import time from collections import deque from contextlib import nullcontext from typing import Any, Callable, Deque, Dict, Optional import torch from lightning import Callback, Fabric, LightningModule, Trainer from lightning.fabric.accelerators.xla import _XLA_GREATER_EQUAL_2_1 from lightning.fabric.plugins import ( BitsandbytesPrecision, DoublePrecision, FSDPPrecision, HalfPrecision, MixedPrecision, Precision, TransformerEnginePrecision, XLAPrecision, ) from lightning.fabric.utilities.rank_zero import rank_zero_only as fabric_rank_zero_only from lightning.pytorch.plugins import ( DoublePrecisionPlugin, FSDPPrecisionPlugin, HalfPrecisionPlugin, MixedPrecisionPlugin, XLAPrecisionPlugin, ) from lightning.pytorch.utilities.rank_zero import rank_zero_only as trainer_rank_zero_only from torch.utils.flop_counter import FlopCounterMode from lit_gpt import GPT from lit_gpt.utils import num_parameters GPU_AVAILABLE_FLOPS = { # source: https://resources.nvidia.com/en-us-tensor-core/nvidia-tensor-core-gpu-datasheet # nvidia publishes spec sheet with a 2x sparsity factor "h100-sxm": { torch.float64: 67e12, torch.float32: 67e12, torch.bfloat16: 1.979e15 / 2, torch.float16: 1.979e15 / 2, torch.int8: 3.958e15 / 2, }, "h100-pcie": { torch.float64: 51e12, torch.float32: 51e12, torch.bfloat16: 1.513e15 / 2, torch.float16: 1.513e15 / 2, torch.int8: 3.026e15 / 2, }, # source: https://www.nvidia.com/content/dam/en-zz/Solutions/Data-Center/a100/pdf/nvidia-a100-datasheet-us-nvidia-1758950-r4-web.pdf # sxm and pcie have same flop counts "a100": {torch.float64: 19.5e12, torch.float32: 19.5e12, torch.bfloat16: 312e12, torch.float16: 312e12}, # source: https://www.nvidia.com/content/dam/en-zz/Solutions/Data-Center/a10/pdf/a10-datasheet.pdf "a10g": {torch.float32: 31.2e12, torch.bfloat16: 125e12, torch.float16: 125e12}, # source: https://images.nvidia.com/content/technologies/volta/pdf/volta-v100-datasheet-update-us-1165301-r5.pdf "v100-sxm": {torch.float64: 7.8e12, torch.float32: 15.7e12, torch.float16: 125e12}, "v100-pcie": {torch.float64: 7e12, torch.float32: 14e12, torch.float16: 112e12}, "v100s-pcie": {torch.float64: 8.2e12, torch.float32: 16.4e12, torch.float16: 130e12}, # source: https://www.nvidia.com/content/dam/en-zz/Solutions/Data-Center/tesla-t4/t4-tensor-core-datasheet-951643.pdf # sxm and pcie have same flop counts "t4": {torch.float32: 8.1e12, torch.float16: 65e12, torch.int8: 130e12}, # https://www.nvidia.com/content/dam/en-zz/Solutions/design-visualization/quadro-product-literature/quadro-rtx-5000-data-sheet-us-nvidia-704120-r4-web.pdf "quadro rtx 5000": {torch.float32: 11.2e12, torch.float16: 89.2e12}, } TPU_AVAILABLE_FLOPS = { # flop count for each TPU generation is the same for all precisions # since bfloat16 precision is always used for performing matrix operations # for more info: https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs/bfloat16#choosing_bfloat16 # source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.10701.pdf "v2": 45e12, # source: https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs/system-architecture-tpu-vm#tpu_v3 "v3": 123e12, # source: https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs/system-architecture-tpu-vm#tpu_v4 "v4": 275e12, # source: https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs/v5e-training "v5litepod": 197e12, } def get_flops_available(device: torch.device, dtype: torch.dtype) -> Optional[float]: if device.type == "cuda": device_name = torch.cuda.get_device_name(device).lower() if "h100" in device_name and "hbm3" in device_name: device_name = "h100-sxm" elif "h100" in device_name and ("pcie" in device_name or "hbm2e" in device_name): device_name = "h100-pcie" elif "a100" in device_name: device_name = "a100" elif "a10g" in device_name: device_name = "a10g" elif "v100-sxm" in device_name: device_name = "v100-sxm" elif "v100-pcie" in device_name: device_name = "v100-pcie" elif "t4" in device_name: device_name = "t4" elif "quadro rtx 5000" in device_name: device_name = "quadro rtx 5000" else: device_name = None if device_name is not None: try: return int(GPU_AVAILABLE_FLOPS[device_name][dtype]) except KeyError: raise KeyError( f"flop