
==== Front
BMC Gastroenterol
BMC Gastroenterol
BMC Gastroenterology
1471-230X
BioMed Central London

2296
10.1186/s12876-022-02296-9
Research
Sarcopenia is associated with prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer after radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy
Qian Junchao mwise@example.com

14
Si Youjiao 2
Zhou Ke 4
Tian Yu 4
Guo Qisen 1
Zhao Kaikai mwise@example.com

3
Yu Jinming mwise@example.com

1
1 grid.410587.f Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 Shandong People's Republic of China
2 grid.410587.f Department of Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 Shandong People's Republic of China
3 grid.410587.f Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 Shandong People's Republic of China
4 grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Hefei Cancer Hospital, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 People's Republic of China
30 4 2022
30 4 2022
2022
22 21131 8 2021
21 4 2022
© The Author(s) 2022
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Background

This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of the sarcopenia on the progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) patients who received radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Methods

Data on clinicopathological characteristics and nutritional parameters were analyzed and correlated with PFS and OS, retrospectively. Skeletal muscle, subcutaneous, visceral and total fat tissue cross-sectional areas were evaluated on CT images at the midpoint of the 3rd lumbar vertebrae. A total of 213 patients were enrolled in this study.

Results

Sarcopenia was significantly associated with subcutaneous fat content. The univariate analysis demonstrated that OS was superior in patients with non-sarcopenia, non-alcohol, NRI ≥ 100, albumin ≥ 40 g/L, TATI > 83.0, SATI > 27.8, VATI > 49, non-anemia, cervical and upper-thoracic ESCC, T stage 1–2, N stage 0–1 and TNM stage I–II. In the multivariate analysis, sarcopenia, albumin, N stage and TNM stage were identified as independent prognostic factors of survival. This study demonstrated that sarcopenia was related to worse PFS and OS in patients with ESCC who received RT or CRT.

Conclusions

Sarcopenia is considered to be a useful predictor in patients with ESCC who received RT or CRT. This study also provided a conceptual basis for further prospective research on the application of the sarcopenia for patients receiving RT or CRT for intermediate- and advanced-stage ESCC.

Keywords

Esophageal squamous cell cancer
Sarcopenia
Body composition
Chemoradiotherapy
Prognosis
National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaU1932158 81972863 Qian Junchao Yu Jinming Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center, CAS2019HSC-CIP003 Qian Junchao Project of Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China2019M652403 Qian Junchao Project of Postdoctoral Innovation of Shandong Province202002048 Qian Junchao http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011482 Yantai Science and Technology Bureau 2021YT06120864 2020YT06121070 Si Youjiao Zhao Kaikai National Key Research and Development Projects of China2018YFC1312201 Yu Jinming Radiation Oncology Innovate Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences2019RU071 Yu Jinming Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University2019ZL002 Yu Jinming Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences2019-04 Yu Jinming Natural Science Foundation of Shandong ProvinceZR2019LZL018 Yu Jinming issue-copyright-statement© The Author(s) 2022
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pmcIntroduction

The esophageal cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among the digestive tract cancers [1]. The main histology type is Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC), which accounts for 90% of esophageal cancers worldwide [2]. Since most patients are diagnosed in advanced stages and unable to undergo surgery, the reference treatment for patients with ESCC is chemoradiotherapy (CRT) [2, 3]. However, the prognosis remains disappointing with 5 years of survival rates following CRT or CT of around 30% [4].

Most of patients with advanced ESCC are affected by cancer-related cachexia, which results in wasting of skeletal muscle mass with or without loss of fat mass [5]. Meanwhile, CRT treatment-related dysphagia, nausea or vomiting also induce the deterioration of cachexia, leading to a change in body composition and malnutrition [6, 7]. Moreover, nutritional support was reported to improve weight gain, overall survival rate and quality of life in patients [1, 8, 9]. Hence, identifying convenient and effective nutritional prognostic factors before treatment is of great importance.

