementation.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|basin resolve citizen local players|1.0532202|7.120224|1.6567708
13331|The analyses have shown that knowledge and skills of returnee migrants and the savings generated from remittances could be important sources for capital accumulation in LDCs - both human and financial. These resources could play an important role in the developmental evolution of the LDCs. The IPoA, by identifying concrete doables on the part of both the LDCs and development partners, has redirected the attention of the global community to a much-neglected area which, however, has high potential in terms of facilitating many of the LDCs in undertaking their journey towards graduation.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|ldcs redirected ipoa journey neglected|5.7502055|4.2604737|3.7393885
13332|Policy developments in education are guided by a multitude of planning documents and strategies, notably the State Program for Education Development 2011-20. A number of strategies and planning documents ensure consistency and guide policymaking in the short-, medium- and long-term. All major strategies are considered as part of the legislative framework. Other strategic documents include the National Action Plan for the development of school children’s functional literacy for 2012-16 (from 2012), the State General Compulsory Education Standard (from 2012).|SDG 4 - Quality education|documents strategies education planning multitude|9.384764|2.233869|2.1345212
13333|Further investments are required in most MENA countries to embed gender budgeting into the mainstream budgeting cycle across government and for these practices to take root. It would be important to ensure that all pertinent stakeholders, including parliaments, are actively engaged in this process. Good practices from both OECD and MENA countries (e.g. Morocco) may support MENA policy makers in the implementation of gender budgeting in a systematic and sustainable manner. This would allow for gender mainstreaming to be taken into consideration more strategically and ensure buy-in at all levels of government, as well as raise awareness of gender mainstreaming.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|budgeting mena gender mainstreaming practices|9.704531|3.9772708|7.554503
13334|However, a more positive development in the medium-term is likely to arise from the ongoing effort to rebalance the Chinese economy towards being more consumption-led, in line with the government’s efforts to reduce hardcore poverty, income inequality and regional disparities. This rebalancing may produce a net positive impact on other countries in the region by creating new sources of demand in the Chinese economy. In addition, governments will have to take action to ensure specifically that the jobs and incomes of the poorest and most vulnerable sections of society are protected during this difficult period.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|chinese positive rebalancing economy arise|5.390482|4.8974695|3.9628098
13335|"The driving factors are insecure, low income, poor career prospects, and meagre chances of returning to full-time work. And Germany lags far behind, with women occupying only 6.1% of seats on the boards of directors in Foibes Global 500 companies in 2013, compared to the OECD-wide average of 18%. Since January 2016, women must account for 30% of seats in the supervisor)' (non-executive) boardrooms of stock-listed and so-called ""co-determined” companies, large companies of 2 000 or more workers, where employees appoint half the members of the supervisory board. About 200 companies are affected by the requirement."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|companies seats occupying supervisory lags|10.251342|4.096954|6.790208
13336|These circumstances lead to limited training and preparation on pedagogical evaluation and human resource management for the role of the school principal in school self-evaluation, school improvement, teacher appraisal and teacher career development. This is a rather technical area requiring very specific expertise in domains such as educational measurement, test development, validation of test items or scaling methods, which happens to be scarce in the Czech Republic mostly as the result of the limited availability of higher education offerings in these areas in the country. This is a rather problematic challenge as a current priority is the development of standardised testing in grades 5 and 9.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school test teacher evaluation development|9.695802|1.809837|1.4720745
13337|Using alternate metrics generates different results. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) eTrade of All framework identifies seven critical areas for e-commerce development: e-commerce assessments, ICT infrastructure services, payments, trade logistics, legal & regulatory frameworks, skills development, and financing for e-commerce. Using this e-trade for all categorization against OECD reporting codes gives a different perspective on financing flows.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|commerce trade financing using development|4.7201633|3.1361067|2.161717
13338|While end-user tariffs were significantly increased in the past couple of years, targeted subsidies to support poor households have risen as well. At the same time, the capacity of energy companies to build their capital reserves and to invest in upgrading the efficiency of generation and distribution assets remains low. During an energy crisis, the government typically intervenes to take control over the power sector, which in turn reduces longer-term investor confidence.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investor couple energy upgrading risen|1.8710473|2.0117514|2.0957954
13339|Furthermore, progress has been very uneven both across countries and for different groups of women within the same country, with women from the most disadvantaged social groups typically facing the widest gender gaps. They are also less likely to hold the best occupations and are considerably less likely to be in top-management positions. Many women are self-employed, but they own smaller and less successful businesses than men, as a result of credit constraints and gaps in financial literacy and business-related knowledge.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gaps women widest groups likely|8.971879|4.016719|6.0644174
13340|The Danish e-health portal, is the official portal for the public Danish health care sen/ices and enables patients and health care professionals to find information and communicate. The country also publishes annual reports based on national clinical databases, and reports on regional variation in health outcomes. The Folkesundhedsprogram 1999-2008 (Public Health Programme 1999-2008) included a series of targets for the reduction of inequality in health.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health portal danish reports publishes|9.263493|9.413232|2.1313984
13341|Because of rising incomes and spreading urbanization, per capita meat consumption increased from 34 to 43 kilograms between 1992 and 2010. Nearly all of this increase can be attributed to growing demand in Asia, and, to a lesser extent, Latin America. Combined with the growing world population, changing dietary patterns imply that food production needs to roughly double by 2050. Although, global food production has increased at a faster pace (about 45 per cent) than population (about 23 per cent), it has barely kept up with food demand and unequal distribution of the increased food availability was still leaving about 870 million people undernourished worldwide in 2010-12 (FAO, 2012).|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|food increased growing demand cent|3.984332|5.3442426|4.4262853
13342|Cities create wealth, generate employment and drive human progress by harnessing the forces of agglomeration and industrialization.8 Cites also offer greater societal freedoms. In the process of urbanization, however, there have been some bumps along the road, many of which are discussed in Chapters 3 to 8. While it is easy to ascribe all these changes to urbanization, such a causal connection would be superficial. The model is a result of relentless globalization, the unfettered transformation of cities into sources of private gain, a declining attention to public space and community benefit, and rapid technological change which in the end increases connectivity while it diminishes accountability.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urbanization cities diminishes harnessing cites|4.119491|5.1140227|1.8280045
13343|The task force could also examine whether and how men's high level of responsibility could negatively impact countries’ competitiveness. Although international and domestic laws prohibit discrimination in the recruitment process, working conditions and remuneration, these norms are not always respected in practice. Regulations that are intended to protect women may unintentionally bar them from certain types of work or from engaging in certain industries.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|certain prohibit respected bar remuneration|9.390392|4.5863514|6.3916526
13344|It comprises 42 railway connections with 390 stations and 943 bus routes with 11 900 stops. On average, it handles some 2.5 million passengers per workday, with an average length of travel of 10 kilometres. In terms of revenue per trip, it achieves a top value in Germany, covering its costs at 57%, with the remainder coming from federal regionalisation funds passed through the state budget, and from municipalities via state financial equalisation.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|equalisation achieves state stops passengers|4.3112526|4.9215183|0.63080394
13345|In addition, there are differences in how climate finance effectiveness is assessed. This paper explores different aspects of climate finance effectiveness, for example in terms of climate finance outcomes (e.g. environmental, economic, developmental), delivery (e.g. institutions and governance), and time horizons (e.g. short-term vs. long-term results). The paper uses examples from different types of activities (both mitigation and adaptation) and explores the issue of effectiveness at a range of scales (projects, programmes, policies). The paper focuses on climate finance in the context of the UNFCCC, i.e. public climate finance, as well as the private climate finance mobilised by public interventions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|finance climate effectiveness paper explores|1.7959604|4.190133|1.152551
13346|The economy and suicide: a time-series study of the USA. -Poor and uninsured to be treated at designated hospitals and prescribed generic medicine. - Increase in user charges from €3 to €5 for public outpatient facilities; some user charges for vulnerable groups removed. -Liberalisation of pharmacies -Hospital output based funding used for hospital budget from 2013.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|charges user hospital uninsured pharmacies|8.748683|9.184277|2.2241817
13347|Planned dam constructions are expected to influence the flow and hydromorphology. For example, in Georgia, municipal wastewater treatment plants are mostly not in functioning condition. In rural settlements, there is commonly no sewerage network. In the Turkish part, the influence of wastewater from settlements is considered local, but severe. For example, the controlled dumpsite Ardahan in Turkey may cause pollution of nearby agricultural land.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|wastewater settlements influence constructions turkish|0.8491867|7.083621|2.7167737
13348|Some countries, such as Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway rely on such personnel to a great extent, while in Hungary their role appears to be limited, as reflected in their comparatively low numbers at 2.5 per thousand population in 2008. Consistent with the general trend of declining numbers of hospital beds, the number of hospital beds per thousand population in Hungary came down to around seven in 2009 from nearly nine in 1996, owing to cost-containment policies targeting excess capacity in the hospital sector and the advent of new medical technologies allowing greater reliance on day care rather than long hospitalisation. Nevertheless, the number of hospital beds remained above the OECD average of five per thousand in 2009 (OECD, 2011; Figure 4.5). The average lengths of stay in acute and inpatient care were among the lowest in the OECD in 2009.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|thousand hospital beds hungary numbers|9.198522|9.002145|2.095998
13349|Resource allocation is also discussed as it relates to school location, the socio-economic profile of schools, programme orientation, education level, and whether a school is public or private. The chapter also analyses changes since 2003 in the level of resources devoted to education and how those resources are allocated. Human, material and financial resources are examined in this chapter as well as the amount of time dedicated to instruction and learning as shown in Figure IV.3.1. This chapter focuses not only on Ihe average level of resources avai lable in each school system, but also on how school resources are allocated across schools within systems.|SDG 4 - Quality education|resources school chapter allocated level|9.5261965|2.054058|2.313209
13350|Again, the co-operation agreements that the SFP has signed with INMUJERES and SEGOB offer ample provisions for introducing such measures. Similar bilateral co-operation agreements between INMUJERES and individual secretariats would also be usefiil tools for change, such as the one that INMUJERES signed with the Secretariat for Education (SEP). It focuses on implementing the lines of action from PROGUILIDAD which takes a more sector-specific approach to mainstreaming gender in the workplace - including measures promoting gender balance and work-life balance - and in the development of educational policies, expenditure and programmes. It did not include, though, specific gender equality requirements (UNDP, 2012).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|signed gender agreements balance operation|9.908413|4.030346|7.3018017
13351|Posttraumatic stress symptoms were experienced by 27% of the women trafficked for sex work and by 7% of the women trafficked for other kinds of work (Tsutsumi et al. In Europe, at IOM's Counter Trafficking Unit in Kosovo, the most common reactions observed by a clinical psychologist working for several years were acute stress reactions with numbness and detachment, posttraumatic stress disorder with continuing flash backs of the traumatic events and nightmares, dissociation and self harm but also symptoms of depression (Tudorache 2004). But they also argue that increased training is central to achieve this. This was obvious in a European study reporting that 28% of trafficking victims encountered a health care professional while still in captivity (World Childhood Foundation 2005).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|stress reactions trafficked symptoms trafficking|9.678497|5.4672403|7.3698726
13352|The Implementation Plan for the Sustainable Communities Consortium was adopted on 30 May 2014. This is a crucial condition to building an inclusive urban transport network since lower income households are more likely to live far from economic centres and to rely on public transport. As a consequence, many cities have implemented reforms to respond to this new demand. The creation of transport authorities that are responsible for multiple jurisdictions within a functional urban area is increasingly common.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport urban consortium jurisdictions functional|4.0924096|5.1219716|0.8935359
13353|An alternative is that funding could partly derive from subnational governments, but this would need to be coupled with tax reforms that boost subnational government income such as a possession-based rather than a transaction-based property tax (OECD, 2013a). Even if farmers manage to scale up their land holdings through renting in operating rights to farmland and attract suitable labour, poor access to finance may limit farm investment and mechanisation. A large problem for farmers in many developing countries is a lack of collateral.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|subnational farmers tax possession renting|3.9582832|5.17656|3.6111333
13354|However, to benefit, countries will need to strengthen technology capabilities and increase access for all groups in a wide range of areas, with support from the international community. They have spurred innovations such as big data, Al, 3D printing, Internet of things (IoT), robotics, cloud computing and many others. The Internet of Things (IoT) monitors and manages connected objects and machines and has applications in healthcare, agriculture, energy, and water management and quality.4 Al offers a wide range of capabilities including image recognition for diagnostics in health care, and agriculture. Combined with robotics, Al could transform production and distribution networks, in line with new business models, especially in manufacturing.5 New types of 3D printing6 allow ever faster and cheaper low-volume production and rapid iterative prototyping of new products,7 offering benefits in healthcare, construction and education.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|robotics healthcare things capabilities al|4.6729755|3.0588772|2.388901
13355|The restructuring of the economy after reunification contributed to the decline in energy use, notably the collapse of inefficient firms in east Germany after 1990 (OECD, 2001). Carbon emissions were reduced by the switch from petrol to diesel cars and from heating oil to natural gas, which are less carbon intensive (Destatis, 2011). Higher energy prices as well as European and national environmental policies, such as the implementation of the eco tax and energy standards in the automotive sector, also played a role by creating incentives for energy savings (OECD, 2011a). In terms of emissions per capita or relative to the GDP level, Germany is below the OECD average but above the EU27 average (Figure 2, upper panel and Table 1). When excluding emissions from electricity and heat production, Germany is the third low'est emitter in the OECD on a per GDP unit basis.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|germany energy emissions oecd carbon|1.4869477|2.9231794|2.1800382
13356|Today, India is the largest producer of fresh buffalo and goat milk and the second largest producer of fresh cow milk in the world. Most of the milk produced is consumed within the country. Milk is an essential source of protein in the predominantly vegetarian diet of many Indians. Today, every Indian consumes about 250 g of milk per day.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|milk fresh producer today largest|3.81024|5.0597167|4.373719
13357|Schools provide an ideal, universal setting for reaching children with mental health concerns and their role in providing health support in increasing across the OECD. This section discusses recent and ongoing initiatives integrating mental health services with education systems. One of the key areas of the 2011 Budget of Australia’s Ten Year Roadmap for Mental Health Reform, for instance, was improving young people's mental health services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mental health roadmap ideal services|10.497085|8.785559|1.6409944
13358|During the past decade, the share of the population using 3G mobile networks in Africa has been converging with the rest of the world. Consequently, policy and decision makers need to make efforts to expand the coverage to rural and remote areas in Africa where access is relatively lower. Looking at historical trends, major progress was registered in infrastructure development, but manufacturing and industrial sector development stagnated in terms of contribution to both value addition and job creation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|africa stagnated converging historical registered|4.8487782|2.9735374|1.538983
13359|This is especially important for small-scale projects that would normally not resort to this form of funding. If legal barriers and complex up-front investment discussions are streamlined and investments are standardised, smart contracts could be used to execute investment transactions. In addition, appropriate screening of the platform and investment transactions will need to be ensured. This is especially important in regards to regulatory aspects in the realm of energy systems and grid resilience, or the prevention of investment flows to countries subject to economic sanctions.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|investment transactions realm execute especially|2.3520098|2.8897324|1.7653178
13360|Other estimates in the literature end up around the same level: e.g. 51% (Fischer et al, 2007) to 60% (Fraiture et al., For the manufacturing sector and for electricity production, OECD 2008 calculations were used as the starting point. While water use in different industrial sectors can vary significantly, an overall average relationship with total industrial value added was assumed per geographical region, according to assumed regional structure of the sector and technological level. Over time this relationship was adapted according to assumed structural sector shifts and technological progress. A water balance can be established for each grid cell (see Chapter 1), taking account of land-use patterns, natural vegetation, crop distribution and management, climate parameters (temperature, precipitation and CO2 concentration), and soil parameters. This shows the resulting run-off per grid cell, i.e. the amount that ends up in river systems, lakes and dams, and the volumes available for downstream extraction.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|assumed cell parameters grid relationship|1.0514277|7.2940764|2.8727093
13361|In these places, the city that plans has become a reality. There is no shortage of places where planning is practiced as a vanity for national or municipal leadership; where imported ideas of “what will lead to a good city” are recited by planners from their textbooks or in response to the directives of their political leaders; where visions of urban form and urban design are thought to be sufficient to charting the future; where implementation is an afterthought; and where the objective is the planned city. Therefore, as the United Nations embarks on charting the New Urban Agenda, it is important that the discussions recognize the diverse contexts as well as issues and lessons emerging from them.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|city urban places visions practiced|3.9462376|5.2830935|1.7319943
13362|"Children of Austerity: Impact of the Great Recession on Child Poverty in Rich Countries, Oxford University Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0013. Child income poverty rate is usually defined as the proportion of children (0-17 year olds) that live in households with an equivalised income of less than a certain threshold below which all family members are considered to be poor. The focus is on the income situation of children relative to the average individual in the country, defined as the person with median income, not the median child (Corak, 2005|86i)."|SDG 1 - No poverty|income child median children defined|7.275245|6.146689|5.095344
13363|As urban areas become denser and rely more on public transport, walking and cycling, carbon emissions tend to decrease. The urban form of cities is not the only determinant of lower per capita emissions, but it is a critical factor among others, such as energy prices, the productive structure of urban areas or the public transport networks (OECD, 2011a). Figure 2.2 shows that when population density in built-up areas is high, motor vehicle ownership tends to be lower. Urban density is calculated based on the OECD definition of “predominantly urban” areas.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban areas density emissions transport|3.7661948|4.8522553|1.0309271
13364|See, also Huffman and Evenson (1989). Alston, Craig, and Pardey (1998) discussed the issue of knowledge depreciation drawing on the previous literature and these arguments are restated and refined by Alston, Pardey, and Ruttan (2008), and Alston, Andersen, James and Pardey (2010). After dropping some outliers and incomplete observations, they conducted regression analysis using a sample of 1 128 estimates with a mean of 64.6%, a mode of 28%, and a median of 42.0%. They found results that were generally consistent with expectations but in many cases they could not distinguish statistically significant effects on the estimated rates of return associated with the nature of the research being evaluated, the industry to which it applied, or the evaluation methodology, because the signal-to-noise ratio was too low. Nevertheless, a predominant and persistent finding across the studies was that the rate of return was quite large. The main mass of the distribution of internal rates of return reported in the literature is between 20% and 80% per annum.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|pardey alston return literature outliers|4.559629|3.6573498|2.6316786
13365|Women who work outside their homes need to procure a range of services, including child care, cooking or tailoring, that they would otherwise most likely carry out as non-paying tasks. This new demand for services results in job creation and economic opportunities for others. Meanwhile, female employment also leads to an increase in household purchasing power and broadens the available talent pool in the economy.228 Therefore, facilitating women’s formal entry in the economy as workers, consumers and investors raises potential economic outputs and wealth.229 A study covering 18 Arab countries found that GDP losses due to the gender gap amounted to 27 per cent.230 Moreover, resources in women’s hands entail a range of positive outcomes for human capital and capabilities within the household, and can be used for improving the health and education of their children.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women range procure household economy|9.003708|4.5317206|6.1558304
13366|To this end, the Teaching for the Digital Age Advisory Group and its Reference Group have been established by AICTEC to provide advice on a co-ordinated and coherent approach to teacher professional development in the use of ICT in teaching and learning. This Work Plan will focus on the teacher professional development required to integrate ICT into pedagogical practice to meet students’ needs and harness the resources of the DER. The DER Strategic Plan and Road Map together provide the broader context within which the various Australian state and territory DER-related government initiatives are being implemented.|SDG 4 - Quality education|der ict professional teacher teaching|8.815194|1.4262193|2.091462
13367|Descriptive comparative statistics on the raw association between child poverty and these factors are reported and discussed in the following sections. Large families with children have often higher dependency ratios (the ratio between those in the non-working age groups and those in the working age group). While information on household composition should be read in combination with the labour force participation of household members, data on the number of children living in the households provide some information on vulnerability to poverty for children living in large families.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children families living household age|7.152883|6.227527|5.238228
