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10.3897/phytokeys.140.47995
47995
Research Article
Myrsinaceae
Taxonomy
China
Lysimachia
xiangxiensis (Primulaceae), a new species from limestone area in Hunan Province, central China
Mou Cun 123 Wu* Yu 4 Xiang Liang 5 Xiang Xiao-Mei 6 Zhang Dai-Gui 6 
1 
Hunan Forest Botanical Garden, Changsha 410116, Hunan, China
Hunan Forest Botanical Garden
Changsha
China


2 
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of Ministry of Education, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of Ministry of Education
Changsha
China


3 
Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Product of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
Central South University of Forestry and Technology
Changsha
China


4 
College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
Hunan Normal University
Changsha
China


5 
Jishou Dehang Scenic Area Management Office, Jishou 416000, Hunan, China
Jishou Dehang Scenic Area Management Office
Jishou
China


6 
College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, Hunan, China
Jishou University
Jishou
China

Corresponding author: Dai-Gui Zhang (amoore@example.net)Academic editor: Peter de Lange


2020 
24 2 2020 
140 23 32
2EC69970-63D8-5CE1-9050-D6173C72A97A04 11 2019 12 12 2019 Cun Mou, Yu Wu, Liang Xiang, Xiao-Mei Xiang, Dai-Gui ZhangThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Abstract A new species of Lysimachia, L.
xiangxiensis (Primulaceae), is described and illustrated from western Hunan, central China. The species is similar to L.
melampyroides in plant densely strigillose, leaves subglabrous adaxially, and flowers usually solitary in axils of upper leaves, but differs by the succulent leaves, the creeping or ascending stems 15–25 cm long, and the suborbicular to broadly elliptic corolla lobes. This new species is also supported by a molecular phylogenetic analysis of some Lysimachia species based on ITS sequence data.

Keywords 
Lysimachia
L.
xiangxiensisnew speciestaxonomywestern HunanCitation
Mou C, Wu Y, Xiang L, Xiang X-M, Zhang D-G (2020) Lysimachia
xiangxiensis (Primulaceae), a new species from limestone area in Hunan Province, central China. PhytoKeys 140: 23–32. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.140.47995
==== Body
Introduction
The genus Lysimachia L., a large genera of Primulaceae s. l. (APG III 2009), consists of over 180 species of annual or perennial herbs (Hu and Kelso 1996). Lysimachia has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, mainly occurring in the temperate and subtropical parts of the northern hemisphere, with a few species in Africa, Australia and South America (Hu and Kelso 1996, Liu et al. 2014a). Southwestern China and its neighboring region of Indochina Peninsula have an extremely high species diversity with ca. 130 species and have been considered to be the diversity center of the genus (Yan et al. 2017).

During our expedition in 2017 and 2019 to the Youshui River valley in western Hunan, China, an unusual population of Lysimachia, with the plants having revolute succulent leaves, caught our attention. After consulting the relevant literature (Chen et al. 1989, Hu and Kelso 1996, Yan and Hao 2012, Liu et al. 2014a, Liu et al. 2014b, Zhou et al. 2015, Wang et al. 2018) and checking relevant specimens, we determined that the population represents a new species. Additionally, the new species is supported by a molecular phylogenetic analysis of some Lysimachia species based on ITS sequence data.

Materials and methods
Taxon sampling and morphological analysis
The type specimens and fresh materials of the new species were collected from Huayuan County and Jishou City, Hunan Province, central China. Morphological observations and measurements were randomly made on flowering and fruiting plants. We examined related specimens kept in JIU and HUN and also specimen images in the online database of Chinese Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cvh.ac.cn) and JSTOR Global Plants (https://plants.jstor.org).

A total of 39 nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences for 34 species (Appendix S1) were downloaded from GenBank, following a study of Lysimachia (Zhang et al. 2011, Zhou et al. 2015). Two accessions of the putatively new species were sequenced for this study (GenBank Acc. No.: MN647744, MN647745). Ardisia
verbascifolia Mez was selected as outgroup following Zhang et al. (2011). Voucher specimens of those specimens of the new species used for sequencing were deposited in JIU.

Molecular analyses
Total genomic DNA of the two accessions of the putatively new species was isolated from silica gel-dried leaves using a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide procedure (Doyle and Doyle 1987). The ITS region was amplified and sequenced by method of Zhang et al. (2011).

Phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). The models determined for the datasets using the Akaike information criterion (Burnham and Anderson 2003) as implemented in MrModeltest 2.3 (Nylander 2004). ML trees were generated in RAxML 7.2.6 (Stamatakis 2006) with 1000 bootstrap replicates. BI trees were inferred in MrBayes version 3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001). Four chains, each starting with a random tree, were run for 1,000,000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations. The convergence of the two runs was accessed with the average standard deviation of split frequencies less than 0.01. After the first ca. 25% discarded as burn-in, the remaining trees were imported into PAUP* v.4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) and a 50% majority rule consensus tree was produced to obtain posterior probabilities (PP) of the clades.