Sarcopenia reduces physical activity, which leads to decreased energy and poor prognosis. To this end, the important role of sarcopenia has reached consistent recognition and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 consensus was developed [10]. Large amounts of evidence indicate that sarcopenia independently correlate with poorer OS in malignant tumors, including head and neck cancer [11], lung cancer [12, 13], colorectal cancer [14, 15], gastric cancer [16], and renal cell cancer [17]. Sarcopenia is associated with mortality, and lower OS in patients with ESCC. Esophagus is an important digestive organ, the occurrence of esophageal tumor seriously affects the nutritional status of patients, and then reduces the prognosis of patients. Some studies also suggested thatsarcopenia is associated with impaired OS after surgery for oesophageal cancer [1, 18], however, the prognostic value of sarcopenia for patients with ESCC who received RT or CRT has not been demonstrated yet.

In this study, we investigate sarcopenia before treatment and its association with nutritional status, and survival of patients, and thus evaluated the prognostic value of sarcopenia for survival through univariate and multivariate analyses in ESCC patients who received RT or CRT.

Materials and methods

Patients

The records of all 213 ESCC patients were confirmed by pathology and collected from Shandong Cancer Hospital between June 2013 and December 2017 in accordance with the STROBE statement. Patients were included in this study if they had RT or CRT. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) history of other malignancies, (2) incomplete medical records (such as no electronic CT image data, height or weight information etc.), (3) distant metastasis. A consort flow diagram of patient selection is shown in Fig. 1. The 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system was used to determine the clinical or pathological stage. This retrospective study was approved by the Ehics Committee of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute. Formal written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute owing to its retrospective study design, and all data were kept confidential.Fig. 1 Consort diagram. N number of patients

Treatment

Patients received the same radiotherapy with photons (6 MV) to a total dose of 50–70 Gy (median 60 Gy) with 1.8–2.0 Gy/day, 5 days per week. 63 patients received RT, 112 patients received concurrent CRT and 38 patients received sequential CRT. 150 patients receiving chemotherapy treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (median of 3 cycles, range 1–6 cycles).

Image analysis of subcutaneous and visceral fat mass and skeletal muscles

In all patients, computer tomography scans were acquired less than 2 weeks prior to RT or CRT. Skeletal muscle, subcutaneous fat, visceral fat and total fat area were measured at the midpoint of the third lumbar vertebrae (L3) as described previously (Fig. 2A–D) [7, 19, 20]. L3 was chosen because tissue in this region has been found to be most correlated with whole body composition [7, 21]. In briefly, images from computed tomography (Somatom AR.C; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) scans on participants in the supine position were used for analysis. Visceral and subcutaneous fat area were calculated using a software OsiriX (Pixmeo, Geneva, Switzerland) [1, 21] and with a threshold within − 190 to − 30, − 150 to − 50 Hounsfield units (HUs), respectively. The Hounsfield unit thresholds of − 29 to 150 were then set for skeletal muscles including the rectus abdominis, transverse abdominal, psoas, paraspinal, internal and external oblique muscles. Regions of the subcutaneous, visceral fat and skeletal muscles area was defined by tracing its contour on each scan, and manual corrections were performed when necessary [1, 21]. Sarcopenia has been defined as a skeletal muscle index (SMI) of ≤ 41 cm2/m2 for women and ≤ 53 cm2/m2 in case of a body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 25 kg/m2 or ≤ 43 cm2/m2 in case of a BMI of < 25 kg/m2 for men [7].Fig. 2 Body composition measurements using computed tomography at the level of third lumbar vertebrae. (A) Original computed tomography images for measurements. (B) Delineation of visceral fat area with a threshold of − 150 to − 50 HU. (C) Delineation of subcutaneous fat area with a threshold of − 190 to − 30 HU. (D) Delineation of total skeletal muscle area with a threshold of − 29 to + 150 HU

Clinical definitions

We calculated BMI (kg/m2) values by based on a direct measurement of weight (kg)/height2 (m2) at diagnosis, we divided patients into obesity (BMI ≥ 24) and no obesity groups (BMI < 24) according to previous study [22]. Anemia was defined as serum hemoglobin (Hb) levels ≤ 12 g/dL in women and ≤ 13 g/dL in men according to Chinese criterion [23]. Serum albumin was divided into normal and low albumin groups according to the normal value defined by laboratory in our hospital. Patients in this cohort were divided into two groups based on median tumor length (≤ 4 cm and > 4 cm). The age was categorized according to previous study [24]. Nutritional Risk Index (NRI) was then calculated using the following formula: NRI = (1.519 × albumin g/dL) + 41.7 × (present body weight/ideal body weight) [25]. The ideal body weight was calculated using the Lorentz formula [26]. The nutritional status of each patient was stratified according to the calculated NRI: NRI score ≥ 100: no risk; < 100: have risk [8].