13368|Three-year average (2011-13). The data for most countries are based on a minimum threshold of 22 weeks of gestation period (or 500 grams birthweight) to remove the impact of different registration practices of extremely premature babies across countries. Looking at the numbers of beds per capita across these two groups of regions, the former (with relatively low hospitalisation rates) has a lower number of beds per capita on average, and the latter, very high numbers of beds per capita. Shortages of medical personnel in rural areas, poor transportation services, and lengthy travel times to health care facilities are also likely to undermine access to services in remote areas across the country (WHO, 2011).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|beds capita numbers grams babies|8.800916|8.438335|3.5471783
13369|More diversity in computer science professions and greater priority for girls and marginalized groups in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education can help address these concerns. New technologies are also changing the development finance landscape, from greater financial inclusiveness due to fintech to the regulatory challenges posed by crypto-currencies. The ability of countries and enterprises to exploit new digital resources will become a key determinant of their competitiveness, but the jobs created will likely require different skills.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|science greater currencies professions posed|9.29983|3.6593683|5.8792715
13370|The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is assisting the Government of the Republic of Macedonia to implement a Global Environmental Facility (GEF), which aims to create an enabling environment for PA establishment and management in terms of policy, governance, institutional capacity, and management know-how. The objective of the project is to conserve the country’s biological diversity by strengthening the management effectiveness of the country’s PA system as prescribed by its recent Law on Nature Protection. The proposed project will develop the institutional and systemic capacity of the country’s PA agencies to: (i) strengthen the national knowledge systems and apply appropriate technologies to support the design and development of a more representative and viable PA network; (ii) strengthen the decision-support tools needed to secure the legal tenure of, and expand, the PAs in the network; and (iii) locally test these decision-support tools and mechanisms in the formal re-proclamation processes of two pilot protected areas. The project will seek to ensure that PA lands in the country graduate in status from poorly managed to well-managed.|SDG 15 - Life on land|pa country project managed management|1.6703813|5.144734|3.9450552
13371|The relative comparative advantage of groundwater irrigation on surface irrigation will depend on a number of factors. Box 2.3 discusses some of the main elements, considering the interface and differences between surface and groundwater irrigation systems in general. Among the exogenous factors for farmers, the comparative cost of access to one or both options matter.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|irrigation comparative surface groundwater factors|0.9172677|7.414281|2.9644797
13372|However, such requirements are not fixed. Debates have been fuelled by the finding that the incidence of poverty obtained using a calorie-based poverty line was a small fraction of the prevalence of malnourishment as estimated from nutrition surveys (Dev, 2001; Ray and Lancaster, 2005). Such suboptimality could involve the intake of more expensive calories, the search for a more balanced or a more tasty diet, or the inability to forgo compliance with social demands.|SDG 1 - No poverty|calorie calories fuelled poverty inability|4.6901884|5.7204943|4.640497
13373|"Doctors are classified in either of three categories: General Practitioners (GPs), Specialists and Other Physicians. For Poland, most of the “Other physicians"" might actually be GPs. If these two categories are merged into “GPs” then the ratio of GPs to specialists increases from 0.12 to 0.30 for Poland."|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|gps physicians specialists poland categories|9.257255|8.997281|1.6543792
13374|On the other hand, the International Energy Agency (IEA), in its Medium-term oil market report for 2009-2012, released in July 2008, suggests that the industry will be capable of producing 96 million barrels per day by 2013, but expresses considerable doubt about its capacity to raise production much above that level because of declining output at existing fields, a disappointing record of new oilfield discovery, and concerns about the adequacy of future investment. Still, without a radical shift in energy strategy, it will be difficult for these sources to fill the gap created by the diminished availability of petroleum. This shift provides the opportunity to meet both climate and energy security goals in advanced countries.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|shift energy disappointing discovery doubt|1.4486991|2.5142899|2.1640973
13375|This is because at the time of the review there are very few operators who can deal adequately with hazardous waste. These official landfills are simply dumpsite areas where the municipal services (or contractors) pile up or simply deposit waste. In addition, another 28 spontaneous landfills are reported in villages where there are no waste management services.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|landfills waste simply deposit contractors|0.4277054|4.107562|3.1505554
13376|Post-conflict situations are windows of opportunity during which gender relations can and should be rethought and which, if properly utilized, can serve as the right moment to “rewrite” the rules and practices that previously served as obstacles to the participation of women in society. Overall, our book is meant to challenge the popular and often-propagated assumption that women should be supported, empowered and given a voice merely in their roles as victims. Collectively, we provide evidence in support of the growing understanding at international, national and local levels that while - and because - women are disproportionately affected by war, they can be powerful agents of positive and sustainable change if brought on board and given the chance to participate in every aspect of a society’s peacebuilding process.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women society utilized windows peacebuilding|10.226638|4.8647847|7.5689764
13377|Furthermore, the lack of women in the justice system discourages the use of judicial services by women, while historically law enforcement authorities have tended to divert women from accessing justice. Fear and stigma of accessing the state justice system frequently creates barriers for w'omen to access justice. Some countries in the MENA region have taken positive steps tow'ards addressing this issue, yet more support for civil society organisations and clear steps for reducing barriers to access to justice need to be taken.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|justice accessing steps barriers women|9.933109|4.9628997|7.3509927
13378|Thermoset plastics from municipal sources are often combined with other materials, making them difficult to separate for recycling. As such, they are seldom collected separately from municipal sources, unless as part of schemes focusing on specific items (e.g. w'aste electrical and electronic equipment or household appliances). Sorting can be broadly divided into positive picking (removing the target material from non-target materials), and negative picking (removing non-target materials from the target).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|target materials picking removing municipal|0.5205403|3.9165664|3.087658
13379|However, they are cross-sectoral in nature, and within an urban context, they form part of an integrated urban system. Urban public policy interventions ideally should be designed for and reflective of this dynamic relationship. Chile’s urbanism actors are aware of this need, but there are few mechanisms to support such a practice, and each sector appears to strike off on its own.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban reflective strike ideally aware|4.149863|5.7437997|1.8765465
13380|As a result, the number of beds is now around the EU average while the average length of stay is well below average 6.8 days compared to 8 days (2015). This, together with the fact that there are still many smaller regional hospitals, suggests that there is room to rationalise the hospital network to improve efficiency; notwithstanding the public opposition this is likely to prompt (see Section 5.2). Cataract suigery has been a particular success with one of the highest percentages of ambulatory cases in the EU (2015). Tonsillectomies, in contrast, are still exclusively performed in inpatient settings (Figure 14).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|days average eu prompt notwithstanding|9.176849|9.091713|1.972756
13381|"Butler (1988) built on this idea by describing gender as a performance, as a ""stylized repetition of acts"" rather than a stable category. Hegemonic masculinity embodies the honoured or dominant form of masculinity, and requires all other men to position themselves in relation to it. Complicit masculinity describes men who do not enact hegemonic masculinity, but still benefit from it. Subordinated masculinity refers to men who are oppressed by hegemonic masculinity (e.g. gay men), but still benefit from being men, rather than women."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|masculinity men benefit enact describing|9.9201355|4.8242865|7.354655
13382|The results of the inventory have also provided a basis for the district's public space strategy with a focus on heritage preservation. Efforts should be expanded to increase the quality and quantity of public space data, especially in the developing world. A key lesson is the need to link the public space assessments and inventories to the development of citywide public space strategies and action plans for the local governments, which function as the main sources of funding for public space data collection.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|space public inventories lesson preservation|4.103989|5.0262017|1.6713499
13383|Early intervention teams accept referrals from GPs and other mental health teams in the community. Sometimes local early intervention teams will also accept self-referrals or referrals from friends and family. People with complex needs requiring ongoing support may be placed under the Care Programme Approach (CPA). They should then receive a care plan and regular reviews.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|referrals teams accept intervention early|10.43505|8.758213|1.6272684
13384|Korea, Mexico, Chile and Israel are also members of the CCXG. Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would also like to thank presenters and attendees at the March 2018 CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change, whose views and feedback helped shape the final document, and Sweden and Switzerland for their specific comments. This section draws out relevant experience from current reporting to identify what practices or information could be “built on”, and what recurrent challenges may help identify areas that could be “enhanced” in future reporting.|SDG 13 - Climate action|ccxg document reporting identify recurrent|1.2604702|4.087528|1.2365937
13385|If a home visit is made by a midwife or a skilled professional, care for the mother could include more interventions, such as observing blood flow, measuring temperature and providing iron-folic acid supplementation and contraceptive methods. Adolescent mothers often lack the knowledge, education, experience, income and power relative to older mothers. In some cultures, they may also have to bear the effects of many judgemental attitudes, making an already difficult situation even worse. Thus, the provision of the continuum of care through to the early days following delivery can provide the extra support needed for the mother and her newborn.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|mother mothers newborn observing acid|8.844822|8.111521|3.8698199
13386|In countries where contributory pension coverage is low and stratified, low-income women are often excluded twice: they lack both a retirement pension benefit of their own (for performing unpaid or informal work over their lifetimes) and a derived pension from their husbands (for being married to or cohabiting with an informal worker). As a result, in countries with incomplete and stratified coverage, derived benefits may end up increasing the total transfer that the state makes to formally employed (often higher income) families. Benefits have been cut or significantly reduced, or they are being phased out, their duration restricted, or eligibility subjected to a means test (Saraceno and Keck 2011). Countries that have adopted NDC pension systems have continued to cover widows with a separate PAYG defined benefit scheme or have eliminated survivor benefits altogether (James 2012: 26). In Sweden, the widow’s pension was abolished in 1990 for women born in 1945 or later and replaced by a readjustment benefit to last only one year for women and men under the age of 65.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|pension stratified benefit derived benefits|8.37995|5.4518294|5.2152567
13387|The analysis summarises the context, the state ofplay, and the mechanics of the complex and evolving landscape of energy subsidies in the country. In fact, Moldova imports around 90% of its energy needs. The cost of energy imports amounted to about USD 1.3 bln, equivalent to 18.1% of GDP, or 23.9% of total imports in 2014.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|imports energy bln moldova summarises|1.6010667|2.679527|2.3063269
13388|Overall, these findings signal synergies across policy objectives, i.e. that reforms aimed at encouraging exports among domestic firms could boost efficiency and equity. This finding could reflect FDI-induced demand for unskilled labour and associated employment creation; and it would suggest that policy reforms aimed at easing barriers to entry for foreign firms could serve both the efficiency and equity objectives. By contrast, there is some evidence of negative effects on household incomes of the lower-middle class and the poor.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|aimed equity reforms firms objectives|5.941539|4.7745075|4.1855307
13389|For more than a decade, they have been advocating for workers' rights and have supported initiatives in the mobilization of workers and the organization of trade unions within various workplaces. Women in trade unions have made links between struggles in the factory, the community, the country, and at home. They have pushed for a range of reforms by opening the debate on the links between realms usually conceived as separate: the personal and the political; the home and the workplace; and child-bearing and work-related labour. In 1981, after pressure from women who raised the issue with the National Union of Textile Workers, an agreement was reached with the company South African Fabrics to close the wage gap between women and men workers in the industry and pay women the minimum rates, equivalent to those of male workers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|workers unions women links home|9.339094|4.5393147|6.113795
13390|"Less clear is their bet that incubators can gather viable entrepreneurs directly from the student community. Entrepreneurs are typically informed by their prior professional experience; effort at generating viable incubator participants would likely be better placed outside the student body. Though policymakers have identified industrial ‘clusters"" in Queretaro and Morelos, as elsewhere in Mexico, the use of this term in this context does not necessitate a great degree of meaningful cohesion and collaboration among the firms."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|viable entrepreneurs student queretaro necessitate|6.8610806|2.8931415|2.6335537
13391|There are recurring power outages, which leave some villages without electricity for five months per year and, more often, some cities without electricity for around three hours per day. Results of observations carried out by water companies show that water losses due to poor technical conditions of the water system are 50-60 per cent. At the same time, the main share of losses takes place in the interior building block, yard and in-house water systems. This is due to the fact that, while apartments are private, the ownership of an intradomestic and in-house networks is not defined, resulting in a lack of maintenance of these systems.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water house losses electricity recurring|1.4153659|7.246734|2.5695183
13392|Ces obligations doivent etre respectees dans toutes les lois, politiques et interventions en lien avec la famille. Grace aux 17 objectifs de developpement durable (ODD) et a ses 169 cibles, le Programme de developpement durable a I’horizon 2030 s’emploie a realiser les droits de I’homme de tous et a parvenir a I'egalite des sexes et a I’autonomisation de toutes les femmes et filles (preambule, paras 19-20). En outre,dans le cadre de ce programme, les dirigeants mondiaux se sont engages a promouvoir la cohesion des families (para. Si les families ont change au fil du temps, qu’est-ce-qu’une « famille » de nos jours ?|SDG 5 - Gender equality|les et famille developpement qu|8.99439|5.723267|5.0701056
13393|For example, women tend to spend income differently to men, and it is also now almost conventional wisdom that children do better when their mothers control a larger share of household resources, even if much of this evidence comes from development economics (Lundberg and Poliak, 1996). Supporting women’s paid work, bargaining models would say, would provide them more discretion over where and how family resources are spent. Given that young women’s levels of educational attainment now match or outpace men’s in most OECD countries and that increasingly, men and women partner with someone with a similar socioeconomic status, losses may be substantial if women stay at home.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women men outpace wisdom discretion|9.013334|4.9288297|5.9252524
13394|Concerning the EU, under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) member states from 2010 will be required to ensure that the water prices charged to all consumers reflect the full costs (O&M + capital costs + environmental and resource [opportunity] costs, Figure 1.4), although derogations will be possible for less-favoured areas or on grounds of social welfare to ensure all consumers have a basic service (see the OECD questionnaire at www.oecd.org/water). Australia also expects that some States will reach full cost recovery for irrigation water by 2010 (e.g. New South Wales). This figure summarises the information from the OECD questionnaire at www.oecd.org/water. Other costs including opportunity costs, economic and environmental externality costs are shown in Figure 1.4.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|costs water questionnaire oecd figure|1.5142345|7.467864|2.452295
13395|Which sectors do they cover (e.g. electricity generation, heat production, transport fuels)? The latter must be set with careful consideration for any possible overlaps or conflicting interactions with other economic and financial incentives for clean energy development. In fact, recent analysis on the use of tradable quotas for carbon reduction and renewable energy deployment seems to show that renewable energy support policies do not automatically result in improved performance against carbon reduction targets if there already exists an efficient and binding emission trading scheme.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy carbon renewable reduction overlaps|1.6305008|2.8233435|2.089186
13396|Also, while many Parties have made significant improvements in recent years to their domestic measurement, reporting and verification systems, further ramping-up of capacity is needed in many developing countries in order to be ready to implement the enhanced transparency provisions under the Paris Agreement. Transparency in the context of the international climate change negotiations generally refers to the measurement and reporting of information relating to mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and capacity building, together with processes for the subsequent review and consideration of some of this information. Transparency is important because it helps to build trust between Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), increases confidence that Parties are meeting their obligations under the UNFCCC and doing what they say they are doing, helps countries identify gaps in climate change policies, and informs stakeholders of the importance of climate change action.|SDG 13 - Climate action|transparency parties climate change doing|1.2557247|3.665291|0.862979
13397|Indeed, this proposal faces so many cultural constraints that it is probably the clearest example of the need to conduct environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs) of all the CRGE proposals, to ensure they are both ‘doubly green’ and inclusive. The CRGE’s current focus on tackling GHG emissions has a strong rationale given the potential international climate finance that Ethiopia could attract by harvesting many low-hanging fruits by mitigating the country’s emissions. However, it will be essential to attach better environmental criteria to these activities to avoid unwanted environmental impacts, such as from constructing large hydropower plants.|SDG 13 - Climate action|crge environmental emissions attach unwanted|1.9209127|4.3714046|2.3074055
13398|In the United Kingdom, ADEs may account for 4% of hospital capacity at an estimated cost of EUR706 million each year. Safety lapses in primary/ambulatory care most often result in hospital admission -the most significant source of direct costs. Hospitalisation for five common chronic conditions27 that can be managed in the primary/ambulatory setting account for a substantial proportion of hospital resources. The headline figure is approximately 6% of all bed days across a panel of 27 OECD countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hospital ambulatory headline account ades|8.994806|9.060019|2.0341644
13399|The annual budget of approximately EUR 1.5 million is covered by the EM Lyon Foundation, private companies and public funds. Activities include education and teaching (seminars, Masters degree courses and extra-curricular activities), entrepreneurship research and entrepreneurship educational research, and start-up support through provision of infrastructure (business incubator), support programmes, and access to networks. Main partners include alumni, professional networks, the RhOne-Alpes Region.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|entrepreneurship networks lyon em research|6.25768|3.2799118|2.6022904
13400|The 2004 amended National Water Law (NWL) restructured CONAGUA key functions through the transfer of responsibilities from the central level to subnational entities. These are playing an increasing role in the water sector, limiting CONAGUA’s role to the administration of the NWL, the co-ordination of water policies, the conduct of national water policy, and planning, supervision, support and regulatory activities. The Technical Council of CONAGUA is an interministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating CONAGUA programmes, projects, budget and operations, as well as co-ordinating water policies across departments and public administration agencies.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|conagua water administration restructured approving|0.978528|7.2015996|1.6629914
13401|As the world’s motor vehicle fleet is expected to double in little more than a decade, road injury is forecast to become the seventh leading cause of death by 2030. Already, road crashes are the number one cause of death for people aged between 15 and 29. Vulnerable road users -children, pedestrians, motorcyclists, cyclists and older people - suffer 50% of all road fatalities.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|road death cause seventh pedestrians|4.2471304|5.190725|0.011758693
13402|In order to allow comparison over identical 10-year periods in the face of relatively sparse poverty data, the period used is 1995-2005. This 10-year period does not perfectly overlap that used in Chapter l’s four-speed world, but countries are nonetheless presented according to their place in that classification in the 1990s and the 2000s. The average elasticity for all countries in Table 4.1 is -0.76, and -0.71 if outliers are excluded.|SDG 1 - No poverty|outliers sparse perfectly period identical|6.463593|5.857281|5.1156373
13403|That review has been informed by a range of inputs from ITU and other UN agencies, including a comprehensive assessment of progress towards the WSIS targets, the Final WSIS Targets Review, published by the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development in 2014 (Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, 2014a). The ICT Development Index (IDI), which combines data concerning ICT access, use and skills in an overview assessment of national ICT ecosystems, is reported on in Chapters 2 and 3, while the ICT Price Basket (IPB), concerned with affordability, is the subject of Chapter 4. The remainder of the present section briefly summarizes information society developments since WSIS and during the past year. The second section introduces the Connect 2020 Agenda.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ict wsis measuring partnership targets|4.8460116|3.0453408|1.8221047
13404|It estimates the total funds required to implement activities, the funding available and the financial gaps. Bhutan has also initiated projects on integrating PES and REDD+, and eco-tourism. Although these are new biodiversity related instruments, they have been included as potential mechanisms for financing the implementation of the NBSAP. The aim is to mainstream the NBSAP into the national economic development plans (five year plans), as a response to the current lack of coordinated approaches to resource mobilisation and allocation. The National Biodiversity Center will coordinate the development of the resource mobilisation plan, as well as all the strategies under target 20. A participatory and inclusive stakeholder approach will prioritize the national targets that will guide the plan.|SDG 15 - Life on land|nbsap mobilisation biodiversity national resource|1.6770457|5.3076057|3.7083995
13405|Yet, little comprehensive evidence is collected on how many women-owned and managed companies participate in international trade, what type of products they export or what barriers discourage women from entering international trade. Because of these issues, it is difficult to draw a comprehensive picture of women’s participation in international trade. The findings contribute to a better understanding ot women’s limited participation in international trade. For the sake ot simplicity, the analysis concentrates on exporting firms, including firms that both export and import. Surveyed firms that only import were not considered in this analysis.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|trade firms international women import|9.041357|3.8822784|6.3304086