count not found for {device_name} with dtype: {dtype}; " "MFU cannot be calculated and reported." ) elif device.type == "xla": if _XLA_GREATER_EQUAL_2_1: from torch_xla._internal import tpu else: from torch_xla.experimental import tpu device_name = tpu.get_tpu_env()["TYPE"].lower() try: return int(TPU_AVAILABLE_FLOPS[device_name]) except KeyError: raise KeyError( f"flop count not found for {device_name} with dtype: {dtype}; MFU cannot be calculated and reported." ) return None # Adapted from https://github.com/mosaicml/composer/blob/f2a2dc820cb75023b9eb7c46fdfd25273712abd0/composer/callbacks/speed_monitor.py class SpeedMonitorBase: """Logs the training throughput and utilization. +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Key | Logged data | +=====================================+===========================================================+ | | Rolling average (over `window_size` most recent | | `throughput/batches_per_sec` | batches) of the number of batches processed per second | | | | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | | Rolling average (over `window_size` most recent | | `throughput/samples_per_sec` | batches) of the number of samples processed per second | | | | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | | Rolling average (over `window_size` most recent | | `throughput/tokens_per_sec` | batches) of the number of tokens processed per second. | | | This may include padding depending on dataset | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | | Estimates flops by `flops_per_batch * batches_per_sec` | | `throughput/flops_per_sec` | | | | | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | `throughput/device/batches_per_sec` | `throughput/batches_per_sec` divided by world size | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | `throughput/device/samples_per_sec` | `throughput/samples_per_sec` divided by world size | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | | `throughput/tokens_per_sec` divided by world size. This | | `throughput/device/tokens_per_sec` | may include pad tokens depending on dataset | | | | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | | `throughput/flops_per_sec` divided by world size. Only | | `throughput/device/flops_per_sec` | logged when model has attribute `flops_per_batch` | | | | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | | `throughput/device/flops_per_sec` divided by world size. | | `throughput/device/mfu` | | | | | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | `time/train` | Total elapsed training time | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | `time/val` | Total elapsed validation time | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | `time/total` | Total elapsed time (time/train + time/val) | +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ Notes: - The implementation assumes that devices are homogeneous as it normalizes by the world size. - Tokens/sec, flops/sec and MFU do not account for padding tokens if present. We suggest using samples/sec or batches/sec to measure throughput under this circumstance. - Be careful when comparing MFU numbers across projects, as this will highly depend on the ``flops_per_batch``. There is no widespread, realistic, and reliable implementation to compute them. We suggest using our ``measure_flops`` function, but many other works will use ``estimated_flops`` which will almost always be an overestimate when compared to the true value. Args: window_size (int, optional): Number of batches to use for a rolling average of throughput. Defaults to 100. time_unit (str, optional): Time unit to use for `time` logging. Can be one of 'seconds', 'minutes', 'hours', or 'days'. Defaults to 'hours'. """ def __init__( self, flops_available: float, log_dict: Callable[[Dict, int], None], window_size: int = 100, time_unit: str = "hours", ): self.flops_available = flops_available self.log_dict = log_dict # Track the batch num samples and wct to compute throughput over a window of batches self.history_samples: Deque[int] = deque(maxlen=window_size + 1) self.history_wct: Deque[float] = deque(maxlen=window_size + 1) self.history_lengths: Deque[int] = deque(maxlen=window_size + 1) self.history_flops: Deque[int] = deque(maxlen=window_size + 1) self.divider = 1 if time_unit == "seconds": self.divider = 1 elif time_unit == "minutes": self.divider = 60 elif time_unit == "hours": self.divider = 60 * 60 elif time_unit == "days": self.divider = 60 * 60 * 24 else: raise ValueError( f'Invalid time_unit: {time_unit}. Must be one of "seconds", "minutes", "hours", or "days".' ) # Keep track of time spent evaluating self.total_eval_wct = 0.0 self.step = -1 def on_train_batch_end( self, samples: int, # total samples seen (per device) train_elapsed: float, # total training time (seconds) world_size: int, flops_per_batch: Optional[int] = None, # (per device) lengths: Optional[int] = None, # total length of the samples seen (per device) ) -> None: self.step += 1 step = self.step metrics = {} self.history_samples.append(samples) if lengths is not None: self.history_lengths.append(lengths) # if lengths are passed, there should be as many values as samples assert len(self.history_samples) == len(self.history_lengths) self.history_wct.append(train_elapsed) if len(self.history_wct) == self.history_wct.maxlen: elapsed_batches = len(self.history_samples) - 1 elapsed_samples = self.history_samples[-1] - self.history_samples[0] elapsed_wct = self.history_wct[-1] - self.history_wct[0] samples_per_sec = elapsed_samples * world_size / elapsed_wct dev_samples_per_sec = elapsed_samples / elapsed_wct metrics.update( { "throughput/batches_per_sec": elapsed_batches * world_size / elapsed_wct, "throughput/samples_per_sec": samples_per_sec, "throughput/device/batches_per_sec": elapsed_batches / elapsed_wct, "throughput/device/samples_per_sec": dev_samples_per_sec, } ) if lengths is not None: elapsed_lengths = int(self.history_lengths[-1]) - int(self.history_lengths[0]) avg_length = elapsed_lengths / elapsed_batches metrics.update( { "throughput/tokens_per_sec": samples_per_sec * avg_length, "throughput/device/tokens_per_sec": dev_samples_per_sec * avg_length, } ) if flops_per_batch is not None: # sum of flops per batch across ranks self.history_flops.append(flops_per_batch * world_size) if len(self.history_flops) == self.history_flops.maxlen: elapsed_flops = sum(self.history_flops) - self.history_flops[0] elapsed_wct = self.history_wct[-1] - self.history_wct[0] flops_per_sec = elapsed_flops / elapsed_wct device_flops_per_sec = flops_per_sec / world_size metrics.update( {"throughput/flops_per_sec": flops_per_sec, "throughput/device/flops_per_sec": device_flops_per_sec} ) if self.flops_available: metrics["throughput/device/mfu"] = device_flops_per_sec / self.flops_available metrics.update( { "time/train": train_elapsed / self.divider, "time/val": self.total_eval_wct / self.divider, "time/total": (train_elapsed + self.total_eval_wct) / self.divider, "samples": samples, } ) self.log_dict(metrics, step) def eval_end(self, eval_elapsed: float) -> None: self.total_eval_wct += eval_elapsed # seconds def plugin_to_compute_dtype(plugin: Precision) -> torch.dtype: if isinstance(plugin, BitsandbytesPrecision): return plugin.dtype if isinstance(plugin, (HalfPrecision, MixedPrecision, HalfPrecisionPlugin)): return plugin._desired_input_dtype if isinstance(plugin, MixedPrecisionPlugin): return torch.bfloat16 if plugin.precision == "bf16-mixed" else torch.half if isinstance(plugin, (DoublePrecision, DoublePrecisionPlugin)): return torch.double if isinstance(plugin, (XLAPrecision, XLAPrecisionPlugin)): return plugin._desired_dtype if isinstance(plugin, TransformerEnginePrecision): return torch.int8 if isinstance(plugin, (FSDPPrecision, FSDPPrecisionPlugin)): return plugin.mixed_precision_config.reduce_dtype if isinstance(plugin, Precision): return torch.float32 raise NotImplementedError(plugin) class SpeedMonitorFabric(SpeedMonitorBase): def __init__(self, fabric: Fabric, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None: dtype = plugin_to_compute_dtype(fabric.strategy.precision) flops_available = get_flops_available(fabric.device, dtype) super().