Follow-up

OS was computed from the day of the pathological diagnosis of ESCC until death or the last follow-up. The second endpoint was PFS, defined as the time between day 1 and the first event of local failure, metastatic recurrence, progression, or death. Patients lost to follow-up were "censored" at the date of the last clinic visit.

Patients were followed up in the hospital once every 3 months for the first 2 years, once every 6 months for the third year, and once yearly from the fourth year. During the re-examination, the patient received blood routine examination, liver and kidney function, tumor markers and other laboratory tests, as well as chest and abdomen computed tomography examination. Bone emission computed tomography was performed every 6 months.

Statistical analysis

SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. A χ2 test or Fisher's exact test was performed for comparing patient baseline characteristics. PFS and OS were calculated using Kaplan–Meier analysis method and log-rank tests. The Cox regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. After the univariate analysis, those variables with p < 0.2 were taken part in the multivariable analysis and Cox stepwise forward regression analysis and Wald test were conducted. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Patient characteristics

A total number of 213 patients with ESCC undergoing CRT or CT were assessed. Baseline characteristics of all included patients are shown in Table 1. The study group consisted of 160 men (75.1%) and 53 women (24.9%), from 44 to 85 years (median 67). 114 patients (53.5%) had a history of smoking. 100 patients (46.9%) in our cohort had a history of alcohol use. The most common location of primary tumors was the middle second of the thoracic esophagus (40.4%). The length of tumor lesions ranged from 1.0 to 10.5 cm (median 4.5). The median BMI was 22.5 kg/m2 (range 14.5–31.2 kg/m2). The SMI exhibited a normal distribution (Fig. 3), and the mean SMI was 37.3 ± 8.7. The number of patients in the sarcopenia group and non-sarcopenia group was 170 (79.8%) and 43 (20.2%), respectively.Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Non-sarcopenia	Sarcopenia	p value	
n = 43, 20.2%	n = 170, 79.8%	
Age, years	0.163	
 > 65	21	103		
 ≥ 65	22	67		
Gender	0.064	
 Male	37	123		
 Female	6	47		
Smoking	0.307	
 Yes	26	88		
 No	17	82		
Alcohol	0.781	
 Yes	21	79		
 No	22	91		
BMI, kg/m2	0.145	
 ≥ 24	19	55		
 < 24	24	115		
NRI	0.234	
 ≥ 100		38	137	
 < 100		5	33	
Anemia	0.325	
 Yes	12	61		
 No	31	109		
Albumin	0.306	
 < 40	7	40		
 ≥ 40	36	130		
SATI (cm2/m2)	0.009	
 ≤ 27.8	14	93		
 > 27.8	29	77		
VATI (cm2/m2)	0.633	
 ≤ 49.0	20	86		
 > 49.0	23	84		
TATI (cm2/m2)	0.133	
 ≤ 83.0	17	89		
 > 83.0	26	81		
Location	0.063	
 Neck/upper	25	72		
 Middle/lower	18	98		
Length (cm)	0.116	
 ≤ 4	17	90		
 > 4	26	80		
Treatment strategies	0.678	
 RT	8	55		
 CRT	36	114		
TNM stage	0.871	
 I–II	16	61		
 III–IV	27	109		
T stage	0.961	
 T1–2	9	35		
 T3–4	34	135		
N stage	0.683	
 N0–1	14	61		
 N2–3	29	109		
P value highlighted in bold indicated p < 0.05