13406|This has, fortunately, not prevented some LDCs from addressing trade-related adjustments in their own DTIS: Samoa, for example, mentions adjustment arising in the private sector to improve competitiveness as a result of dramatic tariff reforms; and the Solomon Islands refers to the adjustment costs arising from tax reforms. Although some donors may seek to focus on other areas of AfT, recipients should ensure that TRA is fully integrated into national development strategies, funding agreements and the legal texts of trading arrangements; for example, by crafting the terms of reference or other templates provided to consultants in the preparation of such documents to clearly specify that TRA needs should be addressed conceptually, qualitatively and quantitatively. More importantly, however, aid recipients should seek to influence the AfT debate by referring to best-practice case studies and current innovative approaches to supporting TRA, beginning with a concerted effort to highlight positive case studies in previous support programmes.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tra aft arising adjustment recipients|4.7959175|4.5900292|3.7552135
13407|The first session is organised in September and includes a test of student knowledge. The last one takes place in April and also includes a test. The tests are used in two ways: they allow the assessment of student needs and the subsequent preparation of a plan of educational activities tailored to specific students; and they also allow the assessment of student progress during the school year.|SDG 4 - Quality education|student test allow includes assessment|9.616095|1.9013638|1.4935157
13408|Service users’ needs reassessment and/or referral to other providers, if necessary, must be also included. These standards ensure the minimum quality of care and support which people receive whilst living at home and they establish the minimum service provision required. Emphasis is needed to encourage people in need, living in their own home, instead of in nursing homes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|minimum home living service referral|9.33117|8.809031|1.6553191
13409|The transition to low-carbon economies requires the mobilisation of investment in green energy infrastructure, renewables and energy efficiency. Transport policy, through measures to increase the share of electric transport in urban areas. Environmental policy, through measures such as raising awareness and shaping consumer behaviour to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality and reduce energy intensity.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy transport reduce measures shaping|3.7964003|4.6914835|0.81790507
13410|Retaining the group of seniors above age 65 in the labour market may require additional measures such as ensuring greater age-neutrality in the functioning of the labour market (OECD, 2015(45]). Thorough evaluation of the upcoming rise in the statutory' retirement age towards 2022 will thus be vital to assess the credibility of the longterm fiscal strategy. Entry into benefit schemes targeted to people with reduced work capacities (e.g. ledighedsydelse and flexi-jobs) has already increased among seniors (jobindsats.dk).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|age upcoming neutrality retaining credibility|8.019443|5.24634|4.4178386
13411|Basic services and infrastructure development, including transport and mobility, must be people-centred, with dearly-defined links to land-use plans and housing programmes, with the main focus on vulnerable and marginalized groups.77 Prioritizing basic service and infrastructure delivery must feature in any long-term economic and social development and environmental protection strategy. Governments must pay more attention to how, when, and with which standards70 they measure issues such as accessible and sustainable transport, adequate and affordable housing, inclusive urbanization, universal access to safe public spaces, and many other important urban targets that are strongly connected to the New Urban Agenda. The CPI provides both a metric and a framework for policy dialogue, giving cities and governments the possibility to devise indicators and baseline information, often for the first time.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|housing basic transport prioritizing devise|4.03851|5.0585456|1.4967083
13412|Given the variation of these characteristics among the CSN and the differences in their level of development, the quality and type of infrastructure needs vary significantly in least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. For example, some countries need to close significant infrastructure gaps with a particular view to lowering trade costs and thereby strengthening value chains. This is particularly relevant to least developed countries (OECD and WTO, 2013).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|countries developed infrastructure landlocked developing|3.9715312|3.8984027|1.9901844
13413|When excluded from the peace table, women have often used parallel processes on their own. When locked out of the rooms where decisions are being made, women have presented their positions and recommendations through the ‘gaps under the doors’, spoken to delegates outside meetings, or demonstrated in the street, as occurred in Liberia in 2003 (box 5.7). Various studies have examined how women in several African countries such as Burundi, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and South Africa have been involved in conflict resolution.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|liberia women spoken doors rooms|10.344037|4.832321|7.577642
13414|Availability of results of national assessments in Denmark: who has access to the results? ( Consequently, students, parents and teachers can use assessment results to follow an individual student’s acquisition of knowledge and skills, and municipalities and schools can use the results to compare themselves against the national average and to aid decision-making, but results cannot be used as a basis for systematic benchmarking and sharing of best practice among different schools and municipalities or for ranking municipalities or schools (Houlberg et al., The national assessments were conceived i) to provide a pedagogical tool for teachers against testable areas of the Common Objectives; and ii) to provide a tool for monitoring national progress over time through a national performance profile showing national average test results and to enable municipalities to monitor their schools against this national profile.|SDG 4 - Quality education|results national municipalities schools profile|9.699629|1.7627002|1.5295248
13415|Only a small share of all financing from foundations is aimed towards ICT development, of which a large share is support to increase access to ICTs at public libraries. Foundations sectoral priorities show similar patterns as official development providers. In 2015, the health sector received 47% of foundations’ research spending and 27% of all support relating to ICTs and other technologies, with significant investments in vaccine development and Infectious disease control. Foundations’ second research priority is the agricultural sector, with significant support provided by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|foundations icts support vaccine libraries|5.1197367|3.2925282|2.143226
13416|The CFS provides a forum for dialogue among all stakeholders in the world food system, including UN agencies, civil society and the private sector. The CFS has also convened meetings in which high level panels of experts present information and analysis to relevant stakeholders for debate. Finally, the CFS facilitates the process of monitoring policy implementation at the national level.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|stakeholders convened panels facilitates meetings|4.091826|5.348304|4.019059
13417|Connected, autonomous, shared and electric mobility will be necessary in order to decarbonise urban passenger transport. The shared nature of this mobility will be essential to meeting urban mobility needs. Comprehensive policy portfolios will include strategic land-use policies integrated with multimodal transport planning, economic instruments, infrastructure/service measures, as well as regulatory measures that support connectivity. Successfully reducing the use of personal vehicles will ultimately depend on providing citizens with sufficiently attractive alternative mobility options.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|mobility shared transport urban measures|4.158229|4.98583|0.68665063
13418|These unequal outcomes are not inevitable, however, and can be remedied by action on several fronts. Chapter 2 has already outlined actions to facilitate women's access to decent work and to eliminate gender wage gaps. In addition, pension systems can be designed or reformed to redress women's socio-economic disadvantage in old age.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|fronts reformed redress inevitable eliminate|8.47954|5.4112|5.3673673
13419|Latvia is moving in that direction with a Primary Health Care Development Plan that strives to improve quality and accessibility of health services, and enhances preventive activities to keep people out of more expensive hospital care. Latvia has demonstrated that it can use its workforce innovatively to improve access to primary care, but needs to strengthen the role that GPs and other health care professionals play in health promotion, particularly educating patients about chronic disease self-management. Section 3.1 describes the structure of the Latvian primary health care system, and workforce and other challenges.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care health latvia primary workforce|9.091713|9.02922|2.043713
13420|In 2006, the Washington Group on Disability Statistics approved a “short set” of six disability questions for use in population censuses, covering the domains of seeing, hearing, walking, cognition, self-care and communication. The Group is currently pursuing the field-testing of an “enlarged set” of questions for use in household surveys, covering the 10 domains of vision, hearing, upper body, learning, cognition, affect, pain, fatigue and communication (United Nations, 2010).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hearing domains disability covering questions|10.197635|8.816049|1.9879087
13421|In the early 1980s, the official urban poverty rate was about 2 per cent and the total urban poor population was 4 million. This decreased to about one million in 1989 according to official estimates, though unofficial estimates are much higher. For example, according to a 1994 survey by the Social Survey Centre of the Peoples University, there were then about 50 million impoverished urban residents (Hong Dayong, 1997). The number would be even larger if the estimate were to be based on the actual place of residence of individuals, rather than their registered permanent residence.|SDG 1 - No poverty|residence million urban official estimates|6.073122|5.8122783|4.8517847
13422|In China, India, Indonesia, Morocco, the Russian Federation, Tunisia and TUrkey, however, such measures have not been introduced yet (WBL Database, 2016). Evidence from OECD countries and a number of emerging economies shows that girls typically have lower levels of financial literacy than boys (Atkinson and Messy, 2012). They are also typically less confident in their financial knowledge and skills (OECD, 2013b). In light of this gap, a number of countries, including developing and emerging economies, have developed financial education programmes.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|financial emerging typically economies confident|8.838288|3.7014706|6.138816
13423|We report odds ratios in Table 12 in the Annex, indicating the change in the odds of a child being deprived in multiple domains (housing, environment, access to basic services and/or financial strain). We do not take income poverty into account for cumulative deprivation but rather consider its role in predicting simultaneous deprivation across domains of non-monetary deprivation. The first factor that significantly increases the odds of experiencing combined deprivations pertains to the family type that children are part of and particularly refers to those living in singleheaded households.|SDG 1 - No poverty|odds deprivation domains simultaneous strain|6.9767795|6.402199|5.2048483
13424|Currently vehicles for trading energy savings will be left to participants who will be allowed to buy compliance from over-performing participants or to negotiate action on their behalf. For more information on the scheme, see the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources consultation document. From January 2013, obligations to present white certificates will be imposed on utilities selling electricity, natural gas and heat to customers.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|participants natural negotiate behalf energy|1.5759162|2.4536555|1.9173923
13425|The logic is that most customers of a place providing a service (e.g. a shop, school or hospital) will come from its catchment area. As with travel time mapping, analysis can be conducted for different public transport modes. Such analysis can show how many more jobs can be reached by looking at how a plotted area changes if a new transport route is introduced.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport area analysis shop logic|4.2784166|5.1548514|0.5754223
13426|Furthermore, the sustainability of water and energy systems (Goals 6 and 7) and the safety and resilience of infrastructure, cities and human settlements (Goals 9 and 11) will be challenged by climate hazards. Similarly, if climate hazards continue to undermine the ability of countries to achieve sustained growth and development, full employment and decent work will be harder to achieve (Goal 8). With their references to universality, many other targets within the framework of the Goals provide the basis for reducing inequality in its multiple dimensions, encompassing access to key basic services such as health, education, water and sanitation, and energy (Goals 3, 4, 6 and 7), gender (Goal 5) and inclusive economic growth (Goal 8).|SDG 13 - Climate action|goals goal hazards achieve universality|1.5991008|4.9996414|1.9479032
13427|As it will appear, part of the literature points to how women's desire of moving away from the peripheral areas, to some degree, is combined with the women's wish to gain access to more opportunities as well as a bigger sense of freedom [or less social control). Forsberg defines gender contracts as unwritten rules and norms that regulate the relations between men and women, and that contribute to the creation and maintenance of gendered structures of opportunities in these areas. In her work, Forsberg has additionally used the term escalator regions [rulletrapperegioner) to describe the Swedish regions close to the cities, which, in opposition to the peripheral areas, are dominated by what she calls contemporary gender contracts meaning a less traditional gender division and a less traditional perception of the opportunities and freedom of choice for men and women. Forsberg has later, together with Stenbacka, taken the notion of gender contracts even further.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|contracts peripheral gender freedom women|9.269702|4.616984|6.8971043
13428|Thus the absolute C02 abatement cost of RES was around EUR 74/t C02 in 2009, more than six times the carbon price in the EU ETS. The EEG surcharge accounted for 9.6% of the electricity price in 2010. By increasing electricity prices feed-in tariffs encourage energy savings and thus emission abatement in Germany.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|abatement electricity price surcharge res|1.4669911|2.5730555|2.0696304
13429|It calls on governments to “ensure the full realization of the human rights of all women migrants. They comprise 83.7 per cent of the inhabitants of the United Arab Emirates, 73.8 per cent in Qatar and 60.2 per cent in Kuwait.222 Although the majority of labour migration in the Arab region is in male-dominated industries such as construction, female migrants are also numerous. They typically seek employment in domestic work, education, hospitality, leisure and health care.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|arab cent migrants hospitality qatar|9.439103|4.5424223|6.9219613
13430|Despite this, important interdependencies between environmental, health and social factors have only recently been investigated. The delays in strengthening tobacco control legislation (finally agreed in early 2017) exemplify the challenges (see also Section 3). Notwithstanding, the Strategic Document on Public Health (2012) set long-term goals to expand traditional public health to include non-communicable diseases.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health interdependencies notwithstanding investigated communicable|9.133998|9.3650255|2.94237
13431|Without deep changes in the way education is viewed, the country will continue to have low levels of performance. Ensuring equal opportunity for students in both private and public education can make Chile a more equal society, one that can seize upon the unique talents of all its citizens. Students in the lowest quintile of income distribution are about 15% less likely to attend secondary school than students from other quintiles. Challenges related to the limited scope of quality' assurance measures available, different criteria used depending on the type of service provided and insufficient use of the information generated on the system for improvement purposes contribute to these differences.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students equal talents seize quintiles|10.093212|1.9047616|2.3733003
13432|In all cases, women should have access to quality services for the management of complications arising from abortion. Post-abortion counselling, education and family-planning services should be offered promptly, which will also help to avoid repeat abortions. Programmes to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality should include information and reproductive health services, including family-planning services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|abortion services family planning abortions|9.444466|5.8863134|6.186309
13433|In all but the rarest circumstance, buyers in PES programmes will have the upper hand in the transaction, possessing more knowledge, experience and resources than the rural service providers. Such an environment is ripe for communities and landowners to unknowingly enter agreements that are, intentionally or not, structured in the buyers'favour. Any inequality in design is magnified by the fact that if contract disputes should arise, landowners would be unlikely to match the litigation resources available to the buyer.|SDG 15 - Life on land|landowners buyers litigation buyer disputes|3.3949566|5.2812457|3.5452847
13434|Because the MPI reflects poverty directly, it does not require adjustment (such as for urban-rural prices, inflation, nor imputation for rent. In practical terms, after the MPI is initially designed, a country can release its updated official national MPI two weeks after it receives the cleaned dataset. It can also be done transparently.|SDG 1 - No poverty|mpi dataset release weeks rent|6.379659|6.6100683|5.142595
13435|Such project-based assessments can also undermine the sustainability of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that rely on data with the right temporal and spatial scales. The objective of the centre is to generate, manage, exchange and disseminate relevant climate change information and capacity building services (IIED, 2013c). The NCCKMC was introduced in 2010, but is not yet operational. Similarly, Kenya has proposed a Climate Change Relevant Data Repository (CCRDR) to store and archive all data and information needed for the MRV+ framework (Republic of Kenya, 2012b).|SDG 13 - Climate action|kenya data relevant repository iied|1.2676902|4.7020907|1.392935
13436|"Most indicators included in the proposed poverty measure are already considered as ""core indicators"" by Germany's official reports on poverty and wealth (e.g., Bundesregierung, 2013). These indicators themselves have been selected based on scholarly advice (Arndt and Volkert, 2007). The poverty index is calculated for three points of time (spanning 2001-2012) and comprises 6 dimensions: education, health, housing, employment, material deprivation, and social participation."|SDG 1 - No poverty|indicators poverty spanning comprises advice|6.618744|6.4454618|5.0879655
13437|This will be all the more necessary the greater the distance separating production and consumption zones: for example, in the case of wind power in Brazil, concentrated in the north of the country, while consumption is mainly in the south. Estimates of the additional cost vary between USS 2 and USS 13 per MW. In addition, there is a further USS 1 to USS 7 per MW needed to improve the systemic balance through flexible generation, energy storage, or smart grids. To contextualize these investments, it is worth noting that just 3% of all investments foreseen in transmission and distribution from now until 2035 will be destined for adjusting the increase in intermittent renewable energies.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|uss mw investments consumption foreseen|1.5758098|1.8997734|2.1288288
13438|All other green spaces within a settlement’s boundary are defined as “reserved areas” for expansion of the main categories. While some settlements may meet or even exceed the legal norm, many cities lag behind considerably. For example, Gomel Oblast has only two cities with green spaces above the statutory level (Mozyr, 52.7 per cent and Rechitsa, 46.2 per cent) and a substantial number of cities that fall below this norm (e.g. Petrikov, 4.4 per cent; Chechersk, 8.7 per cent; Dobrush, 8.8 per cent; and Gomel, 17.5 per cent). Green spaces in major cities have also come under specific pressure from increased construction, including the curtilages of multifamily houses.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|cent spaces cities norm green|3.9729667|5.1874485|1.954427
13439|Psychiatric inpatient care in Japan is provided principally by private not-for-profit hospitals - which account for 90% of all inpatient beds - but also by public hospitals. Psychiatric inpatient bed numbers, and average length of stay (ALOS), have been falling steadily, although taken as reported ALOS and numbers of psychiatric patients are still high relative to the OECD average. When considering the typically reported ALOS (298 days, compared to an OECD average of 36 days) and psychiatric bed numbers (2.6 beds per 100 000 population, compared to the OECD average of 0.7) it is important to note that in Japan a high number of psychiatric care beds are utilised by long stay chronic patients which might not be reported under the psychiatric bed category by other OECD countries.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|psychiatric bed beds inpatient numbers|9.995764|8.8986025|1.8588127
13440|Section 3 reviews existing information systems and reporting mechanisms for climate finance and discusses their strengths and weaknesses as well as provides recommendations for how to improve information and reporting systems in key areas. Based on this review, section 4 develops options for a more comprehensive, reliable and transparent monitoring and tracking system for climate finance. Section 5 concludes with some indications on how the objective of a comprehensive and reliable database of climate finance could be reached over time.|SDG 13 - Climate action|section finance reliable climate comprehensive|1.510064|3.8109384|0.63564026
13441|Extending training to develop more specialised subject content knowledge will also be necessary as outlined above. It runs 17 schools in low- to middle-income neighbourhoods in Santiago. Endowed with a similar level of resources as other private subsidised schools, SIP schools achieve systematically higher SIMCE test scores, with much lower variance, and this is robust to controlling for socio-economic background. In fact, SIP schools’ performance is close to that of private fee-based schools, which serve high-income students with much larger resources as a result of their high fees. There is a selection process for entry based on parent interviews, although not ability tests. A centralised pedagogical department develops tests for all SIP schools to systematically evaluate pupils’ progress.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools systematically tests endowed variance|9.948138|1.8000175|2.0931945
13442|Nevertheless, the risk of poverty is much lower when the father or mother has tertiary education. For example, about 8% of children are poor when the father has a higher education level, while more than 20% of children whose father has a lower secondary' school diploma are poor (Table 1). While poverty rates have been declining in Canada, immigrants face higher rates of poverty than their Canadian-born counterparts, and low income rates among recent immigrants in 2010 was 2.6 times higher than the Canadian-born population (Picot and Hou, 2014(6,). Addressing Indigenous child poverty is done through programmes delivered nationally and at the provincial level, as well as through targeted initiatives that include childcare programs, labour force development programs, and social transfers to indigenous communities.|SDG 1 - No poverty|father poverty canadian programs immigrants|7.2781267|6.2900624|5.0961485
13443|This mode is also prominent in Lori. This shows that whereas the majority of the population receives both water and sewerage services from the WSCs, the majority of territorial units (and about 20% of the population) fall under “Mode 5”, w'hich means that households get water services from their local government and have on-site sanitation facilities. Private sector participation contracts will end in 2015 and it is planned that new contracts will be signed to start in early 2016. Local governments have not formed separate units (i.e. legal entities) to manage sanitation services and they frequently do not charge for the sanitation services that they provide. They do not have sufficient resources to provide guidance and oversee the activities of entrepreneurs servicing individual households, including septic tank builders and emptiers. Finally, they have great difficulties to attract external funding for investment, from both public and private sources.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|sanitation mode services contracts units|1.5715315|7.1050196|2.2383525
13444|For example, the OPFII/UNDP Global MPI covers a similar number of developing countries as the World Bank's PPP$1.90/day measure, drawing on national and international datasets, the Economic Community of Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) published a regional MPI in their 2014 Social Panorama, and Alkire and Apablaza (2016) created a preliminary MPI across European Countries using EU-SILC data (See Box 5.3). In the short term, countries can report existing national MPIs or the value of their global MPI published by UNDP. In this sense, the flexibility of the Alkire-Foster method used to build any MPI allows the index to capture national and international concerns of poverty and development (e.g., national development plans and SDGs). The current MPIs that are in place include a range of indicators pertinent to SDG goals such as health, education, living standards, social inclusion, violence, and employment, among others.|SDG 1 - No poverty|mpi mpis alkire undp national|6.3585277|6.5868764|5.1212807
13445|It might be safe to assume that spending on non-contributory benefits is between one and two per cent of GDP. In terms of targeting accuracy, the MB manages to transfer the majority of funds to the poorest households. In 2008, more than 50 per cent of the MB transfers were received by the bottom twenty per cent of the welfare distribution.25 As such, the MB compares favourably with other targeted programmes in the region.|SDG 1 - No poverty|mb cent favourably accuracy manages|7.366594|5.8787246|4.4427714