Results and discussion
Morphological comparisons
According to the key in Hu and Kelso (1996), the new species is positioned to "Key 2" by flowers 5-merous, homomorphic, corolla yellow, anthers shorter than filaments, and further to "19a" by anthers distinctly dorsifixed (1b), inflorescences not paniculate(3b), stems more than 5 cm and leaves opposite (5b), corolla subfunnelform, filaments connate 1/3–1/2 into a tube (7b), flowers axillary and solitary or in terminal clusters with bracts leaflike (12b), inflorescences not capitate (17a), leaf blade not connate-perfoliate (18b), flowers solitary and axillary or in terminal racemes, plants strigillose (19a).

Morphologically, the new species is most similar to L.
melampyroides R. Knuth in Engler with which it shares such features as the plants densely strigillose, leaves subglabrous adaxially, and flowers that are usually solitary in axils of upper leaves. However, the new species differs from L.
melampyroides by the succulent leaves, the creeping or drooping stems 15–25 cm long, and the suborbicular to broadly elliptic corolla lobes. A morphological comparison between the new species and L.
melampyroides is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Morphological comparison between Lysimachia
xiangxiensis sp. nov. and its similar species.


Character
	
L.
xiangxiensis sp. nov.
	
L.
melampyroides
	
Stems	creeping or drooping.	erect or ascending.	
Plant height	15–25 cm	15–50 cm	
Petiole	not auriculate at base	dilated and auriculate at base	
Blades of lower leaves	succulent, rhomboid-ovate to ovate, the basal 1 or 2 pairs scale-like	papery, ovate to linear-lanceolate	
Blades of upper leaves	succulent, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2–5.5 cm × 1–2.3 cm	papery, ovate to linear-lanceolate,
 1.5–9 × 0.3–2.5 cm	
Secondary veins	blurry or invisible on adaxial surface, slightly raising on abaxial surface	visible on both surfaces	
Glandular dots on leaves	Absent	transparent, sparse	
Corolla lobes	suborbicular to broadly elliptic, apex cuspidate or emarginated, 7–9 mm long and wide	obovate-elliptic, apex rounded, 6–7 × 4–6 mm	
Calyx lobes	costa indistinct	costa distinct	
Phylogenetic position
The aligned lengths of ITS are 655 bp with gaps treated as missing data. BI and ML analyses produced similar topology and only the BI tree was presented in Figure 1. The phylogenetic results indicate that two samples of the new species were grouped together with a strong support (PP = 1.00, LP = 100%) and closely related to L.
melampyroides (PP = 1.00, LP = 94%).

10.3897/phytokeys.140.47995.figure111BC328D-1449-5AF7-AE34-1258155BEAC1Figure 1. The phylogram of Bayesian inference (BI) tree from the ITS sequence data, showing the phylogenetic position of Lysimachia
xiangxiensis sp. nov. (shown in bold). Values above the branches represent Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (LP) for maximum likelihood, respectively; the dash (–) indicates LP < 50%.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/382141On the basis of the classification in Handel-Mazzetti (1928), Chen and Hu (1979) divided the genus into five subgenera as well as many series, Subgen. Lysimachia, Subgen. Palladia (Moench) Hand.-Mazz, Subgen. Idiophyton
Hand. -Mazz.,
Subgen.
Naumburgia (Moench) Klatt and Subgen. Heterostylandra (Hand.-Mazz.) Chen et C. M. Hu. In this topology, all Lysimachia species form three main clades: Subgen. Lysimachia (PP = 1.00, LP = 70%), Subgen. Palladia (PP = 1.00, LP = 93%) and Subgen. Idiophyton. (PP = 1.00, LP = 80%). In addition, L.
crispidens (Hance) Hemsley in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley of Subgen. Heterostylandra is close to Subgen. Palladia (PP = 1.00, LP = 91%) and L.
longipes Hemsley is assigned to Subgen. Lysimachia with weak supported (PP = 0.54) in a neutral position between Subgen. Lysimachia and L.
crispidens. But classification of series are not well reflected in this analysis.

Taxonomic treatment
Taxon classification PlantaeEricalesPrimulaceae
Lysimachia
xiangxiensis

D.G.Zhang & C.Mou, Y.Wu
sp. nov.

EC01155A-F8FC-5F06-9EE6-87AEED57D257

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77206205-1

Figure 2
, 3
, 4


Type.
CHINA. Hunan Province, Huayuan County, Buchou Town, Da-long-dong, cliff of a valley, 28°19'06.42"N, 109°30'03.22"E, alt. 295 m, 26 August 2019, D. G. Zhang 0826075 (holotype: JIU!; isotype: JIU!).