Fig. 3 The SMI exhibited a normal distribution

Sarcopenia and prognosis of ESCC

The median follow-up duration was 35 (range, 4–77) months. The median OS of the 213 patients was 35 months and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 93.9%, 49.8%, and 9.4%, respectively. The 5-year OS in the sarcopenia group was significantly shorter (2.3%) than that in the non-sarcopenia group (7.0%; p = 0.016; Fig. 4B). The median PFS of the 213 patients was 26 months and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year PFS rates were 77.9%, 32.4%, and 1.9%, respectively. The 3-year PFS in the sarcopenia group was significantly shorter (27.0%) than that in the non-sarcopenia group (48.8%; p = 0.018; Fig. 5C).Fig. 4 Kaplan–Meier survival curves. (A) OS of patients with albumin ≥ 40 or < 40. (B) OS of patients according to sarcopenia. (C) OS of patients according to N stage. (D) OS of patients according to TNM stage

Fig. 5 Kaplan–Meier survival curves. (A) PFS of patients according to TNM stage. (B) PFS of patients with VATI ≤ 49 or > 49. (C) PFS of patients according to sarcopeina. (D) PFS of patients according to anemia. (E) PFS of patients according to alcohol. (F) PFS of patients according to tumor location

Univariate and multivariate analyses of OS of 213 patients

In the univariate analysis (Table 2), nutritional parameters including serum albumin ≥ 40 g/L, non-sarcopenia, TNM stage I-II and N stage 0–1 were strongly associated with an improved OS. Non-alcohol, NRI ≥ 100, non-anemia, TATI > 83.0, SATI > 27.8, VATI > 49.0, cervical and upper-thoracic locations and T stage 1–2 were the clinicopathological and prognostic factors for longer OS.Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses of OS

Characteristic	Univariate	Multivariate	
HR	95% CI	p value	HR	95% CI	p value	
Age (≥ 65 vs. < 65)	1.104	0.830–1.467	0.497				
Sex (male vs. female)	1.183	0.858–1.632	0.305				
Smoking (yes vs. no)	1.080	0.816–1.428	0.590				
Alcohol (yes vs. no)	1.372	1.036–1.817	0.027				
BMI (≥ 24 vs. < 24)	0.750	0.552–1.017	0.064				
NRI (≥ 100 vs. < 100)	0.610	0.426–0.874	0.007				
Anemia (yes vs. no)	1.439	1.073–1.928	0.015				
Albumin (≥ 40 vs. < 40)	0.582	0.416–0.813	0.002	0.658	0.470–0.923	0.023	
Sarcopenia (yes vs. no)	1.457	1.024–2.074	0.036	1.638	1.113–2.410	0.016	
TATI (> 83.0 vs. ≤ 83.0)	0.689	0.520–0.913	0.010				
SATI (> 27.8 vs. ≤ 27.8)	0.707	0.533–0.937	0.016				
VATI (> 49.0 vs. ≤ 49.0)	0.659	0.497–0.872	0.004				
Location (middle/lower vs. neck/upper)	1.698	1.203–2.125	0.001				
Length (≤ 4 vs. > 4)	1.054	0.797–1.394	0.710				
Treatment (CRT vs. RT)	0.275	0.615–1.148	0.841				
RT dose (≤ 60 vs. > 60)	1.136	0.854–1.512	0.382				
TNM stage (III–IV vs. I–II)	1.421	1.226–1.647	< 0.001	2.439	1.710–3.228	< 0.0001	
T stage (T3–4 vs. T1–2)	1.291	1.084–1.539	0.004				
N stage (N2–3 vs. N0–1)	1.501	1.120–2.013	0.007	2.070	1.124–3.817	< 0.0001	
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, p values highlighted in bold indicated p < 0.05