13446|The most obvious implication is on global fossil fuel markets. The two greatest consumers of seaborne coal over the last two decades - China and India -have seen declines in demand in the last two years, and financial institutions such as Citigroup believe that market forces, combined with the added factor of climate policy, put the sector in terminal decline.18 Major banking institutions like JP Morgan Chase are now no longer financing greenfield coal mining or generation projects in OECD countries. While the crash itself was largely attributable to the US shale oil boom and the response of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), it gives us some insight as how increasingly stringent climate policies, and changing technologies, might affect global trade in the commodity.|SDG 13 - Climate action|coal shale terminal greenfield institutions|1.3866649|2.7415698|2.1762967
13447|A number of OECD countries measure the quality of mental health care in primary care settings using a range of indicators. Sweden monitors the use of inpatient somatic care for patients with a mental disorder diagnosis that could have been avoided if primary care and/or primary or secondary prevention was sufficient. Finland tracks total mental health visits to primary care which sometimes include visits to specialists (psychiatric nurse, psychiatrist) who work within primary care as well as mental health related visits to a primary care physician.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care primary mental visits health|10.311503|8.935702|1.7907612
13448|There is a perception that timber harvesting (sanitation cutting) allowed within national parks is in conflict with the main purpose of these Protected Areas, but the logging practices are designed to be low-impact and low-intensity. Alternative financing options for the national parks and other Protected Areas have been studied and should be pursued. The Department of Nature Protection only performs inspections on implementation of the provisions of the management plan and implementation of overall protection. According to the Law on Nature Protection, local municipal governments have almost no competencies concerning administration of Category I and II Protected Areas (Article 135).|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected parks protection areas nature|1.5478747|4.910705|3.9745538
13449|The absolute number of doctors has continued to grow in most OECD countries during the 2008-09 recession and afterwards, although the rate of growth has slowed down in countries such as Greece. This result can, in part, be explained by the policy to reduce the number of temporary staff and replacement staff, although it should be noted that Greece still has the highest number of doctors per capita among OECD countries. In Ireland, a number of changes that affect the medical workforce have been introduced, including non-replacement of staff on leave, end of temporary contracts and voluntary redundancies as well as reduced agency and locum staffing.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|staff number doctors replacement greece|9.08944|8.942057|2.1530461
13450|The diversity of distribution mechanisms is shown in Figure 5.4. In particular, in many low- and middle-income countries, due to the lack of availability of medicines, both in hospitals and outpatient units, often the relatives or patient need to purchase medicines themselves. This category aims to include all consumption of medical goods where the function and mode of provision is not specified. Because their use is only preventive, they should in theory be allocated to prevention.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|medicines relatives mode outpatient preventive|8.47196|9.363228|2.2916987
13451|In states like Puebla, Morales and Veracruz, where women hold less than 30% of seats in the local congress, there is not yet any provision for sanctions for non-compliance.6 Although quotas have proven to be effective at the state level in boosting women’s representation in elected bodies, parties in some states continue to disagree and argue that greater female participation in elected positions flouts party rights. In such cases, a party usually nominates female candidates in districts w'here it has little chance of winning. In that way, it is actually meeting the gender quota. Chief among them are negative attitudes to female politicians, political harassment and violence, and norms and values which consider that unpaid caregiving and housework is women’s work. A survey in 2008 found that 64% of women believed that the sexual harassment of female political office holders indeed took place, while 23% claimed they had been sexually harassed in their work as legislators (Cerva Cema, 2014).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|female harassment elected women party|10.460898|4.2997346|6.892071
13452|Use assessment strategies that are consistent with the learning objectives, the subject taught, and the national curricular framework, and allow all students to show what they have learnt. The teacher: - knows and understands the core principles and concepts involved in the subjects) or disciplined) taught by him/her. - Show high expectations about the learning possibilities and B3. Create and keep consistent regulations about classroom B4.|SDG 4 - Quality education|taught consistent learning learnt curricular|9.526718|1.6652538|1.439179
13453|In 2011, the Amazigh peoples won a landmark victory with the official recognition of their language and culture in a new constitution. Although a timetable for the expansion of Tamazight classes across primary schools was established around the same time, this plan has not been implemented. The initial goal was for Tamazight to be taught in all of the country's schools by 2008.|SDG 4 - Quality education|landmark schools won taught constitution|9.711099|2.1212525|2.1181781
13454|Current policies often fail to recognise these unintended effects (“externalities”) and to address these trade-offs between water risks (risk-risk trade-offs). Multiple and scattered (“diffuse”) sources of water pollution are challenges in many countries and a multiplying number of water contaminants threaten freshwater quality. The population affected by flood is increasing worldwide and with it the value of assets at risk. The report focuses on OECD countries but also refers to countries outside the OECD area.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|offs risk water contaminants multiplying|1.2849286|7.12707|2.7876532
13455|Amenable mortality - i.e. those deaths that could be avoided by timely and effective medical care - provides a better measure of the impact of health care on the population’s health status than life expectancy, even though it is affected by the prevalence of diseases as well as medical achievements (Gay et al., Finland’s amenable mortality rate for men is higher than in any other Nordic country, but for females it is the second lowest after Iceland. The results also vary widely across diseases. Diseases of the circulatory system and cancers, together, account for more than 80% of amenable mortality in Finland and the OECD.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|amenable diseases mortality finland medical|9.283609|9.182155|2.9015589
13456|In the Spanish parts of the Duero and Guadiana basins, respectively 92% and 88% of water withdrawal is for agricultural use. Water abstraction for irrigation is also a major pressure factor in the Po Basin, being 80% of the total water use. Water demand in summer for agriculture and tourism is particularly acute in the coastal regions and islands of the Mediterranean.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water spanish mediterranean withdrawal summer|0.98026437|7.427495|2.761508
13457|Different pedagogies have developed different ways of balancing the three tasks and teachers are likely draw on a combination of pedagogical approaches. There is no guarantee that practices studied in isolation have the same effect once combined (and ideally, any combination should equate to more than the sum of its parts). Systematic studies of the impacts of combining pedagogies may be found in studies of ‘deeper learning’ schools (Zeiser et al.,|SDG 4 - Quality education|pedagogies combination studies equate deeper|8.797815|1.5091382|1.8373348
13458|Chapters 1-4 noted the constraints faced by supply augmentation in Korea at subnational level. Minimising leaks in Korean cities can help make a better use of available resources, while saving costs of investment in new storage capacities. This is an issue for Korean cities, which strive to keep water bills low' and face investment needs to serve a grow'ing urban population and renew existing water supply infrastructure.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|korean cities leaks augmentation renew|1.5722113|7.253406|2.1574738
13459|There is also a direct relationship between poverty and extreme poverty rates. The countries where poverty is lowest also have the lowest rates of extreme poverty: Argentina. Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay have extreme poverty rates under 5%; Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama, Paraguay and Peru have extreme poverty rates of between 5% and 10%, while in the other countries these rates exceed 10% (see table 11.1). Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Paraguay.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty extreme rates salvador paraguay|6.4752955|5.7906866|5.1863804
13460|"It emphasized the need for policy-makers to focus on analogue complements to digital development, in particular 'a favorable business climate, strong human capital, and good governance.' The outcome document from that review called for 'close alignment' between the WSIS process and the 2030 Agenda, highlighting the 'crosscutting contribution of information and communications technology' to the SDGs and poverty eradication,' and called on governments and international organizations to integrate ICTs in their implementation of sustainable development. The review expressed concern about continued digital divides which could slow progress towards sustainable development, with particular reference to the gender digital divide."""|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital called review wsis development|4.7498264|3.113841|1.8619937
13461|As the most prominent example, the EU ETS showed a steady decline in GHG emissions until 2016, though also registered a rise in emissions in 2017 for the first time in seven years. Although challenges around certificate trading markets still exist, the EU ETS is the only emissions trading system globally that has proven its feasibility and works to achieve the ambitious climate objectives set out by the European Union. An indicator for this success is the carbon price in the EU ETS, which has reached a 10-year high. Other prominent examples of emissions trading systems include the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), both in the United States.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ets emissions trading eu prominent|1.4056412|3.0930562|1.8990526
13462|The first column consists of the main constraints hindering the development of small-scale agriculture. The subsequent columns have information on the name, the institution responsible for, the description of the programme, its budget (initial and most recent budget), the number of beneficiaries (initial and most recent number), its PSE categorisation, whether or not the programme is targeted to small farmers based on the country’s definition of small farm; some limitations (based on evaluation programmes carried out by the country itself) and whether or not the programme allows market access and structural transition. These two last aspects are answered based on past empirical evidence that suggests that certain type of agricultural policies like price support or input subsidies tend, in the long term, to perpetuate agr icultural activities regardless of whether they are economically viable or not, situation that does not contribute to the structural transformation (OECD, 2010; OECD, 2012a).|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|small programme structural initial budget|3.844351|5.1993937|3.7487447
13463|The pressure for competitiveness implies intensified use of natural resources and practices associated with high production, financial and market risks. The pressure for sustainability implies constraints on the ways resources can be exploited and an increasing internalisation of the resource use costs into farming costs. The key challenge for the farm risk management system in New Zealand is to develop strategies that would reconcile these competing pressures.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|implies pressure internalisation intensified reconcile|3.3892393|5.5686812|3.8804514
13464|Such models can help to direct efforts to where they may be the most effective. Emerging onto the scene are approaches that enable detailed “what if” questions about the introduction of polices related to prevention, treatment, organisation and financing of care, technological innovation and health-sector productivity. Further, there are new' approaches that enable health expenditures to be situated in a broader context: they can take account of factors such as the health, longevity, and productivity of the population; and investment, consumption and economic growth which can help policy makers evaluate “value for money”. In the system, a forecast from one model can provide a needed input parameter for another model.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|enable health approaches model productivity|8.898203|8.701919|2.6303198
13465|The Closing the Gaps by 2015: The Texas Higher Education Plan, adopted in 2000, aims to make all high school graduates college-ready and close the gaps between young people from different backgrounds in higher education participation and success, in educational excellence, and in funded research. One key element of the plan is the use of performance data to monitor progress towards the plan’s goals. Each postsecondary institution is required to provide targets and report progress. Focusing on the four target areas of Closing the Gaps, the Texas Higher Education Accountability System tracks performance in higher education institutions.|SDG 4 - Quality education|texas gaps higher closing plan|9.594626|1.7903814|1.687032
13466|This includes regulating services such as carbon storage that enables a stable climate and extraction of e.g. fish and soil quality that enables extraction of fuel and food. In addition to this, the goods and services can have an option value, i.e. the value people put on the opportunity to keep the possibility to use the good or service in the future, even though it is not used today. Bequest value is the value people put on keeping a good or service for the coming generations.|SDG 15 - Life on land|value extraction enables good service|1.842149|5.3464346|3.6302686
13467|La part des creances douteuses dans les portefeuilles de prets des banques commerciales et des organismes de financement d’fitat de KazAgro s’est envolee en 2010. Ceci a conduit le gouvernement a etudier un allegement de dette de 2 milliards d’USD pour l’agriculture. Dans la filiere cerealiere les carences des infrastructures essentielles et du reseau routier rural font directement augmenter les couts de transactions. Les lacunes de l’information, les delais de commercialisation dus par exemple au manque de silos-elevateurs et de capacites de transport, ou les difficultes d’acces aux installations portuaires font egalement augmenter les couts.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|les des dans et la|4.0592155|5.1213994|3.6694727
13468|The focus is on aggregate indicators and also on racial shares. In addition, the rural-urban dimension of inequality and poverty is given some attention. Section 1.2 augments this long-run picture by describing and summarising the evidence from national household survey data on post-Apartheid inequality and poverty changes.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|inequality apartheid describing racial poverty|6.4418106|5.5258803|4.780877
13469|They fill, at best, one-third of public managerial positions (see Figure 5.7) and are better represented, though not necessarily at the senior level, in “soft” departments like education, the environment and tourism (see Figure 5.9). There is also a discrepancy between the number of women in high-ranking public positions and the proportion of w'omen (in the whole population) w'ith the educational qualifications to fill them. They include a culture of long working hours, the lack of flexible work arrangements, inadequate child care services, discriminatory practices and sexual harassment.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|positions discrepancy omen figure managerial|9.763507|4.1202793|6.4108725
13470|The impact on the cost of electricity produced by coal would vary in the range of 15% if the price of coal varied by 50%. Once a nuclear plant is up and running, it reliably produces electricity at foreseeable cost, clearly an attractive feature for investors. Doubling the carbon price, for instance, from USD 30 per tonne of CO2 to USD 60 per tonne would increase the total average cost of coal-produced power by 30%, more than doubling its variable cost in the process.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|coal cost doubling tonne produced|1.2617332|2.1355011|1.8997368
13471|One risk to bear in mind in this respect is going too far with the expansion of social support mechanisms. In recent years South Africa has massively expanded budgetary transfers for social protection, and these have proved to be effective in combating poverty. Moving too far in this direction will, however, undermine incentives to find and keep a job, as well as compromising fiscal sustainability and thereby undermining macroeconomic stability.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|far compromising combating undermining proved|7.2603874|5.7702327|4.3651295
13472|The current study represents an important step in a longer-term agenda, intended to improve understanding regarding how to broaden the finance options available and accessible to SMEs and micro-enterprises, taking into account the heterogeneity of the sector, the challenges for small firms in actually accessing and using the instruments available, the implications of on-going financial reforms, and the specific financing needs of certain types of firms, such as innovative and high-growth enterprises, SMEs seeking international expansion or those undergoing a major transition. It follows the two-pronged approach advocated by the G20/OECD High Level Principles on SME financing, and specifically addresses its proposal to consider the feasibility of broadening the set of assets suitable for use as collateral to include intangibles, to ease access to lending for knowledge-based companies (with due regard for the associated risks). It also builds on recent OECD/STI work on KBC and the economic impact of intellectual property. In particular, this study provides a detailed, practically-oriented investigation of the topics raised by Chapter 9 of, “Enquiries into Intellectual Property’s Economic Impact” (OECD, 2015).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|intellectual smes property enterprises firms|5.268923|3.4362228|2.5712144
13473|Three reasons lie behind this. First, more is known about the promotion of agricultural growth than the promotion of alternative, non-agricultural activities (Valdes and Foster, 2010). Second, the responsibility for rural development has often fallen to government departments responsible for agriculture, farming and related activities (Rojas-Caldelas et al., Third, in most developing countries, the vast majority of the rural population is engaged in agriculture, and improving farm incomes is often seen as an obvious first step. It is not that approaches based on single sectors in isolation are necessarily ineffective or undesirable, but simply that an approach to development with too narrow' a focus is unlikely to recognise the full complexity, externalities and opportunities that affect the development potential of a given region.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|promotion agriculture development agricultural rural|4.1856046|5.29413|3.6733844
13474|Total income (value of landings, direct subsidies, and other income combined) and profit of the national fleet increased. Table 26.5 summarises the economic performance of the fleet. This segment experienced losses in 2004-06, but has improved its profitability despite increasing fuel prices, showing positive signs with regard to profits in 2007 and 2008. One explanation for this is a new management system introduced in 2007 for the pelagic segment, based on individual vessel quotas giving vessel owners increased possibilities to manage and plan their fishing during the year. Pelagic species prices have also had a positive trend, although the price of sprat decreased in 2008 compared to a peak in 2007.|SDG 14 - Life below water|pelagic vessel segment fleet positive|-0.053674005|5.8565035|6.7393694
13475|At the same time, some of the humid regions may need to manage additional precipitation by rethinking their conjunctive water management approaches, to reduce recharge and increase use, e.g. with more pumping, drainage, and less surface water use for irrigation, to mitigate the potential risks of water logging and salinity (Chapter 2). This chapter helped identify some of the key aspects of groundwater management on which to build locally-specific strategies (Table 5.1). Of these, two primordial items appear to be prominently missing in OECD countries, and/or necessary to ensure that groundwater is better used in the future. New discoveries of groundwater sources in Africa and under the seafloor, as well as unprecedented published estimates of groundwater depletion in Northern India and western United States show there is progress, at least in some regions.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|groundwater water humid regions prominently|0.70354414|7.419928|2.8494635
13476|The Government of Indonesia should progressively increase its spending on the public provision of early childhood education services that can be accessed by poorer families. The threshold licensing standards should be common across the nation. A set of minimum service standards should be developed for ECCE along the lines of those developed for the school and madrasah sectors.|SDG 4 - Quality education|standards developed progressively nation licensing|9.394209|2.7211065|2.23872
13477|The Governement is planning to develop PA network through designation of PAs of Category V and VI connecting other categories I-IV to insure achievement of conservation goals in production landscape. According to the assessment conducted in preparation of the revision of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, the recent revival of animal husbandry and agriculture, which coincide with economic growth, has resulted in the transformation of wild nature - wetlands have been drained and turned into agricultural lands. Creating and maintaining small intact or managed lands between agricultural lands would prevent the above-mentioned problems.|SDG 15 - Life on land|lands husbandry intact insure designation|1.6593169|5.15422|3.9735668
13478|In 2005, more than half the region’s 388 000 employees between the ages of 18 and 64 had only 12 years or less of schooling (see figure 1.6.). In 2005, 52.8% of 12th grade pupils in the Galilee (Northern District) earned a matriculation certificate, compared with the national average of 55.1%. Due to limited accessibility of higher education, in 2004 only 39% school graduates from the Galilee enrolled in the first year of post-secondary studies in one of Israel’s higher education institutions, compared with the national average of 43.9%.|SDG 4 - Quality education|galilee compared earned average pupils|7.870409|2.436178|2.8055432
13479|The OECD and the FAO will consider them as part of their ongoing work programmes. The Round Table urged caution in attempting to build broader aspects of sustainability (like economic and social sustainability) into an internationally applicable definition applying to fisheries and aquaculture. While these aspects are important at the operational level - particularly in developing countries where adjustments to fisheries management practices will fail if the social and economic impacts are not taken into consideration -they should not be built into an overarching definition or criteria. In the meantime, it was agreed that certification for aspects where there are no agreed definitions, standards, or assessment methodologies are liable to cause confusion.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aspects agreed definition fisheries sustainability|0.19807969|5.8498373|6.6241474
13480|Tobacco consumption, which is partly behind the world’s highest lung cancer mortality rate among Hungarian men, has declined markedly since the mid-1990s, but remains at a high level, exceeding the OECD average. The government has recently taken steps to curtail tobacco and alcohol consumption by increasing excise taxes in November 2011, and introducing a smoking ban in public places, effective from 1 January 2012. Around two-thirds of Hungarian men and half of women are overweight or obese (Figure 4.2). High blood pressure affects close to 30% of those aged 25-64 years and type two diabetes affects approximately 10% of the population (HCSO, 2009).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hungarian tobacco affects consumption curtail|9.232481|9.38733|3.0733922
13481|The results of these scenarios are shown in Table 6.5 for 2001 and 2011, and broken down into three main categories of expenditure: economic affairs and agriculture, general public services, and defence. These expenditures according to both the average cost and marginal cost scenarios are summarised on a per capita basis in Table 6.9 in the last section of this chapter. Hence costs are distributed among all South African inhabitants (native-born plus foreign-bom) in line with their shares in the population.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|scenarios table cost broken summarised|4.7004156|4.438259|3.0586474
13482|Early identification and detection mechanisms may need to be improved, and treatment strategies and products developed. The aquaculture of extractive species (using nutrients and carbon directly from the environment) such as bivalves and macroalgae may merit further focus for their positive ecosystem characteristics and potential food security benefits (Ferreira et al., Most importantly for feed-based aquaculture is its dependence on capture fisheries for fish meal and oil and growing competition for terrestrial raw material. Feeding materials and formulation strategies will be particularly important in maintaining and expanding output while containing costs and energy inputs and improving resilience to climate change.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture strategies meal merit detection|0.33247653|6.107554|6.410664
13483|"Free legal aid should be provided for women without the means to pay for court costs and attorney fees, so as to ensure that no woman is forced to forgo her economic rights to obtain a divorce” (para. The Committee also reminded them that they a re ""obligated to provide, upon divorce and/or separation, for equality between the parties in the division of all property accumulated duringthe marriage. States parties should recognize the value of indirect, including non-financial contributions with regard to the acquisition of property acquired during the marriage”."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|divorce marriage property parties accumulated|9.508496|5.1822248|7.0241065