Diagnosis.
The new species differs from L.
melampyroides by the succulent leaves; the creeping or drooping stems (15–25 cm long); and the suborbicular to broadly elliptic corolla lobes.

Description.
Terrestrial, perennial herbs. Rhizome brown, reduced to a small tuber or rarely creeping, with sparse fibrous roots. Stems creeping or drooping on cliffs, 15–25 cm long, clustered, branched at base, unbranched or rarely branched from the middle, terete, purple-red, densely strigillose, the internodes usually 3–7 cm long. Leaves petiolate, opposite. Petioles 5–7 mm long, with a furrow on adaxial side, green or purple-red, strigillose. Leaf blade succulent; blade of lower leaves rhomboid-ovate to ovate, with 1 or 2 pairs of basal leaves scalelike (much smaller); blade of upper leaves ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2–5.5 cm × 1–2.3 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate or acute to subobtuse, margin entire and revolute, adaxially dark green, shiny, subglabrous, abaxially purple-red (in arid places) or light green (in moist places), densely strigillose along the midrib, not glandular on both surfaces; secondary veins 3–4 pairs, blurry or invisible adaxially, slightly raising abaxially, veinlets invisible. Flowers bisexually, solitary in axils of upper leaves, occasionally in terminal racemes with bractlike leaves. Pedicels 1.5–3 cm long, gradually reduced toward stem apex, purple-red or light purple-red, densely strigillose, recurved in fruit. Calyx lobes 5, rarely 6, persistent, lanceolate with indistinct costa, 6–8 mm × 1.5–2 mm, apex acuminate-subulate, inside glabrous and with 3–4 veins, outside purple-red or green, densely strigillose. Corolla yellow, tube 1–2 mm long, actinomorphic, contorted; lobes 5, 7–9 mm × 7–9 mm, suborbicular to broadly elliptic, apex cuspidate or rounded, erose above the middle. Stamens 5, yellow, opposite to corolla lobes; filaments connate basally into a tube ca. 2.5 mm high, free parts 3.5–4.5 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm long, dorsifixed, opening by lateral slits. Style ca. 6 mm long, apex slightly expanded, strigillose on lower part. Ovary cylindrical, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., strigillose on apex, superior. Capsule brown, subglobose, 3–4 mm in diam., densely strigillose, dehiscing by valves. Seeds small, black, angular, papillate.

Phenology.
Flowering May–June, fruiting July–August.

Distribution and habitat.
This new species is currently known from Huayuan County and Jishou City in western Hunan Province, central China. It usually grows on limestone cliffs in valleys (Figure 2), and is associated with e.g. Eriophorum
comosum (Wallich) Nees in Wight, Pteris
vittata Linnaeus, Pteris
deltodon Baker, and Dryopteris sp.

10.3897/phytokeys.140.47995.figure2895EA6FD-13F1-5136-BB59-93AA7791E65EFigure 2. Lysimachia
xiangxiensis sp. nov. in the wild A habitat (dry limestone cliff) B stems drooping on the cliff.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/38214210.3897/phytokeys.140.47995.figure32326D7C2-71BF-577A-AA52-CF29DED70D7FFigure 3. Lysimachia
xiangxiensis sp. nov. in the field A corolla opened, showing the suborbicular lobes B flower (lateral view), showing the lanceolate calyx lobes indistinctly costate C proximal stems and underground part, showing stems clustered, rhizome, sparse fibrous roots, and 1 or 2 pairs of scalelike basal leaves D longitudinal section of flower, showing filaments connate basally into a tube E pistil, showing strigillose hairs on apex of ovary and base of style F dehiscent capsule G plant in fruiting, showing the recurved pedicels H plant in flowering, showing the solitary flowers in axils of upper leaves I plant in flowering, showing the reduced basal leaves J papillate seeds

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/38214310.3897/phytokeys.140.47995.figure47AEC3D7E-F096-574B-9C90-5B5269CBE1DDFigure 4. Lysimachia
xiangxiensis sp. nov. A upper stem leaf (abaxial surface), showing revolute margins B lower stem leaf (adaxial surface) C portion of a leaf (abaxial surface), showing the revolute margins and strigillose midrib D plant in flowering E corolla lobes F pistil.

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/382144Etymology.
The specific epithet "xiangxiensis", literally meaning western Hunan, refers to the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in central China, to which Huayuan County and Jishou City belong. The Chinese name of the Lysimachia
xiangxiensis is xiang xi guo lu huang in Pinyin.

Conservation status.
Lysimachia
xiangxiensis usually grows on limestone cliffs in valleys so we suggest its placement in the Data Deficient category of IUCN (2017)

Additional collection.
CHINA. Hunan Province, Jishou City, Aizhai Town, National Forest Park, cliff of a valley, 31 May 2019, Y. Wu 0531001(paratype, JIU!).