The median OS (95% CI) in patients with alcohol history was shorter than those without alcohol history [33 versus 43 months, respectively (HR 1.372, 95% CI 1.036–1.817; p = 0.027; Table 2)]. Patients with high NRI had better survival rates than those with low NRI [41 versus 32 months, respectively (HR 0.610, 95% CI 0.426–0.874; p = 0.007)]. Patients with anemia had a shorter time than those with non-anemia [35 versus 41 months, respectively (HR 1.439, 95% CI 1.073–1.928; p = 0.015)]. Patients with high serum albumin had better survival rates than those with low serum albumin [41 versus 32 months, respectively (HR 0.582, 95% CI 0.416–0.813; p = 0.002; Table 2, Fig. 4A)]. The median OS in patients in the non-sarcopenia group was longer than that in the patients in the sarcopenia group [47 versus 35 months, respectively (HR 1.457, 95% CI 1.024–2.074; p = 0.036; Fig. 4B)]. Patients with high TATI had better survival rates than those with low TATI [45 versus 32 months, respectively (HR 0.689, 95% CI 0.520–0.913; p = 0.01)]. Patients with high SATI had a longer time than those with low SATI [45 versus 33 months, respectively (HR 0.707, 95% CI 0.533–0.937; p = 0.016)]. Patients with high VATI had a longer time than those with low VATI [45 versus 32 months, respectively (HR 0.659, 95% CI 0.497–0.872; p = 0.004)]. Patients with N stage 2–3 ESCC had a shorter time than those with stage 0–1 [29 versus 48 months, respectively (HR 1.501, 95% CI 1.120–2.013; p = 0.007; Fig. 4C)]. Patients with TNM stage III–IV ESCC had a shorter time than those with stage I–II [28 versus 51 months, respectively (HR 1.421, 95% CI 1.226–1.647; p < 0.001; Fig. 4D)]. Patients with T stage 3–4 ESCC had a shorter survival time than those with stage 1–2 [34 versus 51 months, respectively (HR 1.291, 95% CI 1.084–1.539; p = 0.004)]. Patients with middle and lower-thoracic ESCC lived for a shorter OS time than those with cervical and upper-thoracic ESCC [33 (29.35–36.65) months versus 47 (41.57–52.43) months, respectively (HR 1.698, 95% CI 1.203–2.125; p = 0.001)]. Multivariate analysis (Table 2) revealed that serum albumin [HR 0.658 (0.470–0.923); p = 0.023], sarcopenia [HR 1.638 (1.113–2.410); p = 0.016], TNM stage [HR 2.439 (1.710–3.228); p < 0.0001], and N stage [HR 0.483 (0.262–0.890); p < 0.0001] were independent prognostic factors for OS in ESCC patients.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of PFS of 213 patients

Univariate analysis (Table 3) of predictive factors of PFS showed that non-alcohol history, non-anemia, non-sarcopenia, VATI > 49, cervical and upper-thoracic locations and TNM stage I-II were strongly correlated with a longer PFS. NRI ≥ 100, serum albumin ≥ 40 g/L, TATI > 83, SATI > 27.8, T stage 1–2 and N stage 0–1 were the clinicopathological features that predicted a better PFS.Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses of PFS

Characteristic	Univariate	Multivariate	
HR	95% CI	p value	HR	95% CI	p value	
Age (≥ 65 vs. < 65)	1.126	0.847–1.496	0.414				
Sex (male vs. female)	1.187	0.861–1.639	0.295				
Smoking (yes vs. no)	1.093	0.827–1.446	0.531				
Alcohol (yes vs. no)	1.401	1.056–1.859	0.019	1.539	1.144–2.070	0.016	
BMI (≥ 24 vs. < 24)	0.746	0.550–1.011	0.059				
NRI (≥ 100 vs. < 100)	0.614	0.429–0.879	0.008				
Anemia (yes vs. no)	1.416	1.057–1.898	0.020	1.428	1.043–1.954	0.016	
Albumin (≥ 40 vs. < 40)	0.589	0.421–0.822	0.002				
Sarcopenia (yes vs. no)	1.546	1.086–2.202	0.016	1.509	1.052–2.164	0.018	
TATI (> 83.0 vs. ≤ 83.0)	0.671	0.506–0.889	0.005				
SATI (> 27.8 vs. ≤ 27.8)	0.690	0.521–0.914	0.010				
VATI (> 49.0 vs. ≤ 49.0)	0.662	0.500–0.877	0.004	0.667	0.497–0.895	0.003	
Location (middle/lower vs. neck/upper)	1.601	1.205–2.129	0.001	1.352	1.008–1.812	0.001	
Length (≤ 4 vs. > 4)	1.042	0.788–1.378	0.772				
Treatment (CRT vs. RT)	0.838	0.619–1.133	0.251				
RT dose (≤ 60 vs. > 60)	1.158	0.870–1.542	0.314				
TNM stage (III–IV vs. I–II)	1.419	1.225–1.645	< 0.001	1.384	1.193–1.605	< 0.0001	
T stage (T3–4 vs. T1–2)	1.269	1.066–1.510	0.007				
N stage (N2–3 vs. N0–1)	1.492	1.113–2.001	0.008				
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, p values highlighted in bold indicated p < 0.05