13484|The level of delivery risk mitigation offered by replacement ratios is contingent upon the correlation between the biodiversity outcomes at offset sites. In reality, biodiversity outcomes are often closely correlated, so it is difficult to eliminate delivery risk using replacement ratios. Creating offsets using different ecological restoration techniques or dispersing offset sites across space may contribute relatively more to delivery risk mitigation (Moilanen et al., The party liable for the delivery risk purchases insurance, or a similar product, against the possibility that the offset site fails to deliver the required biodiversity outcomes.|SDG 15 - Life on land|delivery offset risk biodiversity outcomes|1.8023944|5.5153756|3.9955976
13485|Travel costs from Siberia and the Far East could exceed average monthly wage levels in these regions by several times. In addition, an increase in the permanent population in areas with extraction industries operating in extreme climatic conditions also poses particular problems because health care services are often lacking in such localities, diet is poor and pollution is extensive. This may reflect differences in the organisation of primary-care provision between rural and urban areas (see Chapter 1). Persons living in rural areas may not have doctors who they can consult and patients have to be satisfied with paramedical services which are limited in the care that they are allowed to provide. Surveys show that the access to health care in rural areas is worse than in urban areas, both in terms of the presence of medical facilities and in the quality of health care provision (Bremzen et al.,|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care areas rural health provision|9.053956|8.76766|2.0210247
13486|Nuclear energy, which shares this quality with renewables, is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the LCOE from nuclear power generation. With fossil fuel plants instead investors and customers are exposed to fuel and carbon price risk. For a gas-fired plant 70-80% of its total costs are fuel costs.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|fuel nuclear costs price lcoe|1.3598261|1.9550616|1.8435429
13487|The Gender@Work framework (developed by an international collaborative that helps organizations to build cultures of equality and justice) looks at change in terms of consciousness and awareness, access to resources and opportunities, formal policies, laws and institutional arrangements, and informal cultural change and deep structure. Qualitative thematic coding techniques were applied to categorize these gender results (see Chapter 5 for details).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|coding gender thematic change cultures|9.910995|4.315648|6.9682274
13488|This objective can be achieved through recycling and collection targets of the product or materials and through incentives for consumers to bring the used product back to the selling point. These include measures such as deposit-refund schemes, Advanced Disposal Fees (ADF), material taxes, and upstream combination tax/subsidy (UCTS) that incentivise the producer to comply with EPR. In South Korea for example, ADFs are imposed on importers and producers of products that are hazardous and more difficult to recycle. Standards can be mandatory or applied by industries themselves through voluntary programmes. Measures can include imposing information requirements on producers such as reporting requirements, labelling of products and components, communicating to consumers about producer responsibility and waste separation, and informing recyclers about the materials used in products. This underscores the most pressing need to address issues of efficient management of landfill sites and other waste collection processes.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|products producer materials consumers producers|0.5541029|3.9309118|3.0484257
13489|Furthermore, the legal obligation to give each pupil the necessary help to obtain passing grades is in many municipalities seen as an aspirational level (SNAE, 2009; Schools Inspectorate, 2014). Ambitions need to be raised and responsibilities need to be clearly allocated across the educational system, in particular within municipal administrations (OECD, 2015). Decentralisation coincided with the introduction of a new curriculum which was much less concrete than the old one.|SDG 4 - Quality education|aspirational pupil coincided passing ambitions|9.610532|1.9363176|1.8559895
13490|For example, reducing flooding in rice farming can not only save water but also limit associated methane emissions (Adhya et al., Another example is the use of agricultural residues, such as cotton or soy stalks, to make briquettes or pellets to heat boilers and stoves, respectively.48 In addition, consumers can play an important role in reducing GHG emissions from agriculture. For instance, reducing meat consumption and replacing meat with plant-based alternatives is a simple way to limit the ecological footprint of food consumption, in line with SDG 12.|SDG 13 - Climate action|reducing meat limit emissions boilers|1.4619757|3.760975|2.9560583
13491|This section discusses each in turn. It is a medium size agglomeration, with a dense core, close suburban belts, and uneasy relations with local governments in a mostly natural or agricultural hinterland, leading to strong competition and tensions with regards to land use and development. Because in France there is little likelihood of amalgamation and all communes have equal rights and authorities, local policies try to tackle these challenges by forming co-operative communal associations and with the SCoT a common spatial plan.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|belts hinterland scot suburban forming|3.8220258|5.8016815|1.7164471
13492|It also proposes some concrete actions such as the establishment of an African Women Investment Bank and the implementation of Gender Equality Seal certification standards in Africa. The previous chapters examined the kinds of social and economic advances and disadvantages that women face, their political voice and role in decision-making, as well as the interaction of legal and social norms in both expanding and impeding women’s rights and opportunities. Chapter 7 reviewed some of the policy and institutional responses that governments have used to address gender inequality.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women seal impeding gender disadvantages|9.553386|4.492942|7.06618
13493|This is particularly true in the case of the Agency for Quality Education, which is building up an assessment and feedback mechanism on school effectiveness that should allow schools to make a more effective use of resources. It forbids private-subsidised schools to select their students on the basis of economic, social and academic criteria. This is likely to put an end to a longstanding practice which has been considered one of the reasons for the high level of socio-economic segregation in the Chilean school system.|SDG 4 - Quality education|schools longstanding school chilean select|10.011899|2.0093436|2.460815
13494|It was chosen by the NEA as the basis for its SSDI (Simplified Supply and Demand Index) which was presented in Chapter 3. On the basis of a complete set of energy data provided by the International Energy Agency’s Data Services from 1970 to 2008, the SSDI tracked energy supply security based on both supply and demand data. It showed that the security of supply situation in OECD countries has unequivocally improved since the early 1970s.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ssdi supply energy data basis|1.0864912|1.8694344|1.9494499
13495|Section 6 then shows the results obtained from the econometric work and Section 7 concludes by providing a brief discussion of the key policy implications of the findings. In parallel, income inequality has risen in a large number of OECD countries and some emerging economies (OECD, 2011a, OECD, 2014) and become, once again, a hotly debated policy concern (OECD, 2008; OECD, 201 la; OECD 2013b). Economic analysis can help identify some of the potential sources of inequality—including international trade— as well as establish links between inequality and other measures of economic performance such as, for example, economic growth.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|oecd inequality economic section debated|6.661676|4.893897|4.5549145
13496|Pharmacists in South Australia are permitted to administer the influenza vaccine. In the Northern Territory, pharmacists in a pilot are permitted to administer influenza, measles mumps and rubella, adult diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccines for adults. Western Australia recently amended legislation to allow pharmacists to administer influenza vaccines.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|influenza pharmacists administer vaccines permitted|8.795514|8.837506|2.2058926
13497|Evidence points towards the increased occurrence of violence against women during times of conflict (UN Women, 2011: 49, 88). Similarly, in the MENA region, while there are no reliable statistics on violence, the interviews, meetings and focus groups carried out throughout this project by the OECD and the Centre for Arab Women Training and Research with governments, civil society and other stakeholders suggest that, despite the efforts of governmental and non-governmental organisations, violence against women (physical, sexual and psychological) still occurs in both the public and private spheres. While the CEDAW does not explicitly refer to violence against women, the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women recommended in 1989 in its general Recommendation No.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|violence women governmental spheres cedaw|9.974924|5.2390203|7.437549
13498|Thirdly, it explores issues related to women’s awareness and understanding of legal rights. Finally, it highlights social considerations in accessing justice. In particular, they shall give women equal rights to conclude contracts and to administer property, and shall treat them equally in all stages of procedure in courts and tribunals. ( However, in practice, gaps remain and lead to discrimination against women.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|shall women rights thirdly administer|9.782751|4.927377|7.300352
13499|Since 2015, ITU's Study Group 20 on loT and its applications has developed various standards on smart cities and communities. Recommendation ITU-T L.1600 provides an overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) and indicators for a global framework of city indicators with reference to the UN Habitat's City Prosperity Index. Recommendation ITU-T L.1601 defines these KPIs. Recommendation ITU-T L.1602 focuses on the sustainability impacts of ICT for smart sustainable cities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|itu recommendation indicators smart city|4.063224|4.178005|1.5267806
13500|This is due to the rise in agricultural incomes in rural areas, which partly offset the fall in other incomes and the rise in consumer prices. In Cameroon, absolute changes in child urban poverty rates over the simulated crisis period are around 1 percentage point larger than in rural areas, but high population in rural areas make its absolute contribution to national poverty stronger. In Burkina Faso the crisis mainly affects children living in rural areas.|SDG 1 - No poverty|rural areas absolute incomes rise|6.628286|6.096532|4.976777
13501|Indicators that directly measure the skills of individuals are therefore needed. For this purpose, an indicator of reading skills of 15-year-old students is used here. This indicator captures reading literacy, defined as the “understanding, using, reflecting on and engaging with written tests, in order to achieve one’s goals, to develop one’s knowledge and potential, and to participate in society” (OECD, 2010c). The 2009 wave of PISA tested 470 000 students, representing 26 million 15-year-olds in the schools of the 65 participating countries.|SDG 4 - Quality education|reading indicator skills students year|9.715655|2.1498237|3.0493875
13502|The development of a National Action Plan on AMR was initiated by the Ministry of Health in 2016. Falling smoking prevalence and the introduction of local cardiac services from the mid-1990s explain part of the steady decline in heart disease. Yet Malta records relatively high levels of deaths within 30 days of admission to hospital for acute myocardial infarction, at 9.5 per 100 admissions among those aged 45 years and older, compared with 7.4 in the EU and 5.5 in Italy (2013) Similarly, higher-than-EU-average case-fatality rates were recorded for people hospitalised for stroke. Taken together, this may point to potentially systemic challenges in providing high quality treatment in the acute sector, although further investigation of the data is needed to better understand the causes for Malta’s lower performance on these indicators.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|malta acute eu myocardial infarction|9.170301|9.365151|2.554367
13503|Some countries also continue to restrict women’s access to this profession (e.g. Bahrain, Yemen). Yet, efforts are needed to increase women’s representation in leadership posts in civil society organisations across the region. These restrictions, among others discussed elsewhere in this report, can severely restrict women’s ability to fully participate in public and economic life. At the interface between governments and citizens, women in public leadership positions can exercise significant influence over the development, implementation and evaluation of public policy.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|restrict women leadership public interface|10.169647|4.5312343|7.2493477
13504|On the other hand, regions with the highest deprivation rates (Kidal, Tombouctou) have poverty rates of only 16% and 33% respectively. These patterns are related to the level of services available for families with children in each region and underscore the fact that low levels of poverty do not automatically translate into reductions in child deprivation. An increase of USD 1 per person per day would reduce the probability of being deprived by 25 percentage points in rural areas. The specific dimensions most strongly linked with income are health for younger children and education for older children.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children deprivation rates poverty automatically|7.0579333|6.3038087|5.183702
13505|In a sharing regime, water users would find the threat of periodic bans and uncertainty replaced with a clear incentive-based structure. Decisions would be based on consideration of the full suite of opportunities available to all users. One of the most important features of this approach is that the attention of all water users is drawn to the need to plan for and deal with water scarcity'.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|users water suite bans periodic|1.2304696|7.4049582|2.2421012
13506|Neither one is easy to answer. Through her presentation JBJ drew attention to the fact that taxonomy for nature resources is urgently needed in order to prevent misuse or unfortunate use of nature resources. Aquaculture is becoming increasingly important as it is providing a greater and greater share of total fish production and is expected to be vital for future food security. Since 2000 aquaculture production globally has increased by 6.9% but when looking at the European Union aquaculture production has in the same period only grown by 0.5%.|SDG 14 - Life below water|aquaculture production nature drew greater|0.3504094|6.0992475|6.5219493
13507|The programme is targeted on poor households with children aged 5-16, as well as on the elderly, persons with disabilities, pregnant or lactating women; altogether it covers about 5.8 million children, two-thirds of whom are aged under 15 years. In addition, it has contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of low height-for-age and increased muscle mass among beneficiary children (World Bank, 2009b). The same results are reported by two different studies using experimental data. According to Shamah et al (2007), the rate of anaemia has decreased three times more compared to the control group due to nutrition based on the enriched milk.|SDG 1 - No poverty|children aged anaemia height altogether|4.561291|5.7891703|4.6323266
13508|As of the fourth quarter of 2009, the unemployment rate was about 1.5 percentage points higher than the level implied by Okun’s law. Panel B of Figure 1.10 confirms that unemployment has responded more strongly to the decline in output in the United States during the 2008-09 recession than in past recessions, even as the unemployment response has been weaker than in the past in the large majority of OECD countries. Okun (1962) highlighted two such factors, namely, procyclical variations in labour force participation and labour productivity.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|unemployment past recessions implied responded|7.6009226|4.5315886|4.22419
13509|In the rural areas, 11 ward groups involve disabled people, parents, teachers and children who identify as disabled people; ensure sufficient teaching and learning materials and assistive teachers; make the learning environment welcoming; organise events to raise awareness; and collect funds for physical access improvements. The work with families was crucial in encouraging them to enrol their disabled children in school and to become allies in their struggle for rights and education. Case studies are used in national and international advocacy for changes to laws, policies and development programmes relevant to inclusive education.|SDG 4 - Quality education|disabled teachers learning ward enrol|10.232262|2.4104066|2.0232098
13510|For example, in 2013 the Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications (MTT) produced a National Plan for Port Development that identified priority investments in the port sector over a time horizon extending 20 years. In 2014, the MTT also produced a “Master Transport Plan for Santiago in 2025”, which presented a long-term integrated plan for urban transport covering all transport modes, including both public transport (regional trains, subways, tramways and buses) and motorways, urban roads and bicycle lanes. Similarly, in 2010, the MOP (see Box 2.1) published a “Plan Director de Infraestructura”, which looked ahead to 2020, and, applying a methodology called ‘Tranus”, developed a combined transport and land use model which served as the basis for identifying projects in different regions of the country (Consejo de Politicas de Infraestructura, 2014).|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|transport plan port produced mop|3.983413|5.288531|1.011716
13511|The State of the Worlds Children: Children with Disabilities. Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025: The Integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Each product of such a birth is considered a live birth. These calculations are, strictly speaking, not rates (that is, the number of deaths divided by the number of population at risk during a certain period of time) but a probability of death derived from a life table and expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|pneumonia diarrhoea deaths birth live|8.799306|8.445473|3.6210234
13512|"In what countries are high-achieving students attracted to teaching? In-service teacher surveys often show that current teachers are highly motivated by the intrinsic benefits of teaching - working with children and helping them develop, and making a contribution to society - while studies that survey large pools of graduates about their career choices show that the relative salaries of graduate occupations play a role in their choices: had teachers’ salaries been higher, more “potential teachers"" would have seriously considered a career in teaching. At the country level, results indicate that both teachers’ salaries and the social status of the teaching profession are positively associated with students' expectations of working as teachers."|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers teaching salaries choices career|9.526018|1.352922|2.4592078
13513|While all technologies have system costs, those generated by variable renewables are of at least an order of magnitude larger than those of dispatchable technologies. In addition, they are creating a market environment in which dispatchable technologies are no longer able to finance themselves through revenues in “energy only” electricity wholesale markets. In addition, system costs tend to increase over-proportionally with the amount of variable electricity injected into the system.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|dispatchable technologies variable electricity proportionally|1.6870048|1.6772426|1.9088169
13514|We use the narrow definition here and this unemployment rate is shown to be decreasing as we move up the income deciles. The unemployment rate is higher for every decile in 2008 than in 1993 and is particularly severe amongst the bottom five deciles. The previous three tables show clearly that, in the initial post-Apartheid period, participation rates increased faster than absorption rates with a consequent increase in unemployment rates across all deciles.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|deciles unemployment rates absorption rate|7.73442|4.336388|4.25844
13515|Others are closely aligned to, or informed by, major adaptation programmes (e.g. Nepal and Mozambique). A third group of countries have focussed their approach on monitoring changes in a number of priority areas (e.g. Germany and the UK). A few frameworks, nonetheless, do include an evaluative component (e.g. the Philippines, France, and the UK). For example, the objective of the Philippine’s framework is to identify the approaches to adaptation that are most effective in bringing about the desired change and to understand how the change came about. To achieve this objective, the framework includes seven results chains reflecting the adaptation priorities identified in the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2011-2028.|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation uk change objective evaluative|1.2925457|4.6613793|1.5066249
13516|The results with respect to skill intensity suggest that firms with relatively high levels of average skill intensity tend to smooth employment more than other firms. This is likely to reflect the possibility that more skilled workers possess higher levels of firm-specific human capital. The role of export status was also considered but did not yield any conclusive results.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|skill intensity firms conclusive results|8.06482|3.2184572|3.206528
13517|The class given should be part of the learning unit planned in the portfolio. The class should contain two or more activities. Issues addressed include analysis of the sequencing of activities, time management and the interaction in class. It requires the teacher to undertake the analysis of the learning progression of a single student, an account of student performance within the class, and an assessment of own strengths and weaknesses.|SDG 4 - Quality education|class student learning sequencing analysis|9.522156|1.4688007|1.5910838
13518|In the parts of the city where the poor live, roads are often unpaved, poorly drained and maintained. A study in 18 African cities found that people devoted 8-15 per cent of their total household expenditure to transport, with the poor spending 4-10 per cent of income on transport. Actual spending patterns on transport are, however, complex and often localized.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport spending cent poor devoted|4.42618|4.7386074|1.7458749
13519|Support for project preparation can help to address capacity constraints relating to climate resilience. Blended finance can be used to improve the risk-retum profile of investments where appropriate. It can also withstand, respond to, and recover rapidly from disruptions caused by these climate conditions.|SDG 13 - Climate action|blended withstand disruptions climate recover|1.837772|4.061872|1.4518213
13520|The State Services Commission (SSC) also plays an ongoing role in terms of advising policy for, and direction of, the state sector. It holds responsibility for evaluating and reporting on the quality of education provided in early childhood services, kura and schools. The Education Act gives ERO’s Chief Review Officer the right to initiate reviews, investigate, report and publish findings on the provision of education in New Zealand.|SDG 4 - Quality education|education kura officer publish state|9.841923|2.365628|2.02756
13521|The rationales behind the Regional Development Investment Agreement are to enhance the local governments’ autonomy and capacity on their own regional development agenda and to break the policy silos among central ministries which dominate regional policies through sectoral approaches. In order to meet the goal of improving the efficiency of policies and the regional autonomy, the new agreement system is equipped with powerful tools. Financially, large amounts (approximately 15 billion KRW for each pilot region) of government support will cover 30-80% of the costs of projects in the agreements over up to 3 years.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|regional autonomy agreement rationales krw|3.903145|5.0621576|1.9901229
13522|A network of basin organisations claimed that given the scope of their activities, Principles 2, 4 and 10 related to managing water at the right scale, the capacity of responsible authorities to face water challenges and stakeholder engagement, received special attention. The low rate of responses does not allow for a thorough assessment of “why” these organisations did not use of the Principles. However, several reasons were reported, including poor understanding of the Principles within their organisation; encountering capacity challenges related to staff, time or funding; weak alignment of the Principles with their organisational priorities; and prior implementation of the Principles in the respondent’s country of residence.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|principles organisations challenges capacity thorough|1.0649414|7.09511|1.6199173
13523|The evidence, however, is less reliable than the corresponding evidence for smoking. However, healthcare and productivity costs associated with specific dietary patterns, and specific foods, are disputable, due to the unclear relationships between diet and future health outcomes. The cost-effectiveness of interventions designed for changing health behaviours is largely unknown.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|evidence specific unknown diet dietary|9.176848|9.12462|2.9278257
13524|This reflects the contribution that the UN expects road injury prevention to make towards a paradigm shift in favour of healthy lifestyles and sustainable urban development. The SDGs are universal in scope, and therefore apply to all UN Member States. The highly ambitious target for reductions in both road crash fatalities and injuries poses a significant challenge to all governments to reinvigorate their national road safety policies and plans.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|road expects crash lifestyles paradigm|4.2075734|5.265086|-0.04998689
13525|The Austrian Code of Criminal Procedure, since 2006, provides specific procedures and rights for women complainants/survivors of violence in the criminal justice process in order to avoid their secondary victimization. The application of such laws has proven to be problematic as they do not focus on healing of, and providing redress to, the survivor. In addition, in many instances, the use of customary and/or religious law has been seen to preclude the survivor from seeking redress within the formal justice system.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|survivor redress criminal justice victimization|9.91172|5.298042|7.5188007