Supplementary Material
XML Treatment for
Lysimachia
xiangxiensis

 Acknowledgments
This work was supported by STS Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KFJ-3W-No1) and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Public Health Special Project ([2017] 66). We thank Dr Wannachai Chatan for their thoughtful review of our submitted paper .

Appendix
Appendix S1. Accessions of the genus Lysimachia L. examined in this study.


Taxon
	
GenBank Acc. No.
	
Voucher
	
Locality
	
L.
alfredii Hance	
JN638405
	Hao394	Lianping, Guangdong, China	
L.
candida Lindley	
JF976885
	Ge2010001	Yangchun, Guangdong, China	
L.
capillipes Hemsley in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley	
JF976886
	Y2009200	Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China	
L.
chapaensis Merrill	
JF976888
	GBOWS878	Hekou, Yunnan, China	
L.
chekiangensis C. C. Wu	
JF976891
	Y2009263-1	Longquan, Zhejiang, China	
L.
christiniae Hance	
JF976894
	Y2009244	Lin'an, Zhejiang, China	

JF976896
	Y2009209	Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China	
L.
clethroides Duby in A. de Candolle	
JF976899
	Y2009157	Tongbai, Henan, China	
L.
congestiflora Hemsley in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley	
JF976902
	GBOWS262	Malipo, Yunnan, China	

JF976903
	Y2009266	Longquan, Zhejiang, China	
L.
crispidens (Hance) Hemsley in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley	
JF976906
	Hao212	Yichang, Hubei, China	
L.
decurrens G. Forster	
JF976908
	GBOWS1234	Hekou, Yunnan, China	
L.
deltoidea Wight	
JF976909
	GLM081121	Zhongdian, Yunnan, China	
L.
dextrosiflora X. P. Zhang, X. H. Guo & J. W. Shao	
JF976913
	Y2009265-1	Longquan, Zhejiang, China	
L.
erosipetala F. H. Chen & C. M. Hu	
JF976914
	Y2010037-2	Emeishan, Sichuan, China	
L.
fistulosa Handel-Mazzetti	
JF976916
	Ning20101	Jinggangshan, Jiangxi, China	

JF976917
	Ye et al. 3561	Lianshan, Guangdong, China	

JF976919
	Y2009285	Ruyuan, Guangdong, China	

JF976920
	Ye et al. 3940	Lianshan, Guangdong, China	
L.
fortune Maximowicz	
JF976925
	Y2009195	Jinggangshan, Jiangxi, China	
L.
hemsleyana Maximowicz ex Oliver	
JF976932
	Guo20001	Ningguo, Anhui, China	
L.
hemsleyi Franchet	
JF976935
	Hao713	Huili, Sichuan, China	
L.
heterobotrys F. H. Chen & C. M. Hu	
JF976936
	Y2010053-2	Ningming, Guangxi, China	
L.
heterogenea Klatt	
JF976939
	Y2009199	Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China	
L.
insignis Hemsley	
JF976945
	Hao245	Napo, Guangxi, China	
L.
klattiana Hance	
JF976947
	Y2010014-1	Tongbai, Henan, China	
L.
laxa Baudo	
JF976949
	Han longran6	Puer, Yunnan, China	
L.
lobelioides Wallich in Roxburgh	
JF976951
	Hao303	Menglian, Yunnan, China	
L.
longipes Hemsley	
JF976952
	Guo xinhu200012	Shitai, Anhui, China	
L.
melampyroides R. Knuth in Engler	
JF976955
	Dengyunfei15945	Xinning, Hunan, China	

JF976956
	Lichanghan8174	Shangzhi, Hunan, China	
L.
omeiensis Hemsley	
JF976958
	Y2010033	Emeishan, Sichuan, China	
L.
paridiformis Franchet	
JF976962
	Y2010044	Emeishan, Sichuan, China	
L.
patungensis Handel-Mazzetti	
JF976964
	Ye et al. 3851	Lianshan, Guangdong, China	
L.
pentapetala Bunge	
JN638407
	Y2010013-1	Tongbai, Henan, China	
L.
phyllocephala Handel-Mazzetti	
JF976969
	Y2010030	Emeishan, Sichuan, China	
L.
pittosporoides C. Y. Wu	
JF976970
	Hao248	Malipo, Yunnan, China	
L.
rubiginosa Hemsley in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley	
JF976972
	Hao419	Dujiangyan, Sichuan, China	
Lysimachia
xiangxiensis D.G.Zhang & C.Mou, Y.Wu, sp. nov.	
MN647745
	Y. Wu 0531001	Jishou, Hunan, China	

MN647744
	D. G. Zhang 0826075	Huayuan, Hunan, China	
Ardisia
verbascifolia Mez	
JN638408
	GBOWS1216	Hekou, Yunnan, China
==== Refs
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