In the multivariate analysis (Table 3), Patients with TNM stage III–IV ESCC lived for a shorter PFS time than those with stage I–II [17 versus 36 months, respectively (HR 1.384, 95% CI 1.193–1.605; p < 0.0001; Fig. 5A)]. Patients with VATI > 49.0 had better survival rates than those with low VATI ≤ 49.0 [33 versus 22 months, respectively (HR 0.667, 95% CI 0.497–0.895; p = 0.003; Fig. 5B)]. The median PFS in patients in the non-sarcopenia group was longer than that in patients in the sarcopenia group [36 (29.58–42.43) months versus 25 (21.20–28.80) months, respectively (HR 1.509, 95% CI 1.052–2.164; p = 0.018; Fig. 5C)]. Patients of ESCC with anemia had a shorter PFS time than those with non-anemia [22 versus 29 months, respectively (HR 1.428, 95% CI 1.043–1.954; p = 0.016; Fig. 5D)]. Patients of ESCC with alcohol history had a shorter PFS duration than those with non-alcohol history [22 versus 30 months, respectively (HR 1.539, 95% CI 1.144–2.070; p = 0.016; Fig. 5E)]. Patients with middle and lower-thoracic ESCC had a shorter PFS duration than those with cervical and upper-thoracic ESCC [22 versus 33 months, respectively (HR 1.352, 95% CI 1.008–1.812; p = 0.0001; Fig. 5F)].

Discussion

Our study demonstrated that sarcopenia, serum albumin < 40 g/L, N stage 2–3 and TNM stage III–IV are independently associated with poor OS in 213 ESCC patients who received RT or CRT in this analysis. The predictors of sarcopenia can be identified easily on any preoperative computer tomography images and might be helpful in the difficult triage before those treatments.

Cancer patients are likely to have severe nutrition and metabolism problems prior to any treatment [26]. Malnutrition has been suggested to be associated with possible mechanisms including abnormal protein and energy metabolism of tumor cells and aberrant inflammation and immunity, as well as cancer-related symptoms, such as fatigue, pain, coughing and loss of appetite. Malnutrition has been more prevalent among ESCC patients, of whom approximately 60% experienced baseline nutrition problems [22, 23, 25]. Our results agreed well with those previous studies. Sarcopenia is a common index reflecting systemic nutritional status of patients due to cancer progression [7, 27]. A similar study conducted by Mallet et al. [2] found that sarcopenia was an independent predictor of shorter OS in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. The research demonstrated that, besides sarcopenia, other factors including BMI, and NRI were significant but not independent predictors of OS in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. The difference between our and Mallet's study is that pathology type of tumor in patients we selected was ESCC considering the heterogeneity of subtypes of esophageal cancer. Furthermore, other nutritional factors including hemoglobin, SATI, VATI, and TATI were calculated and compared with sarcopenia, which was not performed in previous study mentioned above. The results of our study showed that sarcopenia, together with albumin, TNM stage and N stage, were independent predictors for OS in ESCC patients who received RT or CRT. In patients stratified by the sarcopenia index, variables including age, gender, smoking, alcohol, BMI, NRI, anemia, albumin, VATI, TATI, primary tumor locations, tumor length, treatment strategies, TNM stage, T stage, and N stage were similar between the two subgroups. Sarcopenia was significantly associated with lower SATI.