13526|The ECA does not allow monitoring the resilience/health of specific ecosystems via the monitoring of specific species - similarly, none of the accounts are suitable to monitor the status of biodiversity of species over time. This information is provided separately via biodiversity indicators. If methods improve to be able to better measure ecosystem degradation / ecological debt and associated loss of value, then there is potential to estimate a value for degradation/depreciation of the natural capital stock that could be used to adjust GDP.|SDG 15 - Life on land|degradation species biodiversity monitoring eca|1.6224626|5.3536425|3.9472969
13527|The capacity of institutions and individuals is central to the success ofaNUR which is why UN-Habitat and its partners develop tailored training programs to strengthen the ability of cities and municipalities to manage urban development with relevant data, knowledge and tools. To support the NUP process, training programmes are initiated through various conferences and workshops. These forums include elements such as national consultations, workshops and other capacity building and advocacy activities.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|workshops training nup capacity forums|3.5977683|4.9857736|1.7280326
13528|Hoffmann (2005), De Lima, Barreto and Marinho (2003) and Menezes and Pinto (2005). These findings can then be used to compare inequality and income elasticities of poverty and extreme poverty in different periods of the economic history of Brazil. In the second section, a brief overview is presented of the literature on the impact that economic growth, on the one hand, and income inequality, on the other, have on poverty. This is followed by a description of the database, models and econometric methodology that have been used.|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty inequality lima elasticities econometric|6.330039|5.551793|5.0631514
13529|She was studying the experiences of women who form small minorities in the corporate sector. Kanter estimated that, when the proportion of minority members reached about 30%, they were able to influence decision making autonomously as a group. In the 1980s, her findings were picked up on by the Danish political scientist Drude Dahlerup (Dahlerup, 1988), w ho argued that the critical mass phenomenon could also apply to women who constituted a minority' group in politics. As for the outcomes that critical mass could produce, Kanter and Dahlerup referred mainly to the possibility’ that increased numbers would enable women to form supportive coalitions and promote women-relevant policy change.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|minority mass women critical form|10.355623|4.361584|7.2213087
13530|"The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Improving Chile’s urban outcomes will require adjusting its urban governance framework, including building the capacity to bring central and sub-national, public and private actors together to build a “whole-of-city"" approach to urban initiatives. This chapter focuses on Chile’s urban administrative structures, recent sub-national reforms and sub-national financing practices."|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|urban sub chile national adjusting|4.156928|5.714708|1.8826445
13531|On average across OECD countries, and after accounting for the socio-economic profile of schools, no association can be identified between the percentage of immigrant students attending a school and the likelihood that students attending that school will attain baseline levels of academic proficiency. After accounting for schools’ socio-economic profile, a high concentration of immigrant students was associated with poorer performance in Germany, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland. Slovenia was the only country where students who attend schools where more than one in four students has an immigrant background are less likely to attain baseline levels of proficiency, after accounting for the school’s socio-economic profile.|SDG 4 - Quality education|students profile immigrant accounting socio|9.676834|2.5538414|3.0765007
13532|By 2009, GEF-funded UNIDO projects amounted to $257 million. Typical projects include policy support (providing fiscal incentives for industrial energy efficiency, setting up benchmarking and best-practice dissemination programmes, ensuring energy management standards); building capacity (energy management systems training, training industry managers and engineers); implementing pilot industrial energy-efficiency projects; and financing (supporting schemes with relevant financing institutions). The Three-Country Energy Efficiency Project introduced new approaches to domestic and international energy-efficiency financing in these countries, including loan financing schemes, energy service company or third-party financing and demand-side management programmes (World Bank 2008).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|energy financing efficiency projects management|2.2619734|3.27958|1.6637793
13533|It works on a contractual basis with the 18 municipal water providers (until 2018). Water supply continues to be governed by national laws and associated regional laws and policies. The Veneto ATO also plays a regulatory role: it sets fees for water services, and determines contractually-based incentive payments and fines for compliance with water quality standards/environmental standards established by VERITAS.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water laws standards fines contractual|1.2074648|7.2249427|1.8330563
13534|After a decade of policies that deal directly with water resources management, much still needs to be done in developing the institutional capacity to monitor and enforce these policies, and ensure consistency in other policies that indirectly impinge on water resources management. Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI): Provisional indices and profiles for Trinidad and Tobago’. State of the Environment Report 2001 & 2002.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|policies provisional trinidad tobago management|0.98723847|7.004783|1.8327421
13535|The value of model-based approaches increases when moving to finer levels of spatial disaggregation. Detailed poverty maps are powerful tools for targeting social funds and for the design of safety nets. Work in this field should include supporting informed use of these estimates, by publishing quality assessments (e.g. standard errors, relative sampling errors) and providing guidance to data users. This should include evaluating whether three-year averages are significantly more reliable than yearly estimates, given the survey data available, and whether administrative sources could be used for the regional income indicators.|SDG 1 - No poverty|errors estimates disaggregation include sampling|6.6114836|6.3030825|4.9603324
13536|It is less a coherent theoretical concept and more an umbrella term for classroom learning settings in which individual learners receive different instruction (Breidenstein, 2014; Wellenreuther, 2008). In the German context, a related term has become widespread over the past 15 years, “Individuelle Forderung”, which may best be translated as “individualised support” (Klieme and Warwas, 2011). It also describes the idea that teachers’ instruction should be responsive to the individual needs of students.|SDG 4 - Quality education|instruction individualised individual umbrella term|8.930273|1.6042573|1.8912227
13537|Such a shift in viewpoint may account for a larger number of cases being identified and disclosed, rather than an actual rise in mental health problems of such dramatic proportion. In any case, it is recommended that a disability benefit scheme be developed for individuals under 30 that emphasises vocational rehabilitation and replaces disability benefit entitlement for youth for prolonged schooling with a study grant. In order to reduce the tendency of early dependence on disability benefits, it is suggested that labour policies and measures should be put in place that boost labour demand and encourage hiring of young people (OECD, 2013b). The health care system in Sweden, mainly financed through general taxation, is highly decentralised and characterised by universal coverage and equal access to services.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|disability benefit replaces viewpoint prolonged|7.899622|4.8230915|3.9551988
13538|The same review also shows that under these and even less ambitious renewable energy scenarios, it is expected that a global share of more than 5 per cent of intermittent modern renewable power will be reached by 2020. This will require some sort of smart grid to deal with load balancing, which in turn means that these scenario plans assume the rebuilding of the existing power grids in most large economies within the next 10 years, an extraordinarily ambitious undertaking (comparable undertakings in previous energy transitions took more than 50 years). In this scenario, demand for all types of energy increases in non-OECD countries, while in OECD, demand for coal and oil declines.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|ambitious scenario energy renewable power|1.5779599|1.7447884|2.0704541
13539|In particular, reducing food wastage may contribute significantly to the sustainability of the food system. Currently, it is estimated that 32 per cent of the total food produced globally is wasted. In order to substantially reduce the quantity of food lost and wasted, changes have to take place at different levels of the food chain: production, storage, transportation and consumption. In developed countries, efforts are most needed at the retail and consumer end, owing in part to management practices and consumption habits.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|food wasted consumption habits retail|3.9857726|5.2754364|4.5242457
13540|This strategy makes it possible to offer a significant degree of protection to children even in times of economic crisis. And it also illustrates the usefulness of deploying both a relative income measure and a direct measurement of deprivation in the struggle to monitor and mitigate the impact of economic forces on the lives of children. In previous Report Cards, some basic principles for the cross-national monitoring of child poverty have been proposed.|SDG 1 - No poverty|deploying usefulness cards children struggle|7.158523|6.4861207|5.038683
13541|Most (80%) of the strictly protected area is forest. The area of strictly protected forest increased slightly between 2005 and 2012, from 52 000 ha to 57 000 ha. Poland’s 1481 nature reserves include 174 established since 2000. The total land area in nature reserves increased from 150 000 ha in 2000 to 166 000 ha in 2012.|SDG 15 - Life on land|ha strictly reserves area protected|1.3948103|4.8213263|4.1466594
13542|In addition to the impact from diffuse pollution from agriculture, pollution by the pulp and paper industry affects the lake through the Saimaa Canal, including municipal wastewaters discharged by Nuijamaa village (300 inhabitants). The population density in the lake basin area is 24 inhabitants/km2. The most significant water-quality problem is eutro-phication, which is mainly caused by nutrients from agriculture and the pulp and paper industry.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|pulp lake inhabitants paper pollution|0.68053573|6.824644|2.8858979
13543|The reduction of costs at a national level for countries that import fossil fuels is also of value, especially in light of recent price increases and global unrest. There is considerable controversy over whether currently available biofuels (typically derived from grain or oil seed crops) are produced sustainably at this time, whether they provide much net C02 reductions, and whether they may have adverse impacts on food security and agricultural markets. The answers depend on each situation, but current biofuels do not now provide significant net benefits. There are exceptions such as sugar cane ethanol in Brazil, where at least the costs are low and C02 emissions reductions appear to be substantial.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|biofuels reductions net controversy cane|1.5424433|3.0666351|2.9002724
13544|In some cases, however, disaffected youth are lured into joining by the promise of money and the sense of empowerment that comes with possessing a gun. In the aftermath of war, former youth combatants feel dispossessed, as they no longer have weapons and cannot find decent employment and sustainable livelihoods. In developed countries about 10 per cent of all migrants were youth, and the corresponding figures for developing and least developed countries were about 15 and 21 per cent respectively. These figures point to the economic pull of migration, especially for youth from least developed economies, and the willingness of such youth to assume the burdens and risks associated with leaving their homes and social networks to seek work in other countries so that they can provide for themselves and their families.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|youth developed figures combatants cent|8.008223|3.97166|4.053832
13545|Third, marginal income tax rates for second earners, typically women, are very high, creating disincentives for working long hours. Fourth, a non-negligible net wage gap (about 7%) triggers specialisation whereby the least paid person in the household spends relatively more time looking after the children. Finally, women often hit a “glass ceiling”, making it difficult to mount the corporate ladder to senior positions of responsibility, which are rarely available on a part-time basis.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|triggers spends ladder disincentives glass|9.058112|4.8745513|5.685936
13546|Issues of conflict of interest between government officials and privatized water systems and their corporations are also widely reported (Shiva 2002). Comparative assessments do not readily support the efficiency argument, possibly due, in part, to reported corruption in awarding natural monopolies to unqualified providers (FOEI 2008; UN 2006). The question of paying the full cost of water is also much broader if ecological impacts are taken into account.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|reported privatized awarding argument corporations|1.3225263|7.364486|2.171273
13547|The project has an initial budget of $5.8 million and is expected to reach some 13,200 direct beneficiaries. It is expected that open source software will quickly become attractive for the majority of the region’s young ICT trainees as it has deep roots in community and collaborative work groups. These courses are entirely needs driven. The pan-African IT-learning and trainer network, ict@in-novation (box IV.5), is an example of such a regional capacity development network.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|ict network expected trainees pan|7.9019704|2.4105768|2.3552942
13548|Making regulatory provisions for pilot projects and promoting innovation will therefore be key in fostering further AV development. Connected, autonomous, shared and electric mobility will be essential, and the shared nature of this mobility in particular will be essential to meeting mobility needs. Pilot projects regarding shared autonomous vehicles have sought to sequentially increase the complexity of the systems. Keolis, for example, currently operates 10 autonomous shuttles and has transported 90 000 passengers in seven countries.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|autonomous shared mobility pilot essential|4.1362863|4.910149|0.5405177
13549|For example, the cement industry could reduce emissions by switching to alternative fuels for cement kilns such as municipal solid waste and sewage sludge, provided they are guided by stringent environmental standards to limit any health or environmental risks. Such practices can, however, be limited by technical standards for cement, construction material preferences, and air pollution and solid waste regulations. The approach can significantly reduce emissions and energy use. First, there is a lack of centralised data on installed capacity, its distribution among sectors, the type of fuel used, and the amount of power and heating and cooling generated. This limits understanding the potential for CHP and required efforts to support a deployment program.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|cement solid waste emissions standards|1.4833697|3.032181|2.4160254
13550|Taking the logarithm of GDP per capita can often capture this relationship well. The ratio of female to male members of parliament is the one exception and is characterised by a linear relationship with GDP per capita. Although we still live in a world where women are, on average, disadvantaged relative to men, the situation seems to have improved in the second half of the 20th century, especially from the 1980s onwards.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|relationship capita gdp onwards linear|10.0983|4.3355527|6.769801
13551|The online basic skills test for ICT covers the core skills that teachers need to fulfil their wider professional role in schools rather than the subject knowledge required for teaching. The test requires them to demonstrate the ability to make changes to slides in presentation software using a web browser, to use email and various functions within email, to use a text editor and email, to update a spreadsheet and to download resources from the internet and register for a newsletter. All trainee teachers are required to pass this online test in ICT competence before they can be awarded Qualified Teacher Status. The “Initial Teacher Training National Curriculum in the Use of ICT in Subject Teaching” which was introduced in teacher education institutes in 1998 in England consisted of over a hundred statements of competence in ICT, and extended to 17 pages of print, but it was found to be overly bureaucratic and difficult to assess in practice, hence the move to a more succinct formulation of the ICT competences which trainee teachers are required to possess (country report24 dedicated to England, last updated and revised in October 2007).|SDG 4 - Quality education|ict test teacher teachers competence|8.771697|1.435659|2.174709
13552|Storage facilities would increase system security by storing variable renewable electricity produced during low demand periods and using it during high demand or peak periods. This back-up capacity is considered to be of added value as it is low-carbon electricity production. This controversial debate is illustrated by Nyamdash, Denny and O’Malley for the Irish electricity system (Nyamdash et al.,|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|electricity periods irish demand controversial|1.625651|1.5337496|2.0455575
13553|An earlier intergovernmental agreement envisages financing through a Russian loan of around EUR 5-6 billion. Their economic viability and investment attractiveness is determined by the prices of fuels (coal and natural gas) and electricity tariffs, which both depend mainly on politically sensitive tariff decisions. Investments in this sector thus remain a risky undertaking, despite the significant business potential for electricity exports to neighbouring countries, notably Belarus, Poland and Slovakia. New generation capacity has also been developed: the first unit of the Dnister pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant started operating by the end of 2009 and with additional units planned in coming years this plant might become one of the largest of its type in Europe. Other segments of the renewable sub-sector remain for the moment dominated by small-scale units, mostly privately-owned. Nuclear safety is probably the most successful field of Ukraine’s co-operation with the EU which provides and supports the country’s access to grants and loans.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|units plant remain electricity envisages|1.6541123|2.175986|2.1999955
13554|"So, it is not clear how much zero-rated services get new users online. As one report puts it: ""Even with a zero-rated service, the user must still have a device and an active account with the operator that offers the zero-rated service. This raises the question of whether zero-rated services can bring people online who had not previously used the Internet"" (A4AI, 2016)."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|rated zero online service device|4.818437|2.8091192|1.6022173
13555|The new approach granted a greater degree of administrative independence to states than under the first stage, even though tight financial constraints were maintained through a system of earmarked federal transfers. The states agreed to increase financing of health care from their own resources to reach 20% of their budgets, although this target was not always reached. Unlike the first wave of reforms, the IMSS-Oportunidades system maintained its independence from State Health Services (SHS) for the remaining states decentralised under the second wave. While the 1984 General Health Law regulates all aspects of the health sector, and draws on the universal right to health protection set out in the Constitution, it includes no comprehensive list or specific package of services covered beyond this generic entitlement to coverage (a principal also indicated in the social security laws governing IMSS and ISSSTE).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health wave independence maintained states|8.583902|8.75165|2.3087313
13556|Four main areas are covered: politics and governance, the judiciary, civil service and the private sector. Statistical agencies in many countries do not routinely collect and disseminate data on women in power and decisionmaking, and few international or regional organizations compile those statistics. ' The most readily available information on decision-making is the number and proportion of women in national parliaments and key elected positions, collected under the auspices of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and monitored within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The European Commissions database on women and men in decision-making gives a comprehensive regional picture of women and men in top positions.5 The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s (UNECE) Gender Statistics Database and the United Nations Development Fund’s (UNIFEM) biennial Progress of the World’s Women provided additional statistics on some of the topics covered in the chapter. The statistics and analysis on some of these topics are based in large part on sources available from private or non-governmental organizations. The presentation and analysis on these topics are therefore relatively limited.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|statistics topics women positions database|10.302445|4.3068185|7.1628633
13557|Most involuntary mental health admissions are under the Mental Health Act 1983. Importantly, this Act codified the professional roles of those with the power to apply for the detainment of a patient, specifically those powers held by an Approved Social Worker (ASW), and stipulated specific staff training for any individuals administering the act (Rapaport and Manthorpe, 2009). The Mental Health Act 1995 then gave authorities new powers over those discharged from hospital.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|act mental powers health codified|10.3106985|8.924694|1.592682
13558|The revenue they generate supports infrastructure development and compliance promotion campaigns through the Environment Fund. Voluntary approaches by business and industry, especially regarding air and waste, have led to increased recycling, reduced air pollution and the promotion of eco-innovation and energy efficiency. The lack of enforcement capacity in smaller municipalities has been an important impediment.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|promotion air impediment campaigns eco|2.139009|4.0779185|2.1876984
13559|The relationship between child poverty and maternal employment is particularly strong (OECD, 2008). Research has increasingly emphasised the role of female employment on poverty levels, with high rates of female employment tending to reduce both poverty and inequality (Harkness, 2010). Employment rates of persons of working age in 2003; employment rates of mothers in 2002. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, Figure 5.8, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787!9?89264044197-en.|SDG 1 - No poverty|employment poverty rates oecd female|7.6700644|5.8785806|5.2040915
13560|Following the publication of the Green Paper a general consultation process was put in place where fishing sector stakeholders, as well as the public at large, had the opportunity to express their views and contribute to the dialogue on the CFP reform. The results were made public in 2010. In 2011, the European Commission will prepare a legislative proposal in time to be adopted by the EU Council and implemented by 1 January 2012. With the new approach, the principles will be decided at Community level while the day to day implementation is left to regional authorities.|SDG 14 - Life below water|day cfp express proposal decided|-0.18586604|5.6547637|6.5465074
13561|These numbers do nonetheless indicate that Governments favour renewables, since, excluding grid investments, Government subsidies for modern renewables amounted to $9.7/GJ compared with $0.8/GJ for fossil fuels. Note: The IEA New Policies Scenario assumes cautious implementation of recently announced commitments and plans, even if not yet officially adopted. These investments were dominated by electricity generation, transmission and distribution (51 per cent) as well as upstream investments in fossil fuel supply (46 per cent), including the oil exploration and production component and the gas exploration and production component which accounted for 19 and 13 per cent, respectively. The most important renewables investments were in large-scale hydropower (annual capacity additions of 25-30 gigawatts (GW)) and biofuels ($20 billion, of which $8 billion was for Brazil’s ethanol).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|investments renewables exploration cent component|1.6996229|2.5772052|2.4445593
13562|As the first country where women won the right to vote, it has since championed the participation of women across all levels of society and has been rated one of the best places to work as a woman.1 In spite of key advances in the workforce, women continue to be under-represented in management and leadership roles. As of 2012, women held 14.75 per cent of private sector directorships. A recent study commissioned by New Zealand’s Ministry of Women’s Affairs has substantiated these claims, demonstrating that at the current rate of change, it will take 21 years to reach the 30 per cent representation mark (McAteer 2013).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women won cent vote rated|10.389263|4.243183|7.055362
13563|But unlike similar benefits in other countries, unemployment allowance is also subject to a minimum employment requirement in most cases. Eligibility conditions, i.e., behavioural requirements for those with a benefit entitlement based on their past employment, are relatively strict and include active job search, also during participation in ALMPs (Figure 9, Panel B). Meetings with the job counsellor must be attended at least once a month.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|job almps employment attended entitlement|7.9012|4.783391|4.0311356
13564|Since 2004, several countries have made major investments in national early warning systems. These include setting up state-of-the-art warning centres that are helping make the Asia-Pacific region a global hub of excellence in this field. Several countries are also making progress in addressing their unique warning requirements.|SDG 13 - Climate action|warning hub art excellence unique|1.4672142|5.1644626|1.7025506