__init__(flops_available, fabric.log_dict, *args, **kwargs) @fabric_rank_zero_only def on_train_batch_end(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None: super().on_train_batch_end(*args, **kwargs) class SpeedMonitorCallback(Callback): def __init__(self, length_fn: Callable[[Any], int], batch_size: int, **kwargs: Any) -> None: super().__init__() self.speed_monitor: Optional[SpeedMonitorBase] = None self.speed_monitor_kwargs = kwargs self.length_fn = length_fn self.batch_size = batch_size self.eval_t0: int = 0 self.train_t0: int = 0 self.total_lengths: int = 0 def setup(self, trainer: Trainer, pl_module: LightningModule, stage: str) -> None: if self.speed_monitor is not None: return # already setup dtype = plugin_to_compute_dtype(trainer.precision_plugin) flops_available = get_flops_available(trainer.strategy.root_device, dtype) self.speed_monitor = SpeedMonitorBase(flops_available, trainer.logger.log_metrics, **self.speed_monitor_kwargs) @trainer_rank_zero_only def on_train_start(self, trainer: Trainer, pl_module: LightningModule) -> None: if trainer.fit_loop._should_accumulate(): return self.train_t0 = time.perf_counter() @trainer_rank_zero_only def on_train_batch_end( self, trainer: Trainer, pl_module: LightningModule, outputs: Any, batch: Any, batch_idx: int ) -> None: self.total_lengths += self.length_fn(batch) if trainer.fit_loop._should_accumulate(): return train_elapsed = time.perf_counter() - self.train_t0 assert self.speed_monitor is not None iter_num = trainer.fit_loop.total_batch_idx assert (measured_flops := pl_module.measured_flops) is not None self.speed_monitor.on_train_batch_end( (iter_num + 1) * self.batch_size, train_elapsed, # this assumes that device FLOPs are the same and that all devices have the same batch size trainer.world_size, flops_per_batch=measured_flops, lengths=self.total_lengths, ) @trainer_rank_zero_only def on_validation_start(self, trainer: Trainer, pl_module: LightningModule) -> None: self.eval_t0 = time.perf_counter() @trainer_rank_zero_only def on_validation_end(self, trainer: Trainer, pl_module: LightningModule) -> None: eval_elapsed = time.perf_counter() - self.eval_t0 assert self.speed_monitor is not None self.speed_monitor.eval_end(eval_elapsed) def flops_per_param(max_seq_length: int, n_layer: int, n_embd: int, n_params: int) -> int: flops_per_token = 2 * n_params # each parameter is used for a MAC (2 FLOPS) per network operation # this assumes that all samples have a fixed length equal to the block size # which is most likely false during finetuning flops_per_seq = flops_per_token * max_seq_length attn_flops_per_seq = n_layer * 2 * 2 * (n_embd * (max_seq_length**2)) return flops_per_seq + attn_flops_per_seq def estimate_flops(model: GPT) -> int: """Measures estimated FLOPs for MFU. Refs: * https://ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org/html/2205.05198#A1 * https://ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org/html/2204.02311#A2 """ # using all parameters for this is a naive over estimation because not all model parameters actually contribute to # this FLOP computation (e.g. embedding, norm). For this reason, the result will be higher by a fixed percentage # (~10%) compared to the measured FLOPs, making those lower but more realistic. # For a proper estimate, this needs a more fine-grained calculation as in Appendix A of the paper. n_trainable_params = num_parameters(model, requires_grad=True) trainable_flops = flops_per_param( model.max_seq_length, model.config.n_layer, model.config.n_embd, n_trainable_params ) # forward + backward + gradients (assumes no gradient accumulation) ops_per_step = 3 if model.training else 1 n_frozen_params = num_parameters(model, requires_grad=False) frozen_flops = flops_per_param(model.max_seq_length, model.config.n_layer, model.config.n_embd, n_frozen_params) # forward + backward frozen_ops_per_step = 2 if model.training else 1 return ops_per_step * trainable_flops + frozen_ops_per_step * frozen_flops def measure_flops(model: GPT, x: torch.Tensor) -> int: """Measures real FLOPs for HFU""" flop_counter = FlopCounterMode(model, display=False) ctx = nullcontext() if model.training else torch.no_grad() with ctx, flop_counter: y = model(x) if model.training: y.sum().backward() return flop_counter.get_total_flops()