Considering the fact that the etiology of sarcopenia is currently known to be multifactorial, with contributions from systemic inflammation, reduced nutrient intake and activity levels, and increased metabolic rate [21, 24, 28], this would serve as an explanation why sarcopenia correlate with lower SATI, which usually results from the similar malnutritional factors. In this study, our findings verified the prognostic value of sarcopenia as an independent predictor of both OS and PFS in ESCC patients who received RT or CRT. Baseline nutritional status was usually evaluated with systemic inflammatory reaction biomarkers and relative parameters [2]. Studies have shown that serum albumin is related to the prognosis of cancer patients [29, 30]. Our results suggested that albumin was a predictor of OS in the univariate and multivariate analysis that was performed in this study. It could be inferred that albumin may be useful in reflecting patients' physical performance, which was possibly a crucial premise of optimal treatment and better clinical outcomes. However, some studies also suggested hypoalbuminemia might be more related to hydration or inflammation status than to malnutrition [26, 31]. In addition, alcohol, NRI < 100, anemia, VATI ≤ 49, TATI ≤ 83 and T stage 3–4 were significant predictor of poorer OS and PFS, respectively. Interestingly, no significant correlation between alcohol and sarcopenia was observed in this study despite of the high significance of sarcopenia in ethanol-associated cirrhosis since alcohol could mediate dysregulation of protein homeostasis and then leaded to sarcopenia [32]. The reason might be due to confounding effects of cancer itself and treatment. Primary tumor location was stratified into two groups in our study: (1) cervical and upper-thoracic ESCC; and (2) middle-thoracic and lower-thoracic ESCC. The primary tumor location is also important factor affecting survival outcomes. Our results suggested that primary tumor location was significant predictor of OS in the univariate analysis, and independent predictor of PFS. Patients with middle and lower-thoracic ESCC had impaired PFS and OS, which was similar with another study [33]. It could be inferred that patients with middle-thoracic and lower-thoracic ESCC may be more prone to malnutritional status due to reductions in nutrient intake resulted from esophageal obstruction. Our results also suggested that TNM stage was an independent predictor of both OS and PFS in this study. As expected, ESCC patients with TNM stage III-IV had shorter OS and PFS, which was comparable to those of previous studies on patients with ESCC who were treated with definitive radiotherapy [34]. N stage was also an independent prognostic factor of OS in this study, which agreed well with previous studies on patients with ESCC treated with definitive CRT [35].

There are limitations of present study related to somewhat smaller population in a single center, who received radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy. However, the results of this study still presented the potential of sarcopenia as a tool for predicting survival of patient independent of other factors, including albumin, N stage and TNM stage. Nevertheless, multi-center larger investigations and prospective clinical trials are needed to establish the role of the sarcopenia nutritional index for predicting clinical outcomes.

In conclusion, sarcopenia and other indexes of body composition such as lower serum albumin may be valuable to identify potential nutritional problems and poorer survival in our study. They are easily conducted on any preoperative computer tomography scan or blood examination and might be useful in patient risk stratification and help oncologists provide optimal intervention strategy before treatment initiation.

Abbreviations

PFS Progression free survival

OS Overall survival

ESCC Esophageal squamous cell cancer

CRT Chemoradiotherapy

BMI Body mass index

SATI Subcutaneous adipose tissue index

VATI Visceral adipose tissue index

TATI Total adipose tissue index

SMI Skeletal muscle index

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Author contributions

JQ: data collection, statistics, original draft. YS: data collection, formal analysis, resources. KZ: data collection and analysis. YT: data collection and analysis. QG: data collection, resources. KZ: conceptualization, review and editing the manuscript. JY: monitor the clinical trial. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Projects of China (Grant Number 2018YFC1312201), Radiation Oncology Innovate Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Grant Number 2019RU071), the Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University (Grant Number 2019ZL002), the Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences (Grant Number 2019-04), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number 81972863, 81627901, 82030082, U1932158 and 81871085), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Number ZR2019LZL018), Yantai Science and Technology Bureau (Grant Number 2020YT06121070 and 2021YT06120864), Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center, CAS (Grant Number 2019HSC-CIP003), Project of Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (Grant Number 2019M652403), Project of Postdoctoral Innovation of Shandong Province (Grant Number 202002048).

Availability of data and materials

The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This retrospective study was approved by the Ehics Committee of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute. Formal written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute owing to its retrospective study design, and all data were kept confidential.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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