13565|However, because not all of this water is accessible for human use, the term water supply is typically used to refer to “the amount of water that is accessible to a demand centre and can be delivered reliably and sustainably with respect to the environment or the finite resource base” (2030 WRG, 2009), and it is water supply that is of primary interest when addressing the risks of water shortage, at least in the short and medium term. For non-OECD countries, this typically involves increasing access to water for basic consumption and sanitation, something that is provided through investment in water supply and delivery. By contrast, in many OECD countries, the vast majority of the population already has access to a reliable water supply, and considerable water infrastructure already exists. Investment in water supply, for instance, is needed to replace ageing infrastructure, meet increasingly stringent water quality controls, and manage extreme weather events (OECD, 2009).|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|water supply accessible typically oecd|1.3299297|7.2662854|2.6201658
13566|They also analyse which aspects of teacher quality are directly related to the quality of instruction and howthis in turn is related to students' learning. The analyses show positive relations between teachers' pedagogical competence and student outcomes both in primary and lower secondary school, while teachers' formal education seems to be more important in the higher grades. The article also discusses how the findings can be related to teachers' professional development. Another important finding is how teachers' self efficacy and motivation are important for students' learning.|SDG 4 - Quality education|teachers related important learning students|9.435164|1.3096428|2.1099246
13567|Under them, cash is transferred to families in conditions of extreme poverty (Cecchini and Martinez, 2011). Continuing progress in coverage and investment has resulted in coverage rates of close to a quarter of the population of the region and investment levels equivalent to half a point of GDP. Figures 111.10 and III.ll show the differing levels of success. Figure III.ll shows coverage of the poor instead of the total population, assuming perfect targeting of benefits for the former.|SDG 1 - No poverty|ll coverage iii martinez investment|7.3537416|5.898762|4.612615
13568|This is especially the case where the share of overall tax burdens borne by high-income groups has declined in recent years (e.g. where tax schedules became flatter and/or where tax expenditures mainly benefitted high-income groups). First, there may be counterproductive disincentive effects if benefit and tax reforms are not well designed. Growing employment may contribute to sustainable cuts in income inequality, provided the employment gains occur in jobs that offer career prospects. Policies for more and better jobs are more important than ever.|SDG 10 - Reduced inequality|tax income jobs counterproductive groups|6.9853306|5.049104|4.3715806
13569|Very often the investments in individual energy efficiency and distributed renewable energy projects are small, and a regional approach will help create a large, consolidated regional investment programme that is easily replicable across countries. Aggregating small investments across the region will lower transaction costs. Similarly, large regional programmes for renewable energy can be designed as special purpose funds.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|regional energy renewable investments aggregating|1.699119|2.0401793|2.2842488
13570|Advertisement-supported revenue was Euros 102 million, up 38 per cent from the previous year (Spotify Technology S.A., 2018). These digital technologies are changing the global economy by giving rise to new online markets and products, resulting in considerable benefits for consumers and productivity gains for firms. A better understanding of the effects of digital technologies requires the ability to measure the economic transactions, including digital trade, that they are making possible.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digital technologies euros transactions giving|4.6572285|3.1574721|2.37986
13571|In Armenia and Azerbaijan the system of VET qualifications has remained almost unchanged since Soviet times, and fails to meet international requirements for mutual recognition of qualifications. Georgia, by contrast, has a National Qualification Framework corresponding to the European Qualification Framework and provides for recognition of informal education certificates and diplomas; however, in 2008 specific procedures for implementing it had yet to be developed. In 2008 the sector’s share of the education budget ranged from 1% in Georgia to 4.4% in Armenia. Government financing covers mainly teachers’ salaries and students’ allowances; only from 2006 in Georgia and from 2008 in Armenia and Azerbaijan did the governments start investing in renovation of the infrastructure (buildings, equipment, etc) with support from donor organizations. All three countries have introduced per capita financing systems, but whereas in Georgia and Azerbaijan the government pays students’ tuition fees in state-run institutions, in Armenia students must pay the fees themselves.|SDG 4 - Quality education|armenia georgia azerbaijan qualification qualifications|9.104127|2.2620678|2.4008718
13572|Moreover, government needs to i) regularly monitor and evaluate progress; ii) ensure transparency; iii) assess not only compliance with technical norms but also the local financial, human and natural resources needed for actual implementation; and iv) engage the local community. Urban sprawl, pollution, poor public services (e.g. utilities), housing shortages, and weak intra-city connectivity are all problems that stem from a lack of proper land-use planning and deficiencies in implementing land-use regulation. Three strategies could address these problems.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|problems land sprawl deficiencies local|3.800176|5.36911|1.6236227
13573|As shown in the meta-analysis by Alston et al. ( In particular, measures of agricultural inputs (especially capital), outputs, and productivity, are very much transformed from the raw material used to make them. Studies of the returns to agricultural R&D, involve significant further transformation of data on research investments and productivity that already had embodied in them a great deal of judgment, much of which may not be apparent to the user but can have important implications for findings from studies that use them.|SDG 2 - Zero hunger|productivity studies alston judgment agricultural|4.0314403|4.9496136|3.5228982
13574|Reviewing 20 years of HTA studies in the United Kingdom, Raftery and Powell (2013) claim that more than half of them indicate that new technologies are no better than traditional ones. However, in the short term, HTA is likely to add to health management and administration costs. Indeed, de la Maisonneuve etal. (|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|hta reviewing claim etal add|8.828719|9.480799|2.1611319
13575|"Indeed, reinforcing positive aspects of traditional land tenure systems that encourage and support women’s access to productive resources can produce strong results. It provides for rights within the context of marriage and is conceptually distinct from the notion of ""inheritance"", covered in subsection 3 below.8' Countries may apply very different default approaches to marital property, ranging from ""full separation of property,""8* to ""partial or limited community of property,”83 to ""full community of property. This is the case in Austria, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United States.85 Where full community of property or partial community of property is the default regime."|SDG 5 - Gender equality|property community default partial subsection|9.2970495|5.1103287|7.0959854
13576|Admissions have declined significantly since 2009 (although they are still above EU averages). Furthermore, patients suffering from asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have relatively low avoidable admission rates to hospitals. Renewed medical guidelines are in preparation and have the potential to improve primary care effectiveness. Further, the Czech Republic requires only minimal reporting of outcomes on quality of care across the different providers. This means that health insurance funds cannot use quality data for purchasing and that patients are exercising their free choice without access to important information. There have also been some more recent advances with projects in the area of quality and safety assurance, such as the adverse event reporting system and the introduction of sectoral safety targets for all health care providers.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|care quality patients reporting providers|9.195063|9.462889|2.0253227
13577|They are therefore committed to providing the highest attainable health for all their citizens. The Commonwealth implements programmes address global health issues such as: non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health, HIV and AIDS, communicable diseases, and mental health. Sport offers direct benefits for health and can provide an effective context for delivering health education. Most (80 per cent) of these occur in low- and middle-income countries, making NCDs a critical global health priority that is not confined to ’rich’ nations.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|health communicable diseases attainable ncds|10.061938|5.391572|6.514248
13578|Political and practical support to ensure that women, including women's civil society organisations, are included in peace processes is a crucial entry point to make sure that the security needs of women, men, boys and girls are taken into consideration. It is therefore critical that the negotiation/mediation teams draw on gender expertise from the outset of a peace process. Briefings on gender issues can be provided to negotiating/mediation teams and others with decision-making power. Civil society organisations, including women's organisations, should also be included in track two processes and can play an important role in monitoring the implementation of peace agreements.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|peace mediation organisations teams women|10.284399|4.830933|7.6085258
13579|Choosing an appropriate point in time for assessment can be particularly complicated for climate finance interventions aimed at long-term transformational impacts. Depending on its aims, an intervention may seek results at the project, national, or international scale. This will have implications for how its effectiveness is assessed.|SDG 13 - Climate action|transformational choosing complicated intervention assessed|1.6478331|4.3935757|1.3224765
13580|It would reduce poverty by 5 percentage points in Ecuador and Paraguay and by at least 0.6% in Brazil. If the transfer were to be targeted at everyone aged 65 and over, the measure could cost up to an additional 3% of GDP (ECLAC, 2010b, pp. United Nations publication, Sales No. United Nations publication, Sales No. In 10 of the region’s 18 countries, this percentage is around 5% or under in households living in a situation of extreme poverty or high vulnerability to extreme poverty.|SDG 1 - No poverty|publication sales poverty extreme nations|7.2538238|5.73099|4.640309
13581|It was initiated in early 2015, in partnership with IBM and Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), one of the top universities in Indonesia, and is similar to other existing command centres in Japan and Korea, aiming to improve public services. The centre consists of a digital control board that allows city staff to remotely monitor traffic and manage crisis situations in the city (in case of accidents, crime, etc.). Fifteen operators from the Bandung Telecommunication and Information Agency work permanently in the Command Centre, but it is also accessible to other city departments, such as fire brigades, police officers and transport agencies.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|bandung command city centre telecommunication|4.624434|3.3203886|1.7084239
13582|When production has to be shut down to install new energy-efficient equipment, costs can include forgone sales income. An energy-efficiency production process might be noisier than the equipment it replaces. Insulating a cavity wall in an old building could result in moisture build-up, or installing a variable-spced drive might require extra maintenance or new skills and tools.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|equipment wall replaces shut installing|2.0471308|2.3911335|2.2525547
13583|Denmark has a comparatively small share of low-performing students, but also a relatively low proportion of top-performing students. The difference in performance between the 90th and the 10th percentiles is comparatively small. Across assessments, the share of top-performing students has remained stable in science, but decreased since 2003 in mathematics (from 15.9% to 10%) and reading (from 8.1% to 5.4%).|SDG 4 - Quality education|performing comparatively students percentiles small|9.606803|2.2885628|3.1946032
13584|No clear guidelines on youth triage had been drafted, nor were there referral guidelines. The interviews with providers suggested that the services might not be acceptable to young people because few of the providers believed in the importance of supplying services to youth regardless of marital status, although they were more likely to supply the services in any case to young men than to young women, indicating possible inequities.84 This gender bias was reflected in the experiences of the anonymous patients. The providers spent much more time with the young man and answered his questions, while the young woman reported that she felt insulted by their treatment.85 Privacy was breached in many clinics.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|young providers guidelines youth services|9.744448|5.439571|6.692875
13585|Clear and well-implemented policies helped to create the conditions for Myanmarese to benefit from the potential of the Internet. The Institute emphasizes the need for special computer facilities in order to process the huge number of sci-tech documents produced within the country. Such computer tools can be created through the use of bibliometric methods.|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|computer emphasizes tech huge helped|8.496888|1.8688382|2.296184
13586|This aligns with research by Maldonado, Najera and Segovia (2005) from Mexico that showed that significant income increases to women may threaten men’s status causing husbands with more traditional gender views to reassert control through violence. Overall, however, the risk of increased IPV could also decline over time as both men’s individual attitudes and broader social attitudes become more accepting of women’s increased economic activity and financial autonomy (Ahmed 2005). For example, some participants in the South African IMAGE intervention reported that the increased self-confidence, social support and communication skills gained from being part of a combined micro-finance and training initiative resulted in improved partner communication, preventing any conflict escalating into violence (Kim et al.,|SDG 5 - Gender equality|attitudes increased communication violence escalating|9.906294|5.3272557|7.2664943
13587|Ongoing efforts to provide more space to rivers will continue also in future, and measures of a more technical nature will be exclusively reserved for urban areas in cases where no other “soft” option for flood protection is feasible. These impacts are predicted to have an effect on river discharge with an increase in frequency, extent and impacts of floods and possibly constant low water levels in lakes. Quality and quantity of groundwaters will also be affected.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|impacts groundwaters reserved soft predicted|0.94208604|6.7892394|2.389791
13588|In a larger programme of system restructure and redesign, these innovative schools are able to provide evidence about the impacts on student learning and well-being of innovative approaches they have been trialling, thereby supporting the whole system to move forward. There is a need to ensure that innovation is captured somewhere, particularly as old structures and processes are replaced and new networks, relationships and connections are created. Through an on-going and expanded Innovation Community of Practice, individual site leaders and their communities are able to use their experience and influence to work collaboratively to shape those future directions and ensure that the new department has innovation as a predominant aspect of its work.|SDG 4 - Quality education|innovation innovative able redesign collaboratively|8.595108|1.7572345|1.9475921
13589|In Ulaanbaatar, heavy metal testing showed that concentrations of lead, cadmium and mercury in 58 samples were within the Mongolian norms (MNS 5850:2008). Kosheleva, Natalia E. et al. Pollution by heavy metals comes from different sources, such as tanning production, mining activities, traffic zones and heat and power engineering.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|heavy mercury mongolian ulaanbaatar metal|0.8453843|6.633032|3.0849903
13590|Most countries have now endorsed the principle of equality for women and endowed it with normative universality. Such conflicts arise in the context of almost all religions and traditional cultures, since they rely on norms and social practices formulated or interpreted in a patriarchal context at a time when individual human rights in general, and women’s right to equality in particular, had not yet become a global imperative. Barriers to women's rights are not specific to one region or to one religion, but their form and severity does vary among regions and religions.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|women equality context rights universality|9.739987|4.8631597|7.218073
13591|The nature gives rest and a little bit of food. Gender issues are mainly missing when the question of everyday life and surviving are present (Westman 2005:134). Desegregation, that is, the division of the labour market based on gender, has been an topical issue in gender equality policy since (the 1980s).|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender surviving bit everyday missing|9.713838|4.4486814|7.0529447
13592|As such, education plays an important civic role. A change in the Education Act in Sweden from 2016 (Proposal 2015/16:184) re-regulates the education for newly arrived students to help these children be integrated through education as soon as possible. Newly arrived students have the same rights and obligations as other students. Independent schools can make exceptions to established selection rules and can implement a special quota to include newly arrived students who have resided in Sweden for less than two years.|SDG 4 - Quality education|arrived newly students education sweden|9.998463|2.686544|2.5322628
13593|These costs are expected to be an underestimation, as most ADEs occurring in primary care do not lead to hospitalisation, but still result in an elevated need for health care. These costs are not taken into account. Health care costs related to ADEs in this base case totaled 816 million Euros; mean costs per case were 381 Euros. All the cost studies that were identified in the literature, including the ones summarised in the table, argued that the figures are likely to be an underestimation of the direct costs.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|costs underestimation ades euros care|8.889494|9.007772|2.060813
13594|These areas are covered in the next three sections of this chapter. Properly accounting for this risk in financial evaluations could help better allocate capital to low-carbon, climate-resilient assets, or even encourage divestment from more carbon-intensive assets. The effects of the recent drop in oil prices on investors’ portfolios are a striking example of this phenomenon.|SDG 13 - Climate action|assets carbon striking portfolios allocate|1.8415939|3.2713048|1.5544021
13595|The Board reiterates its view that measures taken in various states of the United States to legalize the production, sale and distribution of cannabis for nonmedical and non-scientific purposes are inconsistent with the provisions of the international drug control treaties. The limitation of the use of controlled substances to medical and scientific purposes is a fundamental principle which lies at the heart of the international drug control legal framework which cannot be derogated from. Regardless of whether they are federal or unitary States, all parties to the conventions have a legal obligation to give effect to and carry out the provisions of the convention within their own territories.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|drug states scientific provisions purposes|8.346252|10.119612|3.382913
13596|This may also encourage the use of renewable energy equipment in remote areas, if these products and services are being procured for government buildings, e.g. health centres and schools. Governments can also consider subsidised solar programmes for schools, health centres/hospitals and other buildings to encourage use of solar PV systems. Development partners, other finance providers, and investors may also prefer to support plans with more realistic targets that can be achieved, rather than fund plans with unrealistic targets that are continually missed.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|buildings solar centres encourage targets|1.9919142|2.0910463|2.2498243
13597|The potential benefits of contextualised learning and integrating academics and CTE are widely recognised and the integrated approach is widely used in CTE programmes. A number of policy instruments are designed to ensure strong academic skills among all students, such as the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills. Data are used to monitor performance among different groups of students and target interventions at schools with unsatisfactory performance.|SDG 4 - Quality education|cte widely performance skills unsatisfactory|9.52693|1.6784809|1.5904933
13598|It consists of mostly consolidated alluvium increasing in thickness towards the sea. Groundwater originates from the recharge areas inland and generally flows towards the sea where it discharges. Both Egypt and Israel have invested in alternative water supply options for the coastal areas through inter-basin transfer and the use of non-conventional water resources. The Gaza Strip does not have access to alternative water resources and depends almost entirely on the Coastal Aquifer Basin for its water supply. However, as the aquifer in the Gaza Strip is severely threatened by over-abstraction and pollution, desalination is currently being explored as a major alternative source of water supply.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|gaza strip water alternative aquifer|0.7226968|7.569468|2.8260398
13599|See Table Al in Annex 1 for the list of survey items included in each dimension. The new method informed the construction of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) (Alkire & Santos, 2010) as well as the Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index (Alkire & Foster, 2010) used in the 2010 Human Development Report (UNDP, 2010). The Alkire-Foster methodology has also been applied to multiple national studies of multidimensional poverty in the developing world (Alkire & Seth, 2013; Salazar, Diaz, & Pinzon, 2013). Since the broader list of material deprivation indicators was only available in 2009, the trend analysis had to rely on the more limited set of indicators that are collected in every wave of the EU-SILC.|SDG 1 - No poverty|alkire multidimensional list foster index|6.492911|6.4509115|5.0870714
13600|Reviews of the theoretical literature on the economics of household waste management can be found in Choe and Fraser (1998) and Fullerton and Kinnaman (2002). As first best solution, a majority of the theoretical results identify deposit-refund schemes, a system with a tax or charge at production or consumer purchase and a refund to consumers that recycle and/or firms that collect or reprocess recycled materials. As an alternative first best solution (when illegal disposal such as dumping is not a problem), the results usually support the use of a virgin material tax or a tax on households' disposal choices.|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|refund tax theoretical disposal solution|0.553195|3.9265082|3.0578663
13601|Furthermore, business and labour organisations are represented on the body as consulting members. The work of the decision-making body is supported by a permanent secretariat with a staff of 25-30. Beyond the preparation of the Spatial Development Concept, OROK also monitors spatial development across Austria. It has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|spatial body development releases consulting|3.9319355|5.567197|1.6604829
13602|Moreover, those who suffer from chronic illnesses are also entitled to their disease-specific medicines free of charge, without means-testing. Since 2008 these can be collected from any phaimacy, including those in the private sector, resulting in improved access. In all other cases, patients must purchase pharmaceuticals out of pocket, except during hospitalisation and for the first three days following discharge (MISSOC, 2016). Furthermore, the President's Malta Community Chest Fund (a philanthropic foundation) has extended its role in financing drugs that are not yet included in the benefits package. In addition, the second national cancer plan published in 2017 outlines a government pledge to include more cancer medications on the Government's Formulary list in the coming yeais. In 2015, such direct payments, as a share of total health expenditure, totalled 29%, significantly higher than the EU average of 15% (Figure 11).|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cancer medications pledge totalled hospitalisation|8.508521|9.352552|2.1558232
13603|Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics. The views expressed are those of the authors and/or editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights. Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. This paper analyses multidimensional child deprivation across thirty countries in sub-Saharan Africa, applying the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology that measures various aspects of child poverty. The methodology has been adapted to the particular needs of this cross-country comparative study, standardising the indicators and thresholds to allow comparability across countries.|SDG 1 - No poverty|unicef child methodology deprivation provided|7.053024|6.5545917|5.1464252
13604|Systematic data collection will start from 2017. Annex 1 provides a detailed account of how these estimates were made. This includes all climate-related development finance provided by bilateral DFIs as well as a subset of climate-related development finance provided by bilateral and multilateral development banks, where the direct recipients were identified as private actors through a search of agency websites (see Annex 1 for details on the approach used), including in some cases technical assistance programmes that accompany direct assistance to private actors.|SDG 13 - Climate action|bilateral annex actors assistance direct|1.4668325|3.7832599|0.7002744
13605|It recognizes that funding from all sources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral, domestic and international, as well as alternative sources will need to be tapped into to effectively exploit the benefits of cities. For example, the African Union (AU), in collaboration with the Economic Commission for Africa and UN-Flabitat, is developing a regional framework aligned with Africa Agenda 2063, the SDGs, the Paris Agreement among others. In Europe, the 2016 regional urban agenda2 has been further aligned with the global urban agendas through action plans and linked directly with the urban related SDGs targets.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|aligned urban sdgs africa sources|3.6116998|5.013076|1.7103022
13606|For emerging economies, culture can be a first rate component in their development strategies - be it literature, music, videos and movies, or even the fashion industry or gastronomy. The most important, we believe, is having our children learn to enjoy art: have them take pleasure in paintings, sculptures, music and so on. Appreciation implies a value judgment: to understand why I like what I like, or why I don't.|SDG 4 - Quality education|music like videos judgment don|6.312953|3.89976|2.8845074
13607|Using an approach similar to that of the European Commission21, the Dutch model analyses policy interventions by comparing their impact against a “no intervention” scenario. A “no intervention” scenario depicts how health expenditures will affect public finances if left on current trajectories. Historical data are used to estimates parameters of interest (back-casting) which are then used to project health expenditures. The population is divided into 20 age groups (each comprising 5 years). Each age group is associated with levels of per capita expenditure for six major spending sectors.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|intervention scenario expenditures depicts age|8.923794|8.756873|2.6312487
13608|More information is available about the OECD review process and requirements on the Higher Education and Regions’ website: www. In 2004-07, the OECD/IMHE conducted an extensive study with 14 regional reviews across 12 countries. This resulted in the OECD flagship publication Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged (OECD, 2007) with recommendation to benefit both higher education institutions and national and regional governments. In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national and regional governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions and to support the OECD strategies on innovation and green growth. As a result, 14 regions in 11 countries, including the Lombardy region in Italy, underwent the OECD review process in 2008-11.|SDG 4 - Quality education|oecd higher regional education regions|7.8125887|2.4417732|2.4226446
13609|"Informality is considered to result from the heterogeneity of the productive structure, which can be seen schematically as two sectors: one which is formal, has a medium to high production level, greater levels of investment, relatively high growth potential and effective social protection; and the other informal, with low levels of productivity, growth potential and social protection. Consequently, unskilled own-account workers, unpaid family workers or apprentices, owners and employees of micro-enterprises and domestic workers are all considered informal. This is related to the introduction of the concept of decent work. In order to focus the discussion on the job rather than the company, the new conceptual framework of the “informal economy"" has been proposed in order to complement that of the informal sector, given that informal activities are found in both low- and high-productivity sectors."|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|informal workers high productivity considered|8.049556|4.2004523|4.7265716
13610|For example, competency descriptions for school professionals (in relation to which they will be appraised) and quality indicators for school evaluation should reflect the learning goals that the school system is aiming to achieve. This also implies ensuring that the evaluation and assessment framework captures a broad range of student learning objectives. To this end, it would be helpful to initiate research and development to strengthen the range of instruments available to assess, for example, students’ broader competencies such as problem solving, reasoning and communication (Chapter 3). Individuals and groups are more likely to accept changes if they understand the reasons for these changes and can see the role they should play within the broad national strategy.|SDG 4 - Quality education|school broad evaluation range learning|9.53284|1.6533266|1.5834914
13611|Well-designed working time regulations that promote flexibility and facilitate part-time work can be equally valuable. A well-structured system of parental leave can have positive effects on women’s labour force participation and employment. It should be publicly funded and not place excessive costs on employers, to avoid adverse effects on their willingness to hire mothers.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|effects hire structured willingness excessive|9.14173|5.1001234|5.47856
13612|While some give greater emphasis to the manipulation of prices and financing in carbon markets, others see carbon markets as only one part of a complex ensemble of policies. They will also change the distribution of income available for nonenergy purchases. If carbon prices were increased by a tax or trading system, what would be the extent of the (intended) effect on emissions and the (unintended) effect on income distribution?|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|carbon effect distribution markets prices|1.5069586|2.938208|1.9323775
13613|An important innovation to ensure effective TGC support of technologies in the early stages of market deployment was the introduction of banding10 which has been introduced in Italy and the UK. For instance, in the UK one renewable obligation certificate (ROC) is granted per MWh of electricity generated. This market-led approach aims to encourage competition between technologies to minimise cost (Wood and Dow, 2011).|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|uk technologies mwh market minimise|1.8591849|1.84435|1.9299294
13614|In particular, both central and local governments are focusing on reducing reliance on cars, sometimes adopting a “road diet” approach, and promoting public transport and soft mobility. For example, the approach of reducing road lanes and parking space is applied drastically in Sejong, Korea's most recently created city (see detailed profile in Chapter 3). Implementing such a vision requires a holistic approach to the metropolitan area’s development. Well-integrated transport, spatial and economic policies have contributed to making it possible for 90% of morning journey's to be by public transport or non-motorised modes (TfL, 2015).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|transport approach road reducing tfl|4.0506973|4.8840194|0.80136645
13615|In an urban policy environment characterised by high levels of uncertainty, such indicators and targets can provide a tool for identifying the specific assets for development in different communities and maximising a city’s potential for overall progress. More than 40 separate indicators across administrative, survey and census data sources span seven “domains” of deprivation: employment, income, health, crime, education, living environment and barriers to services. The IMD were initially built at the district ward level in 2000, then at the smaller scale of 32 482 “lower-layer super-output areas” of roughly 1 500 residents in 2004, 2007 and 2010. Most of the statistics used in the latest edition (2010) are from 2008, and new' indices were expected to be produced in 2015.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|indicators super environment ward span|4.1355195|5.0913506|1.8121831
13616|Another relevant indicator is the services reform index of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which is used to measure progress in policy reform in the services sector. That index reflects the average of three subindices, namely banking, non-banking and infrastructure reforms. For the other two WTO entrants, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, although at higher levels than Tajikistan, the index shows a more stable trend, and thus suggests slow progress over the past decade.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|index banking reform progress entrants|8.490702|9.180591|2.1413693
13617|Or you can unsubscribe by calling XXXXXXX or going to www. A similar randomized controlled trial of 2 years' duration among 537 Asian Indian men with pre-diabetes found that mobile phone messaging was an acceptable method for delivering advice and support for lifestyle modification to prevent type 2 diabetes (Ramachandran, 2013). The trial was the first to show the benefit of this technology in the prevention of diabetes, with a 36% reduction in relative risk as compared with standard care within 2 years. A further pilot study of 1 year's duration among 200 patients with type 2 diabetes in the clinic showed that mobile phone messages about the principles of diabetes management helped to improve health care outcomes.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|diabetes trial phone duration mobile|9.170266|9.204627|2.4721682
13618|Consider establishing or strengthening capacity of independent institutions (such as Independent Commissions, Supreme Audit Institutions, Ombuds Offices), and advisory bodies (e.g., Government councils) to monitor the implementation of gender equality strategies, integrate gender issues in policy-making, and facilitate regular reporting, audits and measurement. To be effective, such oversight should be undertaken in a balanced manner and avoid prescriptive approaches to foster continuous improvement while enabling to track progress in gender equality. For example, based on good practices and as appropriate, these measures can include disclosure requirements, quotas, voluntary targets, parity laws, alternating the sexes on the party list and linking gender ratios in political parties to their access to public funding. Promote merit-based recruitment; consider positive policies and practices to ensure a balanced representation of men and women in each occupational group in public sector employment; and, develop concrete measures to ensure the effective removal of the implicit barriers within hiring and staffing processes, where appropriate and necessary.|SDG 5 - Gender equality|gender balanced independent consider appropriate|10.03569|4.2580843|7.351025
13619|"Moreover, means are also combined, which includes support schemes, advisory services, tailor made education and support of cluster organisations. Among the six strategic areas of Innovation Fund Denmark are ""production, materials, digitalisation and ICT"". Among other instruments, which can be used to further automation and digitalisation is the so-called InnoBooster scheme. The grants are used to invest in knowledge, consultancy services, equipment and cooperation with knowledge institutes."|SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure|digitalisation knowledge consultancy tailor automation|5.5008793|3.3779552|2.5015378
13620|This is reflected in the unemployment rates of young adults aged 25-34, which tend to be about one-third higher than the overall unemployment rate (compared with a difference of 10% on OECD average). It is also reflected in the development of so-called “freeters” (see Box 1.1). The Survey on Human Resource Strategies and Work Awareness in the Population Decreasing Society reveals that companies with a positive attitude towards skills development are not much inclined to recruit freeters as regular workers, and are likely to set a relatively low upper limit on the age of freeters who can be recruited (Mitani, 2008).|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|freeters reflected unemployment inclined recruited|8.135552|4.7082477|4.0580697
13621|However, the overall quality of the ECEC setting did have an effect on adult earnings. In many countries staff-child ratios have been regulated with higher staff-child ratios for the very young and lower ratios for older children (NICHD, 2002). Research is lacking, however, on exactly which ratio is most favourable to enhance teacher job satisfaction, ECEC quality and child outcomes.|SDG 4 - Quality education|ratios child ecec staff exactly|9.324062|2.7374299|1.9043437
13622|The ratio of natural regeneration to planting has increased but remains one of the lowest in Europe. Despite progress in recent years, Poland has less deadwood in its forests than most other EU countries. Some forest types, notably alluvial forests, have not been adequately protected, resulting in reduced populations of some protected forest birds, such as black grouse.|SDG 15 - Life on land|protected forests forest alluvial regeneration|1.3610464|4.8254385|4.0426354
13623|The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Though no formally agreed definition exists, LEDS are generally used to describe forward-looking national economic development plans or strategies that encompass low-emission and/or climate-resilient economic growth.|SDG 13 - Climate action|group leds ccxg delegates industrialised|1.2057195|4.0845532|1.2102113
13624|Increased mining activity in Chile, Australia and Mexico is primarily driving this trend. But the fact that domestic consumption of metals in OECD countries is growing more slowly than extraction (66% vs. 103%) indicates that a large portion of extraction is being exported outside of the OECD area. In most OECD countries, the economic slowdown caused material extraction and consumption to flatten or decrease (in some cases significantly).|SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production|extraction oecd consumption vs exported|1.6998721|3.2689466|2.9617286
13625|More and more often, drug traffickers use stolen or falsified aircraft registration numbers when transporting illicit consignments by air. Significant levels of cannabis herb are produced in most countries in Central America and the Caribbean. Jamaica remains the largest producer of cannabis in the Caribbean, with total cultivation of cannabis plant estimated by local authorities at about 15,000 ha.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|cannabis caribbean traffickers aircraft transporting|8.2938795|10.274532|3.5739007
13626|Unless indicated otherwise, all statistics on Indonesian fisheries in this paper are from MMAF (2011a-f). Indonesia will focus on getting optimal sustainable value from its aquatic ecosystems by effective governance for recovery and maintenance of ecosystems and fish stocks, and by improving post-harvest practices along supply chains. Sustainability and quality improvement programmes will result in higher profitability of the fisheries sector, increased food security, and increased competitiveness of Indonesian fisheries products on international markets.|SDG 14 - Life below water|fisheries indonesian ecosystems increased profitability|0.06588908|5.915509|6.5763245
13627|A body to lead the green skills agenda must be found and low-carbon skills need to be integrated through the whole skills delivery system to encourage behavioural change across the entire economy. In 2009, for example, the Australian and state and territory governments entered into a Green Skills Agreement based on a shared understanding that “decisive action is needed to support Australia’s transition to a sustainable, low-carbon economy” (COAG, 2009, p. 2). In four of the Member States examined, Denmark, Spain, France and the UK, regions are playing a primary role in identifying skills needs for jobs in a low-carbon economy.|SDG 7 - Affordable and clean energy|skills carbon economy low green|2.209862|3.8352594|2.2334151
13628|Faithful implementation of policies and programmes in these areas outlined by the president will be crucial in addressing Tanzania’s poverty problem in the medium term. In the city of Dar-es-Salaam and other major cities, unemployment is higher than in the rural areas, basic infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, bus transit, etc.) Planned residential areas are rare, although land itself is in abundance. Intra-city transportation presents a serious challenge to commuters due to poor road networks and the absence of intra-city mass rail transport systems.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|intra city areas abundance es|4.3974137|4.675524|1.7097633
13629|Working during the weekends impacts on balancing work and family life. Nevertheless, some forms of working time arrangements can result from a personal choice and are not considered burdensome. Statistics on working time are needed to implement, monitor and evaluate policies and programmes dedicated to the balance of work and family life.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|working life burdensome family work|9.063545|5.002479|5.3790846
13630|It may also reflect a low awareness about the role played by groundwater resources, even though groundwater is locally very important in some areas. In Kazakhstan, positively, a comprehensive review of transboundary aquifers has been carried out. The situation is particularly severe in Afghanistan. The Central Asian Regional Water Information Base Project (CAREWIB) database, maintained by the Scientific Information Centre of ICWC, is a recent effort to make information on water resources openly and readily accessible to all the countries in Central Asia, even if access to this information system is differentiated among users with different levels of accessibility of data.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|information groundwater central afghanistan resources|0.511897|7.103021|2.6522138
13631|However, the correlation is not exact. It is useful to study child and adolescent well-being from both approaches, because this allows for the combination of different issues and the analysis of various public policy measures for childhood, and the adoption of a holistic policy perspective. Between 1990 and 2010, poverty and extreme poverty diminished by around 20% among children aged 0 to 5.|SDG 1 - No poverty|diminished poverty exact holistic adolescent|7.1845064|6.4549446|5.146833
13632|However, progress in approving accredited entities to the GCF is relatively slow (in May 2016 there were 33 accredited entities and the majority of these were international or regional institutions) and there are still many countries that need readiness support to assist them with this process (by May 2016 42 countries had received readiness support from the GCF) (GCF, 2016b). A recent analysis of the lessons learned from direct access to the Adaptation Fund and the GCF reveals that although the time to get accredited varies widely among the different countries (from 5 months for Uruguay to 30 months for Namibia and Kenya); however, countries report that the process was “beneficial in the long run” (Masullo et al, 2015). Development co-operation providers can continue to invest in readiness support for partner countries so that they can access climate finance at scale and use it to implement transformative actions to address climate change and achieve sustainable development.|SDG 13 - Climate action|gcf accredited readiness entities countries|1.8621294|3.9065576|1.262788
13633|Unsurprisingly, we find children living in an intermediately or thinly populated area to be considerably less vulnerable to environmental deprivation than their peers in densely populated areas. In terms of access to basic services, only children living in Germany are more likely to be domain deprived when living in less densely populated areas. In Germany and France, children in such areas also experience a higher risk of being financially strained or income poor.|SDG 1 - No poverty|populated densely living children germany|7.100193|6.4577675|5.203339
13634|In travel time figures, markers refer to average travel time at a specific hour within the day while the vertical bars represent the ranges of travel time. Speed limits are set to be 40km/h on the road in Jakarta, 60km/h on the road in Malaysia, 60km/h on the road in Metro Manila, 50km/h on the road in Singapore and SOkm/h on the road in Bangkok. Traffic congestion data are based on either entire specified road wherever possible or a selected representative segment of specified road. Data are not necessarily comparable across the five areas shown above. In some of the region’s larger cities, a significant amount of time is wasted in traffic congestion (Table 2.2). There are also additional economic costs in the form of increased fuel and other transportation costs, and reduced productivity and efficiency (Box 2.2).|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|road travel time specified congestion|4.2555966|4.894926|0.6895154
13635|The forest sector (forestry, wood and paper products) contributes 1.8 per cent to the gross value added of the national economy, but only 5 per cent of forests have recreational use as a main management goal. Recent reports by UNEP, The Green Economy (2011) and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, (2010) emphasize that natural capital, such as forests and the ecosystem services they provide, offer important benefits and could be considered a significant component of national economies. Romania should seek ways to benefit further from its natural wealth and invest in the maintenance of forest ecosystem services and the development of recreation and tourism.|SDG 15 - Life on land|forests ecosystem forest natural economy|1.5702951|4.771094|3.8772051
13636|They are all scaled from 0 to 100 and scores are derived from annual surveys conducted among Londoners or users of particular parts of the transport system (as appropriate). The six indicators are: 1) public transport customer satisfaction; 2) public transport crowding (satisfaction indicator); 3) road user customer satisfaction; 4) perception of journey experience; 5) perception of noise; 6) perception of the urban realm. It is expressed as a percentage score.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|perception satisfaction customer transport realm|4.2650523|5.1946244|0.55428934
13637|However, adaptation reporting is not mandatory, as the Paris Agreement states that Parties “should”, as appropriate, submit and update an “adaptation communication” (Article 7.10). Decision 1/CP.21 states that this information “shall” be submitted biennially for all countries other than Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (paragraph 90). Regular reporting on adaptation is already done under the UNFCCC, including via national communications (NCs).|SDG 13 - Climate action|adaptation states reporting ncs cp|1.0224335|4.7781186|1.3563697
13638|Figure 9 shows the personal income tax and overall tax wedge (which also takes into account both social security contributions and transfers) progression on average in the OECD, at different income levels and for different family types.10 Looking at Panel A, progressivity is highest at the bottom of the income scale and declines with income for all family types. Tax wedge progressivity is generally lower than PIT progressivity since the tax wedge includes social security contributions, which are typically levied at a flat rate. Moreover, tax wedge progression is lower than the average PIT progression for families without children because the latter tend not to receive benefits, which also tend to be targeted at low income levels. This explains in part the higher rate of tax wedge progressivity than of personal income tax at low levels.|SDG 8 - Decent work and economic growth|wedge tax progressivity progression income|7.0115685|5.114965|4.364651
13639|"Moreover, they find that people with more than one type of poverty have socio-economic features that are distinct from people who are not poor, or are poor in only one measure. They conclude that using a combination of poverty measures is more secure, in terms of finding the ""real poor"", than the use of single measures. Nolan and Whelan (2011), when analysing the European Union's poverty reduction measure (The EU 2020 Poverty Target) suggest that combining relative income poverty and material deprivation and focusing on the group where they overlap is worth consideration because such a measure can serve as a way of distinguishing a sub-set of the population deserving priority in framing antipoverty policy. Also Roche's study on multidimensional child poverty in Bangladesh shows that results based on wealth measures are considerably different to those obtained with multidimensional poverty measures."|SDG 1 - No poverty|poverty measures measure multidimensional poor|6.6180377|6.3241873|5.0105314
13640|Moreover, certificates and labels like the Green Key, awarded to tourism enterprises that assert for instance that they use of organic food/ beverages and green household products (e.g. detergents), must rely on the respondent's honesty. It is always, therefore, a point to consider whether the people in charge are in fact replying truthfully. Lastly, it is possible that small and medium-sized enterprises may not be able to cope with the costs incurred by becoming more eco-friendly, despite governmental subsidies, which could mean that it is the large enterprises who reap the above-mentioned benefits while the smaller ones struggle to survive. Environmentally conscious transport companies may profit from mitigation, and in more general terms the providers of eco-labelled services may expect a growth in demand.|SDG 13 - Climate action|enterprises eco green beverages labelled|2.003432|3.9051566|2.4628043
13641|In Mauritius, housing development for the economically less- advantaged population groups has increased the proportion of homeowners to 93 per cent in rural areas and 83 per cent in urban regions. By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons. Data and methodology for this indicator are not available.|SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities|persons transport homeowners cent mauritius|4.2938128|5.124344|0.56545967
13642|In consequence, the number of urban dwellers practising open defecation increased from 140 million to 169 million between 1990 and 2008.47 The impact of this practice in densely populated urban settlements is particularly alarming for public health. Congested and unsanitary conditions make urban slums particularly high-risk areas for communicable diseases, including cholera. Yet patterns of deprivation differ. While Blantyre exhibits greater levels of poverty than adjacent areas, Lilongwe is a relatively well-off urban centre surrounded by poorer regions, but also showing pockets of poverty (isolated darker areas) within its limits.|SDG 3 - Good health and well-being|urban areas surrounded defecation cholera|1.8937416|6.852857|2.5951202
13643|It also features individual accountability, which means that team success depends on individual learning, not group products. Curriculum has to be thought of as both catering to significant individual differences and being able to stretch each learner to just beyond his or her self-defined capacity (Dumont, Istance and Benavides, 2010). However, given the cross-country variation in who has responsibility for curricula, it is difficult to provide clear policy direction on curricula at the school level. Co-operative learning methods, which involve the teacher placing students within the same class in small, temporary groups with mixed abilities focusing on tasks that require them to rely on each other's skills, tend to work equally well for all types of students (Slavin, 2010).|SDG 4 - Quality education|curricula individual catering learning stretch|9.090541|1.728862|2.0353582
13644|Groundwater quality can also be affected by contamination of saline water intrusions. A total of EUR 1.6 million was devoted to water from EU Structural Funds received in 2000-06. In particular, capacity building of regional environmental administration has received support from Structural Funds, especially in the South (e.g. a task force of 150 experts to support regional environmental authorities and ARPAs). The number of central government authorities involved in water policy making is a useful indicator of the level of institutional fragmentation, although it has limitations and needs to be appraised in a dynamic way.|SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation|received structural water funds authorities|1.278684|7.184318|1.6815848